text:
by Steve Almond
I was seeking nothing more than this: to have my suit altered. The task appeared to accommodate no great peril. I had purchased the suit a few days earlier, at a consignment shop called "The Fiddler's Bill," a name that somewhat puzzled me. The final price: twenty dollars, plus sales tax.
The suit was seersucker, a cotton blend of the expected light blue and white pattern, styled in the timeless fashion favored by the legendary film stars of whom mother is so fond. Padded shoulders to accentuate masculine girth, tapered at the waist and flared by means of thin pleats on the trousers.
Ah, the trousers. Here was the problem. They fell a bit long.
The sign out front of the consignment shop ("Alterations Also") plainly implied that corrective hemming was included in the price of each suit. When I broached this matter with the gentleman at the counter, however, he informed me that such services would cost an additional ten dollars.
"But that is half what I paid for the suit," I observed.
"Hey, pal, alterations don't grow on trees. I can have the suit ready for you on Thursday."
"Excuse me, sir," I put in, "but do not think I am such a rube, such a bumpkin, that I will fall prey to your nefarious scheme. I did not tumble off the turnip truck just yesterday."
"Your call," he said.
His impudence was astonishing.
When I got home mother said, "Where have you been?"
"I purchased a suit," I told her.
"You bought yourself a suit. Oh, dear, but that's wonderful! Try it on. Try it on for mama."
"I'm wearing the suit, mother. It is on my body this minute."
"Oh, yes. Oh, Leonard, it is a beautiful suit," she said. Then her mouth drooped a little, this charming half frown she wears whenever trying gently to confront a difficult subject. "But Leonard -- your legs. I can't see your legs. And your shoes. How ever do they remain on your feet?"
"The pants have fallen a bit long," I explained.
Mother sighed with relief. But then she leaned forward in her La-Z-Boy, eyes saucered. "Leonard -- whatever will you do?"
"I suppose I shall have to get the suit altered," I said.
"Why, yes, Leonard. That's exactly what you'll have to do. Get that suit altered." She said this as if the idea had fallen from on high that minute and struck her on the noggin. "But Leonard, where will you go?"
"They have shops. Shops where they do this sort of thing."
Mother looked at me, full of wonder.
The truth is I had an interview. A job interview, if you must know. RJ Pierce Associates, a public relations concern with offices in numerous major American cities, had requested that I come in so that we could discuss the possibilities of my rendering services. Actually, I had responded to a printed advertisement in one of the local papers, the Penny Press, which is distributed in various locations, such as the grocery store where I purchase food for mother and myself.
I had contacted a certain Ms. Penny Bridges by phone and she had inquired as to my qualifications. After learning of my extensive education she scheduled an interview. That very instant. Or perhaps after I called her back.
It was apparent from her tone that she bore none of the usual grudges against correspondence courses. She spoke enthusiastically of a certain special project, involving the generation of positive publicity for a local copper smelting operation. Without sounding narcissistic, I knew at once the assignment was ideally suited to my strengths. It is fair to say that I am a people person.
"How is this Tuesday at 11 a.m.?" Ms. Bridges inquired.
"Let me check my schedule," I said. I glanced up at the calendar push-pinned above the toaster oven and was pleased to find that I did not have any previous engagements. "That sounds fine," I said.
"Okay, Mr. Pechiner, we'll see you then."
I was prepared to hang up. But just then I scanned my mental checklist -- as I am wont to do before terminating conversations, particularly those of obvious import -- and saw the problem.
"Ms. Bridges," I said, seizing the horns of the cow. "I should tell you right now that I shall need to purchase a suit."
There was a pause. "I see." She sighed, deeply. "Shall we reschedule?"
"No, no," I said, the words leaping from my mouth. "That will not be necessary. No. No, I shall simply make the necessary arrangements and present myself Tuesday. Good day."
On Wednesday, I purchased the suit. I honestly intended to have the suit altered the following day. But then mother had gone into one of her coughing spells, and I had to contend with that, as well as developing in my own left foot a painful bunion that recurs from time to time. In short, I was unable to have the suit altered on Thursday.
Fridays I generally reserve for administrative duties, including, but not limited to, seeing to any outstanding bills, ordering the herbal products that both mother and I require for a variety of congestive ailments, and ensuring that my comic books are in order. (I have rather a large collection of comic books, which I enjoy reading from time to time and which, according to several local authorities, is maturing into quite a little nest egg. Obviously, the business of making sure they are properly filed and sheathed in protective plastic envelopes requires no small investment of time.)
Saturday is always tricky, because the bus schedules are precarious, and I have found that many shops open and close at odd hours on the weekends. Our local pet store, for instance, operates from noon to six on Saturday, a circumstance that has caused our rabbits and turtles significant digestive trauma in the past.
Sunday, of course, is the Lord's day of rest, and mother and I generally like to reserve this time for spiritual consideration, a process which we find immeasurably aided by the thoughtful sermons broadcast on any number of the local television channels. The unpleasantness regarding my suit would have been wholly inappropriate to undertake.
So now it was Monday and, upon checking my calendar, I was distressed to find that my interview was set the next morning at 11 a.m. I momentarily regretted that I had allowed Ms. Bridges to cajole me into keeping my original appointment. But then, when the going gets difficult, as mother says, those coveting advancement must locomote.
Thus, I immediately set about locating our yellow pages. This was a protracted process, as mother is something of an amateur archivist. There were numerous places where the phone book could have been, given her storage and retrieval system. Coupons was certainly a possibility, since they, like the Yellow Pages, involved distinctly mercantile endeavors. News clippings was another false trail I chased for some time, as mother often likes to organize by stock of paper.
As it should turn out, the volume in question was directly beneath the phone, which follows its own kind of logic.
I was pleased to find a multiplicity of listings for alteration shops, several located in our very corner of the city.
Thus, donning appropriate attire, and with the suit carefully folded, I approached mother. She was busy with the day's mail, clipping away at a holiday flier in that festive manner she has.
"I am off, mother," I said.
She turned rather quickly, setting her wig askew. "Where in God's name are you off to, Leonard?"
"To have my suit altered."
She looked momentarily stunned. She had forgotten this errand, understandable as she is getting on in years. "My God," she said. "Must you go today?"
"I'm afraid I've no choice. The interview is tomorrow."
"What about Ricardo?"
Ricardo was our eldest sable rabbit, a noble beast named after the distinguished actor Ricardo Montalban. He had been beset by a sinus malady for some days, and mother had mentioned that it would be best to give him the boiling tea-kettle remedy, which we have found most effective in the past.
"I shall attend to him the moment I get home."
Mother nodded doubtfully.
"I am fairly certain this errand will require money," I added.
"Money?"
"Yes. It seems apparent alteration shops no longer accept money orders."
After a pause, mother dug around the La-Z-Boy for her purse, and held out several coins.
"I should think that insufficient."
"Indeed?"
"I had budgeted twenty dollars."
Mother blanched. "Twenty dollars? But that's ludicrous!"
I could hardly disagree. Nor could I fault mother her frugality. She is a war widow, after all. "Yes, well, I have secured some initial estimates. Twenty dollars seems to be the going rate. Inflation has made grandparents of us all, has it not?"
"It certainly has," mother snorted. She dipped delicately into her bosom and drew out a fragrant clump of bills. "Spend this wisely, Leonard. The world is an oyster full of shysters."
"Don't I know this," said I.
I will not even attempt to describe the ordeal I encountered with our local public transportation, which, like so much of the city's infrastructure, has been left to dullards.
Nonetheless, I made my way toward the city, a list of shops in hand. The first was called A Stitch In Time. I approached the counter and was met by a friendly young woman whose nametag designated her Donna.
"I need this suit altered," I told her.
"Great," she said. She had a lovely smile, and reminded me vaguely of Vanna White, co-host of the program Wheel of Fortune. "How's Thursday?"
"In what sense?"
"For pickup."
I chuckled. "Donna, dear, I need the suit altered today."
She bit her lip. "Usually it takes a couple of days."
"I see. The problem is I have a major job interview." I leaned forward and whispered, "Government work."
Donna drew back with obvious concern.
"Ray!" she hollered. A round little man appeared from the back. "This guy says he needs his suit altered right today."
"Takes two days at least," Ray muttered. He was wearing a T-shirt embossed with the ruffled design typical of tuxedos, a tromp l'oiel I found rather affecting. "We gotta send the suit out to our subcontractor."
"But what about your own tailor?"
"Nah, the gooks downtown do the work cheaper."
"I see," I said. I searched in my pocket for a dollar bill and drew it out of my pocket conspicuously. "Perhaps I could compel you to change your policy," I said, sliding the bill across the counter toward him. I can be worldly in this way, when the occasion demands.
Ray looked at the bill, a smile of temptation lit across his whiskered muzzle. "Jeez, I wish I could help you, pal. I really do. But I got orders up to here." He held his finger against his chins.
I snatched the bill back. "Then I shall have to take my business elsewhere!"
"Sorry," Donna chirped.
Sorry indeed.
There was some ugliness on the bus relating to the propriety of a transfer I had obtained from the previous driver, a man (I learned) named Leonard, like myself. I shant dwell on this, however. For mid-morning was rising toward noon.
The second shop I visited was in a large, enclosed mall which, I am pleased to say, was climate-controlled. Exertions tend to cause me to perspire, and the day thus far had been nothing but exertions. From the start, I sensed the enterprise was of an economic stature more appropriate to my patronage. The lettering on the oak plaque above the door read "The Stitchery."
The attendant was a spry fellow dressed, quite winningly I felt, in a camel's hair blazer and chinos. He stood next to a rack filled with bow ties and silk ascots. On the counter before him was shiny bell, of the sort that would allow a customer to summon him, should he be occupied in back.
"Hello, sir," he said, straightening his cuffs. "What can we do for you today?"
Will you think me overly sentimental should I confess that I felt a surge of relief, spiritual renewal even, at his crisp, officious greeting?
"Why, yes," I said, "I need a suit altered, altered at once."
"But of course," he responded. "Let's take a look-see."
He lifted the suit from my hands and gently unfolded it, scanning the fabric with the discerning eye native to the experienced haberdasher. "Hmmm, an excellent choice. But a tad long in the inseam, I should expect." His gaze flickered across my standing form. "And perhaps slightly cramped across the shoulders."
"Quite right," I said, realizing even as he spoke the words that the coat stretched taut across my back.
"I can have this ready by four, sir, if that is, excuse the pun, suitable." He tittered mischievously.
"Suitable, indeed, my good man. I have a most important interview tomorrow, with the RJ Pierce Associates. You have heard of them, perhaps? A public relations firm."
His brow furrowed. "Yes, I see. Quite impressive."
"You know what they say about first impressions," I put in. "First impressions last well beyond the conclusion of an initial tête-à-tête." (This was something, in point of fact, that mother often said.)
He drew a small calculator from his coat pocket. "Will that be cash or charge, sir?"
"Cash."
"Yes, of course." He tapped at a few buttons. "Of course." He nodded to himself. "That should total thirty four dollars."
My heart sank, and it is probably fair to say I physically sagged as well. "Thirty four dollars?"
"Plus tax, naturally. There is a fee associated with expedited orders."
"Of course," I hedged. "Hmmm." I fumbled in my pocket. "You haven't the time by any chance," I asked.
He inspected his watch. "12:15," he said.
"12:15," I gasped. "My gracious, but I'm already late for my next meeting."
"You are welcome to leave the suit and return at your leisure, sir."
"No, no. Actually, I need to bring the suit along, as the appointment involves dry-cleaning. Yes, it's a rather exclusive service. They have a waiting list. What say I just take the suit and bring it back this afternoon?"
The haberdasher nodded coolly. "Very well."
"I'll see you soon enough, then." I picked the suit up and walked briskly to the door.
Once outside, I found my heart beating at an elevated level, and, despite the favorable climate, sweat beaded my forehead.
It should come as no surprise that, in the wake of two traumatizing interactions, as well as more travel by foot and bus than I had undertaken in months, I was both piqued and unnaturally hungry.
Mother keeps to a relatively strict regimen when it comes to meals. "Playing with nutritional intake is playing with fire," she tells me. I always bring her tray of soup and oyster crackers at noon sharp, preparing my own lunch of corned beef hash and scrambled eggs directly thereafter.
Turning from the Stitchery, I was pleased to see the jaunty lettering of a Long John Silver outlet no more than a few shops away. I believe my eye was attracted to the sign because I had, for some time, been seeing commercials for this franchise, which featured a new product called "Popcorned Fish" which looked positively sumptuous.
While I was well aware of the need for budgetary constraints, I also knew that allowing my blood sugar to slump would surely impair my ability to negotiate the transaction that had, thus far, proved so trying.
I was pleased to find the restaurant clean and well lit. My server, Denise, took my order promptly and without question. The Popcorned Fish were a delightful treat, everything I could have hoped for, and even the relative flatness of my Mountain Dew was not enough to unbalance me. Replenished, I set off at a determined clip.
I have always prided myself on an ability to follow directions. Thus I am at a loss to describe how I could have boarded the wrong bus. Perhaps, owing to a mild form of dyslexia that plagued me as a child, I inverted the numbers. Perhaps (and I think this more likely, upon reflection) the signage was misleading.
In any case, I wound up riding the number 33 bus south, into a rather undesirable part of town where, I'm afraid, I could not help feeling that my presence as a solitary Caucasian was not entirely welcome.
Luckily, I was able to secure aid from an extremely friendly and courteous young woman who offered to give me a ride, though I saw no car in the area -- a fact she grudgingly admitted during our brief chat. Eventually, I agreed to float her a small loan, interest free, in exchange for information regarding local bus service, and quickly proceeded to my third destination. The shop, set upon a rather barren corner, was called, simply, Pauline's.
I must say that Pauline's storefront did not inspire confidence. The sign out front was hand-painted and peeling. The structure slanted visibly. The screen door that guarded the interior was flecked with the carcasses of insects, calling to mind the radiator grating of an automobile after a trip of considerable duration. Be all that as it may, I bore the place no grudge. As mother says, "You can't read a book just by looking at the cover."
I must concede to a bit of confusion though, for when I passed through the door it seemed to me I had actually entered a home, littered as the place was with old furniture, magazines, book cases, and the like. The scent of stubbed cigarettes mingled with that of pork fat left to sit. But then I espied a small sign on one wall which declared, in a folksy cross-stitch script, "You've come to the right place/If your drawers don't fit/Stitchins my biz/And I know my shit." This canto was signed by Pauline.
Though I was alone in the room, I could hear a television, and the familiar cadence of Oprah Winfrey, sensible woman that she is. Then a series of loud shouts.
Presently, an extremely large, pale woman in a housedress burst into the room. Her bushy hair, dyed blond some months back, sat on her head like a two-toned feather duster. "That'll be the day!" she bellowed, slamming the door behind her.
I coughed gently.
She looked up, her eyes lodged mistrustfully beneath a band of violet eye shadow. "What?"
"I was hoping to have this suit altered," I said, holding the seersucker, now sadly wrinkled, out for her inspection.
"Oh, yeah. Alright." She brightened a bit and withdrew a gold lame case from somewhere in her vast smock. There followed a slim cigarette, which she quickly lit. From this point on, her words were delivered in blue exhalations. "Bring it here."
"Yes, well." I cleared my throat. "The situation is thus: I need the alterations completed by the end of today."
"No problem. Just give me that monkey suit and we'll get started."
I took her to mean my seersucker. The sudden impulse to retreat, and quickly, suffused my mind. But the clock above her indicated the hour was nearing four. "Where might I change?"
"Just go ahead right there, bubkis. I need to get my stuff." She lumbered through the same door she had come out of, and I heard more shouting.
While I have always had trouble undressing in foreign environments of any sort, I figured it best to move quickly. I slipped out of my clothing, cloaked now only in boxer shorts and an undershirt.
The seamstress reentered, her pudgy hands replete with tape measure, bobby pins, and the other props of her trade.
"Get over here and step onto this," she said, gesturing with her chins toward an ottoman.
I assented, and she began folding the cuffs.
"Are you Pauline?" I inquired.
"Who wants to know, Bubkis?" The cigarette, clamped into her mouth, bobbed like a wand as she spoke.
"Oh, I'm sorry. My name is Leonard Pechiner."
"Oh yeah, like the actor?"
"I don't think we're related."
"Yeah, well, a cousin of mine knows Pia Zadora. He said she's a lousy lay."
I weighed the wisdom of responding to this comment and, while I was familiar with Pia Zadora's oeuvre, and quite taken by her exuberant charm, I decided a judicious silence would best serve the moment. It is sometimes not wise to get too chummy with the service industry.
"Yeah, I'm Pauline," Pauline said. She unrolled the tape measure. "Which side you dangle on, Lenny?"
"Dangle?" I could feel the tape measure being rolled up my leg and toward my midriff.
"Never mind. Figured it out."
I flushed; sweat gushing again from my pores.
"I'm gonna chalk you at a 34. I'll need to take a couple inches off. Also gonna taper the trousers. You've got such skinny ankles. I'd kill for those ankles, Lenny." She gave my ankles an affectionate pinch. "Aw, shit. Now where's my blue chalk? Okay Lenny, don't move. I'll get my blue chalk."
With an audible gasping noise, Pauline heaved up and flung open the door nearest her. The sounds of a Nine Lives Cat food commercial of which I was particularly fond became audible.
I was, obviously, in an awkward posture, but when I heard renewed shouting, I was compelled to turn my head so as to ascertain the source of the conflict. Through the doorway I saw an equally rotund figure, male in nature, in a terry cloth bathrobe. A blue glow played across his doughy face, indicating that he was facing the television. There was detritus of every sort on the floor, though hair curlers and pizza boxes stood out as paramount. Pauline was rooting around a closet, her back to the man.
The following contretemps ensued:
"Shut up, Wally. You're shit talking again."
"One more crack out of you and I'm gonna whack your fat ass into next week."
"Make my day, lard-o."
Having found her chalk, Pauline danced past Wally, showing surprising agility for a woman of her mass, and trundled back into the room.
<sm
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My first published story, "Alteration." It ran in the Rio Grande Review in 1703. Or maybe, like, 1996.
Read the author's introduction at http://blog.fictionaut.com/2011/10/24/line-breaks-alternation-by-steve-almond/
Line Breaks
Protected group
Susan Tepper, Oct 24, 2011
Leonard of the zillion neuroses is one of those people you pray never to meet. His mom, too. Pauline, too. You made me laugh with this cast of crazies, and THAT SUIT!!! eeeek....
Darryl Price, Oct 24, 2011
Lots of fun to read and admire.
Bonnie ZoBell, Oct 29, 2011
The sinus conditions alone in his mother's household are enough to make me think maybe he should moved in with Pauline and Wally, though then who would take care of the sable rabbit?
Fun, Steve! Nice to see you here.
Robert Vaughan, Nov 08, 2011
This reminded me of many of my friends! A fun story, and the humor oozed from it quite effortlessly, just the way I like it!
Fave.
And nice to see you are a member here, Steve.


text:
Tiffany Quay Tyson
The Past is Never
Signs of Hope
1 Comment / Politics, Writing / By Tiffany Quay Tyson
Almost two weeks ago, our cat, Jabberwocky, lost the ability to walk. His back legs stopped working. He could drag himself around a bit with his front legs, but his hind end was dead weight. This happened, as these things always do, late at night. I was already asleep. My husband had just come to bed when he heard Jabber yowling at the bottom of the stairs. He wanted to come up, but couldn't. We took him to the emergency animal hospital and handed him off to a vet tech. Because of Covid restrictions, we had to wait in the car in the parking lot. That night, temperatures in Denver dropped to single digits. The vets at the emergency clinic had no answers. They loaded Jabber up with painkillers, though he showed no real signs of pain. They referred us to a neurologist, someone we could see the next day. The neurologist said the problem might be due to a number of factors, but it was most likely the result of a thromboembolism—a blood clot. Jabber might be permanently partially paralyzed or the blood clot might dissolve and he would recover. We would have to wait and see. He told us to come back in a week. We should know more by then.
This was very good news.
During the nearly two days he spent at the neurologist (and, honestly, I know how ridiculous it sounds to talk about a neurologist for a cat), my husband and I researched pet euthanasia services. We wouldn't keep him alive just to suffer. We had already come to terms with the loss of our cat. We had already begun grieving. But then we got the instruction to "wait and see."
We waited. The first few days were not encouraging. He struggled to use a litter box, unable to lift himself out of his own mess. We took to bathing him with baby wipes. We did so much laundry. Jabber slept a lot. He woke only to eat or to struggle to relieve himself. Our dog stayed by his side, often resting her head on his body. She worried when we crated him at night. She whined and paced. Well, I said to my husband, it doesn't look good, but at least we have one more week with him. At least we don't have the make the decision in a panic in the middle of the night. At least he isn't in pain.
Jabber with his canine nursemaid.
For several days, nothing changed, but about 24 hours before our follow-up appointment, Jabber stood and took a few steps. Later I got some ice cream and he came to my side, begging for a taste. Look at that, we said. We haven't seen that before. Still, we expected the worst. How could he possibly rise up from such a low point? How could he recover from such a traumatic injury? How could anyone?
This was on election night.
We watched our cat lurch gracelessly, as we viewed the election results. One disappointment after another. Florida. The Mississippi Senate race. The Kentucky Senate race. The South Carolina Senate race. The confirmation that, yes, a huge number of Americans fully support racism. The realization that this thing was going to drag on for a while. But there were a few positive moments. Here in Colorado, Cory Gardner went down early and John Hickenlooper is now our Senator-elect. Colorado said no to an abortion ban, yes to paid family and medical leave. Watching the news was like watching our cat: grim, but interspersed with moments of hope.
At the cat's appointment the next morning, the vet was thrilled with his progress. He confirmed that Jabber was not in pain and said we should cease giving him any painkillers, which were probably just making him sleepy. Further, he noted increased strength in his back legs. He said he believed Jabber would recover. He would walk again, maybe with a little limp, but he would walk. We just had to be patient. We just had to wait.
So that's what we're doing now. We're waiting and watching. Last night, he felt well enough to walk out to our front porch, where he tried to eat the dog's food. He can't walk more than a few steps without flopping over and, honestly, he moves like a drunk. But the vet says that's temporary. He'll get stronger. He may not ever be as rambunctious or active as he was before, but he'll have a good life. This is a happy cat, the vet told my husband.
We're waiting and watching this presidential election too. We're cautiously hopeful about Arizona and Nevada. We're surprised by news from Georgia. We're trying not to worry about Pennsylvania and North Carolina. We're practicing patience, looking for signs that our country can stand up again. I know it won't happen quickly. We might continue to limp for a good long time. But I look forward to the day when we stand up and lift ourselves clear of the incredible mess we've made, when we begin to wash away the filth of the current administration, when we begin to heal.
I haven't lost hope. Not yet.
Jabber, in feistier times.
THE PAST IS NEVER is the winner of the Willie Morris Award for Southern Fiction, the Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize, the Mississippi Institute of Arts and Letters Award for Fiction, and the Mississippi Author Award for Adult Fiction (selected by the Mississippi Library Association). This southern gothic novel steeped in local lore was selected as an "Okra Pick" by the Southern Independent Booksellers Alliance. Tyson's debut novel THREE RIVERS was a finalist for both the Colorado Book Award for Literary Fiction and the Mississippi Institute of Arts and Letters Award for Fiction. She was born and raised in Jackson, Mississippi and now lives, writes, and teaches in Denver, Colorado.
Latest posts by Tiffany Quay Tyson (see all)
Why Are These Men So Obsessed with Dr. Jill Biden? - December 17, 2020
Lindsey Graham, Shape Shifter - November 19, 2020
Signs of Hope - November 5, 2020
1 thought on "Signs of Hope"
lauraborealis
What a beautiful kitty!
I am finally allowing myself to feel some hope – an unfamiliar feeling these last 4 years.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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TERRE HAUTE, Ind. (WTWO/WAWV) – An organization that helps those in need says it is seeing the economic impact COVID-19 is having on the Wabash Valley.
Terre Haute Catholic Charities has been distributing food and hygiene products to students and families.
The agency held its third distribution Thursday outside of Terre Haute South High School.
It's a drive-through set-up that causes little interaction to keep everyone safe. The food and items are also pre-packaged.
The agency just wants the community to know they're here to help.
"What we're seeing now are a lot of families who have never had to ask for help before. The impact that COVID is having on their jobs and their families, they're needing to ask for help for the first time and our hope is that we're making them comfortable and feel welcomed to come back, and ask for help," says development assistant Jessica Murphy.
Catholic Charities posts updates about when these distributions will be on their Facebook page.
by Zeke Torres / Jan 18, 2021
TERRE HAUTE, Ind. (WTWO/WAWV) -- After members within hospitals and area business leaders noticed a decline of local support toward frontline healthcare workers, WTWO-TV, Rick's Smokehouse and Duke Energy teamed up to say "thank you" to frontline workers.
"We had a lot of donations in the beginning, cards, and food. It was a great thing. But, the thing is it ramped over the past couple of months and then plateaued and a lot of community support went down a little bit. It's really nice to able to give this to the people dealing with COVID patients face to face," Respiratory Therapy Manager Jimmy McKanna of Union Hospital said.
By LISA MASCARO and MARY CLARE JALONICK Associated Press
WASHINGTON (AP) — President Donald Trump's impeachment trial is likely to start after Joe Biden's inauguration, and the Republican leader, Mitch McConnell, is telling senators their decision on whether to convict the outgoing president over the Capitol riot will be a "vote of conscience."
by Sadie All / Jan 14, 2021
HOUSTON (WTWO/WAWV) -- Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology graduate, Anthony Korzeniewski, says he found someone's baby photo while disassembling his former college couch.
Korzeniewski reached out to MyWabashValley.com in hopes of finding the owner of the baby photo.


The bed has arrived! We have moved to the downstairs bedroom and our shower room is complete.
A few of the neighbours have had a go on the bed. The massage feature got different reactions; the girls loved it but the boys said it felt weird. I like it – it is so relaxing.
But it only goes so far (perhaps the bed manufacturer had thought of that).
I've only just got used to the remote control – so many buttons. Though Dexter, our grandson, loves pushing the buttons.
I find it more comfortable than the foam wedge I was using because you can bring your knees up This stops you slipping down in the night and waking up in a heap at the bottom of the bed.
Recently I've had trouble breathing lying down at night, so I've had to play with the bed and find optimal settings so I can sleep and breathe and I don't feeling I'm sleeping in economy on a plane. So the new bed has been useful.
Sunday night I woke up coughing on my own saliva (as opposed to someone else's? – Ew?!). It woke me up several times in the night. I was more tired than normal the next day. Julia recommended I try the Hyoscine patches that I got prescribed a while ago (in the days before the Scream Extractor) – It is a drug to help with travel sickness – but has the side effect of drying up your mouth.
Since going on the patches I haven't choked in the night, A real result. Those medical people are clever.
Wednesday I went to a scheduled ventilation appointment at the Churchill hospital. We expected them to say my breathing had deteriorated further and then give me another gadget to help me breathe at night, Non-invasive ventilation (NIV), the device matches your breathing pattern and helps push more air in as you take a breath. A big step for both of us. Each time we get a new gadget it reminds Julia of the MND patients she has had in the past.
The physio did all the usual tests; taking arterial blood from my ear lobe, and measuring my lung function and cough and to all our surprise they all had improved from last time (4 months ago)!
Weird. Maybe all that prayer is getting answered slowly.
If you're into prayer: Thanks for all the prayers. Thank God for the amazing ventilation result this week and pray that the tiredness goes soon. Julia says I have regressed to a teenager; difficult to get me out of bed in the morning and grunting.


text:
Audience Safety Procedures
Bandshell
Our Centennial
Weekly History Review
Mr. Colburn's Miracle
Concert Programs
Guest Soloist
Notes from Our Fans
Band History: 1925-1935
Posted on June 19, 2015 by heidimuniband • 0 Comments
Our June 17, 2015 concert was moved to Somsen Hall at WSU due to the inclement weather. If you missed it, we visited the second decade of the Winona Municipal Band's history. Here's what we learned:
Week 2, June 17, 2015
(Written by Ruth Bures, read by Dan Barr)
The Winona Municipal Band director for tonight's decade was O. W. Reese. He assumed the position in 1920, after Emile Michaux.
O.W. Reese with his business partner, W. W. Christensen moved to Winona from Peru Indiana, with their wives, Babette and Freda (who happened to be sisters) in 1919. They purchased Winkels Furniture, 173 E 3rd and declared they would "remodel and restock the store," with furniture booths, potted plants, and tasty interior decorations" making it among Winona's most up-to-date establishments, catering to the best trade.
According to the newspaper, Reese, who played and taught all band instruments, had experience conducting a number of bands and "was a cornet and saxophone soloist". Christensen was a "splendid baritone vocalist who also played saxophone. Freda, Mrs. Christensen had a "beautiful contralto voice and played saxophone and xylophone most excellently." Babette, Mrs. Reese, played and taught saxophone and piano, and soon opened a music studio in the furniture building. The four of them, all musicians, had performed around the country for 3 years as the Musical Reeses.
So Reese was chosen the new director. After 2 months of twice-weekly rehearsals, the 40 member all male band presented its first concert on June 13, 1920. A review the following day states, "Initial band concert wins general favor!" Reese quickly got his old act into the act featuring W. W. Christensen with a vocal number on June 13, a duet by Freda and W.W. Christianson on June 30, and his own wife Babette, on August 14. For this concert the headline read "Band to have star Xylophonist, Babette Reese who has traveled the entire U.S and is an expert xylophonist."
By August 28 Reese was organizing the "world's largest saxophone band", featuring local saxophonists and (you guessed it) Reese himself, his wife, Babette plus W. W. and Freda Christensen.
Reese adopted a "business model" for running the band, penalizing musicians who missed rehearsals or came late. But in September of 1920, a misunderstanding left the band short of funds. The band had expected a yearly $1000 from the Association of Commerce. But the Association thought it was a one-time allocation. The next band concert was cancelled. In December an article titled" Things to know about The Winona Association of Commerce:" It maintains the Municipal Band". So the problem was solved for the time being.
Concerts were usually at the lake park location except when it was flooded. Reese concentrated on rehearsing the band in the winter months and developing the Junior band. They continued to play for local festivals, fairs, parades and political rallies. Reese revived band tournaments in which bands from local cities competed for prizes of new instruments. The tournament in August of 1921 awarded first prize to the band from Lanesboro, 2nd to Galesville, 3rd to Alma, 4th to Rollingstone and 5th to the Strum Ladies Band, which was seriously handicapped by the absence of its director.
Concerts frequently featured the Christensens as vocalists, and Babette on xylophone or marimbaphone. The band was often used to promote Winona businesses on booster tours. One of these tours visited Houston and Fillmore counties with over 50 cars filled with manufacturers, jobbers, merchants and band musicians, sponsored by the Association of Commerce.
The band continued to receive complimentary reviews in the newspapers: "Pleasure experienced in watching the arrival of our summer garden flowers was repeated at the opening band concert" where the "Symphony of color is replaced by the symphony of sound" and from visiting musicians, one of whom "declared that the group was far above the average municipal band".
By 1926 Reese had organized the band into three levels, beginners, Junior and Senior and by 1929, four levels, adding an Advanced category between beginners and Junior. To encourage youth membership, Reese wrote, "the young musician has a different slant of life, his morale is different, his environments have bettered, his ideas have broadened out. He has more confidence in himself and is better able to cope with the ups and downs of the world. Training in music costs a nominal sum of 25 cents a week."
But the band continued to have money problems. In 1928 the band donated their services for the last concert, and, faced with a serious shortage of funds, the directors of the band association decided to curtail fall activities and cut out any more concerts that season.
The Band Tax Proposal was given to voters on April 1 1929. The proposed tax levy of "not to exceed one-half mill", would give the band $4500, $3000 more than the city had been providing. It failed to pass with 2,204 in favor, 1,705 against and 899 failing to vote (which counted as against votes). The band voted to disband, but in the next two months impassioned pleas in the newspaper and a house-to-house campaign had raised $1645, enough to mount a summer season of concerts. Concerts were also held in 1930, paid for by a reserve fund. In the early spring of 1931, editorials, ads and exhortations to support the band appeared in the newspaper. Rev. W.S. Whitsitt of First Congregational church went so far as to declare, "the amount each taxpayer will pay is so negligible that the board feels Winona cannot afford to be without a band! On April 7, the band tax levy passed, by a margin of 4506 to 3156. Whew!
Judging from the ads for $.98 all-metal ferneries, $2.95 complete bird cages and stands, $95 walnut bedroom suites and a huge two page ad for a "Bona Fide No Profit Sale (values of pre-war days)", business at the furniture store was going well in 1931.
Babette Reese's music studio, which was located in the furniture store building, was a thriving business as well. Her 1931 spring recital listed 42 students of piano, saxophone, and clarinet.
But there must have been some other business also going on. An item in the newspaper on September 9, 1931, read: "Divorces have been granted in Washoe county district court, Reno, Nevada to Mrs. Freda E. Christensen from Walter W. Christensen and to Mrs. Babette Reese from O.W. Reese, on August 24." Subsequently, announcement was made of the marriage of Babette Reese and Walter W. Christensen of Winona at Crown Point, Indiana, on Friday Nov. 13, 1931.
In a series of Winona Republican Herald articles meant to familiarize people with Winona businesses was one in the November 23 issue titled "Do You Know Reese's Furniture?" It showed photographs of owners, O. W. Reese, Senior Partner, Mrs. Babette Reese Christensen and W. W. Christensen. Freda Heyer (formerly Christensen) was in charge of the musical instrument department, and Fred Heyer (Freda and Babette's brother) was advertising manager and salesman. It seems the business kept going.
By the end of 1931, the transition between the old band board and a new one that could handle tax money caused several problems. A notice from the old board in the Dec 1 newspaper announced that the band would cease operations over the winter months and the band equipment would be locked away. Unhappy, Mr. Reese countered on Dec 2 that the band rehearsals would continue over the winter months "financed by myself." He maintained that the band equipment was not the property of the board, but of the donors "who do not want to see the band hampered as it is now with the equipment locked up".
Another article on Dec. 22, read "There has been dissension lately between the band board and director O. W. Reese. . . . The band board owes about $1900 (mostly fees due the musicians who took IOU notes) but has property worth more than that and offered to turn over to the city the property if the city will take over the old board's debts." Apparently the city council didn't agree to this. Some council members wanted to manage the band and its fund and appoint another bandmaster. That was resolved somehow and in April of 1932, Reese was officially named the bandmaster for a year.
Summer concerts continued as before, but perhaps not surprisingly, W. W. Christensen only appeared 3 times as soloist that summer. But by the summers of 1933 and 1934, Christensen was again a regular feature, leading popular community sing-alongs and singing solos. Requests were taken at a special box at the bandshell and played when time allowed. Most numbers that were applauded enthusiastically were followed by encores.
The band performed at area festivals and fairs, and at the spring and fall store openings, where crowds of people promenaded through the business section inspecting the most recent styles in wearing apparel and household articles displayed in store windows. The newspaper crowed "The value of a band as a good will builder for its community as well as to provide the music which the home folks enjoy is demonstrated again by the festival at LaCrosse, where the Winona Municipal Band took first place." The Winona Municipal Band "has given a tuneful declaration that Winona is a good community."
Filed Under: History
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Program for August 18, 2021 Concert – Final Concert!
Program for August 11, 2021 – Clarinet Night
Winona Municipal Band - Second Century
The 2021 season runs from June 16th through August 18th, Wednesdays from 8:00 - 9:00pm at Winona's historic bandshell in Lake Park. If the weather is questionable, call 507-457-8220 to find out if the performance has been canceled. The Star Spangled Banner Arr. Bowles March Electric Creator arr. et al Strong In Thy Strength Bach arr. Cailliet First Suite in E Flat…... winonamunicipalband.org/2021/08/program-for-august-18-2021-concert-final-concert/	... See MoreSee Less
winonamunicipalband.org
The 2021 season runs from June 16th thro...
The 2021 season runs from June 16th through August 18th, Wednesdays from 8:00 - 9:00pm at Winona's historic bandshell in Lake Park. If the weather is questionable, call 507-457-8220 to find out if the performance has been canceled. The Star Spangled Banner Arr. Bowles Inglesina Delle Cese arr. Bourgeois Irish Tune from County Derry Percy Aldridge Grainger A Hymn Tune Rhapsody: For You and For Me…... winonamunicipalband.org/2021/08/program-for-august-11-2021-clarinet-night/	... See MoreSee Less
Background photo courtesy of Joy Davis Ripley
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Calgary might be a city known for extraordinary restaurants and nightlife, but there is also a lot to do during the day. What makes these daytime activities even better is that the temperature never gets to unmanageable levels in Calgary. That is, of course, as long as you plan on visiting in a season other than winter.
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Another great attraction in Calgary is Stampede Park. This is a unique experience. You will find everything from a rodeo to an agricultural fair. During the day, there are many different types of races. The most popular are the chuck-wagon races. At night, be sure to catch the comic show. It's funny and appropriate for all ages.
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Learning progressions and learning map structures are increasingly being used as the basis for the design of large-scale assessments. Of critical importance to these designs is the validity of the map structure used to build the assessments. Most commonly, evidence for the validity of a map structure comes from procedural evidence gathered during the learning map creation process (e.g., research literature, external reviews, etc.). However, it is also important to provide support for the validity of the map structure with empirical evidence using data gathered from the assessment. In this paper, we propose a framework for the empirical validation of learning maps and progressions using diagnostic classification models. Three methods are proposed within this framework that provide different levels of model assumptions and types of inferences. The framework is then applied to the Dynamic Learning Maps® (DLM®) alternate assessment system to illustrate the utility and limitations of each method. Results show that each of the proposed methods have some limitations, but are able to provide complementary information for the evaluation of the proposed structure of content standards (Essential Elements) in the DLM assessment.


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BAAdasssssploitation!
A new anthology Created by Shane Ryan Co-produced by Tony Newton Now accepting submissions (no entry fee)
What is this Baadasssssploitation! deal?
Baadasssssploitation! is a new anthology featuring trailers, short films, music videos, scenes and more.
While there is an emphasis on Blaxploitation, we are not just accepting and celebrating Blaxploitation films, but Black Cinema period,
recognizing the fact that the Blaxploitation movement is what really paved the way for the Black Movie Star.
And how, unfortunately, there are still miles to go before reaching equality.
What is a Blaxploitation film?
Blaxploitation or blacksploitation is an ethnic sub-genre of the exploitation film.
It emerged in the United States in the early 1970's. Blaxploitation films were originally made specifically for an urban black audience, but the genre's audience appeal soon broadened across racial and ethnic lines.
Check out the 50 Best Blaxploitation Films (by Complex)
In honor of Mr. Melvin Van Peebles and his son, Mario, we've appropriately named our anthology Baadasssssploitation!
You must be 18 or over to submit your film
(with parental approval those under 18 may submit)
-The star of your segment must be Black.
-Any country may submit, and your segment can be submitted in any language (include English subtitles if not in English). Segments can be trailers (fake, concept and real trailers are all welcomed), scenes, clips, music videos, short films (documentary or narrative) between 1 to 10 minutes in length. Submit as many segments as you wish.
-Various styles of Baadasssssploitation! films (anything recognizing the Black Movie Star) will be accepted. It can be an homage to the 1970's original Blaxploitation movies, a real attempt at making a Blaxploitation film, or a parody (i.e. Black Dynamite). We'd also love to see movies in the style/genre of the 1990's dramas about teens growing up in rough neighborhoods (i.e. Menace II Society, Juice, Boyz n The Hood, Fresh, Clockers), interracial dramas (Zebrahead, Jungle Fever), cops vs drug lords (New Jack City), or even documentaries (i.e. American Pimp), segments about political figures (i.e. Selma, Malcolm X), or a soul or hip-hop music video.
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-Your segment must be exclusive to this project (however! this only applies to short films, anything mentioned in the above paragraph, and fake film trailers under 10 minutes. If you've already made a film but it is beyond 10 minutes, we will gladly accept your film's trailer and/or a select scene to promote your full film - free PR! Music videos are also non-exclusive). Filmmakers will receive 60% of net profits. All films will be divided equally for payment.
-Please include your cast & crew credits in your segment. If it's just a scene from a film please include it after the scene. A musical score can be key for creating the ultimate Baadasssssploitation! film. Just make sure you've secured all rights! Shoot it on Film, VHS, Hi-8, Mini DV, Canon 5D, Blackmagic, whatever you wish. But your delivery file must be: 1080p, 16x9/1.78:1, 23.976 fps.
-No real killing or harm of any species is permitted. No illegal activity. Actors appearing in nude/sex scenes must be at least 18 years of age. You must include two forms of I.D. and a signed nudity rider detailing all nude/sexual acts by any and all actors appearing nude.
-There is no fee to submit. Please send your submissions to madsincinema@gmail.com (final versions only).


Lecker! Mazzenkuchel auf noch andere Art.
If you find yourself with a surfeit of matzos after Passover, or anytime really, Matzo Kugel is a great way to transform a food that is frankly richer in ritual significance than flavor into a true treat. There are savory matzo kugels and sweet ones, but these three matzos from German-Jewish cookbooks are of the sweet variety. While they are all constructed around the modest unleavened cracker, each one packs a successively bigger caloric wallop thanks to the addition of fat, sugar, and, finally, alcohol. The first two are from a classic 19th century German-Jewish cookbook. The final, more modern Kugel is a boozy concoction that will hit you like a wrecking ball.
Gumprich's cookbook lists a number of options for preparing matzo kugels for Passover. Bakers can choose from matzo kugels for the everyday table ("gewöhnlicher Tisch") to matzo kugels for the elegant table ("feiner Tisch"). There are also options for making matzo kugels in a form or mini-matzo kugels ("Mazzenkuchelchen"). The recipe I chose was one of the simplest.
Four to five matzos are dampened with wine until they are soft. They have to stay intact. Make a mixture of small and large raisins, some cinnamon, finely cut apples, sugar and a quarter pound of almonds. Wipe the pan down with fat, then lay one of the matzos in the pan, then some of the mixture, and continue in this manner until you cover the top with a matzo. Bake this in the oven for one hour.
The nice thing about this recipe was that it was simple dish that could easily be put together with leftover ingredients. It was a little difficult to layer the matzos because once they were dampened, they started to fall apart. The resulting cake was sweet and tasty but not amazing, probably because it had no rich ingredients like butter and cream. No one disliked it, and many helped themselves to seconds.
This kugel is ready for the oven!
It took a while to test out my second matzo kugel recipe. Most people I tried to invite over to sample the the cake lost interest when I told them the recipe was from the 19th century.
Dampen 6-8 matzos and squeeze them out really well. Add to this 8-9 eggs, a quarter pound of sugar, a quarter pound of large raisins, a half a pound of raw fat, 3 to four peeled, very small-cut apples, 2-3 soup spoons of honey, very small cut dried plums (prunes) 1 tea spoon of salt, some cinnamon, lemon, a hand full of matzo meal, and mix this all well together; heat the fat in a pot, and then put the mass in it and place it in the oven; after 2 hours pour enough water in the pot to just cover the mixture; keep the pot under steady heat until the next midday. The kugel is for 15 persons if there are 2 to 3 dishes before the kugel, and no one will be able to eat too much from it.
An advertisement for matzo available at several locations in Berlin.
The recipe did not specify with what I was supposed to soak the matzos, so, I used wine and almond milk. Wine is common in matzo kugel recipes, but almond milk was my own addition. I also did not add "raw fat" as the recipe prescribed. I'm still not entirely sure where to find raw fat, and I just can't wrap my head around the idea of adding animal fat to a dessert dish. I replaced the fat with butter, adding only a quarter pound instead of a half pound for the simple reason that I had forgotten to buy butter at the store.
None of this bothered me much, because I've found that cookbooks from this era are very general with details and play fast and loose with measurements and ingredients. For instance, this recipe called for lemon but didn't specify whether I should add lemon juice, lemon peel or lemon slices. It may seem obvious to most, but a novice cook like me needs specificity. I chose to add lemon juice because it seemed the most practical thing to do.
An ad regarding the distribution of matzo donated by the American Jewish Committee in a Shanghai German-Jewish Newspaper c. 1940.
I drained the matzos in a sieve and pressed out most of the liquid. Despite the draining, the resulting cake was still a little damp, so I added more matzo meal than the recipe called for in order to make the kugel thicker. I also couldn't bring myself to soak the dish in water and leave it in the oven until the next day, as called for by the directions. My guess is that in the 19th century someone was always home to keep an eye on the oven in case something caught fire. Also, cooking the dish in water probably kept it from drying out while it sat in the oven. Not wanting to risk a potential fire, I left the dish in the oven for two hours on 375 degrees Fahrenheit until it was nice and brown on top. Afterward, I turned the oven down to its lowest setting at let the dish sit in the oven until I was ready to leave to the party.
In the end, the kugel was moist and delicious; it was neither greasy nor heavy. "Fabulous!" exclaimed one guest. Many people asked for the recipe, but changed their minds when I listed the ingredients.
"I used a stick of butter and nine eggs," I explained.
Within an hour, not a single piece of kugel remained.
This Matzo Kugel "for the elegant table" includes large amounts of sugar, fat, and eggs.
After a good soak, the matzo is strained.
Lemon juice tarts things up a bit.
The eggs hold things together nicely.
Although the guests expressed dismay over the rich ingredients, that didn't stop them from eating the entire kugel.
Melt chocolate and margarine in the top of a double boiler; add marmalade and eggs. Beat with a whisk till thick. Add brandy and remove from heat. Continue beating until smooth and the consistency of sour cream. Dip matzohs in wine to moisten; do not soak. Place one matzoh on cake plate and spread with chocolate mixture; top with second matzoh, more chocolate mixture. Continue layering till all matzohs are used. Frost with remainder of chocolate mixture, and decorate with nuts.
Ruth Heimann's matzo kugel must certainly have enlivened every party. Most people who tried this dish felt a little bit of a buzz from the alcohol after having a slice, so it's not a recommended recipe to try with children or pregnant women. The first time I tried the recipe, I misread the directions and added the wine to the chocolate instead of simply moistening the matzos. I also tried to double the recipe to make two cakes, but ran out of matzos; so I made one cake with twice the prescribed amount of brandy, wine and chocolate. That cake had a lot of kick and made people a little tipsy. The second time I tried this recipe, I followed the directions more carefully, but I substituted butter for margarine and whisky for brandy. The kugel was a little dry because only moistening the matzos left them crunchy. Overall it was an easy and fun recipe with which to use up leftover matzos. The taste also varied depending on the kind of marmalade, chocolate and liquor one used.
Chocolate, margarine, marmalade and eggs.
This matzo is soaking in vino.
The chocolate mixture is applied to layers of matzo.
This kugel is truly a party-starter.


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Codó è una microregione dello Stato del Maranhão in Brasile, appartenente alla mesoregione di Leste Maranhense.

Comuni
Comprende 6 comuni:

 Alto Alegre do Maranhão
 Capinzal do Norte
 Codó
 Coroatá
 Peritoró
 Timbiras

Codo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The 4,600 cable-stay Clark Bridge at Alton has received national recognition for its engineering.
Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln Square at the intersection of Broadway and Market Street.
The historic river town of Alton is nestled among the magnificent bluffs at the confluence of two great rivers - the Mississippi and the Illinois. The location was founded in 1818 by Colonel Rufus Easton and was named after one of his sons. The community grew and prospered around the booming river industry.
During the Civil War, Alton carved out a volatile legacy steeped in politics. It was the site of the Confederate Prison. In 1837, abolitionist and newspaper editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy was killed while protecting his press from a pro-slavery mob. A monument commemorating his death stands prominently on the hill overlooking the city.
The last in a series of seven U.S. Senate debates was held in Alton between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in 1858. At the time, Missouri was a slave state while Illinois was a free state. A square was built at the intersection of Broadway and Market Street to commemorate the event.
The area is also known as Piasa Country. Visitors are drawn by the legendary Piasa Bird that was honored by native Americans. A painting of the mythical creature was re-created in 1998 on the bluffs just north of Alton.
During the winter months, the majestic American Bald Eagles arrive by the hundreds to nest in the bluffs and the wetlands near the Melvin Price Locks and Dam 26, just south of Alton. A National Great Rivers Museum is planned for the Visitor Center next to the dam. During the summer, tours are held for people age 13 years and older.
Alton is also known as the home of Robert Wadlow, "the Gentle Giant." Born in 1918, he grew to a record height of 8 feet, 11.1 inches. A life-size statue stands in his memory on the grounds of SIU Dental School on College Avenue.
The Alton Belle Casino features 60,000 square feet complete with restaurants, lounges and a showroom.
The area also has one of the Midwest's best marinas on any waterway. The Alton Marina, located in a protected cove just north of the 4,600 cable-stay Clark Bridge, stays busy with boating enthusiasts who enjoy the location for parasailing, jetskiing and fishing. The Gordon F. Moore Community Park, on Route 140, draws hundreds of visitors for golfing at the Spencer T. Olin Golf Course, lighted ball fields, horse trails and rose gardens.
Nearby, the Alton Belle Casino is a favorite attraction with over 60,000 square feet of entertainment. The floating gaming facility features restaurants, lounges and a showroom.
Shoppers can also enjoy browsing year-round through more than 40 unique antique stores and specialty shops in the Alton Landing area. Homemade desserts, giant hamburgers for under a buck and fine dining are just a short walk from the river and the Great Rivers National Scenic Byway.


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Risk Factors of Coronary Artery Aneurysms in Kawasaki Disease with a Low Risk of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Resistance: An Analysis of Post RAISE
Kazuki Iio, Yoshihiko Morikawa, Koichi Miyata, Tetsuji Kaneko, Masahiro Misawa, Hiroyuki Yamagishi, Masaru Miura
Objective: To detect risk factors of coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) development in patients with Kawasaki disease determined to have a low risk for resistance to primary intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment based on the Kobayashi score. Study design: This study included 1757 predicted IVIG responders from Prospective Observational study on STRAtified treatment with Immunoglobulin plus Steroid Efficacy for Kawasaki disease (Post RAISE), a large-scale, multicenter, prospective cohort study of Kawasaki disease in Japan. Predicted IVIG responders were defined as patients with Kawasaki disease with a Kobayashi score of <5, a predictive scoring system for IVIG resistance created in Japan. The primary outcome was CAA development at 1 month after disease onset. CAA was defined as a Z score of ≥2.5. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the independent risk factors of CAA. The variables for inclusion were identified based on univariate analysis results and previously reported risk factors of CAA. Results: Among 1632 patients who had complete coronary outcome data, CAA developed in 90 patients (5.5%) at 1 month after disease onset. Multivariable analysis found that a baseline maximum Z score of >2.5, age of <12 months at fever onset, and nonresponsiveness to IVIG were significant, independent risk factors of CAA development at 1 month after disease onset. Among the risk factors, a baseline maximum Z score of >2.5 was most strongly associated with CAA development (OR, 7.1; 95% CI, 4.1-12.2; P ≤ .001). Conclusions: Predicted IVIG responders with CAA risk factors identified in this study may be candidates for future clinical trials of intensified primary IVIG treatment with prednisolone, cyclosporine or infliximab.
Journal of Pediatrics
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.08.065
IVIG resistance
baseline Z score
predicted IVIG responder
Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health
10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.08.065
Dive into the research topics of 'Risk Factors of Coronary Artery Aneurysms in Kawasaki Disease with a Low Risk of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Resistance: An Analysis of Post RAISE'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Coronary Aneurysm Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome Medicine & Life Sciences 91%
Prospective Studies Medicine & Life Sciences 18%
Infliximab Medicine & Life Sciences 16%
Prednisolone Medicine & Life Sciences 14%
Cyclosporine Medicine & Life Sciences 13%
Iio, K., Morikawa, Y., Miyata, K., Kaneko, T., Misawa, M., Yamagishi, H., & Miura, M. (2022). Risk Factors of Coronary Artery Aneurysms in Kawasaki Disease with a Low Risk of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Resistance: An Analysis of Post RAISE. Journal of Pediatrics, 240, 158-163.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.08.065
Risk Factors of Coronary Artery Aneurysms in Kawasaki Disease with a Low Risk of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Resistance : An Analysis of Post RAISE. / Iio, Kazuki; Morikawa, Yoshihiko; Miyata, Koichi; Kaneko, Tetsuji; Misawa, Masahiro; Yamagishi, Hiroyuki; Miura, Masaru.
In: Journal of Pediatrics, Vol. 240, 01.2022, p. 158-163.e4.
Iio, K, Morikawa, Y, Miyata, K, Kaneko, T, Misawa, M, Yamagishi, H & Miura, M 2022, 'Risk Factors of Coronary Artery Aneurysms in Kawasaki Disease with a Low Risk of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Resistance: An Analysis of Post RAISE', Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 240, pp. 158-163.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.08.065
Iio K, Morikawa Y, Miyata K, Kaneko T, Misawa M, Yamagishi H et al. Risk Factors of Coronary Artery Aneurysms in Kawasaki Disease with a Low Risk of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Resistance: An Analysis of Post RAISE. Journal of Pediatrics. 2022 Jan;240:158-163.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.08.065
Iio, Kazuki ; Morikawa, Yoshihiko ; Miyata, Koichi ; Kaneko, Tetsuji ; Misawa, Masahiro ; Yamagishi, Hiroyuki ; Miura, Masaru. / Risk Factors of Coronary Artery Aneurysms in Kawasaki Disease with a Low Risk of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Resistance : An Analysis of Post RAISE. In: Journal of Pediatrics. 2022 ; Vol. 240. pp. 158-163.e4.
@article{78702d2375db4a35b770ef9ea1623276,
title = "Risk Factors of Coronary Artery Aneurysms in Kawasaki Disease with a Low Risk of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Resistance: An Analysis of Post RAISE",
abstract = "Objective: To detect risk factors of coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) development in patients with Kawasaki disease determined to have a low risk for resistance to primary intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment based on the Kobayashi score. Study design: This study included 1757 predicted IVIG responders from Prospective Observational study on STRAtified treatment with Immunoglobulin plus Steroid Efficacy for Kawasaki disease (Post RAISE), a large-scale, multicenter, prospective cohort study of Kawasaki disease in Japan. Predicted IVIG responders were defined as patients with Kawasaki disease with a Kobayashi score of <5, a predictive scoring system for IVIG resistance created in Japan. The primary outcome was CAA development at 1 month after disease onset. CAA was defined as a Z score of ≥2.5. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the independent risk factors of CAA. The variables for inclusion were identified based on univariate analysis results and previously reported risk factors of CAA. Results: Among 1632 patients who had complete coronary outcome data, CAA developed in 90 patients (5.5%) at 1 month after disease onset. Multivariable analysis found that a baseline maximum Z score of >2.5, age of <12 months at fever onset, and nonresponsiveness to IVIG were significant, independent risk factors of CAA development at 1 month after disease onset. Among the risk factors, a baseline maximum Z score of >2.5 was most strongly associated with CAA development (OR, 7.1; 95% CI, 4.1-12.2; P ≤ .001). Conclusions: Predicted IVIG responders with CAA risk factors identified in this study may be candidates for future clinical trials of intensified primary IVIG treatment with prednisolone, cyclosporine or infliximab.",
keywords = "IVIG resistance, baseline Z score, predicted IVIG responder",
author = "Kazuki Iio and Yoshihiko Morikawa and Koichi Miyata and Tetsuji Kaneko and Masahiro Misawa and Hiroyuki Yamagishi and Masaru Miura",
note = "Funding Information: Supported by grants from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Hospitals. M.M. received an honorarium from the Japan Blood Products Organization, Teijin Pharma Ltd, and Nihon Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd. outside the submitted work. Y.M. received a Health Science and Labor Research Grant and grants from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Hospitals, the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, the Center for Clinical Trials of the Japan Medical Association, the Japan Science and Technology Agency, the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, outside the submitted work. H.Y. received research grants from Actelion Pharmaceuticals Japan Ltd and Abbvie Inc outside the submitted work. None of these entities were involved in this study in any manner. All the other authors declare no conflicts of interests. Funding Information: We thank James R. Valera, our in-house editor, for his help with editing and proofreading this article. Data management was provided by the Data Center at the Clinical Research Support Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center in Tokyo, Japan. We thank Yoko Saito, Kayoko Sasao, Masako Tomotsune, and Mihoko Kijima (Clinical Research Support Center at the Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center) for their invaluable assistance with data management. We thank Hiroshi Sakakibara, Takahiro Matsushima, Tsutomu Takahashi, Maki Nakazawa, Takuya Tamame, Takatoshi Tsuchihashi, Yukio Yamashita, Satoshi Takasago, Toshimasa Obonai, Michiko Chiga, Naoaki Hori, and Osamu Komiyama for their contributions to data collection. All acknowledged individuals have no industry relation, funding sources, or conflicts of interest to disclose. Funding and disclosure information is available at www.jpeds.com. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 Elsevier Inc.",
doi = "10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.08.065",
journal = "Journal of Pediatrics",
publisher = "Mosby Inc.",
T1 - Risk Factors of Coronary Artery Aneurysms in Kawasaki Disease with a Low Risk of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Resistance
T2 - An Analysis of Post RAISE
AU - Iio, Kazuki
AU - Morikawa, Yoshihiko
AU - Miyata, Koichi
AU - Kaneko, Tetsuji
AU - Misawa, Masahiro
AU - Yamagishi, Hiroyuki
AU - Miura, Masaru
N1 - Funding Information: Supported by grants from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Hospitals. M.M. received an honorarium from the Japan Blood Products Organization, Teijin Pharma Ltd, and Nihon Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd. outside the submitted work. Y.M. received a Health Science and Labor Research Grant and grants from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Hospitals, the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, the Center for Clinical Trials of the Japan Medical Association, the Japan Science and Technology Agency, the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, outside the submitted work. H.Y. received research grants from Actelion Pharmaceuticals Japan Ltd and Abbvie Inc outside the submitted work. None of these entities were involved in this study in any manner. All the other authors declare no conflicts of interests. Funding Information: We thank James R. Valera, our in-house editor, for his help with editing and proofreading this article. Data management was provided by the Data Center at the Clinical Research Support Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center in Tokyo, Japan. We thank Yoko Saito, Kayoko Sasao, Masako Tomotsune, and Mihoko Kijima (Clinical Research Support Center at the Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center) for their invaluable assistance with data management. We thank Hiroshi Sakakibara, Takahiro Matsushima, Tsutomu Takahashi, Maki Nakazawa, Takuya Tamame, Takatoshi Tsuchihashi, Yukio Yamashita, Satoshi Takasago, Toshimasa Obonai, Michiko Chiga, Naoaki Hori, and Osamu Komiyama for their contributions to data collection. All acknowledged individuals have no industry relation, funding sources, or conflicts of interest to disclose. Funding and disclosure information is available at www.jpeds.com. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 Elsevier Inc.
N2 - Objective: To detect risk factors of coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) development in patients with Kawasaki disease determined to have a low risk for resistance to primary intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment based on the Kobayashi score. Study design: This study included 1757 predicted IVIG responders from Prospective Observational study on STRAtified treatment with Immunoglobulin plus Steroid Efficacy for Kawasaki disease (Post RAISE), a large-scale, multicenter, prospective cohort study of Kawasaki disease in Japan. Predicted IVIG responders were defined as patients with Kawasaki disease with a Kobayashi score of <5, a predictive scoring system for IVIG resistance created in Japan. The primary outcome was CAA development at 1 month after disease onset. CAA was defined as a Z score of ≥2.5. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the independent risk factors of CAA. The variables for inclusion were identified based on univariate analysis results and previously reported risk factors of CAA. Results: Among 1632 patients who had complete coronary outcome data, CAA developed in 90 patients (5.5%) at 1 month after disease onset. Multivariable analysis found that a baseline maximum Z score of >2.5, age of <12 months at fever onset, and nonresponsiveness to IVIG were significant, independent risk factors of CAA development at 1 month after disease onset. Among the risk factors, a baseline maximum Z score of >2.5 was most strongly associated with CAA development (OR, 7.1; 95% CI, 4.1-12.2; P ≤ .001). Conclusions: Predicted IVIG responders with CAA risk factors identified in this study may be candidates for future clinical trials of intensified primary IVIG treatment with prednisolone, cyclosporine or infliximab.
AB - Objective: To detect risk factors of coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) development in patients with Kawasaki disease determined to have a low risk for resistance to primary intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment based on the Kobayashi score. Study design: This study included 1757 predicted IVIG responders from Prospective Observational study on STRAtified treatment with Immunoglobulin plus Steroid Efficacy for Kawasaki disease (Post RAISE), a large-scale, multicenter, prospective cohort study of Kawasaki disease in Japan. Predicted IVIG responders were defined as patients with Kawasaki disease with a Kobayashi score of <5, a predictive scoring system for IVIG resistance created in Japan. The primary outcome was CAA development at 1 month after disease onset. CAA was defined as a Z score of ≥2.5. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the independent risk factors of CAA. The variables for inclusion were identified based on univariate analysis results and previously reported risk factors of CAA. Results: Among 1632 patients who had complete coronary outcome data, CAA developed in 90 patients (5.5%) at 1 month after disease onset. Multivariable analysis found that a baseline maximum Z score of >2.5, age of <12 months at fever onset, and nonresponsiveness to IVIG were significant, independent risk factors of CAA development at 1 month after disease onset. Among the risk factors, a baseline maximum Z score of >2.5 was most strongly associated with CAA development (OR, 7.1; 95% CI, 4.1-12.2; P ≤ .001). Conclusions: Predicted IVIG responders with CAA risk factors identified in this study may be candidates for future clinical trials of intensified primary IVIG treatment with prednisolone, cyclosporine or infliximab.
KW - IVIG resistance
KW - baseline Z score
KW - predicted IVIG responder
U2 - 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.08.065
DO - 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.08.065
JO - Journal of Pediatrics
JF - Journal of Pediatrics


text:
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Grease 9x13 inch glass baking dish. Place bread in prepared dish. Top with sausage and cheese. Beat together eggs and next 3 ingredients. Season with pepper. Pour over sausage mixture. (Can be prepared 1 day ahead. Chill) Preheat oven to 350 degrees and bake casserole until puffed and center is set, about 50 minutes. Cut into squares. Serves 8.


About: Nuts contain a relatively large quantity of calories, essential unsaturated and monounsaturated fats including linoleic acid and linolenic acid, vitamins, and essential amino acids. They are good sources of vitamin E, vitamin B2, folate, fiber, and the essential minerals magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, copper, and selenium. In this fun puzzle we've got all kind of nuts and peanuts like walnuts, pistachios and almonds.


text:
L'université d'état de l'éducation physique, du sport, de la jeunesse et du tourisme (en ) est un établissement d'enseignement supérieur russe situé à Moscou. Il est fondé comme Institut de la culture physique en 1918, à l'initiative de Vera Velitchkina. L'université dispose de deux filiales, à Novotcheboksarsk et à Irkoutsk.

Historique
En 1918, on installe l'établissement dans l'ancienne propriété d'Alexeï Razoumovski rue Matveï Kazakov dans le district Basmanny de Moscou.

En 1934, l'institut est décoré de l'ordre de Lénine.

Lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les étudiants et le corps enseignant sont évacués à Sverdlovsk de 1941 à 1943.

Dans les années 1960, le campus universitaire s'enrichit d'un stade dans le district Izmaïlovo, l'œuvre de Nikolaï Kolli et Boris Iofane.

En 1968, on déménage son bâtiment principal sur le boulevard Sirenevy dans le district administratif est.

Son infrastructure comprend actuellement quatorze salles de sport, trois stands de tir, une patinoire, un stade de football, une piscine, dix surfaces de jeu au tennis. Au sein de l'université fonctionne un musée d'histoire des sports, l'académie olympique centrale, l'académie des sports de combat, une maison d'édition.

Notes et références

Liens externes
   Site officiel

Université à Moscou
Établissement scolaire fondé en 1918
Organisme récipiendaire de l'ordre de Lénine


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text:
High-resolution imaging of distinct human corpus callosum microstructure and topography of structural connectivity to cortices at high field
Byeong Yeul Lee, Xiao Hong Zhu, Xiufeng Li, Wei Chen
Center for Magnetic Resonance Research
Characterization of the microstructural properties and topography of the human corpus callosum (CC) is key to understanding interhemispheric neural communication and brain function. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that high-resolution T 1 relaxometry at high field has adequate sensitivity and specificity for characterizing microstructural properties of the human CC, and elucidating the structural connectivity of the callosal fibers to the cortices of origin. The high-resolution parametric T 1 images acquired from healthy subjects (N = 16) at 7 T clearly showed a consistent T 1 distribution among individuals with substantial variation along the human CC axis, which is highly similar to the spatial patterns of myelin density and myelinated axon size based on the histology study. Compared to the anterior part of the CC, the posterior midbody and splenium had significantly higher T 1 values. In conjunction with T 1 -based classification method, the splenial T 1 values were decoded more reliably compared to a conventional partitioning method, showing a much higher T 1 value in the inferior splenium than in the middle/superior splenium. Moreover, the T 1 profile of the callosal subdivision represented the topology of the fiber connectivity to the projected cortical regions: the fibers in the posterior midbody and inferior splenium with a higher T 1 (inferring a larger axon size) were mainly connected to motor–sensory and visual cortical areas, respectively; in contrast, the fibers in the anterior/posterior CC with a lower T 1 (inferring a smaller axon size) were primarily connected to the frontal/parietal–temporal areas. These findings indicate that high-resolution T 1 relaxometry imaging could provide a complementary and robust neuroimaging tool, useful for exploring the complex tissue properties and topographic organization of the human corpus callosum.
Brain Structure and Function
Funding Information:
Acknowledgements This work was supported by NIH Grants RO1 NS070839 and MH111413; R24 MH106049, S10 RR026783, U01 EB026978, P41 EB015894, and P30NS076408 and the W.M. Keck Foundation.
Axon size
Myelin density
Parametric T MRI
Structural connectivity
PubMed: MeSH publication types
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'High-resolution imaging of distinct human corpus callosum microstructure and topography of structural connectivity to cortices at high field'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Corpus Callosum Medicine & Life Sciences
Axons Medicine & Life Sciences
Myelin Sheath Medicine & Life Sciences
Neuroimaging Medicine & Life Sciences
Histology Medicine & Life Sciences
Sensitivity and Specificity Medicine & Life Sciences
Healthy Volunteers Medicine & Life Sciences
Lee, B. Y., Zhu, X. H., Li, X., & Chen, W. (2019). High-resolution imaging of distinct human corpus callosum microstructure and topography of structural connectivity to cortices at high field. Brain Structure and Function, 224(2), 949-960. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-018-1804-0
High-resolution imaging of distinct human corpus callosum microstructure and topography of structural connectivity to cortices at high field. / Lee, Byeong Yeul; Zhu, Xiao Hong; Li, Xiufeng; Chen, Wei.
In: Brain Structure and Function, Vol. 224, No. 2, 04.03.2019, p. 949-960.
Lee, BY, Zhu, XH, Li, X & Chen, W 2019, 'High-resolution imaging of distinct human corpus callosum microstructure and topography of structural connectivity to cortices at high field', Brain Structure and Function, vol. 224, no. 2, pp. 949-960. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-018-1804-0
Lee BY, Zhu XH, Li X, Chen W. High-resolution imaging of distinct human corpus callosum microstructure and topography of structural connectivity to cortices at high field. Brain Structure and Function. 2019 Mar 4;224(2):949-960. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-018-1804-0
Lee, Byeong Yeul ; Zhu, Xiao Hong ; Li, Xiufeng ; Chen, Wei. / High-resolution imaging of distinct human corpus callosum microstructure and topography of structural connectivity to cortices at high field. In: Brain Structure and Function. 2019 ; Vol. 224, No. 2. pp. 949-960.
@article{407e92d647664da9a6da39de032c285c,
title = "High-resolution imaging of distinct human corpus callosum microstructure and topography of structural connectivity to cortices at high field",
abstract = " Characterization of the microstructural properties and topography of the human corpus callosum (CC) is key to understanding interhemispheric neural communication and brain function. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that high-resolution T 1 relaxometry at high field has adequate sensitivity and specificity for characterizing microstructural properties of the human CC, and elucidating the structural connectivity of the callosal fibers to the cortices of origin. The high-resolution parametric T 1 images acquired from healthy subjects (N = 16) at 7 T clearly showed a consistent T 1 distribution among individuals with substantial variation along the human CC axis, which is highly similar to the spatial patterns of myelin density and myelinated axon size based on the histology study. Compared to the anterior part of the CC, the posterior midbody and splenium had significantly higher T 1 values. In conjunction with T 1 -based classification method, the splenial T 1 values were decoded more reliably compared to a conventional partitioning method, showing a much higher T 1 value in the inferior splenium than in the middle/superior splenium. Moreover, the T 1 profile of the callosal subdivision represented the topology of the fiber connectivity to the projected cortical regions: the fibers in the posterior midbody and inferior splenium with a higher T 1 (inferring a larger axon size) were mainly connected to motor–sensory and visual cortical areas, respectively; in contrast, the fibers in the anterior/posterior CC with a lower T 1 (inferring a smaller axon size) were primarily connected to the frontal/parietal–temporal areas. These findings indicate that high-resolution T 1 relaxometry imaging could provide a complementary and robust neuroimaging tool, useful for exploring the complex tissue properties and topographic organization of the human corpus callosum. ",
keywords = "Axon size, Corpus callosum, Myelin density, Parametric T MRI, Structural connectivity, Topography",
author = "Lee, {Byeong Yeul} and Zhu, {Xiao Hong} and Xiufeng Li and Wei Chen",
note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgements This work was supported by NIH Grants RO1 NS070839 and MH111413; R24 MH106049, S10 RR026783, U01 EB026978, P41 EB015894, and P30NS076408 and the W.M. Keck Foundation.",
journal = "Brain Structure and Function",
T1 - High-resolution imaging of distinct human corpus callosum microstructure and topography of structural connectivity to cortices at high field
AU - Lee, Byeong Yeul
AU - Zhu, Xiao Hong
AU - Li, Xiufeng
AU - Chen, Wei
N1 - Funding Information: Acknowledgements This work was supported by NIH Grants RO1 NS070839 and MH111413; R24 MH106049, S10 RR026783, U01 EB026978, P41 EB015894, and P30NS076408 and the W.M. Keck Foundation.
N2 - Characterization of the microstructural properties and topography of the human corpus callosum (CC) is key to understanding interhemispheric neural communication and brain function. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that high-resolution T 1 relaxometry at high field has adequate sensitivity and specificity for characterizing microstructural properties of the human CC, and elucidating the structural connectivity of the callosal fibers to the cortices of origin. The high-resolution parametric T 1 images acquired from healthy subjects (N = 16) at 7 T clearly showed a consistent T 1 distribution among individuals with substantial variation along the human CC axis, which is highly similar to the spatial patterns of myelin density and myelinated axon size based on the histology study. Compared to the anterior part of the CC, the posterior midbody and splenium had significantly higher T 1 values. In conjunction with T 1 -based classification method, the splenial T 1 values were decoded more reliably compared to a conventional partitioning method, showing a much higher T 1 value in the inferior splenium than in the middle/superior splenium. Moreover, the T 1 profile of the callosal subdivision represented the topology of the fiber connectivity to the projected cortical regions: the fibers in the posterior midbody and inferior splenium with a higher T 1 (inferring a larger axon size) were mainly connected to motor–sensory and visual cortical areas, respectively; in contrast, the fibers in the anterior/posterior CC with a lower T 1 (inferring a smaller axon size) were primarily connected to the frontal/parietal–temporal areas. These findings indicate that high-resolution T 1 relaxometry imaging could provide a complementary and robust neuroimaging tool, useful for exploring the complex tissue properties and topographic organization of the human corpus callosum.
AB - Characterization of the microstructural properties and topography of the human corpus callosum (CC) is key to understanding interhemispheric neural communication and brain function. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that high-resolution T 1 relaxometry at high field has adequate sensitivity and specificity for characterizing microstructural properties of the human CC, and elucidating the structural connectivity of the callosal fibers to the cortices of origin. The high-resolution parametric T 1 images acquired from healthy subjects (N = 16) at 7 T clearly showed a consistent T 1 distribution among individuals with substantial variation along the human CC axis, which is highly similar to the spatial patterns of myelin density and myelinated axon size based on the histology study. Compared to the anterior part of the CC, the posterior midbody and splenium had significantly higher T 1 values. In conjunction with T 1 -based classification method, the splenial T 1 values were decoded more reliably compared to a conventional partitioning method, showing a much higher T 1 value in the inferior splenium than in the middle/superior splenium. Moreover, the T 1 profile of the callosal subdivision represented the topology of the fiber connectivity to the projected cortical regions: the fibers in the posterior midbody and inferior splenium with a higher T 1 (inferring a larger axon size) were mainly connected to motor–sensory and visual cortical areas, respectively; in contrast, the fibers in the anterior/posterior CC with a lower T 1 (inferring a smaller axon size) were primarily connected to the frontal/parietal–temporal areas. These findings indicate that high-resolution T 1 relaxometry imaging could provide a complementary and robust neuroimaging tool, useful for exploring the complex tissue properties and topographic organization of the human corpus callosum.
KW - Axon size
KW - Corpus callosum
KW - Myelin density
KW - Parametric T MRI
KW - Structural connectivity
KW - Topography
JO - Brain Structure and Function
JF - Brain Structure and Function