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Effective management of heat transfer fluid flash point temperatures using a light-ends removal kit (LERK) Academic research paper on "Earth and related environmental sciences"
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Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
OECD Field of science
{"Laboratory analysis" / Light-ends / "Flash point temperature"}
Abstract of research paper on Earth and related environmental sciences, author of scientific article — Christopher Ian Wright
Abstract Heat transfer fluids (HTF) need to be regularly sampled to assess the extent of thermal degradation, oxidative state, the accumulation of short-chained light-ends and contamination by intrinsic or extrinsic particles. The build-up of light-ends in a HTF system presents a potential fire hazard. A light-ends removal kit (LERK) enables light-ends to be removed continuously, helping to push-up flash point temperatures. In the current case, the concentration of light-ends started to build-up in the client's system and a LERK was subsequently installed. Data is presented that shows how effective the LERK was in restoring mean closed flash point temperature to stable levels, similar to those seen for a virgin HTF. Closed flash point temperature was, in this case, more variable than open flash point temperature. This highlights the need to make direct measurements of closed flash point temperature as opposed to indirect measurements of open flash point temperature. This case emphasises the need for regular HTF sampling and analysis, and that the installation of a LERK can help maintain the condition and life of a HTF.
Similar topics of scientific paper in Earth and related environmental sciences , author of scholarly article — Christopher Ian Wright
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Academic research paper on topic "Effective management of heat transfer fluid flash point temperatures using a light-ends removal kit (LERK)"
CASE STUDIES IN THERMAL ENGINEERING
Author's Accepted Manuscript
Effective management of heat transfer fluid flash point temperatures using a light-ends removal kit (LERK)
Christopher Ian Wright
www.elsevier.com/locate/csite
PII:	S2214-157X(14)00017-3
DOI:	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2014.05.004
Reference:	CSITE34
To appear in:	Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
Received date: 14 May 2014 Revised date: 16 May 2014 Accepted date: 17 May 2014
Cite this article as: Christopher Ian Wright, Effective management of heat transfer fluid flash point temperatures using a light-ends removal kit (LERK),
Case Studies in Thermal Engineering , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2014.05.004
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Title: Effective management of heat transfer fluid flash point temperatures using a light-ends removal kit (LERK).
Abbreviated title: LERK
Author: Christopher Ian Wright, BSc, PhD, MBA Corresponding author: Christopher Ian Wright e-mail: chrisw@globalgroup.org Telephone: +44-7967-230-155
Address: Global Group, Cold Meece Estate, Cold Meece, Staffordshire, ST15 0SP, United Kingdom.
Abstract (word count = 173)
Heat transfer fluids (HTF) need to be regularly sampled to assess the extent of thermal degradation, oxidative state, the accumulation of short-chained light-ends and contamination by intrinsic or extrinsic particles. The build up of light-ends in a HTF system presents a potential fire hazard. A lightends removal kit (LERK) enables light-ends to be removed continuously, helping to push-up flash point temperatures. In the current case, the concentration of light-ends started to build-up in the client's system and a LERK was subsequently installed. Data is presented that shows how effective the LERK was in restoring mean closed flash point temperature to stable levels, similar to those seen for a virgin HTF. Closed flash point temperature was, in this case, more variable than open flash point temperature. This highlights the need to make direct measurements of closed flash point temperature as opposed to indirect measurements of open flash point temperature. This case emphasises the need for regular HTF sampling and analysis, and that the installation of a LERK can help maintain the condition and life of a HTF.
Laboratory analysis, light-ends, flash point temperature. Abbreviations
HTF, heat transfer fluid; LERK, light-ends removal kit.
The transfer of heat energy between a heat transfer fluid (HTF) and process equipment is a basic requirement in a wide variety of industrial processes [1]. In order for this to be as efficient as possible, it is imperative that the HTF maintains the functional characteristics of a virgin HTF for as long as feasibly possible. This means maintaining low carbon residue levels and high flash point temperatures. In reality all HTFs breakdown down over time, but it is important to emphasise that regular sampling and analysis of a HTF can provide detailed insights into the extent of thermal degradation, oxidative ageing, the production of short-chained hydrocarbons (also referred to as "light-ends") and contaminants [2][3]. The current case deals with the intrinsic safety of HTF system. Indeed, at high operating temperatures the bonds between hydrocarbon chains start to break and short-chained light-ends are formed. As the concentration of these light-ends increases, the potential fire hazard for the system increases. This is because light-ends have a lower boiling point temperature and a lower ignition temperature. This represents a potential fire risk and is tested in the laboratory by exposing the sampled HTF to a flame [4]. Thus, if the laboratory analysis reveals a decreasing flash point temperature, relative to the flash point temperature of the virgin HTF, it reflects an increasing potential fire risk and this needs to be managed swiftly and effectively.
Therefore, a logical question is 'why do light-ends build up in a HTF system?' This may be explained by the natural operational ageing of the HTF at high temperatures. However, if light ends form rapidly and are difficult to control, this can indicate that the HTF is not venting properly and so light ends are not able to escape and vent from the HTF system. One approach to manage the build-up of light ends is to dilute the existing HTF, but this will not fix the problem if the issue concerns the design of the HTF system design. Another approach is to remove the light ends as they form. This can be done using a light-ends removal kit (LERK). Once installed this continuously removes lightends. The current case deals with a client's HTF system that had low closed flash point temperature that persisted for nearly 3 years before a LERK was installed to manage the light-ends. The intention of stalling the LERK was to control the formation of light-ends in the HTF. Hence, the current analysis assessed this by comparing values recorded post-LERK installation with that pre-LERK installation. The objective of this research was to determine if the installation of a LERK was effective, or not, in the management of light-ends, which was determined by assessing mean flash point temperatures and assessing their variance.
This section is presented in five parts: information on the client's HTF system and HTF; how the HTF was sampled; the test parameters; details of the LERK; and, the engineering analysis conducted.
Client's HTF system and HTF
The current case concerns a UK-based company that approached Global Group in March 2007 as they had detected that their HTF had a low flash point temperature and this presents a potential fire hazard that must be managed. The client's system measured 2,500 litres and contained a mineral-based HTF. Typical values for a virgin HTF are as follows: carbon residue, <0.05; total acid number <0.05 mg KOH/g; closed flash point temperature, 2100C; open flash point temperature, 2210C; fire point temperature, 2550C; kinematic viscosity, 31 (i.e., mm2/s); water content, <100ppm; ferrous debris score, <10; soluble (e.g., Fe), ppm <5 microns.
Sampling of the client's HTF system
HTFs can be sampled in 2-ways: whilst the HTF is hot (i.e., live) or when the HTF is at ambient temperature (i.e., through a cooling HTF device or during a HTF system shutdown) [4]. The current case sampled the HTF whilst the system was live. This is performed using a sampling container closed to air. Figure 1 depicts the sampling device used in the current case. This isolates the sampled HTF and keeps the light-ends trapped in the sampled HTF whilst it cools to ambient temperature [4].
The HTF parameters analysed
The methods used in the current engineering analysis are based on routine laboratory tests. The laboratory operates to IS014001 and IS017025. The test parameters utilised in the current case are cited in Table 1. To conduct these tests, a sample of 500 ml is extracted from the clients system whilst the system is in operation. Samples are collected in a sampling pot that is closed to air to avoid contamination and to avoid contact with the live HTF. Once sampled, the HTF is allowed to cool to ambient temperature. The sampling technique has been published previously [4]. Once cooled, the test parameters cited in Table 1 are performed according to ASTM International, formerly the American Society for Testing and Materials, and International Petroleum (IP) standards.
Table 1. Chemical characteristics routinely measured.
Parameters	Unit or element	Test method
Appearance	colour	Coded according to colour
Carbon residue	Percentage weight	IP14
Total acid number	milligram of potassium hydroxide per gram (mg KOH/g)	IP139
Strong acid number	milligram of potassium hydroxide per gram (mg KOH/g)	IP177
Closed flash point	temperature (0C)	ASTM D93
Open flash point	temperature fC)	ASTM D92
Fire point	temperature fC)	ASTM D92
Kinematic viscosity	A square millimetre per second (i.e., mm2/s)	IP71
Water content	parts per million (ppm)	ASTM D6304
Ferrous wear debris	Insolubles	PQ Analex Method
Elements	Iron, silicon	ASTM D5185
In total, the HTF analysis results revealed 33 out of specifications. This rating is assigned to test results that are not satisfactory and carry a caution, action or serious rating according to values predefined by Global Heat Transfer for a mineral HTF. Of the 33 out of specifications, 30 occurred between 1st March 2007 and 9th January 2010 and this was prior to installation of the LERK. These out of specifications were as follows: 1, carbon residue; 1, total acid number; 2, appearance; 9, kinematic viscosity; and, 17, closed flash point temperature.
Based on this data, this report will primarily focus on flash point temperatures and kinematic viscosity. Fire point temperature and open flash point temperature were included for comparative purposes.
The LERK is permanently installed and allows light-ends to be collected and removed continuously. The LERK works by passing the HTF through a distillation vessel, which has a special spray-type
evaporator. This means that light-ends are released from the HTF as a gas and then recollected in a condenser in a liquid form. Light-ends can then be drained, either manually or automatically, from the HTF system. Further details regarding the LERK can be found at the following [5].
Engineering analysis
The data collected from the test results in Table 1 were analysed retrospectively. Data is reported as mean or variance ± standard deviation (SD), unless otherwise stated. Means were compared using a two-tailed unpaired t-test. Variance was calculated using this equation: ([the sampled value - the group mean] / [the group mean])2. Means, variances and standard deviations were calculated using Microsoft Excel 2007. A P-value less than 0.05 was taken as being statistically significant.
The system sampled contained 2,500 litres of mineral-based HTF in March 2007. Pre-LERK installation
The mean closed flash point temperature was 121.4±32.90C (-42.2%, from a starting value of 2100C). In contrast, the changes in open flash point temperature, fire point temperature and kinematic viscosity were less marked. Indeed, kinematic viscosity was 28.7±3.8 mm2/s (-7.4%, from a starting value of 31 mm2/s), open flash point temperature was 196.8±17.0 (-11.0%, from a starting value of 2210C) and the fire point temperature was 236.1±11.20C (-7.4%, from a starting value of 2550C).
Calculations of variance revealed that closed flash point temperature had the highest variance (0.07±0.33; Table 2), followed by kinematic viscosity (0.02±0.08). Variances are reported in Figure 2, which shows the analysed values for fire point temperature were considerably more stable than the other parameters plotted and this is supported by data reported in Table 2.
Post-LERK installation
Table 2 shows the mean values following the installation of the LERK. In every case, there was a significant increase in all test parameters and all remained within specification from the date the LERK was installed. For open flash point temperature, fire point temperature and kinematic viscosity, the difference versus the starting value was <5%. The closed flash point temperature was 176.8±11.3, which was 15.8% lower than the starting value of 2100C. However, this was significantly higher and more stable than the values reported pre-LERK installation.
One of the key findings was that variance for all test parameters was reduced significantly and showed they were more stable (see Figure 2). Indeed, the variance decreased by a factor of 6.7 and 17.5 for closed and open flash point temperature respectively.
HTF sampling frequency
Prior to installation of the LERK, see Table 2, the HTF system was sampled every 1.7 months (~7-times per year). This frequency was reduced significantly following installation of the LERK with the HTF being sampled every 2.7 months (i.e., quarterly) in the 4 years and 2 months following installation of the LERK.
Table 2. Test parameters measuring pre- and post-LERK installation.
MEAN	VARIANCE
PARAMETER	Unit	Pre-LERK	Post-LERK	Pre-LERK	Post-LERK
Time between samples	Months	1.7±7.0	2.7±10.6*	0.45±2.08	0.29±0.57
Closed flash point temperature	0C	121.4±32.9	176.8±11.3#	0.07±0.33	0.004±0.009*
Open flash point temperature	0C	196.8±17.0	213±5.8***	0.01±0.03	0.001±0.001***
Fire point temperature	0C	236.1±11.2	247.0±4.5**	0.002±0.01	0.0003±0.0004*
Kinematic viscosity	mm2/s	28.7±3.8	32.3±1.5***	0.02±0.08	0.002±0.006**
Note: Data are presented as mean±SD. 21 and 19 samples were taken pre- and post-installation of the LERK. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001; #, P<0.0001 when post-LERK values were compared with pre-LERK values using a using a two-tailed unpaired t-test.
The discussion is organised into three parts presented in the results sections: pre-LERK installation, post-LERK installation and sampling frequency. These three elements are discussed below and the key points are captured in the conclusions and recommendations section.
Pre-LERK installation
The current data is based on the analysis results from test results gathered between March 2007 and March 2014 (over 7 years). Data can be divided into two parts - pre-LERK installation and post-LERK installation. Data gathered prior to installation shows that the closed flash point temperature was 42.2% lower than the characteristic value for a virgin mineral-based HTF. Furthermore, it was not stable, as shown by its variance (see Table 2). Indeed, the variance for the closed flash point temperature was the highest for all the test parameters (0.07±0.33) and was 3.5-times higher than kinematic viscosity; 7-times higher than the open flash point temperature; and, 35-times higher than the fire point temperature.
The relative instability of the closed flash point temperature is evident in Figure 2. This clearly shows marked peaks and troughs between March 2007 and January 2010. The explanation for this is that during this period Global Heat Transfer were working with the client to restore, using HTF dilutions, closed flash point temperature to values >1300C and only achieving short-lived effects. In contrast, the rating for the open flash and fire point temperatures were more stable with values above those defined as being cautionary (i.e., >160 and >2100C, respectively). This data, therefore, highlights the importance of monitoring both flash point temperatures and not assuming that changes in open flash point temperature reflect changes in closed flash point temperature. Furthermore, the current case highlights that changes in flash point temperature can occur independently of other test parameters routinely measured in the laboratory. Routine testing involves the following 11 tests: colour; carbon residue (IP14); total acid number (IP139); strong acid number (IP177); closed flash point temperature (ASTM D93); open flash point temperature (ASTM D92); fire point temperature (ASTM D92); kinematic viscosity (IP71); water content (ASTM D6304); ferrous wear debris (PQ Analex method); and, elements (e.g., iron, silicon; ASTM D5185).
The LERK was installed in January 2014 (see Figure 2) and all test parameters were increased and remained stable. In Table 2, it can be seen that installation of the LERK led to significant increases in all the test parameters reported with kinematic viscosity, and open flash point temperature and fire
point temperatures being stabilised to within 5% of a virgin HTF. Closed flash point temperature was 15.8% (i.e., 176.8±11.30C) lower than the starting value of 2100C, but above the cautionary value of 1300C. In excess of this level, closed flash point temperature is deemed satisfactory for a mineral-based HTF.
Table 2 shows the mean values following the installation of the LERK. In every case, there was a significant increase in all parameters tested and all test parameters remained within once the LERK was installed.
Perhaps the most important impact that the LERK had was the stabilisation of all test parameters. Table 2 shows that variance was significantly reduced in every case. Thus, the installation of a LERK can remove the peaks and troughs characterised by the closed flash point temperature plot seen in pre-LERK installation in Figure 2. It is interesting that the variance of all test parameters improved once the LERK had been installed.
Sampling frequency
Table 2 shows sampling frequency decreased from 7-times per year to 4-times per year following the installation of the LERK. The increased sampling prior to the LERK installation being explained by kinematic viscosity and closed flash point temperature being out of specification (i.e., changing by >5% and <1300C, respectively). It is important that sampling is conducted regularly to gain an understanding of flash point temperatures but this is only one aspect of HTF breakdown and contamination. Hence, further tests are needed to monitor other processes such as oxidative ageing, thermal degradation and contamination by intrinsic and extrinsic particles [3][4].
HTF systems with low flash point temperatures present a potential fire hazard and should be monitored closely and regularly. This can be done by sampling the system's HTF and analysing the HTF to assess open and closed flash point temperatures. The current research assessed the data from a system in which the closed flash point temperature was persistently out of specification. To address this, a LERK was installed to help remove light-ends formed in the HTF system. Results showed that closed flash point temperature was stabilised following the installation of the LERK. Indeed, mean values were close to those for a virgin HTF and the variance between samples was markedly reduced. Both findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the LERK in the management of light-end formation and thus flash point temperatures. The overall benefit of this is that the safety of
the client's HTF system was improved. It is recommended that a LERK should be installed if flash point temperatures are consistently out of specification. A further benefit of installing a LERK is that it helps to maintain the life of a HTF by avoiding the need for regular dilutions to raise flash point temperatures.
The author would like to thank the Global Heat Transfer engineers (Danny Bradford, Dave Dyer, Ian Halliwell and Martyn Tinsley) and the technical support provided by Andy Burns and Lisa Cho.
[1]	D.J. Kukulka, M. Devgun. Fluid temperature and velocity effect on fouling. Applied Thermal Engineering 27 (2007) 2732-2744.
[2]	Wagner O Walter. Heat transfer technique with organic media. in: Heat transfer media, second ed. Graefelfing, Germany: Maria-Eich-StraPe; 1997. pp. 4-58 [Chapter 2].
[3]	C.I. Wright. Thermal heat transfer fluid problems following a system flush with caustic and water. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 2 (2014) 91-94.
[4]	C.I. Wright, A. Burns, C. Jones. Sampling Hot Heat Transfer Fluids: Simple Insights for Gaining a Representative Sample International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology 3 (2013) 202204.
[5]	Global Heat Transfer Light Ends Removal Kit. Source: www.globalheattransfer.co.uk/what-we-do/light-ends-removal-kit-(lerk). Accessed: 13th May 2014.
FIGURE LEGENDS
Figure 1. The device used to sample the client's HTF.
Figure 2. The values for open flash (dashed line), closed flash, fire point temperature (solid line) and kinematic viscosity (bottom panel) between March 2007 and March 2014.
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Temperature ('С)
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08.02.2008 11.03.2008 09.06.2008 24.07.2008 08.08.2008 20.08.2008 02.09.2008 17.09.2008 08.10.2008
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CD Review: Porcupine Tree, "The Incident"
Written by Dw. Dunphy• September 12, 2009• CD Reviews, Music
A famous occurrence found its way into Woody Allen's film Manhattan
. The director has just explained all the artistic allusion and metaphor in his latest work, pouring over details and really attempting to make an artistic statement. Then comes time for the audience Q&A session. First question: when are you going to be funny again? I had this thought while listening to Porcupine Tree's latest, The Incident
Before you misconstrue where I'm headed, let me say I enjoyed The Incident
quite a bit. It is, as the prog rock geeks prefer, an epic with that first and title track actually being a suite of songs and interludes (14 in all), ranging from the opening piece of aggressive guitar, "Occam's Razor" to the affecting pop-hard rock of "Time Flies," the centerpiece of the suite, to the melancholic and affecting closer, "I Drive The Hearse." Four additional songs are found on a second disc, unrelated to the suite but no less tonally similar, and here lies my hesitance about The Incident
The band's output has been steady and prolific, from chief Steven Wilson's initial psychedelic leanings, to full-on prog, to a pop-rock feel for often forgotten gems like Stupid Dream
and Lightbulb Sun
. The band started to get broader attention with their In Absentia CD, but for the past few albums, that has been the dominant descriptor of Porcupine Tree music. Indeed, when people describe the band, they call on In Absentia
, Deadwing
, Fear of a Blank Planet
and will surely add The Incident
to that list, while there is a greater breadth of stylistic adventure just behind those recordings. It would be a broad stroke to claim the band has solely locked into a string of metal assaults punctuated by gorgeous, sad balladry, but each new album brings us closer to that conclusion. I've been waiting for that shift that used to occur every two or so albums.
The question, then, is whether I am looking for the band to get different, just as that audience member wanted Woody to make slapstick comedies again, or whether I'm sensing that even though The Incident is a quality recording, the formula is becoming more and more evident. It's a bit of both. No one could argue the fact that, in the field of modern progressive rock, Porcupine Tree stands tall, first by being technically proficient with their instruments, second by not beating the listener over the head with aimless wankery, and finally by providing real songs with real hooks. All are present and accounted for. However, Wilson's writing is becoming more and more splintered as he takes on more and more personae. His ambient side often shows in his work with No-Man, his avant garde inclinations arise on his Bass Communion recordings, his pop leanings migrate to the Blackfield collaboration and his heavier sound, tellingly, stays with Porcupine Tree. The music is not the problem; the segmentation is.
I believe the band's fans are really going to like The Incident
, as do I, but it will be brand new listeners that get the most from it, because it will feel fresher to them. Meanwhile, we're still waiting for everything to change. In recent years, Woody's tried his hand from time to time in the comedy genre again, more often than not with forgettable results. Perhaps I should be careful of what I wish for?
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[kml_flashembed movie="http://www.youtube.com/v/qsxcp9MXU2I" width="600" height="344" allowfullscreen="true" fvars="fs=1" /]
Tags: Bass Communion, Blackfield, Dw. Dunphy, metal, No-Man, Porcupine Tree, prog rock, Steven Wilson, Woody Allen Last modified: September 12, 2009
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Northern Rivers bottled water industry under review
Minister for Regional Water Niall Blair has today announced an independent review into the impacts of the bottled water industry on groundwater sources in the Northern Rivers.
The NSW Chief Scientist & Engineer will provide advice on the sustainable groundwater extraction limits in the Northern Rivers region of NSW, as well as advice on whether the current or proposed groundwater monitoring bores are sufficient.
Mr Blair said the NSW Government acknowledges the concerns some members of the community have in relation to the impacts of the industry and the role science can play in addressing these concerns.
"I am confident the bottled water industry is operating sustainably, however Austin Curtin, Ben Franklin and Thomas George have made representations to me on behalf of their constituents and on that basis I'm happy to commission independent expert advice," Mr Blair said.
"I have asked the Chief Scientist & Engineer to investigate the sustainability of groundwater extraction in the Northern Rivers for bottling purposes.
"Water is a finite resource and we are completing this review to make sure that water remains available into the future in the Northern Rivers catchment for all purposes including stock and domestic users and for groundwater dependent ecosystems."
The Natural Resources Access Regulator (NRAR), the independent water compliance authority, is auditing four water extraction operators in the Tweed catchment.
While these investigations are not yet complete, NRAR has required three plant operators to install accredited water meters on each of their extraction bores by early next year. The fourth plant was found to have adequate meters on individual extraction bores.
NRAR will continue to monitor water take activities on the north coast.
The Chief Scientist & Engineer is expected to provide his initial report by early February 2019, with a final report to be published in mid 2019. For further information on water extraction, please visit the Department of Industry website
Page link: https://www.industry.nsw.gov.au/media/releases/2018/northern-rivers-bottled-water-industry-under-review


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Nigeria Widow Maltreatment-WUNRN
Aug. 3, 2021, 12:21 p.m.
"Flora Alatan, Delta State Commissioner for Women Affairs, told CNN her department is working with the justice ministry to adopt the Violence Against Persons Prohibition Act (VAPP), a federal legislation with a provision that directly punishes the ill-treatment of widows. The 'Harmful Widowhood Practices' in the VAPP Act says people can be jailed for a maximum of two years or pay a fine of N500,000 (around $1,366) for abusing women whose husbands have died. Nigeria signed the VAPP Act in 2015, but a majority of the West African nation's 36 states are yet to adopt it and, consequently, the law can't be enforced in those states" (para 26-28). "In 2005,...more
India Kashmir Half Widows
"A half-widow, till her husband is declared dead, is also forbidden under customary laws from remarrying. State law dictated that a woman has to wait for seven years after the disappearance of her husband to remarry. However, opinions vary due to different interpretations of Sharia law – while the Hanafi school claims 90 years after the husband's disappearance, Maliki school scholars put the waiting period as four years and some as seven years" (para 8-9)
Afghanistan Single Mothers
"Only if your husband is part of the army. I'm not sure about the police but I assume also the police, if they were killed while they were working. But nothing about people who get killed in suicide attacks or illnesses" (para 13). This statement refers to the avalibility of government assistance for widows (MM-CODER COMMENT).
2016 Guatemala CEDAW
Countries: Guatemala
"Article 6 of Decree No. 27-2010 abolished article 229 of Decree No. 17-73 of the Congress of the Republic (Criminal Code), according to which a widow or divorced woman was unable to remarry for a period of time set forth in the Civil Code. No such provision applied to the widower or divorced man, which constituted discrimination against women" (41).
Malawi Inheritance National Law
Countries: Malawi
Variables: WR-LAW-1, IAW-LAW-1, IAD-LAW-1, POLY-LAW-1, POLY-LAW-2
"17. – (1) Upon intestacy the persons entitled to inherit the intestate property shall be the members of the immediate family and dependants of the intestate and their shares shall be ascertained upon the following principles of fair distribution -(a)protection shall be provided for members of the immediate family and dependants from hardship so far as the property available for distribution can provide such protection;(b) every spouse of the intestate shall be entitled to retain all the household belongings which belong to his or her household; (c) if any property shall remain after paragraphs (a) and (b) have been complied with, the remaining property shall be divided between the surviving...more
2017 Panama HRP
"In April the National Assembly passed a law regulating sexual content in classified advertisements of newspapers, forbidding the publication of sex-work advertisements, in an effort to prevent sex trafficking. Some critics viewed it as a form of censorship" (p. 8)..
Ivory Coast 2018
April 11, 2019, 11:47 p.m.
Countries: Cote D'Ivoire
"The revision of the criminal code to include the prohibition of levirate and sororate, as well as discriminatory practices, is still under way. However, the courts, when involved, find in favour of women" (35).
Equality Now Progress - WUNRN
Jan. 5, 2019, 5:21 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
"[In] Mexico –Women are no longer prohibited from remarrying for a specified time after divorce or widowhood" (para 19).
Marriage Law ERITREA
Countries: Eritrea
Variables: WR-PRACTICE-1, WR-LAW-1
"According to the 'period of widowhood' principle a woman is not allowed to remarry unless three hundred and six days have elapsed since the dissoluion of a previous marriage by death of her husband. However, if a woman does so, such a marriage cannot be invalidated on this ground alone" (4).
2015 Japan Human Rights Report
Countries: Japan
"NGOs urged the government to abolish a six-month waiting period stipulated in the law for women, but not men, before re-marriage...In December, Japan's Supreme Court ruled the six-month waiting period was unconstitutional" (15). This law is for all women, not just widows. And while it was ruled unconstitutional, there is no indication that it was actually abolished (AA CODER COMMENT).
Egypt - remarriage
Variables: WR-LAW-1, CUST-LAW-1
"For years, divorced women called for amending the personal status laws, especially articles related to custody, to allow them to keep custody of their children after their second marriage" (Para 1). "we find that women are afraid to experience a second marriage becuase the law recognizes the automatic transfer of custody to the next in line of the custody arrangment. Such a law makes the desire of women to experience a remarrying a risk that may lead her to lose the custody of children or circumvent the reality by accepting customary, non-documented marriage so as not to lose the custody, or resort to other ways in which to live that...more
Mali 2016 CO
"The Committee is deeply concerned that the progressive provisions on women's rights included in the preliminary draft of the revised Personal and Family Code were lost during the second reading in the National Assembly as a result of pressure from conservative and religious groups, resulting in the 2011 Code, which contains many discriminatory provisions, including: . . . and the requirement for a waiting period for divorced women (art. 366) and widows (art. 373) to remarry. The Committee is further concerned that levirate is not prohibited" (page 13).
Philippines 2016 CO
"The Committee welcomes the adoption of Republic Act No. 10655, which decriminalizes 'premature marriage', namely, the remarriage of a woman during a certain period following the death of her husband or the dissolution of the marriage" (page 14).
Uruguay 2015 CEDAW
Countries: Uruguay
"The prohibition in the Civil Code on a widow's or divorcee's remarrying within 300 days of the date of her husband's death or the date of her divorce has not been amended" (page 37).
Timor Leste CO 2015
"That article 1494 of the Civil Code stipulates that a man can remarry 180 days after divorce or the death of a spouse, while a woman who is divorced or widowed has to wait 300 days" (14).
Saudi CEDAW 2016
"If her husband dies, the law grants her leave for the Iddah (legally prescribed waiting period during which a woman may not remarry after being widowed) of four months and 10 days from the date of death" (39).
Widows in Nepal
"In 2008, in recognition of the large number of war widows and popular aversion to widow remarriage, the government put forward a scheme to pay men a 50,000 rupee ($460) incentive to marry widows.But widows protested, saying the proposal was open to abuse by traffickers and would turn them into commodities. Nepal's Supreme Court ordered the government to ditch the initiative"(para 22-23)."[Lily] Thapa says several discriminatory laws and policies have been amended in recent years. For example, a widow who remarries no longer needs to return her deceased husband's property"(para 27)
Shocksquadding 2011 Mali Code of Persons and Family
"Article 373. A widow shall not remarry before a period of four months and ten days after the death of her husband. A pregnant widow can only remarry after childbirth. If the birth occurs during this time, it is no longer required to complete the period prescribed in the previous paragraph" (para 5-6)
Japanese last names
June 7, 2016, 8:39 a.m.
"In a separate decision on Wednesday that was more heartening for women's rights campaigners, the Supreme Court struck down a rule requiring divorced women to wait at least 150 days before remarrying. The rule is intended to prevent confusion over paternity in cases in which the divorcing woman is pregnant, but critics called it outdated and sexist. The court did not reject the basic principle of a waiting period, however, but merely demanded a shorter time frame, saying that anything over 100 days was an unconstitutional burden" (para 14-15). Note: This is for divorced women, not necessarily widows (ORR-CODER COMMENT)
2014 CEDAW Timor Leste
March 29, 2016, 11:29 a.m.
"The Civil Code contains a provision on the period of time to be awaited to re-enter in a marriage after divorce or death of a spouse (inter-nuptial time) of 180 days for men and 300 days for women (Art. 1494). The law allows woman to marry after 180 days if she obtains "judicial declaration ascertaining that she is not pregnant or if she does not have a child after dissolution, declaration of nullity or annulment of previous marriage" (Art. 1494-2). This difference in inter-nuptial time for men and women may derive from social dogma in terms of widowhood, as the law imposes 'official mourning' between the dissolution of the previous...more
CUT Variables with No Data on Ukraine May 27 2015
Feb. 29, 2016, 9:23 a.m.
""There are no laws regarding widow remarriage. The women can make their own choices." Anna Cheburei" (12)
2012 Benin CEDAW
Countries: Benin
Variables: WR-LAW-1, IW-LAW-1
"Act No. 2002-07 of 24 August 2004 on the Personal and Family Code lays down egalitarian principles in accordance with the Constitution and thus significantly combats discrimination. For example, it abolishes marriage by levirate (art. 122)" (5). Marriage by levirate refers to the type of marriage in which the brother of the deceased man is obliged to marry his brother's widow and the widow is required to marry her deceased husband's brother (HLH-CODER COMMENT)
2011 Dom Rep CEDAW
Countries: Dominican Republic
"A consensus-based draft reform was prepared and promoted by the Ministry of Women and the Women's Forum for Constitutional Reform. Preparations are now being made to analyse and review this proposal in accordance with the new Constitution of the Republic, since the latter text strengthens and broadens expectations with regard to the most relevant aspects, such as the responsibility of parents to provide their sons and daughters with an education and prepare them for the future; it also provides that gender-based physical, psychological, sexual or economic acts of violence committed by one spouse against another are causes for dissolving a marriage that are not subject to appeal and constitute a...more
CEDAW: Concluding Observations Jordan
Countries: Jordan
"The [CEDAW] Committee further notes the lack of a civil code for family matters" (11)
WUNRN - 2014 - Widows for Peace
"It is a well-known fact that the perpetrators of abuses such as denial of rights to inheritance, land, property, custody of children, forced remarriage (for example, in breach of the levirate law, Sec 77 (2) of the Civil Status Registration Ordinance, 1981,) coercive degrading and harmful HTPs include, not just rural people where traditional attitudes are deeply ingrained and knowledge of modern laws is poor, but also many high-status important male figures in government, and in the military. This is intolerable. These men should be role models, and not perpetuators of discriminatory and abusive attitudes to women, girls and especially widows!" (Para 7). "According to Paragraph 31 of the periodic...more
WUNRN - 2014 - Feminism Vs Islamism
Countries: Tunisia
"Umm Amana belongs to the fundamentalist Salafi community in Tunisia, so it's no wonder she opposes the laws for gender equality, passed back in 1956 right after Tunisia declared its independence. These laws, which are the most progressive in the Arab world, are perceived by orthodox Muslim women, and Salafists in particular, as detrimental to their faith and way of life. These laws deal with women's status, forbidding polygamy and giving women full control over their children in the event of their husbands' death. The minimum age for marriage is set at 17, and requires the woman's consent. In 1981 another law was passed, forbidding women to cover their heads...more
2010 Cambodia Shadow CEDAW
Countries: Cambodia
"For example, Art. 9 of the Law on Marriage and Family states that 'After the dissolution of marriage a woman may remarry. However, she shall remain in a legal state of marriage until at least 120 days after the death of husband or 120 days after the judgment which grants a final divorce.' Since the last Shadow Report of 2005, the law has reduced the number of days from 300 to 120, but discrimination against women is still present in the document" (9-10)
Country Reports on Human Rights
"Other cases of societal violence against women included FGM, dowry deaths, levirat (forcing a widow to marry her dead husband's brother), and sororat (forcing a woman to marry her dead sister's husband)"(Section 6).


text:
Kanda (japonès: 神田) és un barri del districte de Chiyoda, Tòquio. Anteriorment i fins al 1947 també va ser un districte de la ciutat de Tòquio. Juntament amb Nihonbashi i Kyobashi, forma el nucli de Shitamachi, el centre original d'Edo-Tòquio abans del desenvolupament de nous centres secundaris com ara Shinjuku i Shibuya.

Referències

Chiyoda

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The first model proposed to simulate the functioning of concept cells in the brain
A team of researchers from Russia, England and Spain has made an important step forward in the field of artificial neural networks using Beethoven's Ninth Symphony in their experimental study
Lobachevsky University
image: The scheme of the neural network view more
Credit: Valery Makarov
Lobachevsky University scientists together with foreign colleagues for the first time theoretically substantiated the existence of concept cells. These are individual neurons, and each of them is responsible for its own abstract concept, such as the musical note &laquoA». Researchers have shown how these cells work using the example of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony.
The proof of the existence of such cells disproves the widespread consensus that the emergence of abstract concepts in the human brain occurs solely through the activation of large neuronal complexes. This new finding can also play a very important role in the development of artificial neural networks.
Valery Makarov, head of the RSF grant project, Senior Researcher of the Fundamental and Applied Research Department at the Centre for Translational Technologies, explains that the brain of any living being is very complex. &laquoA key role in the brain is played by neurons, the nervous system cells that are responsible for receiving, processing, storing and transmitting signals. Currently, a common opinion prevails in science that the emergence of abstract concepts in the human brain requires complex, perfectly orchestrated interaction of myriads of neurons. However, there is a hypothesis that suggests that single neurons, the so-called concept cells, may be responsible for complex tasks performed by humans. These are individual neurons that form abstract concepts based on specific stimuli to which they respond, for example, the name of a human being. Thus, earlier the &laquoJennifer Aniston neuron» was discovered, which fired whenever the portrait of the actress appeared on the screen. Such neurons that respond to the presentation of some image are called &laquograndmother cells», comments Valery Makarov.
It was suggested by researchers that concept cells can also play an important role in episodic memory. Their existence calls into question the common hypothesis that complex cognitive processes require perfectly organized interaction of multiple neurons.
Scientists from Lobachevsky University together with their foreign colleagues for the first time produced a model imitating the work of neurons in the hippocampus. This is the part of the brain that is responsible, in particular, for memory and orientation in space.
&laquoUsing mathematical calculations, we have identified three fundamental principles that provide high cognitive abilities of individual cells. First, it is a strict hierarchy of neural layers. We investigated the links between the selective and concept layers of neurons. The first one isolates signals, while the second one processes them and links them with abstract concepts. Secondly, we have paid attention to the links of one neuron at the concept level with many receiving neurons. Thirdly, we have found that synaptic plasticity, i.e. change of information transfer force between neurons, plays an important role. These theoretical principles allow the cells of the concept layer to learn and significantly increase their cognitive abilities, as a result of which they become concept cells», explains Valery Makarov.
The authors of the study used musical notes to illustrate the possibility of such type of learning. They formed a neural network comprising 3200 cells at the selective level and 1600 cells at the concept level. The cells were exposed to eight different sound waves, each of them having eight phase shifts, i.e. oscillations. Neurons perceived these oscillations as separate signals, so there were about 50 receiving level neurons per one signal. Initially they could perceive a wide range of random signals, but after training their field of action became more narrow and specialized. An experiment with Beethoven's Ninth Symphony has demonstrated that receiving neurons captured individual sound waves, and at the concept level the cells processed the received information and determined which note was played, acting as concept cells.
&laquoModern artificial neural networks mimick the structure of biological systems. As a result, they are already superior to humans in pattern recognition, but still lag behind in cognitive abilities. Therefore, to make new steps in this field, we need novel biophysical insights on how the brain understands information. The discovery of concept cells, whose existence can now be justified by three fundamental principles, is of great importance for neurobiology and neural network theory», comments Valery Makarov.
The work has been published in Scientific Reports. The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF).
The study was conducted jointly with scientists from the University of Leicester (England) and Complutense University of Madrid (Spain).
Alexey Pomazov
pr@unn.ru
/Life sciences/Neuroscience/Cellular neuroscience/Neurons/Hippocampal neurons
/Life sciences/Cell biology/Cellular physiology/Cell morphology/Cell junctions
/Life sciences/Neuroscience/Neurophysiology/Systems neuroscience/Neural networks


text:
by Craig Laird Jamieson, CEO of Loop Backup written on 15th December 2022
For over a week now, customers of Rackspace have been locked out of their email and data hosted on the service due to a ransomware attack. With no timeline for recovery of their data and no access to their emails, customers have been stranded in a difficult and frustrating situation for 12 days and counting. In this blog post, we'll be discussing the impact of the ransomware attack on Rackspace customers, how they're coping without access to their data, and what options they may have for recovering their data.
Ransomware is a type of malicious software that is designed to block access to a computer system until the victim pays a sum of money, or ransom, to the attacker. Once activated, the malware will either lock down a computer system by encrypting files and data or by blocking user access to the system entirely. It is typically spread through malicious websites, email attachments, or by exploiting security vulnerabilities in a system.
Ransomware can have a devastating effect on businesses and individuals alike, as any important data held in a system could be lost forever if the ransom isn't paid. The attackers are typically very well-organised and sophisticated, making it difficult for victims to gain back access to their systems without paying the ransom. As such, it's important to keep your systems updated and secure, as well as maintain regular backups of important data, in order to avoid falling victim to ransomware attacks.
How did this happen to Rackspace?
Rackspace, one of the largest cloud hosting providers in the world, was hit with a ransomware attack 12 days ago on their hosted Exchange email service. The attack locked customers out of their accounts and prevented them from accessing their data, causing major disruption.
Unfortunately, while Rackspace has made significant efforts to respond to the incident, they have not been able to give any indication of when the service will be restored. This has left many customers feeling helpless and frustrated, unsure of when they'll be able to get back to work.
The ransomware attack was particularly destructive because it was tailored for Microsoft Exchange servers, the technology that powers most hosted email services. As a result, it was able to bypass traditional security measures, leaving all users vulnerable.
As of now, it's unclear exactly how the hackers managed to gain access to Rackspace's systems. What is clear, however, is that this incident highlights the importance of robust cybersecurity protocols. Despite the best efforts of companies like Rackspace, cyber-attacks can happen to anyone at any time – and it's essential that businesses take steps to protect themselves.
While there are still many unanswered questions regarding this particular attack, it serves as an important reminder that no one is immune from cyber threats. As the digital landscape continues to evolve, it's more important than ever for companies to invest in robust security measures and ensure their data is safe.
What does this mean for the customer?
Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts a user's data and holds it for ransom, demanding payment in exchange for unlocking the data. It's an increasingly common form of cyber attack, and unfortunately it can be very difficult to recover from.
That's exactly what happened to Rackspace customers on day 12 of the ransomware Exchange email incident. It's been more than two weeks since their data was locked away and they still haven't been able to get access to it.
So what does this mean for the customer? Well, they're left in a tricky situation. On the one hand, they have to pay the ransom in order to get their data back. But on the other hand, there's no guarantee that the criminals will actually give them back the data even if they pay.
The best option for Rackspace customers is to try to find other ways to recover their data without paying the ransom. This could involve restoring from backups or using data recovery software, but these methods can be time-consuming and expensive.
The takeaway here is that ransomware is a serious problem and it's important for businesses to take steps to protect their data from it. This includes having regular backups in place and training staff on how to spot and avoid malicious emails. Taking these measures can help protect your business from falling victim to ransomware like Rackspace customers did.
What are some steps that can be taken to prevent this from happening again?
With the recent news of Rackspace customers dealing with 12 days of ransomware-induced data loss, it's important to understand the best ways to prevent this type of issue from occurring in the future. While some businesses may think that their data is safe due to measures such as firewalls and antivirus software, it's essential to take additional steps in order to protect yourself from ransomware attacks.
The first step you should take is to back up your data. This should be done regularly, ensuring that a recent version of your data is stored on a device not connected to the internet. This will allow you to recover quickly in the event of a ransomware attack.
The second step is to ensure that all systems are kept up to date with the latest security patches. Software companies often release updates to patch security holes, so it's important to keep your systems up to date to minimise potential threats.
Finally, it's important to educate your employees about cybersecurity best practices. Make sure they know not to open emails from unknown sources and not to click on suspicious links. Additionally, teach them how to identify phishing attempts, which can lead to a successful ransomware attack.
By following these steps, businesses can help protect themselves from ransomware attacks and prevent the kind of data loss experienced by Rackspace customers. Regularly backing up data, maintaining updated systems, and educating employees can go a long way in preventing these incidents.


Farm Management Grants are now available to assist eligible Queensland primary producers or their relatives offset the costs of professional advice associated with succession planning.
Costs eligible for the rebate include those for professional advice provided by suitably qualified professionals including for example, accountants, succession advisors or solicitors.
This scheme will close to applications 30 June 2019.
When it comes to succession planning, the important thing to recognise is that each case is unique with different timeframes, personal objectives and structures to take account of.
With over 60 years' experience in dealing with family farming businesses, we at Carrick Aland understand the issues at play – financial, legal and management, but also interpersonal – that need to be considered. Our expertise in covering taxation, business structure and financial issues comes to the fore to assist in building tailor-made solutions for families.
Rebates of up to 50 per cent of the amount paid for professional advice, to a maximum of $2,500 for each financial year of the scheme, are available. To receive a rebate for a financial year, an application must be received in that year and may include an application made before professional advice is received.
Grants are available to eligible primary producers, or their children or relatives, to obtain professional advice about transferring an interest in a primary production enterprise owned by the primary producer.
Call the team at Carrick Aland on 07 4669 9800 to initially discuss your eligibility.
Full eligibility information and terms and conditions can be found in QRAA's Farm Management Grant guidelines. View QRAA's Frequently Asked Questions or guidelines for more details.


feng shui | How to live happily?
drawings, colors and ornaments to put it on the walls.
materialize the benefits of Feng Shui.
energies to rooms,  expel poverty/draining energies.
More and more people ask Feng shui's experts for advice.


TORONTO, March 22, 2017 /CNW/ - Franco-Nevada's CEO, David Harquail, commented: "Our diversified portfolio continues to perform very well. In 2016, we exceeded our recently increased guidance ranges for both Gold Equivalent Ounces1 ("GEOs") and oil & gas revenues. The growth in 2016 is reflecting the contribution from acquisitions we made during the recent downturn and increased activity by many of the operators on our lands. Franco-Nevada has no debt and is growing its cash balances. We continue to see investment opportunities and Franco-Nevada has just agreed to acquire, for $110 million, oil & gas royalties on the Midland portion of the Permian Basin in Texas, U.S."
For Q4/2016, revenue was sourced 91.9% from precious metals (72.6% gold, 14.1% silver and 5.2% PGM) and 87.2% from the Americas (18.5% U.S., 22.3% Canada and 46.4% Latin America). Operating costs and expenses decreased slightly year-over-year, reflecting a realized gain of $14.1 million on the partial buy back of the Kirkland Lake NSR. Oil & gas revenue increased 136%, reflecting both higher prices and production levels year-over-year. Cash provided by operating activities was $121.9 million, an increase of 43.5% compared to Q4/2015.
Credit Facilities: On March 22, 2017, Franco-Nevada extended the term of its existing $1 billion credit facility from November 12, 2020 to March 22, 2022. In addition, on March 20, 2017, Franco-Nevada's subsidiary, Franco-Nevada (Barbados) Corporation, entered into an unsecured revolving credit facility which provides for the availability of up to $100 million in borrowings.
Midland oil & gas royalties: On March 13, 2017, Franco-Nevada agreed to purchase a portfolio of oil & gas royalties in the Midland shale play of the Permian Basin of Texas for $110 million. Closing is expected in the second quarter of 2017.
STACK oil & gas royalties: On December 19, 2016, Franco-Nevada acquired a $100 million portfolio of oil & gas royalty rights in the Sooner Trend, Anadarko Basin, Canadian and Kingfisher counties ("STACK") play in Oklahoma's Anadarko basin.
Kirkland Lake royalty buy back: In October 2016, Kirkland Lake Gold exercised its option to buy back 1% of an overlying 2.5% net smelter return royalty for aggregate cash consideration of $30.3 million. Franco-Nevada recorded a gain on disposal of $14.1 million.
Cooke 4 stream impairment: In October 2016, Sibanye Gold Limited announced that it had ceased production at the Cooke 4 mine. Franco-Nevada recorded an impairment charge of $67.4 million.
Antapaccay stream: On February 26, 2016, Franco-Nevada acquired a $500 million precious metals stream from Glencore plc with reference to production from the Antapaccay mine located in Peru.
In 2017, Franco-Nevada expects attributable royalty and stream production to total 470,000 to 500,000 GEOs from its mineral assets and revenue of $35 million to $45 million from its oil & gas assets. Of the royalty and stream production, 335,000 to 345,000 GEOs are expected from Franco-Nevada's various stream agreements. For 2017 guidance, silver, platinum and palladium metals have been converted to GEOs using assumed commodity prices of $1,200/oz Au, $17.50/oz Ag, $950/oz Pt and $750/oz Pd. The WTI oil price is assumed to average $50 per barrel with a $3.50 per barrel price differential between the Edmonton Light and realized prices for Canadian oil. The Company estimates depletion expense of $265 million to $295 million. 2017 guidance and 2021 outlook below is based on assumptions including the forecasted state of operations from our assets based on the public statements and other disclosures by the third-party owners and operators of the underlying properties (subject to our assessment thereof).
Our outlook to 2021 further assumes that the Cobre Panama project will be ramping up production in 2019. At the same time, scheduled fixed ounce payments from Midas/Fire Creek, Karma and Sabodala are expected to step down to longer term royalty or stream payments. Using the same commodity price assumptions as were used for our 2017 guidance (see above) and assuming no other acquisitions, Franco-Nevada expects its existing portfolio to generate between 515,000 to 540,000 GEOs by 2021. Oil & gas revenues at the same $50 per barrel WTI oil price assumption are expected to range between $55 million and $65 million.
Precious Metals — U.S.: GEOs from U.S. precious metals assets increased by 14.5% year-over-year with decreases from Goldstrike being more than offset by payments received from the South Arturo mine. GEOs received from the U.S. precious metal assets were 22,971 GEOs.
South Arturo (4-9% royalty) – This project, operated by Barrick and Premier Gold, poured its first gold in August. Q4/2016 payments represented 8,808 GEOs. The partners are looking at a second open pit (Dee) on the property and are advancing permitting for the El Nino underground opportunity below the current pit.
Goldstrike (2-4% royalty & 2.4-6% NPI) – Barrick is unitizing Goldstrike in an effort to reduce AISC by $100 per ounce which would benefit the profit royalty.
Bald Mountain (0.875-5% royalty) – Kinross reported that it has doubled reserves at this project to 2.1 million gold ounces.
Stillwater (5% royalty) – Stillwater Mining now anticipates that the Blitz project will add between 270,000 and 330,000 PGM ounces of incremental production annually when fully ramped up by 2021-2022.
Precious Metals — Canada: GEOs from Canadian precious metals assets increased by approximately 8.6% to 20,849 GEOs compared with Q4/2015.
Hemlo (3% royalty & 50% NPI) – The main contributor to the increase in Canadian GEOs was the Hemlo NPI. Barrick has increased reserves at Hemlo including the Interlake and C-Zone Deep zones to which the royalties apply.
Hardrock (3% royalty) – Centerra Mining and Premier Gold presented a feasibility for a 14.5 year project with production averaging 300,000 gold ounces per year. A draft EA has been submitted.
Detour (2% royalty) – Detour Gold has had challenges in getting approvals for its West Detour pit and is expected to provide an alternative mine plan.
Holloway (sliding scale royalty) – In Q4, Kirkland Lake Gold announced its intention to put Holloway on care and maintenance. The Holloway royalty property encompasses the Holt mine property on which Franco-Nevada also receives royalties. Mining at Holt is expected to extend onto the Holloway property in the near term. At December 31, 2016, Franco-Nevada has recovered its initial investment in the Holloway mine.
Timmins West (2.25% royalty) – Tahoe Resources expects to provide a reserve estimate for the Gap 144 zone in Q3/2017.
Precious Metals — Latin America: GEOs from Latin American precious metals assets represented the largest year-over-year increase due to the addition of the Antapaccay stream. Precious metal GEOs earned from Latin America were 60,808 GEOs, an increase of 26.0% year-over-year.
Antapaccay (gold and silver stream) – Antapaccay delivered 22,927 GEOs in Q4/2016, for a total of 73,612 GEOs in 2016.
Antamina (22.5% silver stream) – Antamina delivered 10,619 GEOs during the quarter compared to 13,021 GEOs in Q4/2015, reflecting adjustments for final settlements of provisionally priced sales. For the full year 2016, Antamina delivered 60,273 GEOs.
Candelaria (gold and silver stream) – Candelaria earned 19,698 GEOs, compared to 21,846 GEOs in the prior year quarter, as expected according to its mine plan. Since acquisition, contained copper and gold in the reserves have increased by approximately 50% when mined depletion is included and the production profile has significantly improved.
Guadalupe (50% gold stream) – The 400,000 minimum ounce Palmarejo obligation was paid and fully met by Coeur Mining in Q3. That resulted in the original Palmarejo gold stream being terminated and the new Guadalupe stream commencing. During Q4, Franco-Nevada received 7,058 GEOs under the new Guadalupe agreement.
Cobre Panama (gold and silver stream) – During the quarter, Franco-Nevada contributed $46.6 million of its share of construction capital for the Cobre Panama project. Franco-Nevada at quarter end has contributed $462.2 million of its total $1 billion commitment for the construction of Cobre Panama. First Quantum reported that the project was 46% complete as of year end and that initial production in expected in late 2018 with ramping up through 2019. Franco-Nevada expects to contribute between $200-$220 million to the project in 2017.
Precious Metals — Rest of World: GEOs from Rest of World precious metals assets were 15,408 GEOs during the quarter, a 9.0% decrease year-over-year. This reflected lower production at MWS and that a portion of ounces delivered from Karma and Sabodala had not been sold as at quarter end.
Karma (fixed gold deliveries and stream) – 3,750 GEOs were delivered in the quarter of which 2,500 were sold in Q4/2016.
Sabodala (fixed gold deliveries and stream) – 5,625 GEOs were delivered in the quarter, of which 3,750 were sold in Q4/2016. Teranga Gold won the PDAC award for Environmental & Social Responsibility for its work around the Sabodala mine.
Edikan (1.5% royalty) – Perseus Mining completed an upgrade to the plant in October 2016 and is now reporting improved operating performance.
Sissingué (0.5% royalty) – Perseus Mining reports that this project has been in full scale development since July 2016 and expects first production in the March 2018 quarter. Perseus has also secured financing of $40 million to complete the development of the project.
Cerro Morro (2% royalty) – Yamana is targeting a Q2/2018 start-up.
Tasiast (2% royalty) – Kinross continues to advance development of the Tasiast Phase One expansion and expects to provide a feasibility for a possible Phase Two expansion in Q3/2017.
Subika (2% royalty) – Newmont Mining is expected to make a decision in the first half of 2017 regarding the underground development of Subika and expanding the Ahafo mill.
Oil & Gas: Revenue from oil & gas assets increased to $10.4 million in Q4/2016 compared to $4.4 million in Q4/2015, reflecting both higher prices and production levels year-over-year.
Acquisition of U.S. Oil & Gas Royalties – Midland Basin: On March 13, 2017, Franco-Nevada, through its wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary, agreed to purchase a package of royalty rights in the Midland Basin of West Texas for a price of $110 million. The Midland Basin forms the eastern portion of the broader Permian Basin and represents one of the most active and profitable oil plays in North America. The royalties consist of approximately 97% mineral title rights, along with some GORRs, which apply to approximately 908 acres (net after royalties) that, with pooling, provides exposure to an estimated gross acreage of 675,000 acres (a significant portion of the overall Midland Basin) at an estimated average royalty rate of 0.14%. The royalties are subject to a diverse operator base, which is anchored by Pioneer Natural Resources. Royalty revenue is expected to grow in future years as horizontal drilling activity in the area continues to ramp up. The transaction is expected to close in the second quarter of 2017.
The complete Consolidated Annual Financial Statements and Management's Discussion and Analysis can be found today on Franco‑Nevada's website at www.franco-nevada.com, on SEDAR at www.sedar.com and on EDGAR at www.sec.gov.
Management will host a conference call tomorrow, Thursday, March 23, 2017 at 11:00 a.m. Eastern Time to review Franco‑Nevada's 2016 results, as well as discuss the 2017 and five-year outlook. In addition, Franco-Nevada will be releasing its 2017 Asset Handbook with updated disclosures on our assets and the number of gold ounces and royalty equivalent units associated with each asset.
For more information, please go to our website at www.franco-nevada.com.


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Home Awards & Milestones Tata Motors' subsidiary signs agreement to operate 921 e-buses in Bengaluru
Tata Motors' subsidiary signs agreement to operate 921 e-buses in Bengaluru
As part of the agreement, TML Smart City Mobility Solutions Ltd. will supply, operate and maintain 921 units of 12-metre low-floor electric buses for a period of 12 years.
Tata Motors, India's largest commercial vehicle manufacturer, on Friday announced that Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) has signed a definitive agreement with its fully owned subsidiary, TML Smart City Mobility Solutions Ltd. for operation of 921 electric buses in the city of Bengaluru. As part of the agreement, TML Smart City Mobility Solutions Ltd. will supply, operate and maintain 921 units of 12-metre low-floor electric buses for a period of 12 years. Tata Starbus Electric is an indigenously developed vehicle with superior design and best-in-class features for sustainable and comfortable commute.
Commenting on the announcement,Ms. G Sathyavathi, IAS, Managing Director, Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation said, "We are pleased to have signed an agreement with TML Smart City Mobility Solutions Ltd. for operating 921 electric buses in Bengaluru. We are confident that the induction of the zero-emission, eco-friendly buses will benefit all stakeholders and help in curbing air pollution. Tata Motors' vast experience in the electric mobility domain will certainly assist in providing uninterrupted, safe and comfortable commute in the city."
Speaking at the occasion, Mr. Asim Kumar Mukhopadhyay, CEO and MD, TML Smart City Mobility Solutions Limited said, "It is a momentous occasion for us as we sign the first definitive agreement under the larger CESL tender and are delighted to have partnered with BMTC in their effort to modernise and electrify the public transportation in the city of Bengaluru. We, at Tata Motors, continuously endeavour to develop smart, green and energy efficient mass mobility solutions. We are confident that the electric buses will provide sustainable, safe and comfortable public transportation to the commuters of Bengaluru."
electric byuses
Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation
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Dymitr Romanowicz Romanow, ,  (ur. 17 maja 1926 w Cap d'Antibes, zm. 31 grudnia 2016 w Kopenhadze) – rosyjski arystokrata i polityk, 2014–2016 głowa rodziny cesarskiej i pretendent do tronu Rosji; bankowiec; działacz filantropijny; historyk amator specjalizujący się w falerystyce.

Powiązania dynastyczne
Był potomkiem cara Mikołaja I, prawnukiem wielkiego księcia Mikołaja, wnukiem wielkiego księcia Piotra i synem księcia Romana. Był spokrewniony z czarnogórską królewską dynastią Petrowiciów-Niegoszów i dalekim potomkiem Zofii Doroty Wittelsbach znajdował się wśród możliwych sukcesorów brytyjskiego tronu.

Życiorys
Urodził się na wygnaniu w południowej Francji, jako drugi syn księcia Romana Romanowa i hrabianki Praskowii Szeremietiew. Tradycyjne rosyjskie wykształcenie zdobywał we francuskim Antibes, gdzie mieszkał z rodziną do 1936. Przez kolejne 10 lat mieszkał na Kwirynale w Rzymie, gdzie uczęszczał do miejscowej szkoły, po czym wraz z rodziną przeniósł się na kilka lat do Egiptu, następnie powrócił do Włoch, a od 1960 zamieszkał na stałe w Danii, gdzie pracował jako bankowiec do 1993 kończąc karierę jako członek zarządu Danske Bank. Na emeryturze poświęcił się działalności charytatywnej, m.in. jako założyciel dwóch fundacji (w Wielkiej Brytanii w 1993 i w Rosji w 2006).

Od 1979 był członkiem Stowarzyszenia Rodziny Romanowów. 20 kwietnia 2008 został uhonorowany członkostwem honorowym duńskiego stowarzyszenia falerystycznego Ordenshistorisk Selskab.

Żenił się dwukrotnie, w 1959 w Kopenhadze z Johanną von Kauffmann (1 czerwca 1936 – 13 maja 1989), oraz w 1993 w Kostromie z Dorrit Reventlow (ur. 22 kwietnia 1942). Posiadał duńskie obywatelstwo. Mieszkał w Rungsted (gmina Hørsholm) na Zelandii.

Płynnie posługiwał się językiem rosyjskim, francuskim, włoskim, duńskim i angielskim.

Publikacje (wybór)
 The Orders, medals and history of Montenegro, 1980.
 The Orders, medals and history of the kingdom of Bulgaria, 1982.
 The Orders, medals and history of Greece, 1987.
 The Orders, medals and history of the kingdoms of Serbia and Yugoslavia, 1996.
 The Orders, medals and history of Imperial Russia, 2000.

Odznaczenia
 Order Danebroga
 Order Świętego Aleksandra
 Order Petrowiciów-Niegoszów
 Order Świętego Piotra
 Krzyż Wielki Orderu Daniły I (2005)
 Medal Pamiątkowy 300-lecia Saint Petersburga (2003)
 Order Przyjaźni (2011)
 Order Aleksandra Newskiego (2016)

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 John Kennedy, John E. James: Almanach de Gotha. Annual Genealogical Reference. Londyn: Almanach de Gotha, 2004, s. 324
 C. Arnold McNaughton: The Book of Kings. A Royal Genealogy. T. 1. Londyn: Garnstone Press, 1973, s. 295-320

Duńscy działacze społeczni
Duńscy filantropi
Duńscy historycy
Faleryści
Rosyjscy filantropi
Ludzie związani z bankowością
Odznaczeni Orderem Danebroga
Odznaczeni Orderem Daniły I
Odznaczeni Orderem Świętego Aleksandra
Odznaczeni Orderem Świętego Piotra
Odznaczeni Orderem Aleksandra Newskiego (Federacja Rosyjska)
Odznaczeni Orderem Przyjaźni (Federacja Rosyjska)
Dymitr Romanowicz
Ludzie urodzeni w Antibes
Urodzeni w 1926
Zmarli w 2016


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Medical Museion () is a museum and research unit in Copenhagen, Denmark, dedicated to the history of health and disease in a cultural perspective. Part of the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences at University of Copenhagen, its principal area of interest is the recent history of the material and iconographic culture of biomedicine. It is based in a listed building from 1787 on Bredgade in Frederiksstaden.

History

The collections were founded by a circle of medical doctors in Copenhagen in 1906. The first exhibition of medical history opened on 22 August 1907 as part of the celebrations of the 50th anniversary of the Danish Medical Association. The museum was then located in the Rigsdag building in Fredericiagade, which now houses the High Court of Eastern Denmark, but moved to its current premises in 1947.

The museum has been part of University of Copenhagen since 1918 and was called the Museum of Medical History until 2004 when it received its current name.

Building
The museum is based in a Neoclassical building from 1787 designed by Peter Meyn which used to house Academy of Surgery, an institution which was responsible for the education of surgeons in Copenhagen between 1785 and 1842. The central exhibition space is the former auditorium where dissections were carried out as part of the training.

See also
 List of museums in and around Copenhagen

References

External links
 Official website
 Renderings by Peter Meyn
 Source

Museums in Copenhagen
University of Copenhagen
Medical museums
Science museums in Copenhagen
University museums in Denmark
Medical and health organizations based in Denmark


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