Water.org is a U.S.-based non-governmental organization working to increase access to water supply and sanitation (WSS). Water.org has been in operation since 1990, implementing sustainable and scalable WSS programs in conjunction with local partners including Financial Institutions (FIs), NGOs, and WSS service providers. Water.org has pioneered its WaterCredit initiative over the last several years, which works by building the capacity of carefully selected local FIs to offer affordable financing for WSS facilities.
Water.org is now working with urban utilities i.e. Perusahaan Daerah Air Minums (PDAMs) and PD PAL to accelerate impact and increase access to safe piped WSS in urban and peri-urban areas in Indonesia. People at the Bottom of the economic Pyramid (BOP) will have an opportunity to connect to PDAMs' WSS services through different WSS financing avenues than ever before.
PDAMs are public utilities responsible for providing piped water to residential, commercial, and industrial areas in Indonesia. The PDAM support agency, BPPSPAM, operates within the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPW) to provide technical assistance to the PDAMs to improve their profitability. According to 2016 BPPSPAM data, there are a total of 371 PDAMs operating in Indonesia, of which 53% are classified as healthy, 29% as less healthy, and 18% as sick. PDAMs vary widely in terms of operational and financial capacity and service coverage.
There have been numerous efforts by the central government to strengthen the sector, including a debt rescheduling in 2008 and a loan guarantee and interest subsidy scheme in 2009. These efforts have had varying degrees of success but overall the sector has strengthened somewhat according to the BPPSPAM healthy, less healthy, and sick monitoring scheme. There have also been several large programs delivered by international agencies in collaboration with the government of Indonesia including USAID's IUWASH & IUWASH PLUS and AusAID's INDII & KIAT programs.
Over the past 3 years, Water.org Indonesia has been working on the Utility Financing Program called "WaterConnect" assisting PDAMs on market research, capacity building, and setting-up utility WSS financing infrastructure to help them reach BOP. Currently, Water.org is partnering with 4 PDAMs in Central Java and a wastewater utility and the WaterConnect program has been successfully implemented with outstanding results. Water.org is aiming to scale-up the program through an adoption approach, reaching impacts across Indonesia.
Water.org seeks a highly, motivated, and experienced WaterConnect Program Manager to lead and manage the WaterConnect Program.
The Program Manager will report to the Senior Program Manager and work closely with Portfolio Managers at the Water.org head office in the US. This position will be based in Jakarta with regular travel throughout Indonesia.
Develop and manage WaterConnect direct engagement and/or adoption programs, work plans and partnership agreements between institutional organizations/their utility partners and Water.org.
Provide additional technical assistance to utilities as needed to operationalize WaterConnect approaches with PDAMs and can successfully implement WaterConnect independently. Assist utilities in designing and conducting appropriate internal change management.
Troubleshooting and providing utility and institutional partners with recommendations to overcome any arisen challenges in implementing WaterConnect program. Identify and propose possible action plans to remove bottlenecks and constraints at direct and adoption levels of partnerships.
Contract consultants (hired as necessary) to provide services to utilities under the program i.e. Development and refinement of WaterConnect adoption Training of the Trainer (ToT) materials and curriculum and train water utilities operational managers and/or through their associations.
Maintain regular communications with partners; provide program management and technical assistance. Ensure partners are allocating adequate resources and personnel for successful project completion and integration within their organizations ensuring sustainability of utility WSS financing. Conduct regular monitoring visits.
Identify constraints and propose mitigates to escalate the flow of public and private capitals to utilities. Areas include policy/regulations and decision-makers influence to change and shift the PDAM sector mind-set. Incubate utility financing effort to increase flow of financing to PDAMs and make program approaches ready for scaling.
Work closely and collaboratively with other Water.org Program Managers responsible for WaterCredit programs. Present to FIs information about opportunities for investment in utilities for potential collaborations. Develop collaborative agreements with FIs if needed. Link water utilities with FIs under the WaterCredit Program of Water.org so that the customers can get financing from such FIs to pay the required water connection fee.
Maintain regular contact with Water.org USA Portfolio Managers to submit partner progress and reports any address issues impacting achievement of program deliverables.
Develop Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning (MEL) work plan and program documents in collaboration with Water.org USA Portfolio Managers and MEL team. Document program lessons learned and case studies. Produce WaterConnect collaterals.
Identify key stakeholders that have strong influence & decision-makers and current institutional organizations' PDAM programs to allow Water.org to scale the WaterConnect program through its current partners and via direct, adoption, and system-change approaches.
Propose new types of adoption partnerships to significantly increase Water.org impact in terms of people reached and capital mobilized towards WSS financing with utilities (individual household financing and infrastructure investment). Support the Senior Program Manager in designing new adoption strategies and partnerships.
Manages Ambiguity – Manages ambiguity by operating effectively, even when things are not certain or the way forward is not clear.
Financial Stewardship – Demonstrates fiscally responsible decision making as applicable to one's role.
Bachelor's Degree in related field. Master Degree is preferred.
At least seven years of relevant experience with utilities, especially PDAM change management.
Experience utilities financial operations especially connecting new connections to BOP via utility-led WSS financing. Experience in assisting PDAMs in securing commercial finance is a plus. Understanding of how PDAMs and FIs should work together to increase flow of household financing is a must.
Deep understanding of the landscape of PDAMs, especially the challenges and constraints on expanded PDAM WSS services and alternative financing sources for utilities to mobilize to improve water infrastructures.
Experience in working with Ministry of Public Works and Housing and strong understanding about government infrastructure approval and expense processes. Ability to identify other key water players for opportunities to collaborate.
Exceptional project management experience and entrepreneurial & opened mindset.
Proven track record proactively identifying challenges and developing innovative solutions.
Demonstrated ability to deliver results working in a small team and playing a variety of roles.
Fluency in Bahasa Indonesia and English required.
Travel Requirement: Up to 50% of local, in-country travel throughout Indonesia.
This is a two-year contract position with strong potential for extension and competitive compensation commensurate with experience.


We're finally back from vacation and I've been looking for some good Fall recipes. This time of the year, I like to cook with the cool-weather veggies like pumpkin and squash. For our family, these are harder vegetables for me to incorporate into the meals since our kids aren't crazy about the taste. I also found some soup recipes that are great for the winter months as well. And, by the way, I didn't forget to include a very important aspect of fall weather - bone broth!!! Bone broth puts the pizzazz in soup!!! Anyway, let's move on where you can enjoy these recipes as well.
Susannah at HealthyGreenSavvy is great with cooking Spaghetti Squash!! Her Spaghetti Squash Yakisoba is amazing!! It's completely gluten-free!!! Oh, and did you know that you can roast Squash seeds? Yep, they're edible!! She has a lot more tasty ideas right here.
Oh, and talking about pumpkins - did you know there are dozens and dozens of things you can make with pumpkin? Susannah at HealthyGreenSavvy shares 75 different recipes for using pumpkin. Did you know you can make cheese and fudge from a pumpkin? Yes, it sounds crazy but it can be done. And, for those of us who can't eat cheese or dairy, this is great!!! It's totally vegan so it's perfect!! There's too many recipes to list so you'll have to check out the rest of the recipes here at HeathyGreenSavvy.
On top of that, I found a great recipe for Sausage Kale Soup. It includes potatoes as well. Kale is so healthy for us that I like to incorporate it into a lot of foods I cook during the winter. It's a great way to encourage our kids to eat healthy. This way they don't have to eat straight Kale - Kale Chips. If it's mixed up in soup with a few other ingredients it's much easier for them them to eat. Meghan Slocum at WholeNaturalLife prepares it perfectly with this tasty Sausage Kale Soup.
Another soup our kids love is Bone Broth Soup. It's not winter without a little bit of Chicken Noodle Soup!!! Plus, this type of soup is great for anyone that has a cold or has been sick. We found that Bone Broth is wonderful in healing the digestive tract- especially those who have a Leaky Gut. Victoria from A Modern Homestead shares her Chicken Soup recipe. She also includes her canning instructions so you can enjoy soup throughout the winter.
And then, top it all off, I added a bit of a dessert - Cinnamon Sweet Potatoes!!! Most kids loves these and they're so easy to throw together!! Even adults like them and they're so healthy - everybody can eat them!! Meghan from Whole Natural Life shares with us this simple yet delicious Cinnamon Sweet Potato recipe.
I'm so excited about these new ways of cooking with Spaghetti Squash and Pumpkin. It's so much fun trying new recipes that help our families stay healthy - especially during the fall and winter seasons. I hope they help ease some of the stress of searching for recipes that are allergy-friendly. These are some of the best cooks I've found and they have such a passion for helping others make healthy choices for their families. I hope you enjoy cooking these meals!!! Have fun!!!
What is your favorite meal to cook during the fall/winter?
Do you like cooking with Pumpkin and Squash?
To go along with the Super Saver Sprayer, I have to tell you what I use for my Super Saver Household Cleaner. I couldn't just let you go with just making the sprayer without telling you what I use to fill it. hehe That's the only fair thing to do, right???
It all started several years ago, when I realized that I began to get really bad reactions every time I would clean - especially the bathroom. First, I would get a slight headache ----- next would come dizziness ----- and then I would have major trouble breathing!!! It freaked me out!!! The headache and dizziness - I could handle. But, oh boy, when I couldn't breathe - that sent me over the top!!!!
The next best thing I tried was Lemon. I love that fresh, clean scent!!! Everybody can handle lemon - or at least I think so. Lemon is my "go to" oil. It has so many great properties. It's great for viruses and fungus. I love to use it on my countertops as an antiseptic - killing those nasty germs!!
I also like to use Orange oil since I love the wonderful scent. The house smells so clean and uplifting with the smell of orange wafting through all the rooms. This one is great to use for the holidays!
So, my base oil is always Tea Tree Oil since it is naturally antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral. This one can be used for tons of things. Even insects don't like it!! So, you can say good-bye to any pests when you use Tea Tree Oil. That's just a bonus!! hehe That's why I use it so much - even though it stinks!
But, to cover up its horrible smell - I throw in some Lemon or Orange oil which calms down the Tea Tree oil scent. Now, everyone is happy!!!
So, to put it all together - you will need your Super Saver Sprayer. Then, fill half the bottle with vinegar. You can use white vinegar or apple cider vinegar whichever you like best. I prefer white; I think it smells a bit better. But, that's totally my opinion. I fill up the rest of the bottle with water. It can be tap water or filtered. Now comes the good part!!! This is when you can have fun!!! For disinfecting and cleaning, I put in about 20 drops each of Tea Tree Oil and Lemon. I always keep those two oils on hand. But, if you want to have fun - you can use Orange oil in place of the Lemon. You can also substitute Clove Oil and Cinnamon Oil instead of Tea Tree Oil. I love doing this around the holidays where the house will smell like pumpkin pie!!!!
This is how you want to make your cleaner - always have some form of a disinfectant and antibacterial agent in it and then work from there. It's basically a 1 to 1 ratio and then add your supporting oils. This cleaning solution takes the place of your multi-purpose chemical cleaners. So, more headaches - no more dizziness and definitely no more breathing problems!!! I love it!!! I'm don't dread cleaning anymore!!! It's wonderful!!! I hope you enjoy this as much as I did!!! Happy cleaning!!!!
Do you have trouble breathing when you use chemical cleaners?
How about headaches or dizziness?
Which oils do are your favorite??
Check out my Natural Living + Natural DIY Pinterest board for more recipes.


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Business advice from is4profit | Call for Rate Cut as Manufacturing Declines |
Call for Rate Cut as Manufacturing Declines
The is4profit team	September 18, 2008
Business groups are calling for a cut in interest rates after official figures showed that British manufacturing output has fallen for the fifth month in a row.
The 9 September report from the Office for National Statistics revealed that UK manufacturing output dropped 0.2% between June and July – twice as much as anticipated by economic analysts.
Separate figures released on the same day by the National Institute of Economic and Social Research suggested output across the UK economy as a whole fell by 0.2% between June and August.
Paris–based think tank, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, added weight to the belief that the UK economy is already in recession by forecasting that it will shrink by 0.4% in the final three months of the year.
Economic adviser to the British Chambers of Commerce (BCC) David Kern, has urged the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) to act on the manufacturing figures by cutting interest rates. This would lift confidence and ease pressure on companies struggling to cope with a flat economy, he said.
"It is disappointing that the benefits of a weaker pound in terms of improved export competitiveness have not been sufficient to offset the negative effects for manufacturing of a weakening home market," he said. "The figures indicate that GDP as a whole is likely to record a decline in the third quarter of the year, and we are now very probably in a recession,".
"A major economic downturn can still be avoided, but early corrective action is needed. The MPC must not delay too long before it starts cutting interest rates," Kern added.
Forum of Private Business spokesman Phil McCabe said that the decline in manufacturing was a cause for concern, and agreed that the UK economy could be given a boost by cutting interest rates.
"It would have the effect of injecting some confidence into the market and making small firms feel less vulnerable despite the difficult conditions they face," he said.
The MPC held the interest rate at 5% during its last monthly meeting on 4 September. Economic analysts believe the Bank of England is caught in a dilemma – keeping the interest rate steady risks prolonging economic downturn, but cutting it risks stimulating inflation further.
Tags:interest ratemanufacturing declinerate cut
Bank Rate Stays at 0.5%
Interest Rates Remain a Mystery for More...
Rates Still 5%
Rate Cut
Base rate cut to record low
Rates Cut to 5.25%
Interest Cut to Historic Low
The rate remains the same
Interest Rates down to 2%

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Krimpen aan den IJssel (The Netherlands)
Zuid-Holland province
Last modified: 2003-07-05 by
Keywords: krimpen aan den ijssel |
Links: FOTW homepage | search | disclaimer and copyright | | mirrors
Shipmate Flagchart : http://www.shipmate.nl/flags.htm
adopted 5 Apr 2001
Historical flag
Krimpen a.d. IJssel CoA
South Holland Province - The Municipalities
Alphabetical list of Dutch municipalities
The Netherlands - Index of all pages
Number of inhabitants (1 Jan 2003): 29.100; area: 8,93 km². Settlements: Krimpen aan den IJssel (seat).
The official flag of the municipality of Krimpen aan den IJssel has been adopted by the municipal council on 5 Apr 2001.
The colors have partly been taken from the municipal arms (white and black), and the national colors of the Netherlands have been added. The white lines in the flag symbolize the big rivers running through Krimpen, and converging at the point of the Stormpolder. For recognizability the CoA has been placed over the two black triangles. The application of the colors of the Dutch tricolor accentuates Krimpen aan den IJssel's position in The Kingdom of The Netherlands.
Source: the municipal website.
Krimpen aan de IJssel historical flag
adopted 6 Sep 1958
International Civic Arms : http://www.ngw.nl/
Granted 24 Dec 1817. The crescents are from the arms of the Polanen-family.


We've all had the problem: how do you make fictional characters seem real? Characters in novels aren't real people, but when they come alive in your story, they seem real. There's an easy way to get that effect.
Consider the people you know. How do you think about them?
As soon as you think of someone, whether you know them well or not, you have a mental image of them: a visual and verbal shorthand.
I started writing a new novel a couple of days ago. This morning, I had a bunch of character names, ages and occupations. I had a mental image of each of them, and it was time to write down their primary traits.
Some writers like to write character bios. I've never been able to do that. If it works for you, that's great. It just doesn't work for me. I need to see the characters in action. People are defined by what they do, so after I've established a character, I think about his primary traits.
Here's a list of character traits to start you thinking about traits. Chances are good that even if you've only written a few thousand words of your novel, you know what your characters are like. Write down your impressions, now. Then as you write, you can show that she's confident, or that he's grabby, or whatever.
Before long, your characters will seem real to you, and they'll be real to your readers too.
You're an author. You can write any book you choose. Inevitably, you'll get ideas for books you wish you could write, but the big rule is "write what you know"… isn't it?
If everyone stuck to that rule, there'd be very little science fiction, and few mysteries. You can write any book you can imagine, and can research.
You've never killed anyone, but you want to write a thriller. How do you get into the mind of hit man? You don't have children. How do you write from the point of view of a mother whose six-year-old is kidnapped?
Please take this to heart: all writing is discovery.
Let's say you want to write a thriller about a hit man (or a hit woman.) This will be a real challenge for you if you're anything like me, and are squeamish about using snail bait, or swatting a spider.
Nevertheless, if I had a great idea for a book, and the main character happened to kill people for a living, I could write it. And so could you.
Here's why. Fiction is all about emotion. You've had every emotion everyone else has had. You've been angry — and you've gone beyond anger to primal rage. Neither feeling is comfortable. You may want to tap into that when you're writing about your hit person. Not for the killer, but for the person who's hired him.
For your killer, you'd want to tap into other emotions: determination, and a sense of confidence and expertise, perhaps. The emotions you'd explore would depend on your hit person's character.
What about the woman with a kidnapped child? I hope neither of us has had that experience. However, you've had similar experiences. Perhaps your child disappeared for a moment while you were shopping. Or from your backyard. Even if you're childless however, you can imagine yourself into that scenario.
Fiction is all about emotion. You need to trigger it in yourself, and then learn how to write to trigger it in your readers. The emotion is always what counts.
Therefore, since I'm very squeamish, and I wouldn't like to experience the sheer terror of a child going missing, at this stage I wouldn't consider writing about the hit man, or the mother with a missing child… not unless I got a great idea, and HAD to write it.
1. WRITE IT. Write a first draft, before you start researching hit men, or how many children go missing over the course of a year. Just write whatever strikes you in the moment. You can research once the first draft is done. If you research first, I can promise you you're unlikely to write the book.
Use your imagination, and get into the emotions.
2. Research while you're writing your second draft. You'll want to research where your hit man lives, what weapons he has, how he travels, how he's hired, etc.
For your kidnapped child book, see if you can talk to someone at a personal security agency.
Writing what you don't know is fun, when you use your imagination, and then research.
Can YOU Make Money Writing Books?


User Authentication. Tutorials & Tips. CFML. Scripts from Hot Scripts. Review before you use or buy a script! Let Hot Scripts uncover the best free, open source and commercial hot-scripts User Authentication scripts for your web site.


This is a 1:25 scale replica of the M119 A2 105mm Lightweight Howitzer set in Folded Towed Position. This replica is combined with a replica of the HMMWV ammo carrier. The howitzer's replica is highly detailed and accurate. It made of pewter and resin, mounted on a Mahogany base with a nameplate, and accompanied with a clear protective cover. The replicas are available for sale for military and defense professionals, exclusively from Gamla Model Makers.


Hornady is proud to launch Frontier Cartridge, a supplier of American-made, military-grade ammunition at affordable prices. Applications range from plinking, target shooting and hunting to law enforcement training and self-defense.
556 Nato. 62 Grain. Full Metal Jacket. Muzzle Velocity 3060 Fps. Muzzle Energy 1289 Lbs. Brass Casing. Boxer Primer. Re-loadable. 20 Rounds.


I use the bookmarks function constantly. It's great because it allows me to pick the key poses I like in the video reference and then have the ability to step through them using hotkeys (which are sensibly set). Along with this I hear that there is Maya timeline integration on the way which sounds like something I would definitely be interested in using.
For the full list of features and to keep this brief, check it out and it may just change your life. A little bit.
A good friend and colleague of mine has created a super useful set of scripts and tools to save you loads of time and generally make animating easier.
For full instructions on how to get it visit Tom's website here.
Studio library is a free python script for manage poses and transferring animation in Maya, and it's awesome. It has become an integral part of my workflow and I don't think I could manage without it.
Visit the Studio Library website for more information.
A classic that all animators should own. Full of really practical information that helped me tremendously from the start of my career, to this day.
A comprehensive reference which de-constructs human movement using thousands of photos from different angles.
Featuring over 4000 photos, this is the definitive guide for artists in understanding the motion of animals.
While I already knew many of the tips and tricks in this book from my industry experience, I still managed to find a few gems. This is the kind of book I wish I had when I first started learning how to animate in Maya.
This blog curates a lot of great content that covers a wide area in art, animation and film. They update regularly and is a great way to find inspiration from many sources.
A great way to keep up to date with general animation industry news.
A community and forum frequented by animators of all skill levels. Sharpen your animation skills with their monthly contest, or dive into the forums to discuss work in progress and general animation topics.
I find Vimeo to be a great source of inspiration as it hosts a lot of content created by professional artists and film makers. Every day my feed is full of awesome demo reels, short films and all the other things that are liked and shared by some of the talented people I follow.
Syncsketch is a great tool for critiquing animation. It allows multiple users to comment and collaborate on your work, leaving frame by frame feedback and advice. What's even better is that it's free! If you're not already using this when posting your work online then you need to get on it immediately.


Supplemental cancer insurance and supplemental critical illness insurance provide benefits in addition to any existing major medical coverage you may have. A critical illness can be anything from a heart attack to an organ transplant or a loss of sight or hearing.
Critical illness insurance policies can help provide some financial protection in the event of a heart attack, stroke, end stage renal failure, etc. Illnesses/conditions covered vary by insurance carrier.
Cancer insurance policies can help offset some of the costs associated with a cancer diagnosis. Some policies pay a lump-sum benefit; others pay specific benefit amounts for various expenses.
Unexpected injury or illness can quickly drain your savings and retirement funds. Medico Insurance Company's Short Term Recovery Care can help cover these costly expenses while you recover in a Nursing or Assisted Living Facility or for expenses related to Home Health Care, Adult Daycare or Hospice Care.
Because accidents or serious illness can happen at any time, and the high cost of hospitalization and related expenses can be overwhelming, Medico Insurance Company's Hospital Indemnity Insurance plan can help provide a safe harbor for you and your family.
Unfortunately we live in an age where Cancer is prevalent. Medico Insurance Company's First Diagnosis Cancer plan can help with the financial burden when a person receives a pathological diagnosis of internal cancer or malignant melanoma. This is a one time benefit, paid directly to you, to use how you see fit.
Medico Insurance Company wants you to start every day with a smile. To better protect your overall health, our new dental series offers three benefit plans for you to choose from based on your needs and budget. Click here to learn more about our Optional Dental Network.


text:
Indiana Hospitals
IHA Team
HistoryCurrently selected
Endorsed Business Partners
Platinum Partners
Strategic & Gold Underwriters
John C. Render Award for Health Policy
Douglas J. Leonard Caregiver of the Year
Administrative Professional Excellence
Stella Scholarship
Most Improved Friends Hospital PAC
Patient Safety Innovation
Patient Safety Partner Award
Patient Safety Service and Leadership
Friends PAC Highest Percentage of Goal
Stella Scholarship Fund
Disaster Relief Fund
IHA's History Through the Decades
For more than 90 years, IHA has helped Indiana hospitals adapt to a rapidly changing environment. The following are highlights from each decade.
See a complete timeline of IHA's 90-year-history »
In 1921, IHA was formed as a section of the American Hospital Association with 34 charter members. Dr. George Keiper, a Lafayette physician, spearheaded the initiative. Issues of the day included the need for standardized patient charts, hospital/physician and hospital/board relationships, employee training, dietetics, and fire safety.
1928: Albert G. Hahn, business manager of Deaconess Hospital, Evansville, is elected the first president of IHA in recognition of his leadership to increase association membership and revenue. During this time, IHA adopted its first mission statement, acquired its first corporate sponsors, and addressed the issue of providing information to patients about their hospitalizations.
As the country struggled under the burden of the Great Depression, the U.S. shifted its attention toward providing relief for the poor and the elderly. In 1932, the findings of the Federal Committee on the Costs of Medical Care were published. The report raised concerns about the cost and accessibility of health care. In 1935, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act into law. The bill provided pensions and other benefits to the elderly. However, national health insurance was omitted from the final bill. The American Medical Association strongly opposed national health insurance because they believed it would limit doctors' freedom and complicate doctor-patient relationships.
1938: Indiana Hospital Association is incorporated under the laws of the state. Its constitution by-laws were revised to conform with the by-laws of AHA. The financial devastation of the Great Depression highlighted the need for public health insurance.
The outbreak of war with Japan and Germany in 1941 presented Indiana hospitals with a new set of challenges. As the war effort demanded more resources, hospitals were required to make do with less. Hospitals all over Indiana faced shortages of food, rubber, fuel and medical instruments. One issue of Harmony asked hospitals to "Make one tool do what two used to." Hospitals also faced severe manpower shortages, as many doctors and nurses left to serve their country overseas. In 1943, the National War Labor Board declared employer contributions for health insurance "tax free." This encouraged hospitals to compete for an increasingly scarce workforce by offering health benefits. In 1944, enrollment in the Indiana Blue Cross plan began. Two years later, the passing of the Hill-Burton Act paid for the construction of hospitals across the country, especially in rural areas. It also prohibited hospitals from discriminating on the basis of race, religion, or national origin.
1944: IHA leads the launch of Indiana's first hospital insurance plan, Indiana Blue Cross. The late wartime era initiatives sponsored by IHA also included passages of a state hospital licensing law, as well as one to exempt non-profit hospitals from the intangibles of tax.
In 1949, IHA officially came out against "compulsory health insurance," a stance it would maintain as a debate over national health insurance continued throughout the 1950s. By September of 1950, Indiana led the nation in a number of resolutions against socialized medicine. With the outbreak of the Korean War, the nation's attention shifted away from health care reform. Hospitals were once again burdened with personnel shortages and were forced to ration valuable resources. Throughout the decade, enrollment in private insurance plans increased drastically. Several different approaches to national insurance made their way onto the legislative agenda, but none of them became law.
1951: The creating of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals makes the development of professional standards a national issue.
1958: After a dozen years of baby boom births, hospitals' services are in high demand. This year, the Indiana State Board of Health reported 4,399,122 patient days in the state's hospitals, drawing interest from government.
By the 1960s, hospital costs had risen dramatically. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law legislation creating the Medicare and Medicaid programs, providing comprehensive health care coverage for people 65 and older, as well as the poor and the disabled. A continued shortage of doctors and nurses led to federal measures to expand education in health care professions.
1960: In response to the new environment of regulatory bureaucracy, IHA elects Elton TeKolste, a former accountant for AHA, as its first salaried president. "Tek's" background was well suited to a focus on finance, efficiency, and productivity. Under his leadership, IHA helped develop a national rate control plan.
1961: IHA launches statewide insurance program.
1964: Members of Indiana Hospital Association begin the process of drafting rules and regulations that would allow hospital pharmacies in hospitals throughout the state (Feb. 1964)
1965: Hospital reimbursement methods change dramatically with the establishment of the Medicare and Medicaid programs.
1967: William S. Hall is appointed IHA's general counsel in response to hospitals' growing need for legal guidance. His firm, now Hall, Render, Killian, Heath & Lyman, continues to serve IHA and its members' legal needs.
With millions more Americans insured under Medicare and Medicaid, health spending and health care costs both increased. Much like today, the cost of health care became a hot-button political issue. Facing economic government regulations, IHA worked with the American Hospital Association to fight President Gerald Ford's proposed cap Medicare payments to hospitals, believing they would force hospitals to cut services. In addition to the struggling economy, the energy crisis forced Indiana hospitals to operate with limited access to resources, such as gas.
1971: John Render joins Bill Hall's law firm to help with the increasing burdens of regulation and advocacy. The 1970s saw the passage of the nation's first medical malpractice act, the launch of the Voluntary Effort to Reduce Health Costs in an era of high inflation and the purchase of IHA's new headquarters building at 39th & Meridian streets in Indianapolis.
The 1980s saw a change in the landscape of the health care industry. Corporations began integrating into hospitals and other health care fields. By 1985, more than 130 business and health coalitions had formed nationwide, marking an overall shift towards the privatization of hospitals and health care. As this shift took place, new threats from infectious diseases such as AIDS also began to surface. By the end of the decade, more than 100,000 people in the U.S. had HIV/AIDS, with a 60 percent mortality rate. This new threat meant hospitals had to make unprecedented adjustments to the way they dealt with patient safety and confidentiality, staff safety, and public relations.
1983: This year of dramatic change, the first in a long recovery from a deep recession, is the year that hospitals see the first major departure from fee-for-service medicine when Medicare introduces prospective fixed-rate payments. That move initiated a shift away from inpatient to other forms of delivery and reimbursement. For IHA in particular, 1983 marks the year it lost its president, Elton TeKolste, to a shockingly sudden death.
1984: IHA selects Kenneth G. Stella, the administrator of Morgan County Hospital in Martinsville, as its new president. Under his leadership, the association went through many changes. In keeping with Ken's focus on a more business-like demeanor, IHA moved its headquarters to the OneAmerica Tower in downtown Indianapolis and developed a long-term strategic plan that emphasized public policy and new collaborative relationships.
In the 1990s, organizations merged and consolidated more rapidly than at any other time in the nation's history up to that time. Technological advances provided hospitals with new opportunities and methods for providing quality care. President Bill Clinton made health care reform a major part of his campaign and presidency. The 1993 Clinton health plan required every U.S. citizen to enroll in a qualified health plan and allowed people under a certain income level to pay nothing. However, the plan was not enacted into law.
1990: Reflecting the changing times and the shift into the digital era, IHA began its efforts to implement a financial data collection system. This gave IHA a more reliable way to evaluate member hospital performance and to determine the overall health of the state.
1991: In fulfillment of its new plan goals, IHA organizes Concerned Hospital Advocates Information Network (CHAIN) to supplement its PAC, Friends of Indiana Hospitals, and opens a formal data department, expanding the existing member services of advocacy, education, and communications.
1994: During this time period, focus of strategic planning shifts to community health status.
1996: IHA celebrates its 75th anniversary with a new name and corporate identity that reflect its focus on partnerships: "Indiana Hospital & Health Association."
1997: Law enforcement declares "War on health care."
The 9/11 terrorist attacks changed national priorities and hospitals were placed on the backburner as attention shifted from health care legislation to homeland defense. However, with health care costs rapidly rising and the world's economy in recession, it was not long before health care again became the nation's primary focus.
2000: The association begins to transition to establishing its presence on the Internet. A public/private website, digital documents, electronic data submission and dissemination, and email all begin the process of development.
2005: IHHA led the charge to improve patient safety in Indiana hospitals by advocating for a medical error reporting system based on a list of 27 events that should never happen, which later became known as the 27 never events list. This initiative was a response to a 1999 report from the Institute of Medicine titled To Err is Human, which claimed that medical errors killed between 44,000 and 98,000 people each year in the U.S., suggesting that medical errors may be the eighth leading cause of death in the country.
2006: The first of the baby boom generation turns 60. The high demand for health care services, in addition to expensive technological advancements, drives these costs as a percentage of government budgets and personal expenditures ever-upward. There is a renewed focus on patient safety and quality of care, especially as they relate to hospital reimbursement.
2006: The Indiana Patient Safety Center is launched under the direction of IHHA.
2007: Ken Stella retires after 23 years of leading the association. Douglas J. Leonard, IHHA's past two-term chairman and CEO of Indiana's Columbus Regional Hospital, is elected as the association's new president. Leonard recognizes the need to refocus the association's efforts on hospital-specific issues, and IHHA once again becomes IHA, Indiana Hospital Association.
Decades of debate over universal health insurance and health care reform came to a head in March 2010 when President Obama signed the Affordable Care Act--the most significant overhaul of the health care system since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid--into law.
2010: President Barack Obama succeeds in passing his signature legislation, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. This act, and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, comprise what is commonly referred to as "health care reform." The implications of these new statues are complicated and far-reaching, affecting insurance, Medicaid and Medicare, among many other hospital interests.
2011: IHA celebrates its 90th anniversary with the slogan, "Stability Through Decades of Change." IHA continues to find strength through association in the common best interests of its members.
2012: The U.S. Supreme Court handed down its 5-4 ruling upholding the most major provisions in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, including the individual mandate that compels individuals to obtain and maintain health insurance. The Supreme Court did however strike down the ACA's mandatory Medicaid expansion, which gives states the option to participate or opt out.
2014: This was the year of patient safety improvements. Hospitals worked together to create new best cultures and reliable systems of care to prevent harm to patients and developed strategies and tools to reduce health care related harm. There was a large focus on the reduction of early elective deliveries and pressure ulcers. This was also the year when Ebola became a frontline issue in health. Indiana hospitals prepared for this epidemic to make sure that no Hoosiers would go untreated.
2015: This was a big year for health care and IHA. On January 27, 2015, the Healthy Indiana Plan was expanded through the approval of the HIP 2.0 waiver. Since then, HIP has grown to serve more than 356,000 Hoosiers and the number is only expected to increase in the years to come. Harmony was combined with the trustee magazine to give our members a single platform for information. This was also the last year the IHA team spent in the OneAmerican Tower after 30 years in their office space.
2016: IHA begins its first year in its new office at 500 N. Meridian in Indianapolis, IN.


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text:
Validity of the Japanese version of the quick mild cognitive impairment screen
Centre for Gerontology and Rehabilitation
Centre for Gerontology and Rehabilitation - Journal Articles
Name: ijerph-16-00917.pdf
Morita, Ayako; O'Caoimh, Rónán; Murayama, Hiroshi; Molloy, D. William; Inoue, Shigeru; Shobugawa, Yugo; Fujiwara, Takeo
Copyright: © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland
Copyright information: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Related: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/6/917
Citation: Morita, A., O'Caoimh, R., Murayama, H., Molloy, D.W., Inoue, S., Shobugawa, Y. and Fujiwara, T., 2019. Validity of the Japanese Version of the Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment Screen. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(6), (917). DOI:10.3390/ijerph16060917
Published Version: 10.3390/ijerph16060917
Early detection of dementia provides opportunities for interventions that could delay or prevent its progression. We developed the Japanese version of the Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment (Qmci-J) screen, which is a performance-based, easy-to-use, valid and reliable short cognitive screening instrument, and then we examined its validity. Community-dwelling adults aged 65–84 in Niigata prefecture, Japan, were concurrently administered the Qmci-J and the Japanese version of the standardized Mini-Mental State Examination (sMMSE-J). Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia were categorized using established and age-adjusted sMMSE-J cut-offs. The sample (n = 526) included 52 (9.9%) participants with suspected dementia, 123 (23.4%) with suspected MCI and 351 with likely normal cognition. The Qmci-J showed moderate positive correlation with the sMMSE-J (r = 0.49, p < 0.001) and moderate discrimination for predicting suspected cognitive impairment (MCI/dementia) based on sMMSE-J cut-offs, area under curve: 0.74, (95%CI: 0.70–0.79), improving to 0.76 (95%CI: 0.72 to 0.81) after adjusting for age. At a cut-off of 60/61/100, the Qmci-J had a 73% sensitivity, 68% specificity, 53% positive predictive value, and 83% negative predictive value for cognitive impairment. Normative data are presented, excluding those with any sMMSE-J < 27. Though further research is required, the Qmci-J screen may be a useful screening tool to identify older adults at risk of cognitive impairment.
Centre for Gerontology and Rehabilitation - Journal Articles [63]
Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland


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text:
\section{Introduction}
\xlabel{sec:intro}

Let ${\mathbb K}$ be a field and let ${\mathbb K}[X]$ be the ring of univariate polynomials
over ${\mathbb K}$. For any polynomial $P\in{\mathbb K}[X]$ and for any nonnegative integer
$i$, we denote by $P^{(i)}$ the $i$th derivative of $P$, and by $P_i$ the $i$th
Hasse derivative, which is $P^{(i)}$ divided by $i\,!$ in characteristic zero.

This paper is concerned with the following question posed by E.\ Casas-Alvero
in characteristic zero:

\begin{Conj*}[Casas-Alvero] \xlabel{conjLinPot}
  Let $P$ be a monic univariate polynomial of degree $d$ over a field
  ${\mathbb K}$.  Then $\gcd(P,P_i)$ is nontrivial for $i=1,\ldots,d-1$ if and only if
  $P=(X-\alpha)^d$ for some $\alpha\in{\mathbb K}$.
\end{Conj*}

Note that the implication from right to left is trivial. The truth of the other
implication depends on the characteristic of the base field ${\mathbb K}$.  For $d\le7$
and assuming that $\kar{\mathbb K}=0$, the conjecture was proved in
\cite{DTGVdthPowConj}, using Gr\"obner basis computations. Since then
the authors of \cite{DTGVdthPowConj} have settled the case of $d=8$ as well
(personal communication). It seems that no other cases are known.

In this paper, we prove the conjecture in characteristic $0$ for infinitely
many degrees $d$. More precisely, in Section \ref{sec:proof1} we show

\begin{Thm*}
  Let $d$ be of the form $p^k$ or $2p^k$ for some prime number $p$.
  Then the Casas-Alvero Conjecture holds in characteristic $0$ for polynomials
  of degree $d$.
\end{Thm*}

Since we could not find a reference for the fact that the Casas-Alvero
Conjecture does not always extend to characteristic $p$, we include
explicit counter-examples of degree $d>p$ for each $p$ in Section
\ref{sec:counter-examples}.

This work grew out of discussions in a meeting of the authors at RICAM in the
frame of the special semester on Gr\"obner bases. The connection with
Gr\"obner bases is made clear in Section \ref{sec:computational-aspects}, where
we discuss the computational aspects of the problem.

\subsection*{Notations and definitions.}
We will write
$$
  P = a_0X^d + a_1X^{d-1} + \ldots + a_d
$$
throughout the paper. With this notation, we have
$$
  P_i = \binom{d}{i} a_0X^{d-i} + \ldots + \binom{i+1}{i}
  a_{d-i+1}X + \binom{i}{i} a_{d-i}
$$
for the $i$th Hasse derivative of $P$. In characteristic $0$ one has $P_i =
P^{(i)}/i\,!$.

As $\binom{i}{i}=1$, we see that none of the Hasse derivatives vanishes
identically for all polynomials, regardless of the characteristic of the base
field, whereas in characteristic $p$, the $n$th usual derivative of any
polynomial is identically zero for all $n\ge p$. Thus, the conditions of the
Conjecture are strengthened in positive characteristic by using the Hasse
derivatives instead of the usual ones, whereas in characteristic $0$ there is
no difference.

\section{Mixing characteristics, or There and Back Again} \xlabel{sec:proof1}

We now establish some results which will finally lead to a proof of our Theorem.
Although the conjecture in general does not hold in positive
characteristic, it turns out that, for degrees $d$ and a prime $p$ as in the
Theorem, it is true in characteristic $p$, and this fact is used in the proof.

First, we note that the condition $\gcd(P,P_i)\ne 1$ is equivalent to the
\emph{resultant} $\Res_X(P,P_i)$ being zero (when $a_0\ne 0$). Let us
consider the ``generic'' polynomial
$$
  P=a_0X^d + \ldots + a_d
$$
as an element of the polynomial ring
$$
  {\mathbb Z}[a_0,\ldots,a_d][X];
$$
and let us assume that $\gcd(P,P_i)\ne 1$ for $1\le i\le d-1$. It follows that
the vector of coefficients $(a_0,\ldots,a_d)$ belongs to an algebraic variety,
namely the set of common zeros of the equations $\{\Res_X(P,P_i) \mid 1\le i\le
d-1\}$. Therefore, we will study the set of points with coordinates in ${\mathbb K}$ on
this variety, for any field ${\mathbb K}$.

Before this, however, we apply some simplifications: it is enough to consider
the conjecture for \emph{monic} polynomials only, so we assume $a_0=1$; and,
because we assume that $P$ has a common factor with its $(d-1)$st derivative,
which is linear, we know that $P$ has a zero in the base field. If we translate
this zero to $0$, we have $a_d=0$, and moreover, the property of $P$ of having
a common factor with its derivatives is preserved under this translation.

The defining property is also invariant under scaling of the variable $X$; from
this, it follows that the equation $\Res_X(P,P_i)$ is \emph{homogeneous} of
weighted degree $d(d-i)$, if we give weight $j$ to the variable $a_j$, for
$1\le j\le d-1$. (It is consistent to give $a_0$ weight $0$ and $a_d$ weight
$d$, as well.)

Putting this all together, the object of interest is the weighted projective
scheme
\begin{equation}
  X_d \subseteq {\mathbb P}_{{\mathbb Z}}(1,2,\ldots,d-1)
\end{equation}
over ${\mathbb Z}$, defined by the homogeneous ideal
$$
  I_d = \left<\Res_X(P,P_i) \mid i=1,\ldots,d-1\right> \subseteq
  R_d = {\mathbb Z}[a_1,\ldots,a_{d-1}],
$$
where $a_j$ has weight $j$ for $1\le j \le d-1$. We will consider the set
$X_d({\mathbb K})$ of ${\mathbb K}$-rational points on $X_d$ for any field ${\mathbb K}$.

Under the simplifications given above, if $P$ is a power of a linear
polynomial, then we must have $P=X^d$ and $a_1=\ldots=a_{d-1} = 0$. But this
trivial rational point $(0,\ldots,0)$ is excluded from $X_d$, as we consider
$X_d$ to be projective. Therefore, we have:

\begin{Prop}
  The Casas-Alvero Conjecture holds for polynomials of degree $d$ over a field
  ${\mathbb K}$ if and only if $X_d({\mathbb K})$ is empty.
\end{Prop}

The following result permits us to draw conclusions about the situation in
characteristic $0$ from results in characteristic $p$. For any field ${\mathbb K}$, we
write $\overline{{\mathbb K}}$ for an algebraic closure of ${\mathbb K}$; also, we consider the
\emph{base extension} $X_d\times\Spec{\mathbb K}$ of $X_d$ to a projective scheme over
$\Spec{\mathbb K}$. The scheme $X_d\times\Spec{\mathbb K}$ is empty if and only if $X_d$ has no
points over $\overline{{\mathbb K}}$.

\begin{Prop} \xlabel{prop:frompto0}
  Let $d\ge 1$ be an integer. If $X_d(\overline{{\mathbb F}}_\ell)$ is empty for some prime
  $\ell$, then the Casas-Alvero Conjecture holds, for degree $d$, in
  characteristic $0$ and in characteristic $p$ for all but finitely many primes
  $p$.
\end{Prop}

\begin{proof}
As $X_d$ is weighted projective over ${\mathbb Z}$, the structure morphism
$$
  \phi_d : X_d \rightarrow \Spec({\mathbb Z})
$$
is proper \cite[Theorem II.4.9]{Hartshorne:77}.
In particular, the image $\phi_d(X_d)$ is closed. The complement
$U$ of $\phi_d(X_d)$ is exactly the set of points in $\Spec({\mathbb Z})$ where the
fiber under $\phi_d$ is empty. By assumption, $U$ is non-empty, because it
contains the prime $\ell$. It follows that $U$ is dense in $\Spec({\mathbb Z})$, and
hence contains the generic point, as well as all but finitely many primes.
But the fiber of the generic point is $X_d\times\Spec{\mathbb Q}$, while the fiber of a
prime $p$ is $X_d\times\Spec{\mathbb F}_p$, so that all these fibers are empty by
definition of $U$.

By base extension, one sees easily that if $X_d\times\Spec{\mathbb Q}$ is empty, then
so is $X_d({\mathbb K})$ for any field ${\mathbb K}$ of characteristic $0$, and the analogon
holds for characteristic $p$.
\end{proof}

We now come to some concrete statements about the problem.

\begin{Prop} \xlabel{prop:case12}
  The Casas-Alvero Conjecture holds over any field in degrees $1$ and $2$.
\end{Prop}

\begin{proof}
  The linear case is trivial. Suppose $P=X^2+a_1X$ shares a factor with its
  derivative $2X+a_1$; then it follows easily that $a_1=0$, whether $2$ is
  equal to $0$ or not.
\end{proof}

We use a number-theoretical lemma. For an integer $a$ and a prime number $p$,
let $v_p(a)$ be the number of factors $p$ in $a$; we have $v_p(0)=\infty$.

\begin{Lem}
  Let $d$ be a positive integer, let $p$ be a prime number dividing $d$, and
  let $i$ be an integer with $0\le i\le d$. If $v_p(i)< v_p(d)$, then the
  binomial coefficient $\binom{d}{i}$ is $0$ modulo $p$.
\end{Lem}

\begin{proof}
  It is an old result of Kummer \cite[p.\ 116]{Kummer}, which is easily proved,
  that the highest power of $p$ that divides $\binom{d}{i}$ is equal to the
  number of `carries' that occur when $i$ and $d-i$ are added in $p$-adic
  notation. If $v_p(d)=e$, then the $p$-adic expansion of $d$ ends in $e$
  zeros, whereas by our assumption, the expansions of $i$ and $d-i$ end in less
  than $e$ zeros. Therefore, if we add them, we must incur at least one carry,
  and the binomial coefficient will be divisible by $p$.
\end{proof}

\begin{Prop} \xlabel{prop:prime}
  Let $d\ge 1$ be an integer. If $d$ is a power of some prime number $p$,
  then $X_d(\overline{{\mathbb F}}_p)$ is empty.
\end{Prop}

\begin{proof}
Assume that $P\in\overline{{\mathbb F}}_p[x]=x^d+\ldots+a_{d-1}x$ is a polynomial
having a common factor with all its Hasse derivatives up to order $d-1$.
Note that by the Lemma, $\binom{d}{i}=0$ in ${\mathbb F}_p$, for $i=1,\ldots,d-1$. In
particular $\binom{d}{d-1}=0$, hence $P_{d-1}=a_1$. The existence
of a common factor with $P$ implies that $a_1=0$. But then
$P_{d-2}=a_2$, hence $a_2=0$, and so on. Hence
$a_1=\ldots=a_{d-1}=0$, and because the origin is not contained
in the weighted projective space, it follows $X_d(\overline{{\mathbb F}}_p)$ is empty.
\end{proof}

The argument of the Proposition can be generalised as follows.

\begin{Prop} \xlabel{prop:induc}
  Let $d\ge 1$ and $k\ge 0$ be integers. If $d=np^k$ for some prime $p$, and if
  $X_n(\overline{{\mathbb F}}_p)$ is empty, then $X_d(\overline{{\mathbb F}}_p)$ is empty.
\end{Prop}

\begin{proof}
  The proof of the previous Proposition shows that $a_1=\ldots=a_{p^k-1}=0$.
  Now we have $P_{d-p^k}= \binom{d}{d-p^k} X^{p^k} + a_{p^k}$, where this
  time, the leading coefficient does not necessarily vanish in ${\mathbb F}_p$.
  Continuing, we see that again in $P_{d-p^k-1}$, the leading coefficient
  vanishes, as well as the coefficient of $a_{p^k}$, and we obtain
  $a_{p^k+1}=0$. This process eventually shows that $a_i=0$ unless $p^k\mid i$.
  We obtain
  $$
    P = X^d + a_{p^k} X^{d-p^k} + \ldots + a_{d-p^k} X^{p^k},
  $$
  which in characteristic $p$ is equal to $Q^{p^k}$ for some polynomial
  $Q\in\overline{{\mathbb F}}_p[X]$ of degree~$n$, because the field $\overline{{\mathbb F}}_p$ is
  perfect. This polynomial $Q$ again must have a common factor with all
  its Hasse derivatives up to order $n-1$, which is impossible if no
  such polynomials (except the trivial one $X^n$) exist in degree $n$.
\end{proof}

We can now prove the main result of this paper.

\begin{Thm*}
  Let $d$ be of the form $p^k$ or $2p^k$ for some prime number $p$.
  Then the Casas-Alvero Conjecture holds in characteristic $0$ for polynomials
  of degree $d$.
\end{Thm*}

\begin{proof}
  If $d$ is a prime power $p^k$, then by Proposition \ref{prop:prime}, we see
  that $X_d(\overline{{\mathbb F}}_p)$ is empty. If $d=2p^k$, then we first invoke
  Proposition \ref{prop:case12} to show that no nontrivial quadratic examples
  exist in characteristic $p$, and then use Proposition \ref{prop:induc} to
  prove that $X_d(\overline{{\mathbb F}}_p)$ is empty in this case as well.

  We can now finish the proof by using Proposition \ref{prop:frompto0}, which
  allows us to conclude that $X_d({\mathbb K})$ is also empty for any field ${\mathbb K}$
  of characteristic $0$.
\end{proof}

\section{Counter-Examples in Positive Characteristic}
\xlabel{sec:counter-examples}

For each prime field ${\mathbb F}_p$, we construct a monic polynomial $P$ of degree
$d>p$ that violates the Casas-Alvero Conjecture.

\begin{Prop} \xlabel{counterex}
  Let $p$ be a prime number, let $P = X^{p+1}-X^p\in{\mathbb F}_p[X]$, and let
  $d=\deg P=p+1$. Then $P$ is not a $d$th power, but it has a non-trivial
  common factor with its Hasse derivatives $P_i$, $i=1, 2, \ldots, d-1$.
\end{Prop}

\begin{proof}
We have
$$
  P=X^{p+1}-X^p = X^{p}(X-1) \in {\mathbb F}_p[X].
$$
Thus $P$ is not a $d$th power, and it has a common factor $X$ with $P_i$ for
$i=1,2,\ldots, d~-~2$. Moreover,
$$
  P_{d-1}=dX-1 \equiv X-1 \mod p,
$$
and $X-1$ divides $P$.
\end{proof}

\begin{Rem}
  If we fix $d$, and assume that the Casas-Alvero Conjecture is true for
  degree $d$ in characteristic $0$, then it follows from Proposition
  \ref{prop:frompto0} that the primes $p$ for which counter-examples to
  the Casas-Alvero Conjecture exist over ${\mathbb F}_p$ are bounded. For example, for
  $d=3$ the Conjecture is true for a field of any characteristic, except $2$.
  By Proposition \ref{prop:induc}, this implies that the Conjecture holds in
  characteristic $0$ for all degrees under $30$, except possibly
  $12$, $20$, $24$, and $28$.

  However, the bound on the bad primes for a given degree $d$ may be quite
  large. For example, considering all quadrinomials of the form
  $X^6+aX^4+X^3+bX^2$ that possibly violate the conjecture, we find the
  counter-example
  $$
    P = X^6+3144481702696843 X^4+X^3+ 2707944513497181 X^2
  $$
  in characteristic $7390044713023799$, even though the conjecture holds for
  $d=6$ over ${\mathbb Q}$.
\end{Rem}

\section{Computational aspects}
\xlabel{sec:computational-aspects}

As was already said in the Introduction, the Casas-Alvero Conjecture may
in principle be verified computationally for any degree $d$. One way to do this
is to let a computer algebra package compute the polynomials $\Res_X(P,P_i)$,
for $i=1,\ldots,d-1$, and then compute a Gr\"obner basis of the ideal
$I_d$ generated by these resultants in ${\mathbb Q}[a_1,\ldots,a_{d-1}]$. The
Conjecture is true for degree $d$ in characteristic $0$ if and only if the
Gr\"obner basis for $I_d$ (in any term ordering) contains, for each
$i$, an element whose leading term is a power of $a_i$ (see \cite{AL} for more
on these concepts).

We have done several such computations, using the packages {\sc Singular}
\cite{Singular}, {\sc Magma} \cite{Magma}, {\sc Macaulay 2} \cite{Macaulay2},
and {\sc Maple} \cite{Maple}, all of which offer Gr\"obner basis
computations for ideals in multivariate polynomial rings.

However, the cost of these computations becomes prohibitive already for small
degrees $d$. Taking the smallest open case, $d=12$, one will find that even
computing the resultants is impossible, let alone computing a Gr\"obner basis.
The main problem here is that these are polynomials in many variables, which
tend to have exponentially many nonzero terms, whereas a Gr\"obner basis may
again contain exponentially many such polynomials.

Another approach, used by the authors of \cite{DTGVdthPowConj}, is to take the
zeros of $P$ as parameters instead of the coefficients. Here one obtains an
explicit decomposition of $I_d$ into ideals that are ``more primary'' than
$I_d$, and one proceeds with these. Unfortunately, the number of these
components grows exponentially with $d$, and the largest case that was solved
using this technique is $d=8$ (personal communication).

It may be expected that the computations become easier if we reduce the ideal
$I_d$ modulo a prime, because many terms may become zero. This is in fact the
case, and allows quick verification of the Conjecture for some small degrees.

Pushing the argument of Proposition \ref{prop:prime} a little further, one can
even show that if $d=p^k$, then the polynomials $\Res_X(P,P_i)$, for
$i=1,\ldots,d-1$, \emph{already form a Gr\"obner basis} of the reduction of the
ideal $I_d$ modulo $p$, for the weighted degree reverse lexicographic monomial
order with $a_1 < a_2 < \ldots < a_{d-1}$. The leading monomial of
$\Res_X(P,P_i)$ under this order is $a_{d-i}^d$. This provides an alternative
proof that the projective variety of the ideal over $\overline{{\mathbb F}}_p$ is empty.

However, when trying to solve the case $d=12$ by reducing modulo $p$, one finds
that there are counterexamples in characteristic $p=2,3,5,7,11,13$, while for
$p=17$ and larger we face the same complexity problems as in characteristic
$0$.

Another way to obtain partial information is to fix several coefficients a
priori. For example, when we put $P = X^6 + aX^4 + X^3 + bX^2$, as in the last
section, we can readily compute a Gr\"obner basis of $I_6$, even when we take
${\mathbb Z}$ as the base ring instead of ${\mathbb Q}$. The ideal $I_6$ is here generated by
three inhomogeneous equations in two variables (two resultants are zero), and its
Gr\"obner basis contains the integer
$$
  M=13^3 \cdot 19^7 \cdot 67^2 \cdot 20771^2 \cdot 21379 \cdot 23993^3 \cdot
    7783207 \cdot 40362599 \cdot 7390044713023799.
$$
It follows that some quadrinomial of the cited form violates the Conjecture in
characteristic $p$ if and only if $p$ is a prime factor of $M$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
__БЕЗКН__

NGC 2616 је лентикуларна галаксија у сазвежђу Хидра која се налази на NGC листи објеката дубоког неба.

Деклинација објекта је - 1° 51' 3" а ректасцензија 8-{h}- 35-{m}- 34,0-{s}-. Привидна величина (магнитуда) објекта -{NGC}- 2616 износи 12,7 а фотографска магнитуда 13,7. -{NGC}- 2616 је још познат и под ознакама -{UGC 4489, MCG 0-22-21, CGCG 4-69, PGC 24129}-.

Референце

Литература
Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue, Wolfgang Steinicke, 2012. Доступно у овом фајлу са објашњењем на овој страници
SIMBAD база података, Стразбуршки центар астрономских података (CDS), Стразбур

Види још
Нови општи каталог

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Интерактивни каталог NGC, IC и Месјеових објеката
-{SIMBAD}- база података

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Pink revealed on Saturday that she has the flu, but is determined to sing the National Anthem at the 2018 Super Bowl on Sunday as planned.
Despite her ailment, she did perform on Friday at the pre-game Nomadic Live! event at The Armory in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the city where the New England Patriots and Philadelphia Eagles will face off at the NFL championship.


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Cardinals and Wainwright Agree to 2019 Contract
The St. Louis Cardinals announced today that they have agreed to terms with veteran pitcher Adam Wainwright on a one-year contract for the 2019 season. Financial terms of the deal were not disclosed.
Wainwright, 37, will be entering his 15th season with the Cardinals in 2019, matching Bob Forsch (1974-88) for the 3rd-most seasons as a pitcher in a Redbirds uniform. Jesse Haines (18 years, 1920-37) and Bob Gibson (17 years, 1959-75) are the only pitchers ahead of them.
"Adam represents everything we think of when asked to describe a winning player, and a winning teammate," stated Cardinals' Chairman Bill DeWitt, Jr. "His value to our team stretches far beyond the box score, and he showed by season's end that he is still ready and able to compete."
Wainwright will enter the 2019 season ranked 5th all-time among Cardinals in wins (148) and 2nd in strikeouts (1,623). The two-time World Series Champion (2006 & 2011) and three-time All-Star (2010, 2013, 2014) ranks 11th among active pitchers in win, 17th in strikeouts and 8th in ERA (3.32), despite missing significant time due to injury in 2011, 2015 and 2018.
"Adam has proven, when healthy, that he still has the ability and the drive to contribute at the highest level," said Cardinals' President of Baseball Operations John Mozeliak. "We saw it in Spring Training, and again late in the season, that once he had overcome his ailments, he was prepared to give us a winning effort every time he took the mound. There is risk, but it is shared, and this deal gives us added depth as we look to 2019."
Wainwright missed a total of 149 days while on the disabled list with hamstring and elbow injuries in 2018. He finished the year with a 2-4 mark and 4.46 ERA in eight games (all starts). Adam made four starts in September, striking out 25 in his 22.1 innings pitched while going 1-1 with a 4.84 ERA, as the Cardinals went 3-1 in those games. Despite making fewer September starts than his teammates, "Waino" finished third on the team in innings pitched and strikeouts last month.
A former Rawlings Gold Glove (2009 & 2013) and National League Silver Slugger (2017) award winner, Wainwright owns a career mark of 148-85 with a 3.32 ERA in 352 games (285 starts) covering 1,932.0 innings pitched. He is the Cardinals all-time leader in postseason games pitched (24) and strikeouts (96) and was on the mound for the Cardinals World Series and National League Championship Series clinching wins in 2006.
Filed Under: 2019 contract, Adam Wainwright, st louis cardinals
Missouri High School Football Media All State Announced


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Q: Scala: Parse timestamp using spark 3.1.2 I have an Excel-reader, where I put the results in sparks dataframes. I have problems with parsing the timestamps.
I have timestamps as strings like Wed Dec 08 10:49:59 CET 2021. I was using spark-sql version 2.4.5 and everything worked fine until I recently updated to version 3.1.2.
Please find some minimal code below.
import org.apache.spark.sql.SparkSession
import org.apache.spark.sql.functions.{col, to_timestamp}

val ts: String = "Wed Dec 08 20:49:59 CET 2021"
val oldfmt: String = "E MMM dd HH:mm:ss z yyyy"

val ttdf = Seq(ts)
  .toDF("theTimestampColumn")
  .withColumn("parsedTime", to_timestamp(col("theTimestampColumn"), fmt = oldfmt))

ttdf.show()

Running this code with spark version 2.4.5 works like expected and produces the following output:
+--------------------+-------------------+
|  theTimestampColumn|         parsedTime|
+--------------------+-------------------+
|Wed Dec 08 20:49:...|2021-12-08 20:49:59|
+--------------------+-------------------+

Now, executing the same code, just with spark version 3.1.2, results in the following error:
Exception in thread "main" org.apache.spark.SparkUpgradeException:
You may get a different result due to the upgrading of Spark 3.0:
Fail to recognize 'E MMM dd HH:mm:ss z yyyy' pattern in the DateTimeFormatter.
1) You can set spark.sql.legacy.timeParserPolicy to LEGACY to restore the behavior before Spark 3.0.
2) You can form a valid datetime pattern with the guide from https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-ref-datetime-pattern.html

(clickable link: https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-ref-datetime-pattern.html)
This website doesn't help me further. I don't find any mistakes in my formatstring.
The symbol E represents the day-of-week as text like Tue; Tuesday.
The symbol M represents the month-of-year like 7; 07; Jul; July. The symbols H,m,s,y are hours, minutes, seconds or years, respectively. The symbol z denotes the time-zone name like Pacific Standard Time; PST.
Do I miss something obvious here?
Any help will be really appreciated. Thank you in advance.

A: You can use E only for datetime formatting and not for parsing, as stated in datetime pattern documentation:

Symbols of 'E', 'F', 'q' and 'Q' can only be used for datetime formatting, e.g. date_format. They are not allowed used for datetime parsing, e.g. to_timestamp.

If you want to apply behavior of Spark version <3.0, you can set spark.sql.legacy.timeParserPolicy option to LEGACY:
sparkSession.conf.set("spark.sql.legacy.timeParserPolicy", "LEGACY")

And if you don't want to change spark configuration, you can remove the characters representing day with substr SQL function:
import org.apache.spark.sql.functions.{col, to_timestamp, expr}

val ts: String = "Wed Dec 08 20:49:59 CET 2021"
val fmt: String = "MMM dd HH:mm:ss z yyyy"

val ttdf = Seq(ts)
  .toDF("theTimestampColumn")
  .withColumn("preparedTimestamp", expr("substr(theTimestampColumn, 5, length(theTimestampColumn))"))
  .withColumn("parsedTime", to_timestamp(col("preparedTimestamp"), fmt = fmt))
  .drop("preparedTimestamp")

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text:
The new face of Cloverdale Playhouse
Sarah Walker Thornton assumes new role of Artistic Director for the Cloverdale Playhouse's fifth season.
The new face of Cloverdale Playhouse Sarah Walker Thornton assumes new role of Artistic Director for the Cloverdale Playhouse's fifth season. Check out this story on montgomeryadvertiser.com: https://on.mgmadv.com/1oRInD4
Liz Ely, Special to the Advertiser Published 7:52 a.m. CT March 3, 2016
Sarah Walker Thornton is the new artistic director at the Cloverdale Playhouse.(Photo: Contributed)
Fresh off a seven-year stint in New York City, Sarah Walker Thornton has come back to Montgomery to assume the new role of Artistic Director for the Cloverdale Playhouse's fifth season. She hopes to use her knowledge and experiences gleaned from life in the Big Apple to continue to tradition of community theatre in Montgomery that was hatched by her father, former Artistic Director and actor, Greg Thornton.
"My father went above and beyond for the Playhouse, and he left very big shoes to fill. I hope I can bring new ideas and insights to the job while maintaining the quality and integrity that he and the rest of the Playhouse team have built over the last four years," Thornton said.
Thornton's new role comes with some hefty responsibilities, and while she admits there may be hiccups along the way, she is excited to promote and enrich the city's love for community theatre. She hopes that her enthusiasm will bolster the community's appreciation for an art she holds dearly to her heart.
"This is a role that I am excited to take on, and I'm learning new things every day. I'm certain unforeseen challenges will pop up, but that's life in the theatre. I hope my time here can reinvigorate the community to reclaim and uplift the arts in the River Region. As the new face of the theatre, I want it to feel more accessible and welcoming to people who think they may not belong," Thornton said.
Thornton found her calling as a young girl. At the age of eleven, she began acting professionally, playing alongside her father in the Alabama Shakespeare Festival's production of To Kill A Mockingbird. She notes that playing Scout to her father's Atticus marks the time when she officially caught the acting bug.
"I worked at ASF in a handful of shows as a kid, and I couldn't get enough of the theatre. I worked at the front of the house, backstage, and taught at the summer camp. For me, watching Greta Lambert play Lady Macbeth sealed the deal. I knew that was what I wanted to do with my life," Thornton said.
She hasn't stopped there. After receiving her Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from Wright State University in Ohio, Thornton returned to Montgomery to enroll in ASF's Master of Fine Arts training program in conjunction with the University of Alabama. She began to further pursue her dreams when moving to New York City, acting alongside other actors she admired, and helping to create the BAMA Theatre Company. While at BTC, she amassed a knack for running a theatre company, and that knack is what led the Playhouse's nationwide search to select Thornton as their new Artistic Director.
"In New York City, I learned a lot by seeing a lot of theatre. I took classes and private coaching with actors and directors I greatly respect and admire. The BAMA Theatre Company quickly became a staple of the International Fringe Festival, and that took us to a new level. Many people here helped and supported us although most never got to see us perform. I learned a great deal about how to run a theatre company there, Thornton said.
Thornton is grateful to be home and back to the community that has given her so much. She hopes to apply what she has learned from life in the big city and the wisdom of her father to inspire audiences at the Playhouse in new ways.
"Moving back is a homecoming for me, and I want to give back to the community that helped shape my youth. My father taught me so much, and he is my hero. He instilled in me a profound sense of duty, professionalism, and integrity. I hope my experience in education and onstage will help fuel the younger generations of artists in the community to reconnect to the theatre," Thornton said.
Thornton is currently wrapping Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike, and her debut as Artistic Director has been met with a wealth of support and encouragement from staff and fans. Of all the productions the Playhouse is set to host this year, Thornton reveals it's hard to pick a favorite, but there may be one in particular that stands out.
"I'm still finding my footing, but I'm confident it will be an exciting season, and I am excited for all of the shows. It is such an interesting lineup with very unique characters and thought-provoking stories. If I had to pick a favorite, it may be Strip Talk on the Boulevard. It will be a world premiere, and I have raved about it to everyone," Thornton said.
While eager to embark upon her new journey, Thornton wishes to emulate that which her father represented both at the Playhouse and as a person. As the torch gets passed down, she notes it may be tricky to live up to his reputation, but she remains grateful for his continued encouragement.
"I have enormous respect for him, and I hope I carry even a fraction of his strength and character. I am trying to let him enjoy being back onstage and not pepper him with too many questions. He is such a source of guidance and support for me. I hear his praises sung in the hallways of the Playhouse. That is very moving to me," Thornton said.
As for the Playhouse, Thornton finds it to be a place of refuge, a place she can now call home, and a place where she hopes others will feel welcome as well.
"The Playhouse is a very special place. There is so much talent in this town, and many people find a home with us. The caliber of work done here is truly inspiring, and the types of shows selected for our seasons are daring and surprising. It sounds romantic, I'm sure, but I've always found a great deal of faith and spirituality inside the walls of the theatre. The Playhouse embodies that in every sense," Thornton said.
For more information about the Cloverdale Playhouse, go online to www.cloverdaleplayhouse.org.
Read or Share this story: https://on.mgmadv.com/1oRInD4
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Bampurius trilunulatus är en insektsart som beskrevs av Dlabola 1984. Bampurius trilunulatus ingår i släktet Bampurius och familjen dvärgstritar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Dvärgstritar
trilunulatus


text:
Segregation in materials
Segregation in Materials refers to the enrichment of a material constituent at a free surface or an internal interface of a material. In a polycrystalline solid, a segregation site can be a dislocation, grain boundary, stacking fault, or an interface with a precipitate or secondary phase within the solid. There are two recognized types of segregation: equilibrium segregation and non-equilibrium segregation.
Equilibrium segregation is associated with the lattice disorder at interfaces, where there are sites of energy different from those within the lattice at which the solute atoms can deposit themselves. The equilibrium segregation is so termed because the solute atoms segregate themselves to the interface or surface in accordance of with the statistics of thermodynamics in order to minimize the overall free energy of the system. This sort of partitioning of solute atoms between the grain boundary and the lattice was predicted by McLean in 1957 [1] .
Non-equilibrium segregation, first theorized by Westbrook in 1964 [2] , occurs as a result of solutes coupling to vacancies which are moving to grain boundary sources or sinks during quenching or application of stress. It can also occur as a result of solute pile-up at a moving interface [3] .
There are two main features of non-equilibrium segregation, by which it is most easily distinguished from equilibrium segregation. In the non-equilibrium effect, the magnitude of the segregation increases with increasing temperature and the alloy can be homogenized without further quenching because its lowest energy state corresponds to a uniform solute distribution. In contrast, the equilibrium segregated state, by definition, is the lowest energy state in a system that exhibits equilibrium segregation, and the extent of the segregation effect decreases with increasing temperature. The details of non-equilibrium segregation are not going to be discussed here, but can be found in the review by Harries and Marwick [4] .
Why is segregation important?
Segregation of a solute to surfaces and grain boundaries in a solid produces a section of material with a discrete composition and its own set of properties that can have important (and often deleterious effects) on the overall properties of the material. These 'zones' with an increased concentration of solute can be thought of as the cement between the bricks of a building. The structural integrity of the building depends not only on the material properties of the brick, but also greatly on the properties of the long lines of mortar in between.
Segregation to grain boundaries, for example, can lead to grain boundary fracture as a result of temper brittleness, creep embrittlement, stress relief cracking of weldments, hydrogen embrittlement, environmentally assisted fatigue, grain boundary corrosion, and some kinds of intergranular stress corrosion cracking [5] . Segregation to grain boundaries can also affect their respective migration rates, and so affects sinterability, as well as the grain boundary diffusivity (although sometimes these effects can be used advantageously) [6] .
Segregation to free surfaces also has important consequences involving the purity of metallurgical samples. Because of the favorable segregation of some impurities to the surface of the material, a very small concentration of impurity in the bulk of the sample can lead to a very significant coverage of the impurity on a cleaved surface of the sample. In applications where an ultra-pure surface is needed (for example, in some nanotechnology applications), the segregation of impurities to surfaces requires a much higher purity of bulk material than would be needed if segregation effects didn't exist. The following figure illustrates this concept with two cases in which the total fraction of impurity atoms is 0.25 (25 impurity atoms in 100 total). In the representation on the left, these impurities are equally distributed throughout the sample, and so the fractional surface coverage of impurity atoms is also approximately 0.25. In the representation to the right, however, the same number of impurity atoms are shown segregated on the surface, so that an observation of the surface composition would yield a much higher impurity fraction (in this case, about 0.69). In fact, in this example, were impurities to completely segregate to the surface, an impurity fraction of just 0.36 could completely cover the surface of the material. In an application where surface interactions are important, this result could be disastrous.
It is important to note that while the intergranular failure problems noted above are sometimes severe, they are rarely the cause of major service failures (in structural steels, for example), as suitable safety margins are included in the designs. Perhaps the greater concern is that with the development of new technologies and materials with new and more extensive mechanical property requirements, and with the increasing impurity contents as a result of the increased recycling of materials, we may see intergranular failure in materials and situations not seen currently. Thus, a greater understanding of all of the mechanisms surrounding segregation might lead to being able to control these effects in the future [6] . Modeling potentials, experimental work, and related theories are still being developed to explain these segregation mechanisms for increasingly complex systems.
Theories of Segregation
Several theories describe the equilibrium segregation activity in materials. The adsorption theories for the solid-solid interface and the solid-vacuum surface are direct analogues of theories well known in the field of gas adsorption on the free surfaces of solids [7] .
Langmuir-McLean theory for surface and grain boundary segregation in binary systems
This is the earliest theory specifically for grain boundaries, in which McLean [1] uses a model of P solute atoms distributed at random amongst N lattice sites and p solute atoms distributed at random amongst n independent grain boundary sites. The total free energy due to the solute atoms is then:
G = pe + PE - kT [ln(n!N!) - ln(n - p)!p!(N - P)!P!]
where E and e are energies of the solute atom in the lattice and in the grain boundary, respectively and the kln term represents the configurational entropy of the arrangement of the solute atoms in the bulk and grain boundary. McLean used basic statistical mechanics to find the fractional monolayer of segregant, X_b, at which the system energy was minimized (at the equilibrium state), differentiating G with respect to p, noting that the sum of p an P is constant. Here the grain boundary analogue of Langmuir adsorption at free surfaces becomes:
frac{X_b}{X_b^0-X_b}=frac{X_c}{1-X_c}exp left ( frac{-Delta,G}{RT} ight )
Here, X_b^0 is the fraction of the grain boundary monolayer available for segregated atoms at saturation, X_b is the actual fraction covered with segregant, X_c is the bulk solute molar fraction, and Delta,G is the free energy of segregation per mole of solute.
Values of Delta,G were estimated by McLean using the elastic strain energy, E_{el}, released by the segregation of solute atoms. The solute atom is represented by an elastic sphere fitted into a spherical hole in an elastic matrix continuum. The elastic energy associated with the solute atom is given by:
E_{el}=frac{24pi,Kappa,mu,_0 r_0 (r_1-r_0)^2}{3Kappa,+4mu,_0}
where Kappa, is the solute bulk modulus, mu,_0, is the matrix shear modulus, and r_0, and r_1, are the atomic radii of the matrix and impurity atoms, respectively. This method gives values correct to within a factor of two (as compared with experimental data for grain boundary segregation), but a greater accuracy is obtained using the method of Seah and Hondros [8] , described in the following section.
Free energy of grain boundary segregation in binary systems
Using truncated BET theory (the gas adsorption theory developed by Brunauer, Deming, Deming, and Teller), Seah and Hondros [8] write the solid-state analogue as:
frac{X_b}{X_b^0-X_b}=frac{X_c}{X_c^0}exp left ( frac{-Delta G'}{RT} ight )
where Delta,G=Delta,G' + Delta,G_{sol}
X_c^0 is the solid solubility, which is known for many elements (and can be found in metallurgical handbooks). Note that in the dilute limit, a slightly soluble substance has X_c^0 = exp left ( frac{Delta,G_{sol{RT} ight ), so the above equation reduces to that found with the Langmuir-McLean theory. Note also that this equation is only valid for X_c le X_c^0. If there is an excess of solute such that a second phase appears, the solute content is limited to X_c^0 and the equation becomes
frac{X_b}{X_b^0-X_b} = exp left ( frac{-Delta,G'}{RT} ight )
This theory for grain boundary segregation, derived from truncated BET theory, provides excellent agreement with experimental data obtained by Auger electron spectroscopy and other techniques [7] .
More complex systems
Other models exist to model more complex binary systems [7] . The above theories operate on the assumption that the segregated atoms are non-interacting. If, in a binary system, adjacent adsorbate atoms are allowed an interaction energy omega,, such that they can attract (when omega, is negative) or repel (when omega, is positive) each other, the solid-state analogue of the Fowler adsorption theory is developed as:
frac {X_b}{X_b^0 - X_b} = frac {X_c}{1-X_c} exp left [ frac{-Delta,G - Z_1omega,frac{X_b}{X_b^0{RT} ight ]
Note that when omega, is zero, this theory reduces to that of Langmuir and McLean. However, as omega, becomes more negative, the segregation shows progressively sharper rises as the temperature falls until eventually the rise in segregation is discontinuous at a certain temperature, as shown in the following figure.
Guttman, in 1975, extended the Fowler theory to allow for interactions between two co-segregating species in multicomponent systems. This modification is vital to explaining the segregation behavior that results in the intergranular failures of engineering materials. More complex theories are detailed in the work by Guttmann [9] and McLean and Guttmann [10] .
The free energy of surface segregation in binary systems
The Langmuir-McLean equation for segregation, when using the regular solution model for a binary system, is valid for surface segregation (although sometimes the equation will be written replacing X_b with X_s) [11] . The free energy of surface segregation is Delta,G_s = Delta,H_s - TDelta,S. The enthalpy is given by
-Delta,H_s = gamma,_0^s - gamma,_1^s - frac{2H_m}{ZX_c(1-X_c)}left [ Z_1 (X_c-X_s) + Z_v left (X_c - frac {1}{2} ight ) ight ] + frac {24pi,Kappa,mu,_0 r_0 (r_1-r_0)^2}{3Kappa,+4mu,_0}
where gamma,_0 and gamma,_1 are matrix surface energies without and with solute, H_1 is their heat of mixing, Z and Z_1 are the coordination numbers in the matrix and at the surface, and Z_v is the coordination number for surface atoms to the layer below. The last term in this equation is the elastic strain energy E_(el), given above, and is governed by the mismatch between the solute and the matrix atoms. For solid metals, the surface energies scale with the melting points. The surface segregation enrichment ratio increases when the solute atom size is larger than the matrix atom size and when the melting point of the solute is lower than that of the matrix [7] .
A chemisorbed gaseous species on the surface can also have an effect on the surface composition of a binary alloy. In the presence of a coverage of a chemisorbed species theta, it is proposed that the Langmuir-McLean model is valid with the free energy of surface segregation given by Delta,G_{chem} [12] , where
Delta,G_{chem} = Delta,G_s + (E_B - E_A)Theta,
E_A and E_B are the chemisorption energies of the gas on solute A and matrix B and Θ is the fractional coverage. At high temperatures, evaporation from the surface can take place, causing a deviation from the McLean equation. At lower temperatures, both grain boundary and surface segregation can be limited by the diffusion of atoms from the bulk to the surface or interface.
Kinetics of Segregation
In some situations where segregation is important, the segregant atoms do not have sufficient time to reach their equilibrium level as defined by the above adsorption theories. The kinetics of segregation become a limiting factor and must be analyzed as well. Most existing models of segregation kinetics follow the McLean approach. In the model for equilibrium monolayer segregation, the solute atoms are assumed to segregate to a grain boundary from two infinite half-crystals or to a surface from one infinite half-crystal. The diffusion in the crystals is described by Fick's laws. The ratio of the solute concentration in the grain boundary to that in the adjacent atomic layer of the bulk is given by an enrichment ratio, β. Most models assume β to be a constant, but in practice this is only true for dilute systems with low segregation levels. In this dilute limit, if X_b^0 is one monolayer, β is given as β = frac{X_b}{X_c} =frac {expleft (frac{-Delta,G'}{RT} ight )}{X_c^0}.
The kinetics of segregation can be described by the following equation:
frac{X_{b}(t) - X_{b}(0)}{X_{b}(infin,) - X_{b}(0)} = 1 - exp left ( frac {FDt}{ eta,^2f^2} ight ) erfc left ( frac {FDt}{ eta,^2f^2} ight )^{frac{1}{2
Where F=4 four grain boundaries and 1 for the free surface, X_{b}(t) is the boundary content at time t, D is the solute bulk diffusivity, f is related to the atom sizes of the solute and the matrix, b and a, respectively, by f = a^3b^{-2}. For short times, this equation is approximated by:
frac{X_b(t) - X_b(0)}{X_b(infin,) - X_b(0)} = frac {2}{ eta,} frac {b^2}{a^2} sqrt{frac {FDt}{pi,
In practice, β is not a constant but generally falls as segregation proceeds due to saturation. If β starts high and falls rapidly as the segregation saturates, the above equation is valid until the point of saturation [7] .
#D. McLean: Grain Boundaries in Metals, Oxford University Press, London (1957)
#J. H. Westbrook, Metall. Rev. 9, 415-70 (1964)
#J. R. Rellick, C. J. McMahon, Metall. Trans. 5, 2439-50 (1974)
#D. R. Harries, A. D. Marwick, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 295, 197-207 (1980)
#M. P. Seah, Journal of Catalysis 57, 450-457 (1979)
#M. P. Seah, J. Phys. F: Metal Phys. 10, 1043-64 (1980)
#D. Briggs, M.P. Seah (Ed.), Practical Surface Analysis by Auger and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, (1983)
#M. P. Seah, E. D. Hondros, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A335, 191 (1973)
#M. Guttmann, D. McLean, in Interfacial Segreation (Eds W. C. Johnson and J.M. Blakely), American Society for Metals, Metals Park (1979)
#M. Gutmann, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A295, 169 (1980)
#P. Wynblatt, R.C. Ku in Interfacial Segregation (Eds. W.C. Johnson, J.M. Blakely), American Society for Metals, Metals Park (1979)
#J.R. Rice, J.S. Wang, Mat. Sci. Eng. A107, 23 (1989)
Fan Jiang
Saturne Party (party)
Racism — Part of a series on … Wikipedia
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New Screenshots and Details Introduce Combat in Action RPG Vampyr
by Brandon Orselli on October 3, 2016 at 10:21 AM, EDT
Focus Home Interactive and developer Dontnod Entertainment have shared new details and screenshots for Vampyr.
Featured above as well as below, the new screenshots depict the game's combat system. Here's a rundown on what to expect, via Focus Home:
Vampyr, the new action RPG from acclaimed game-development studio Dontnod, explores combat on the flu-ridden streets of 1918's London. All manner of dangers prowl London during a bout of the lethal Spanish Flu. From Vampire hunters to mutated abominations, Jonathan Reid will face foes as well as friends on his mission to discover the truth behind his new affliction.
Armed with an array of conventional melee and ranged weaponry, attack and dodge foes to fill up Jonathan's Blood Gauge, required to unleash powerful vampire attacks. From impaling enemies on a spike, to draining them of blood at a distance, as Jonathan's Blood Gauge fills during a combat situation, his Vampire affliction will start to overtake his more human side, unleashing destructive spells and abilities against those who try to stop him.
A non-linear skill tree will unlock through experience gained new, more powerful attacks and abilities. Jonathan is able to equip these abilities in any order, effectively allowing players to create their own archetypes to match their play-styles. Play aggressively and deal greater damage, or more securely, focusing on crowd-control and keeping enemies at bay. Skills can be evolved two different ways, for example, Spring, a skill that allows you to rush instantly to a distant enemy, can be developed to either deal area-of-effect damage or grant temporary invincibility. The choice is yours.
Combat difficulty can be affected by player actions out of combat. Feeding on civilians provides a huge XP boost, which will make combat situations easier – but that comes with caveats; an increased danger on the streets, and narrative consequences for the world's citizens, to name a few. Full brawls are not the only options open to Doctor Reid, he can also stalk his prey, or even utilize his vampire speed and agility to avoid combat entirely.
Players will have to investigate who to feed from, and who to spare, conscious of their need to increase their strength. Jonathan's Vampire impulses will always be working against his human side.
Vampyr is launching across PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and PC sometime next year.
DON'T NOD, Focus Entertainment, vampyr