text:
Imitation of variable structural color in paracheirodon innesi using colloidal crystal films
Hailin Cong, Bing Yu, and Xiu Song Zhao
Hailin Cong,1,2,* Bing Yu,1,2 and Xiu Song Zhao2,3
1College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
2Laboratory for New Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, Growing Base for State Key Laboratory, Qingdao University, China
3Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive, 117576, Singapore
*Corresponding author: hailincong@yahoo.com
H Cong
B Yu
X Zhao
Hailin Cong, Bing Yu, and Xiu Song Zhao, "Imitation of variable structural color in paracheirodon innesi using colloidal crystal films," Opt. Express 19, 12799-12808 (2011)
Preparation of iridescent colloidal crystal coatings with variable structural colors
Hailin Cong, et al.
Structural color change in longhorn beetles Tmesisternus isabellae
F. Liu, et al.
Plasmon-enhanced structural coloration of metal films with isotropic Pinwheel nanoparticle arrays
Sylvanus Y. Lee, et al.
Nanopositioning equipment
Structural color
Thin films, optical properties (310.6860)
Color (330.1690)
Revised Manuscript: June 8, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: June 8, 2011
Spacing variation of adjoining reflecting thin films in iridophore is responsible for the variable interference color in the paracheirodon innesi. On the basis of this phenomenon, colloidal crystal thin films with different structures are fabricated from monodisperse poly(styrene-methyl methacrylate-acrylic acid) (PSMA) colloids. The relationship between the colors and structures of the films is investigated and discussed according to the principle of light interference. A two-layer colloidal film having uniform color is researched and it displays diverse colors before and after swelling by styrene (St), which can be used to mimic the variable structural color of the paracheirodon innesi.
The beautiful colors of morpho butterfly wings and sea mouse setae are not produced from pigments but from the order array of small dots or fine lines [1–5]. The diffraction and scattering of light by the microstructures on the animal's body tell us nature got wise to photonic arrays long ago. The colors generated by the microstructures are called structural colors, which are important not only in biology but also for the understanding of photonic crystals [6–10].
In the biological world, many animals including paracheirodon innesi, hercules beetle, paradise whiptail, blue damselfish, and tortoise beetle have variable structural colors in response to environmental stimuli due to interference of light on their ordered body microstructures, which is essential to the camouflage, predation, communication, and reproductive behaviors of the species [11–14]. For instance, the blue damselfish normally displays a structural color of blue, produced by interference of light on periodically stacked microstructures of reflecting plates in skin cells. Under stressful conditions, the fish changes its blue coloration rapidly to ultraviolet, triggered by the simultaneous spacing variation of adjoining reflecting plates, to evade its pursuers [15]. While the hercules beetle alters color by varying the amount of water in the cuticle and thereby the thickness variation of the thin skin films is responsible for the interference color [16].
In the photonic world, the ordered three-dimensional (3D) packing of monodisperse colloids to form colloidal or photonic crystals with tunable structural color has been extensively investigated recently [17–21], and it is believed that these materials could play an important role in the field of optical devices and communications [22–26]. By use of the changes of structural color generated from Bragg diffraction, a lot of functional and intelligent materials such as tunable band-gap materials, environment (pH, temperature, ionic, and stress etc.) sensitive materials, photonic papers, and color changeable coatings have been developed [27–33]. However, compared with the Bragg diffraction commonly taking place at these materials, the phenomenon of light interference is greatly neglected.
Like the interference of light appearing at the aforementioned fishes and beetles, this phenomenon could also be occurring at colloidal or photonic crystals and causing them to show variable structural colors. In this article we report that diverse colors are observed in colloidal crystal thin films upon perpendicular irradiation of white light. An explanation for this unique optical phenomenon according to the principle of light interference has been proposed, and the application of this phenomenon in bionic and photonic materials has been discussed preliminarily.
PSMA copolymer latex was synthesized by emulsion copolymerization of styrene(St), methyl methacrylate(MMA), and acrylic acid(AA) according to a method described elsewhere [34]. The particle diameter of a typical sample was ~380 nm and almost monodisperse.
Stairlike colloidal thin films were fabricated by depositing the colloids on an inclined silicon substrate as described previously [34]. The two-layer colloidal film to mimic the variable structural colors of paracheirodon innesi was achieved by dipping method. First, a suspension of the PSMA colloidal particles was diluted to 10 mg·mL−1 using deionized water. Then, a silicon wafer (60 mm × 12 mm × 1 mm) was immersed vertically into the dispersion and lifted up at a constant speed of 0.2 μm·s−1 for 20 h, which was accurately controlled by a precision step motor (Micros VT-80, Germany). After the wafer was lifted out of the dispersion and dried in the air for 12 h, a large area of colloidal thin film (> 1 cm2) with equal thickness was obtained. All the experiments were operated at regular room condition. A reference sample of very thick 37-layer colloidal crystal film (thickness: ~11 μm) was made using the same dipping condition with a colloid concentration of 300 mg·mL−1. A scanning electron microscope (SEM, Amray-1910FE, USA) was used to observe the structures and morphologies of the thin films. To reduce charging effects, samples were sputter-coated with a thin layer of gold (∼5 nm) prior to the SEM exam. An Atomic force microscope (AFM, Nanoscope III A, USA) attached with an optical microscope with CCD camera (Sony XC-999P, Japan) was used to study the structures and colors of the film under perpendicular irradiation of white light. The structural colors of the paracheirodon innesi and colloidal films were characterized using a UV-Vis reflection spectrometer with a fixed measuring angle of 90° (Ocean Optics USB-2000, USA).
3.1 Variable structural color in paracheirodon innesi
The lateral stripe of the paracheirodon innesi looks cyan normally, while the color changes to yellow when the fish is excited or under stress [35–37]. Lythgoe and Oshima et al. have revealed that periodically stacked microstructures of guanine crystals inside oval iridophores form the lateral stripe [35–39]. As illustrated in Fig. 1 , the oval iridophore contains periodically stacked thin platelets of guanine crystals, which leads to structural color on the basis of multilayer thin film interference [35–40]. Lythgoe et al. further confirmed the correspondence between the spacing of the platelets and the wavelength of the reflected light [35–37]. And they found that the inflow of water may cause swelling of the cell and consequently increase the spacing among the platelets, which leads to variable structural color due to the swell-caused spacing variation mechanism.
Fig. 1 Photos and illustration of the variable structural color in paracheirodon innesi.
Figure 2 shows the UV-Vis reflection spectra of the variable structural color in the lateral stripe of paracheirodon innesi. Before the swelling of the oval iridophores, the lateral stripe of paracheirodon innesi shows a structural color of cyan with a characteristic peak at 506 nm. After the swelling of the oval iridophores, the characteristic peak moves to 593 nm, and thus the lateral stripe of paracheirodon innesi shows a structural color of yellow. The variable structural color is attributed to swelling and deswelling of the iridophore cells.
Fig. 2 UV-Vis reflection spectra of the variable structural color in the lateral stripe of paracheirodon innesi.
3.2 Structure and color of colloidal thin films
Figure 3(a) is a micrograph of the formed colloidal thin film from ~380 nm colloids by inclined deposition method, which can be divided into B, C, D, E, and F stripe regions. We can see that the different regions show different colors under perpendicular irradiation of a white light. To understand the diverse colors of different regions in the film, detailed AFM images of the B−F regions of Fig. 3(a) are shown in Fig. 3(b)-(f), respectively. Form Fig. 3(b)-(d), we can see that the B, C and D regions are one-, two- and three-layer films of colloids with hexagonal array, respectively. The square arrays [Fig. 3(e) and 3(f)] were found in the E and F regions, which are transition areas between B, C and C, D regions, respectively.
Fig. 3 Optical and AFM images of the formed colloidal thin film by inclined deposition method: (a) image observed by the optical microscope on the AFM; (b), (c), (d), (e) and (f) images scanned at AFM tapping mode of the B, C, D, E and F regions of (a), respectively.
From Fig. 3, we can see that the film shown in Fig. 3(a) has a stairlike structure, and one of the main differences of the B−F regions should lie in the thickness. Figure 4 is an illustration of the formed colloidal thin film. Figure 4(a), 4(b) and 4(c) display plane, section and stereo profiles, respectively. The B−F regions in Fig. 4 are corresponding to those of Fig. 3(a). From Fig. 4(a), we can see that dislocation of colloids might be the reason for the formation of the E and F transition areas. According to Fig. 4(b), the thickness of the B, E, C, F and D regions can be calculated to be ~380 nm, ~650 nm, ~692 nm, ~916 nm and ~999 nm, respectively. And from Fig. 4(c), we can see that the square or hexagonal layer forms the (100) or (111) crystal plane of the face centered cubic packing (fcc), which is the most common packing mode in colloidal crystals [41–45].
Fig. 4 Schematic illustration of the stairlike colloidal thin film (d represents the diameter of colloids).
3.3 Thin film interference occurred in the colloidal films
Like the multilayer thin film interference of light taking place at the aforementioned paracheirodon innesi, the thin film interference should also occur in the colloidal thin films and is the cause of various colors appearing at different thicknesses of the film. The lights reflected from top and bottom surface of the film will undergo thin film interference when the thickness (t) and refractive index (n) of the film satisfy Eq. (1) as the refractive index of the film is less than that of the substrate [46]. In Eq. (1), λ is the wavelength of the reflected light and m is an arbitrary integer coefficient.
(1)λ=2nt/(m+0.5)m=0,1,2,3,...
The refractive index (n) of the colloidal thin film can be calculated according to Eq. (2) [47], where φ represents the void ratio of the film and n p and n air represent the refractive indices of the PSMA and air, respectively. For the fcc packing of monodisperse spheres, the void ratio is ~26%, which is calculated from a colloidal crystal with many layers of sphere, and the influence of the voids at the surface and bottom layers is neglected. But for the colloidal thin films with only a few layers of sphere, as shown in Fig. 4(b), the influence of voids at the surface and bottom layers cannot be neglected. According to geometry calculations, the void ratios in this case for the B, E, C, F and D regions are ~40%, 39%, 34%, 35%, and 31%, respectively. The np is ~1.59 due to ~90% PSt in the colloids composition (nPSt = 1.59) [34], and the nair equals 1.0. So the refractive indices of the B, E, C, F and D regions can be calculated to be ~1.38, 1.39, 1.42, 1.41, and 1.43, respectively.
(2)n2=(1−Φ)np2+Φnair2
For the B region of the film (t = 380 nm, n = 1.38), according to Eq. (1), the wavelength of the reflected light, which will be eliminated from the white light by the thin film interference, can be calculated to be 699 nm (m = 1) and 420 nm (m = 2). As a result of the complementary color theory [46], the color of this region will show green, which accords well with the result of the experiment [Fig. 3(a)]. If other values of m such as m = 0, 3, etc. are used, the calculated λ will be over the region of visible light that does not influence the film's color. Bragg diffraction needs a set of lattice planes and cannot appear in one-layer colloidal films, so the green color shown in the B region is direct evidence of thin film interference occurring in the one-layer colloidal films.
For the C region of the film (t = 692 nm, n = 1.42), the wavelength of the reflected light, eliminated from the white light by the interference, can be calculated to be 561 nm (m = 3) and 436 nm (m = 4). As a result the color of this region will show orange, which accords well with the result of the experiment [Fig. 3(a)]. If other values of m such as m = 0, 1, 2, etc. are used, the calculated λ will be over the region of visible light that does not influence the film's color.
For the E region of the film (t = 650 nm, n = 1.39), the wavelength of the reflected light, eliminated from the white light by the interference, can be calculated to be 722 nm (m = 2), 516 nm (m = 3), and 401 nm (m = 4). As a result the color of this region will show yellowish green, which accords well with the result of the experiment [Fig. 3(a)]. And for a film with more than two layers of colloid, like the D or F region, the color becomes complicated because Bragg diffraction begins to appear in the multilayer colloidal crystal film and disturbs the structural colors of thin film interference.
3.4. Imitation of the variable structural color of paracheirodon innesi
A two-layer thin film of the ~380 nm colloids fabricated by dipping method is shown in Fig. 5 . The SEM images of the thin film are show in Fig. 5(b)-(d). Figure 5(c) and 5(d) are the details of the marked rectangular regions in Fig. 5(b) and 5(c) respectively, from which we can see that the film is composed by the hexagonal double layers. As shown in Fig. 5(a), the two-layer hexagonal film displays homogeneous orange color under the perpendicular irradiation of white light, which accords well with the color of the C region in Fig. 3(a).
Fig. 5 Optical and SEM images of the formed hexagonal two-layer colloidal thin film by dipping method: (a) optical image; (b) SEM image; (c) detail of the marked rectangular area of (b); (d) detail of the marked rectangular area of (c).
We fix the two-layer colloidal film on a specimen stage of the optical microscope, and scratch a "stripe" shape mark on the film using tweezers. We can see that the color of the film changes from orange [Fig. 6(a) ] to green [Fig. 6(b)] as 10 μL of styrene (St) is trickled on the film (for 10 min at ~25°C), then the color will return to orange [Fig. 6(c)] about 20 min later when the styrene is all evaporated. Figure 6(d)-(f) shows SEM images of the marked film, Fig. 6(e) and 6(f) are the details of the marked rectangular regions in Fig. 6(d) and 6(e), respectively. From the SEM images shown in Fig. 6(d)-(f), we can confirm that the light yellow color of the "stripe" mark in Fig. 6(a)-(c) is attributable to the reflection of the light from the silicon substrate, and the orange (or green) color of Fig. 6(a) and 6(c) (or 6(b)) is attributed to the reflection of light from the two-layer colloidal film. The arrows shown in Fig. 6(b) indicate the widths of the mark. Compared to Fig. 6(a), they become narrow after the film is swollen by St. When the St in the film is all evaporated, the widths of the mark as well as the color of the film [Fig. 6(c)] are recovered.
Fig. 6 Optical and SEM images of two-layer colloidal films before and after swelling by St: (a) optical image before swelling; (b) optical image after swelling; (c) optical image after evaporation of St; (d) SEM image of (c); (e) detail of the marked region of (d); (f) detail of the marked region of (e).
Figure 7 is a schematic explanation for a two-layer colloidal thin film before and after being swollen by St. If the thickness before swelling is t 0, it becomes t 1 after swelling and turns back to t 0 as the St is all evaporated. Correspondingly the color of the film is changed from orange to green and recovered to orange [Fig. 6(a)-(c)]. In our experiment, we apply insufficient amount of styrene to fill voids of colloidal crystal film, and wait 10 min to let the PSMA colloids absorb the styrene in voids by swelling. So after that, the remaining styrene in the voids of colloidal crystal should be very little, and the influence of it to the structural color can be ignored. The influence of absorbed St to the refractive index of PSMA colloids can also be ignored, because the refractive index of St is ~1.55, which is very close to that of PSMA colloids (~1.59).
Fig. 7 Schematic illustration of the variation in thickness of two-layer film before and after swelling by St (t 0, the thickness before swelling; t 1, the thickness after swelling).
Figure 8 shows the UV-Vis reflection spectra of the variable structural color in the two-layer colloidal thin film. Before the swelling by styrene, the film shows a structural color of orange with a characteristic peak at 603 nm. The band gap of 380 nm PSMA colloidal crystal is calculated at 453 nm according to the Bragg law [33], which is very close to the measured value (459 nm) shown in Fig. 8 from the very thick multi-layer colloidal crystal reference sample instead of the two-layer thin film. The band gap peak of 380 nm PSMA colloidal crystal is very different from the peak at 603 nm, indicates that the latter does not come from Bragg diffraction but from thin film interference. After swelling by styrene, the characteristic peak at 603 nm moves to 528 nm, and thus the film shows a structural color of green. The tunable interferential colors displayed by the two-layer colloidal film should be attributed to the swelling and deswelling the colloids, which mimics the swell-caused variable structural colors in the paracheirodon innesi very well.
Fig. 8 UV-Vis reflection spectra of the variable structural color in the two-layer colloidal thin film. (The dot line is the band gap of 380 nm PSMA colloidal crystal measured from a very thick 37-layer reference sample)
Oval iridophore in the lateral stripe of the paracheirodon innesi contains periodically stacked thin films of guanine crystals, which leads to variable structural color on the basis of multilayer thin film interference. This unique optical phenomenon is also observed in colloidal thin films composed of monodisperse PSMA colloids, and the structural colors caused by thin film interference of the films with different layer structures are different under perpendicular irradiation of white light. On the basis of the principle of thin film interference, a two-layer hexagonal colloidal thin film is achieved to mimic the variable structural colors of the paracheirodon innesi. After the two-layer film of ~380 nm colloids swollen by St, the thickness of the film increases, and the film's color changes from orange to green. The color will return to orange again as the St in the film is all evaporated. The colorful display of the two-layer colloidal thin films caused by thin film interference may provide an easy way to make photonic and bionic materials.
This work is financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 21004035, 21005042), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant ZR2010BQ020), and the Promotive Research Fund for Excellent Young and Middle-aged Scientists of Shandong Province (Grant BS2010CL014). The authors are grateful to Professor W.X. Cao at Peking University for his help in finishing this paper. The Taishan Scholarships Program is acknowledged.
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Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. (1)
Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (1)
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Soft Matter (3)
(1) λ = 2 n t / ( m + 0.5 ) m = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , ...
(2) n 2 = ( 1 − Φ ) n p 2 + Φ n a i r 2


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BEIRUT (AP) — Syria's main Western-backed opposition group on Tuesday welcomed an EU decision to place the military wing of Hezbollah on the bloc's terror list as a "step in the right direction," and called for the Lebanese militant group's leaders to be put on trial for their role in the Syrian civil war.
Hezbollah, a staunch ally of the Syrian regime, has sent its fighters to bolster President Bashar Assad's forces in their assault on rebel-held areas in Syria. The group was instrumental in helping government forces seize the strategic town of Qusair near the Lebanese border last month, and its members are believed to be fighting alongside regime forces in the central province of Homs.
The Shiite group's role is highly divisive in Lebanon and has outraged the overwhelmingly Sunni rebels fighting in Syria to topple Assad. The EU's 28 foreign ministers placed Hezbollah's military wing on its terror list on Monday after prolonged diplomatic pressure from the U.S. and Israel, which consider the group a terrorist organization.
Some European countries had pushed for EU action, citing a terrorist attack in Bulgaria's Black Sea resort of Burgas last year that killed five Israeli tourists and a Bulgarian. Hezbollah's military wing was accused of involvement, an allegation it denied. In March, a criminal court in Cyprus found a Hezbollah member guilty of helping to plan attacks on Israelis on the Mediterranean island.
"We call for Hezbollah leaders to be put on trial for the terrorist crimes they committed on Syrian territory," the SNC said in a statement. It did not say where they should face trial, and the prospects of senior Hezbollah figures ever appearing in a courtroom to answer for the Iranian-backed group's role in Syria appear dim.
In Syria, an al-Qaida-linked group warned civilians to stay off a road linking central Syria with the northern province of Aleppo, declaring it a military zone, as the rebels try to cut one of the regime's main routes for supplying its forces in the north, activists said Tuesday.
The warning comes a day after rebels went on the offensive in Syria's north, seizing three villages in the province where a military stalemate has been in place since last summer. The Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights and the Aleppo Media Center said that Jabhat al-Nusra, or the Nusra Front, is threatening to target any vehicle using the road starting Wednesday. A copy of the warning was posted online.
The regime uses the route to ferry supplies to its forces in the north because the rebels already have severed the main north-south highway that connects Damascus with the embattled city of Aleppo, where regime forces have battled rebels in vicious street fighting for a year. The desert road was paved and opened by regime forces earlier this year.
If the rebels succeed in cutting the road, it will be a major blow to the regime, making it more difficult to bring in military reinforcements as well as other supplies to Aleppo province, most of which is under rebel control.


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Dark Chocolate Consumption Helps to Reduce Blood Pressure and Inflammation
Chocolate is manufactured from cacao, a mineral and antioxidant rich plant. Commercial milk chocolate comprises cocoa butter, sugar, milk, and trace amounts of cacao. On the other hand, dark chocolate contains significantly more cacao and far less sugar than milk chocolate. Cacao beans, sugar, an emulsifier such as soy lecithin to preserve texture, and vanilla flavours are essential ingredients. Dark chocolate with more cocoa and less sugar has a more bitter flavour, and a small amount is considered a healthy snack. It's also a favourite for baking and melting in various sweets because of its flavour.
Cocoa butter is used instead of fats like palm oil and coconut oil to make dark chocolate. Dark chocolate has a deep and complex flavour, is high in flavonoids, and aids in the formation of pigments. The greater the potential health advantages, the higher the level of flavonoids and the darker the chocolate. It contains a high cocoa solids content, often over 60%, and little or no added sugar. Dark chocolate goods include chocolate bars, candy, and baked chocolate.
Production Cost Report: Dark chocolate
Geriatric stress and inflammation, both of which have a role in neurodegenerative illnesses like Alzheimer's disease, are protected by dark chocolate. Additionally, it aids in promoting blood circulation in the brain, which can help with concentration, memory, and anxiety management. Cortisol, a stress hormone, is also inhibited by chocolate consumption. Instead of relying on medications, customers should add items to reduce health problems in their regular diet. Chocolate is projected to rise in popularity over the next few years due to its ability to relax and generate enjoyment.
Customers' growing interest in health-focused consumables and the associated health benefits provided by dark chocolate, rising spending capacity, increasing taste preferences and brand loyalty to a well-known brand, attractive packaging, and growing urbanisation are the major factors driving the global dark chocolate market forward. Consuming 6 grams or 1-2 of Dark chocolates helps in lowering blood pressure, and inflammation.
Because of expanding urbanisation and the high demand for dark chocolate in Europe and North America, North America it is the dominant industry, with dark chocolate accounting for the most significant proportion of the global market. Cocoa beans from various nations such as the Ivory Coast and Ghana are abundant in North American countries. Furthermore, its position in the region is strengthened by its large spending capacity, the tendency of dark chocolates as a component of westernisation, and the significant presence of top dark chocolate makers. According to estimates, Americans spend over 22 billion dollars on chocolate each year.
The Asia Pacific region is expected to grow fastest along with the most exciting growth in the global dark chocolate market. The main reason for this is government tax breaks for chocolate manufacturers and grinders. There are also many speciality retailers and a growing focus on health. Furthermore, rising disposable income in countries such as India and China and shifting consumer preferences for flavour and health considerations are likely to propel the APAC market forward in the following years. As per the poll, one out of every five Indians consumes chocolate on a daily basis. Some of the major key players in the global dark chocolate market are Ferrero International, Nestlé, Mondelez International, Inc., Amul, Ritter Sport, The Hershey Company among others.
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Many young professionals hoping to have a career in France first work in the bars of the French capital before moving on. Katherine Perkins graduated from the pubs in Paris to work for the global economics organization, the OECD.
For this week's instalment of My French Career, we meet Katherine Perkins who works as a Programme Coordinator for the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in Paris.
How did you end up working in Paris?
My parents lived here while I was studying at University in Liverpool so I would come here during the holidays. When I graduated I came back here for one summer while I decided what I wanted to do and, over ten years later, I'm still here.
What did you do when you first got here?
I worked in English bars. My brother was working here as a bar manager at the time so that helped me to find work and it was also a great way to meet people.
How did you get a job at the OECD?
When I first arrived here, I only intended to stay for a short time but I decided to work on my CV and try and find a job in a sector that interested me. I found a few international organizations in Paris and sent my CV off – the OECD got back to me very quickly and called me for an interview, then offered me a job within a couple of weeks. I started off as an auxiliary in the Nuclear Energy department which was not really my area of interest. However I worked there for about six months and made the most of the opportunity to learn a lot about the OECD and its work and then was able to apply for and get a job in the Development Cooperation Directorate.
I am now the Programme Coordinator in the Global Relations Division in the Centre for Tax Policy and Administration. We basically act as a bridge between the OECD member countries and non-OECD economies to assist them in implementing effective and efficient tax systems to aid development, whilst giving them a voice in developing international tax standards and guidelines so that these economies remain relevant in the global economy.
What advice would you give someone hoping to work at the OECD or a similar organization?
OECD has two official languages (English and French) so you need to be fluent in at least one and they do often ask for some knowledge of the other. Also, experience in working in multicultural environments as we have 34 member countries and they are all represented within the OECD secretariat so we have a lot of nationalities under one roof. Always keep an eye on the website as that is where positions are posted, along with advice on applications.
Are there any qualifications you need?
That really depends on the job you go for. Most of them ask for a university degree or equivalent. Then for the more specialized positions they look for Masters, PhDs and certain levels of experience.
Do you need to be fluent in French?
No. It is a bilingual organization so they ask you to be fluent in either English or French and now as we open up even more they like to see other languages represented.
What else would you advise people to do if they are looking for work in Paris?
I actually really appreciated working in English bars when I first arrived as it was a great way to meet people. All of us working there knew what it felt like to be a foreigner here in Paris and I found that people were usually more open and friendly because of it. I would encourage anyone to learn French, even if it means an easier time chatting to colleagues at the coffee machine and, if your French is good enough, try putting together a bilingual CV. Here at the OECD we have a section on our website where you can upload your CV and fill in job requirements and then receive notifications when a job comes up that fits your criteria.
What is the best thing about working in Paris?
As I work in an international organization, I am not under the French system so I don't actually receive the benefits of travel subsidy and lunch vouchers (French companies pay half your travel pass and give you "ticket restaurants" to cover meals) but I do hear that they are very appreciated, along with their 35 hour week of course! We have pretty good holidays here too (six weeks per year) plus I love the four bank holidays in May and the lovely quiet Paris in August! Of course, the best thing about working in Paris is the fact that you get to live in Paris… I live by the Canal St Martin and on a nice summer evening after work, just sitting by the canal enjoying the world go by really can't be beaten!
What are the disadvantages of working in Paris?
As most people know, the bureaucracy here can be a little tiresome and trying to get anything done that involves official paperwork becomes quite a dread. I do also remember the days of apartment hunting when we would have to jump on the first chance to visit somewhere and queue up with numerous other hopefuls, dossier in hand, just to be told that the place has been taken.


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Troubled Director Bryan Singer Still Helming 'Red Sonja' Reboot
Posted by Wyatt D. Odd | Jan 29, 2019 | Books / Comics, Movies / Video / Theater, Science Fiction / Fantasy
Mere days after The Atlantic released an article alleging sexual abuse of underaged boys by director Bryan Singer, Millennium Films reaffirmed its commitment to the director for its upcoming Red Sonja film. The film's Israeli-American producer, Ari Lerner, issued a statement on Thursday, January 24, "I continue to be in development for Red Sonja and Bryan Singer continues to be attached. The over $800 million Bohemian Rhapsody has grossed, making it the highest grossing drama in film history, is testament to his remarkable vision and acumen. I know the difference between agenda driven fake news and reality, and I am very comfortable with this decision. In America people are innocent until proven otherwise." (Ed note: Gone with the Wind and Titanic are currently the highest grossing dramas in film history when adjusting for inflation.) Prior to Bohemian Rhapsody, singer had compiled an impressive resume of successful films including a string of superhero hits, directing Superman Returns, X-Men, X-Men: Days of Future Past and X-Men: Apocalypse.
The release of Lerner's statement came after the studio was reportedly flooded with calls and emails suggesting that it would be complicit in Singer's abuse after The Atlantic exposé came out. The article, compiled after a year of research and interviews with 50 sources, documented the claims of four men who said they had sex with, or were sexually assaulted by the director when they were underaged. The first of the alleged encounters date back to 1997 when Victor Valdovinos claimed that the then-30-something director sexually assaulted him while he was a 13-year-old extra on the director's Apt Pupil movie. Two other men claim they were 15 and 17 when the director preyed on them, having first plied them with drugs or alcohol. In December 2017, Cesar Sanchez-Guzman filed suit, claiming that Singer had raped him aboard a yacht in Seattle in 2003.
That lawsuit came days after Singer was fired from his most recent film, Bohemian Rhapsody. The firing was unrelated to sexual misdeeds, but was due to his erratic behavior on-set which included frequent unexplained absences and which reportedly lead to a near-mutiny by the cast and crew. Singer was also dropped by his management agency in the wake of the suit. Due to Directors Guild of America rules, Singer remained on Bohemian Rhapsody's credits as sole director. But, his presence on the credits lead to the film being dropped by GLAAD from its list of nominees for Best Original Film at this year's GLAAD Media Awards. The announcement of that event taking place near-simultaneously with the statement by producer Lerner.
Director Bryan Singer in an undated photo
For his part, Singer released the following statement about the article,
"The last time I posted about this subject, Esquire magazine was preparing to publish an article written by a homophobic journalist who has a bizarre obsession with me dating back to 1997. After careful fact-checking and, in consideration of the lack of credible sources, Esquire chose not to publish this piece of vendetta journalism." He continued, "That didn't stop this writer from selling it to The Atlantic. It's sad that The Atlantic would stoop to this low standard of journalistic integrity. Again, I am forced to reiterate that this story rehashes claims from bogus lawsuits filed by a disreputable cast of individuals willing to lie for money or attention. And it is no surprise that, with Bohemian Rhapsody being an award-winning hit, this homophobic smear piece has been conveniently timed to take advantage of its success."
The director is referring to the decision by the article's original publisher, Hearst Communications, owner of Esquire, to drop the article by Alex French and Maximillian Potter. It is not clear which of the duo Singer was referring to as homophobic. The writers noted that their article passed both the journalistic standards review of Esquire as well as The Atlantic and that they stand behind their article.
GLAAD issued their own statement in response, "Singer's response to The Atlantic story wrongly used 'homophobia' to deflect from sexual assault allegations and GLAAD urges the media and the industry at large to not gloss over the fact that survivors of sexual assault should be put first. The Time's Up movement, which was formed in the wake of the sexual abuse allegations and subsequent downfall of mogul Harvey Weinstein weighed in and applauded GLAAD's decision. The group, which provides legal support for sexual abuse accusers and is committed to gender parity in Hollywood stated, "We are in the midst of a cultural reckoning. Though there was once a time when business as usual could continue amid credible allegations of sexual assault and violence, that era has ended forever. The recent allegations regarding Bryan Singer's behavior are horrifying and must be taken seriously and investigated.
Ironically, Red Sonja had been viewed as Singer's rehabilitation and reentry into the good graces of Hollywood. With its core theme of female empowerment that dated back to Robert E. Howard's creation of the character in 1934 which was further developed into the sword-swinging warrior incorporated into the Hyborian Age starting in Marvel's Conan in 1973. That theme of a woman as capable – and as deadly – as her male peers has extra significance in the age of the Me Too Movement.
The movie also marks a rebirth for the character herself. Despite an enviable popularity among fans of her exploits in words and art, Sonja herself has not appeared on the big screen since 1985's Red Sonja starring Brigitte Nielsen and "it's definitely not Conan although it is Conan" Arnold Schwarzenegger. Since then, there has only been a semi-animated 2016 "motion comic" film entitled Red Sonja: Queen of Plagues, produced by comic publisher Dynamite Entertainment and released on DVD and Blu-Ray to decidedly mixed reviews.
In parallel to Red Sonja being relaunch of a fan favorite on the big screen, but Dyanamite, the publisher of her comic book, will be relaunching its series in February after the current creative team of writer Amy Chu and artist Andrea Mutti bows out with this month's issue 25. Writer Mark Russell and artist Mirko Colak will take over the task of recounting the tales of the "She-Devil with a Sword."
The cover to Dynamite Entertainment's "Red Sonja" February 2019 issue
Even casual fans of Red Sonja know that "troubles with men" is a recurring theme throughout her adventures. And, if she doesn't overcome those troubles with the blade of her sword, she defeats them with her wits and cunning. The next few months should show whether that legendary ability carries over into the real world.
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'Red Sonya' Movie: Bryan Singer Out, Jill Soloway In | Krypton Radio - Your Sci-fi Radio Station - […] Red Sonja project, with that company digging in its heels and choosing to keep him on the project even…
The Earth is attacked by giant Martian, Moon, Betelgeusen or Extragalactic mechanical devices(s) which/who are friendly.


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As faculty, Pete loves helping his students grasp and apply new concepts. Having gained field experience in diverse disciplines, he has taught classes on a variety of subjects including literacy, oral tradition and literature, and language survey. Pete loves investing in his students, devoting his time to them both in and outside of class. He especially enjoys watching them grow academically and spiritually. Undoubtedly, Pete's dedication reveals his passion for his work and his students.
Through assorted experiences, God clearly prepared Pete for his position as Dallas International faculty. Dependent on Scripture and undaunted by physical hardship, Pete knew when he was in high school that God was leading him into cross-cultural service. Following his undergraduate studies at Moody Bible Institute and St. Paul Bible College, he completed his Master's degree in Linguistics at the University of North Dakota. Although initially anticipating serving in Southeast Asia, Pete ultimately accepted an assignment in Ethiopia. In the capital, Pete taught part-time at Addis Ababa University while spending the remainder of his time researching Nilo-Saharan languages. Additionally, he completed survey trips during this teaching assignment. Later, in one of the locations he had surveyed, Pete spent two and a half years conducting translation work and literacy classes in cooperation with the Mekane Yesus Church. Health challenges then prompted his return first to the capital and eventually to the States. After a year of attending to his health needs, Pete began teaching at Dallas International and completed his Doctorate in Linguistics at the University of Texas at Arlington. Drawing from the variety of experiences God has provided him, Pete continues to faithfully and passionately serve the students at Dallas International University.
Among Pete's favorite foods are tibs (an Ethiopian dish) and his wife's lasagna.
His favorite place is where he served with the Majang people in Ethiopia.
Pete loves studying proverbs from around the world. He also enjoys studying and working with different writing systems.
Dissertation: Biconsonantal reduplication in Amharic and Ethio-Semitic.
I worked in Ethiopia from 1982-1995. My work there included teaching linguistics at Addis Ababa University, doing language surveys, organizing courses for mother tongue Bible translators at the Ethiopian Bible Society, linguistic research on Ethiopian languages, leading a language development project (doing literacy, teacher training, and Bible translation) among the Majangir people under the Mekane Yesus Church.
I spend a lot of happy time studying proverbs from around the world, and thinking about how to use them in ways that benefit the communities that use them, e.g. promoting public health, education, nation building, building positive values in young (and not so young) people.
I am intrigued by how communities choose scripts and spelling systems, sometimes even creating their own script.
I am fascinated by the study of the history of Bible translation. There have been some fascinating people involved in Bible translation over the years–everyone from godly pioneers from the far past, to Napoleon's nephew, to a slave that was rescued by the Italian navy.
I have become fascinated by Wikipedia. I have created or edited a number of articles related to my interests–a dangerous, but fascinating, hobby.
My wife Carole (queen of Dallas Int'l interlibrary loan) and I enjoy hosting students in our home, such as a weekly Bible study and an Ethiopian feast every semester.
So many of my interests revolve around (what I think of as) sociolinguistic themes.
I have taught an independent study course on proverbs and also supervised a thesis on the study of proverbs in a language community. How can we use a community's proverbs in positive forms of language-based development? I have more ideas for proverb research than time. I have written book reviews.
A community's choice of script or creations of a new script involves powerful sociolinguistic factors.
Sociolinguistics has much to contribute to Bible translation. For example, I have given two conference papers on the puzzling practice of not using polite forms in Bible translation. So many choices in translation need to be governed by local viewpoints.
I still try to understand Ethiopia, topics related to her languages and ethnic groups, especially as related to reading and writing in groups that are now developing literature for the first time.
Sociolinguistics is a very broad field. I am interested in such topics as language shift (especially when it results in language endangerment), writing creole languages, and linguistic landscape.
In addition, I have had students in a variety of independent study courses: got an idea for one?
My academic activities have included a number of areas: Sociolinguistics of scripts, Proverbs, Ethiopia and Ethiopian languages, Translation, Literacy. Many of my publications are listed below under these categories. The categories are not always mutually exclusive.
2011. Invention of scripts in West Africa for ethnic revitalization. In The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts, (Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity, Volume 2.), ed. by Joshua A. Fishman and Ofelia García, pp. 23-32. New York: Oxford University Press.
2008. The sociolinguistics of script choice: an introduction. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 192: 1-4.
2008. Missiology and Orthography: The Unique Contribution of Christian Missionaries in Devising New Scripts. Missiology 36.3: 357-371.
2005. Sociolinguistic parallels between choosing scripts and languages. Written Language and Literacy 8.1: 19-42.
2012. Edited with M. Lynn Landweer International Journal of the Sociology of Language, Issue 214 on the theme "Language use in Melanesia".
2012. with M. Lynn Landweer. An introduction to language use in Melanesia. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 214:1-3.
2007. Horn of Africa, part of the Language section of The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia, Richard Sisson, Christian Zacher, Andrew R. L. Cayton, eds., pp. 321,322. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
2006. Review of Amanda Laugesen, Convict words: Language in early colonial Australia (2003). SIL Electronic Book Reviews 2006-008. Dallas: SIL International. http://www.sil.org/silebr/2006/silebr2006-008.
1997. Disentangling the Two Languages Called "Suri". Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages 7:49-69.
2003. Book notice of Language Contact: an introduction, by Sarah Thomason. Language 79.2:672,673.
2003. Review of Language in South Africa, by Rajend Mesthrie, http://www.linguistlist.org/issues/14/14-1596.html#1.
2001 Review of Language Death, by David Crystal, American Anthropologist 102.4:1187,1188.
2014. Review of Functions and Formal Stylistic Features of Kafa Proverbs. Proverbium 31:49-471.
2013. Using local proverbs. Evangelical Missions Quarterly 49.1: 16-23.
2013. Review of Máakuti t'awá shuultáa: Proverbs finish the problems: Sayings of the Alaaba (Ethiopia). By Gertrud Schneider-Blum. Proverbium 30:459-461.
2012. "I have had maxims and verses flung at me all day": Proverbs in The Horse and His Boy. CSL: Bulletin of the New York C.S. Lewis Society 43.3:6-9.
2011 Review of Taddese Jaleta Jirata, A Contextual Study of Guji-Oromo Proverbs (2009) and Abdullahi A. Shongolo and Günther Schlee, Boran Proverbs in Their Cultural Context (2007). Proverbium 28: 427-434.
2011 A culture "full of choice apophthegms and useful maxims": Invented proverbs in C.S. Lewis' The Horse and His Boy. Proverbium 28: 323-338.
2010. Review of W. Jay Moon, African Proverbs Reveal Christianity in Culture: A Narrative Portrayal of Builsa Proverbs Contextualizing Christianity in Ghana (2009). Missiology 37.3: 355,356. Also a different review for a different audience: 2010. Proverbium 27:407-412.
2008. How to collect 1,000 Proverbs: Field Methods for Eliciting and Collecting Proverbs. Proverbium 25:399-418.
2006. Analyzing and Using Receptor Language Proverb Forms in Translation. The Bible Translator 57.2:79-85 and 57.4:161-170.
2005. Translating Proverbs. The ATA [American Translators Association] Chronicle 34.1:39-42.
Entries for Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, edited by Siegbert Uhlig. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Vol. 1 "ALERT" 194,195, "Aster Ganno" (together with Kebbede Hordofa Janko) pp. 387,388, "Bible translation into modern Ethiopian languages" p. 574, "Burree Waaqa" p. 649. Vol. 2 "Dawit Amanu'el". Vol. 3 "Thomas Lambie" p. 491, "Majangir ethnography" p. 629, Majangir language" p. 627-629, Murle language p. 1076, 1077.
2003. Surveying bi-consonantal reduplication in Semitic. In Selected Comparative-Historical Afrasian Linguistic Studies in Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff ed. by M. Lionel Bender, 257-273. Munich: Lincom Europa.
2002. Biconsonantal reduplication in Amharic and Ethio-Semitic. Dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington.
1999. Hebrew kush: "Sudan", "Ethiopia", or what? Africa Journal of Evangelical Theology 18.2:143-159.
1998. Two Old Causative Affixes in Surmic. Surmic Languages and Cultures, ed. by Gerrit Dimmendaal, pp. 113-126. Köln: Köppe.
1998. Notes on Clan, Kinship, and Marriage Patterns Among the Majangir. Surmic Languages and Cultures, ed. by Gerrit Dimmendaal, pp. 145-178. Köln: Köppe.
1998. with Jon Abbink. Cross-ethnic Clan Identities Among Surmic Groups: The Case of the Mela. Surmic Languages and Cultures, ed. by Gerrit Dimmendaal, pp. 103-112. Köln: Köppe.
1998. with Jon Abbink. Surmic Languages and Cultures: A Bibliography. Surmic Languages and Cultures, ed. by Gerrit Dimmendaal, pp. 127-142. Köln: Köppe.
1997. Fitting in with Local Assumptions about Literacy: Some Ethiopian Experiences. Notes on Literacy 23.2:1-14.
1997. An Archaic Surmic Causative Prefix. Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages 7:41-48.
1997. With Jon Arensen, Nicky de Jong, Scott Randal. Interrogatives in Surmic Languages and Greenberg's Universals. Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages 7:71-90.
1996. Review of Reminiscences of My Life, by Ammanuel Abraham. Northeast African Studies 3.2 (new series): 157-159.
1995. Review of "Meaza" of Ethiopia, by Kevin O'Mahoney. Northeast African Studies 2.3 (new series): 97,98.
1994. Verbal Negation in Majang. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, vol. 1, ed. by Bahru Zewde, Richard Pankhurst, Taddese Beyene, 551-567. Addis Ababa: Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa University.
1991. Consonant Sequences and Morphophonemics in Majang. Proceedings of the First National Conference on Ethiopian Studies, R. Pankhurst, Ahmed Zekaria, and Taddese Beyene, eds., 525-534. Addis Ababa: Institute of Ethiopian Studies.
1991. Possessive Markers in Surmic Languages. Proceedings of the 4th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, ed. by M. L. Bender, pp. 91-104. (Nilo-Saharan: Linguistic Analyses and Documentation, vol. 7.) Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
1991. Reduplication in Majang. Proceedings of the Third Colloquium on Nilo-Saharan Linguistics, Franz Rottland and Lucia Omondi, eds., 239-261. (Nilo-Saharan Linguistic Documentation and Analysis, 6.) Hamburg: Buske.
1990. Linguistic Bibliography of the Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia. (Ethiopian Series, Monograph 20.) East Lansing: African Studies Center, Michigan State University and Addis Ababa: Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa University.
1989. An Initial Comparison and Reconstruction of Case Suffixes in Surmic Languages. Journal of Ethiopian Studies 22:97-104.
1989. Selected Aspects of Gumuz Phonology. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, ed. by Taddese Beyene, vol. 2, pp. 617-632. Addis Ababa: Institute of Ethiopian Studies.
1989. Sketch of Majang Syntax. Topics in Nilo-Saharan Linguistics, M. Lionel Bender, ed., pp. 97-127. (Nilo-Saharan: Linguistic Analyses and Documentation vol. 3. Series editor Franz Rottland.) Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
1989. with Anbessa Tefera. Toward the Classification of Shabo. Topics in Nilo-Saharan Linguistics, M.L. Bender, ed., pp. 405-418. (Nilo-Saharan, vol. 3. Series editor Franz Rottland.) Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
1988. Majang Nominal Plurals: With Comparative Notes. Studies in African Linguistics 19.1:75-91.
1988. Review of Amharic-English Dictionary by Amsalu Aklilu. Northeast African Studies 10.2/3:193-195.
1988. The Validity and Unity of the Southeast Surma Language Grouping. Northeast African Studies 10.2/3:151-163.
1987. A Typological Anomaly in Some Surma Languages. Studies in African Linguistics 18.357-361.
1986. With Kebbede Hordofa. Book notice of A Grammar of Harar Oromo, by Jonathan Owens. Language 62:951-952.
1986. Word Order Shift in Negative Sentences of Surma Languages. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 5:135-143. Institut für Afrikanistik, University of Cologne.
1986. With Kebbede Hordofa. "Bird Talk" in Oromo. Quaderni di Studi Etiopici 6-7:74-83.
1985. Gumuz: A Dialect Survey. Journal of Ethiopian Studies 18:91-114.
2011 Sacred Name Bible Translations in English: A Fast-Growing Phenomenon. The Bible Translator 6.3: 185-194.
2006. Watch your language! Translating euphemisms. The ATA [American Translators Association] Chronicle 35.2: 35-37.
1998. Semantic Shift on a Geographical Term. The Bible Translator 49.3:323-331.
1996. Teaching the Translation of Euphemisms. Notes on Translation 10.2:35-40.
1996. Review of Translation as Mission by William Smalley. Notes on Translation 10.4:55-59.


text:
title: Norway
published: true
featured_image_path:
featured_image_attribution:
geocode: NOR
iso_code: 'NO'
territory: false
state_party: true
signed_but_not_ratified: false
signed_date: 1998-08-28T00:00:00.000Z
ratified_or_acceded_date: 2000-02-16T00:00:00.000Z
entry_into_force_date: 2002-07-01T00:00:00.000Z
ratified_apic_date: 2002-09-10T00:00:00.000Z
genocide: '[Norwegian Criminal Code, Chapter 16, Section 101](https://iccdb.hrlc.net/data/doc/105/keyword/46/)'
crimes_against_humanity: '[Norwegian Criminal Code, Chapter 16, Section 102](https://iccdb.hrlc.net/data/doc/105/keyword/13/)'
aggression: '[Norwegian General Civil Penal Code, Part 2, Chapter 8, Sections 84, 86](https://iccdb.hrlc.net/data/doc/354/keyword/1/)'
war_crimes: '[Norwegian Criminal Code, Chapter 16, Section 103-107](https://iccdb.hrlc.net/data/doc/105/keyword/145/)'
note: war crimes amendment signed 6/10/2013
slug: norway
---

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


canada goose outlet reviews Alpysbai knows that the coal he sells contributes to illnesses in children, but canada goose outlet online store review sees no other choice. I see my son getting sick all the time, I sometimes regret moving to the city, he says, my income from herding wasn enough. We moved to Ulan Bator for the children future canada goose outlet reviews.


By having a Cashpoint ATM on site you are providing your customers convenient access to their cash when and where they need it – on your premises – encouraging them to spend more money within your business.
Don't lose any more customers by sending them to your competitors with an ATM!
What ongoing service and support will I receive for my ATM?
Unlike the overwhelming majority of ATM companies Cashpoint Payment Solutions have their own IN HOUSE team of qualified technicians. When you have a service question you speak to and deal directly with a Cashpoint technician, not an outsourced service company or a customer service representative on a help desk somewhere.
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Other ATM companies may have hidden fees and charges for what we at Cashpoint consider to be your right to expect – service and support.
In over 90% of cases – we pay you.
What signage can I expect?
Knowing that signage has the potential to increase overall transaction volumes and revenue for your business we ensure that you are provided with all the appropriate signage your site requires as part of our overall ATM service.
We offer a number of signage options depending on what you think would work best for you and your site – in some cases this means an A-Frame ATM Stand or an ATM flag, so that customers can easily recognize the presence of the ATM on site or in others internal signage is more necessary so that customers can easily locate the ATM on your premises.
Where is the best place for me to put my ATM?
Your ATM should be installed in a secure part of your premises, in a well-lit, easily accessible area to ensure it is clearly visible to your customers.
Our Cashpoint technicians will work with you to determine the best place to have your ATM installed to ensure the highest possible usage and transaction volumes.
How long will it take for me to get my new ATM?
As the industry leader in mobile, temporary ATM solutions for festivals, events and race days – we know how to move quickly!
At Cashpoint we manage our installation and service work in house. This means a qualified Cashpoint technician is managing the process from beginning to end.
The average Cashpoint installation time is between 2-4 weeks but we can have an ATM if required installed and operational within a week.
Do Cashpoint ATM's accept all cards?
Cashpoint ATM's are multi card and will accept legitimate cards from all major Australian banks, and the majority of overseas banks and credit unions cards.
What do I need to provide for my ATM?
Cashpoint provides brand new equipment, training on the use of this equipment, a 7 day a week service line, full back up service for the life of your agreement (including parts), preventative maintenance every 12 months and all consumables and ATM signage.
In the majority of cases all we require from you is a power socket.
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It is industry standard to insure your ATM. Most customers have been able to add the ATM onto their existing contents insurance policy, although this should be discussed directly with your policy provider.
Can Cashpoint ATM put cash in the ATM for me?
Yes. Cashpoint offer both a self-funded model where you supply the ATM with cash (recommended) or a fully funded approach.
Can I advertise on my ATM?
We only offer the most up to date software and hardware solutions available and all of our products come with advertising features as standard.
Using screens, video toppers and/or receipts our customers can advertise upcoming events, specials or promotions.
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Wonder what Doc Brown would say about 2019….
On May 8th Legacy Hall will be screening Back to the Future on our 24-ft. screen in the Box Garden at 8pm.
Grab some duck fat fries from Roots Chicken to share with friends, or enjoy one of their duck fat fried chicken wings all to yourself. Don't forget to save room for dessert …The House Waffle pop from Press Waffle will hit the spot!
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Home > About > Apply Now!
Immunization Record. Submit copy of Immunization Record if born on or after January 1, 1957, as mandated by ACT 141 of 1987. Incoming freshmen and foreign-born, two doses of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. The Arkansas Dept. of Health must approve any exemptions based on Medical, Religious, or Philosophical reasons.
§ Students who have not scored 19 or above on the English, Math, and Reading portions of the ACT (or have not taken the ACT), must take the Accuplacer exam for placement.
§ IIf you have not taken the ACT exam, sitting for the ACCUPLACER test is the easiest. The test is available on campus for a fee of $15.00, payable at the Cashier's Office. It is given in the Intake Testing Center located in room 142 of the Student Services Building. Please call the Intake Testing Center at 870-850-4801.
Official copy of your high school transcript or GED tests scores.
If the required documents are not available, conditional admission is possible. Contact Admissions for further information. After Admission, an Advisor HOLD will be placed on your student's record until you meet with your Advisor. This hold will keep you from registering for classes. After meeting with your Advisor, the HOLD will be removed.
If you have not taken the ACT exam, the ACCUPLACER test is available on campus for a fee of $15.00, payable at the Cashier's Office. The Cashier's Office is located in the Business/Student Services building, room 165. Please take your receipt to the Testing Intake Center located in room 142 of the Student Services Building.
Students who have not scored 19 or above on the English, Math, and Reading portions of the ACT (or have not taken the ACT), must take the Accuplacer exam for placement. For instance, if a student scores an 18 on the ACT Reading assessment, the student will need to take the Accuplacer Reading assessment for placement. The Intake Testing Center is located in room 142 of the Student Services Building.


text:
Q: Are relative-path symlinks reliable on Rackspace Cloud Sites? Rackspace's Cloud Sites have a lot of stupid limitations. For example, no SSH (in or out), no shell, no RSYNC, etc... (even through cron).
Recently I learned that you can't reliably use symlinks in Cloud Sites. Apparently this is because the absolute path of your sites could change at any moment, since it's a shared host environment split up between many disks/servers. I guess different account's sites get moved from disk to disk whenever Rackspace decides to. Supposedly to increase efficiency across the board.
So after talking with a Rackspace tech, he said they cannot guarantee that symlinks would always work. Obviously this is because if you have a symlink that use's an absolute path like this:
//mnt/disk-34566/home/user34566/files/sites/www.mysite.com/mydir

If you files go moved to a different disk (or whatever they do), then the absolute path would be different and the link would now be broken. That makes sense.
So next, I asked the Rackspace tech if relative path symlinks were reliable. So if I have the following link:
files/sites/www.mysite.com/mylink --> ../www.myothersite.com/anotherdir

You can see that the symlink simply points to a nearby directory's sub-directory. He said they cannot guarantee that even those would always work either. Since it uses a relative path to another nearby directory I'm not sure how it could ever break from something Rackspace would do. Do relative symlinks somehow rely on absolute paths underneath? Or is Rackspace using some weird custom filesystem where they will break from absolute path changes?
It seems like a relative-path symlink would be fine and would only break if the user did something to mess up the directories involved. But when the tech's say that they "don't officially support symlinks of any kind" that makes me hesitant to use them for large commercial websites in Cloud Sites.
Can anyone with Rackspace experience give input on this topic?

A: I'm not with Rackspace, but having worked for a hosting provider I can give you one general piece of advice:
If your provider says something to the effect of "We can't guarantee that X will work" and you elect to do it anyway you are outside of anyone's ability to support you.
If it works, "Hey that's great! We're really happy for you!"
If it stops working one day - "Don't come crying to us, we told you not to do that!" (which means you're on your own to fix the breakage, or you're going to be paying your provider con$ulting rate$).

From a technical standpoint I can't see why relative-path symlinks would break, provided you are always on a filesystem that supports symlinks. It's possible one day your cloud site could magically migrate to Flippy's Freaky Fantasy Filesystem which doesn't support the concept of symbolic links though -- such is the nature of The Cloud.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Pope Francis has reminded the Catholic faithful that death is not something to be feared since it is an encounter with Jesus.
In his homily at his official residence at Casa Santa Marta on Friday, the religious leader said that people do not always understand what life in heaven would actually be.
"There we begin to be unsure in our response. We don't know well how to explain what heaven is. And some think: 'But won't it be boring there for all eternity?' No! That is not heaven. We are on the path toward an encounter: the final meeting with Jesus. Heaven is the encounter with Jesus," the pope said.


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Hotel sangam has commissioned spacious well ventilated, well furnished rooms with, attached bathroom and running hot and cold water, Colour T.V and Telephone with direct dialing facilities.
We offer board room A/C (40 Pax) and Party Hall (200 Pax) at very competitive rates.


Advice to law firm management: Step into the 21st century and be inclusive. Encourage pro bono work or some kind of community involvement. Spend more time with the clients.
Pros: You get some good experience in labor and employment law. The support staff is truly top notch. Some very smart people work here.
Cons: Diversity is not a dirty word. Please consider it. The firm is obsessed with billable hours instead of building strong relationships with clients. HR is a nightmare. There isn't much room for advancement because of how the firm is structured.
Advice to law firm management: If this firm is the right fit for you, be prepared for a rigorous hiring process and a very long work week. But the rewards may be worth it.
Pros: This firm does not hire associates who will not represent the firm well in every possible setting. Only the best will be selected to work here. You might find that your paycheck is quite large indeed, but it will come at the cost of plenty of work and hours.
Cons: You may find it's hard to advance here. There is a corporate environment in the workplace, which means individuality is not part of the scheme. Not everyone will enjoy this. You may also need to work in an area of the law that you do not find interesting.
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GrayRobinson is a full-service corporate law firm with nearly 300 attorneys throughout 13 offices across Florida. We provide legal services for Fortune 500 companies, emerging businesses, lending institutions, local and state governments, developers, entrepreneurs and individuals across Florida, the nation and the world. At GrayRobinson, we offer not only breadth across a great many legal specialties, but depth and proficiency in each one as well. We have invented a better brand of law firm, counting creativity as a hallmark characteristic and insisting on ingenuity and innovation. At GrayRobinson, there is no such thing as "business as usual." We are one of Florida's fastest-growing law firms and are proud to be on the forefront of emerging legal issues. Our strength is built upon the collective histories of our offices across the state. Our roots run deep in each community we serve. As we have expanded across Florida, we have added to the foundations laid by prestigious law firms in Boca Raton, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Gainesville, Jacksonville, Key West, Lakeland, Melbourne, Miami, Naples, Orlando, Tallahassee and Tampa. We have forged our own path, creating a firm that best serves our clients and our communities. As we have grown, we have remained committed to keeping small-firm qualities, including the ability to work expeditiously on behalf of our clients and respond quickly to their needs. In addition, we have promised to work with conviction and compassion and to embrace our community as a matter of mission as well as passion.
We are committed to excellence and we recognize that diversity of ideas and experiences is critical to fulfilling our commitment. That commitment is demonstrated in many ways: by our employment practices and policies which ensure equal opportunity and foster a discrimination and harassment free workplace; opportunities for advancement to shareholder for women and minority lawyers; and our active recruiting efforts at law schools. We continuously review our recruiting, hiring, mentoring and training practices and initiatives. Our Diversity Committee, headed by Marlene Quintana, is charged with recommending specific action that may be taken to achieve the Firm's diversity objectives and goals.
Mayanne Downs - Named 2014 Woman of the Year by the Orlando Business Journal and honored with the Rosemary Barkett Outstanding Achievement Award in 2013 from the Central Florida Association for Women Lawyers.
Marlene Quintana - Past President of the Cuban American Bar Association in Miami and former member of the Board of Directors. CABA is one of the largest minority bar associations in the country. Marlene Quintana was also selected as the "2014 Florida Most Powerful & Influential Woman Award" Recipient by the National Diversity Council.
Leyza Blanco - Co-chair of the International Women's Restructuring Confederation's Florida Network. She also serves as the Florida Bar Association Business Law Section Diversity Committee Vice-Chair.
Grace Yang - Named to the 2013 Lawyers of Color (LOC) inaugural Hot List.
Sarah Reiner - Past President of the Orange County Association of Women's Lawyers.
Gary Resnick - Member of The Florida Bar's Diversity and Inclusion Committee.
Rebecca Rodriguez - Member of Hispanic Unity of Florida.
We also have attorneys who are part of the Women's Chamber of Commerce, the Jewish Community Center, Collier County Women's Bar Association, Hillsborough Association of Women Lawyers, the Central Florida Association of Women Lawyers, the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), the Hispanic National Bar Association and the Cuban American Bar Association, among other associations that promote diversity in the legal profession.
GrayRobinson is a founding member of the Leadership Council on Legal Diversity. The Leadership Council, formed in 2009, is an organization of corporate chief legal officers and law firm managing partners dedicated to creating a truly diverse legal profession. The Council is committed to eliminating the impediments which preclude minorities and women from having an opportunity to perform, to succeed and to lead. GrayRobinson's membership and participation in the Council is affirmation of our commitment to diversity in the legal profession.
GrayRobinson actively recruits at the University of Florida, Florida State University, Stetson University and the University of Miami. Through the career placement office at each school, we participate in the fall on-campus recruiting programs. We have a tradition of maintaining productive working relationships with law school alumni programs and sponsor book awards, moot court competitions and other law school activities.
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Fairport, N.Y. – Mike Metzler, an educator with nearly two decades of high school and college teaching experience, has released Carpe College! Seize Your Whole College Experience, to help recent high school graduates and their families navigate the transition into college.
According to Metzler, "A typical college student's day is a whirlwind of extremes, from engaging in lofty philosophical thought to managing mundane minutiae to cutting loose and blowing off steam. So, the book parallels that experience. It's lofty one moment and silly the next. Just like the students it hopes to help." It also recognizes that students are juggling a number of macro and micro challenges, like reflecting on career and life choices and managing their time, across both academic and social domains, all in the midst of trying to discover their emerging selves.
"The high school experience is laden with support and guidance from adults," says Metzler, "and this has the potential to create passivity in some students, a bad habit that should be left behind when heading off to college." Carpe College! offers an approach that encourages students to be active and intentional about every aspect of their college experience. It addresses interactions with peers and professors, career reflection and academic choices, dorm living and partying – teaching students to develop a mindset that helps them make the most of their fleeting college years. To guide their pursuits, Metzler suggests a mantra that is laced throughout the book: 'Know thyself. Have a plan. Assume no one else cares.' It is meant to remind students of the need to be reflective, organized and in control of their own destiny.
The book strikes a playful tone as evidenced by fun illustrations and quirky chapter titles, including "(Parents in Parentheses)," "Doorstops & Chopsticks," "Five Alarm Mac-n-Cheese," "Party Like a Smarty," "Teenage Wasteland," and "If You're Cocky and You Know It, Clap Your Hands." While the tone is light, the material is substantive, including numerous tips and templates for academic planning, communicating with professors, contacting professionals, and seeing the link between a rich life outside the classroom and future success beyond the college years.