text:
National CouncilCouncil of States
Basic information such as the official name of parliament and details of its structure and leadership. Also includes the current breakdown of MPs by sex and age, and provisions for quotas and reserved seats.
Parliament name
Bundesversammlung - Assemblée fédérale - Assemblea federale (Federal Assembly)
Chamber name
Nationalrat - Conseil national - Consiglio nazionale (National Council)
Structure & Status of parliament This field is to indicate lower/upper in the back end.
Lower chamber
Parliamentary term (years)
IPU membership
Affiliation periods
IPU Geopolitical Group/s IPU Geopolitical Groups: African Group, Arab Group, Asia-Pacific Group, Eurasia Group, Group of Latin America and the Caribbean (GRULAC), Twelve Plus Group.
Official title The Speaker may for example be known as the Presiding Officer, President, Chairman/Chairperson, etc.
President of the National Council
Irène Kälin (Female)
Historical data for Speaker
Andreas Aebi (Male)
Isabelle Moret (Female)
Marina Carobbio Guscetti (Female)
Dominique de Buman (Male)
Official title This post is most commonly called Secretary General or Clerk. It may also be called Secretary, Head/Chief of the Secretariat, Director General, etc.
Philippe Schwab (Male)
Notes Additional information about the Secretary General, in particular regarding their term.
Appointed on 1 July 2013.
Statutory number of members Statutory number of members, as defined in the constitution or other fundamental law.
Principal mode of designation of members
Directly elected
Directly elected members Directly elected by citizens.
Current number of members Number of members who currently hold seats in parliament. May be lower or higher than the statutory number of members.
Men The number of male parliamentarians who currently hold seats in parliament.
Historical data for Men
Year Men
Women The number of female parliamentarians who currently hold seats in parliament.
Historical data for Women
Year Women
Percentage of women Calculated by dividing the current number of women by the current number of members.
42.5% See historical data for this field.
Historical data for Percentage of women
Year Percentage of women
Statutory number of members per country As defined in the constitution or other fundamental laws. Combines the number of parliamentarians in both chambers in bicameral parliaments.
246Compare data of this field.
Population (in thousands)
Click for historical data
Historical data for Population (in thousands)
Year Population (in thousands)
Inhabitants per parliamentarian Calculated by dividing the population by the statutory number of parliamentarians.
33,821 See historical data for this field.
Historical data for Inhabitants per parliamentarian
Year Inhabitants per parliamentarian
Data on the age of parliamentarians is collected at start of the legislature, following the most recent elections. This data is not updated during the legislature.
Average age of all members Age at the time of the last election or renewal.
Historical data for Average age of all members
Year Average age of all members
Number of members, by age
Breakdown of members by age and gender
Totals per gender
Totals per age interval 0 8 43 28 25 69 26 1 0 0
Total <= 45: 79 Total >= 46: 121
Male 0 3 26 12 14 44 17 1 0 0 117
Female 0 5 17 16 11 25 9 0 0 0 83
Percentage of members, by age
Age as last election or renewal
Percentage of MPs 30 years of age or youngerCompare data of this field. 4% 1.5% 2.5%
Percentage of MPs 40 years of age or youngerCompare data of this field. 25.5% 14.5% 11%
Members for whom data is available
Reserved seats and quotas
There are reserved seats in parliament for certain groups Reserved seats are a means to ensure the parliamentary representation of certain groups in society.
Electoral quota for women Quotas to promote the representation of women in parliament.
Voluntary political party quotas.
Legal source Legal text that stipulates the quota, such as the Constitution or electoral law.
C.f. individual party statutes.
Electoral quota for youth Quotas to promote the representation of youth in parliament.
Links to additional information
Parliamentary website Link(s) to parliamentary web site in English, French and/or local languages.
https://www.parlament.ch
List of members Link(s) to list of members on the parliamentary web site.
https://www.parlament.ch/fr/organe/conseil-national/membres-conseil-national-a-z
https://www.parlament.ch/de/organe/nationalrat/mitglieder-nationalrat-a-z
https://www.parlament.ch/it/organe/consiglio-nazionale/membri-consiglio-nazionale-a-z
https://www.parlament.ch/rm/organe/cussegl-naziunal/commembers-cussegl-naziunal-a-z
https://www.parlament.ch/en/organe/national-council/members-national-council-a-z
Constitution Official links to the Constitution in English, French and/or original language is provided. Links to unofficial translations where no other source is available.
https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/redirect?url=https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/redirect?url=https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/redirect?url=https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/redirect?url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19995395/202101010000/101.pdf
https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/redirect?url=https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/redirect?url=https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/redirect?url=https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/redirect?url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/202101010000/101.pdf
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Wyden, Bennett Welcome New Senate Sponsors of the Healthy Americans Act
Washington DC - The bipartisan Senate effort to reform the nation's ailing health care system grew today as U.S. Senators Ron Wyden (D-OR) and Bob Bennett (R-UT) announced that the Healthy Americans Act (S.334) gained four Senate co-sponsors, including two influential members of the Senate Finance Committee. U.S. Senators Chuck Grassley (R-IA), Debbie Stabenow (D-MI), Mary Landrieu (D-LA) and Norm Coleman (R-MN) join a growing list of co-sponsors which already include: U.S. Senators Judd … Continue Reading
Wyden Provision Blocking Sale of F-14 Parts to Iran Passes Senate
Washington, D.C. - Working to stop the sale of surplus aircraft parts to Iran, the U.S. Senate today passed the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, which included a provision based on the "Stop Arming Iran Act" introduced by Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR). The provision will prohibit the Pentagon from selling surplus parts and equipment for F-14 fighter aircraft. Iran is the only country-other than the United States-that flies F-14s."This provision will keep crucial aircraft … Continue Reading
Wyden Amendment Enhances Prevention for Type 2 Diabetes in Children
Washington D.C. -- Working to enhance screening and prevention of childhood type 2 diabetes, U.S Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR) today announced that an amendment giving states $15 million to combat the disease has been included in the final conference version of the State Children's Health Insurance Program bill (S-CHIP). Wyden is the amendment's sponsor. The S-CHIP conference report passed the Senate yesterday evening and will now be sent to the President for his consideration. "This amendment … Continue Reading
Administration Withdraws Nomination for CIA General Counsel
Washington, DC - U.S. Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR), a senior member of the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence today welcomed the administration's decision to withdraw the nomination of John Rizzo to be General Counsel of the CIA. "I opposed the nomination of John Rizzo to be the top lawyer at the CIA because he is the wrong man for the job," Wyden said. "I hope that the Administration's next nominee for the position demonstrates greater respect for the rule of law and a firmer … Continue Reading
Senate Authorizes Oregon Water Projects
Washington DC -- U.S. Senators Ron Wyden (D-OR) and Gordon Smith (R-OR) today announced the Senate passage of the Water Resources Development Act, which authorizes $96 million in federal funding for water projects in Oregon. The legislation now moves on to the White House for signing by the President. "These funds will go to important infrastructure and watershed restoration projects across the state," said Wyden. "The long-term health of our environment is vital to the long-term health … Continue Reading
Wyden Calls for Repeal of New S-CHIP Restrictions
Washington D.C. -- Calling the administration's policy a "cruel choice" for states that are working to expand coverage to the millions of children currently living without health care, U.S. Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR), a member of the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance, today sent a letter asking Secretary of Health and Human Services Michael Leavitt to repeal the Bush administration's recently announced eligibility restrictions for the State Children's Health Insurance Program (S-CHIP). The … Continue Reading
Wyden, Smith Secure Over $50 Million for Oregon Defense Projects
Washington, DC - U.S. Senators Ron Wyden (D-Ore.) and Gordon Smith (R-Ore.) announced today that the Senate Appropriations Committee has approved over $50 million in funding for defense-related projects in Oregon. These funds are now included in the FY2008 Defense spending bill, which must now be approved by the full Senate."These projects are proof positive that Oregon can lead the way when it comes to the research and development of cutting-edge technology," said Wyden. "These funds will … Continue Reading
Wyden, Smith Secure Over $90 Million for Oregon Community Development, Transportation Projects
Washington, DC - U.S. Senators Ron Wyden (D-OR) and Gordon Smith (R-OR) announced today that the Senate approved the FY2008 Transportation, Housing and Urban Development (THUD) appropriations bill, which includes nearly $93 million for transportation and community development projects throughout the state of Oregon. After passage by the full Senate, the spending bill moves to a conference committee to work out differences between Senate and House versions of the legislation."By investing in … Continue Reading
Wyden Statement on General Petraeus's Report
Washington, DC - U.S. Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR) issued the following statement today in response to General David Petraeus's testimony before the U.S. House Armed Service Committee:"General Petraeus's focus on selective military successes in Iraq obscures the larger problem: military tactics are not bringing about political reconciliation. "For four and a half years, the Bush administration has been telling the American people that if we stay the course in Iraq conditions will change. … Continue Reading
Wyden, DeFazio Introduce Legislation to Protect Copper Salmon as Wilderness
Washington, DC - Working for the permanent preservation of the 13,700 acres that encompass the headwaters of the Elk River in Southern Oregon, today U.S. Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR) and U.S. Representative Peter DeFazio (D-OR) introduced the Copper Salmon Wilderness Act. Today's introduction is the culmination of more than a decade of cooperative efforts by local government, grassroots activists, community leaders, hunters and fishers, who have all advocated for the protection of Copper Salmon … Continue Reading
Bipartisan Coalition of Senators Introduce Legislation to Restore America's Aging Roads, Rail Lines and Bridges
Washington, DC - In an effort to fund much needed new transportation construction and repair of the nation's aging roads, rail lines and bridges, U.S. Senators Ron Wyden (D-OR), John Thune (R-SD), Norm Coleman (R-MN), Amy Klobuchar (D-MN), Elizabeth Dole (R-NC), David Vitter (R-LA), and Susan Collins (R-ME) introduced today the bipartisan "Build America Bonds" Act. By providing $50 billion in additional Federal transportation funding, Build America Bonds will empower all states to complete … Continue Reading
Wyden, Brownback Applaud Early Net Radio Agreements
Washington, DC - U.S. Senators Ron Wyden (D-Ore.) and Sam Brownback (R-Kan), Senate sponsors of the "Internet Radio Equality Act" released the following statement in response to DiMA and Sound Exchange's announced agreement to cap the Internet radio "$500 per channel minimum royalty" at $50,000 per service."We are encouraged by the good faith efforts represented by this initial agreement. It is a promising first step in the negotiation process which we are hoping will make our legislation … Continue Reading
Wyden, Brownback Call CRB Rates for Webcasters "Unfounded"
Washington, DC - U.S. Senators Ron Wyden (D-Ore.) and Sam Brownback (R-Kan), Senate sponsors of the "Internet Radio Equality Act" released the following statement today regarding efforts to save Internet radio: "We sponsored the Internet Radio Equality Act because the Copyright Royalty Board's decision to dramatically increase royalties and apply what we see as unfounded minimum rates threatens to devastate the Internet radio industry. The fact is online radio services do not have enough … Continue Reading
"Combat Illegal Logging Act" Levels the Playing Field for American Business, Protects American Jobs and the Environment
Washington, D.C. - With the collective support of the timber and timber-products industry, organized labor, and the environmental community, U.S. Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR) today introduced the Combat Illegal Logging Act of 2007 in order to halt the trade of illegal timber and timber products. American manufacturers are increasingly struggling to compete with the low-priced wood and wood products being harvested from illegal sources and illegal logging is a source of severe environmental damage … Continue Reading
9/11 Legislation Advances Transparency
Normal0falsefalsefalseEN-USX-NONEX-NONEMicrosoftInternetExplorer4st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) }/* Style Definitions */table.MsoNormalTable{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;mso-style-noshow:yes;mso-style-priority:99;mso-style-qformat:yes;mso-style-parent:"";mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in … Continue Reading
Senate Committee Approves Mount Hood Wilderness Expansion
Washington, DC - U.S. Senators Ron Wyden (D-OR) and Gordon Smith (R-OR) announced that their efforts to expand permanent protections for wilderness surrounding Mount Hood and the Columbia River Gorge took a big step forward today when the U.S Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee passed the "Lewis and Clark Mount Hood Wilderness Act of 2007." Committee members Wyden and Smith - who spearheaded the effort as coauthors of the legislation - called the Committee vote a "victory for … Continue Reading
Wyden Asks Secretary Kempthorne for Answers on Interior Ethics Concerns
Washington, DC - U.S. Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR) asked Interior Secretary Dirk Kempthorne today to clarify the Department's ethical strategy in the wake of Mark Limbaugh's departure. In a June 27th letter to Wyden, Secretary Kempthorne identified Mr. Limbaugh-then Assistant Secretary for Water and Science-as chairman of the Department's newly constituted Conduct Accountability Board, which he wrote would be charged with reviewing the ethics issues raised in the Inspector General's report on … Continue Reading
Bipartisan, Bicameral Legislation will Help National Guard and Reserve Physicians Serving Overseas
Washington, DC - In an effort to help National Guard and Reserve physicians maintain their practices during lengthy overseas deployments, members on both sides of the aisle and in both houses of Congress introduced legislation today that would exempt physicians serving in the Armed Forces overseas from a Medicare law that currently places a 60 day restriction on the amount of time one physician can fill in for a colleague on a leave of absence. This limit creates serious hardship for … Continue Reading
Wyden Responds to President Bush's Remarks on Health Care
Washington, D.C. - U.S. Senator Ron Wyden issued the following statement today in response to President Bush's remarks discussing the need to fix the way the tax code treats health care. Wyden is the author of the Healthy Americans Act, the first bipartisan, comprehensive health care reform proposal in almost 15 years. At the core of the Healthy Americans Act, which is cosponsored by Senator Robert Bennett (R-UT) is a restructuring of the tax system that ends the current regressive treatment … Continue Reading
Wyden Applauds Passage of Senate Energy Legislation
Washington, D.C. - U.S. Senator Ron Wyden issued the following statement following U.S. Senate passage of the Energy bill (H.R. 5). "Today, the Senate has taken a major step forward in setting a new course for America's energy policy, adopting provisions that will reduce the nation's use of energy, especially the use of oil. "First, the bill includes a program developed by the Senate Energy Committee on which I sit that will replace roughly 20% of our gasoline use with renewable fuels … Continue Reading

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Sailboat Charter Deals welcomes you to the adventure of your life!
In good company... Sail with us!
Discover the secrets of the sea... With us!
Beneteau sailing yachts are popular sailboats for charter because of their outstanding performance, modern design and elegant interior, as well as safety. The most popular models include Sense, Oceanis, First and One-design (Figaro BENETEAU II and Beneteau 25 PLATU).
Top quality sailing yachts of great value and timeless beauty, built with the best materials. Some of the luxury Jeanneau models are: Sun Fast, Sun Odyssey and Sun Odyssey DS ("Deck Saloon). Jeanneau models are famous for their elegance, comfort and perfect ergonomics.
Hanse sailing yachts are popular sailboats for charter, especially because of their quality, price, performance and additional equipment. They include models ideal for both beginners and experienced sailors - small boats, medium sized boats and large sailing yachts.
Spacious and modern sailing yacht for the most demanding tastes.
The comfort and beauty of this elegant sailboat interior invites you to enjoy an unforgettable sailing experience!
You will feel completely at home on this sailboat. Exceptional performance and unrivalled comfort.
If you want to plan a sailing trip and do not know how to charter a sailboat that will meet your requirements, read this guide to make the best choice.
Sailing yachts are, foremostly, a cheaper choice for sailing, in comparison with, for example, motor yachts, because they are powered by motor and wind, in which case you can reduce fuel costs. Therefore, it is recommended to charter a sailing yacht during the periods of frequent and constant winds. But be careful - if you are not an experienced skipper or do not have an experienced skipper aboard, avoid strong, cold winds.
Think about the destination you want to visit. The most popular sailing destinations are undoubtedly Greece and Croatia, with beautiful seas, bays and favorable winds for smooth sailing.
Decide who will command your sailboat. If you have a skipper's license, you can be in charge of the boat yourself. If not, charter a skippered sailboat or with the full crew. This choice certainly has its advantages because you can relax and rest while somebody else takes care of your safety and quickly takes you to the desired destination.
The year when the yacht was manufactured is also very important for sailboat charter. Take into consideration that the older sailboats could be unsafe and charter them only if you consider the agency reliable. Enquire about the agency before deciding to charter a sailboat.
The size of the sailboat is also important. Think about the number of crew members and ensure enough space and privacy for each member. Apart from providing sufficient number of cabins and berths, a large sailboat achieves greater maximum speed. However, it is harder to manage large sailboats in marinas and moorings.
And larger sailboats are more expensive. Therefore think about the amount of money you can spend and choose the right sailboat that will meet all your requirements, depending on your financial circumstances.
If you want to find out more about the specific models of sailing yachts, visit our specialized sites. Bavaria Yacht Selection offers information about sailboat charter and sailing destinations. Beneteau Yacht Selection offers advice on Beneteau yacht charter and Jeanneau Yacht Selection gives you useful information about the Jeanneau models. Visit Elan Yacht Selection for Elan sailboats information and check out Hanse sailboats on Hanse website.


Supplied with 1.5m of standard grade wire & 2 x wire connectors.
The mini repair kit for dog fencing is designed for use with the DogWatch and DogFence fencing systems. The kit includes 2m of wire and 2 x waterproof connectors. Cable is suitable for use above or below ground. This kit is supplied with DogFence standard wire kit (1.5mm) and can be used to join both the heavy pro and standard wires. When repairing the Dog Fence cable it is important to always use the waterproof splices as taped joints and electrical joins are not waterproof and over time will allow water to penetrate between the jacket and the cable. Water damage to the cable can severely deteriorate the cable and cause signal issues.


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{{Infobox Musique (œuvre)
| charte           = single
| titre            = Towards the Sun
| langue du titre  = en
| artiste          = Rihanna
| album            = Bande originale du film En route !
| film             = En route !
| sorti            =
| enregistré       =
| enregistré lieu  =
| durée            = 4:33
| genre            = Pop, R&B
| format           =
| auteur-compositeur = Rihanna, Tiago Carvalho et Gary Go
| compositeur      =
| producteur       = Tiago Carvalho, Gary Go, Kuk Harell
| label            = Westbury Road
| single précédent = FourFiveSeconds
| date single préc =
| single suivant   = Bitch Better Have My Money
| date single suiv =
}} est une chanson de l'artiste barbadienne Rihanna, qui constitue le premier single de la bande originale du film d'animation américain En route !'' des studios DreamWorks Animation. Elle est écrite par Rihanna elle-même, en compagnie de Tiago Carvalho et Gary Go, ces deux derniers l'ont co-produite avec Kuk Harell.

Towards The Sun est une ballade pop, avec un mid-tempo et des paroles optimistes. Les critiques sont positives, acclamant la prestation vocale de Rihanna, cependant, elle fit un succès commercial modéré, atteignant la  dans les chart britannique (UK Singles Chart) et la  dans le classement des meilleures ventes de single en France (SNEP).

Notes et références

Chanson interprétée par Rihanna
Single musical sorti en 2015
Chanson écrite par Rihanna

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Lotus Guesthouse has a variety of bespoke rooms available for short and long stays throughout the year. We also have facilities for group arrangements. For long term renting contact us directly for discounts.
Each guesthouse apartment has its own bathroom; Guesthouse 1 comes equipped with multifunctional bathtub and sink; the others with multifunctional showers, sinks and multiple toilets.
Each guesthouse has a small functional kitchen with chairs and table, an electrical cooking plate or oven with hob and water boiler.
Each guesthouse has a comfortable and beautifully decorated living room that our guests can share with internet access, easy chairs/couches and games (chess, checkers and card games).
To make a reservation please contact us directly by email or phone.


(GOLD BEACH, OR) -	 Independence Day is a cherished and respected holiday in Gold Beach by all its citizens and this year Gold Beach businesses and organizations have come together to offer a truly spectacular Celebration honoring Independence Day in a 5 day affair beginning on Wednesday, July 4th.
We kick it off at 4pm at Jot's Resort for the 4th of July Celebration party.
(EUGENE, Ore.) -	 Police, are asking for the public's help to find a missing Eugene-area man whose pickup was found abandoned at a southern Oregon coast public wayside on Highway 101 about nine miles south of Gold Beach.
49-year old Mark J. Rees of Eugene, was reported missing by his ex-wife April 11, 2010 to Eugene Police Department after she learned Rees failed to pay rent to his landlord.
(GOLD BEACH, Ore.) -	 Police on the southern Oregon coast say a man found deceased near the shore line on a beach about 1/3 mile south of Pistol River Wayside Saturday afternoon is believed to have died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound.


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From gift and credit to money — did markets make us Homo Oeconomicus?
Via Chris Bertram on Crooked Timber I read an article by David Graeber, a social anthropologist, called "On the Invention of Money – Notes on Sex, Adventure, Monomaniacal Sociopathy and the True Function of Economics". It is sufficiently long to really cover all these topics, and I agree with Bertram that it is "one of the most informative and entertaining pieces I've read in a long while". Do read the whole thing!
The core argument is about how money came to be — which in most economic textbooks is explained as a logical development from a barter trade system, where you have to find somebody with a complementary need and offer in the marketplace. But this assumption about our economic past is soundly refuted by actual anthropological and historical research. It is very fascinating to follow the research as to what are actual probable pathways to money usage. And how economic activities were organized before that tells us a lot about how the economic system shapes even deep-rooted human qualities. The bottom line there is that behavior in accordance with "Homo Oeconomicus" models probably only really came about after markets were invented. And it is because economists cannot (or don't want to) imagine a human being with different ways of decision-making that they persist on the "money developed from barter trade" myth despite solid evidence to the contrary. This is, again, in the service of not acknowledging the own status as a "reflexive" social science which not only describes but also strongly influences human behavior and social processes.
So, first of all, how did people go about their business before money was around?
Anthropologists gradually fanned out into the world and began directly observing how economies where money was not used (or anyway, not used for everyday transactions) actually worked. What they discovered was an at first bewildering variety of arrangements, ranging from competitive gift-giving to communal stockpiling to places where economic relations centered on neighbors trying to guess each other's dreams. What they never found was any place, anywhere, where economic relations between members of community took the form economists predicted: "I'll give you twenty chickens for that cow." Hence in the definitive anthropological work on the subject, Cambridge anthropology professor Caroline Humphrey concludes, "No example of a barter economy, pure and simple, has ever been described, let alone the emergence from it of money; all available ethnography suggests that there never has been such a thing" [2]
A gift economy (even though that should not be read to imply selflessness) was probably the most common modus operandi among people who had established relationships, with rough judgments of equivalence between different kinds of goods:
a. The great flaw of the economic model is that it assumed spot transactions. I have arrowheads, you have beaver pelts, if you don't need arrowheads right now, no deal. But even if we presume that neighbors in a small community are exchanging items in some way, why on earth would they limit themselves to spot transactions? If your neighbor doesn't need your arrowheads right now, he probably will at some point in the future, and even if he won't, you're his neighbor—you will undoubtedly have something he wants, or be able to do some sort of favor for him, eventually. But without assuming the spot trade, there's no double coincidence of wants problem, and therefore, no need to invent money.
b. What anthropologists have in fact observed where money is not used is not a system of explicit lending and borrowing, but a very broad system of non-enumerated credits and debts. In most such societies, if a neighbor wants some possession of yours, it usually suffices simply to praise it ("what a magnificent pig!"); the response is to immediately hand it over, accompanied by much insistence that this is a gift and the donor certainly would never want anything in return. In fact, the recipient now owes him a favor. Now, he might well just sit on the favor, since it's nice to have others beholden to you, or he might demand something of an explicitly non-material kind ("you know, my son is in love with your daughter…") He might ask for another pig, or something he considers roughly equivalent in kind. But it's almost impossible to see how any of this would lead to a system whereby it's possible to measure proportional values. After all, even if, as sometimes happens, the party owing one favor heads you off by presenting you with some unwanted present, and one considers it inadequate—a few chickens, for example—one might mock him as a cheapskate, but one is unlikely to feel the need to come up with a mathematical formula to measure just how cheap you consider him to be. As a result, as Chris Gregory observed, what you ordinarily find in such 'gift economies' is a broad ranking of different types of goods—canoes are roughly the same as heirloom necklaces, both are superior to pigs and whale teeth, which are superior to chickens, etc—but no system whereby you can measure how many pigs equal one canoe. [3]
The most common actual barter on the other hand is in long-distance trade, where people knew which goods the other party had, and that they had something to offer themselves which the others wanted. Graeber makes the argument that for that instance, there is no need to invent money when you can instead operate on the basis of "traditional fixed equivalences". Instead, money would make you much more vulnerable to being robbed, and indeed it seems the Phoenicians, famous long-distance traders of the Classic World, adopted money usage very late.
And even in such trade among non-familiar groups, a social aspect seems to have been at least as important as the economic one:
The second example is the Gunwinngu of West Arnhem land in Australia, famous for entertaining neighbors in rituals of ceremonial barter called the dzamalag. Here the threat of actual violence seems much more distant. The region is also united by both a complex marriage system and local specialization, each group producing their own trade product that they barter with the others.
In the 1940s, an anthropologist, Ronald Berndt, described one dzamalag ritual, where one group in possession of imported cloth swapped their wares with another, noted for the manufacture of serrated spears. Here too it begins as strangers, after initial negotiations, are invited to the hosts' camp, and the men begin singing and dancing, in this case accompanied by a didjeridu. Women from the hosts' side then come, pick out one of the men, give him a piece of cloth, and then start punching him and pulling off his clothes, finally dragging him off to the surrounding bush to have sex, while he feigns reluctance, whereon the man gives her a small gift of beads or tobacco. Gradually, all the women select partners, their husbands urging them on, whereupon the women from the other side start the process in reverse, re-obtaining many of the beads and tobacco obtained by their own husbands. The entire ceremony culminates as the visitors' men-folk perform a coordinated dance, pretending to threaten their hosts with the spears, but finally, instead, handing the spears over to the hosts' womenfolk, declaring: "We do not need to spear you, since we already have!" [9]
In other words, the Gunwinngu manage to take all the most thrilling elements in the Nambikwara encounters—the threat of violence, the opportunity for sexual intrigue—and turn it into an entertaining game (one that, the ethnographer remarks, is considered enormous fun for everyone involved). In such a situation, one would have to assume obtaining the optimal cloth-for-spears ratio is the last thing on most participants' minds. (And anyway, they seem to operate on traditional fixed equivalences.)
How did a need for money actually arise, then, and how could it happen? There are two answers — first as unit of calculation that was hardly ever handed over physically for long-distance trade and use in most notably temple bureaucracies. For this reason they usually took the form of equivalencies between "a common long-distance trade item [and] a common subsistence item", e.g. silver and grain. Second, and to me quite surprisingly, it probably developed out of the legal system, where there was a need for specifying the appropriate compensation for material and moral offenses:
For example, Welsh and Irish codes contain extremely detailed price schedules where in the Welsh case, the exact value of every object likely to be found in someone's house were worked out in painstaking detail, from cooking utensils to floorboards—despite the fact that there appear to have been, at the time, no markets where any such items could be bought and sold. The pricing system existed solely for the payment of damages and compensation—partly material, but particularly for insults to people's honor, since the precise value of each man's personal dignity could also be precisely quantified in monetary terms.
Here's how Graeber sees the concept of Homo Oeconomicus as our natural state (which is implicit in the assumption that trade before money could only have taken the form of barter) refuted by these findings:
[…] it goes back precisely to this notion of rationality that Adam Smith too embraced: that human beings are rational, calculating exchangers seeking material advantage, and that therefore it is possible to construct a scientific field that studies such behavior. The problem is that the real world seems to contradict this assumption at every turn. Thus we find that in actual villages, rather than thinking only about getting the best deal in swapping one material good for another with their neighbors, people are much more interested in who they love, who they hate, who they want to bail out of difficulties, who they want to embarrass and humiliate, etc.—not to mention the need to head off feuds.
Even when strangers met and barter did ensue, people often had a lot more on their minds than getting the largest possible number of arrowheads in exchange for the smallest number of shells.
See the barter story above for illustration of the last point. The final argument is what all this implies for the role of Economics as a science, which is basically my old idea about necessary but mostly absent "reflexivity":
At this point, it's easier to understand why economists feel so defensive about challenges to the Myth of Barter, and why they keep telling the same old story even though most of them know it isn't true. If what they are really describing is not how we 'naturally' behave but rather how we are taught to behave by the market—well who, nowadays, is doing most of the actual teaching? Primarily, economists. The question of barter cuts to the heart of not only what an economy is—most economists still insist that an economy is essentially a vast barter system, with money a mere tool (a position all the more peculiar now that the majority of economic transactions in the world have come to consist of playing around with money in one form or another) [10]—but also, the very status of economics: is it a science that describes of how humans actually behave, or prescriptive, a way of informing them how they should?
In a way, this really is an old argument: Whenever somebody tries to tell you a certain way of going about things, from gender roles to economic activities and social structures, is "natural", they probably have an interest in you not looking for alternatives too hard. The sad thing is that they sometimes might not even be aware of this themselves, because their benefiting from the status quo is part of their unquestioned privilege.
(See the original article for all the references in [brackets])
Tags » Geschichte, Neuer Plan, Ökonomie, Wissenschaft «
Datum: Sonntag, 18. September 2011 13:11
Trackback: Trackback-URL Themengebiet: English
small thoughts 2011-09-25 (my week in twitter)


Math Compass is the continuation of a project I started while in college, M2 Math Tutor. This completed version sees the additon of a few features as well as a bit of cleanup.
While I'm no longer actively developing Math Compass I will be happy to answer any questions you have about it. If you wish to contact me please do so here.
Thank you to everyone who has used Math Compass (and M2 Math Tutor) and passed along kind words of encouragement.
drill math problems in a flash-card style. easy to find and use on screen controls as well as 'hotkeys' make switching between operations and difficulties quick & easy.
adjacent math compass browser gives you easy access to help files, tutorials, and your worksheets & reports.
easily & securely administer test. test scripts can be saved to ensure all students perform the same amount and type of problems.
testing results are saved to a session report for quick and easy review later on.
export session & test results (problems, students answer, actual answer, summary) to an html file. session reports can be saved for later review or easily sent home to parents via e-mail or a floppy disk.
customize reports with any of six color presets or hundreds of available color combinations. you can free download Math Compass 6.1 now.
Please be aware that Brothersoft do not supply any crack, patches, serial numbers or keygen for Math Compass,and please consult directly with program authors for any problem with Math Compass.


text:
package neoe.pkg;

public class PkgInfo {
	public String name, desc, category, cmmand, git;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I suspect I'm not alone in still occasionally getting lost in the narrative that the approval of others is a necessary ingredient in life. We believe trying to impress each other — society, especially the people we think we need most — is our best strategy to all things good: safety, security, love, happiness and success.
Yet when we are lost in the pursuit of happiness, love, admiration and approval, what do we think? We believe what we seek is "out there" – and in being "out there," we move out of our authentic selves and into "I-need-to-get" mode. Or "I need to preserve" mode. We begin pursuing, instead of allowing all that we already are breathe freely.
In pursuit mode, we too often walk around asking (often subconsciously) a stream of questions to monitor our position in relation others: What did he/she think of me? Did he/think I was smart, successful, attractive enough? Why did I say THAT? If I'd only said THIS instead. Why didn't he/she return my text? Did I do something wrong? On and on it goes.
It is a constant scanning to try to determine where we stand. Are we gaining or losing ground? If we believe we are gaining, we feel great. If we believe we are losing, we feel lost and very easily move into manipulation mode to try to regain some sense of illusory control: little strategies we've perfected over the years to attempt to gain admiration and approval. The real irony, though, is that this constant struggle to win love and approval or to ensure we don't lose it, blocks the actual experience of it.
Enoughness isn't determined by others. It's entirely our own to define and own.
There's a Buddhist saying: "If you meet the Buddha on the road kill him." For a long time, I struggled with what this meant, but now I realize it is an invitation to know that my power, my authority, my enoughness is from the inside out – not the other way around. It's an open and ongoing invitation to constantly question: just how many Buddhas are in my life? In other words, how many people or outside influences do I feel like I need in order to be enough? The truth is, there in only one Buddha – and I am that. You are that too.
Knowing this. Living this. It is here that real and authentic connection, real safety, real happiness, real love exists.
To learn more about upcoming events, click here.


text:
BT outlines pension deficit payment plan
By Ben Jones	 12th February 2010 12:21 pm 3rd November 2015 6:15 pm
Telecoms firm BT has said it will pay off its £9bn pensions deficit over the next 17 years.
The organisation's valuation and recovery plan will see BT pay off the deficit at £525m per annum over the first three years, £583m in the fourth year and increasing at 3% each year after that.
Ian Livingston, BT chief executive, said: "I am pleased that we now have an agreement in place with the Trustee. This is a prudent valuation and a recovery plan which reaffirms BT's commitment to meeting its pension obligations."
BT will be working with the Pensions Regulator, which is in the process of completing a detailed review of the plan.
A spokesman for the Regulator said: "We are aware of yesterday's announcement from BT of the current position.
"We look forward to working with BT, the pension trustees and their advisers to enable us to complete our detailed review."
BT's main pension scheme was closed to new joiners in 2001 and with 340,000 members is still the largest in the private sector.
For more stories on staff pensions
Elite workers will be able to demand more pay and benefits by 2020
16th February 2010 4:18 pm 3rd November 2015 6:15 pm
DC pension investment consultation paper launched
11th February 2010 12:38 pm 3rd November 2015 6:15 pm
New health assessment service for over 40s launched
9th February 2010 12:56 pm 3rd November 2015 6:15 pm
Marine Harvest (Scotland) switches providers for pensions services
11th February 2010 11:07 am 3rd November 2015 6:15 pm
Grove Pensions Solutions launches new service


may deba Te reSul TS: should judges be elected? yeS: 34% no: 66% Percentage reflects votes received by May 31, 2010. results may reflect Debate being picked up by blogs.
Percentage reflects votes received by June 17, 2010.
july 2010 The Costco Connection 17 Opinions expressed are those of the individuals or organizations represented and are presented to foster discussion. costco and The Costco Connection take no position on any Debate topic.


text:
Miller named vice president of Dominion East Ohio
Virginia-based Dominion (NYSE: D) has announced that Scott C. Miller, vice president – budgeting, business planning and market analysis, will become a vice president at Dominion East Ohio, effective Jan. 1.
Miller will relocate to Cleveland from Richmond and report to Anne E. Bomar, senior vice president and general manager –- Dominion East Ohio.
Miller joined Dominion in 1997 as a financial analyst in Corporate Planning & Analysis. In 1999, he was promoted to senior financial analyst and became manager-Mergers & Acquisitions in 2001. He was named director-Financial Analysis, supporting Dominion Generation, in 2004, and was promoted to vice president-Financial Management, Dominion Energy, in October 2007. He became vice president-Financial Management, Dominion Virginia Power, in June 2009, and assumed his current post in January 2011. He earned his bachelor's degree in business administration from Ithaca College and a master's degree in finance from Virginia Commonwealth University.
Miller's position in Richmond will be filled at a later date.
Read more personnel and staffing news


text:
A Night Out With Lynn Van-Praagh-Gratton
more add
TheatreWorks USA presents Charlotte's Web twice at Queens Theatre on Sunday
By It's in Queens
It's the heart-warming tale of a friendship between a male pig and a female spider that grows and grows even as death nears them both.
TheatreWorks USA will present "Charlotte's Web" at Queens Theatre on Sunday, Dec. 16, at 1 p.m. and again at 3 p.m. (The second show will be a sensory relaxed performance with American Sign Language interpretation.)
Adapted from the 1952 novel by E.B. White, this 60-minute play follows Wilbur, a livestock hog, and Charlotte, a little gray spider. They live happily in a barnyard with a large cast of other endearing farm animals, led by a rat named "Templeton," that get into all kinds of hijinks and horseplay.
However, Wilbur has a bleak future, as his farmer owner, Homer L. Zuckerman, can't wait until he gets plump enough to sell at a high price to a butcher. Oh, the pork chops and bacon!
Luckily, Charlotte is a great writer — and a prolific silk producer. She weaves webs with messages such as "Some Pig," "Terrific," and "Radiant" around the barnyard. The resulting hysteria convinces Zuckerman that Wilbur is worth more alive than dead due to his celebrity status. After all, he and his web messages have become quite a tourism attraction.
There's still trouble on the horizon, though, as Charlotte has to face her own mortality as summer passes into fall, when barn spiders tend to die. After a county fair, she knows her days are numbered and she lets Wilbur take her egg sac back to the barnyard so her children will hatch in her old doorway hangout next spring.
Founded in Manhattan in 1961, TheatreWorks USA is the country's largest nonprofit troupe that targets young audiences. It has a long-running relationship with Queens Theatre, and it's been presenting "Charlotte's Web" around the United States since 1993.
TheatreWorks USA alums include Jesse Tyler Ferguson, who is currently starring at Mitchell Pritchett in the ABC television series "Modern Family," and Henry Winkler, who played Arthur Fonzarelli (better known as "The Fonz") on ABC's hit sitcom "Happy Days" in the 1970s and 1980s.
Tickets cost $14, but seniors can attend for $12 each. Queens Theatre is located at 14 United Nations Ave. S. in Flushing Meadows Corona Park. A public parking lot is nearby, and free shuttle bus service is available from the 7 train's Willets Point/Citi Field station to the venue.
Image: Queens Theatre
Queens Theatre
Theatreworks USA
A new comedy set in Queens explores celebrity, fame & religion
Big weekend at Queens Theatre! Latin dance, family-friendly musical, Aquacade


text:
The Daily Report was a newspaper published in Ontario, California, under private ownership between 1885 and 1965 and group ownership from 1965 to 1990.

Private ownership

History
The newspaper's first issue, under the title Ontario Record, was in December 1885, published by brothers E.P. Clarke, editor of the Riverside Daily Press, and A.F. Clarke. The first issue was printed in Pomona.

The newspaper changed its name to The Daily Republican and then to The Daily Report in 1910. It was sold by F.E. Unholz and associates in October 1911 to brothers H.L. and Crombie Allen of Greensburg, Pennsylvania.

By 1912, Crombie Allen had become editor. In that year, a contract was let by H.L. and Crombie Allen for a one-story office building to be built at the corner of A Street and Lemon Avenue in Ontario. By 1920, Crombie Allen was the publisher. A new building was constructed at 212 East B Street in 1929 and was extensively remodeled in 1957.

On August 1, 1930, the Allen brothers, owners, announced the sale of the newspaper to Mr. and Mrs. Frank B. Appleby, from La Grande, Oregon, who had moved to Ontario with two young sons. Appleby had published newspapers in Washington, Iowa, and in La Grande.

Appleby died at the age of 39 or 40 on July 26, 1936, in the family summer home in Laguna Beach. His obituary in the Los Angeles Times noted that the Daily Report "is known as one of the most progressive and attractive-looking newspapers in Southern California." At that time, the circulation was about 4,000. His wife, Jerene C., took over as publisher of the newspaper. She later married architect J. Dewey Harnish and was thenceforth known as Jerene Appleby Harnish.

R.F. Graettinger was managing editor for many years, retiring in 1942, when he was succeeded by Curtis H. Clay, who came from the La Salle (Illinois) Post-Tribune.

The newspaper company also owned a radio station, KOCS, both AM and FM.

Controversies

Chamber of Commerce

Between 1947 and 1949, the newspaper campaigned for "broader industrialization" of the Ontario area and complained that the local Chamber of Commerce was a private group, organized to benefit business and professional people of the city. As such, the newspaper said, the chamber was not legally entitled to maintain its office in the city hall and demanded that it be ousted. The City Council rejected the request.

Civil Defense

In 1952, the Daily Report company announced it would no longer cooperate with a Civil Defense informational program because the Ontario Planning Commission had denied a zoning variance to permit the enlargement of the Report's radio station.

Oregon Smith

In 1953, Mrs. Harnish and other partners of the Daily Report sued Ontario City Councilman Oregon Smith for slander because Smith said at a City Council meeting that the newspaper "without question" had been following "the Communist Party line". Superior Judge Raymond H. Thompson decided in favor of Smith, whose attorney was California politician Jack B. Tenney. The judge dismissed the case because there was "no limitation" on the statements that a city council member could make during a meeting. The decision was upheld by a District Court of Appeals in January 1956 and later by the California Supreme Court.

Afterward the newspaper published an article on January 16, 1958, stating that, had the decision gone the other way, "the public would have no protection against malicious statements made by unscrupulous members of any minor legislative body." On March 3 an editorial claimed that Smith had made the charge of communism "without regard to good morals and honesty." Smith sued for $3 million, charging libel. He later amended the complaint to include the newspaper's references to him going back as far as 1949. Judge Jesse W. Curtis Jr. dismissed the complaint in February 1958.

Smith filed another suit in January or February 1957, alleging that the unsuccessful 1953 action against him by the Daily Report had been a malicious prosecution. He sought more than $1.5 million in damages.

This latter suit was dismissed by Judge Richard B. Ault of San Diego Superior Court on motion of attorney Tenney on behalf of Smith. Tenney told a reporter that an out-of-court settlement had been made, but a defense attorney denied the statement and said the plaintiff had moved for dismissal to avoid "long and costly court proceedings".

George Stromme

In 1983, promoter George Stromme filed suit against Ontario Mayor Charles Latimer and Jerene Appleby Harnish contending that the two intentionally interfered with a contract he had with the city to promote and operate an air show at the Ontario Municipal Airport. His complaint against the publisher centered on an article in The Daily Report quoting officials as stating that the air show had to be free to the public. He said he had planned to charge $1 admission but could not do so after the article, and so he lost money through the venture. Judge Russell Goodwin dismissed the complaint as being without substance.

Group ownership

History

On March 30, 1965, partners Jerene Appleby Harnish, Carlton R. Appleby, Andrew B. Appleby, Walter W. Axley, Philip A. Sawyer and Rolph Fairchild sold the newspaper company to the Pomona Progress-Bulletin. It was to be published by a new corporation with the same staff and officers as before; Mrs. Harnish was to have an honorary title as "publisher emeritus". The newspaper's daily circulation was about 28,000, and the sale price of the company was said to be $5 million.

Controversies

Gag order

The Daily Report, the Sun-Telegram and the Progress-Bulletin all objected to a gag order issued in December 1972 by a Superior Court judge forbidding publication of the names of prisoners at Chino's California Institution for Men who testified at a trial for a murder committed within the prison.

William McVittie

In October 31, 1974, California Assembly Speaker Leo T. McCarthy accused San Bernardino County District Attorney Lowell Lathrop, Municipal Court Judge Martin Hildreth, Assembly candidate Pete VanderPeel and The Daily Report of joining in a "political alliance" to affect the outcome of the forthcoming election in the 65th Assembly District.

On the same day, William McVittie, a candidate in that race, filed a libel suit against The Daily Report, over a story it had printed about McVittie's arrest on a misdemeanor charge of election code violations. The arrest charge was settled without going to trial, and there was no further action on the libel claim after McVittie won the election.

References

Defunct newspapers published in California


There are no upcoming Rotten Mouth, Little Boy Junior, The Footlight District & Tobacco Bandits events in Chicago, IL.
FeelTix is a ticket comparison service. We update tickets prices daily that guarantee the most accurate cost. But Rotten Mouth, Little Boy Junior, The Footlight District & Tobacco Bandits Chicago Tickets prices may vary depending on demand and availability.


One of these "ohh - that's a nice idea, I should totally also implement that" ideas. I stumbled upon the Dream Plus Hugo theme, that included a little badge that linked to a Travis CI build status.
Using CI (Continous Integration) to check the sanity of the template seemed like a good thing to me, so I looked around on how various people do this. I found one template by Vicky Lai that included HTML checking. After a bit of fiddling around, to get the correct command line incantations going, and some more fixing of malformed HTML, the Hugo Chaschper template now is tested, the exampleSite is updated to include some "real" content and a number of niggling issues in the HTML have been fixed (missig alt image attributes, a malformed <script</script> tag).
The HTML proofing is done via the HTML-Proofer Gem. It checks for valid HTML, valid (internal) links and a lot more.


At first the vastness overwhelms; the colors, diversity, intricacy, and textures bedazzle. Only later does the realization set in that these fantastical crocheted coral reefs bear an urgent ecological message. Some are based on photographs, but most are pure imaginative improvisations. The masterminds behind the project are twins Margaret and Christine Wertheim, and the underlying protagonist is the Great Barrier Reef, one of the world's living wonders. The sisters grew up in Brisbane, Queensland, home of the Great Barrier Reef, and moved to the United States in 1991. As Margaret notes, the Reef weighs heavily on the consciousness of Queenslanders because it's under attack...see the entire article in the print version of January/February's Sculpture magazine.
Green Reef (foreground) and Ladies Silurian Reef (background), 2010. Yarn, dimensions variable.


One block from Jackson Square, the 218-room Bourbon Orleans Hotel has been part of French Quarter history for almost 200 years: the Orleans Ballroom held masquerades and carnival balls in the 1820s. A recent multi-million dollar restoration has brought the historic elegance of the hotel to life.
Some rooms have balconies opening onto the courtyard or classic French Quarter vistas: Bourbon Street, Orleans Street and the St. Louis Cathedral, or picturesque French Quarter rooftops. Fashionably-decorated suites come with sleeping lofts.
Treat yourself to a spa service in your own room after a long day at work—or a long night out. Try a Big Easy massage (Swedish) or a Flambeaux (warm stone).
Roux on Orleans serves modern Creole cuisine—Bayou Shrimp Pasta, Pan-Seared Red Fish—in an elegant dining room. In-room dining is also available.
The doors of Bourbon "O" open onto Bourbon Street, and there's live piano music on weekends.
The hotel is in the French Quarter, near Jackson Square and the St. Louis Cathedral and half a block from Bourbon Street.
Welcome Beverage at our Bourbon Street bar, Bourbon "O"
Historic charm meetings modern luxury at Bourbon Orleans Hotel's meeting and event venues. The grand Orleans Ballroom, complete with a large pre-function foyer, anchors this historic event space. Additional function rooms provide the opportunity for a variety of meeting configurations. They can also arrange outdoor dining and cocktails, and for more intimate gatherings, St. Ann Cottage provides the perfect setting.


It's easy to research the right course for you by visiting the UCAS website. Everyone who goes to UCAS.com has access to the Course Search database containing details of around 38,000 courses from archaeology to zoology.
The cultural diversity of life in British higher education is unrivalled. From cosmopolitan cities like London, Cardiff, Belfast and Glasgow, to historic counties like Warwickshire and Yorkshire, the UK is a place of contrasts and culture.
UK universities are inspected regularly to ensure that they uphold the high standards of teaching, learning and research set by the Government.
The UK has become one of the top destinations to study around the world. With traditions of excellence dating back hundreds of years, high class institutions in every corner and much more flexibility than many other countries, the United Kingdom has much to offer international students. International students have always been an important presence in the UK, and their numbers have been growing steadily over the years. In fact, the UK is now the second most popular destination for international students, behind the US. Degrees and qualifications from UK higher education institutions are known around the world as high quality and world class. This standard of excellence is set by some of the older universities with recognizable names, such as Oxford and Cambridge, but the tradition carries through to many of the universities and colleges throughout the UK.
UK universities are known for their standard of education and a large number of them stand among the TOP universities in the world. Oxford University and Cambridge universities are ranked among the top 50 universities.
UK is known for its great research opportunities and also produces 14% of the world's most cited research papers. It undoubtedly houses the most brilliant thinkers in the world.
The number of courses UK universities offer is a major factor to consider while choosing UK universities. No matter what career you choose, UK universities will surely have a course for you.
UK with its rich culture and heritage offers exemplary education that is renowned in the global market.
Compared to other English speaking countries like USA, UK offers excellent education at a very low tuition fee. Most of the universities charge a maximum fee of £9,000 per year.
Having studied in UK will obviously add great value to your CV and will greatly enhance your career opportunities.
An international student in the UK is typically allowed to work up to 20 hours a week during school term, and up to full-time when school is out of term. The average income for students is £300 per month. You should always check with your international advisor at your school before starting any work – you do not want to be in violation of your visa as rules change frequently. Working abroad in England provides individuals with a plethora of resources and opportunities at their fingertips, whether it is traveling throughout Europe on the weekends or working for one of the top companies in the world. Experiencing British culture first hand and gaining work experience in England will no doubt provide international workers with priceless skills to build their future on.
Attested copies of mark sheets of Std. X, XII, and all the 3 /4 / 5 years of the Bachelor's degree.
The main intake offered by all Universities in UK is September / October few universities offer Jan / Feb intake also.
Sandwich and Foundation Programs- Sandwich programs are made up of combination of periods of study and time spent in industry. So the course duration extends to 4 years instead of the usual 3 years.
Foundation programs are of 1 year duration and are generally tailored for students as an alternative route to bridge between one own qualification and that which is required for entry for a degree program in a university / college.
One can apply to numerous Universities. Very few Universities charge an application process fee.
Certain universities have deadlines. Most Universities do not have deadlines but it is advised to apply at least 6/8 months in advance (especially if applying to a Popular University).
It costs £322 to apply for this visa from outside the UK.
You must pay £322 per person for any dependents.
£1,070 for books, equipment and so on.
These costs may be different depending on how much your university charges, and where you live in the country.
The cost of education for an international student in the UK is generally lower compared to the USA and other countries. Programs in the USA can be $25,000 or more a year in tuition alone. Tuition for the majority of UK higher education institutions generally £6,000 to £7,000 a year – considerably less!
(£6,143 for rent, £1,956 for food, £316 for household goods, £65 for insurance, £2,074 for personal items, £1,524 for travel and £1,310 for leisure).
(£4,834 for rent, £1,956 for food, £316 for household goods, £42 for insurance, £2,074 for personal items, £1,524 for travel and £1,310 for leisure).
The UK is known for its multicultural society, with all religions and faiths represented in some way. With a racial, ethnic and religious jumble, the UK is very open to new traditions and cultures – something that is a great thing for students from other countries! You can also be sure that a place of worship will be easily accessible for most major religions. The United Kingdom is made up of three different countries and a province: England, Scotland, Wales and the province of Northern Ireland. These countries all have very different characters and identities.
The UK is a diverse and multi-ethnic society, where students of all backgrounds are welcome and their involvement in local communities is valued. The UK has a long tradition of welcoming migrants and refugees from around the world, many of whom have settled here permanently. All major world religions are represented – mosques, Sikh temples, synagogues and Buddhist and Hindu places of worship can be seen alongside a whole range of Christian churches, from Anglican and Roman Catholic through to Nonconformist and Orthodox. Many languages are represented as well. The most widely spoken South Asian language in the UK is Punjabi, followed by Urdu, Bengali and Gujarati. The main Chinese dialects spoken in the UK are Cantonese and Mandarin.


text:
\section{INTRODUCTION}
\label{intro}

Oscillators providing stable sub-100 fs pulses in the near-infrared
region around 1.5~$\mu$m are of interest for a number of
applications including infrared continuum generation
\cite{kalash1,kalash2} and high-sensitivity gas spectroscopy
\cite{mandon}. To date, the typical realization of such sources is
based on a femtosecond Er:fiber oscillator with an external
pulse amplification. A promising alternative to such
combination is a solid-state Cr$^{4+}$:YAG mode-locked oscillator
\cite{naumov,leburn}. Such an oscillator allows a direct diode
pumping and possesses the gain band providing the few-optical cycle
pulses.

However, attempts to increase the pulse energy in a Cr:YAG
oscillator is limited by its relatively small gain coefficient.
Because of the low gain, the oscillator has to operate with low
output couplers and, thereby, the intra-resonator pulse energy has
to be high. As a result, the instabilities appear
\cite{naumov,kalash3}. To suppress the instabilities in the negative
dispersion regime (NDR) a fair amount of the group-delay-dispersion
(GDD) is required. The resulting pulse is a relatively long soliton
with reduced peak power. Such a pulse is nearly transform-limited
and is not compressible. A remedy is to use the positive dispersion
regime (PDR), when the pulse is stabilized due to substantial
stretching (up to few picoseconds) caused by a large chirp
\cite{apol}. Such a pulse is dispersion-compressible down to few
tens of femtoseconds.

For both NDR and PDR, the oscillator will eventually become unstable at high power.
The main scenarios of the pulse destabilization have
been identified with the multipulsing in the NDR \cite{kalash3} and
the CW-amplification in the PDR \cite{kalash4}. It has been found,
that the higher-order dispersions (i.e., the frequency dependent
GDD) and losses significantly modify the stability conditions
\cite{kalash5,kalash6}. Hence, the study of the stability conditions
affected by both linear and nonlinear processes inherent in a
mode-locked oscillator remains an important task.

Here, we present a study of the destabilization mechanisms of a
Cr:YAG mode-locked oscillator, operating in both NDR and PDR. We put a
special emphasis on the influence of the spectral dependence of
GDD and losses on the oscillator stability.

\section{DESTABILIZATION OF A MODE-LOCKED OSCILLATOR IN THE PDR}\label{s1}

The Cr:YAG oscillator has been built on the basis of the scheme
published in Refs. \cite{kalash2,setup}. The mode-locking and the
dispersion control were provided by SESAM and chirped-mirrors (CMs),
respectively. The GDD of intra-resonator elements as well as the
net-GDD are shown in Fig. \ref{fig1}. As a result of the GDD
variation of the 51-layer CMs and the uncertainty of the SESAM
dispersion, the real net-GDD has some uncertainty, too (gray region
in Fig. \ref{fig1}, \emph{a}).

   \begin{figure}
   \begin{center}
   \vspace{-5 mm}
   \includegraphics[height=8cm]{fig1.eps}
   \vspace{-1 cm}
   \end{center}
   \caption[fig1]
   { \label{fig1}
a) GDD of three sets of chirped mirrors CM (as designed), the YAG
crystal, and the SESAM.  b) The net dispersion of the resonator of
Cr$^{4+}$:YAG oscillator. Black line: as designed, grey area -
uncertainty region due to the chirped mirrors.}
   \end{figure}

Selection of the different CM combinations allows over- and under-compensation of the
dispersion. Selecting a 2CM$_1$+2CM$_1$ allows stabilizing the oscillator at the 144.5
MHz pulse repetition rate and 150 mW average output power. The
corresponding spectra shown in Fig. \ref{fig2} have truncated
profiles, that is typical for an oscillator operating in the PDR
\cite{kalash4}.

   \begin{figure}
   \begin{center}
   \vspace{-5 mm}
   \includegraphics[height=8cm]{fig2.eps}
   \vspace{-1 cm}
   \end{center}
   \caption[fig2]
   { \label{fig2}
a) Spectra of the Cr:YAG oscillator operating in the PDR at
different values of intracavity pulse energy. b) Spectra of the
Cr:YAG oscillator with different output couplers.}
   \end{figure}

To study the stability limits of PDR, the numerical simulations
based on the nonlinear cubic-quintic complex Ginzburg-Landau model
\cite{akhmed} have been realized. The evolution of the slowly
varying field envelope $A(z,t)$ can be described in the following
way:

\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq1}
  \frac{{\partial A}}{{\partial z}} & = & \sigma \left( {\omega _0 } \right)A + \alpha \left(
{\omega _0 } \right)\tau ^2 \frac{{\partial ^2 A}} {{\partial t^2 }}
- \rho \left( {\omega  - \omega _0' } \right)A +  i\beta \left(
{\omega  - \omega _0 } \right)A + \left\{
   \left[ \kappa  - i\gamma \right]P - \kappa \varsigma P^2  \right\}A. \hfill
\end{eqnarray}

\noindent Here $z$ is the propagation distance normalized to the
cavity length $L_{cav}$ (i.e., the cavity round-trip number), $t$ is
the local time. The reference time frame moves with the pulse
group-velocity defined at the reference frequency $\omega_0$
corresponding to the gain maximum at $\lambda_0\approx$1.5 $\mu$m.
The term $\alpha(\omega_0) \tau^2 {{\partial ^2 A} \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{\partial ^2 A} {\partial t^2 }}} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\partial t^2 }}
$ describes the action of the gain spectral profile in parabolic
approximation. Parameter $\alpha(\omega_0)=$0.028 is the saturated
gain coefficient at $\omega_0$, and it is close to the net-loss
value at this frequency. Parameter $\tau=$9.5 fs is the inverse gain
bandwidth. The term $\beta(\omega - \omega_0) A$ describes the
net-GDD action in the Fourier domain. The term $\rho(\omega -
\omega_0') A$ describes the action of the net loss spectral profile
in the Fourier domain. Frequency $\omega_0'$ corresponds to the
transmission minimum of the output coupler at
$\lambda_0'\approx$1.53 $\mu$m. Parameter $\gamma=$1.8 MW$^{-1}$
describes the self-phase modulation inside the active medium,
$\kappa=$0.05$\gamma$ is the self-amplitude modulation parameter,
$\zeta=$0.6$\gamma$ is the parameter defining saturation of the
self-amplitude modulation with power \cite{kalash4}.

Parameter $\sigma(\omega_0)$ is the difference between the saturated
gain $\alpha (\omega_0)$ and the net loss at the reference frequency
$\omega_0$. It was assumed, that this parameter depends on the full
pulse energy:$ \sigma \left( E \right) \approx \left.
{\frac{{d\sigma }}{{dE}}} \right|_{E = E^* } (E-E^*) = \delta\left(
{E/E^* - 1} \right)$, where $E^*$ corresponds to the full energy
stored inside an oscillator in the CW regime \cite{kalash4}.
Parameter $\delta \equiv \left. {\frac{{d\sigma }}{{dE}}} \right|_{E
= E^* } E^*$ equals to -0.03.

It was found, that the GDD decrease in the PDR results in the
CW-amplification (see the black curve in Fig. \ref{fig3}). The
CW-amplification appears in the vicinity of the spectral net-loss
minimum, where the saturated net-gain becomes positive. The latter
occurs because gain saturation decreases with GDD approaching to
zero. Simultaneously, the spectrum gets broader, which
enhances the spectral losses and, thereby reduces the pulse energy.

   \begin{figure}
   \begin{center}
   \vspace{-5 mm}
   \includegraphics[height=8cm]{f3.eps}
   \vspace{-5 mm}
   \end{center}
   \caption[fig3]
   { \label{fig3}
(a) - Simulated spectra, (b) - intensity profiles in the positive dispersion regime. GDD corresponds to $\beta_2=$ 200
fs$^2$ (gray
  curves) and 150 fs$^2$ (black curves).}
   \end{figure}

When the GDD is spectrally dependent (i.e., there are the
higher-order dispersions), the scenario of destabilization with an
approaching of GDD to zero changes (Fig. \ref{fig4}, \emph{a}). In
this case, the chaotic oscillations of the peak power appear
(\emph{chaotic mode-locking} \cite{kalash5}). The spectrum edges
in such a regime become smoothed and the spectrum shifts to the
local GDD-minimum. It was found \cite{kalash5}, that the PDR
stability is improved in the vicinity of the local
minimum of the GDD (i.e., when the fourth-order dispersion is
positive). Fig. \ref{fig4}, \emph{b} shows the spectrum (gray curve)
corresponding to the lower on GDD stability border of PDR. The
spectrum is asymmetrical, ``M-shape'', and the spectrum maximum is
situated in the vicinity of the GDD local minimum.

   \begin{figure}
   \begin{center}
      \vspace{-5 mm}
   \includegraphics[height=8cm]{fig4.eps}
      \vspace{-5 mm}
   \end{center}
   \caption[fig4]
   { \label{fig4}
Simulated spectra (solid curves), with different net-GDD (dashed
curves).
  $\lambda_0=$1.54
  $\mu$m, other parameters correspond to Fig. \ref{fig3}, the case without spectrally-dependent losses.}
   \end{figure}

\section{DESTABILIZATION OF A MODE-LOCKED OSCILLATOR IN THE NDR}\label{s2}

In the NDR and in the absence of higher-order dispersions, the pulse
can be stabilized only by a signifivant amount of the negative GDD
($\approx$-9900 fs$^2$ in our case). However, the contribution of
higher-order dispersions can stabilize the pulse in the immediate
vicinity of zero GDD (black curves in Fig. \ref{fig5}). The pulse is
stable if even a part of spectrum is situated within the positive
GDD range (left picture in Fig. \ref{fig5}).

   \begin{figure}
   \begin{center}
      \vspace{-5 mm}
   \includegraphics[height=6cm]{f5.eps}
   \vspace{-1 cm}
   \end{center}
   \caption[fig5]
   { \label{fig5}
GDD spectral profiles (dashed) and corresponding simulated
  pulse spectra without (black) and with (gray) spectral dependence of the losses. The losses are assumed to have a local minimum at 1.53 $\mu$m about -0.025 fs$^{-1}$ }
   \end{figure}

However, the NDR stability in the vicinity of zero GDD is very
sensitive to the spectral dependence of the losses. Presence of such
dependence leads to the multipulsing (harmonic mode-locking, gray
curves in Fig. \ref{fig5}). As it was found \cite{kalash3}, the
source of multipulsing is the insufficiently saturated net-gain,
which appears in the vicinity of zero GDD due to decrease of the
pulse energy caused by the spectral losses.

In analogy with the PDR, the spectral dependence of GDD can
initiate the chaotic mode-locking, when the negative GDD approaches
zero (gray curve in Fig. \ref{fig4}). The spectrum shifts from the
region, where the local minimum of GDD is located. This behaviour is reverse
in the comparison with that in the PDR. Thus,
the stability regions of PDR and NDR are disjointed by a region of
chaotic mode-locking in the vicinity of zero GDD.

Just as the ``M-shaped'' spectra appear in the PDR, when the
fourth-order dispersion leads to the GDD growth on the spectrum
edges, the humps of the spectrum envelope exist in the NDR (Fig.
\ref{fig6}). In contrast to the PDR, the local spectral maxima
appear in the vicinity of local maxima of GDD.

   \begin{figure}
   \begin{center}
   \vspace{-5 mm}
   \includegraphics[height=8cm]{fig6.eps}
   \vspace{-1 cm}
   \end{center}

   \caption[fig6]
   { \label{fig6}
GDD spectral profile (dashed) and corresponding simulated
  pulse spectrum in the negative dispersion regime with modulated dispersion and no spectral dependence of the losses.}
   \end{figure}

\section{CONCLUSIONS}\label{s3}

We have studied stability conditions of a Cr:YAG oscillator in both, positive and negative dispersion regimes. In the NDR, the oscillator exhibits
strong tendency to harmonic mode-locking (i.e., multipulsing), which
can be suppressed only by a significant amount of the negative GDD. The GDD
value providing the multipulsing suppression depends on the GDD
shape, so that the soliton-like regime can exist even if the part of
the spectrum lies within the positive dispersion range. The spectrum
maximum shifts in the region, where the local maximum of GDD is
located. The presence of the spectrally-dependent losses enhances
the multipulsing in the vicinity of zero GDD. When the GDD is
frequency-dependent, the positive- and negative-dispersion
single-pulse regimes are disjointed by the GDD ranges with chaotic
and harmonic mode locking. In the PDR, approaching of the GDD to zero
results in a CW-amplification or a chaotic mode-locking. The
last regime appears if the GDD is frequency-dependent. The
stabilizing factor of such frequency dependence is the presence of
a local minimum (for the PDR) or maximum (for the NDR) of GDD in the
vicinity of the pulse spectrum.

\acknowledgments
The work was supported by the Austrian National Science Fund (Fonds
zur F\"{o}rderung der Wissentschaftlichen Forschung (FWF), Projects
No. P20293 and P17973).

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text:
Q: Why, after the salutation and name of addressee, followed by a comma, is the following word capitalized? In a letter of any sort, why do most people capitalize the first word after the comma that follows the name of the addressee? I was taught (at Cambridge, England) not to do so! For example:

Dear Mr. Black, in relation to our stated plan to.... etc.

was the way I was taught.

Dear Mr. Black, In relation to our stated plan to... etc.

is incorrect, is it not?

A: If it's in a formal letter, the format is usually as follows:

Dear Mr. Smith,
In relation to our stated plan…

The dear is merely a salutation, not a sentence. In relation starts an actual sentence because it's in the body of the letter, so it needs to be capitalized.

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text:
Archive | October 2018
In fiction, the writer introduces his readers to a crisis or a quest of some kind, through or toward which our protagonist will journey. As tension continues to build throughout the story, often by way of unrealized desire, the character eventually reaches that moment of complete despair in which hopelessness consumes her and she must make a decision, altering her, her situation or her life. It is that change (or character arc) to which the reader relates, through what writers call the universal connection, or from which the reader feels an emotion or learns a lesson.
Choreographing each of the acts that pull all of this together, like a needle pulling thread, the writer draws in and holds his reader captive. As in life, with individuals in their daily lives, each decision our characters make and each act in which they initiate or participate, reaps outcomes, not only for themselves, but for those they love, hate or know. Our stories are built on an escalation of tension, like the framework holding together the structure of a tall building, one beam at a time. The story's tension will ebb and flow, allowing the reader to take a breath in between, while it is the duty of the writer to maintain the reader's attention all along.
Tension is built from reactions to actions, or as writers like to say; scenes and sequels. Every action, whether physical or mental, reaps a reaction, and every scene reaps a sequel. To hold the attention of the reader, the writer builds strong and powerful scenes that create enough drama or suspense to keep the reader turning the pages. In contrast to real life, in which most of us try our best to avoid drama and tension (at least we like to think that), it is the escalation of tension in our fiction that compels the reader to stay up late at night, reading past bed-time, further connecting her universally to the character's tension- filled struggle. When the reader witnesses the character react to the action, altering the character in some way, as mentioned earlier, the reader identifies with or feels for her, even if only for the brief time she ensconces herself in the scene.
Take the protagonist, Jay Gatsby in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, for instance, in which the main character's life ends in a tragic outcome as a result of an action, (scene and sequel, action and reaction). Gatsby refuses to accept the life into which he was born, therefore; he attempts to reinvent himself into someone he is not, but dreams to be. This isolates him from others and ultimately, destroys him. His tragic outcome is an indirect result of that facade, and a direct result of his decision to cover up for the love of and inspiration in his life, Daisy when she strikes and kills Myrtle in Gatsby's car.
Likewise, in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, we observe a different type of reaction to an action, still a scene and sequel sequence, however; in contrast to the poor decision- making in The Great Gatsby, we see Atticus Finch act as a role model for his children, making the right decision to defend Tom Robinson, proving Tom not guilty of assault. Further, when Atticus is treated badly by Mr. Ewell, instead of reacting in a confrontational manner, which would further aggravate a bad situation, Atticus walks away, teaching his children, and the reader, a lesson about honor and integrity.
As in life with people, the actions of our characters in our fiction reap outcomes, sometimes positive outcomes and sometimes negative outcomes, but always through tension. While we know that some individuals in real life are actually drawn to drama like moths to the light, (rubber necking on the highway, reality t.v., gossip, etc ) , rather than avoid it as most of us would like to believe, it is certain that at least for our readers; they are, without doubt, drawn to the story through that tension, drama or suspense, and unlike in real life, that is always a good thing.
This entry was posted on October 31, 2018. Leave a comment


Hermannsburg is a small town that lies at the very heart of the Australian continent, about 130 kilometres to the west of Alice Springs on the banks of the Finke River and at the foot of Mount Hermannsburg. It is surrounded by red desert, stunted trees and spinifex, and is flanked by the MacDonnell, Krichauff and Gosse Ranges. The landscape features rugged mountains, deep gorges and arid plains and is subject to harsh drought and high temperatures. The area which includes Hermannsburg is called Ntaria by the Western Arrernte people.
The indigenous community of Hermannsburg is centred around Mparntwe (Alice Springs) and is comprised of the Arrernte people. The language spoken by the Western Arrenrte people is Western Arrernte (Tyuretye Arrernte or Arrernte Alturlerenj) and Luritja.
Hermannsburg, named after the German town where the missionaries trained, was established as a Lutheran Mission in 1877. At the same time, vast tracts of land were leased for cattle stations, displacing the Arrernte people who lived in the area. As a result, the people became reliant on the mission for basic survival necessities. In 1894 Pastor Carl Strehlow arrived and strove to improve the Mission, undertaking much research into Aboriginal culture and the Arrernte language, gaining the respect of his peers and the Aboriginal people. Following Strehlow, in 1926 Pastor F.W. Albrecht headed the Mission. He encouraged the men to carve and decorate objects such as boomerangs using hot fencing wire to burn in the design, thus forming the foundation upon which the acclaimed art movement at Hermannsburg was built.
The Hermannsburg School movement, which took its origins in the 1930s, is an art movement, or style, characterised by watercolours painted in traditional European techniques, depicting the striking landscape and homeland of the Arrente people. Watercolour painting was introduced by Rex Battarbee, who first came to the area with fellow painter John Gardner in 1932. After two subsequent visits and a local exhibition of their paintings, Battarbee took special interest in Albert Namatjira and tutored him in the practice of watercolour painting. Battarbee moved to Central Australia in 1940 and during the 1940s and 1950s he was a member and chairman of the Aranda Arts Council. He continued to support Hermannsburg artists and promote their art, including from his own gallery, Tmara-mara at his home in Alice Springs.
Based on Namatjira's success, watercolour painting was quickly adopted by a number of indigenous people within the Hermannsburg community. The image of the Ghost Gum, which Albert Namatjira brought to popular acclaim in his paintings, features in the work of many of the Hermannsburg painters, and is a sacred and important part of Western Arrernte mythology.
Previously, Western Arrernte people had only used art in a ceremonial sense, symbolically representing their country and their particular creation stories and mythologies. The Hermannsburg School represented a significant change in the direction of Australian Aboriginal art, making it accessible to collectors who were only familiar with western-style painting.
During the 1970s Hermannsburg art fell out of favour with dealers and collectors who dubbed the style non-traditional. However, this has changed with a deeper understanding of the complexities of Aboriginal culture and consequently, the reputation of Hermannsburg watercolour artists has flourished. Beside those respected artists of the Albert Namatjira period, there are now many skilled practitioners of this distinctly Aboriginal style of landscape painting.
The Arrernte following of Namatjira's school of painting has continued at Hermannsburg and Namatjira's artistic legacy has provided encouragement to other artists to incorporate new ideas and fresh inspiration into their art. This has lead to the continued strength of non-traditional media – such as ceramics and watercolour – in the arts centre.
The most celebrated Hermannsburg painter and one of the most significant Australian Indigenous painters is Albert Namatjira. He was born with traditional name Elea at Ntaria on the Finke River Mission Station Hermansburg in 1902, at the time that his parents had moved in from 'out bush'. Both he and his parents were baptised into the Lutheran faith and he was given the name Albert. However, Aboriginal traditions still retained a strong influence on his life and at the age of thirteen he was taken from the Hermannsburg settlement by the tribal elders to be initiated into manhood, and did not return for six months. Aged 18, Namatjira eloped with Ilkalita, a Luritja woman which displeased both his own community and that of the Lutherans. Namatjira had not followed Aboriginal custom, as Ilkalita's skin group was inappropriate for their marriage, while the mission leaders were displeased she had not been baptised.
Image: Albert Namatjira with artist William Dargie, c.1950, National Library of Australia PIC/7569/52.
The couple left the Mission and for several years Namatjira worked as a blacksmith, a stockman and as a camel driver with an Afghan caravan owner. They eventually returned to the Mission as a result of a severe drought that had made life in the outback near impossible. Upon their return, Ilkalita and their children were baptised and Ilkalita was then known as Rubina.
In the early 1930s Namatjira worked in the Mission producing craft objects for the tourist trade and the impulse to his developing creative genius can be seen in the quality of the objects he fashioned at that time. In 1934 Namatjira saw an exhibition in the Hermannsburg Mission schoolhouse of watercolour paintings by visiting Melbourne artist Rex Battarbee. When Battarbee returned to Hermannsburg in 1936 Namatjira was waiting for him with a conviction that he could paint. An arrangement was made whereby Namatjira worked as Battarbee's camel-boy in exchange for painting lessons instead of a wage. They set off together on the first of two, month-long painting trips. It was during these two trips where Namatjira painted continuously, that he learned and acquired the skills that were to project him to fame as an Australian artist. He had an incredible natural talent, imbuing his paintings with a strong sense of the spirit of the country he loved so much. In 1938 his first solo exhibition of 41 paintings was held in Melbourne and sold out. Following Western artistic practice, Albert took the name of his father, Namatjira and then signed his paintings Albert Namatjira. The following decade brought Namatjira much popularity and commercial success, with exhibitions in many of the country's capital cities. In 1953 he was awarded the Queen's Coronation Medal.
Australian law at the time dictated that Aboriginal people were not permitted to own property as they were not classified as Australian citizens. Therefore, Namatjira was unable to lease a cattle station or build a house to secure any future stability for his wife and children. Perhaps because of his celebrity status, this led to public outrage, and prompted the government to grant citizenship to Albert Namatjira and his wife in 1957, making them the first Indigenous people to be granted citizenship in the history of Australia. As Australian citizens they were freed from many of the restrictions placed on Indigenous people, and given the right to vote, own property and buy alcohol.
Devoid of these rights, many of Namatjira's tribe expected him to share these things with them, and he was prompted to buy alcohol for them. By tribal law Namatjira was obliged to share everything he owned with his clan. When an Indigenous woman was killed in an alcohol-related incident, Namatjira was held responsible for bringing the alcohol into the Aboriginal settlement, and was sent to serve six months in prison in 1958. The sentence was appealed and reduced to three months, but he was released after serving only two months due to poor health. After his release he was dispirited and lacked the motivation to paint. He died of heart disease complicated by pneumonia in 1959.
Namatjira's watercolours are an embodiment of the spiritual bond with his ancestral land depicted in a visual form recognised and easily understood by European outsiders. His paintings dispelled the myth that Indigenous people only portrayed their country in cultural ways. This was made clear in an exhibition curated by the National Gallery of Australia, Seeing the Centre: The Art of Albert Namatjira 1902 – 1959, which toured in 2002-03.
Although pottery has not been a traditional art form of the western Arrernte people, they now have developed a strong sense of tradition surrounding the pottery that comes from Hermannsburg. First introduced by missionaries in the 1960s to the indigenous men of the area, pottery was encouraged and developed by Naomi Sharp (appointed by the Northern Territory Open College). Sharp visited the surrounding outstations in 1990 teaching simple techniques to create glazed clay pots. Hermannsburg pottery has quickly gained popularity throughout Australia and internationally. As pottery is fairly new to the area, it is used as a vehicle for artistic expression, rather than a functional craft form. Today, the potters working in Hermannsburg are women and Hermannsburg Potters Incorporated is owned and operated by Arrernte women.
Using the coil and slab methods and the 'pinch-pot' technique, the artists sculpt their unique pots, capped by lids decorated with little clay animals and birds. They paint their stories on the round vessels in particularly unique and individual ways, using underglaze to further diversify the range of coloured decoration. The artists have further increased their practices to include the making of clay tiles used for murals. These relief tiles depict bush tucker and Dreamtime stories.
Many of the Hermannsburg artists are descendants of the Hermannsburg school of watercolour artists and grew up influenced by the Westernised paintings of their relatives. This influence, combined with the vibrant colours of their land is reflected in the bright ceramic underglazes characteristic of their work.
The work of Hermannsburg Potters has been collected by most state galleries as well as other significant institutional and private collections, including: Museum Victoria; Parliament House; Holmes a Court Collection; Laverty Collection and Taronga Zoo, Sydney. They are also the subject of a colour-illustrated hardback publication featuring thirteen artists, Hermannsburg Potters: Aranda Artists of Central Australia (1999).