How long has The Hambledon Gallery been going?
The shop first opened in 1962 as an artists' meeting place and then a gallery. Over the years it has grown into the lifestyle shop it is today.
Where does the name The Hambledon Gallery come from?
The shop was originally an artists' meeting place and then an art gallery, which is why it is a 'gallery'. There is a hill near by called Hambledon Hill, which is the reason for the 'Hambledon' bit.
We'd love to see you. The website holds only a fraction of what we have for sale in the Blandford shop. You can visit us from Monday to Saturday 9am to 5.30pm. Through December we open on Sundays from 12 to 4pm. We also have special events including discount evenings and sale previews, so it's worth signing up to our mailing list. You can do that here, we won't bombard you.
The shop opens 9am to 5.30pm Monday to Saturday. Through December we open on Sundays from 12 to 4pm. Please call us on 01258 452880 if you have any queries.
Can I park near the shop?
There is lots of long stay parking in Blandford, but the closest is just up the road from the shop on Salisbury Street, which is free for one hour.
Can I buy clothes online?
We're sorry we don't offer this through our website at the moment. We do sell accessories online and we would be really happy to see you in the shop where you can look through and try things on. Part of what people love about the shop is the one to one attention you receive when it comes to buying clothes from us. If you have already been into the shop and seen something you'd like, or know we sell something you have seen elsewhere, we would be very happy to post it to you. Please call the shop on 01258 452880 during normal opening hours Monday to Saturday 9am to 5.30pm.
Obviously, we hope that anything you buy through the site is exactly what you wished for. If for any reason you need to return it, please do so within 14 days of the date of the order and we will refund you. Please ensure that any items are returned in their original packaging with labels attached and of original saleable condition. Please enclose your order number and ensure that you obtain proof of postage. Returns should be sent to the shop address 40-44 Salisbury Street, Blandford, Dorset, DT11 7PR.
Is there somewhere for lunch or coffee near by?
The award winning Yellow Bicycle Cafe is just down the road. Steve and his team make locally sourced breakfasts, lunches and cakes. He is open Tuesday to Saturday. He can get pretty busy and everything is made to order.
The closest to us is The Forum Cafe, run by the very lovely Terry. If you're after a good coffee and cake, he's worth a visit. He does a lovely bowl of soup and a great cheese scone. The Forum is open Monday to Saturday and is on the corner of Salisbury Street and The Plocks.
Badger Beer has been brewed in Blandford since 1777 by Hall & Woodhouse. Their flagship venue is The Crown. Recently refurbished it's a good place for lunch and when the sun is shining you can grab a seat outside in the garden and enjoy a beer made in their brewery by the River Stour in town.


you can start to look for problems and in particular we're going to be looking at memory.
a good overview without giving too much overhead onto the project.
we're going to have to turn on deprofiling.
but does give us a much deeper look into what's going on under the hood.
Over in the game, I've turned on deprofile.
get a bit more information where things are happening.
and we can see that in our memory allocation we're getting a few spikes here and there.
If I look through, it looks like we're getting small increases every so often.
That's probably the enemy spawning.
I can see garbage collection spikes every few frames.
Now, what I'm going to do is I'm going to set off a grenade here.
And right there we can see that we have a sudden drop-off in a lot of things.
We're going to take a look in memory right here.
and after we dropped to 197.
And afterwards, we dropped to 197.
spiked when I had to load the level and get rid of the enemies.
is we're able to drop the amount of time we spent rendering.
Now, on level load we can see that there's a huge spike in CPU here.
wasn't that we're transitioning scenes here this might actually be a problem.
Now, this is a CPU spike.
quickly and we frankly know that's happening during the scene loading.
This isn't going to impact gameplay.
we'd want to look into the problem.
much is to be expected.
This is also going to help the CPU.
Go ahead and look at your game using the deprofiler.
your CPU memory and everything else that you expect will be impacted by a level change.
as you expect it to.


text:
Eisteddfod stalwart honoured for 37 years of dedication
The Border District Eisteddfod kicks off tomorrow. Contributed
2nd Jun 2015 11:51 AM
WHEN the 2015 Border District Eisteddfod gets under way at the Stanthorpe Civic Centre tomorrow the event will be missing one of its longest serving members.
Long-serving secretary and treasurer, Miss Joan Smith will be honoured at the event for 37 years of dedication to the eisteddfod.
"Joan was an original committee member of some five to six music and speech teachers who formed the Border District Eisteddfod Committee back in 1977 and even right up until her time of passing, Joan was fundamental in the organising and running of the eisteddfod," eisteddfod secretary Amanda Reimers said.
The Border District Eisteddfod has a long and proud history as a forum for talented people of all ages to achieve performance goals, learn about gracious winning and losing, build character and above all, experience the feeling of goodwill, friendship and an appreciation of excellence.
"The Border District Eisteddfod has grown over the years and attracts some 600 to 800 competitors in our 170 sections of competition on offer," Mrs Reimers said.
"Entries are mainly local but considerable support is received from Tenterfield, Warwick, Gatton and Inglewood."
Competitors will compete for a number of perpetual trophies, individual medals, championship trophies and even prize money in all dance, music, speech and drama and Italian speaking sections this year.
Four adjudicators will represent their respective fields.
The first day of the program will feature a jam-packed program of dance, showcasing talented individual performances across the genres of classical ballet, tap, jazz and modern expressive dance during the morning sessions, before the group sections take over in the afternoon.
Thursday, Friday and Saturday will showcase the music section of the eisteddfod.
"School groups from all over the Southern Downs district will perform in choirs and small instrumental groups on Thursday morning, followed by an exciting afternoon of keyboard and pianoforte solos," Mrs Reimers said.
"Friday is where our concert bands, string ensembles and instrumental sections of the Eisteddfod perform."
Mrs Reimers said Saturday would also be a popular day, showcasing a mix of talented vocalists, string players and even more pianoforte solos and duets.
"We are very fortunate to have an eisteddfod in our community for many years," she said.
"We wish all of our competitors a wonderful eisteddfod during 2015 and we look forward to many coming to cheer our performers on throughout the event."
Where: Stanthorpe Civic Centre.
When: Wednesday, June 3 to Saturday, June 6.
Tickets: $5 per person
Light refreshments will be available throughout the event.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Hyponatremia: A Real Headache
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders: Clinical - 1
Category: Trainee Case Report
902 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders: Clinical
Evans, Jordan R., US Army Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States
Jordan R. Evans,
Rodrigues, Matthew, US Army Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States
Matthew Rodrigues,
Dado, David N., US Army Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States
David N. Dado,
Pituitary apoplexy is a condition characterized by pituitary gland injury via either infarction or hemorrhage. This can result in endocrinological dyscrasias. We describe a case of SIADH secondary to pituitary apoplexy.
A 70 year old female with a past medical history of atrial fibrillation on rivaroxaban presented to the hospital with nausea, vomiting, and new onset headache for 1 week. She received 1 L of saline in the emergency room and her nausea resolved. Basic chemistry was significant for a serum sodium of 124 mEq/L. A physical exam including neurological assessment was unremarkable as was a CT scan of the head. The patient was admitted and placed on a 1.5 L fluid restriction. By the next morning, she had a serum sodium of 112mEq/L, serum osmolality at 238 mOsm/kg, urine osmolality at 434 mOsmol/kg, urine sodium at 143 mmol/L, and urine potassium at 45 mmol/L. The patient was immediately transferred to the ICU and nephrology was consulted for severe hyponatremia due to SIADH. Given the acute drop from 124 mEq/L to 112 mEq/L over a 20-hour period, the patient was aggressively treated with hypertonic saline boluses as well as continuous infusion. Fluid restriction was tightened to 500 ml daily. SIADH was initially thought to be due to hypovolemia and vomiting, however, the differential was revisited when the severe hyponatremia persisted despite resolution of her nausea and hypovolemia. Given the new onset headache in an older adult, a MRI of the brain was obtained which revealed a convexity in the sella that was identified as a 1 cm pituitary hemorrhage. Rivaroxaban was discontinued. Further evaluation of pituitary hormones were all within normal limits. The hyponatremia corrected over 3 days and the patient was discharged home with a sodium of 132 mEq/L.
SIADH is a rare finding in pituitary apoplexy that can be seen transiently 3-11 days after a pituitary surgery or injury. The mechanism is not known but is suspected to be due to the release of intracellular ADH stores from injured posterior pituitary cells. Pituitary apoplexy should be considered in the differential diagnoses for SIADH in the setting of recent brain surgery or new red flag neurological symptoms.


text:
Q: How to hide jQmobile page on default How do you hide a page included by jquery mobile. I would like to have a mobile version of the site and a desktop version but the mobile version automatically loads up. How do I change this?
code here:
<!DOCTYPE html>

        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://code.jquery.com/mobile/1.4.2/jquery.mobile-1.4.2.min.css">

        <link href="../bootstrap/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" />
        <link href="../global/global.css" rel="stylesheet" />

Controls

                    View

Controls

                    View

    </bod

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A: The DOM is not ready at the time your script runs. Put it in a DOM ready event handler:
$(function () {
    // Interact with the DOM in here
});

// Or, the slightly longer version
$(document).ready(function () {
    // Interact with the DOM in here
});

Alternatively, move your JavaScript to the end of the body (just before the closing  tag is the common place, but anywhere after the elements you need to refer to will work). By doing that, by the time your script is parsed, the browser has already parsed the preceding markup and has an almost-complete DOM tree ready for you to access.

A: Ok . I think the reason is, you are trying to reach #left-placeholder but it wasn't loaded yet.
    <!DOCTYPE html>

        <title></title>
        <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">

        <LINK href="../styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">

Practice!

About Us!

Contact Us!

abc

Math Practice Site
 hello

Put your script underneath it and it should be fine. Or start your script after page was loaded like this:
$(document).ready(function(){
     alert($('#left-placeholder').html());
});

Sources:
http://api.jquery.com/ready/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Stella Arnaldo's Blogspot: Jinggoy, Binay in 2010...is this a joke?
The United Opposition may field the tandem of Sen. Jose "Jinggoy" Estrada and Makati Mayor Jejomar Binay in the 2010 presidential elections, dispelling speculations that the opposition is in disarray following former President Joseph Estrada's acceptance of executive clemency for plunder.
Opposition leaders did not specify which positions Estrada and Binay may run for.
Former senator Ernesto Maceda of UNO's elders committee made the announcement in Vitas, Tondo where a huge crowd had gathered to welcome the former president, the party's titular head.
"We are asking Senator Jinggoy Estrada and Makati Mayor Binay to talk and decide for themselves who among them will run for president and vice president," Maceda said.
Manong Ernie are you effing kidding us?!?! C'mon, can't the so-called United Opposition find anyone better than these two? Sure Binay may have proven his mettle as mayor of Makati City but running a country is way more complicated. And Jinggoy? What has he actually accomplished in the Senate? Even his father, the former president, and newly-reinvented pardoned Erap Estrada, at least was able to champion an anti-US bases effort when he was Senator.
While I don't like GMA and her present crop of hee-haw do-nothings like the next Pinoy, geezus gejovas witness! can the Opposition give us better alternatives naman in 2010? If they don't stop this foolishness, I'll be emailing Stephen Colbert to run here instead! Or maybe we can draft Michael V. and have his Bubble Gang serve as his Cabinet once elected.
In other words, wala na bang iba? Give the rest of us a reason to stay in the country, damnit!
Labels: 2010 elections, Binay, Erap, GMA, Jinggoy, Manong Ernie, Micahel V., Politicking, Stephen Colbert, United Opposition?


Most Native Americans in the United States live in cities, where many find themselves caught in a bind, neither afforded the full rights granted U.S. citizens nor allowed full access to the tribal programs and resources-particularly health care services-provided to Native Americans living on reservations. A scholar and a member of the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska, Renya K. Ramirez investigates how urban Native Americans negotiate what she argues is, in effect, a transnational existence. Through an ethnographic account of the Native American community in California's Silicon Valley and beyond, Ramirez explores the ways that urban Indians have pressed their tribes, local institutions, and the federal government to expand conventional notions of citizenship. Condition: the book's covers have some marking, denting, shelf-wear, and corner-bumping. The edges show some mild marking and wear. The interior pages are generally crisp and clean with a good strong binding.


South Georgia Bank Internet Banking Login lets you have a 24 hours access to your account. The bank is widely known for its mortgage and loan services. However, you can also open a personal banking or savings account. Despite of your account type you can visit the web portal of the bank and log in for account management. South Georgia Bank is a subsidiary of the South Georgia Banking company which offers full-fledged banking solutions.
Moreover, one can download the South Georgia Bank Apps for banking via a smartphone or tablet. The smartphone applications of the bank let you bank at a touch of your finger. Scroll down to find steps to log into South Georgia Bank, South Georgia Bank routing number, South Georgia Bank locations and customer help desk numbers.
Step 1– Clients who wish to sign into their online banking account must go to the Homepage (southgabank.com) of the South Georgia Bank. Select the "Online Banking Login" button which is located towards the top right of the webpage.
Step 2– On the left of the web page that opens you will find the login section. Enter your access id in the white box below and then press 'Submit'.
Step 3– Next the user will be directed to a new page where they must provide the password and then click on the 'Submit' button below. If the login particulars entered are correct user will be taken to their account dashboard.
Sometimes the customers lose their account login password and so are denied the access to their account. In such a condition no need to worry as you can set a new password following an easy procedure.
Step 1– Visit the login screen of the bank. Look for the "Forgot Password?" towards the bottom of the login section.
Step 2– Click on the link and the user will be navigated to the password reset page. Here users are required to provide their access id, last 4 digits of tax id number and e-mail address in the spaces provided below.
Step 3– Once you have completed the fields hit 'Submit' and a new password will be sent via email.
Step 1– New members of the South Georgia Bank who wish to register their account for online banking must open the official web page of the bank. Select "Online Banking" from the menu situated on the top of the screen that opens.
Step 2– As you click on the online banking button a drop-down menu will appear on the screen. Press "Apply Online" to go further with the enrollment.
Step 3– Next you will be taken to the online banking application page. Read the agreement and then click "I Agree" below.
Step 4– Complete the fields in the enrollment form and then click on 'Submit' to complete the enrollment.


A630, T280i, T300p, T720, T720i, T721, T721i, T722i, T730, T731, E310, V70, V260, V262, V265, V300, V400, V500, V505, V525, V551, V600, V710, V810, V60, V60i, V60c, V60p(PTT), V60s, V60t, V60t Color, V60g, V60x, V66, V66i, V120c, 120t, 120x, 120c, 120e, Motorola C331 and 332 (TDMA versions), C333 (CDMA with antenna), C341, C343, C353 (TDMA), MPx220, 270c, 280, A830, A835, A920, A925, phones and V200 Personal Communicator.
902, 802, GX30i, GX30, GX25 and GX15.
650 can be powered from 12V female car cigarette-lighter; dedicated tip will be available soon.
600 series and 700 series that use either mini USB or can be powered from 12V female car cigarette-lighter.
iPAQ can be powered from 12V female car cigarette-lighter; dedicated tips will be available soon.
m515, m505, m500, m130, Zire 71,Tungsten T, Tungsten T3, Tungsten T2, Tungsten C, Tungsten W.
PEG-NR, PEG-NX, PEG-SJ, PEG-SL,PEG-T, PEG-TG et PEG-TJ série.
Our mini USB connector or 12V female car cigarette-lighter port will allow you to power iRiver Audio Jukebox and Ultra Portable Players.
Our mini USB connector (available as part of our Smart Phone tip pack or on a stand alone basis) will allow you to power your Zen series of Creative MP3 players.
Due to wide variation within the digital camera market, Solio offers a 12V female car cigarette-lighter port that plugs into your Solio. If you have a car cigarette charger, you may also use it with the Solio. Additionally, our USB mini connector will allow you to power many digital cameras that use min USB.


WORK is due to begin today on a multi-million pound scheme to regenerate an area of east Manchester.
Manchester City Council has earmarked £1.2m to redevelop the William Sutton Estate in Gorton, giving the streets a facelift and replacing derelict shops with a new community centre.
The injection of council cash has secured extra funding of almost £4m from the Housing Corporation over the next three years to carry out the modernisation of the homes and build new properties.
Councillor Richard Leese, council leader, said: "This is an important part of the city's housing market renewal strategy to revitalise some of the worst hit housing markets in the area and transform those areas into vibrant communities."
The work will entail the demolition of seven blocks of flats and a bungalow, made up of bedsits that are unpopular and difficult to let. The redevelopment will refurbish the remaining 170 properties that were built in the 1920s and ten new houses for rent will be built on the site of the flats in Cadmium Walk and Collin Avenue.
There will also be 16 houses for sale and a community centre, planned for Levenshulme Road, is expected to be built within five years.
"The city council is investing more than a million pounds of housing market renewal funding in environmental works to make Gorton cleaner and safer. All this spending in Gorton and other areas will be linked to wider regeneration that communities need to thrive - better schools, transport, employment, leisure and health care," added Councillor Leese.
The council is working in partnership with William Sutton Housing Association (WSHA), which own and manage more than 14,000 properties throughout the country.
Judith Winterbourne, WSHA regional director, said: "This is a major project to improve the quality of life not only for our residents, but for the people of Gorton as a whole. William Sutton is committed to Gorton and we are delighted the council is backing us to allow us to make a significant impact on the quality of life for Gorton residents."


Last year, on a whim, I balloted for the Nagoya Women's Marathon. I didn't get it but I did get into the Tokyo Marathon 2017 so it was cool. In September, I balloted yet again for the Nagoya Women's Marathon because I really wanted a handsome hot guy to give me a shiny Tiffany necklace after running 42km.
And on 10 October, exactly 2 weeks after the balloting opened, one week after it closed, I got the results.
Now, because it took me so long to do the payment for the race, by the time I wanted to look for an accommodation, majority of every affordable hotel, hostel and AirBnb were sold out with only rooms for men left. Go figure. So let this be a lesson to you....don't procrastinate on booking your accommodation. In fact, as soon as you ballot for any race, secure your accommodation on websites like Booking.com that lets you cancel FOC later in case you didn't get the ballot.
Now excuse me while I silently panic over how am I going to plan my training and this trip with so much uncertainty hanging over me.
Congratulations on your success in being chosen to run in Nagoya Women's Marathon 2018. My friend and I will be running in the same event too in next year. Hopefully, we can give each other a high five on the race day!
It will be our first oversea marathon and we are so excited and nervous. Would you mind to share your experience? Would you mind if I could chat with you via email?


text:
Кульбаково — село в Матвеево-Курганском районе Ростовской области.

Входит в состав Большекирсановского сельского поселения.

География

Улицы

Население

См. также
 Кульбак
 Кульбаков

Примечания

Ссылки

Населённые пункты Матвеево-Курганского района

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Practical Magic of the Nakshi Kantha: A Brief Introduction
Image caption: Kantha, late 19th-early 20th C., Unified Bengal, India. Cotton, Plain Weave, Embroidery. Image courtesy: Honolulu Museum of Art.
Parni Ray
Born from the needles of the women in the villages of undivided Bengal, the 'kantha' is a humble patchwork quilt common to the Bengali speaking communities of the Indian subcontinent. Made of rags and worn-out clothes, they range from the rudimentary to the intricately embroidered 'nakshi kantha'.
A variety of stitching techniques have been known to be used for the craft. Still, the word 'kantha' is often used to signify the loose, long run stitches characteristic to it.
One of the oldest forms of embroidery in the South Asian region, the kantha has been resurrected from oblivion again and again. These revivals have often infused the craft with new energy, ushered in worldwide recognition, and inspired borrowings by fashion and art circles in Bangladesh, India, and beyond.
Despite the many changes that commercialisation has induced, kantha making remains a common, utilitarian craft, passed on from mother to daughter. At its core, it has always been (and still is) a frugal domestic practice used by women to recycle what they already have, and make do with little.
But kanthas are also powerful objects of affect. For ages, they have acted as repositories of the memory of their makers, their recipients, and all others who pass them along through the ages.
At Phantom Hands, we were 'reintroduced' to the kantha craft because of our collaboration with textile designer Padmaja Krishnan for the KeSa collection.
Talking about the craft, Padmaja says, "Of the many textile crafts I have worked with, kantha remains the closest to my heart. I think what I connected with most is its simplicity. It doesn't have many stitches, just the one basic running stitch, which goes up and down. So it has a very meditative feel."
Image caption: Kantha, 19th C., artist/maker unknown, Unified Bengal, India. Cotton and wool thread embroidery on plain-weave cotton. 78 1/2 x 55 1/2 inches.
Image courtesy: Cleveland Museum of Art. Purchased with funds provided by Harry and Yvonne Lenart (AC1994.131.1).
Four stanzas into Jasim Uddin's tragic folk poem, Nakshi Kanthar Math (Field of Embroidered Quilt), the silver-eyed Rupai falls in love with the gold-toned Saju. They meet when Saju comes asking for alms at Rupai's door after a drought. He is a farmer, and she a farmer's daughter from the neighbouring village across a large field.
Soon after their eyes meet, Rupai makes his way to Saju's village, her home, and eventually, her heart. They marry, start a life and build a home. Newly-wed lovers, for months their lives revolve around the joys of togetherness and the bittersweet separation induced by Rupai's daily work in the fields. But one night, when Rupai goes to fight over a land related dispute, the parting becomes permanent. Heartbroken and home wrecked, the abandoned Saju is forced to return to her mother's home.
Here she drowns her sorrows by stitching her embroidered quilt, or nakshi kantha. Started lovingly during her happy days with Rupai, it initially chronicled the highs of their romance – the first time they met, their wedding night, him playing his flute, their everyday games, fights, and the sweet reconciliations.
In Rupai's absence, the quilt becomes an account of her anguish. In needle and thread, she draws scenes of the night of his departure, her broken home, her deteriorating health. She tells her mother to lay the quilt on her grave, so Rupai knows of her misery when he returned.
Long after she was gone, villagers discovered Rupai's lifeless body next to Saju's grave. It was wrapped in Saju's kantha. Legends say the kantha still drifts over the field between Rupai and Saju's village, now called the Nakshi Kanthar Math.
Image caption: Maya, Rashida, and Firoza with their grandmother in their yard, getting ready to embroider a nakshi kantha.
Image courtesy: Batighar Communication Limited, Bangladesh, 2019.
Material Culture of Bengal
Nakshi Kanthar Math was published in 1929, almost two decades before the partition of Bengal and the ensuing upheaval that would forever alter the locus of Jasim Uddin's poems. At a moment of radical changes in the Bengali language and the emergence of modernism in Bengali literature, he embraced the role of a country poet and wrote about the simple and syncretistic life in the rural Bengal of his youth.
The nakshi kantha is a crucial component of the material culture of this setting.
The kantha is a simple covering/blanket stitched from much-washed, frayed clothes. Some say the word 'kantha' comes from the Sanskrit 'kontha,' meaning rags. Others suggest a possible connection with 'kheta,' also in Sanskrit, meaning a field.
Almost always created for functional reasons, kanthas range from plain to patterned and from rudimentary to fantastically ornamented. Unlike its unembellished counterparts, the nakshi kantha is a decorative quilt with embroidered patterns.
Image caption: A women pinning the cloth with date-palm thorn into the ground.
A Medium of Expression
Traditionally, kantha making is an inherited skill, passed on from a mother to her daughter. Most kanthas are made of discarded sarees, but also dhotis, lungis, and even older kanthas. Once gathered, the selected pieces of fabric are layered one over the other on the ground, patched, smoothed, straightened, and then darned together in the corners and across the field.
This base fabric is then stitched over and over again with loose, long running stitches until its entire body is covered in their small, fluffy, wave-like undulations. Typically, the thread for this comes from worn-out clothes as well. The kantha maker might stick to white threads or choose colours, and other forms of stitches, to create intricate designs and pictures. These patterns or 'nakshas' lend nakshi kantha its name.
In a community where women were (and often still are) largely unlettered, the empty canvas offered by the kantha's surface often becomes a space – if not the only space – to express oneself.
In 'Nakshi Kanthar Math,' Jasim Uddin uses Saju as a means of accessing and unfolding this realm of expression, a territory that he, as a man, likely only witnessed from afar. By gradually transforming Saju's kantha from being a memorial of her happy times to a chronicle of her life devoid of Rupai, he highlights the kantha's autobiographical potential.
Once merely a record of her pleasant memories, the nature of Saju's nakshi kantha alters because it is really a record of her existence, a testament of her good times and bad, an evidence of her lived life.
Image caption: Women embroidering kanthas in their open home courtyard.
Photography by: Biswajit Ghosh.
Image courtesy: Project Rangamaati.
Motifs from Folklore and Mythology
Several modern day kantha makers trace out designs on fabric and embroider them in the simple run stitch associated with the kantha style. This is convenient, saves time, and allows for standardisation of designs. Originally, however, the 'naksha' (pattern) on the kantha was drawn in freehand, without the mediation of any marking device and simply with a needle.
This made the shapes and figures rendered on it fairly rudimentary. Being unplanned, the nakshas also borrowed from the women's immediate surroundings and the lives they led. Recurrent motifs such as the pagan fertility symbol of the fish, the tree of life, lotus or Hindu signs such as the swastika or the Islamic moon and stars, borrow from local folklore, customs, and religious mythology.
In such borrowings from the lived mundane, as well as the spiritually distant, the nakshi kantha is reminiscent of several craft traditions of the region. These include the Pata Chitra traditions of Orissa and Bengal and the Madhubani tradition of Mithila, Bihar, which is similarly practiced by women. In its use of more abstract decorative patterns, the nakshi kantha also has parallels with the region's Alpana (rice flour floor drawing) traditions.
Image caption: Kantha, 19th C., artist/maker unknown, Faridpur District, Unified Bengal. 29 x 30 inches.
Image couryesy: Stella Kramrisch Collection, 1994, 1994-148-6805.
The Practical Craft
What sets the kantha apart from almost all of these, however, is its utilitarian value. While the Alpana, and much of Madhubani art, serves as decorations, Pata Chitras are components of narrative art forms and once served as visual devices for storytelling.
The kantha on the other hand is mainly a 'practical' means of staying warm or covering up, even when decorative. Following on from the traditional caretaking role of their makers, they are used primarily as a means of protecting – whether objects or people – by enclosing them.
The many variants of the kantha are put to different uses. Besides serving as blankets in the cooler months, they are also used as a cover for seating areas, a wrap for keeping jewellery, as a prayer mat, and for several other purposes, both secular and religious.
The soft texture of their cloth make kanthas ideal wraps for newborn babies, the purpose they are used for most popularly. This association with children, specifically their birth and early years, lends kanthas considerable affective value and makes them potent heirlooms, transmitted through a family for generations.
Image caption: For Phantom Hands KeSa Collection, designed by textile designer Padmaja Krishnan, the fabric used is an upcycled patchwork textile created by the kantha process of collecting discarded fabric scraps, arranging them with care into specific patterns and sewing them one piece at a time by hand, and then by machine.
Tactile Intimacy of Kantha
'These recycled textiles have been imbued with extraordinary potency, entangled with the intimacy of touch and its transfer from one set of hands to another,' writes Pika Ghosh in her book, 'Making Kantha, Making Home: Women at Work in Colonial Bengal'.
Stains, patterns of wear, and other physical traces often intensify the affect they embody and come to represent relationships and emotional connections across distances and generations. 'Kanthas are endowed with the ability to make houses into homes, usher new life into the world, give comfort in faraway places, connect individuals and renew relationships,' points out Pika.
Threads of Life
This ability to sustain is integral to the material reality of the kantha. Being a tangible token of the past, it is a potent means of sustaining memory, be it of the community or the individual. For several women whose personhood is regularly lost in daily domestic tribulations, it is also a means of sustaining a creative self.
But aside from this, the form of the kantha, its composition from materials considered worn, shabby or destroyed, also allows it to sustain a chain of textile making. Much like the eternal yogurt, which can (theoretically) continue through generations, the ingredients of the kantha is a powerful symbol of the endlessly unrolling threads of life.
Image caption: The process of stitching and making enough fabric for a single chair in the Phantom Hands KeSa Collection takes several weeks of work and is done mostly by women artisans in Padmaja Krishnan's workshop in Mumbai.
Says designer Padmaja Krishnan, "There is something poetic about the fundamental philosophy of the kantha. To take something torn, wasted, and discarded, and to make something new with it, something more than the sum of its parts is both hopeful and empowering."
Image caption: The Upholstered Easy Armchair with KeSa upholstery.
An Inhabitant of the Environment
Despite this philosophical heft, the use of the kantha in households is prosaic, everyday. Therefore, Jasim Uddin's verse aptly clings to the quotidian, carefully turning a keen eye on the regularly overlooked: the rust on the plough rendered idle by drought, the shine of the sickle tied by a string on a brown body toiling in the sun, the crunching rustle of bamboo leaves in the evening wind.
The kantha is a comfortable inhabitant of this environment. By knitting his narrative around it, Jasim Uddin captures its banal existence in the lives of those that practice and perpetuate the craft of kantha.
More importantly, however, he shines a light on the practical magic the kantha infuses in their everyday, and of others whose lives it touches.
Upholstered Easy Armchair/ KeSa Cobalt
Upholstered Easy Armchair/ KeSa Indigo
In Conversation With Textile Designer Padmaja Krishnan: Crafting Cloth With the Discarded
Mumbai-based fashion and textile designer Padmaja Krishnan's clothing brand PADMAJA is known for combining traditional craft with sustainability and social responsibility.


text:
Radio Talk Show Host Rush Limbaugh dead of Lung Cancer at the age of 70
Self educated Limbaugh spent a career trolling the left on talk radio
Conservative commentator Rush Limbaugh is dead at the age of 70 from lung cancer, reports his family.
Limbaugh hosted a national television show from 1992 to 1996. He was among the most highly respected figures in American radio.
President Donald Trump awarded the medal of freedom to Limbaugh in January of 2020. In December 2019, Talkers Magazine estimated that Limbaugh's show attracted a cumulative weekly audience of 15.5 million listeners to become the most-listened-to radio show in the United States.
Limbaugh also wrote seven books; his first two, The Way Things Ought to Be (1992) and See, I Told You So (1993), made The New York Times Best Seller list.
Limbaugh became one of the premier voices of the conservative movement in the United States in the 1990s, aided by the repeal of the FCC fairness doctrine. He became known for his bombastic, derisive tone and reliance on grievance politics.
He was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame and the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame. During the 2020 State of the Union Address, President Donald Trump awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Limbaugh expressed controversial viewpoints on race, LGBT matters, feminism, and sexual consent. Limbaugh denied climate change and supported U.S. military interventions in the Middle East.
Stabbing Reported at 1905 Pico Blvd 10:45 pm Wednesday Night
Pineapple Express Brings Wind, Rain, Snow to Southern California and to Santa Monica


text:
Iloprost and cisaprost for Raynaud's phenomenon in progressive systemic sclerosis
Scleroderma is a connective tissue disease causing fibrosis and commonly affects the skin and internal organs such as the GI tract, lungs, kidney and heart.
Seven randomized trials and 332 patients were included. Five of the seven trials were of parallel design. Five trials compared I.V. Iloprost and one trial studied p.o. Iloprost and another p.o. Cisaprost. Some trials were dose finding trials so various doses of Iloprost were used. Due to different efficacies of I.V. Iloprost, oral Iloprost and oral Cisaprost, the overall efficacy of these drugs was somewhat diluted. Intravenous Iloprost appears to be effective in the treatment of secondary Raynaud's phenomenon.
Intravenous Iloprost is effective in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to scleroderma at decreasing the frequency and severity of attacks and preventing or healing digital ulcers. The effect seems to be prolonged after the intravenous infusion is given. Oral Iloprost may have less efficacy than intravenous Iloprost. However, Cisaprost has minimal or no efficacy when given orally for the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to scleroderma.
To assess the effects and toxicity of the following agents:Prostaglandin analogues together with other agents proposed for the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) in scleroderma.
We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and MEDLINE up to 1996 using the Cochrane Collaboration search strategy developed by Dickersin 1994. Key words included: raynaud's or vasospasm, scleroderma or progressive systemic sclerosis or connective tissue disease or autoimmune disease. Current Contents were searched up to and including April 7, 1997. All bibliographies of articles retrieved were searched and key experts in the area were contacted for additional and unpublished data. The initial search strategy included all languages.
All randomized controlled trials comparing prostaglandin analogues versus placebo were eligible if they reported clinical outcomes within the start of therapy, and if the dropout rate was less than 35%.
Data were abstracted independently by two reviewers (DF, AT). Peto's odds ratios were calculated for all dichotomous outcomes and a weighted mean difference was calculated for all continuous outcomes. A fixed effects or random effects model was used if the data were homogeneous or heterogeneous, respectively.
Prazosin for Raynaud's phenomenon in progressive systemic sclerosis
Drug interventions versus placebo for the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon: generic protocol
Cyclofenil is a drug that has been studied in the treatment for Raynaud's phenomenon and associated conditions. It is not used for RP and is an anabolic steroid. See also Cochrane review on Stanazol which is also an anabolic steroid.
Ketanserin is a drug that has been studied in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon and associated conditions. It is not widely used however.
Stem cell transplantation for systemic sclerosis
Rheumatology > Systemic sclerosis
Pope J, Fenlon D, Thompson A, Shea B, Furst D, Wells GA, Silman A
Musculoskeletal Group
Pope J, Fenlon D, Thompson A, Shea B, Furst D, Wells GA, Silman A. Iloprost and cisaprost for Raynaud's phenomenon in progressive systemic sclerosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1998, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD000953. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000953


text:
Q: How do I communicate back and forth with a popped up window In my web page I use this function to show a small pop up Window
function popup (url)
{
     poppedUpWindow= window.open(url, "PopupWindow", "width=400,height=300");
     poppedUpWindow.focus();
     return false;
}

I need to share objects between thoos 2 windows.
I tried doing something like this but it does now work
poppedUpWindow.document.documentElement.addEventListener("load", foo, false);

Is also possible that I do something like this
 function popup (url)
    {
         poppedUpWindow= window.open(url, "PopupWindow", "width=400,height=300");
         var tmp = poppedUpWindow.document;
         tmp.write('<html><head><title>popup</title>');
         ....
         tmp.close();
         poppedUpWindow.focus();
         return false;
    }

But this approach will make solving the problem much harder.
So how should I transfer information from the parent window to the popped up window and vice versa?

A: From the documentation for postMessage:
Send a message like this:
otherWindow.postMessage(message, targetOrigin);

otherWindow can listen for dispatched messages by executing the following JavaScript:
window.addEventListener("message", receiveMessage, false);

function receiveMessage(event)
{
  if (event.origin !== "http://example.org:8080")
    return;

  // ...
}

Keep in mind browser support: http://caniuse.com/#feat=x-doc-messaging
IE 8+, Firefox 3+, Chrome all versions, Opera 9.5+, Safari 4+

A: Here is how I solved the issue for anyone else facing the same issue.
I am considering the browser to be either chrome or firefox. I did not test other browsers. The event "load" in Chrome sometimes gets fired before the whole javascript files loads.
function popup (url)
{
     poppedUpWindow= window.open(url, "PopupWindow", "width=400,height=300");
     poppedUpWindow.focus();

if(is_chrome)
         {
         window.setTimeout("doSomething()",300); //this value could vary! 300ms seemed fine to me!
         }
     else
         {
            fenster.addEventListener('load', doSomething, true); //  FireFox
         }
 return false;
}

function doSomething()
{
    poppedUpWindow.postMessage("hi","*");
var a = poppedUpWindow.document.getElementById("b");
// do anything you want..

}

In the other html there should be this method
function receiveMessage(event)
{
  if (event.origin !== stringUrlOfFirstWebPage)
    {
       return;
    }
    event.source.postMessage("hey!",event.origin);//talking back to the first web page
}


text:
module Resque
  module Mailer
    module ClassMethods

      def current_env
        RAILS_ENV
      end

      def method_missing(method_name, *args)
        return super if environment_excluded?

        case method_name.id2name
        when /^deliver_([_a-z]\w*)\!/ then super(method_name, *args)
        when /^deliver_([_a-z]\w*)/ then ::Resque.enqueue(self, "#{method_name}!", *args)
        else super(method_name, *args)
        end
      end

      def perform(cmd, *args)
        send(cmd, *args)
      end

    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Most of the many non-native plants growing in the wild in Scotland cause no real issues. But some are highly problematic.
Invasive non-native plants invade habitats, spread quickly and outcompete native vegetation. Some can be destructive, causing riverbanks, built structures and surfaces to destabilise. A few can adversely affect human and animal health.
Japanese knotweed causes particular problems for homeowners. Mortgage lenders have been known to refuse mortgages for properties where the plant occurs. It can also cause disputes between neighbours if one party fails to control the spread of Japanese knotweed to the other party's property.
You can engage a specialist weed control company to develop a plan of treatment and control to overcome such problems.
By law, you must ensure that any non-native plants growing on your land don't spread into the wild. This includes natural spread – e.g. by seed dispersal – and spread caused by the dumping of plant material or contaminated soil.
You should also control invasive plants on your land to prevent them causing a nuisance to others. For example, you could be prosecuted for causing a private nuisance if you let Japanese knotweed spread to a neighbour's property.
Learn more about the law on non-native species in Scotland.
The most suitable methods of control will depend on the invasive plant being treated and various site-specific factors.
Specialist contractors often need to be engaged to control invasive plants effectively, especially if they affect residential property or development sites.
Find out how to help tackle invasive non-native species more generally.
Invasive plant material and contaminated soils are types of 'controlled waste'. Legally, you may only dispose of such waste at an appropriately licensed landfill site.
To learn more, view the SEPA Technical Guidance Note on On-site management of Japanese knotweed and associated contaminated soils.
Funding to support the control of invasive non-native plants is available via the Scottish Rural Development Programme. Its Agri-Environment Climate Scheme is the main source of funding for land managers, farmers and foresters in Scotland.
Invasive non-native species threaten biodiversity and cost the Scottish economy £246 million a year. We lead the way in tackling non-native species on land.


So what we have here is a very grace and forgiveness filled chapter. It is not a chapter filled with the duty of elders to root out errors and go looking for reasons to accuse. It is not about seeking the purity of the church but about recalling that we all are lost sheep, little children with limited understanding and bankrupt sinners treated with amazing grace.
He contends that the process is optional. I think this is in agreement with the concept of love covering a multitude of sins.
This makes it clear that the church has a stake in restoration and reconciliation prior to anything that excludes. Reconciliation is an aspect of the Gospel that is proclaimed and offered by Christians to the world and to one another.
Discipline is an act of love. Just as we consider parents who refuse to guide their children as unfit parents, what of a church that won't guide their brothers and sisters?


The code of method tRESTRequest_1_LoopProcess(Map<String,Object>) is exceeding the 65535 bytes limit.
I think I need to split the rest interface, but I cant set second rest interface in job. I can create a second job with an rest interface over an other ports, but this solution is not so nice.
Have anybody an other solution?
The first thing to try is to use childjobs (jobs run using the tRunJob component) in your REST service. It sounds like you have a lot of components in your service to handle the 22 URIs. You should be able to package each of the URI processing paths into child jobs. Doing this will massively reduce the amount of code in your service.
Can some parts in your URIs be captured as templates ?
and then have an 'id' variable in a schema.
so I have to create 22 subjobs with these 4 child element? Or can I sumirize it?
The problem is that the sql queries and the received data (tablename) are very different vor every uri.
Hang on, are you trying to run this from the Studio? It sounds like you are trying to run the service from the Studio and that maybe why you are feeling limited. You can create a service for each URI (in my opinion that would be better) and have them all running with the same port in Apache Karaf (the Runtime). When running in the Studio you really are limited.
yes I trying to run this from the studio. So I can create more then one REST interface and run this in karaf under one kaf file (job)?
I would recommend putting a local version of Karaf on your development machine and creating a kar file for every service you want to provide. This way you can have them all running in karaf together and test other components with them using the Studio. There is also the issue of Talend Studio not being a perfect copy of the Karaf environment. You will find that some things that work on Studio will not work the same in Karaf (and vice versa). The development lifecycle of a Talend service/route should be to build it on the Studio and then move it to test in the Karaf. Then keep your successful routes and services in your local Karaf so that you can test new routes and services being built in Studio with the ones running in Karaf. It's a bit fiddly, but makes life a lot easier in the long run.
but it is a job I can only create a jar file. I have split the rest interfaces into 2, build two jars and put it into karaf. It says endpoint already running.
Yes, this will mean more services, but it is arguably better to decouple your functionality. 22 different requests in a single service is a bit much to be honest. This way you can keep you endpoints consistent and won't have an issue with size.
Yes. While it appears to be extra work, it actually makes life a lot easier.


text:
New West Peak expansion at UOP set to open in February
KPCW | By Leslie Thatcher
Published January 11, 2023 at 1:08 PM MST
Park City Ski and Snowboard
The new training area at the Utah Olympic Park will serve alpine and freestyle skiers and snowboarders.
While the season's surprising snowfall has meant great snow riding conditions, it has also hampered the opening of the West Peak expansion at the Utah Olympic Park.
The second phase of the West Peak expansion was supposed to be open this winter. The good news is it will open before the season ends but the early snow in October prevented a number of construction items from getting completed.
Park City Ski and Snowboard Alpine Program Director Tommy Eckfeldt said they hope to have the new fixed-grip chairlift with an almost 1,200-foot vertical rise running by early February.
Ten lanes for skiers and snowboarders will be available when the new area opens. These 300 acres make up a competition-level training area with more challenging pitch and length than the current Hyeway area. That area also has a fixed-grip triple chairlift providing access to a beginner and intermediate hill with a 400-foot vertical rise.
"I was told last week by [UOP Chief Operating Officer] Callum Clark, they should be commissioning the new West Peak chairlift this week," Eckfeldt said. "So, we should be seeing chairs flying on those lifts shortly. But the snow operations at the UOP with Alan Alborn have been amazing. They've been able to scrape it right down obviously using some other parts of the venue to create our mogul lanes and other development aspects for our other divisions."
In addition to alpine training, the area will offer a World Cup length mogul course and a world-class terrain park.
Fundraising for the facility has been ongoing for years. Contributions have come from Park City Ski and Snowboard, Rowmark and the University of Utah and the Eccles Foundation, which provided a $5 million grant last August to complete the second phase.
"All of the resident stakeholders and our local clubs are just really more interested to see how the trail is going to be able to kind of work and come about for us," Eckfeldt said. "We're really excited for its potential to hold races. Obviously, it was initially homologated this year by the international ski racing body, FIS, to be able to host FIS-level super G, GS and slalom, so it gives our community an even greater expanse to host higher level races here in the future for our athletes."
Eckfeldt added that the annual Town Race Series starts Jan. 27. Details are available here.
The Town Race is a series of four competitions with one more mid-February and two in March. In addition to alpine racing, there will also be a Skimo, or Ski Mountaineering, competition. This entails hiking up the hill using skins and then skiing down the gates. All the races will be held at the UOP.
Park City Utah Olympic ParkPark City Ski & Snowboard
Leslie Thatcher
Tough but fair, Leslie is the woman most of Park City wakes up with every weekday morning. Leslie has been at KPCW since 1990 and her years at KPCW have given her depth and insight, guiding her as she asks local leaders and citizens the questions on everyone's minds during the live interviews of the Local News Hour.
See stories by Leslie Thatcher


This is a new (approved by Roy Walton) version of Oil and Queens created by Aldo Colombini! now on USPCC Specially printed cards! Jacks in the Box is here to save the life of magic!! You will sleep better when you own this packet trick!
You show some Black 10's and a few Red Jacks. You the put a Ten and a Jack in a card box and the spectator to hold. After shuffling the remaining cards, only the tens remain….What should be in the box…the Jacks!??? NOPE, the spectator opens the box to find 4 cards with JACKS IN THE BOX printed on them!
Be the first to review "Jacks In The Box (DVD's and Cards)" Click here to cancel reply.


The Red Laser Shooter fits in the muzzle of your shotgun and is activated by pressing your trigger finger against the trigger as you would in normal shooting. The Red Laser Shooter gives the practicing shooter the opportunity to swing and mount his (or her) own gun and to shoot the laser while observing the actual hit. Now, you can practice in your own home, complimenting your time on the sporting clays course. The RLS-2 comes with your choice of any two gauge inserts. For three gauges consider the RLS-3 and for all 4 gauges, consider the RLS-4 unit.


Customisation is still in its infancy, with huge opportunities to meet demands. For NPD and trend inspiration, Brazil continues to be the go-to haircare market, given its size, diversity and engagement levels. Hair health will maintain importance and be inspired by other categories, as more consumers want to deal with damage.
Scalp care will take a new direction with a focus on balancing the microbiome for optimal health. Significant investment is required for sustainability, and zero-waste concerns will boost motivation. The salon environment will become a more sensorial experience for men and women, with heightened expert guidance.
The haircare market is well established and shows slow growth. The US continues to lead sales in each sector, although China is going from strength-to-strength and has huge potential; Brazil remains a key market, despite economic instability; and India is poised for growth over the next five years.
Written by Andrew McDougall, a leading analyst in the Beauty & Personal Care sector, his extensive knowledge delivers in-depth commentary and analysis to highlight current trends and add expert context to the numbers.


text:
Q: Something Selenium related is eating up a whole bunch of SSD space, can I delete it? I use Selenium here and there, and I noticed that there's a giant chunk of my ssd being taken up by something related to it.
In %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp\rust_mozprofile\...
I also see something about it here:
https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/issues/4844
but I am unsure if it's some sort of cache or if it's being loaded when I run a script.
This is how I am loading selenium; I used to use geckodriver.exe but it appears that Selenium handles that now.
pp = r'C:\Users\userprofile\Documents\pyenvs\jupyterlab\projects\SimphonyEmployeeReportOptimization\FirefoxProfiles\r5963zu4.EV_YAY'
options=Options()
options.set_preference('profile', pp)
options.set_preference('browser.download.folderList', 2) #
options.set_preference('browser.download.dir', dl_dir)
options.set_preference('browser.helperApps.neverAsk.saveToDisk', 'application/csv+x')
driver = webdriver.Firefox(service=FirefoxService(GeckoDriverManager().install()), options=options)


I once read somewhere that "travel and adventure are a way of life for rose-lovers". This quote made it crystal clear that the rose is my signature flower. It comes as no surprise then that the Coloma Rose Garden in Sint-Pieters-Leeuw is one of my favorite places to go to in summer. A little piece of paradise where I feel like I jumped into the world of Alice in Wonderland. The fragrances and the colors of the thousands of roses make it a sensational experience. As a rose garden of international level, it is a true hidden gem of Belgium.


text:
(Redirected from Symbiont)
"Symbiology" redirects here. For use of things that represent other things by association, resemblance, or convention, see Symbology.
This article is about the biological phenomenon. For other uses, see Symbiosis (disambiguation).
In a cleaning symbiosis, the clownfish feeds on small invertebrates that otherwise have potential to harm the sea anemone, and the fecal matter from the clownfish provides nutrients to the sea anemone. The clownfish is protected from predators by the anemone's stinging cells, to which the clownfish is immune. The clownfish emits a high pitched sound that deters butterfly fish, which would otherwise eat the anemone, making the relationship appear mutualistic.[1]
Symbiosis (from Greek συμβίωσις "living together", from σύν "together" and βίωσις "living")[2] is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic. The organisms, each termed a symbiont, may be of the same or of different species. In 1879, Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms". The term was subject to a century-long debate about whether it should specifically denote mutualism, as in lichens; biologists have now abandoned that restriction.
Symbiosis can be obligatory, which means that one or both of the symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival, or facultative (optional) when they can generally live independently.
Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis.[3] When one organism lives on the surface of another, such as head lice on humans, it is called ectosymbiosis; when one partner lives inside the tissues of another, such as Symbiodinium within coral, it is termed endosymbiosis.[4][5]
1.1 Obligate versus facultative
2 Physical interaction
2.1 Competition
3 Mutualism
3.1 Endosymbiosis
4 Commensalism
5 Parasitism
6 Mimicry
7 Amensalism
8 Cleaning symbiosis
9 Co-evolution
9.1 Symbiogenesis
9.2 Co-evolutionary relationships
9.2.1 Mycorrhizas
9.2.2 Pollination
9.2.3 Acacia ants and acacias
12.1 Bibliography
Definition[edit]
Diagram of the six possible types of symbiotic relationship, from mutual benefit to mutual harm.
The definition of symbiosis was a matter of debate for 130 years.[6] In 1877, Albert Bernhard Frank used the term symbiosis to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens.[7] In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms".[8][9] The definition has varied among scientists, with some advocating that it should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others thought it should apply to all persistent biological interactions, in other words mutualisms, commensalism, or parasitism, but excluding brief interactions such as predation.[10] Current biology and ecology textbooks use the latter "de Bary" definition, or an even broader one where symbiosis means all interspecific interactions; the restrictive definition where symbiosis means only mutualism is no longer used.[11]
In 1949, Edward Haskell proposed an integrative approach, proposing a classification of "co-actions",[12] later adopted by biologists as "interactions".[13][14][15]
Biological interactions can involve individuals of the same species (intraspecific interactions) or individuals of different species (interspecific interactions). These can be further classified by either the mechanism of the interaction or the strength, duration and direction of their effects.[16]
Obligate versus facultative[edit]
Relationships can be obligate, meaning that one or both of the symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, in lichens, which consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts, the fungal partners cannot live on their own.[8][17][18][19] The algal or cyanobacterial symbionts in lichens, such as Trentepohlia, can generally live independently, and their symbiosis is, therefore, facultative (optional).[20]
Physical interaction[edit]
Alder tree root nodule houses endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Main article: Physical interaction
See also: Root microbiome
Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly.[5][21] Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete, nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Frankia, which live in alder root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects.[citation needed]
Ectosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands.[5][22] Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice; commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles, which attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales; and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish.
Male-male interference competition in red deer
Competition[edit]
Main article: Competition (biology)
Competition can be defined as an interaction between organisms or species, in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another. Limited supply of at least one resource (such as food, water, and territory) used by both usually facilitates this type of interaction, although the competition may also exist over other 'amenities', such as females for reproduction (in case of male organisms of the same species).[23]
Mutualism[edit]
Main article: Mutualism (biology)
Hermit crab, Calcinus laevimanus, with sea anemone.
Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a long-term relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit.[24] Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both.
Bryoliths document a mutualistic symbiosis between a hermit crab and encrusting bryozoans.
A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora to help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey.[4] This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines.[25] Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae which live inside them.[26] Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.[27]
An example of mutualism is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles.[28]
A further example is the goby, a fish which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger, the goby touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby quickly retreat into the burrow.[29] Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also clean up ectoparasites in other fish, possibly another kind of mutualism.[30]
A non-obligate symbiosis is seen in encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was situated within a gastropod shell.[31]
Many types of tropical and sub-tropical ants have evolved very complex relationships with certain tree species.[32]
Endosymbiosis[edit]
Further information: Endosymbiont
In endosymbiosis, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients which the endosymbiont provides. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensure that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission (heredity).[33]
A spectacular example of obligate mutualism is the relationship between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, which the host supplies to them. These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world's oceans.[34]
As the endosymbiont adapts to the host's lifestyle, the endosymbiont changes dramatically. There is a drastic reduction in its genome size, as many genes are lost during the process of metabolism, and DNA repair and recombination, while important genes participating in the DNA-to-RNA transcription, protein translation and DNA/RNA replication are retained. The decrease in genome size is due to loss of protein coding genes and not due to lessening of inter-genic regions or open reading frame (ORF) size. Species that are naturally evolving and contain reduced sizes of genes can be accounted for an increased number of noticeable differences between them, thereby leading to changes in their evolutionary rates. When endosymbiotic bacteria related with insects are passed on to the offspring strictly via vertical genetic transmission, intracellular bacteria go across many hurdles during the process, resulting in the decrease in effective population sizes, as compared to the free-living bacteria. The incapability of the endosymbiotic bacteria to reinstate their wild type phenotype via a recombination process is called Muller's ratchet phenomenon. Muller's ratchet phenomenon, together with less effective population sizes, leads to an accretion of deleterious mutations in the non-essential genes of the intracellular bacteria.[35] This can be due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the relatively "rich" host environment.[36][37]
Commensalism[edit]
Main article: Commensalism
Commensal mites travelling (phoresy) on a fly (Pseudolynchia canariensis)
Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal, used of human social interaction. It derives from a medieval Latin word meaning sharing food, formed from com- (with) and mensa (table).[24][38]
Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies, and spiders building their webs on plants.
Parasitism[edit]
Main article: Parasitism
Head (scolex) of tapeworm Taenia solium is adapted to parasitism with hooks and suckers to attach to its host.
In a parasitic relationship, the parasite benefits while the host is harmed.[39] Parasitism takes many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites and parasitic castrators that live on its surface and micropredators like mosquitoes that visit intermittently. Parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life; as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost all free-living animal species are hosts to parasites, often of more than one species.[citation needed]
Mimicry[edit]
Main article: Mimicry
Mimicry is a form of symbiosis in which a species adopts distinct characteristics of another species to alter its relationship dynamic with the species being mimicked, to its own advantage. Among the many types of mimicry are Batesian and Müllerian, the first involving one-sided exploitation, the second providing mutual benefit. Batesian mimicry is an exploitative three-party interaction where one species, the mimic, has evolved to mimic another, the model, to deceive a third, the dupe. In terms of signalling theory, the mimic and model have evolved to send a signal; the dupe has evolved to receive it from the model. This is to the advantage of the mimic but to the detriment of both the model, whose protective signals are effectively weakened, and of the dupe, which is deprived of an edible prey. For example, a wasp is a strongly-defended model, which signals with its conspicuous black and yellow coloration that it is an unprofitable prey to predators such as birds which hunt by sight; many hoverflies are Batesian mimics of wasps, and any bird that avoids these hoverflies is a dupe.[40][41] In contrast, Müllerian mimicry is mutually beneficial as all participants are both models and mimics.[42][43] For example, different species of bumblebee mimic each other, with similar warning coloration in combinations of black, white, red, and yellow, and all of them benefit from the relationship. [44]
Amensalism[edit]
The black walnut secretes a chemical from its roots that harms neighboring plants, an example of antagonism.
Amensalism is an asymmetric interaction where one species is harmed or killed by the other, and one is unaffected by the other.[45][46] There are two types of amensalism, competition and antagonism (or antibiosis). Competition is where a larger or stronger organism deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource. Antagonism occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion. An example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree. The mature tree can rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients. Throughout the process, the mature tree is unaffected by the sapling. Indeed, if the sapling dies, the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling. An example of antagonism is Juglans nigra (black walnut), secreting juglone, a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone.[47]
A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from being crushed.[citation needed] Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions, such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub. Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers, as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it.[48]
Cleaning symbiosis[edit]
Main article: Cleaning symbiosis
Cleaning symbiosis is an association between individuals of two species, where one (the cleaner) removes and eats parasites and other materials from the surface of the other (the client).[49] It is putatively mutually beneficial, but biologists have long debated whether it is mutual selfishness, or simply exploitative. Cleaning symbiosis is well-known among marine fish, where some small species of cleaner fish, notably wrasses but also species in other genera, are specialised to feed almost exclusively by cleaning larger fish and other marine animals.[50]
Co-evolution[edit]
Leafhoppers protected by meat ants
Further information: Co-evolution
Symbiosis is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution;[4][51] many species have a long history of interdependent co-evolution.[52]
Symbiogenesis[edit]
Main article: Symbiogenesis
Eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) developed by symbiogenesis from a symbiosis between bacteria and archaea.[4][53][54] Evidence for this includes the fact that mitochondria and chloroplasts divide independently of the cell, and the observation that some organelles seem to have their own genome.[55]
The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contended that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considered Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claimed that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among organisms. According to Margulis and her son Dorion Sagan, "Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking."[56]
Co-evolutionary relationships[edit]
Mycorrhizas[edit]
About 80% of vascular plants worldwide form symbiotic relationships with fungi, in particular in arbuscular mycorrhizas.[57]
Pollination is a mutualism between flowering plants and their animal pollinators.
Pollination[edit]
A fig is pollinated by the fig wasp, Blastophaga psenes.
Further information: Entomophily, Ornithophily, and Reproductive coevolution in Ficus
Flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them have co-evolved. Many plants that are pollinated by insects (in entomophily), bats, or birds (in ornithophily) have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively simple flowers. Adaptive speciation quickly gave rise to many diverse groups of plants, and, at the same time, corresponding speciation occurred in certain insect groups. Some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen, while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources. In some taxa of plants and insects, the relationship has become dependent,[58] where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect.[59]
Pseudomyrmex ant on bull thorn acacia (Vachellia cornigera) with Beltian bodies that provide the ants with protein[60]
Acacia ants and acacias[edit]
Main article: Pseudomyrmex ferruginea
The acacia ant (Pseudomyrmex ferruginea) is an obligate plant ant that protects at least five species of "Acacia" (Vachellia)[a] from preying insects and from other plants competing for sunlight, and the tree provides nourishment and shelter for the ant and its larvae.[60][61]
Aposymbiotic
Cheating (biology)
Microbial consortium
Socio-ecological system
^ The acacia ant protects at least 5 species of "Acacia", now all renamed to Vachellia: V. chiapensis, V. collinsii, V. cornigera, V. hindsii and V. sphaerocephala.
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TED-Education video – Symbiosis: a surprising tale of species cooperation.
Media related to Symbiosis at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of symbiosis at Wiktionary
Inter-species biological interactions in ecology
Amensalism
Deception in animals
Inquilinism
Neutralism
Synnecrosis
Intraguild
Cleaning symbiosis
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symbiosis&oldid=902332497"


Modern-Day Stars Provide a Hipper, Hotter Spin on Some of History's Most Iconic Female Images.
In Portrait of the Artist's Mother, painter James Abbott McNeill Whistler immortalized his mom as a woman who looks "depressed, lonely, austere and lifeless," says Ann-Margret. "I thought it would be fun to show a 67-year-old in 2008: a healthy, happy, mischievous, confident woman who is certainly not lonely!" Especially when she's working out. Alongside her husband of 41 years, actor Roger Smith, she works out three times a week in their home gym ("We call it the torture chamber"), and once a week "we go hiking with dancers I have worked with and friends," she says. Compared to the stark 19th-century lifestyle of Whistler's mother, today "it's a different world. People are exercising and eating better," says Ann-Margret. "I just want to be the best that I can be at whatever age I am."


[To Joseph Farah:] Very interesting article! I am looking forward to getting your book.
I just finished one by Paul Humber (Associates of Biblical Research) about the 414 prophesies that he's found. It is such a positive and interesting book full of things I guess I just never associated with my Christianity today. He says that the Old Testament was "written in B.C. (Before Christ)" and that was "Before Christ" but not before Christ's existence, and that "nothing existed before Christ." "He is the Creator of all," and He always was with God the Father and God the Holy Spirit – nothing existed before Christ.
This book helped to renew my faith, and I am so looking forward to yours and reading real faith at work.
Thank you for your consistency in telling the Gospel – the true Gospel. This man you spoke about is going to have a "come to Jesus" moment I hope before it is too late for him and those he is misleading. We must pray for people like this, but mostly for those whose faith he is subverting.


text:
Margaret Lang
Margaret Lang has retired from a full time position and is currently a Consultant across many departments at Russel + Aitken (Falkirk + Alloa). Margaret sees clients in both offices as required.
Margaret qualified as a Solicitor in 1984 and joined Russel + Aitken in Falkirk to complete her traineeship. She then moved north to Aberdeen and spent time there, latterly with Dundas & Wilson before returning to Russel + Aitken in 1989 as a partner.
Margaret has a specialised in both family law and employment law but has a specific interest in mediation and alternative dispute resolution
Margaret is predominantly a court Solicitor, due to her background and training, but Margaret has been involved with most aspects of the law. Margaret believes in providing a fully inclusive legal service so many of her clients have been clients of this firm and of hers for many years which allows her to be their family and/or business advisor.
To contact Margaret, please call 01324 622888 or send an email for Margaret's attention to help@randa-fa.co.uk.


There comes a time for everyone when the same old interior décor they have had for years begins to grow stale. Either that or a major change in one aspect of your home, such as new flooring, throws off the overall aesthetic of your space and forces you to redecorate. Regardless of the reason, when the time comes for new home interiors in Centerton, AR, turn to our modern home interior showroom for the designs you need to achieve that perfect look. We not only have a huge selection of home office décor and offer creative living room layout ideas, but we also have a dedicated design team ready and willing to help you.
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