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Walden and ELA Games for Learning
August 3, 2017 // Brandon Pittser
With Games for Change awarding Most Significant Impact and Game of the Year to Walden, a Game, there's a lot of attention right now on the type of game that Walden represents – that is, narrative games, which fall more broadly into the category of English Language Arts (ELA) games. As a game named after a book and suffused with intertextuality, Walden is a straightforward example of how game-based learning can be applied to ELA. But what about the broader landscape of ELA games?
Math and Science lend themselves in obvious ways to game-based representation – dealing with systems-based, objective data provides a fairly seamless transition from concept to game mechanic. ELA, on the other hand, is a slightly more abstract challenge when designing a game with objectives like "understanding narrative" or "comprehending character development." These types of learning goals introduce subjectivity to the subject matter.
With a narrative text, interpretations can be indirectly or even wholly contradictory and still remain equally valid. For example, many fans of the Lord of the Rings series have interpreted that story as an allegory for World War II, something that J.R.R. Tolkien denied. And yet, Tolkien himself acknowledged that "an author cannot of course remain wholly unaffected by his experience," a seeming admission that there is at least some truth to this interpretation. So what we have here is ambiguity, informed by historical context, the author's own personal feelings and stated ambivalence, and the lens through which the readers view the text. You might even disagree with my interpretation of Tolkien's statement! Needless to say, subjectivity complicates things.
Given this challenging fit for ELA and game-based learning, what's a game-inclined ELA educator to do? I recommend thinking of ELA games in terms of three domains: narrative, mechanical, and generative. When I say narrative, I mean games that involve a lot of player choice, that are largely story-driven, and that act as a demonstration of plot, character, and structural elements like rising action, climax, falling action, and denouement. Mechanical ELA games are those that focus on those parts of ELA that are objective, like grammar, spelling, parts of speech, syntax, and so forth. Finally, with generative ELA games, I'm referring to games that afford the player the tools to create a story of their own. I've included some examples below for you to sample – let us know what we can add to this list!
Note: audiences vary for these games – when in doubt, check the ESRB rating for age-appropriateness.
Narrative ELA Games
Walden, a Game
Pretty Much Anything By Telltale Games
Mechanical ELA Games
Letter Quest EDU
Spell Tower
Generative ELA Games/Tools
Storium
Wunderverse
Beat Summer Brain Drain With These FREE Games and Learning Resources
Beat summer brain drain with these free learning games and activities from folks like PBS, iCivics, Scholastic, and more!
June 24, 2020 // Brandon Pittser
FGP 17: Game Design Contest
Welcome to Episode 17! This week we bring you a very special episode of the podcast. We invite game designers Abby Friesen and Matt Haselton into the studio for a game design contest. Hear what happens when we ask two designers to design and pitch a game in under 40 minutes. Hot Topics in This…
April 5, 2016 // Kat Shanahan
Augmented Reality in the Workplace
What's the first thing that comes to mind when you imagine the workplace of the future? According to some experts, the future of work is virtual – powered in large part by augmented and mixed reality technologies like Microsoft HoloLens, Magic Leap One, and AR-enabled phones and smart devices. Imagine – you arrive at your…
July 29, 2019 // James LaPierre


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Q: Api to access Conversation History and In Place Hold for Office 365 We are trying to access the Conversation History in Office 365 for accessing the chat history.We are using the Rest Apis provided in https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/office/office365/api/API-catalog#Outlookmail . However , we are unable to get the folder id of the folder Conversation History . As a result , we are not able to fetch the mails under Conversation History. Is there a way to get access to the chat history under the folder "Conversation History ?
We are also , interested to get the data for chats which might be deleted by mistake by the users from Conversation History. Hence , we are looking for getting the data for in place hold users as well.

A: Please use https://outlook.office365.com/api/v1.0/me/folders/ConversationHistory/Messages to get the messages in ConversationHistory folder.  For well known folder names (Inbox, DeletedItems, ConversationHistory etc.), we allow you to specify the folder ID or the well known name.  The response always refers to the folder using the folder ID.  We will look into why https://outlook.office365.com/api/v1.0/folders/ConversationHistory is failing.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


RSPB Scotland applies for permission to appeal against recent decision on offshore wind farm judicial review.
Today RSPB Scotland has applied directly to the Supreme Court for permission to appeal against the recent decision by the Inner House of the Court of Session on its Firth of Forth offshore wind farm judicial review. The Inner House allowed the appeal of Scottish Ministers', overturning the Outer House' ruling in favour of the RSPB Scotland and reinstating the 2014 consents for four large offshore wind projects in the Firths of Forth and Tay.
The RSPB has long recognised the urgent need to tackle climate change and the key role that renewable energy has in reducing emissions. That is why RSPB Scotland has worked with the Firth of Forth offshore wind developers and Scottish Ministers for almost 10 years to try and help offshore wind progress in a manner that minimises impacts on seabird colonies. However, despite our efforts, Scottish Ministers issued consents for all four projects in 2014, even though predicted impacts could result in major declines to our internationally renowned seabird colonies including gannets, puffins and kittiwakes that breed and forage in the region.


Everyone is feeling pain at the pump. Use these suggestions to get the max performance out of every gallon.
Gas evaporate from the gas tank if it has an escape. Loose, missing or damaged gas caps cause 147 million gallons of gas to evaporate each year, according to the Car Care Council. So be sure to tighten up that gas cap each time you fuel up your car.
When the engine air filter clogs with dirt, dust and bugs, it causes your engine to work harder and your car becomes less fuel efficient.
You can improve your vehicle gas mileage by using the manufacturer's recommended grade of motor oil.
Your car's performance depends on it being properly maintained. The owner's manual of your vehicle will tell you what maintenance is needed and when.


Fran Devereaux Smith, a longtime Western Horseman staff writer, and I spent a day with Bobby Atwood for an article in 2007. The topic was teaching your horse to handle a rope, and one step Atwood incorporates into his program is dragging an old tire. For this photo, I duct-taped my camera to his well-worn Goodyear and used a remote control to fire the shutter button. Atwood dragged the tire in circles while I took several photos. Setting up some creative shots and working with Atwood, a jovial man who likes to have a good time, made this shoot a lot of fun.


That passage fits the experience of the blind man in John 9. Even with his new vision he understood Jesus more clearly than any of our Lord's critics. Their ideology blinded them to reality, for they thought that they knew how God worked, and Jesus, by his life and deeds, contradicted that understanding. So, like people who did not want to be confused by facts, they doubled down on their ideology. It was safe and familiar.
Their ferocity in the story reveals something else. Such meanness and anger indicated that these men were trying to convince themselves of what they said. They could not pretend for long that what had happened had not occurred, so they looked for alternative explanations. And they committed injustice in the process.
Among the most dangerous people are defensive ones. I have learned that lesson by living and by monitoring the news. And the combination of defensiveness with a disregard for objective reality is more dangerous, especially in the news media and in the corridors of power. Good decision-making requires, among other things, a firm grounding in objective reality.
As for the rest of us–those not in power–a firm grounding in objective reality matters very much. And how we treat others–cruelly or not–matters to them. May we refrain from harming others to make ourselves feel good or better.
John 9 consists of one story–that of a blind man whom Jesus heals. The healing occurs at the beginning of the chapter. Then religious politics take over. How dare Jesus heal on the Sabbath? Was the man ever really blind? How could an alleged sinner–a Sabbath breaker–Jesus, perform such a miracle? The works of God clashed with human orthodoxy, and defenders of that orthodoxy preferred not to admit that they were or might be wrong.
Some words of explanation are vital. One way a visible minority maintains its identity is to behave differently than the majority. As Professor Luke Timothy Johnson has pointed out, arbitrary rules might seem especially worthy of adherence from this perspective. Sabbath laws forbade certain medical treatments on that day. One could perform basic first aid legally. One could save a life and prevent a situation from becoming worse legally. But one was not supposed to heal or cure on the Sabbath. This was ridiculous, of course, and Jesus tried to do the maximum amount of good seven days a week. Each of us should strive to meet the same standard.
At the beginning of John 9 our Lord's Apostles ask whether the man or his parents sinned. Surely, they thought, somebody's sin must have caused this blindness. Apparently these men had not absorbed the Book of Job. As Job protests in Chapter 30, he is innocent. And the Book of Job agrees with him. Job's alleged friends gave voice to a human orthodoxy, one which stated that suffering flowed necessarily from sin. The wicked suffer and the righteous, prosper, they said. (Apparently, adherents of Prosperity Theology have not absorbed the Book of Job either.) Job was, by their standards, a heretic.
Some of my favorite people have been heretics. Galileo Galilei was a heretic for reporting astronomical observations and deriving from them accurate conclusions which challenged centuries of bad doctrine. Both Protestant and Roman Catholic leaders condemned his writings as heretical in the 1600s. Roger Williams argued for the separation of church and state in Puritan New England. He also opposed mandatory prayer; the only valid prayer, he said, is a voluntary one. For his trouble Williams had to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Also forced to leave was Anne Hutchinson, who dared to question her pastor's theology. I have made Galileo a saint on my Ecumenical Calendar of Saints' Days and Holy Days (at http://neatnik2009.wordpress.com/). And The Episcopal Church has recognized Williams and Hutchinson as saints. I wonder what two rebellious Puritans would have thought about that.
Orthodoxies build up over time and become accepted, conventional, and received wisdom. The fact that a doctrine is orthodox according to this standard discourages many people from questioning it even when observed evidence contradicts it. Jupiter does have moons. This fact contradicts the former theology of Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. Should one accept good science or bad theology? The question answers itself. The man in John 9 was born blind. Attempts in the chapter to question that reality are almost comical. We human beings must be willing to abandon assumptions which prove erroneous if we are to be not only intellectually honest but also to avoid harming others while defending our own egos.
Above: Samuel Anoints David, Syria, 3rd Century C.E.
How long will you grieve over Saul? I have rejected him from being king over Israel. Fill your horn with oil and set out; I will send you to Jesse the Bethlehemite, for I have provided for myself a king among his sons.
How can I go? If Saul hears of it, he will kill me.
Take a heifer with you, and say, "I have come to sacrifice to the Lord." Invite Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will show you what you shall do; and you shall anoint for me the one whom I name to you.
Peaceably; I have come to sacrifice to the Lord; sanctify yourselves and come with me to the sacrifice.
And he sanctified Jesse and his sons and invited them to the sacrifice.
Surely the Lord's anointed is now before the Lord.
Do not look on his appearance or on the height of his stature, because I have rejected him; for the Lord does not see as mortals see; they look on the outward appearance, but the Lord looks on the heart.
The Lord has not chosen any of these.
There remains yet the youngest, but he is keeping the sheep.
Send and bring him; for we will not sit down until he comes here.
Rise and anoint him; for this is the one.
Then Samuel took the horn of oil, and anointed him in the presence of his brothers; and the spirit of the Lord came mightily upon David from that day forward. Samuel then set out and went to Ramah.
Rabbi, who sinned, this man or his parents, that he was born blind?
Neither this man nor his parents sinned; he was born blind so that God's works might be revealed in him. We must work the works of him who sent me while it is day; night is coming when no one can work. As long as I am in the world, I am the light of the world.
No, but it is someone like him.
Then how were your eyes opened?
The man called Jesus made mud, spread it on my eyes, and said to me, "Go to Siloam and wash.'"Then I went and washed and received my sight.
He put mud on my eyes. Then I washed, and now I see.
This man is not from God, for he does not observe the sabbath.
We know that this is our son, and that he was born blind; but we do not know how it is that now he sees, nor do we know who opened his eyes. Ask him; he is of age. He will speak for himself.
He is of age; ask him.
Give glory to God! We know that this man is a sinner.
I do not know whether he is a sinner. One thing I do know, that though I was blind, now I see.
I have told you already, and you would not listen. Why do you want to hear it again? Do you also want to become his disciples?
You are his disciple, but we are disciples of Moses. We know that God has spoken to Moses, but as for this man, we do not know where he comes from.
Here is an astonishing thing! You do not know where he comes from, and yet he opened my eyes. We know that God does not listen to sinners, but he does listen to one who worships him and obeys his will. Never since the world began has it been heard that anyone opened the eyes of a person born blind. If this man were not from God, he could do nothing.
And they drove him out.
And who is he, sir? Tell me, so that I may believe in him.
You have seen him, and the one speaking with you is he.
I came into this world for judgment so that those who do not see may see, and those who do see may become blind.
If you were blind, you would not have sin. But now that you say, "We see," your sin remains.
I read little from evangelical writers, for almost nothing from that genre of nonfiction interests me. (I have had some unfortunate encounters with self-described evangelicals over the years. These are par for the course when one is an intellectual liberal with High Church (in my case, progressively Anglican-Lutheran-Catholic over time) leanings in the Bible Belt. Yet Philip Yancey is one evangelical whose books I feel comfortable reading. Two of these volumes are Soul Survivor and The Jesus I Never Knew. In these books I have read that Yancey grew up in a Southern U.S. white culture in which Christian fundamentalism blended easily with overt racism. His family's church in Atlanta decided to open a Christian school very shortly after the 1954Brown v. Board of Education ruling, for example. And, in the 1960s, when Yancey was slightly older, he went off to a Bible college where civil rights for African Americans were not considered important, but the length of a man's hair (short) and of a woman's skirt (long) were major priorities. Yancey wrote that college administrators would not have admitted Jesus based on his haircut (too long), as artists have depicted it.
As one reads the four canonical gospels, one notices that many (not all) Pharisees come across as the bete noires of those compositions. This is true of John 9:1-41. At the time and place there was a common belief that physical difficulties resulted from sins. These things could never just happen, could they? That was the attitude. So we have the case of Jesus, a man born blind, his parents, and some Pharisees. Jesus gave the man sight, an act which vexed the Pharisees. They spoke to the man's parents, who referred them to their adult son. The formerly blind man, not understanding the Pharisees' agenda, asked naively if they wanted to follow Jesus, too. (If this were a cartoon steam would rise from the Pharisees ears at that point.) The Pharisees drove the man out, and he encountered Jesus again. The Pharisees were spiritually blind, but the formerly blind man had clear spiritual vision. And the Pharisees did not recognize their blindness.
1 Samuel reminds us that God looks on the heart, but that we humans are frequently superficial in our judgments. Attractive people seem to rise to the top, do they not? When physical beauty and handsomeness are paired with qualifications, talents, and skills, this is not a problem. But I cannot help but think about the example of U.S. President Franklin Pierce (in office 1853-1857), who competes with Warren G. Harding and James Buchanan for the "worst president" slot in historians' ratings. The nicest statement I have read about Pierce is that he was the most handsome president.
David, 1 Samuel tells us, was not handsome, at least compared to his elder brothers. No, he was ruddy. But he had leadership skills, which were more important than his appearance.
By grace may we can approach more closely a state in which we see as God sees, and therefore follow Jesus. May we lay aside our fixations on trivial religious matters, embrace goodness, and love one another.


The eyelids serve several valuable functions. Most importantly they provide mechanical protection to the globe. They also provide vital chemical elements to the precorneal tear film, and help distribute these layers evenly over the surface of the eye. During the blink phase the eyelids propel tears to the medial canthus where they enter the puncta of the lacrimal drainage system. The eyelashes along the lid margins sweep air-borne particles from in front of the eye, and the constant voluntary and reflex movements of the eyelids protect the cornea from injury and glare.
In the young adult the interpalpebral fissure measures 10 to 11 mm in vertical height. In middle age this is reduced to only about 8 to 10 mm (1) and in old age the fissure may be only 6-8 mm or less. The horizontal length of the fissure is 30 to 31 mm. The upper and lower eyelids meet at an angle of approximately 60 degrees medially and laterally. In primary position of gaze the upper eyelid margin lies at the superior corneal limbus in children and 1.5 to 2.0 mm below it in the adult. The lower eyelid margin usually rests at the inferior corneal limbus or just slightly above it.
The margin of each eyelid is about 2 mm thick. Posteriorly the marginal tarsal surface is covered with conjunctival epithelium, interrupted by the meibomian gland orifices (Fig. 1). Anteriorly the margin is covered with cutaneous epidermis from which emerge the eyelashes. The gray line is a faint linear zone separating these two regions. Between the skin and conjunctiva at a level 5 mm above the tarsus are, layered from front to back, the orbicularis muscle, the orbital septum, the preaponeurotic fat pockets, the levator aponeurosis, and Muller's supratarsal muscle.
The skin covers the external surface of the body and provides significant protection against trauma, solar radiation, temperature extremes, and desiccation. It also allows for major interaction with the environment. The skin of the eyelid is the thinnest in the body owing to only a scant development of the dermis and subcutaneous fat.
Figure 1 Sagittal cross-section of the upper eyelid. a. Orbicularis muscle; b. orbital septum; c. preaponeurotic fat pad; d. levator aponeurosis; e. tarsal plate; f. Muller's supratarsal muscle; g. conjunctiva.
At the base of the sequence is the stratum basale (= basalis) containing cuboidal or columnar cells arranged in a single row and containing large nuclei (Fig. 3). The basal layer of columnar cells with mitotic figures serves for keratinocytic proliferation and was formerly referred to as the stratum germinativum. Together, the strata basale and germinativum are called the basal cells. The stratum spinosum is the next higher layer and is composed of polygonal cells which form spines when they shrink during histologic preparation because of the presence of desmo-somes between adjacent cells. The cytoplasm is filled with tonofilaments and phospholipids. The stratum granulosum is 3 to 5 cells thick; these cells contain keratohyalin granules rich in histidine and precursors of the protein filaggrin that promotes keratin filament aggregation. Toward the top of this layer the cells lose their nucleus and become more flattened. Changes in enzyme function cause cell death as the cells enter the upper-most layer, the stratum corneum. This layer is made of dead, flattened keratinocytes that shed about every few weeks in a process known as desquamation. This layer provides a waterproof covering that also resists minor abrasions. In thicker skin such as the palms and soles a layer called the stratum lucidum is found between the granular and cornified strata; this appears as a clear homogeneous amorphous zone.
Figure 2 Anatomic section of eyelid skin showing major dermal adnexal structures.
Figure 3 Histologic section of eyelid skin showing the four layers of the epidermis, and the dermis.
are ultimately transferred to the keratinocytes where they accumulate on the sun-exposed side of the nucleus to protect it from UV radiation. Langerhans cells, or epidermal dendritic cells, are macrophages that originate in the bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. They are present in all epidermal layers, but are concentrated in the stratum spinosum. They serve as antigen-presenting cells that ingest and process foreign antigens and present them to lymphocytes for activation of the immune system. The function of the Merkel cell is not completely understood. They are derived from neural crest cells and are attached to keratinocytes by desmosomes. They are found throughout the epidermis but are particularly abundant in the basal layer. Merkel cells are associated with nonmyelinated nerve endings with which they form the Merkel disc which may act as a mechanosensory receptor for light touch.
Beneath the epidermis is the basement membrane and below that the dermis. The stratum basale is connected to the basement membrane by protein fibers. On the dermal side anchoring fibers of collagen tether the dermis to the basement membrane. The basal membrane is irregular and epidermal extensions project into the dermis to form a system of rete ridges. These are more prominent in areas where the skin undergoes shearing stress.
The dermis lies beneath the basement membrane and on the eyelids is about 0.3 mm in thickness compared to other parts of the body where it may be up to 3 mm thick. It contains three types of tissues that are not layered: collagen, elastic tissue, and reticular fibers. The upper papillary dermal layer contains a thin arrangement of collagen fibers. The lower reticular dermal layer is thicker and contains thick collagen fibers arranged parallel to the surface. The reticular layer also contains fibroblasts, mast cells, nerve endings, lymphatics, and epidermal appendages surrounded by a ground substance of mucopolysaccharides, chondroitin sulfates, and glycoproteins.
The fibroblast is the major cell type in the dermis. These secrete elastin and a procollagen that is then cleaved by proteolytic enzymes into collagen which becomes cross-linked. Collagen makes up nearly 70% of the dermis by weight.
A number of epidermal appendages lined with epithelium lie within the dermis. These include hair follicles associated with an arrectopili muscle attached to the dermal-epidermal junction. Apocrine sweat glands of Moll are coiled glands in the deep dermis that empty via a long ductule into the uppermost portion of the hair follicle. Apocrine glands secrete by cellular decapitation with the apical portion of the secretory cell mixed with sialomucin producing a more viscous secretion with cellular debris. They are concentrated along the eyelid margins.
Figure 4 Histologic section of the conjunctiva with numerous glands of Wolfring.
the follicle. The hair follicle along with the sebaceous and Moll glands form the pilosebaceous unit. Additional small sebaceous glands called glands of Zeis are present between follicles and discharge their contents directly onto the skin surface. Eccrine sweat glands are also present in the dermis but they are not associated with the hair follicle. They open directly onto the epidermal surface via a long straight ductule. Eccrine glands secrete a clear fluid composed of water, salts, glycogen, and sialomucin.
Blood vessels and nerve endings course throughout the dermis where they derive from similar structures in the sub-dermis and deep fascia. Specialized sensory structures called Meissner's and Vater-Pacini corpuscles within the dermis transmit sensations for touch and pressure.
Beneath the dermis is a subcutaneous layer of fat and connective tissue. Subcutaneous fat is very sparse beneath the preseptal portion of the eyelid skin, and absent from the more distal pretarsal portions. Beneath the skin within the eyelid are also found other structures that can be the focus for disease processes. On the subconjunctival side of the eyelid these accessory structures include the accessory lacrimal glands of Krause and Wolfring beneath the conjunctiva and are concentrated on the lateral side (Fig. 4), and the meibomian glands which are modified sebaceous glands within the tarsal plates (Fig. 1).
The orbicularis oculi is a complex striated muscle that lies just below the skin. It is divided anatomically into three contiguous parts—the orbital, preseptal, and pretarsal portions (Fig. 5). The orbital portion overlies the bony orbital rims. It arises from insertions on the frontal process of the maxillary bone, the orbital process of the frontal bone, and from the common medial canthal tendon. Its fibers pass around the orbital rim to form a continuous ellipse without interruption at the lateral palpebral commissure, and insert just below their points of origin.
The palpebral portion of the orbicularis muscle overlies the mobile eyelid from the orbital rims to the eyelid margins. The muscle fibers sweep circumferentially around each lid as a half ellipse, fixed medially and laterally at the canthal tendons. Although this portion forms a single anatomic unit in each eyelid, it is customarily further divided topographically into two parts, the preseptal and pretarsal orbicularis.
Figure 5 Orbicularis and frontalis muscles. a. Pretarsal portion; b. preseptal portion; c. orbital portion; d. frontalis muscle.
Figure 6 The orbital septum originating from the arcus marginalis of the orbital rim.
insert onto the lateral canthal tendon and raphe. Contraction of these fibers aids in the lacrimal pump mechanism (2). Medially the deep heads of the pretarsal fibers fuse to form a prominent bundle of fibers, Horner's muscle, that runs just behind the posterior limb of the canthal tendon. It inserts onto the posterior lacrimal crest. Horner's muscle helps maintain the posterior position of the canthal angle, tightens the eyelids against the globe during eyelid closure, and may aid in the lacrimal pump mechanism (3).
The orbital septum is a thin fibrous multilayered membrane anatomically beginning at the arcus marginalis along the orbital rim and represents a continuation of the orbital fascial system. Distal fibers of the orbital septum merge into the anterior surface of the levator aponeurosis (Fig. 6) (4,5). The point of insertion is usually about 3 to 5 mm above the tarsal plate, but may be as much as 10 to 15 mm (6). In the lower eyelid the septum fuses with the capsulopalpebral fascia several millimeters below the tarsus, and the common fascial sheet inserts onto the inferior tarsal edge (7,8).
The septum can always be identified at surgery by pulling it distally and noting firm resistance against its bony attachments. Immediately behind the septum are yellow fat pockets that lie immediately anterior to the levator aponeurosis in the upper lid and the capsulopalpe-bral fascia in the lower lid. This anatomic relationship is important to note since identification of the levator aponeurosis or capsulopalpebral is critical in many eyelid surgical procedures.
The preaponeurotic fat pockets in the upper eyelid and the pre-capsulopalpebral fat pockets in the lower eyelid are anterior extensions of extraconal orbital fat. These eyelid fat pockets are surgically important landmarks and help identify a plane immediately anterior to the major eyelid retractors. In the upper eyelid there are typically two fat pockets, a medial pocket, and a central one. Laterally, the lacrimal gland may be mistaken for a third fat pocket. In the lower eyelid there are three pockets, medial, central, and lateral.
Figure 7 Anterior orbital fascial system. a. Whitnall's ligament; b. levator aponeurosis; c. medial canthal tendon; d. lateral canthal tendon.
annulus of Zinn. The muscle runs forward in the superior orbit just above the superior rectus muscle. Near the superior orbital rim a condensation is seen along the muscle sheath (9), that attaches medially and laterally to the orbital walls and soft tissues. This is the superior transverse orbital ligament of Whitnall. Its exact role remains a matter of controversy, but it appears to provide some support for the fascial system that maintains spatial relationships between a variety of anatomic structures in the superior orbit.
From Whitnall's ligament the muscle passes into its aponeurosis (Fig. 7). This sheet continues downward 14 to 20 mm to its insertion near the marginal tarsal border. The aponeurotic fibers are most firmly attached at about 3 to 4 mm above the eyelid margin (10,11). Beginning near the upper edge of tarsus, the aponeurosis also sends numerous delicate interconnecting slips forward and downward to insert onto the interfascicular septa of the pretarsal orbicularis muscle and subcutaneous tissue. These multilayered slips maintain the close approximation of the skin, muscle, aponeurosis, and tarsal lamellae, thus integrating the distal eyelid as a single functional unit. This relationship defines the upper eyelid crease of the western eyelid.
As the levator aponeurosis passes into the eyelid from Whitnall's ligament it broadens to form the medial and lateral "horns." The lateral horn forms a prominent fibrous sheet that indents the posterior aspect of the lacrimal gland, defining its orbital and palpebral lobes. It inserts through numerous slips onto the lateral orbital tubercle of the zygomatic bone, at the lateral retinaculum. The medial horn is less well developed. It blends with the intermediate layer of the orbital septum and inserts onto the posterior crus of the medial canthal tendon and the posterior lacrimal crest. Together, the two horns serve to distribute the forces of the levator muscle along the aponeurosis and the tarsal plate.
In the lower eyelid the capsulopalpebral fascia is a fibrous sheet arising from Lockwood's ligament and the sheaths around the inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. It passes upward and generally fuses with fibers of the orbital septum about 4 to 5 mm below the tarsal plate. From this junction a common fascial sheet continues upward and inserts onto the lower border of tarsus. Fine fibrous slips pass forward from this fascial sheet to the orbicularis intermuscular septae and subcutaneous tissue, forming the lower eyelid crease and uniting the anterior and posterior lamellae into a single functional unit.
sympathetic muscle is less well defined. Fibers run behind the capsulopalpebral fascia to insert onto the lower border of tarsus, although they may end 2 to 5mm below tarsus (14).
Disruption of sympathetic innervation to these muscles results in Horner's syndrome. This is characterized by the classic triad of ptosis, miosis, and ipsilateral anhidrosis of the face. Specific clinical findings vary according to the location of the lesion along the polysynaptic pathway. The upper eyelid ptosis and elevation of the lower eyelid result from loss of sympathetic smooth muscle tone and accessory retraction.
The tarsal plates consist of dense fibrous tissue approximately 1 to 1.5 mm thick that give structural integrity to the eyelids. Each measures about 25 mm in horizontal length, and is gently curved to conform to the contour of the anterior globe. The central vertical height of the tarsal plate is 8 to 12 mm in the upper eyelid and 3.5 to 4.0 mm in the lower. Medially and laterally they taper to 2 mm in height as they pass into the canthal tendons. As these tarsal plates approach the canthal tendons, they broaden slightly toward the margin and narrow toward the proximal surface, thus assuming a more triangular cross-section. Within each tarsus are the Meibomian glands, approximately 25 in the upper lid and 20 in the lower lid. These are holocrine-secreting sebaceous glands not associated with lash follicles. Each gland is multilobulated and empties into a central ductule that opens onto the posterior eyelid margin behind the gray line. They produce the lipid layer of the precorneal tear film.
Medially the tarsal plates pass into fibrous bands that form the crura of the medial canthal tendon. These lie between the orbicularis muscle anteriorly and the conjunctiva posteriorly. The superior and inferior crura fuse to form a stout common tendon that inserts via three limbs (Fig. 7) (2). The anterior limb inserts onto the orbital process of the maxillary bone in front of and above the anterior lacrimal crest. It provides the major support for the medial canthal angle. The posterior limb arises from the common tendon near the junction of the superior and inferior crura, and passes between the canaliculi. It inserts onto the posterior lacrimal crest just in front of Horner's muscle. The posterior limb directs the vector forces of the canthal angle backward to maintain close approximation with the globe. The superior limb of the medial canthal tendon arises as a broad arc of fibers from both the anterior and posterior limbs. It passes upward to insert onto the orbital process of the frontal bone. The posterior head of the preseptal orbicularis muscle inserts onto this limb and the unit forms the soft-tissue roof of the lacrimal sac fossa. This tendinous extension may function to provide vertical support to the canthal angle (15), but also appears to play a significant role in the lacrimal pump mechanism.
Laterally the tarsal plates pass into fibrous strands that become the crura of the lateral can-thal tendon. The lateral canthal tendon is a distinct entity separate from the orbicularis muscle. It measure about 1 mm in thickness, 3 mm in width, and approximately 5 to 7 mm in length (16). Insertion of these fibers extends posteriorly along the lateral orbital wall where it blends with strands of the lateral check ligament from the sheath of the lateral rectus muscle.
The conjunctiva is a mucous membrane that covers the posterior surface of the eyelids and the anterior surface of the globe except for the cornea. The palpebral portion is closely applied to the posterior surface of the tarsal plate and the sympathetic tarsal muscle of Müller. It is continuous around the fornices above and below where it joins the bulbar conjunctiva. Small accessory lacrimal glands are located within the submucosal connective tissue.
At the medial canthal angle is a small mound of tissue called the caruncle. This consists of modified skin containing hairs, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Just lateral to the caruncle there is a vertical fold of conjunctiva, the plica semilunaris. The submucosa of this tissue contains adipose cells and smooth muscle fibers resembling the nictitating membrane of lower vertebrates. This likely represents a vestigial structure that has been modified to allow enough horizontal slack at the shallow medial fornix for rotation of the globe.
The motor nerves to the orbicularis muscle derive from the facial nerve (N. VII) through its temporal and zygomatic branches (Fig. 8). The facial nerve divides into two divisions, an upper temporofacial division and a lower cervicofacial division (17). The upper division further subdivides into the temporal and zygomatic branches that innervate the frontalis and orbicularis muscles. The lower cervicofacial division gives rise to the buccal, mandibular, and cervical branches innervating muscles of the lower face and neck. There can be considerable variation in the branching pattern of these nerves, and in some individuals extensive anastomoses interconnect all these peripheral branches.
The sensory nerves to the eyelids derive from the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve. Sensory input from the upper lid passes to the ophthalmic division through its main terminal branches, the supraorbital, supratrochlear, and lacrimal nerves. The infratrochlear nerve receives sensory information from the extreme medial portion of both upper and lower eyelids. The zygomaticotemporal branch of the lacrimal nerve innervates the lateral portion of the upper eyelid and temple. These branches also innervate portions of the adjacent brow, forehead, and nasal bridge. The lower eyelid sends sensory impulses to the maxillary division via the infraorbital nerve. The zygomaticofacial branch from the lacrimal nerve innervates the lateral portion of the lower lid and part of the infratrochlear branch receives input from the medial lower lid.
Figure 8 Motor branches of the seventh cranial nerve to the eyelid and brow muscles. a. Frontal branch; b. zygomatic branch; c. buccal branch.
Vascular supply to the eyelids is extensive. The posterior eyelid lamellae receive blood through the palpebral arterial arcades (Fig. 9). In the upper eyelid a marginal arcade runs about 2 mm from the eyelid margin and a peripheral arcade extends along the upper border of tarsus between the levator aponeurosis and Müller's muscle. These vessels are supplied medially by the superior medial palpebral vessels from the terminal ophthalmic artery, and laterally by the superior lateral palpebral vessel from the lacrimal artery. The lower lid arcade receives blood from the medial and lateral inferior palpebral vessels.
Figure 9 Arterial supply to the eyelids. a. Medial palpebral artery; b. lateral palpebral artery; c. superior peripheral arcade; d. superior marginal arcade; e. inferior marginal arcade; f. angular artery.
Figure 10 Venous supply from the eyelids. a. Superior venous arcade; b. inferior venous arcade; c. transverse facial vein; d. superior palpebral vein.
The venous drainage system is somewhat less well defined than the arterial system. Drainage is primarily into several large vessels of the facial system (Fig. 10). Lymphatic drainage from the eyelids is restricted to the region anterior to the orbital septum. Drainage from the lateral two-thirds of the upper eyelid and the lateral one-third of the lower eyelid is inferior and lateral into the deep and superficial parotid and submandibular nodes. Drainage from the medial one-third of the upper eyelid and the medial two-thirds of the lower eyelid is medially and inferiorly into the anterior cervical nodes. Extensive excision of subcutaneous eyelid tissues or deep incisions in the inferolateral eyelid or in the deep fornix area can result in lymphedema due to disruption of these vessels.
The eyebrows lie at the junction between the upper eyelid and the forehead. They consist of thickened skin overlying the supraorbital torus and support short, course hairs that emerge from the skin surface at an oblique angle. The complex movements of the brows is provided by the interdigitation of five striated muscles which insert partially along the brow: the frontalis, procerus, depressior supercilii, corrugator, and orbicularis muscles (Fig. 11). All are innervated by the seventh cranial nerve.
The frontalis muscle fibers are oriented vertically on the forehead. They begin superiorly at about the level of the coronal suture line and extend toward the supraorbital rim. The galea aponeurotica splits into a thin superficial portion overlying the frontalis muscle, and a deep thicker layer that extends beneath the muscle to insert onto the supraorbital rim at the arcus marginalis. Beneath the muscle a deep fat layer separates the frontalis muscle from the underlying deep fascia along the orbital rim. This sub-brow fat pad may continue into the upper eyelid where is can be confused with the preaponeurotic fat pockets. It is responsible for the thick full upper lids seen in some patients.
Figure 11 Muscles of the brow. a. Procerus muscle; b. depressor supercilii muscle; c. corrugator muscle; d. orbicularis muscle.
end of the frontal bone at the superomedial orbital rim and passes obliquely, superiorly, and laterally where it inserts into the deep fascia of the frontalis muscle along the medial one-third of the brow by two heads, the oblique and the transverse heads.
1. Hrecko T, Farkas LG, Katic M. Clinical significance of age-related changes in the palpebral fissure between ages 2 and 18 in healthy Caucasians. Acta Chir Plast 1968; 32:194-204.
2. Dutton JJ. Atlas of Clinical and Surgical Orbital Anatomy. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1994.
3. Ahl NC, Hill JC. Horner's muscle and the lacrimal system. Arch Ophthalmol 1982; 100:488-493.
4. Barker DE. Dye injection studies of orbital fat compartments. Plast Reconstr Surg 1977; 59:82-85.
5. Putterman AM, Urist MJ. Surgical anatomy of the orbital septum. Ann Ophthalmol 1974; 6:290-294.
6. Anderson RL, Dixon RS. The role of Whitnall's ligament in ptosis surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 1979; 97:705-707.
7. Harvey JT, Anderson RL. The aponeurotic approach to eyelid retraction. Ophthalmology 1981; 88:513-524.
8. Meyer DR, Linberg JV, Wobig JL, McCormick S. Anatomy of the orbital septum and associated eyelid connective tissue. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1991; 7:104-113.
9. Lemke BN, Stasior OG, Rosenberg PN. The surgical relations of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1988; 4:25-30.
10. Anderson RL, Beard C. The levator aponeurosis. Attachments and their clinical significance. Arch Ophthalmol 1977; 95:1437-1441.
11. Collin JRO, Beard C, Wood I. Experimental and clinical data on the insertion of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. Am J Ophthalmol 1978; 85:792-801.
12. Manson PN, Lazarus RB, Morgan R, Iliff N. Pathways of sympathetic innervation to the superior and inferior (Müllers) tarsal muscles. Plast Reconstr Surg 1986; 78:33-40.
13. Kuwabara T, Cogan DG, Johnson CC. Structure of the muscles of the upper eyelid. Arch Ophthalmol 1975; 93:1189-1197.
14. Hawes MJ, Dortzbach RK. The microscopic anatomy of the lower eyelid retractors. Arch Ophthalmol 1982; 100:1313-1318.
15. Anderson RL. The medial canthal tendon branches out. Arch Ophthalmol 1977; 95:2951-2952.
16. Gioia VM, Linberg JV, McCormick SA. The anatomy of the lateral canthal tendon. Arch Ophthalmol 1987; 105:529-532.
17. Malone B, Maisel RH. Anatomy of the facial nerve. Am J Otolaryngol 1988; 9:494-504.
Which stratum is absent in eyelids?
Which stratum is generally absent in the eyelids?
What stratum layer is absent in the eyelids?
Which stratum of epidermis is absent in eyelid?
What stratum is the eyelid lacking?


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A Picture a Day: Our Favorite, Neutrals.
We love our neutrals and this white urn style pot is a winner! It's simple enough for everyday use, but can be dressed up to become the style eye catcher of the evening. It is available in store now, and online soon.


text:
Archive -Nov 2003
Prime Time for . . .
Prime Time for Spiritual TV
By Nishtha Shukla
In the last few years, religion and spirituality-oriented channels have mushroomed in India. Their rising viewership figures and revenues make one wonder—how hot is religion on the Indian screen?
Religious channels might not seem as glamorous as their purely entertainment-based counterparts, yet they have unique advantages in their kitty. The recent spurt in interest in spirituality in urban India has ensured that devotional channel surfing is not limited to Sunday mornings. It has led to a rising demand for TV channels wholly devoted to religion and spirituality, 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
Sanskar, Aastha, Sadhna, Jeevan and God are some popular channels being beamed across the country today. There are others, like Maharishi Veda Vision, MiracleNet, Eternal World Television Network (EWTN) and Ahimsaa, while Amritha is on the cards. Some may wonder: aren't there already enough mythological serials and astrology shows on regular channels? Why this need for spiritual channels?
A lot of the excitement has to do with the channels' informal projection that a much younger generation of people is taking to spirituality. Dinesh Kabra, Managing Director of Sanskar TV with its headquarters in Mumbai, says: "Times have changed. Young people are more stressed, and they find their answers in spiritual discourses. Today, our audience profile consists of 25-year-olds, a drastic drop in age from the 35-plus audiences we had when we started three years ago. Now people get into spirituality at 25 and by the time they are 30-something, they are deeply into it."
Media commentator Shailaja Bajpai calls such channels 'television psychiatrists'. Says she: "The young are highly stressed these days. And the fare on most TV channels consists of violence and confusion. In comparison, you find someone nice, calm and soothing who says things beyond all this on spiritual channels." She mentions that sometimes the discourses are so interesting that she also ends up watching them.
A parallel development in spiritual channels has been a change from sermonising lectures by spiritual masters that attracted the 50-plus crowd, to popular, youth-friendly programmes like Art of Living, yoga, feng shui and vastu. Rakesh Gupta, CMD of Sadhna channel, which started six months ago, says that to attract 'young, corporate people' they are planning to feature motivational speakers like Deepak Chopra, Shiv Khera, and upcoming Delhi author Anil Kumar. They are already telecasting talks by cool guru Vikas Malkani whose simple and informal English is attractive to the young.
Advertising is the mainstay of free-to-air channels. Talking of advertising on spiritual channels, Shailaja says: "If the younger audience is growing, then it has to grow rapidly and significantly. Only then will ad revenue improve, because even if the older audience grows, most advertisers are not targeting them."
It is believed that those who watch spiritual programmes don't switch channels as often as those watching entertainment or news programmes. This might have to do with the response that religion commands in India. From the phenomenon that TV epics Mahabharata and Ramayana were, to the way religion and festivals are being marketed by practically every TV channel (including news channels), religion has always had its share of time on Indian television.
Recently, live telecast of festivals like Kumbha Mela, Ganesh Chaturthi and Navratri has proven that religion will always be a huge hit with Indians. Live telecast has, in fact, given a fresh fillip to spiritual TV. During the Kumbh Mela, Television Audience Measurement Media Research (Tam India) recorded the following figures: in July 2003 Sanskar recorded 6.9 million viewers, Aastha had 5.7 million, Sadhna 0.8 million, and God channel had 0.6 million viewers.
Both Gupta and Kabra agree that live telecast boosts their TRPs. While Sadhna was screening live garba dances during Navratri, according to Kabra, Sanskar TV somewhat deviated: "Our Navratri telecast wasn't real-time live, but we coupled it with bhajans. My audience wants devotion. We covered Ganesh Chaturthi, but again combined the live coverage with other aspects of the festival."
Is selling religion really becoming that lucrative? There has definitely been a spurt in ad revenues for these channels, with brands like MDH, Samsung and Dr Morepen coming in. Some channels even rent out airtime to speakers for discourses, all for a good price. But Sadhna channel's Gupta affirms: "We support ourselves through advertising. We don't charge from saints as long as they are good speakers, have a good personality, and a good background in Hindu philosophy. They really support us emotionally and so we don't charge them." Kabra claims: "From day one we decided to look for sponsors and that we would survive on advertisements." The range of advertisements they attract includes popular TV ads, indigenous ads for diabetes tea, weight loss tea, acupuncture ad programmes, and long tele-shopping ads (one even has film actor Jackie Shroff selling gemstones).
But is it easy to compete with the family dramas and sensational soaps that have hijacked India TV time like never before? Those in the business claim that the idea for religious channels is moral, social and spiritual, rather than monetary. Contends Rakesh Gupta of Sadhna: "Sadhna is a socio-spiritual channel. Since religion is not the only base, one can work towards building a society where one sheds personal profit for larger benefit."
Aastha's aim, according to its website, is to "vividly portray this strong heritage of India, for the upliftment of human life in all its spheres… Aastha aims at exposing and reminding people all over the world and more particularly the new generation of our strong roots to reinforce our mettle." Santosh Kumar Jain, director of Aastha, recently launched Ahimsaa TV with programming on environmental and women's issues.
Spiritual channels have sometimes come under scrutiny for being messengers of a particular religion, a disturbing thought in an environment clouded by religious bigotry. Says Shailaja: "Most of these channels are basically Hindu. And if you tie this up with the environment we are living in (be it Ayodhya or Gujarat), the influence of these channels could be significant. They might not be propagating fanaticism, but if they keep reaffirming Hinduism, they reinforce what people think, whether it is on purpose or not." But Sadhna's Gupta, though inspired by RSS ideology, does contend that they are open to programming from other religions as well.
In different ways, each channel is trying to diversify into shows that will get them more viewers. About the leading channel Sanskar, which started with staff mostly comprising family members, Kabra says: "We need to keep changing ourselves. Now is the real test. We have to reach new heights to avoid monotony. We are doing a lot of good programmes, but the challenge is to get the same viewers more interested."
Sadhna, which has plans for diversification, will now begin telecasting mythological serials like Tirupati Balaji and Ganesh Mahima. An interesting show on the anvil deals with inmates of Tihar jail and their lives, and focuses on the circumstances and behavioural changes they have undergone in jail.
Not just an Indian trend, religious channels have struck a chord with people around the world. The popularity of God TV broadcast in Africa, Asia, Europe, America and UK, and EWTN that claims to reach 70 million TV homes across the globe, are examples.
In news these days in the US is Bridges TV, to be launched some time in 2004 by New York-based Bridges Network Inc., which will target the eight million Muslims living in the US. It will be the first North American English language channel to represent the American Muslim experience. Apart from Muslim-centred news and entertainment shows, shows for children will include Muslim cartoons, Quran lessons, animated Quran stories and fables. There would be prayer broadcast five times a day from 1,500 mosques in North America, as well as live coverage of Friday prayers, and talk shows on Islam related issues.
Back in India, another new channel, Amritha TV, was inaugurated by Minister of State for Information and Broadcasting Ravi Shankar Prasad to commemorate Mata Amritanandamayi's 50th birthday. The channel is to provide "wholesome programming with strong emphasis on values and culture". A Malayalam channel initially, they gradually plan to include programmes in other languages. Noted Malayalam filmmaker Shyamaprasad, of the Kerala-based station, said that the effort would be to develop self-confidence in people. Spiritual and educational programmes would form part of the channel, which would also air entertainment programmes.
Since religion is not the only base, one can work towards building a society where one sheds personal profit for larger benefit.
—Rakesh Gupta, CMD, Sadhna TV
Even mainstream entertainment channels like Zee TV, Star Plus and Sony are riding the wave with slots for spirituality being allocated generously. When Zee TV was in need of a revival in 2001, they launched mythological serials like Jai Santoshi Maa and the expensive Mahabharat (produced by Sanjay Khan). Sony also has early morning spiritual shows like Dil Ka Dwar Khol, Amrit Varsha and Sant Asaram Wani, and the mythological Om Namay Shivay.
Star Plus, from Rupert Murdoch's Star stable, shows Jai Mata Ki and Yatra every Sunday morning. Yatra brings pilgrimage spots to your drawing room by including visits to holy places, accompanied by appropriate pujas and rituals. During the Navratri week, the show covered eight places associated with goddesses, including Kangra, Vindhyachal, Mahalaxmi temple of Kolhapur, Ambaji temple in Gujarat, temple Ma Shaarda, Jwaladevi in Himachal, and the famous Vaishno Devi shrine.
Jai Mata Ki, starring Hema Malini, is a rerun of the show that was earlier broadcast on Doordarshan and represents various forms of Mata Bhubaneshwari. The serial has been shot at the Bhavan of Mata Vaishno Devi in Jammu. A Star official says that people are at home on Sunday mornings and they like to watch these serials. Star recently concluded a series titled Gurukul, which explored ancient Indian culture.
ETC's live telecast of Gurbani from the Golden Temple in Amritsar (also relayed in the UK and US) has given the channel a tremendous boost. Even DD Sahyadri's show Hello Sakhi that was dedicated to Ganpati during the Chaturthi days, garnered ample interest. ETV Marathi's Ashtavinayak Darshan and their performing of abhishek in the names of viewers who had offered to participate, added an interactive dimension to spiritual programmes.
Much like the news-channel boom we witnessed earlier this year, religious channels might be the latest competition on Indian telly. Let's see how God works out for these devotees.
A mixed bag
Sanskar: Traditional discourses and bhajans
Aastha: Faith and religion
Sadhna: Bhajans, pravachans, astrology and live shows
Jeevan: Morality in society
God: Christian prayers and preaching
EWTN: Global Catholic Network
Ahimsaa: Religious and social issues.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


For the last 13 years, RCM has offered a fellowship to a Future Milwaukee Leadership Program graduate. The fellowship is for a 3-year membership in the Rotary Club of Milwaukee, with the expectation that the fellow will participate as a full Rotary member – attending lunches, participating on committees, volunteering and continue as a Rotarian after the fellowship ends. The goal is to foster an active relationship between Future Milwaukee and Rotary. We are excited to welcome our newest Future Milwaukee Leadership Fellow to the Rotary Club of Milwaukee, Beau Sanders.
Beau is an Associate at GRAEF, an engineering firm headquartered in Milwaukee. He has worked for the firm for 14 years and has managed projects across all markets including St. Augustine Preparatory Academy, Milwaukee Tool Expansion, and the 1433 Water St. Redevelopment. Beau has B.S. and M.S. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in Civil and Environmental Engineering and an MBA from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. He and his wife, Katie, live in Milwaukee with their three boys, Leo (10), Judah (8), and Graeme (5).
Welcome to the Club, Beau!


text:
Q: How can I process this curl request? I'm a front-end developer tasked with exporting macros from desk.com using a curl request, and I'm wondering how do I process this code? Do I write a script (and with what language) or can I run this through a command line console? Some basic guidance as to which tools I need to use would be extremely helpful.
Here's the curl request:
$ curl https://yoursite.desk.com/api/v2/macros/:id \
-u email:password \
-H 'Accept: application/json'

I know this approach to learning is unconventional but with some basic guidance I believe I can figure this out and potentially open new back-end learning opportunities.


America's leading EDM/dubstep metal band THE BROWNING have completed shooting a music video for the track "Fifth Kind", which is taken from their brand new, iTunes Top 10 Rock album, HYPERNOVA.
THE BROWNING travelled to the deep south of Savannah, Georgia to film the incredible video for "Fifth Kind" at an old monastery in the middle of the woods. The video was produced and directed by FRANKIE NASSO and JESS ORSBURN of Nova Entertainment (ASKING ALEXANDRIA, I SEE STARS, ESCAPE THE FATE).


text:
GOP Returns To 'Death Panels' Narrative In Desperate Effort To Change The Medicare Story
Republican Member of Congress, Phil Gingrey (GA), has decided that the moment has arrived to get back on offense in the debate for the future of Medicare.
At a press conference earlier this week, Gingrey returned to one of the GOP's favorite 'boogeymen' in an effort to make us forget just how much we hate the Republican approach to reforming Medicare. He went after the fifteen-member panel of medical experts established by the Affordable Care Act who go by the name the Independent Payment Advisory Board (IPAB).
According to Gingrey-
"Democrats like to picture us as pushing grandmother over the cliff or throwing someone under the bus. In either one of those scenarios, at least the senior has a chance to survive.
But under this IPAB we described that the Democrats put in Obamacare, where a bunch of bureaucrats decide whether you get care, such as continuing on dialysis or cancer chemotherapy, I guarantee you when you withdraw that the patient is going to die. It's rationing." (Via Politico)
Wow…that does sound scary! In fact, it sounds an awful lot like a …..Death Panel.
Thank goodness that absolutely nothing Gingrey said at his press conference beyond "My name is Phil Gingrey" has even the slightest connection to the truth.
Like it or not, here are the facts –
In order to keep Medicare spending under control, the Affordable Care Act, aka "Obamacare", established specific target growth rates for the government program that cares for our seniors.
To ensure that these targets are met, the reform law created the IPAB for the purpose of monitoring the growth of Medicare spending and to make recommendations to cut the same in those years where it looks like we are going to blow past the targets – and only in those years.
So, if the growth in Medicare costs is staying within the boundaries set by law, the IPAB has no authority to propose any changes whatsoever.
Why was it necessary to create this panel of experts?
Prior to creation of the IPAB, it was left to Congress to make decisions about who and what should be covered by Medicare.
While Congress has long had their own board of experts to rely on ("Medipac"), the profound influence of special interests combined with a general lack of understanding of the world of medicine – and the economics that rule that world – made it fairly obvious that Congress was not the best place to get the job done.
If you doubt this, simply look at how poorly Congress has managed the growth in Medicare costs to date. And before you blame this on whichever president you would like to put in the crosshairs, you should be very clear that it is, indeed, the job of Congress to make these decisions and manage this policy.
The IPAB was created to solve this problem.
As noted earlier, the board has no statutory impact whatsoever on Medicare payment rates and policy during the years when the spending targets are being met. Their powers only come into play in those years where Medicare actuarial reports suggest we are spending too much money per the restrictions established by Obamacare.
During those years when the board is required to come up with proposals to get spending under control, they will provide these proposals to the DHHS who must then implement them – unless Congress takes it upon itself to come up with their own proposals and pass them into law.
Thus, Congress retains the absolute ability and opportunity to effectuate its own program to bring Medicare costs back in line with the targets any time they wish. Maybe it was me, but I don't recall Gingrey pointing out this little detail. And there is something else that Representative Gingrey forgot to mention during his tirade. There is an entire list of policy items contained in the ACA that are specifically prohibited to the IPAB.
And what would you imagine is at the top of that list?
The Board is legally barred from proposing anything that will ration health care, restrict benefits or modify the eligibility criteria for beneficiaries.
What's more, until 2020, the IPAB may not come up with proposals that place the rates being charged by primary hospitals and hospice programs in their sights. This prohibition was the result of the ACA already putting the moves on these organizations when it comes to what the government pays them. Thus, it seemed fair to give them some breathing room for the next eight years or so.
As a result of these inconvenient truths, it is rather difficult to concoct the scenario where Gingrey and friends see this insidious opportunity for the board to ration our health care.
The only argument I can imagine is to suggest that the board could recommend reducing the sums paid to physicians who provide Medicare services to patients. Were this to occur, more physicians might decide to drop out of Medicare, creating a longer waiting period for patients needing to see a doctor.
Of course, even this is not rationing.
Further, the SGR issue is about to become a thing of the past as Congress moves toward reaching a permanent solution to the problem created by an outdated formula that puts physicians in a position of taking major pay cuts from Medicare each year.
Once the physician payment issue is resolved, it becomes hard to see where the IPAB is going to exercise this health rationing Gingrey so fervently fears.
What should disturb each and every American is not only that Gingrey is willing to flat out lie in order to feather his political nest, he is using that lie to pull our attention away from the true health care rationers in our system – the private insurance companies.
Think this is a liberal red herring designed to distract you from the evil government plan to kill grandma?
Ask your physician about the hoops he or she must jump through to gain insurance company approval to do the job you hire them to do. Ask them how much of their time and money is wasted arguing with health insurance company representatives whose sole job is to turn down a requested procedure so that they will not have to pay for the same. Take a look at some of your statements from your insurer and see where they've denied payment on any number of technicalities resulting from a contract you signed that you could not possibly understand.
This is the true rationing problem in the United States today.
Still, polls continue to show that many Americans are deeply displeased with Obamacare.
I continue to believe that this is the direct result of so many of us not understanding what the legislation does – and does not – do.
But there is one thing we should all be able to understand.
If the opponents of health care reform and the current approach to Medicare are continuously left to base their arguments solely on lies, should it not occur to us all that maybe the law is better than what we've been led believe?
If not, why the lies instead of criticism based on the truth?
By: Rick Ungar, The Policy Page, Forbes, June 24, 2011
June 25, 2011 Posted by raemd95 | Affordable Care Act, Congress, Conservatives, Death Panels, Democrats, GOP, Government, Health Care, Health Care Costs, Health Reform, Ideologues, Lawmakers, Medicare, Politics, Republicans, Right Wing	| Health Care Rationing, Health Insurers, IPAB, Medicare Costs, Rep Phil Gingrey, Seniors | Leave a comment
Memo To Gov Walker: This Is What Solidarity Looks Like
All of us have learned some lessons about the meaning of solidarity from the recent events in Wisconsin. Gov. Scott Walker's so-called "budget repair bill" was a draconian assault on workers' rights and unions. He followed this with what the Wisconsin education superintendent called "the greatest state cut to education since the Great Depression" and a host of other cuts that disproportionately affect poor people and people of color. Teachers and other public sector employees, along with parents, students, and many, many others, responded with an outpouring of creative, imaginative, and hope-inspiring acts of solidarity.
Solidarity is parents texting teachers to say: "I heard you were going to Madison today. Do you have space for one more in your car?" Solidarity is firefighters (who are not losing collective bargaining) showing up to parade among thousands of protesters every day for two weeks and sleeping on the cold, hard Capitol floors to keep the "people's house" open for the people. Solidarity is people from as far away as Egypt and Antarctica calling in donations to Ian's Pizza to feed protesters. Solidarity is strangers running up and saying "Thank you" as they sign a petition to recall their state senator in the most conservative, affluent white suburbs. Solidarity is when two educators can put together a protest on Wednesday night and get 200 picketers at a biased local news station Friday—after school and in the rain. The experience of being in the midst of something much larger than oneself—and realizing that we can change the world for the better, can take care of each other, can make decisions together—is life changing.
Acts of solidarity are growing in Wisconsin and beyond. And it's a good thing, because solidarity is what we need to sustain us during the most difficult time for public employees and public education that our country has seen in our lifetimes. As the wealthy—and the politicians they have purchased—continue their pursuit of privilege and privatization, we need to be even more audacious in nurturing solidarity for survival.
The attacks on the public sphere go well beyond Wisconsin. Ohio recently passed a law that prohibits collective bargaining over health care and pensions for all public employees, including police and firefighters. Michigan's Public Act 4, passed in March, allows the governor to appoint "emergency managers" for municipalities with "fiscal emergencies." The governors of Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, and a handful of other states hope to replicate and expand the policies of Indiana Gov. Mitch Daniels, who eliminated collective bargaining for state employees six years ago through executive order. New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie is refusing to negotiate with state workers over health and benefits, and has proposed eliminating tenure, seniority, and civil service protections for teachers while imposing a mandatory test-based evaluation system not subject to collective bargaining.
In Wisconsin, the teachers' union was a major force in getting people out to the Capitol, with the Madison local, Madison Teachers Inc., taking the lead. After the first day of sick-outs by Madison-area teachers, the president of the Wisconsin Education Association Council called on 98,000 Wisconsin educators to come to the Capitol to protest the bill on Thursday and Friday instead of going to work. The push and pull between rank-and-file union members and union leaders was evident. Activist locals pushed the state organization, and rank-and-file members pushed their union locals. On the flip side, many union leaders asked reluctant members to go beyond their comfort zones and get active to defend their rights.
When Wisconsin teachers arrived at the Madison Capitol to join the protests, they stepped into a powerful tradition of progressivism and unionism. The signs, T-shirts, and invited speakers made it clear that this wasn't just about teachers, it was about all workers' rights. As the days wore on and the fight drew increasing attention in the national media, protesters became increasingly conscious that losing in Wisconsin could be the beginning of the end for workers' rights across the country. Walker saw the situation the same way. He told a prank caller impersonating billionaire donor David Koch that "Ronald Reagan . . . had one of the most defining moments of his political career . . . when he fired the air traffic controllers. . . . This is our moment, this is our time to change the course of history."
Walker claimed that "Wisconsin is broke" but, as Michael Moore told protesters at the Capitol: "America is not broke. Not by a long shot. The country is awash in wealth and cash. It's just that it's not in your hands. . . . Today just 400 Americans have the same wealth as half of all Americans combined." In fact, one of Walker's first acts as governor was to give the rich another $140 million in tax breaks.
America's wealth is not only held unequally, it's also misappropriated in obscene ways. Virtually always ignored in these discussions is the looming U.S. military budget, which was $663.8 billion last year. What would that money and those human resources mean, directed to meeting social needs instead of poured into weapons and conquest, including the endless occupation of Afghanistan? The current crisis is not an "unavoidable" consequence of economic recession; it is a bill come due for bailouts, bombs, and unsustainable inequality. And it's being delivered to the wrong address by the political servants of the rich.
Cuts Target the Most Vulnerable
Compounding public employees' anger at the attacks on their jobs and unions has been growing anger about the debilitating budget cuts that destroy public services and make it impossible to serve the needs of students, patients, or clients. Among Wisconsin teachers, this led to a feeling of "What do we have to lose?" Late one night, as dozens of teachers debated whether to organize a sick-out, one teacher remarked: "If one-third of your building calls in sick tomorrow, you'll have the same staffing levels as you'll have every day next year after the budget cuts."
Attacks on the public sector—teachers, nurses, social workers, librarians, public health workers—are in essence attacks on the people they serve: children and those who are sick, elderly, homeless, disabled, jobless, newcomers, or otherwise in need of public services. In state after state, budget cuts have targeted those who are most vulnerable. The racial and class injustice of the cuts is undeniable. In Michigan, proposed cuts would close half the schools in Detroit, where 95 percent of the students are African American, and increase class size to 60. The Texas budget proposal would eliminate pre-K funding for almost 100,000 children. In Washington, cuts would eliminate prenatal and infant medical care for 67,000 poor women and their children. In Wisconsin the governor's new budget hits Milwaukee Public Schools, the state's largest and most impoverished district, particularly hard. The proposal denies health care coverage and food stamps to many more people in need, including both documented and undocumented immigrants. It will take away college opportunities from undocumented immigrants by repealing the current state law that allows any resident to pay in-state tuition.
Also in Walker's proposal is a huge expansion of public support for private schools. Milwaukee would become the first city in the United States in which any child, at any income level, could attend private school (including a religious school) on the public dime. And lest we think that this is a peculiarly Wisconsin development, the spending deal to avert a federal government shutdown in April included a plan to provide federal money to low-income students in Washington, D.C., to attend private schools.
This insistence on spending money on vouchers in the midst of a "fiscal crisis" exposes the right's real goals. This is the future that many people with great wealth, and those who do their bidding, have in mind: the decimation of workers' rights to organize, the withering of the public sphere, wealth and power increasingly concentrated at the top. The signs that proclaimed "We are all Wisconsin" and the solidarity protests across the country were a recognition that—as the Industrial Workers of the World said more than 100 years ago—an injury to one is an injury to all.
Sustaining Resistance
No doubt, in the face of these increasingly aggressive right-wing attacks, frustration, depression, and even desperation are widespread. But here, too, communities around the country can draw inspiration from Wisconsin. Months after the first protesters marched into the Capitol, people continue to organize. A few examples: massive recall campaigns aimed at state senators who voted to destroy collective bargaining; street protests dogging the governor's footsteps; teacher "grade-ins" at local malls to make weekend grading and planning visible to the community; campaigns to get out the vote for progressive candidates; a boycott, led by the Wisconsin Firefighters Union, against M&I Bank, whose executives are major funders of Gov. Walker.
Yes, this is no time to despair. There is too much on the line. But it's also no time to ignore very real and enduring problems in our schools. Too often, the enemies of public education have taken advantage of schools' failure to meet the needs of disenfranchised communities to push privatization schemes and market reforms—from vouchers to Teach for America—as the alternative. As educators, we need to listen to students' and parents' genuine grievances about public schools and respond with engaged imaginations and a determination to work together as school communities. We need to build labor-community alliances that directly confront racial injustice. Moving in that direction were May Day celebrations this year in Wisconsin, New York, and other states built by conscious collaborations of labor and immigrant rights organizations with demands for human rights that were explicitly pro-immigrant, pro-labor, and anti-racist. We need more cross-union alliances like Jobs with Justice to organize the unorganized and support all workers' rights—here and around the world. We need more teachers' unions that defend communities as well as contracts, and political organizations that see electoral campaigns as one aspect of a permanent mobilization toward democracy and justice.
As the articles in our cover section point out (see p. 14), we need to equip our students to recognize what's at stake—and to look at history and current social movements to see what people, including young people, can do when they act on their beliefs. If Wisconsin's Scott Walker has taught us anything, it's that what is at stake is the kind of society we want to live in.
These past few months in Wisconsin have shown that consciousness-raising and organizing can be filled with humor, imagination, and a bold spirit of resistance. We can build on this work, deepening and multiplying our expressions of solidarity, to sustain us through this intensely difficult time and propel us toward a more humane and just future.
By: The Editors, Rethinking Schools, June 24, 2011
June 25, 2011 Posted by raemd95 | Class Warfare, Collective Bargaining, Conservatives, Democracy, Economy, Education, Equal Rights, GOP, Gov Scott Walker, Government, Governors, Health Care, Ideologues, Jobs, Koch Brothers, Labor, Lawmakers, Middle Class, Politics, Public, Public Employees, Republicans, Right Wing, States, Union Busting, Unions, Wisconsin, Wisconsin Republicans	| Ethnic Groups, Gov Mitch Daniels, Poor, Private Schools, Public Education, Public Employees, Public Sector, Public Services, Solidarity, Teachers, Wealthy, Wisconsin Budget Repair Bill, Wisconsin Education Association Council, Wisconsin Recall, Workers Rights | Leave a comment


The Shaundra engagement ring is a true original made for a true original. This lovely piece showcases a sunburst of fourteen (14)* brilliant small round-cut halo accent stones encircling the 0.65 to 5.0 carat Cushion Cut center stone. Plus forty-four (44)* smaller side stones make up a very pretty pavé band, split in two long legs, together curving underneath in attractive prong accents attached to a cathedral-setting style set high on the woman's finger who wears it. You can choose the precious metal that suits her one-of-a-kind fashion sense: she, the one who caught your attention when you least expected it, she who stood out from all the others, she who deserves the best.
If she holds your heart in her heart, and you know she will forever because she has not only your heart but also your mind-- maybe even your very soul-- then let her know she's your shining star with the gift of a promised lifetime together. The woman who will become your wife (if she says 'yes' and we're rooting for you!)...her unique perspective has guided you through some of the best and worst times of your life. She makes you shine even though-- let's be honest-- she's inherently a lot more brilliant. She sparkles like a radiant vision of your dreams. In your vision, picture her wearing The Shaundra engagement ring. Exquisite! How did you capture her attention? Never mind. Bask in the glow of her love for you, thank your lucky stars, and treat her well.
Get The Shaundra engagement ring as a stand-alone or together with the matching anniversary band to complete the cubic zirconia bridal set!


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Differences between imported and locally made kits?
Home » Oz Thatch Answers » Differences between imported and locally made kits?
10. What is the difference between Imported Gazebo Kits and your Australian manufactured kits?
Most imported kits come from Indonesia; they are predominantly made from rain forest timber which is not being replaced or regrown.
They use coconut log posts which are not treated and are quite prone to dry rot and termite attack, they do not usually have engineering plans or meet Australian Building Standards.
We use F7 building grade timber to fabricate our frame structures, all timber used are renewable forest products and are pressure treated to prevent rot and termite attack.
The Thatch on imported kits is attached by twine which breaks down after a few years allowing the thatch to fall off, due to the design they are impractical to rethatch.
We attach our thatch with heavy galvanised 50mm staples, nails or screws so you will never have a problem and the thatch is easily replaced when the time comes.
Most imported kits are slip together without any fasteners with the posts just sitting on the ground leaving you with a wobbly structure.
We assemble all of our frames using galvanised fasteners and our posts are normally concreted into the ground, giving you a sturdy, long lasting structure, we have combined the ancient natural beauty and cool benefits of thatch with modern building techniques to give you the benefits and charm of thatch in a structure that is safe and will last.
Page Title: Differences between imported and locally made kits?


After decades of trying to feel good about ourselves, why do we still hunger for meaning and significance? In this provocative book, Glynn Harrison argues that self-esteem ideology has led us down a psychological cul-de-sac that causes more harm than good, and today's culture of narcissism and entitlement is the pay-off.
Healthy psychological development and fulfilment come from seeing the self as part of something bigger. To achieve the sense of significance that we long for, we need a worldview capable of generating meaning and purpose. The Christian gospel calls us beyond the goal of self-esteem, encouraging us to stop judging ourselves, embrace our identity in God's big story and look outwards to the pursuit of his glory. This is the only sure foundation for biblically based optimism, confidence and personal resilience.
About "The Big Ego Trip"
Glynn Harrison, MD, is Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Bristol, UK, where he was a practicing consultant psychiatrist and Chair of the Department of Psychiatry. He speaks widely on issues of faith and psychology, neuroscience and psychiatry. He is married to Louise.


USDA has unveiled new rules to change current school lunch program standards.
Best management practices help cattle get the most from grazing cornstalks.
Beef and dairy producers in the state of Washington may be headed for mandatory animal ID. That and more awaits you in this week's Trending Headlines.
Ribeyes are a health food, and here is a list of reasons why.
New research shows beef is good for the planet and good for you, too. Spread the word by sharing today's blog on social media!
Check the nitrate levels in forage to avoid nitrate poisoning.
A forage analysis can tell you a lot about the nutritional value of your hay or pasture. Here's a look at what numbers to consider.
Help a child in need with a purchase of a Snack Pak 4 Kids Beef Stik.


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text:
Das Centrum für angewandte Politikforschung (CAP) ist ein Institut für Politikberatung zu europäischen und internationalen Fragen am Lehrstuhl für Politische Systeme und Europäische Einigung des Geschwister-Scholl-Instituts für Politikwissenschaft der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.

Es wurde 1995 gegründet und wird von seinem Gründer Werner Weidenfeld als ein Dach praxisorientierter Drittmittelforschung benannt und liefert Entwürfe zu EU-Reformen, sicherheitspolitische Analysen und Erziehungsmodelle zur Toleranz. Hauptarbeitsgebiet ist im weitesten Sinne die Europäische Einigung, die über die 1999 am CAP gegründete Bertelsmann Forschungsgruppe Politik von der Bertelsmann Stiftung finanziert wurde. Dabei werden die Themen Sicherheit, Naher Osten, transatlantische Beziehungen, Osterweiterung u. a. einbezogen.

Im Sommer 2007 geriet Weidenfeld in einen Spesenabrechnungsskandal, woraufhin die Bertelsmann Stiftung als Hauptgeldgeber bekannt gab, sich bis 2010 als Finanzierungspartner zurückzuziehen. Weiterhin verließ Vize-Chef Josef Janning das CAP.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website des CAP
 Strategiepapier zur EU-Erweiterung (2006; PDF-Datei; 1,30 MB)
 Werner Biermann: Neuer Griff nach Weltmacht. AG Friedensforschung, Junge Welt, 31. August 2007.

Einzelnachweise

Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Denkfabrik in Deutschland
Denkfabrik zur europäischen Integration
Forschungseinrichtung zur europäischen Integration
Politikberatung
Gegründet 1995
Bertelsmann Stiftung
Organisation (München)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Serve.gov is your online resource for not only finding volunteer opportunities in your community, but also creating your own. Use Serve.gov to help you do your part. America's foundation will be built one community at a time –- and it starts with you.
King's last speech, "I've Been to the Mountaintop," is famous, yet almost unknown. Many recall the sharp imagery of its last two minutes, now enshrined on YouTube. In that snippet, King declares that he has gone to the mountaintop, seen the Promised Land, might not arrive there himself, but knows that his followers will.
Many have rightly criticized Facebook over how the site turns the unquantifiable beauty of human experience into something that fits into a database , or how Facebook misuses that database to earnfantastic profits. These are valid critiques; however, my concern is that the ultimate power of social media is how it burrows into us, our minds, our consciousness, changing how we consciously experience the world even when logged off.
This is the second of a two-part series on the Port Angeles city's cash-out policy.


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Claudia a Finalist in Mariachi Songwriting Competition
A song from our upcoming EP will be part of the 27th Annual Mariachi Vargas Extravaganza on December 3rd as part of the Original Songwriting Competition. Claudia is the only woman out of six finalists in this year's contest.
New Single: "Mi corazón te busca"
Cover Art by Armando Núñez
Nuestro nuevo sencillo ya está disponible en todas las plataformas digitales. Our new single "Mi corazón te busca" is now available on all digital platforms.
"La Leyenda Negra" Soundtrack
Our song "Un día de estos" is part of the soundtrack of "La Leyenda Negra" - a coming-of-age story about an immigrant teenage girl whose protected status is at risk - which premiered at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival, now streaming on HBOMAX.
Music


In Pennsylvania, a bicycle is considered a vehicle, and you must obey all of the laws that apply to other vehicles. There is also a set of rules that apply specifically to bicycles. If you ride in violation of the traffic laws, you greatly increase your risk of a crash, and will likely be found at fault in the event of an accident.
You cannot have more people on the bike than the bike is designed to carry but an adult can transport a child in a secure child carrier or trailer.
You can ride a bicycle either on the shoulder or the roadway itself, depending on traffic speed, condition of the road and other safety factors.
Like all road users, slower vehicles should keep to the right. Bicyclists may ride in the left lane of a one-way street that has multiple lanes. However, this does not apply to freeways.
You cannot carry any packages or other items that prevent you from keeping at least one hand on the handlebars.
If you use your bike between sunset and sunrise, it must be equipped with a front lamp, rear and side reflectors that are visible from at least 500 feet. This is both to help other motorists see you and also to illuminate your path.
Your bike must be equipped with brakes that will stop the bike 15 feet from an initial speed of 15 mph on dry, level pavement.
Pedestrians have the right-of-way on sidewalks and bicycle paths. You must give an audible signal as you approach and pass a pedestrian.
You are not permitted to ride a bicycle on a sidewalk in a business district (except where permitted by official traffic control devices), or where there is a bicycle-only lane available.
You can park your bicycle on a sidewalk as long as it does not impede pedestrian traffic.
You can park your bicycle at the curb or edge of the roadway where parking is allowed as long as it does not obstruct other vehicles.
Anyone under the age of 12 must wear a helmet when riding a bicycle. This applies to anyone operating the bicycle, riding as a passenger or riding in an attached restraining seat or trailer. The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation strongly recommends that all bicyclists wear helmets whenever they ride.
Bicycles are not permitted on freeways in Pennsylvania without permission of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation.
All traffic signals must be obeyed in accordance with standard vehicle laws. If a traffic signal does not detect your bicycle, try positioning the bicycle directly over the saw cuts in the pavement that detect vehicles. If the signal still does not detect you, you may treat the red signal as a stop sign and proceed through the intersection after yielding to all intersecting traffic (including pedestrians).
To signal a left turn, extend the left hand and arm horizontally.
To signal a right turn, extend the right hand and arm horizontally, or extend your left hand and arm upward.
To signal a stop or decrease in speed, extend the left hand and arm downward.
For More Information On How To Ride Safely Visit Our Safety Tips Page.