SALT LAKE CITY – His former team-mates on Utah Jazz had no interest in the juicy plot of the return of Gordon Hayward, the former face of the franchise who was fired at a free agency for more pastures Boston greens.
"You guys will pick up your stories now," Joe Ingles said hurriedly after playing the 123-115 Jazz victory on the Boston Celtics on Friday. "We hope to get on with life, at the end of the day it was Boston vs Jazz, it had nothing to do with a person or whatever it was."
Try to tell Jae Crowder.
Celtics striker Gordon Hayward concluded with 13 points on Friday night, playing in Utah for the first time since he left the free seat. Hayward was whistled loudly by Jazz fans who had previously acclaimed his every move.
If Gordon Hayward expects regret and desire when he returns to Utah on Friday, he will be disappointed. The Jazz are gaga on Donovan Mitchell now.
A season away from leaving the Jazz, Gordon Hayward makes his long-awaited return to Utah in a very different place than when he joined the Celtics.
Crowder did his best to set up the company line, triggering clichés like "We had to focus on ourselves," the media horde surrounding his locker. It was all true, but this was definitely not another game for the former Celtic who was deeply offended by Boston fans who sang the Hayward name when Jazz visited TD Garden months before the All-Star hit the free market. And Crowder readily admits he will always hold a grudge against the Celtics for putting it in the package they sent to Cleveland Cavaliers for Kyrie Irving.
So, yes, it was particularly sweet for Crowder to hit that dagger 3 from the corner with 28 seconds remaining – in case you could not know it from Crowder who was staring at the Celtics bench as he jumped along the opposite sideline.
"It feels good," Crowder told ESPN with a big smile. "I'll like it tonight really he wanted to win this game. I really wanted to win the game. It does not matter if I played well or badly, I just wanted to win the game. Obviously, I was able to play well. It means a lot to me to get this victory. We see these guys in about a week, and I want to get that victory too. "
It is a little appropriate that Ingles and Crowder, two boys who will always be bound to Hayward in totally different ways, have played such important roles in this victory.
Ingles, as you've surely heard, was Hayward's best friend on Jazz. Their friendship, as well as the fact that both are represented by agent Mark Bartelstein, got a lot of attention after Jazz signed a contract in four years, $ 52 million before Hayward's decision a couple of summers ago.
Did Jazz want Ingles to embark before their meeting with Hayward? Sure. But the The suggestion that Ingles was paid because of his relationship with Hayward was always ridiculous.
Of course, there are not many criticisms about that contract these days. Not after Ingles, who became a full-time starter for the first time since Hayward's departure, played such a critical role in helping Utah return to the second round of last season's playoffs. His performance in the Celtics victory – 27 points in his career with 10 points out of 14 with 5 rebounds and 7 assists – reminded the basketball world of its value.
"Honestly, I could not care less," Ingles told ESPN. "I understood [contract] regardless now, so that they can say anything they want. I do not really think about it too much. It's kind of the same story as when I came here. I was coming to mentor [fellow Australian Dante Exum]. I was signing to try and keep Gordon the second thing. I do not really care.
"I know the organization, the Miller, [general manager Dennis Lindsey], the coach and my teammates appreciate what I do and what I bring to the team. This is all that really interests me. "
Jazz also has a great appreciation for what Crowder brings to the team. It was a key part of the notable Jazz turnaround last season after arriving in a commercial expiration agreement from the Cavaliers, providing the versatility to play small ball ahead in Utah's favorite closing formation and fiery hardness.
"He has a heartbeat you can hear," said Jazz Quin Snyder coach, who wrapped Crowder's embrace after the win.
Ricky Rubio makes a perfect fake and then gives it to Jae Crowder, who breaks down a 3-pointer.
For the record, Crowder is rather grateful to have been mistaken by Cleveland, in contrast to his feelings for Boston. And he is proud to firmly believe that Boston has made a mistake in moving it.
"They know," Crowder said when asked if he wanted to try that point on Friday, when he had 20 points, 6 rebounds and 4 assists from the bench, including eight points in the last five minutes. "Leave it to that."
With all due respect, Boston has every right to believe otherwise, considering Irving's excellence. But that kind of logic is not going to hinder Crowder's competitive focus.
"He loves this kind of games," he said Donovan Mitchell, the young star who has played Hayward as the jazz go-to. "This is the kind of competitor that is."
Donovan Mitchell surpasses Gordon Hayward for a floater and Jazz fans love it.
Ingles is a different type of competitor, a calming influence for Jazz. He's also a poster fan for the Utah player development program, coming as a pickup of a pile of debris in October 2014 that he had never played in the NBA and improving to become an important piece of a play-off team. He became an elite 3-point shooter and a clever pick-and-roll builder, a skill he often showed at his friend Hayward's expense on Friday night, to the delight of the turbulent crowd.
"It was not a specific one, like," Let's take it as a target, "said Ingles of Jazz who put Hayward in the pick-and-roll after pick-and-roll during his first half of twenty points and four assists. "We found some things in advance that we kept coming back".
Jazz, a franchise that many expected to return to irrelevance after Hayward had left, found the formula a factor in the West. Ingles and Crowder are essential elements of this, allowing Utah to move forward with life and maintain the same noble ambitions.


Luis Suarez came back to haunt Manchester United and forced the opener at Old Trafford as Barcelona won 1-0 in the opening leg of their UEFA Champions League quarter-final clash on Wednesday. The last touch for the opening goal came off Luke Shaw after Lionel Messi and Suarez combined in the 12th minute, but Barca were frustrated in their attempts to add a second.
They left Old Trafford with the narrowest victory and will seek to guard their advantage at the Camp Nou on Tuesday. The victory marked Barca's maiden victory at the Theatre of Dreams on their fifth attempt, with a treble still in sight for Ernesto Valverde's side this season.
The dynamic appeared to change in the second half as Solskjaer appeared to position Pogba closer to Busquets, who is ever a key orchestrator for the Catalan giants. Fred and Scott McTominay were elected to start in the middle on Wednesday, but perhaps a lack of trust in those two to hold the core against such revered opposition played its role.
While Barca will be pleased with a winning result away from home, the two-legged affair is far from over as both teams showed hints this clash could change all too easily. Sergio Busquets was booked after 17 minutes and arguably could have been shown his first caution even earlier than that. Gerard Pique also had his share of wobbly moments at the back and showed signs that Marcus Rashford's turn of pace could cause him problems.
There was also a challenge from Pique on McTominay in the first period that, while slight, looked as though it should have resulted in a penalty.
United failed to find the target in 90 minutes at home but had more attempts on goal and were determined to break enemy lines at least, even if Marc-Andre ter Stegen's net remained intact. Full-backs Jordi Alba and Nelson Semedo were both impressive, but there were moments when their positions were exposed down the flanks and could be again. Anthony Martial looked a bother for the visitors after he came onto the pitch on Wednesday, and Frenchman could make more of a mark if he started at the Camp Nou next week.
Keeping the deficit down to one goal ended up being a consolation of its own and is a shorter distance than the two-goal advantage PSG took from Old Trafford following their visit. It is ominous that Barca have kept back-to-back clean sheets against Espanyol and Atletico Madrid in their past two home games, but a spirited United have shown they can give a closer run for their money.
The two teams will meet at the Camp Nou on Tuesday for their second leg. Prior to that, both teams will return to the field on Saturday as United host West Ham in the Premier League and Barca travel to La Liga's bottom outfit, Huesca.
Meanwhile, in the other match, Ajax held favourites Juventus to a 1-1 draw as Cristiano Ronaldo registered his 125th UEFA Champions League goal with a thumping header.


Join us to read and discuss Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom by bell hooks.
"The classroom remains the most radical space of possibility in the academy." -bell hooks.
How do we know when we are educating our students to be truly independent thinkers? What is the purpose of teaching? How do we address students who resist non-traditional teaching methods?
Bring your successes, bring your challenges, and brainstorm with your colleagues using the provocative ideas of bell hooks' book, "Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom."
This series of conversations will spur us to imagine what kind of classroom we want to create and what we can do to make that vision a reality.
Pacific faculty and staff who RSVP will receive a free copy of the book!


text:
Board index ‹ Conquer Club ‹ Map Foundry ‹ Drafting Room ‹ Recycling Box
[Abandoned] - Veneto
Abandoned and Vacationed maps. The final resting place, unless you recycle.
Moderator: Cartographers
Please read the Community Guidelines before posting.
by Ruben Cassar on Mon Mar 30, 2009 11:40 am
Italy has 20 regions. Veneto is located in the North Eastern area of Italy and the regional capital (capoluogho) is Venice (Venezia). This could be the first in a list of 20 maps comprising the 20 Italian regions, but I am a lazy guy with limited time available so do not quote me on that!
Mainly classic style play. The capoluoghi provinciali (provincial capitals) have a +1 auto deploy. These are Belluno, Treviso, Vicenza, Padova, Verona and Rovigo. The capoluogho (regional capital), Venezia has a +2 auto deploy. All these territories start as neutrals. The capoluoghi provinciali with 5 neutrals while Venezia starts with +7 neutrals.
There are also the provincial bonuses for each provincia ( Venezia +4, Belluno +3, Treviso +3, Vicenza +4, Padova +4, Verona +4, and Rovigo +2. The adjacent regioni can also be conquered. There are 4 of these (Lombardia, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino-Alto Adige) and if all of them are held they yield a +1 bonus. If all 4 plus Mare Adriatico are held they yield a +2 bonus. These territories start with 2 neutrals each.
Territories: 61
Note: Venezia does not connect with any land but can only be accessed from Mare Adriatico.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Version 1.9 - 06 April 2009
1. Added border to Veneto mini map in bonus section.
2. Removed orange borders from Italy mini map.
Version 1.8 - 30 March 2009 - http://i287.photobucket.com/albums/ll127/Ruben_Cassar/Veneto18.jpg
Last edited by Ruben Cassar on Mon Apr 06, 2009 2:16 pm, edited 3 times in total.
Ruben Cassar
Location: Civitas Invicta, Melita, Evropa
Re: Regioni d'Italia - Il Veneto
by thenobodies80 on Mon Mar 30, 2009 1:04 pm
Eh eh eh ! Lo sopettavo amico mio!
Italy is my homeland so I can rule!
Good idea, but i don't know if you can develope all the maps.
Community really want to play all these italian maps?
Not sure....
obviously i'm happy for your project and i glad to offer myself if you need help!
Some quick suggestions for you:
1. I like the adriatic sea, but i don't think you have to add the adjacent "regioni", them don't have a really sense in your map.
2. I think you can write "provinces", there's no a big diference with the italian word "Provincia" and the biggest part of CC speak english, not italian.
3. If you remove the adjacent "regioni" you can move the small italy map in the right part of the map, and the small legend for bonuses in the bottom left part. In this way you have the necessary space for the main title, now too small.
4. English people can understand "altri bonus" ?
5. Flag is little static more wind could be cool
6. Why not use this flag: , so you can use a different flag for each map.
About bonuses i need more time, but i sure you i will come back soon...
THNBDS
I do NOT visit this site and I'm NOT Team CC anymore.
All PMs are autobinned.
If you need to contact me, you should already have a way to do it without using this site.
Thanks to those who helped me through the years.
thenobodies80
by AndyDufresne on Mon Mar 30, 2009 1:17 pm
I think this map will suffer from both the "Is this really interesting enough to play on?" (think of the critiques to the random USA State maps), and may also suffer from "It you looks like your other maps a little too much, give us something new."
--Andy
AndyDufresne
Location: A Banana Palm in Zihuatanejo
by RjBeals on Mon Mar 30, 2009 1:39 pm
nice first draft Mr.Cassar. Here's what I came up with at a first look.
I think you need some impassable borders between the bonus regions. It's no fun having to defend every territory.
I like the pastel colors, but I think they need just a little more saturation.
What about giving the gray "all other regions" some sort of texture, besides flat gray?
This does really look like some of your other maps. You might need to switch it up a bit. Like that Roma map you started was really unique.
What about making a call-out box around venezia, and then having a larger submap of that area? just a thought.
I don't think you need the faint orange borders in the subset Italy map in the legned. It's also just to white.
I would also draw a border around the bonus regions in the mini-map. It will look much better.
I also don't like the dotted borders around the legends.
RjBeals
Location: South Carolina, USA
by Ruben Cassar on Mon Mar 30, 2009 1:52 pm
AndyDufresne wrote: I think this map will suffer from both the "Is this really interesting enough to play on?" (think of the critiques to the random USA State maps), and may also suffer from "It you looks like your other maps a little too much, give us something new."
I am used to these kind of critiques nowadays. But if I were to pay heed to them I would stop making new maps. I am going to be honest and blunt, after all the time I spent making this draft I was hoping for words of encouragement from your part Andy, and not this comment...
There is an ever widening gap between CC players and the mapmakers / people who come into the foundry and comment. The latter are a very small fraction of the CC community. I pride myself to be a bit of a missing link between the two communities as I play a lot of games and also make maps. Most people do not care about new innovative features in maps. There are a lot who just want a bigger selection of maps using classic style game play. Personally I am one of them...I seldom play many of the new maps which I feel try too hard to be different at times. That does not mean I do not appreciate the new concepts or the map makers who produce them. I appreciate every map created as I consider it a small work of art by the various map makers.
This map is not about creating new concepts, it's just about enjoying a map. I am enjoying creating it and I hope people will enjoy playing it. It's my style...so obviously it will be similar to previous maps I created in some ways. However I never made a map with so many territories before or used auto deploy. Even if it is not very popular I know there are people who will play it and enjoy it, and that I will have contributed something to this site.
thenobodies80 wrote: Eh eh eh ! Lo sopettavo amico mio!
Thanks for your comments Nobodies.
As I said in the earlier post I believe the community plays any map as long as it is enjoable.
1. I decided to go for them to create a different dimension to the map and create more territories.
2. Ah my friend. It's true I love Italian more than people who live in Italy.
3. I will consider this but I am more concerned about gameplay. I did not put much thought in the regional bonuses for example.
4. See 2 but I guess it's not that important since the description is in English. I did that on San Marino too. I love using Italian where I can.
5&6. I saw that flag. It's the Veneto flag. I tried to use it. I also have a "stemma", a badge of Veneto. The flag was so small when I tried to fit it in that the details like the lion were lost and not recognisable...that's why I opted not to use it. If I manage to put it in somehow I will.
Thanks...I will be awaiting more feedback on the bonuses from your part.
RjBeals wrote: nice first draft Mr.Cassar. Here's what I came up with at a first look.
Thanks RJ.
That's true. I might have to implement something of that kind at a later stage. I'll think a bit about it...
Really? I was afraid they were too saturated. The problem is that colours appear differently on monitors according to the settings of the specific monitor.
I did not do that because I did not want to put emphasis on the adjacent regions and leave the focus on Veneto.
Yes...I need to finish that Roman map one of these days...
I am not a fan of this option...and I am already struggling with free space.
Hmm...I did not understand this one. The coloured region in the Italy map is Veneto...is that orange? I thought it was brown...but you know me...I'm colour blind.
Yes...I think you're right...will try that.
I guess that's a matter of personal taste but point noted.
Thanks for the feedback RJ. I appreciate the time dedicated for these comments.
i think Rj said you to remove the orange borders in the small map of italy. You did a green veneto and others region white, but you left the borders.
Rj ask you to remove them and leave only the green zone.
thenobodies80 wrote: i think Rj said you to remove the orange borders in the small map of italy. You did a green veneto and others region white, but you left the borders.
Yes...I will fix that. That's a pic which I added, did not do it myself and had not even seen the orange borders. Hehe.
Ok, i take time to look your bonuses and gameplay.
With a first look the real role of the other regioni isn't so clear, but now i understand how powerfull they are!
I try to explain you best i can what i think:
Belluno Prov.: 8 regions and 6 borders
Venezia Prov.: 11 regions and 10 borders
Treviso Prov.: 7 regions and 12 borders
Vicenza Prov.: 10 regions and 10 borders
Verona Prov.: 9 regions and 8 borders
Rovigo Prov.: 5 regions and 8 borders
Padova Prov.: 7 regions and 16 borders
You are doing a "hard holding bonuses" map! anyways, belluno and rovigo are similar and seems to be the easiest to take in your map. The hardest is Venezia (i think impossible to hold), if you chose to follow this way i suggest you to set bigger bonuses.
Other regioni reduces the borders but really them give a bigger percentage that someone will attack you with few moves (with two good rolls i can attack garda from auronzo di cadore).
If you remove the other regioni, the map could be more easy to play. Removing adriatic sea, you can add some water routes in the adriatic sea (all from venezia)...and if you find a way to do, you can link venezia with mestre, the real only point of access to the city by dryland. Freedom bridge is very important (it's long 3,8 km ) in Veneto. On the other hand "other regioni" and adriatic sae add to your map a unique features that other maps missed. But gameplay is affected by your choice.
A good choice could be remove the bonuses and develope "feudal war" style bonuses. You take x armies for y regions in the same provincia you hold.
Agree with the autodeploy bonuses, a friendly support in this tricky map
Hope helpfull
TNBDS
Ruben, you of all people, should know I rarely like first drafts of anything. Maps have to win me over. I know you have the talent to do a great map---I'd just like to see you use that talent and not fall into any Cookie Cutter Cartography.
by Ruben Cassar on Mon Apr 06, 2009 2:12 pm
Veneto 1.9
Re: Regioni d'Italia - Il Veneto - Updated 06.04.09
As a side note I have been toying with the idea of having two versions of this map.
One would be a classic style version of the map and another one a conquest version of the map. Graphically they would be similar but gameplay would be diffirent.
I do not know if the foundry would allow me to have two versions of the same map. If yes, one could be defined as Veneto - Stile Classico and the other as Veneto - Stile Conquista.
by thenobodies80 on Mon Apr 06, 2009 3:47 pm
Ruben Cassar wrote: As a side note I have been toying with the idea of having two versions of this map.
i don't understand if you want to develop to map of veneto and leave members free to choose the one they like most or if you're going to develope two separate version of the same map for the live play.
you know i'm italian, but i don't think you will find the support for both maps.
I suppose you're developing for a series of 20 maps, in this case could be difficult to find the space for a double version of the same map.
Finally a small suggestion, for me is simple to understand what "trentino alto adige" is. But i suggest you to increase the size of the grey border to give to this regione a similar layout to the others on the map (Friuli-Venezia-giulia, Lombardia, Emilia Romagna).
You can reduce a bit the small italia square moving up the "Veneto" word ( i think you have 10 pixel of empty space), so you can add more grey zone and move the army circle.
Could be easier to understand for foreign people, something similar to my example (not so diiferent form your original image)
show: example
thenobodies80 wrote:
Forget the 20 maps for now. I was kidding up there. I don't think I'll ever have the energy to make a map for every region. I'll be lucky to get this one quenched at this pace.
What I meant was making 2 versions of the map. I'd like to have one for classic style play, with regional bonuses and auto deploy and another one with conquest style gameplay, something similar to qwert's Peloponnesian War map, where you have to hold some territories for a turn to win. I am still thinking about the options.
At this stage I am not developing this concept further until I get some feedback from the mods and see this move a bit.
by MrBenn on Tue Apr 07, 2009 10:58 am
Ruben Cassar wrote: I do not know if the foundry would allow me to have two versions of the same map. If yes, one could be defined as Veneto - Stile Classico and the other as Veneto - Stile Conquista.
I know that this has been suggested in the past, and I seem to recall lack saying "no".
PB: 2661 | He's blue... If he were green he would die | No mod would be stupid enough to do that
MrBenn
Location: Off Duty
by Ruben Cassar on Tue Apr 07, 2009 12:00 pm
MrBenn wrote:
I don't know...I never suggested it before. So I'm taking that reply as a definite no?
Any other feedback about all the rest of the map then? Is this ready for an advanced draft at least?
No one comments in here apart from nobodies anyway...
by Industrial Helix on Tue Apr 07, 2009 3:01 pm
This is a pretty cool map, here's some thoughts:
I don't like the region's being playable. I think there's enough playable map in the center. It'll give you a little more dead space, which is a pain. It's just I think that extra regions overcomplicate the map. Just an opinion.
Could Ca' Bianca and Chioggia be merged?
I know its not much to offer, but i really do like the map and hope you see it through.
Industrial Helix
by RjBeals on Wed Apr 08, 2009 8:09 am
Ruben, the update wasn't that impressive.
My comments below still hold true:
It's your call. They are definately not too saturated though. I'm all for pastel colors, but these just seem washed out.
* I would like to see what you come up with for impassialbe borders.
* The Title could be snazzed up a bit.
* The Country of Italy inside the call out box is still too white.
* There's no bonus region names - like whats the orange region called?
* The "All Other Region +1" - does it mean that if I hold all the gray circle areas, I get a bonus of +1? That will never happen because every outer Veneto region can attack the gray regions. Or does it mean a +1 auto-deploy on each of those? In that case, do they start neutral?
* Some of your colors look messy around your borders:
Ruben - the foundry is not what it used to be. Over in AADOMM there's talk of foundry revamping. There's a crop of new members who give good feedback, but the group we use to have has disappeared. Remember DiM's posts? Or Coleman always had great feedback. Even Andy would follow threads more closely and did have more than 1 or 2 sentences to add. Sorry you're feeling the way you are. Keep tweaking the map, and bumping it up and you will get noticed.
by Ruben Cassar on Wed Apr 08, 2009 9:33 am
RjBeals wrote: Ruben, the update wasn't that impressive.
Hi RJ! It was not meant to be impressive in fact. I just made a small update.
I started with something more than an idea as a first draft in my personal opinion but the map is still stuck as an idea with basically no feedback from admin. Apparently to progress you have to make a number of updates before the map is taken into consideration, so I'll conform to the foundry process and make small updates.
RjBeals wrote:
Ruben Cassar wrote: That's true. I might have to implement something of that kind at a later stage. I'll think a bit about it...
Yes. I agree and I will think of something at a later stage when the gameplay starts to be discussed.
Hmm. What do you mean with washed out? Should I increase the opacity?
The orange region is called Provincia di Padova. Padova is the capoluogho (provincial capital). Each province (provincia) gets the name of the capoluogho...similar to San Marino.
What do you mean Italy is still too white? I removed the orange like you said. What should it be if not white?
No you must hold them all to get +1. Much easier to hold than a region at this stage.
No I painted them all by hand RJ style. That's just an effect I used to create a kind of beach effect.
It's evident that it has changed. It's like a morgue.
I just think new map makers will get easily discouraged when they see no feedback but I don't have a solution. The foundry seems a bit too fragmented now in my personal opinion.
by Ruben Cassar on Sat Apr 11, 2009 7:54 am
Since I got no further feedback does it mean this is ready to be a sticky?
by AndyDufresne on Sat Apr 11, 2009 10:28 pm
Ruben Cassar wrote: Since I got no further feedback does it mean this is ready to be a sticky?
Hate to be the harbinger, but perhaps there is a lack of feedback because this map hasn't caught the interest of many people?
by gho on Sat Apr 11, 2009 10:46 pm
AndyDufresne wrote:
I have to agree with this. Maybe you should do a map on Venice city with the canals and cathedrals and everything.
I'd really like to see you work on your Punic War map, I really liiked that map.
gho
by Ruben Cassar on Sun Apr 12, 2009 2:45 am
Or perhaps the foundry system is not working and no one ever comments in the drafts section?
It's not only this map that has no feedback in here and you know that Andy. This map has been ignored for 2 weeks now.
Frankly I am still waiting for some feedback from you as well but all I get are these one sentence comments which do not help but have the only effect of trying to discourage me to work on this map. I never understood it, instead of encouraging the development of a map some people try to stop me from ever finishing it and this has happened in all the maps I worked on in the past. Don't you see that something is seriously wrong in this logic? I am sure that if this map ever gets quenched people will play it but those who play are not interested in coming in here to comment.
Also I am sick and frustrated of all this negativity instead of getting some encouragement for trying to make a new map or even some decent feedback from the people I expect to give feedback...
gho wrote:
Well I'm not quitting on this one even if takes 3 years to quench which at this rate will probably happen...but thanks for the feedback even though it does not help the development of this map...
Return to Recycling Box

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Gifts containing a hidden surprise are some of my favorite gifts. If the person loves candy, Tootsie Rolls are a creative way to surprise someone with money.
It's incredibly easy to roll up cash to look like Tootsie Rolls.
First, unwrap a Tootsie Roll and eat it. You won't be needing it. Save the wrapper though!
Fold a dollar bill into thirds, then fold into half, in half again, in half again, and in half again for a total of five folds.
Wrap the folded bill with the Tootsie Roll wrapper you saved. Twist the ends to make it look like there is a real Tootsie Roll candy inside. No glue. No tape. It's that easy peasy!
Repeat as many times as necessary to create more Money Tootsie Rolls.
The size of the Tootsie Rolls does make a difference. I used the "midget" size. The "mini" size Tootsie Rolls are too small.
Once I finished wrapping all of my Money Tootsie Rolls, I placed them in a clear vase for maximum visual effect. All you see are Tootsie Rolls!
You could also place them in a candy jar, but feel free to use any cute container. The dollar stores usually have great choices, things like small tin buckets with handles.
I've written a poem to give the gift recipient a hint that there's more to the gift than Tootsie Rolls.
Get started to find your real treat!
Of course, the amount of money is up to you. Using dollar bills will allow you to make more Money Tootsie Rolls but an occasional $5, $10 or $20 bill makes opening each wrapper extra fun. Be sure to mix in real Tootsie Rolls with the Money Tootsie Rolls to keep them guessing which ones contain candy and which contain cash!
Homepage » Birthday » Money Tootsie Rolls Suprise!


First session of the Ukrainian competition of student's scientific works on the specialty "Medicine"
First session of the Ukrainian competition of student's scientific works on the specialty "Medicine" dedicated to the 10-th anniversary of the Department of Hygiene and Social Medicine foundation was held on the 17-th of January, 2019, on the basis of the School of Medicine of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University.
The competition was attended by 12 students of 2-6th years of study who presented their scientific developments.
1 - Saveleva L. Peculiarities of health preserving behavior and student youth health status and their impact on academic success.
1- Maystrenko J. Influence of the chemical structure of preparations of glucocorticosteroids on the state of the microflora of the bronchopulmonary system in children suffering from bronchial asthma. (Academic adviser: MD, Full Professor, Chernusky V.G.).
Congratulations to the winners and their academic advisers on significant achievements and further successful scientific activity in the field!


text:
Q: MAAS for old hardware and Ubuntu for video production I'm an enthusiast newbie that runs a small (new born) video production company on the 3rth world... We have a mixed old hardware environment (about 6 machines from Intel P4 to core 2 duo).
I want to pull together this machines with MAAS (as a single server)
Then run Ubuntu (maybe Ubuntu Studio) with Kdenlive, Cinelerra, The Gimp, Audacity, Darktable, LireOffice, Mozilla Firefox and few other programs.
Then use thin clients to connect and run the applications directly on the server, optimizing this way the resources usage.
Is this possible?
Is this good?
or maybe I misunderstood the MAAS purpose.
If someone can enlight me on the way to achieve this I will be very happy.
Thanks in advance.
PS.
Excuse me for my English, is not my mother language :)

A: MAAS can help you to provision your machines, i.e you can power on/off, install OS e.g Ubuntu on your machines. To install the programs that you listed should be possible using juju charms. You might have to write a charm that installs the packages on machines.
MAAS documentation
Juju documentation

A: Finally ad after some research I found that I was looking for was a "Beowulf cluster" or "distributed operating system", and MAAS is NOT intended for that.
In fact no one of this solutions is really useful for enhance the overall performance running the kind of applications I want to run but are useful for very specific scientific applications.
In conclusion, what I really need to do is upgrade my hardware.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Localytics, a marketing and analytics platform for mobile and web apps, has released the App Stickiness Index, a new way for brands and developers to benchmark their app's engagement and loyalty values against industry aggregates.
The inaugural Localytics App Stickiness Index provides analysis of 25,000 apps through Q1 2014. Localytics defines a "sticky" app as one whose function, content, design, and marketing drive repeat usage, which is critical to achieving conversion and monetization goals.
The new Index reveals the short and long-term trends that impact app engagement. Using this data, app developers and publisher can identify the best opportunities to engage existing users or re-engage latent users with creative, personalized content and marketing campaigns.
1) Power users, those who launch an app over 10 times a month.
(2) Loyal users, those who return to an app within three months of their first session.
- Loyal user values dropped sharply in January 2014 to 16 percent, reflecting the traditionally low marketing spend in the new year combined with reduced content consumption post-holiday season when people resumed work.
- By the end of the quarter, the index reported an aggregate of 25 percent of power users, 19 percent of loyal users and an overall app stickiness value of 22 percent.
- The games category led with 23 percent app stickiness, with media and entertainment, travel and lifestyle and technology apps all coming in at around 20 percent. E-commerce and retail apps were at 14 percent.
- 22 percent of people only ever open an app once and that there is a 60 percent chance that users who don't return to an app in seven days will churn.
To learn more check out the full report.


We love looking at the details.
The ABMI manages and maintains excellence for all scientific and technical aspects of its data through the ABMI Science Centre.. As the ABMI has matured as an organization, its scientists have shifted their focus from protocol development in the early days to data interpretation and product innovation. And, the in the future, ABMI scientists and their collaborators will continue to be dedicated to working at the frontier of the science of biodiversity monitoring.
A key concern of ABMI scientists has been protocol development. Since the ABMI program was rolled out in 2007, however, there's been a shift towards finding incremental improvements in these protocols. The new question: is there a better way to collect the data?
The development of analyses and summary methods that produce clear and understandable measures of status and trend for biodiversity at both the site and regional scales.
The creation of products that support land use and natural resource decision-making in Alberta.
What are the trends in human footprint and species abundance in Alberta?
How can we account for the ecological benefits of recovery and/or reclamation of human footprint?
ABMI's Science in Progress shares the methodology and results of still-evolving work, which may be of current interest to organizations or individuals engaged in biodiversity monitoring. Science in Progress showcases interesting results or ideas, but content may be subject to change as the research develops and is presented on an 'as-is' basis.
Stay on top of our latest scientific developments, subscribe to ABMI's Science Letters—a short journal-like publication—focusing on a specific project and describes key results relevant to organizations or individuals engaged in biodiversity monitoring.


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Emma watson george craig still dating sex dating in pascoag rhode island
Her appearance in the all eight film series brought her various awards, worldwide fame and over £10 million fortune (US million).Despite the young age, Emma Watson has become very popular, and her career in the movie industry develops quite rapidly.Her childhood idols were famous actresses such as Goldie Hawn, Julia Roberts, and Sandra Bullock.Another passion of the young star was reading, although she never had such a fanatical love to books as her heroine Hermione.During her relatively short career, she won 25 awards and was nominated 35 times.Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson was born on April 15, 1990, in a respectable suburb of Paris, Maisons-Laffitte.
However, the film did not become very popular and received mixed reviews.Apart from the role in the by Noel Streatfeild written yet in 1936.The film director, Sandra Goldbacher, commented that Watson was perfect for that role as Watson had all the qualities that perfectly described the aspiring character Pauline Fossil.She was born to a family of English lawyers Jacqueline Luesby and Chris Watson. First five years of her life the girl spent in France (her mother Jacqueline Luesby is French), but later, in 1995, the family moved to the Oxfordshire, England (the birthplace of her father, Chris Watson).The marriage of Chris and Jacqueline didn't last long and soon fell apart.
The film set new records of the box office in its opening weekend in May, a non-May opening weekend in the US, and in an opening weekend in the UK. The film set a new worldwide opening-weekend gross record of $332.7 million.
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Cary COVID Report: July 15, 2021
July 15, 2021 /1 Comment/in Community, COVID-19, Featured, Health, News /by Ashley Kairis
Cary, NC — It's been a couple of months since we provided an update on COVID-19 in Cary and beyond. So, here's a look at the local, state and national numbers of the moment as well as some more information on the Delta variant of the virus.
Tallying Ends for COVID-19 Numbers in Cary
The source for Cary-specific numbers in previous reports was through the Town of Cary Emergency Operations Center that was activated toward the start of the pandemic. As of June 2021, these reports ended with the most recent being from May 20, June 1, and June 11, 2021.
In these reports, the total cumulative case count for Cary increased by just over 200 cases with 7,835 reported on May 20 and 8,061 tallied on June 11.
The Delta Variant
The most discussed concern with COVID-19 at the moment is what's been called the Delta variant, which is mostly affecting the northwest U.S. states along with Texas and Louisiana.
For those unfamiliar, the COVID-19 virus continually adapts and changes to survive. When this happens, a "variant" of the virus emerges and epidemiologists keep a close eye on these as they can prove to be more contagious or deadly than the original strain.
The Delta variant, which was first detected in India, has been linked to a rapid increase in COVID-19 cases in several countries, including the U.S. where it has been recently listed as the most dominant strain. The variant got this distinction on July 6, 2021, as it accounted for over 51% of national cases.
According to the CDC, the Delta variant has been proven to spread more easily, but scientists are still tracking the data to determine how deadly it is.
So far, all COVID-19 vaccines appear to be highly effective at protecting against serious disease, hospitalization, and death related to this variant. Health officials, though, are continuing to monitor other detected variants that could evade vaccine protection and lead to major outbreaks this year.
Across the board, officials continue to urge the 140 million to 150 million people who remain unvaccinated in the U.S. to get vaccinated.
Vaccination Rates: Wake County vs. North Carolina
On the NC COVID-19 Vaccination Dashboard, there are all sorts of metrics based on location, age group, gender, and more to keep track of the vaccination rollout for each county and state at large. Here are the percentages of the state population that are vaccinated in comparison to Wake County.
Percentage of NC population
Fully vaccinated: 46%
Partially vaccinated: 48%
Percentage of Wake County population
NC Currently Ranks 36th in the U.S. For Fully Vaccinated Residents
As for the vaccination rates of North Carolina compared to the other 49 states, NC ranks 36th in the nation for the percentage of the total population fully vaccinated. The latest data of the Mayo clinic puts the percentage of fully vaccinated North Carolinians at 42.7.
This compares with states in the top five that now have 60-66.5% of their populations vaccinated. These are, from 1-5, Vermont, Massachusetts, Maine, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.
National COVID News
For those looking for quick recaps of the latest national COVID data and spreading zones, Johns Hopkins University & Medicine produces a daily 60-second video with the latest maps and charts called, "Data in Motion."
These images are from their July 14, 2021 video.
Source: Johns Hopkins University & Medicine
Want to See Global Stats?
To see more national and global COVID-19 stats, we recommend taking a look at:
USAFacts.org
Story from staff reports. See more COVID news in Cary.
Tags: cary, cary-covid-report, coronavirus, covid-19, news
https://secureservercdn.net/198.71.233.25/jn7.0cb.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/COvid-report-featured.png?time=1642513469 800 1200 Ashley Kairis https://secureservercdn.net/198.71.233.25/jn7.0cb.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/cc-news-logo-450.png Ashley Kairis2021-07-15 16:36:162021-07-15 16:36:16Cary COVID Report: July 15, 2021
George McDowell says:
The head of the CDC has termed this latest wave of Covid that is overwhelming hospitals nationwide the "Pandemic of the Unvaccinated."
Cary-Based Athletes Competing in the 2020 Olympic Games Top 5 Stories of the Week – July 16, 2021


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Cal in the NFL: Week 3
While the young'ns took a rest, the NFL Bears put together another solid week.
By Joshua.Morgan@CGBJosh Sep 27, 2018, 7:30am PDT
Share All sharing options for: Cal in the NFL: Week 3
Well, They Played
These guys will show up on the stat sheet but may have not had the greatest of contributions in their respective games.
Every team needs a punter, and Brian Anger is just that for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Their magical start to the season was not able to continue in a dramatic Monday Night showdown against the Pittsburgh Steelers, as the Bucs fell by a score of 30-27. Anger contributed with three punts, averaging 42 yards per punt with one punt inside the 20.
Tyson Alualu found himself on the winning side of the Buccaneers-Steelers game, pitching in with two tackles.
Despite a great start to the season, Buffalo Bills linebacker Lorenzo Alexander was a non-factor in a 27-6 win over the Vikings, registering only a single tackle.
Struggling Stars
Some rare poor performances from two of our offensive studs.
DeSean Jackson finally cooled off after a blazing start to the year. Even though the Buccaneers passing offense still produced some huge numbers in the aforementioned loss to the Steelers, Jackson was shut down, catching 3 out of his 5 targets for just 37 yards.
In what should be a rare appearance on this kind of list, Keenan Allen of the Los Angeles Chargers managed just 44 yards while catching 3 out of 7 targets. He also lost a fumble in a 35-23 loss to the Los Angeles Rams.
The Offensive Line
More huge offensive numbers from the offenses of our o-linemen.
Even though his Falcons picked up a loss, Alex Mack and the rest of the offensive line provided great blocking on their way to scoring 37 points against the Saints.
While all the credit will go to Patrick Mahomes, don't forget the big guys up front in the Chiefs offensive explosion so far this year. Mitchell Schwartz has been a key contributor in a team that moves to 3-0 on the season with a 38-27 win over the 49ers.
A huge week for the following defenders.
Cameron Jordan found himself on the winning side of the dramatic 43-37 Saints-Falcons overtime game. While the Saints defense may have struggled as a whole, it sure wasn't because of Jordan, as he pitched in with five tackles and two sacks.
Mychal Kendricks saw his role with the Seahawks continue to grow, as he recorded 6 tackles and a sack in a 24-13 win over the Dallas Cowboys.
Though the Cincinnati Bengals suffered their first loss of the season, coming by way of a 31-21 score at the hands of the Carolina Panthers, linebacker Hardy Nickerson did his part, contributing 7 tackles.
A pretty great performance was had by Los Angeles Chargers' nose tackle Brandon Mebane, as even at a position where it is hard to accumulate stats, Mebane was able to record six tackles and a sack! As previously mentioned, however, the Chargers lost to the Rams by a score of 35-23.
Solid Performances
The steady offensive contributors.
CJ Anderson did little to contribute on the ground with Christian McCrapfrey taking 28(!) carries in a 31-21 win over the Bengals, but he caught a 24 yard pass for a touchdown. That is good enough to place him in the category of a solid performance, especially considering his role.
A lackluster week for Aaron Rodgers (at least by his standards) had him completing 27/44 passes for 265 yards and two touchdowns in a surprising 31-17 loss to the Washington Redskins.
While the Raiders fell to 0-3 with a 28-20 loss to the Miami Dolphins, Marshawn Lynch was solid as always, taking his 19 carries for 64 yards and a touchdown, and even adding three receptions for 22 yards through the air, both of which were season highs.
The Lions receiving trio of Golden Tate, Kenny Golladay, and former Cal star Marvin Jones Jr. keeps producing at a high level, this time leading the Detroit Lions to a shocking 26-10 win over the Patriots. Jones did his part in the game, catching 4 out of six targets for 69 yards and a touchdown.
Jared Goff, QB, Los Angeles Rams
When Jared Goff left our Bears for the NFL, these were the exact types of games that we knew he was capable of. Against a pretty good Chargers defense, he completed a ridiculously efficient 29/36 of his passes for 354 yards, adding three touchdowns and an interception in a performance that made for the easiest POTW selection that I have had to make so far.
Week 3 In Recap
The Bears combined for a 8–8 record on the week.
The average scores of these games were once again in our favor this week, as we edged out a narrow 28–27 win!
Season Record: 26–19–2 (I accidentally missed a win from Hardy Nickerson last week)
Pythagorean Win-Loss: 2–1
Bears Record: 3–0 (Bye Week)
GO BEARS!


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Declining Deportations and Increasing Criminal Alien Releases – The Lawless Immigration Policies of the Obama Administration
Chairman Sessions, Ranking Member Schumer, and distinguished members of the Committee, I thank you for the invitation to appear at today's important hearing. I am Alex Nowrasteh, immigration policy analyst at the Cato Institute, a non‐profit, non‐partisan public policy research institute located here in Washington, D.C. Before I begin my testimony, I would like to make clear that my comments are solely my own and do not represent any official positions of the Cato Institute. In addition, outside of my interest as a citizen and taxpayer, I have no direct financial interest in the subject matter before the Committee today, nor do I represent any entities that do.
This testimony will present the other factors that influence the intensity of immigration enforcement, such as unemployment, economic growth, violence, as well as the decisions made by policy makers both here and abroad. Historic changes in illegal immigrant apprehensions, intensifications of interior enforcement followed by relaxations, the ongoing drama of the Unaccompanied Alien Children (UAC), and other post-1965 shifts are all influenced by these other factors. Due to their influence, many immigration enforcement actions since 1965 have unintentionally increased the illegal immigrant population living in the United States.
ICE's Interior Immigration Enforcement
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) is the largest investigative division in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) responsible for enforcing federal immigration laws as part of its mission.
ICE's interior immigration enforcement peaked with 237,941 removals in 2009 and has subsequently dropped (see Table 1).1 From 2009 through 2015, ICE removals from the interior of the United States totaled over 1.17 million. During the years of the George W. Bush administration for which data is available, a total of 555,164 immigrants were deported from the interior of the United States Unfortunately, we do not have all of the data for interior immigration enforcement during the Bush administration, including all of the removal data for 2001 and 2002, as interior removals still does not bridge the gap .2 ICE has deported more immigrants from the interior of the United States during the Obama administration than it or similar agencies did during the Bush administration no matter how you measure it.
Another way of viewing the intensity of ICE removals is as a percentage of the total estimated population of illegal immigrants. ICE removals as a percentage of all illegal immigrants peaked at 2.12 percent in 2009 and average 1.48 percent during the Obama administration (see Chart 1). For the five available years of the Bush administration, an average of 0.83 percent of the illegal immigrant population were deported annually with a low point of 0.31 percent in 2003 and a high point of 2.08 percent in 2008. Even if we give credit for the 2009 removal percentage to President Bush because ICE had planned for that year's operations in 2008, his annual average rises to 1.01 percent. Restricting the credit for interior removals to President Obama's administration from 2010 onwards produces an average ICE interior removal rate of 1.38 percent. In both situations, President Obama's ICE has removed more illegal immigrants as a percentage of the entire population.
The major difference between the two administrations is the trajectory of interior removals. The number increased every year of the Bush administration while they began falling during President Obama's administration in 2010. As a result, the percentage of the illegal immigrant population removed in 2015 and the total number are similar to those of 2005 and 2006. They do not appear to be historically low figures compared to interior immigration enforcement in years prior to 2005.
Explanation for Shifting Numbers
There are several changes in policy and other actions that can potentially explain these fluctuations in interior immigration enforcement. Since 1976, several memoranda have sought to focus immigration enforcement on some classes of individuals and to deemphasize enforcement of others.3 More importantly, every Homeland Security appropriations bill since 2008 has required the DHS secretary to "prioritize the identification and removal of aliens convicted of a crime by the severity of that crime."4 The refocusing of ICE's immigration enforcement to removing convicted criminals betrays a quality over quantity approach to deportations that can explain a good portion of this decrease in enforcement.5 Another shift is the increased use of removals for illegal immigrants apprehended on the border as part of the Consequence Delivery System strategy implemented in 2005 and carried out by both ICE and Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in cooperation.6
Those are just two examples of policy shifts that affect ICE's interior enforcement. Instead of running through a litany of additional memoranda and policy changes, I will attempt to explain the underlying factors that prompted those changes in the first place.
Poor economic conditions in the United States have likely historically caused administrations and agencies to intensify immigration enforcement while improving economic conditions have caused a relaxation in such enforcement. Interior immigration enforcement ramps up when economic growth is poor and unemployment is high — as happened in the early 1950s, 1987, 1994, and 2001.7 The Great Recession of late 2007 to 2009 was preceded by a weakening economy and included a financial and housing crisis. Not coincidentally, these are the years when ICE's interior immigration enforcement efforts were most effective — adding more evidence to the theory.
Economists William F. Shughart III, Robert D. Tollison, and Mwangi S. Kimenyi found that immigration laws are more strictly enforced during times of economic contraction and less stringently enforced during times of economic expansion.8 Adding more weight to those findings, economists Michael D. Makowsky and Thomas Stratmann found that from 1990 to 2000, the number of immigration and I-9 audits and the amount of discretionary fines levied against firms for violating immigration laws increases with unemployment.9 Interior economic conditions also affect enforcement along the border. Economists Gordon H. Hanson and Antonio Spilimbergo found that when industries that employ many illegal immigrants expand rapidly then even border control relaxes to allow more in — at least from the early 1970s until the late 1990s.10 In each one of those situations, immigration enforcement decreases after the end of high unemployment and the resumption of economic growth.
Lack of Incentives
New immigration enforcement tools such as E-Verify provide an even starker lesson in incentives. Alabama, Arizona, Mississippi, and South Carolina mandate E-Verify for all new hires in order to prevent the employment of illegal immigrants and to thus turn off the jobs magnet. Employers largely ignore E-Verify in these states and officials there have little interest in enforcing it.11 In 2014, only 56 percent of the new hires in Alabama, 57 percent of the new hires in Arizona, 44 percent of the new hires in Mississippi, and 54 percent of the new hires in South Carolina were even run through E-Verify despite a universal mandate in all of those states.12 E-Verify will not be effective on its own, it must be enforced in order to achieve its goals and it is not being enforced in states where immigration enforcement is politically popular. If the governments of those states do not want to enforce E-Verify then it will be very difficult to enforce it in jurisdictions where the program is less well liked.
Turning off the jobs magnet is also very difficult and likely counter productive. According to a figure known as the place premium, the marginal Mexican worker can increase his or her wages by 253 percent by simply immigrating to the United States.13 An effective immigration enforcement tool must lower that gain enough to disincentivize him from attempting to work in the United States. From that starting point, E-Verify in Arizona lowered the wage gain for Mexican illegal immigrants from 253 percent to 240 percent.14 Although illegal immigrants already face a wage penalty relative to similarly skilled natives due to the I-9 requirements, likely the most successful illegal immigration deterrence program in effect, E-Verify's contribution barely registers.15
Interior enforcement tools like E-Verify can only have an impact if officers show up and monitor worksite compliance. The Obama administration has enforced worksite immigration laws more intensely than any other President.16 Compared to the George W. Bush administration, the Obama administration has issued 5.1 times as many final orders, 15.5 times as many administration fines, 8.3 times as many administrative arrests, and initiated 7.6 times as many cases.17 The Bush administration did ramp up interior enforcement on worksites when the economy started to slow at the beginning of the housing price decline. Enforcement increased even more rapidly during the Great Recession and then relaxed afterward as the economy improved — with the exception of administrative fines and final orders that have remained high through 2014. This pattern of enforcement and then moderate relaxation is partially consistent with the economic theories that track the intensity of enforcement on economic conditions.
If interior enforcement tools like E-Verify were to be initially effective at excluding illegal immigrants from employment in the United States then the wages in those occupations where they no long work would rise, which would then increase the wage gain from immigrating to the United States, which would then compensate immigrants who are willing to risk the illegal move. In this way, interior immigration enforcement tools could increase the power of the jobs magnet in the long run.
Two big events have happened over recent years along the Southwest border. The first is the collapse of Mexican illegal immigration and the second is the rise of apprehensions from nations Other Than Mexico (OTM) who are mostly Central Americans. Those combined facts have dramatically reduced the flow of illegal immigrants that has in turn reduced apprehensions from about 1.7 million in 2000 to 337,117 in 2015, a 79.9 percent decline.18 Apprehension figures for 2015 were a mere 60,000 below the same number apprehended in 1972.19
The number of Mexican apprehensions peaked in 2000 at just over 1.6 million and has since fallen by 88.5 percent to 188,122 in 2015 (Table 2).20 Over the same time period, OTMs increased from about 39,555 to about 148,995 — a 276.7 percent increase. In 2014, the number of Mexican apprehensions dipped below 50 percent and was overtaken by OTMs for the first time — although it lasted for only one year (Chart 2). The entire decline in apprehensions can be attributed to the collapse of Mexican illegal immigration. If OTM apprehensions had remained at their 2000 level while the Mexican apprehensions fell as they actually did, there would have been 110,000 fewer total apprehensions in 2015 than there actually were.
The increase in OTMs, especially those apprehended as Unaccompanied Alien Children (UAC), has caused much worry. Their numbers did increase by over 40,000 from 2010 to 2014 — a 269 percent boost.21 While that is a significant increase, they appear all the larger and take up a more significant chunk of apprehensions because of the collapse of Mexican apprehensions (Chart 3). For instance, UACs peaked at 68,631 in 2014 at 14 percent of all CBP apprehensions that year — a substantial figure (Table 3).22 If that same number of UAC had been apprehended in 2000, they would have comprised a mere 3.6 percent of all apprehensions.
Border apprehensions have historically been responsive to changes in Mexican real wages. For instance, a 10 percent relative decline in Mexican real wages is associated with a 6 to 8 percent increase in border apprehensions.23 This again reveals a paradox for U.S. immigration enforcement. If effective immigration restrictions raise U.S. wages in certain occupations then the benefits for an illegal immigrant to come here and work are higher than before, potentially wiping out the gains in enforcement.24
Those relative Mexican wages, however, have changed in a different direction. Mexican per capita GDP adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP) is much higher today than it was in 1990 (Chart 4). The United States per capita GDP PPP was almost four times as high in 1990 as it was in Mexico but is now just below 3.2 times as high (Chart 5). The relatively improved Mexican economy is more attractive to would-be illegal immigrants, incentivizing more of them to stay and thus decrease Mexican apprehensions.
Those GDP per capita PPP ratios are far higher for Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala, indicating that the income gains from moving the United State are much higher in those Central American nations than in Mexico (Chart 6). We can expect more illegal immigration from those nations in the future.
Economist Michael Clemens at the Center for Global Development found that the number of emigrants drops dramatically when sending country per capita GDP PPP rises to between $7000 and $8000.25 However, that measurement takes account of all nations in the world and does not correct for transportation costs. Mexico's proximity to the United States greatly lowers the cost of immigrating here illegally, explaining the accelerated illegal immigration of Mexicans even after per capita GDP PPP there rose above $8000 in the mid-1990s.26 Central Americans can also illegally immigrate cheaply due to their proximity so we should not expect illegal immigration from those countries to halt once their income rises to the $7000 to $8000 range.
The age of mass illegal immigration from Mexico is likely over for myriad reasons other than border or interior enforcement. The most serious rebuttal to this analysis by Edward Alden, Bryan Roberts, and John Whitley attributes only one-third of the downturn in illegal immigration to increased enforcement while economic factors explain the rest.27 However, illegal immigration from Central American nations will likely continue in the future due to their relative poverty, high rates of violence, and increased family connections in the United States.
Criminal Alien Releases and Sanctuary Cities
DHS Secretary Jeh Johnson reacted to the President's executive action of November 20, 2014 by discontinuing Secure Communities (S-COMM) and replacing it with the Priority Enforcement Program (PEP). The new PEP prioritizes ICE's removal actions by allowing them to only seek a transfer from state or local custody to their own if the alien falls under Priority 1 — threats to national security, border security, and public safety.28
There is a potential tradeoff between enforcing immigration laws on the local level and the ability of local police to enforce local and state criminal laws.29 S-COMM's phased rollout from 2008 to early 2013 occurred in stages unrelated to local crime, thus providing an opportunity to use a difference-in-difference statistical approach to understand how the program affected local crime rates. S-COMM had zero effect on local crime rates one way or the other30 and it did not result in increased police brutality as some opponents feared.31 As a policy tool to increase public safety through targeted immigration enforcement, S-COMM has zero measurable effect on crime rates.
In 2015, ICE released 19,723 criminal aliens pending removal proceedings. Two-thirds of those releases were legally required rather than the result of ICE's use of discretion. ICE's custody decisions may be subject to review by the DOJ's Executive Office of Immigration Review (EOIR). Several Supreme Court cases have also placed limits on ICE's ability to detain removable individuals.32
Unaccompanied Alien Children
The 2014 surge in Unaccompanied Alien Children (UAC) produced fewer total juvenile apprehensions than in the years 2004 and 2005 and slightly more than the number apprehended in 2006 (Table 4).33 The subcategory of UAC has certainly surged in these years but the total number of juvenile apprehensions is not out of the ordinary. Due to the decline in all apprehensions, juvenile apprehensions are a much larger proportion of all apprehensions.
U.S. government policy did not likely cause the UAC surge. The two government policies most commonly credited with started the surge were the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 (TVPRA) and President Obama's June 15, 2012 announcement of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) that could have signaled an amnesty that UAC could take advantage of. The TVPRA codified procedures created in the 1990s for the return of Mexican UAC without a court hearing unless they said they were trafficked or that they feared persecution. Central American UAC were granted a court hearing and, prior to the surge in 2014, were released to their families in the United States.
DACA likely didn't influence the surge of UAC in 2014 for several reasons. First, the increase in UAC was already underway by June 15th when President Obama announced DACA. Since February of that year, the monthly UAC had been above 2000 that prompted then Texas Governor Rick Perry to write a letter to President Obama complaining about the situation.34 President Obama announced DACA more than a month after received Governor Perry's letter.
Second, DACA did not set off a rush for the border.35 It took nine more months after DACA was announced for the number of UAC to rise above 4000 and another two years before it peaked in June 2014 at over 10,000 (Chart 7).36 Third, DACA would not apply to these UAC because they have not resided in the United States since June 15, 2007.37
There are other explanations that help explain the surge of UAC. One is that violence in Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador are pushing these children out toward the United States. The homicide rates there are high and gang violence is targeting the young (Chart 8).
The second potential explanation is that the UAC surge is a result of family reunification. During the Great Recession, the stock of Central American illegal immigrants actually increased while the number of Mexicans decreased.38 The surge of UAC years later is merely the reunification part of that initial illegal immigration. Thirty-six percent of all unaccompanied children surveyed prior to 2014 had at least one parent already in the United States and many mentioned "family reunification" as a reason for coming.39 This survey likely undercounts the family ties between the UAC and their U.S.-based family because it excludes extended family connections. Aunts, uncles, and cousins also provide a bridge for UAC to live in the United States. Many of the UAC are being reunited with their family members in the United States even though many of them are currently working and living here illegally.40
The third potential explanation is that the Mexican government unintentionally caused this surge by substantially liberalizing its immigration laws. In 2011, the Mexican legislature passed the Migratory Act that went into effect on November 1, 2012. This law replaced the older and harsher General Law of Population that regulated immigration. The Migratory Act reduced the punishment for illegal entry, guaranteed the equal treatment of migrants and Mexican nationals under the law, established family unity as an important principle of Mexican immigration law, created offices to protect migrant rights and to investigate crimes committed against them, simplified entrance and residence requirements, established a points system for those who apply for residency, started a guest worker visa program for Guatemalans, and created a 3 day regional visitors visa for tourists from neighboring countries.41 The UAC were surging to record numbers within five months of the new Mexican law going into effect.
Related to the Mexican liberalization, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, and Nicaragua signed a border control agreement in 2006 that created a common passport and obliterated border controls and movement restrictions between those four countries. Liberalized Mexican and Central American immigration laws and border controls likely played a large role in lowering the cost of migrating to the United States.42
Border Enforcement, Legal Migration, and Illegal Immigration
The age of modern illegal immigration began in 1965 when the federal government cancelled the Bracero guest worker visa program for Mexican farm workers and imposed numerical quotas on Western Hemisphere countries for the first time. Both actions limited the legal migration opportunities for lower-skilled Mexicans. Since then the border patrol's staff has grown over 14 fold while the size of the illegal immigrant population peaked at 12.2 million in 2007 before dropping to 11.3 million in 2014.43 The number of apprehensions per border patrol agent peaked at 953 in 1954 and has dipped to 16.6 in 2015, which approaches those seen during the heyday of the Bracero Program and during World War II (Chart 9).
The Bracero Program allowed in almost five million Mexican workers to legally work on American farms from 1942 to 1964. The program underwent several reforms during its existence so that by the mid-1950s working on a Bracero visa was easier than doing so illegally. Importantly, hiring a Bracero was also easier than hiring an illegal worker. As a result, the flow of Mexican illegal immigration reduced by upwards of 90 percent during the 1950s even as the number of border patrol officers remained about the same.
Congress ended the Bracero Program in 1964 and the Immigration Act of 1965 imposed quotas on Mexicans for the first time. Those restrictions on legal migration opportunities created a large black market that thrived after 1965. The H-2 visa program for lower-skilled workers could not legally supply American demand for Mexican laborers. After 1965, border patrol apprehensions skyrocketed as the number of legal migrant visas shrank and stayed small (Chart 10).
From 1965 to 1986, about 28 million illegal Mexican immigrants entered the United States who were then offset by 23.4 million departures, yielding a net increase of only 4.6 million.44 Like the Bracero Program, the illegal cross border flow was mostly temporary. From 1965 to 1986, the likelihood of an illegal immigrant returning to Mexico after his first trip varied between 55 to 60 percent while the likelihood of returning from a second trip was 80 percent.45
The passage of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act legalized many of the unauthorized Mexicans but also interrupted the traditional temporary worker flow by boosting border security. As a result, a Mexican illegal immigrant's probability of returning to Mexico plummeted.46 Subsequent increases in border enforcement further reduced that probability as the price of smuggling into the United States likely rose in response.47 According to one estimate, a 10 percent increase in enforcement hours results in a 2.5 percent increase in the smuggling price.48 Even though smuggling prices and enforcement increased along the border, there is an emerging consensus that more security did little to reduce illegal immigration to the United States.49 High costs to enter increased the length of stay and increased the cost of leaving by limiting return options.
Even if immigration enforcement along the border did little to keep out illegal immigrants, it did produce many unanticipated consequences. The first is that it locked many unauthorized migrants inside of the United States.50 If the worker cannot move back and forth then his family will come north — and that is exactly what has happened since 1986. New border control strategies like the Consequence Delivery System and others are ineffective at deterring illegal immigration and do more to lock them inside of the United States once they are here.51 The second effect was that increased enforcement redirected the flow of illegal immigrants toward different sectors of the border, primarily Arizona, that funneled them to different parts of the United States.52 To quote Douglas Massey of Princeton University, "the unprecedented militarization of the Mexico-U.S. border not only failed in its attempt to reduce undocumented migration but backfired by increasing the rate of undocumented population growth and turning what had been a circular flow of male workers going to three states into a settled population of families living in 50 states."53
As a response to expanded border security, those who intend to immigrate illegally are increasingly overstaying their nonimmigrant visas. According to the most recent estimate by Robert Warren and Donald Kerwin, 58 percent of total illegal immigrant arrivals in 2012 were overstays up from an estimated 26 percent in the mid-1980s.54
Increased border enforcement and funding inevitably led to more apprehensions because the additional resources could always be used to apprehend more illegal migrants. This cycle was shattered by the Great Recession.55 Immigration enforcement did not end the age of Mexican illegal immigration, a financial and housing crisis did. A large migrant worker program like Bracero could channel the vast majority of future would-be illegal immigrants, likely to come from Central America, into the legal market. It worked during the early days of the Bracero Program and it could do so again.56
Many of the government's actions to halt illegal immigration are either ineffective or counterproductive. The economy and administrative incentives predictably drive cycles of harsh immigration enforcement and periods of relative laxity. New enforcement tools like E-Everify will be subject to these same constraints.
Illegal immigration from Mexico has collapsed due to economic changes in that country and the United States, not because of enforcement. However, illegal immigration has increased from Central American nations due to numerous factors in addition to the usual economic draw. If border enforcement was the explanation for the decline in Mexican illegal immigration then we should not also be seeing a rise in Central American illegal immigration. Illegal immigration from Central America will eventually decline when their incomes rise compared to those of Americans and violence declines.
The formidable state of current immigration enforcement, much of it expanded and more enforced by the Obama administration than any other administration, certainly deters some illegal immigrants from entering the United States but it also locks many inside who would otherwise have left.57 Instead of a large population flowing back and forth across the border based on economic cycles, the stock of illegal immigrants is more permanent and settled. According to estimates Professor Doug Massey at Princeton, there would be 5.3 million fewer illegal immigrants in the United States in 2011 if immigration enforcement was at its pre-1986 level.58
1 Department of Homeland Security, "ICE Enforcement Removal Operations Report, Fiscal Year 2015," December 22, 2015, p. 8., https://www.ice.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Report/2016/fy2015removalStats.pdf.
2 Department of Homeland Security, "Yearbook of Immigration Statistic: 2014," Table 39, https://www.dhs.gov/yearbook-immigration-statistics-2014-enforcement-actions.
3 These listed memoranda are available, see U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Assistant Secretary John Morton, memorandum to ICE Field Office Directors, Special Agents in Charge, and Chief Counsel, "Exercising Prosecutorial Discretion Consistent with the Civil Immigration Enforcement Priorities of the Agency for the Apprehension, Detention, and Removal of Aliens," June 17, 2011, https://www.ice.gov/doclib/secure-communities/pdf/prosecutorial-discretion-memo.pdf.
4 The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2016 (H.R. 2029) is the most recent version of this, https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2029/text.
5 Testimony of Marc R. Rosenblum, Deputy Director, Migration Policy Institute, before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary: "Oversight of the Administration's Criminal Alien Removal Policies," http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/senate-judiciary-testimony-immigration-enforcement-priorities-and-use-prosecutorial.
6 Testimony of Michael J. Fisher, Chief, U.S. Border Patrol, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, before the House Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Border and Maritime Security: "Does Administrative Amnesty Harm our Efforts to Gain and Maintain Operational Control of the Border?" https://www.dhs.gov/news/2011/10/04/written-testimony-cbp-house-homeland-security-subcommittee-border-and-maritime.
7 Gordon H. Hanson, "The Governance of Migration Policy," United Nations Development Programme, Working Paper 2009/02, p. 21 http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdrp_2009_02_rev.pdf, Gordon H. Hanson Hanson, "Illegal Migration from Mexico to the United States," Journal of Economic Literature, 44 (2006): 869-924, and William F. Shughart II, Robert D. Tollison, and Mwangi S. Kimenyi, "The Political Economic of Immigration Restrictions," Yale Journal on Regulation 4, 1 (Fall 1986): 79-97.
8 William F. Shughart II, Robert D. Tollison, and Mwangi S. Kimenyi, "The Political Economic of Immigration Restrictions," Yale Journal on Regulation 4, 1 (Fall 1986): 79-97.
9 Michael D. Makowsky and Thomas Stratmann, "Politics, Unemployment, and the Enforcement of Immigration Law," Public Choice 160, 1 (2014): 131-153.
10 Gordon H. Hanson and Antonio Spilimbergo, "Political Economy, Sectoral Shocks, and Border Enforcement," The Canadian Journal of Economics 34, 3 (2001): 612-638.
11 Alex Nowrasteh and Jim Harper, "Checking E-Verify: The Costs and Consequences of a National Worker Screening Mandate," Cato Institute Policy Analysis 775, July 7, 2015, p. 8, https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa775_1.pdf.
12 Alex Nowrasteh, "Employers Ignore E-Verify," Cato At Liberty, September 1, 2015, https://www.cato.org/blog/employers-ignore-e-verify.
13 Michael Clemens, Claudio Montenegro, and Lant Pritchett, "The Place Premium: Wage Difference for Identical Workers across the U.S. Border," Center for Global Development Working Paper Number 148, July 2008, p. 11, http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/16352_file_CMP_place_premium_148.pdf.
14 Alex Nowrasteh and Jim Harper, "Checking E-Verify: The Costs and Consequences of a National Worker Screening Mandate," Cato Institute Policy Analysis 775, July 7, 2015, p. 11, https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa775_1.pdf.
15 Douglas S. Massey, Jorge Durand, and Nolan J. Malone, Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002): 118-121.
16 Andorra Bruno, "Immigration-Related Worksite Enforcement: Performance Measures," Congressional Research Service, June 23, 2015.
18 United States Border Patrol Apprehensions Data by Fiscal Year, https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/documents/BP%20Total%20Apps,%20Mexico,%20OTM%20FY2000-FY2015.pdf.
21 United States Border Patrol, Total Unaccompanied Alien Children, https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/documents/BP%20Total%20Monthly%20UACs%20by%20Sector.%2C%20FY10-FY16TD-Jan.pdf
23 Gordon H. Hanson and Antonio Spilimbergo, "Illegal Immigration, Border Enforcement, and Relative Wages: Evidence from Apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico Border," American Economic Review 89, 5 (1999): 1337-57.
24 For viewing the employment rate for illegal immigrant men at 85 percent in 2014 compared to 74 percent for native-born men, see George J. Borjas, "The Labor Supply of Undocumented Immigrants," NBER Working Paper No. 22102, March 2016, http://www.nber.org/papers/w22102.pdf.
25 Michael Clemens, "Does Development Reduce Migration," Center for Global Development Working Paper 359, March 2014, p. 35, http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/does-development-reduce-migration_final_0.pdf.
26 Havocscope, "Prices Charged by Human Smugglers," http://www.havocscope.com/black-market-prices/human-smuggling-fees/.
27 Bryan Roberts. Edward Alden, and John Whitely, "Managing Illegal Immigration to the United States: How Effective is Enforcement?" Council on Foreign Relations (2013): 3, 38.
28 William A. Kandel and Lisa Seghetti, "Sanctuary Jurisdictions and Criminal Aliens: In Brief," Congressional Research Service, October 20, 2015, p. 4, https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/R44118.pdf
29 David S. Kirk, Andrew V. Papachristos, Jeffrey Fagan, and Tom R. Tyler, "The Paradox of Law Enforcement in Immigrant Communities: Does Tough Immigration Enforcement Undermine Public Safety?" The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 641, 1 (2012): 79-98.
30 Thomas J. Miles and Adam B. Cox, "Does Immigration Enforcement Reduce Crime? Evidence from Secure Communities," Journal of Law and Economics 57, 4 (2014): 937-973.
31 Elina Treyger, Aaron Chalfin, and Charles Loeffler, "Immigration Enforcement, Policing, and Crime: Evidence from the Secure Communities Program," Criminology and Public Policy 13, 2 (2014): 285-322.
32 Written Testimony of ICE Director Sarah Saldana for a House Committee on Oversight and Government reform hearing titled "Criminal Aliens Released by the Department of Homeland Security," https://www.dhs.gov/news/2016/04/28/written-testimony-ice-director-house-committee-oversight-and-government-reform.
33 United States Border Patrol, Sector Profile 2015, https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USBP%20Stats%20FY2015%20sector%20profile.pdf and
34 Sean Collins Walsh, "Perry Blasts Obama Over Rise in Illegal Immigrant Children Entering U.S. on Their Own," The Dallas Morning News, May 7, 2012, http://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/headlines/20120507-perry-blasts-obama-over-rise-in-illegal-immigrant-children-entering-u.s.-on-their-own.ece.
35David Bier, "Examining the UAC-DACA Link: New Data Show Child Migrant Crisis Began Before DACA," Niskanen Center, February 9, 2015, http://niskanencenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Examining-the-UAC-DACA-Link2.pdf.
36 United States Border Patrol, Total Unaccompanied Alien Children, https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/documents/BP%20Total%20Monthly%20UACs%20by%20Sector.%2C%20FY10-FY16TD-Jan.pdf and David Bier, "Examining the UAC-DACA Link: New Data Show Child Migrant Crisis Began Before DACA," Niskanen Center, February 9, 2015, http://niskanencenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Examining-the-UAC-DACA-Link2.pdf.
37 United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, Consideration of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrival (DACA), https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/consideration-deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-daca#guidelines.
38 Bryan Baker and Nancy Rytina, "Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2012," Department of Homeland Security Population Estimates, March 2013, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_ill_pe_2012_2.pdf and Michael Hoefer, Nancy Rytina, and Bryan C. Baker, "Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2007," Department of Homeland Security Population Estimates, September 2008, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_ill_pe_2007.pdf.
39 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, "Children on the Run," http://www.unhcrwashington.org/sites/default/files/1_UAC_Children%20on%20the%20Run_Full%20Report.pdf.
40Amy Taxin, "Immigrant Kids Sent to Adults Lacking Status," Associated Press, April 19, 2016, http://bigstory.ap.org/article/40acc163f5d245ce940e7571d0f54bd4/immigrant-kids-placed-adults-who-are-us-illegally.
41 Alex Nowrasteh, "Mexican Immigration Policy Lowers the Cost of Central American Migration to the US," Cato At Liberty, July 17, 2014, https://www.cato.org/blog/mexican-immigration-policy-lowers-cost-central-american-migration-us.
43 "U.S. Unauthorized Immigrant Population, 1990-2014," Pew Research Center, http://www.pewhispanic.org/2016/04/19/statistical-portrait-of-the-foreign-born-population-in-the-united-states-key-charts/#2013-fb-unauthorized-line.
44 Douglas S. Massey and Audrey Singer, "New Estimates of Undocumented Mexican Migration and the Probability of Apprehension," Demography 32, 2 (1995): 203-213.
45 Doulas S. Massey, "Chain Reaction: The Causes and Consequences of America's War on Immigrants," IZA Julian Simon Lecture Series, (2011): 17, http://www.iza.org/conference_files/amm2011/massey_d1244.pdf.
46 Ibid. 29.
47Christina Gathmann, "Effects of Enforcement on Illegal Markets: Evidence from Migrant Smuggling along the Southwestern Border," Journal of Public Economics 92, 10-11 (2008): 1926-1941.
48 Bryan Roberts, Gordon Hanson, Derekh Cornwell, and Scott Borger, "An Analysis of Migrant Smuggling Costs along the Southwest Border," Office of Immigration Statistics, Department of Homeland Security Working Paper, November 2010, https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/publications/ois-smuggling-wp.pdf.
49 Manuela Angelucci, "U.S. Border Enforcement and the Net Flow of Mexican Illegal Migration," Economic Development and Cultural Change 60 (2012): 311-57, Gordon H. Hanson, Raymond Roberston, and Antonio Spilimbergo, "Does Border Enforcement Protect U.S. Workers from Illegal Immigration?" Review of Economics and Statistics, 84, 1 (2002): 73-92, Gordon H. Hanson and Antonio Spilimbergo, "Illegal Immigration, Border Enforcement, and Relative Wages: Evidence from Apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico Border," American Economic Review 89, 5 (1999): 1337-57, Gordon H. Hanson and Craig McIntosh, "The Demography of Mexican Migration to the United States," American Economic Review, 99, 2 (2009): 22-27, Alberto Davila, Jose A. Pagan, and Gokce Soldemir, "The Short-Term and Long Term Deterrence Effects of INS Border and Interior Enforcement on Undocumented Immigration," Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 49, 2 (2002): 459-72, Douglas S. Massey and Fernando Riosema, "Undocumented Migration from Latin America in an Era of Rising U.S. Enforcement," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 630 (2010): 137-61, Douglas S. Massey, Jorge Durand, and Karen A. Pren, "Explaining Undocumented Migration," International Migration Review 48 (2014): 1028-61.
50 Doulas S. Massey, "Chain Reaction: The Causes and Consequences of America's War on Immigrants," IZA Julian Simon Lecture Series, (2011), http://www.iza.org/conference_files/amm2011/massey_d1244.pdf.
51 Jeremy Slack, Daniel E. Martinez, Scott Whiteford, Emily Peiffer, "In Harm's Way: Family Separation, Immigration Enforcement Programs and Security on the U.S.-Mexico Border," Journal on Migration and Human Security 3, 2 (2015): 109-128.
52 Douglas S. Massey, Jorge Durand, and Karen A. Pren, "Why Border Enforcement Backfired," American Journal of Sociology 121, 5 (2016): 1558.
54 Robert Warren and Donald Kerwin, "Beyond DAPA and DACA: Revisiting Legislative Reform in Light of Long-Term Trends in Unauthorized Immigration to the United States," Journal on Migration and Human Security 3, 1 (2015): 93.
55 Douglas S. Massey, Jorge Durand, and Karen A. Pren, "Why Border Enforcement Backfired," American Journal of Sociology 121, 5 (2016): 1562-63.
56 Alex Nowrasteh, "Enforcement Didn't End Unlawful Immigration in 1950s, More Visas Did," Cato At Liberty, November 11, 2015, "https://www.cato.org/blog/enforcement-didnt-end-unlawful-immigration-1950s-more-visas-did.
57 Doris Meissner, Donald M. Kerwin, Muzaffar Chisti, and Claire Bergeron, "Immigration Enforcement in the United States: The Rise of a Formidable Machinery," Migration Policy Institute Report, January 2013, p. 19, http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/immigration-enforcement-united-states-rise-formidable-machinery
Alex Nowrasteh
Committee on the Judiciary


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Джейк Камински (; 11 августа 1988, Буффало, штат Нью-Йорк, США) — американский стрелок из лука, серебряный призёр Олимпийских игр в Лондоне по стрельбе из лука в командном первенстве. Увлекается маунтинбайком.

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