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Essay: Impact on student well-being and behaviors of children exposed to trauma and neglect
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Impact on student well-being and behaviors of children exposed to trauma and neglect
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Contextually, the Australian Government's recently released paper, entitled 'Australia's Welfare 2015' helps to set the scene for this study.
Adverse experiences in childhood, including poverty, child abuse and neglect, family violence, parental substance use, early mental health problems, poor health and nutrition, and growing up in a family dependent on welfare, have a negative impact on the social and cognitive development of children, with lasting health and welfare impacts in adulthood (p 76).
This research study is an evaluation of the effectiveness a series of four focused workshops had on both enhancing the knowledge and understanding of teachers regarding the impact on student well-being and behaviors of children exposed to trauma and neglect, along with the contribution and role of play therapy as a counselling tool to support these vulnerable students. This research was prompted by the number of students with this background referred to the school counsellor (Guidance Officer) for social-emotional and behavioral difficulties, with teachers expressing frustration that 'universal teaching and behavior strategies' for classroom management did not appear to work consistently for these students (Safeschoolshub.edu.au, 2016). Many teachers indicated they were unclear about the role of the school counsellor, along with the presenting difficulties these students may exhibit, that would be appropriate for referral. Teachers may not be aware of the pervasive effects of trauma and neglect on a child's well-being that may appear as emotional, behavioral, social, cognitive and physical difficulties. Teachers may also not be aware of how interventions, such as play therapy, can be used to support students as part of a whole school approach (Axline, 1989; Streeck-Fischer & van der Kolk, 2000).
The aim of this study is to raise awareness of this complex issue of trauma and neglect, identify topics teachers' believe to be important in increasing their own understanding, and develop an understanding of the role and benefits of play therapy as a counselling tool. It is hoped that this will lead to a more cohesive approach to supporting these students at a whole school level which will impact positively on the well-being of all students and staff.
Working with the teachers in my current institution has led to my belief that to develop a whole school approach to working with such troubled children needs to include better education for teachers and administrators as to what play therapy is, and how it might help these students. The researcher believes there is a sense of urgency to enhance understanding at a whole school level, in an attempt to lessen the impact trauma and neglect may have. 'Disparities widen and trajectories become more firmly established if the cumulative risks impacting on some children are not addressed'(www.whealth.com.au).
With children at school for many hours, teachers and schools have a primary role and opportunity to support students who may have suffered these adverse experiences by providing a supportive environment for children to learn. The damaging impact of abuse and neglect on some children's ability to learn and navigate the social world of school has been described by researchers (Perry, 2006; Streeck-Fischer & van der Kolk 2000). In addition to the demands faced by teachers on a daily basis focusing on teaching the curriculum and differentiating for academic differences, teachers are faced with challenges relating to behaviours that don't appear to respond to strategies that form part of the 'essential skills of classroom management' that they are trained in (Education.qld.gov.au, 2016). To further develop capacity, teachers need both professional development specific to the academic and behavioural challenges they encounter with the multitude of diverse needs in their classrooms, and a clear pathway for whole school support from administrators and specialists to support both their students and themselves. In schools, Guidance Counsellors (school counsellors) have the role of specialists supporting children with mental health difficulties. The role of the school counsellor is complex, and includes proactive prevention programming, assessment and program planning, collaboration with a range of stakeholders and interventions that include both group and individual counselling (Campbell & Colmar, 2014). Teachers' understanding of the school counsellor's role often comes from their experience in previous institutions, where the counsellor may have focused more on assessment and collaboration than intervention, though their role is critical in developing school support (Sawyer, 2000). As such, many teachers are unaware of the breadth of counselling techniques, such as play therapy, that may be used with students, and this may contribute to teachers' uncertainty of who would benefit from referral to the school counsellor and why.
In Australia, and in particularly Queensland, the terms 'Play Therapy' and 'Play Therapist' are not well known. Despite play therapy being acknowledged within the mental health domain in America in 1982, it is only in recent years that training through university affiliated organizations has been offered in Australia. In Queensland, where this research study took place, Expressive Therapies (ET), of which Emotional Release Counselling (ERC) and sand play are a part, are better known terms. Mark Pearson (2003), credited with bringing the training of Expressive Therapies to school counsellors in Queensland, describes the 'activity base' in expressive therapy methods as 'closely echoing play therapy approaches'. Malchiodi (2013) concurs that play therapy is one of the individual approaches within the expressive therapies, however, differentiates it as 'the systematic use of a theoretical model to establish an interpersonal process wherein trained play therapists use the therapeutic powers of play to help clients prevent or resolve psychosocial difficulties and achieve optimal growth and development' (p.3).
It is the researcher's belief that the profiles of 'Play Therapy' and 'Play Therapist' must be raised in Australia, particularly in Queensland. Research demonstrates play therapy as effective for a number of presenting concerns, including behavioural difficulties and social adjustment (Bratton et al, 2005; Landreth, 2002) academic difficulties (Blanco & Ray, 2010; Lamont et al 2010), self-esteem (Bratton et al, 2005), and family change, grief and trauma (Landreth, 2002; Kot & Tyndall-Lind, 2005). Although play therapy is currently used by the researcher/ school counsellor in her current school, increasing staff understanding of the theoretical grounding and application of play therapy as a counselling tool may assist in timely referrals and better understanding of some of the difficulties reported by students and staff, and observed by the researcher, in transitioning from the play therapy session back into the classroom.
The expectation that children should re-enter the classroom with an 'academic attitude' is cited as a common difficulty with the transition (Drewes, 2010; Ray, 2011). The researcher's observations of this when returning students to class is that students need some transition time moving between the 'safe space' of the play therapy room and the regular activities of the classroom.
The researcher has also observed this to be difficult for teachers, who are often focusing on the competing demands of the curriculum, large classes, managing behaviour and needs of a multitude of diverse learners. They may find the interruption in the child's school day to attend play therapy to be frustrating, especially if they know little about it. Drewes (2010) argues that barriers to successful play therapy in schools can be overcome with strategies, including clear definitions of the role of play therapist and play therapy, building relationships with staff, and participating in every opportunity to develop staff understanding about play therapy, and the benefits for children. Drewes also argues that whilst there are many studies demonstrating the efficacy of play therapy, further research is needed to investigate the therapeutic factors that produce desired change in clients. The researcher's belief is that a therapeutic factor should include the role of the teacher. Brown (2000) concurs that due to the amount of time a child spends in class, and the established relationship between teacher and student, the teacher is important therapeutic factor, and can positively impact and support children in overcoming adverse early experiences, as are in daily contact with their students (Dwyer et al. 2010; Perry, 2002; White et al., 2007).
1.2 Research Aim and Objectives
Research questions:
• To what extent can school based workshops improve the knowledge and understanding of teachers on the impact of trauma and neglect on the behaviors of their students?
• What, if any, school-based workshops do teachers find most helpful in improving their understanding of the role of play therapy with children suffering from trauma and neglect as part of a whole school strategy
Firstly, the dissertation will explore the literature on mental health, with a focus on Australia and school contexts. The study will then discuss trauma and possible effects, and the role of play therapy which research has found to be an effective counselling tool for children exposed to trauma and neglect (Landreth, 2002; Kot & Tyndall-Lind, 2005). The study will then investigate the role of inter-professional communication and teacher education.
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Contextual Background
An improved understanding of the benefits of play therapy, trauma theory and characteristics children may present with is important with ongoing concern worldwide about the number of children exposed to abuse and neglect. This may indicate an increased likelihood of classroom teachers working with children with mental health and developmental vulnerabilities as a result of this. The second national data collection of Mental Health Difficulties of children and adolescents in Australia was released in August 2015 (AIHW, 2015), with the publication of the second Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Wellbeing survey. In Australia, the incidence of mental health difficulties appears to be increasing. The inaugural survey, conducted in 1998 reported Mental Health Difficulties to be the third leading cause of disability in Australia, with fourteen percent of Australian children and adolescents aged fourteen to seventeen having mental health or behavioural problems (Sawyer et al., 2000). In 2003, mental health difficulties were reported to be the second highest cause of disability in Australia (Begg et al., 2007), and in 2012, the Australian Bureau of Statistics estimated that 25% of young people aged between twelve and twenty-six years' experience mental health problems (ABS, 2012). However, Sawyer (2000) reports that only one in four young people with mental health difficulties receives professional support. Substantiated cases of abuse and neglect are also increasing in Australia with an increase from 26, 237 children aged 0-12 the subject of a substantiation of notification during the 2007-2008 calendar year, to 33, 561 cases during the 2013-2014 calendar year (AIHW, 2015). Statistics are similar in other western countries with childhood abuse and neglect in the United States a major public health problem, with 'childhood exposure to interpersonal trauma described as a silent epidemic' (Kaffman, 2009; Gibert et al., 2009).
The World Health Organization promotes schools as an 'ideal environment' to promote positive mental health with schools in recent years becoming primary providers of mental health services (Durlak et al., 2011; Burns et al., 1995; WHO, 2011). In Australia, the Health Promoting Schools (HPS) approach supports the Kids Matter Program (2012) in primary schools, and the Mind Matters Program (2010) in secondary schools. These programs use universal strategies to promote whole school positive mental health strategies, and use a three-tiered approach to prevention and intervention. Similarly, Positive Behavior for Learning (PBL) uses a school-wide universal design that targets behavior using a three-tiered approach. The aim of these three-tiered prevention programs is for all students to receive universal support at the first tier level, additional support if required at the second tier, and where needed the highest level of support at the third tier. Elias and Weissberg (2000) argue the importance of teacher training in these programs in order to support inter-professional communication, "if teachers lack the training, skills, and knowledge necessary to participate in an exchange of experiences and developments with external partners, and the ability to work across professional and institutional boundaries – there is little feasibility in implementing or sustaining a HPS approach" (p.8).
With a focus on supporting and building capacity of teachers through the development of skills and knowledge, this study considers several theoretical paradigms to demonstrate the impact of trauma on the development of the child. In addition to attachment theory and emotional self-regulation, an understanding of neuroscience and the impact of trauma and neglect on the developing brain will be explored.
2.2 Trauma Definitions:
There is not a standard definition of trauma in the literature. The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NSTSN) lists 13 types of trauma: community violence, complex trauma, domestic violence, early childhood trauma, medical trauma, natural disasters, neglect, physical abuse, refugee and war zone trauma, school violence, sexual abuse, terrorism and traumatic grief. Complex traumatic events and experiences are defined by Courtois (2004) and summarized as stressors that are:
(1) repetitive, prolonged, or cumulative
(2) most often interpersonal, involving direct harm, exploitation, and maltreatment including neglect/abandonment/antipathy by primary caregivers or other ostensibly responsible adults, and
(3) often occur at developmentally vulnerable times in the victim's life, especially in early childhood or adolescence, but can also occur later in life and in conditions of vulnerability associated with disability/ disempowerment/dependency/age /infirmity, and so on (Recognizing complect trauma today).
The category of Developmental Trauma Disorder (DTD) was proposed by van der Kolk for inclusion under "Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders" for inclusion in The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) but not accepted by the American Psychiatric Association (Polzin, 2014).For the purpose of this research study the definition of trauma as defined by Perry (2002) will be adopted. Perry describes trauma as a 'psychologically distressing event that is outside the range of normal childhood experience and involves a sense of intense fear, terror and helplessness' (p.23).
Children who have experienced early, chronic trauma, can develop mental health problems due to the effect of trauma on the developing brain and subsequent cognitive, emotional, behavioural, and relationship difficulties causing barriers to learning and social relationships in schools. (Cole et al., 2005; Perry, 2001; Streeck-Fischer & van der Kolk, 2000). Social, emotional and behavioural difficulties impact on their ability to be successful at school, are likely to persist throughout schooling and are associated with later poor learning and mental health outcomes where no targeted intervention has occurred (Putnam, 1997; Reinke, Stormont, Herman, Puri & Goel, 2011; Darney, Reinke, Herman, Stormont, & Ialongo, 2013). The child's complex difficulties with self-regulation and relational impairment may meet the diagnostic criteria for a range of other diagnoses (Perry, 2006, Cook et al., 2005).
2.3 Domains of Impairment Relating to the Impact of Trauma in the classroom:
Cooke et al. (2003), proposed a 'phenomenologically based framework for the impact of complex trauma exposure', based on his review of clinical and research literature. The framework has seven domains of impairment. There is an overlap in observable symptoms between the domains as are all linked.
Domains of Impairment in Children Exposed to Complex Trauma
I. Attachment IV. Dissociation V11 Self Concept
• Problems with boundaries
• Distrust and Suspiciousness
• Social Isolation
• Interpersonal Difficulties
• Difficulty attuning to other people's emotional states
• Difficulties with perspective taking • Distinct alterations in states of consciousness
• Amnesia
• Depersonalization and derealization
• Two or more distinct states of consciousness;
• Impaired memory for state-based events • Lack of a continuous, predictable sense of self
• Poor sense of separateness
• Disturbance of body image
• Low self-esteem.
• Shame and guilt
II. Biology V. Behavioral Control
• Sensorimotor developmental problems
• Analgesia
• Problems with coordination, balance, body tone
• Somatization
• Increased medical problems across a wide span • Poor modulation of impulses
• Self-destructive behavior
• Aggression towards others
• Pathological self-soothing behaviors
• Sleep disturbances
• Eating disorders
• Substance abuse
• Excessive compliance
• Oppositional behaviors
• Difficulty understanding and complying with rules
• Reenactment of trauma in behavior or play (e.g. aggressive or sexual)
III. Affect Regulation V1 Cognition
• Difficulties with emotional self-regulation
• Difficulty labelling and expressing feelings
• Problems knowing and describing internal states
• Difficulty communicating wishes and needs • Difficulties in attention, regulation and executive functioning
• Lack of sustained curiosity
• Problems with processing novel information
• Problems focusing on and completing tasks
• Problems with object constancy
• Difficulties with planning and anticipating
• Problems understanding responsibility
• Learning difficulties
• problems with language development
• Problems with orientation in time and space
Cooke et al. (2003)
The impact of the domains are expanded on in the following paragraphs, in relation to the school setting. The impact of attachment difficulties leading to interpersonal difficulties, including difficulties with relating to the emotions and perspectives of others, and difficulties in attuning to other's emotional states as described by Cooke could impact on all relationships in the school environment. Historically, the impact of trauma and neglect on attachment have been described by Bowlby and more recently, Perry as having lifelong effects, 'Experiences during this early vulnerable period of life are critical in shaping the capacity to form intimate and emotionally healthy relationships' (Perry 2001, p.1). Bowlby's attachment theory describes the negative effects on mental health in the absence of a positive relationship with a primary caregiver, as may be the case with complex trauma, at a critical time during a child's development, as this impacts on a biological need for safety and development (Bowlby, 1969). However, critics of Bowlby's work refer to other contributing factors, including temperament, 'Generally temperament and attachment constitute separate developmental domains, but aspects of both contribute to a range of interpersonal and intrapersonal developmental outcomes' (Seifer et al., 1996; Vaughn et al. 2008 p 16). Ainsworth (1967) refers to attachment as having a neurobiological basis, in that 'attachment is more than overt behavior; it is built into the nervous system, in the course and as a result of the infant's experiences with the mother'. More recently Shore (2003 ) describes this neurological basis in that 'early abuse negatively impacts the developmental trajectory of the right brain, dominant for attachment, affect regulation, and stress modulation, thereby setting a template for the coping deficits of both mind and body that characterize PTSD symptomatology'. With research by Gottman et al. (2007) finding that children who can regulate their emotions and responses have fewer behavioral problems and can achieve more academically in schools, understanding the theoretical groundings of both attachment and self-regulation is critical for teachers working with these students. A secure relationship with a teacher was found to partially compensate for insecure relationship with the mother about the development of pro-social skills (Copeland et al., 1997).
Biological impairments leading to sensorimotor developmental difficulties, such as with body tone, balance and coordination can impact on both social and academic progress. Many school activities, such as sport and handwriting are dependent on the ability to coordinate gross and fine motor movements.
Sensory reactions such as the fight or flight response are also described by other authors as occurring when the autonomic nervous system becomes aroused affecting the child's ability to think clearly or attune to their emotional state (Ogden 2006, Van der Kolk, 2000). These are described as survival defenses which may be observed in the classroom as 'excessive motoric activity which may make the child appear hyperactive, defensive or aggressive' (Figley, 2002 p 132; Ogden, 2006; Siegel, 2012). Children who have been exposed to trauma and neglect may perceive there to be similar threats at school, activating the fight/flight or freeze response. The child may be in a hyper-aroused state where he is over vigilant which in turn leads to this fight or flight reaction with emotional or physical outbursts. Cooke describes these as impairments of affect regulation, where a child has difficulty with emotional self-regulation including being in tune with their emotional states, and labelling and expressing these states. The child may also become hypo-aroused, described by Cooke as an impairment relating to dissociation. The child may appear inattentive and unfocussed, with alterations in attention and consciousness leading to both amnesias and dissociative episodes and depersonalization (Courtois, 2004), further impacting on memory and learning. The hypo-aroused child may have reduced capacity to feel the experience, whereas the hyper-aroused child may dissociate due to the overwhelming intensity of sensations and emotions. Siegel (2012) describes the optimal arousal zone as a 'window of tolerance' where a person can contain and experience the affect, sense perceptions and thoughts and process effectively.
Behavioural control is a domain of impairment often cited by teachers when referring children to the school counsellor, describing these behaviors as oppositional, impulsive and aggressive. Stress-response systems if poorly regulated or abnormal, such as poor emotional self- regulation, including dissociation, anger and self-destructiveness, can cause dysfunction in all parts of the brain, further impacting on a child's coping strategies in the classroom (Perry, 2006; Courtois, 2004). Poor modulation of impulses arises with the amygdala acting as a neural alarm to release neurochemicals and the stress hormones cortisol and norepinephrine, preparing the body for fight, flight, freeze responses before the neocortex or thinking brain has had the chance to analyze the information and respond rationally (Schore, 2001; Perry, 2006). This may appear as a 'poor behavior choice', whereas the response has not been in the child's control.
Trauma disrupts the normal pattern of brain development (Perry & Pollard, 1998), resulting in cognitive impairments. Brain development occurs in a sequential order during critical or sensitive periods and within each of these sensitive periods requires sufficient opportunity for exposure to patterned and repetitive stimulation to assist the neural systems of the brain to organize into proper structures and related regions (Perry, 2006, Montessori, 1967). If this does not occur, the neural systems may begin to organize into incorrect pathways, causing the brain to develop in maladaptive ways (Perry & Hambrick, 2008, Perry, 2006). Symptoms can results in all parts of the brain and be seen in the classroom as sleep and attention problems (brainstem), fine motor control and coordination (diencephalon and cortex), clear social and relational delays and deficits (limbic and cortex) and speech and language problems (cortex) (Perry, 2006). Axline's observations of her student Dibs describe the confusing symptoms that teachers may see, "At one time, he seemed to be extremely retarded mentally. Another time he would quickly and quietly do something that indicated he might even have superior intelligence" (Axline, 1964 p.11). Researchers such as Putman, Bucker and Perry have found deficits can be pervasive in school-aged children, with difficulties in complex visual attention, visual memory, language, verbal memory, planning, problem-solving, attention, and working memory consistent with Lower IQ and poorer performance in school. (Putnam, 2006; Perry, 2006; Bucker, 2012;).
Impairments in self-concept are also described by Cooke. Children learn self-worth from relationships with others, and as such abuse, neglect and lack of predictability can affect self-esteem and leave a child with pervasive feelings of shame and guilt. This can impact on a child's relationships with both teacher and peers (Schore, 2001; Streeck-Fischer, 2000). Trauma and neglect can occur at any age. Perry's Neurosequential Model of Therapeutics (NMT) identifies the age that the brain may be affected through abuse and neglect to the stage of sequential development of the brain.
Table 2: Age and Brain Development
Age of Most Active Growth 'Sensitive Brain Area' Critical functions formed
0-9 months Brainstem Regulation of arousal, sleep and fear states
6 months-2 years Diencephalon Integration of multiple sensory inputs: fine motor control
1-4 years Limbic Emotional states; social language; interpretation of non-verbal information
3-6 years Cortex Abstract cognitive functions; socio- emotional integration
Perry (2006, p. 41)
This understanding of neuroscience is important to both school counsellor and school staff. By understanding the critical functions that are formed at the stage of brain development when the impairment occurs, emotional and developmental skills that may have been affected can be replicated through the use of activities available in the play therapy room (Perry & Szalavitz, 2006; Perry, 2006, (Homeyer & Morrrison, 2008). Having discussed the impact of trauma and neglect on the developing brain, the literature review will now focus on play therapy, its history and potential contribution.
2.5 Play Therapy
Historically, the first documented case of therapeutic play was Sigmund Freud's work in 1909 titled 'Little Hans', with Freud attributing Hans's horse phobia to an emotional cause, through the father's notes on Hans's play. Psychoanalytic play therapy further developed with Hermine von Hug-Hellmuth, also in the early 1900's being credited as being the first therapist to provide children with toys for therapy. Theoretical approaches were applied to play therapy during the mid-1900 by Melanie Klein (1955) and Anna Freud (1965), with Freud emphasizing the therapeutic relationship between therapist and child prior to analysis, and play as free expression. Also in the mid-1900's, a second important historical influence was the development of a more directive approach with structured play therapy known as release therapy developed by David Levy (1938), and Gove Hambidge (1955) who extended this to introducing anxiety provoking events, playing them out and then allowing the child free play time to recover 9Landreth, 2002). A third major historical milestone is described as relationship therapy, attributed to the work of Jess Taft (1933) and Frederick Allen (1934) which emphasized the 'powerful and curative relationship between therapist and child', without emphasis or interpretation of past experiences. The fourth historical influence is attributed to Carl Rogers client-centered therapy (1951), and his student Virginia Axline's expansion of this to the concept of child-centered play therapy, (1950) and it is this theoretical background that the researcher operates from as a play therapist. In the 1960's play therapy began to be used as a counselling tool in schools by school counsellors, when Guidance and Counselling programs were introduced in elementary schools in America.
Research into play therapy over the past decade has found it to be an effective therapy for a range of presenting problems, including for children who have experienced abuse, domestic violence and post-traumatic stress (Baggerly, Ray & Bratton, 2010; Bratton et al., 2005; Landreth et al., 2010). More recently, Gaskill and Perry (2014), have offered a neurodevelopmental perspective using Perry's Neurosequential Model of Therapeutics (NMT) targeting traumatized children, using a developmentally sensitive sequence or somatosensory approach (Cook et al., 2005; Gaskill & Perry, 2014). The therapeutic aim is to help the child self-regulate, whilst providing developmentally and cognitively appropriate play experiences.
The authors emphasize that for the traumatized child to modulate and reorganize their regulatory neural networks, they need to be exposed to many positive and repetitive healthy interactions, more than the weekly play therapy session, thus calling for a whole of school support (Perry, 2009).
The final component of the literature review discusses the role of inter-professional communication and delivery of teacher professional education.
2.6 Interprofessional Communication
Bateman et al. (2013) argue that there is a need for systemic reform for Trauma-Informed Care and Practice (TICP) in Australia, with the implementation of strategic frameworks at both system and service levels, such as schools, to break the cycle of intergenerational abuse, and support the recovery process. Bateman et al. (2013) also argue that any systemic reform should include communication practices between agencies and professionals, especially that between school counsellors and teachers, school counsellors and outside agencies, and teachers and outside agencies. As members of each professional group think in a specialized way inherent to their profession, the process of interprofessional communication is key, so that communication does not fail with the misunderstanding of key messages between stakeholders (Elias & Weisberg, 2000).
School communities benefit through a shared understanding that the behavioral challenges of children with trauma histories are complex in nature, often outside of the child's capacity to choose the 'appropriate' response, and needing a whole school approach to supporting neuro-chemical reactions, sensory difficulties and relational impairments (Howard, 2013). However, barriers to building strong collaborative and supportive whole school approaches can occur due to the diversity of professionals, as each profession has a different value system which can create communication barriers between professions. Difficulties such as unfamiliar vocabulary, different approaches to problem-solving, and a lack of common understanding of issues and values can become problematic. Verhovsek et al. (2009) argue that lack of autonomy by different professionals, role confusion, territorial disputes and role overload are barriers that can impact on successful teams. Respect and a willingness to collaborate are key to successful interprofessional communication, with Ryan (2006) arguing that effective teamwork is not necessarily achieved by merely putting people to work together.
Desimone (2009) suggested a framework containing five core features that define the quality of teacher professional development: (a) focus on content knowledge, (b) opportunities for active learning; (c) coherence with other learning activities; (d) duration of the activity; and (e) collective participation of teachers from the same school, grade or subject. Research conducted by Meiers and Ingvarson (2005) concurred with findings that content, active learning and collective participation were most impactful on teacher development. Whilst agreeing with these essential components of teacher education, Opfer and Pedder (2011) argue that this does not adequately address the variety and complexity of the variety of different environments where teachers' live and work. Whilst the framework of Desimone and colleagues has a purpose for planning and evaluation of workshops, the researcher concurs with Opfer and Pedder that where the complexity of the environment is as challenging as where the research project took place that this framework is somewhat simplistic. Thus the need to attend to a conceptual framework where interprofessional collaboration is paramount, such as professionals determining the professional activities needed, is critical to any teacher professional development aimed at strengthening inter-professional communication and practice. Collaboration with the leadership team prior to running the workshops as part of the process of ethical clearance for the research process utilized the ten 'Key issues in planning interprofessional education/collaborative practice initiatives (Nasmith et al., 2003).
1. What are the etc xx
3. Chapter 3 Research Design and Methodology
4. This study aimed to evaluate how effective school-based workshops were in enhancing teachers' knowledge and understanding about the contribution of play therapy for pupils exposed to trauma and neglect by encompassing the following aims and objectives:
5. • To what extent can school based workshops improve the knowledge and understanding of teachers on the impact of trauma and neglect on the behaviours of their students?
6. • What, if any, school-based workshops do teachers find most helpful in improving their understanding of the role of play therapy with children suffering from trauma and neglect as part of a whole school strategy?
7. 3.1 Inquiry paradigm
8. The difference between qualitative and quantitative research is traditionally seen as a methodological issue with advocates occasionally promoting one methodology as inferior to the other (Bryman, 1998). The two methods differ epistemologically. Walker and Evers (1988) state epistemology relates to how phenomena can be made known to the researcher. Researchers who take a purist epistemological or strong paradigmatic view purport each method to be exclusively superior. Purists from a positivist perspective advocate that quantitative methodology is objective with researchers remaining emotionally detached and uninvolved with the objects of study. Purists from a constructivist or interpretivist perspective reject this view and advocate qualitative approaches with its emphasis on research that is dependent on the interactions of people as part of a social system which, they state, is how meaning is constructed (Onwuegbuzie & Leech, 2004). Researchers with a weak paradigmatic view like situationalists, believe either quantitative or qualitative methods can be used, but not in the same research study. A third research approach is favored by pragmatists who advocate that a combination of the methods, or a mixed methods approach, can successfully be used to enhance understanding as there are both similarities and differences between quantitative and qualitative methodology.
9. Historically, Creswell (2003) describes research approaches in the social science domain from late 19th century to the mid-20th century as being primarily quantitative. Research methodologies used in social science for much of the 20th century was largely quantitative, with an increased interest in qualitative research towards the latter part of the century and in the mixed method approaches. Bryman (1988) argues that the decision to choose a specific methodology should be based on its suitability to answer the research questions, with both qualitative and quantitative methods having strengths and weaknesses. Lobe et al. (2008) agrees that each researcher should consider the purpose of their study with no 'ultimately preferred' research method, be it solely qualitative, solely quantitative or using both methods, and that using more methods, as with the mixed methods approach, doesn't necessarily lead to more valid data.
10. The research methodology, therefore, should be determined by what the researcher is trying to learn. Brewerton & Millward, (2001), attest that quantitative researchers try to investigate phenomena without influencing or being influenced by it. This is in direct contrast to a qualitative approach to research which uses phenomenology to gather rich, layered information, using, for example, focus groups or structured, semi-structured or open-ended questions and interviews (Gall et al., 2003). The purpose of a phenomenological approach is to identify phenomena through how they are perceived by the participants in a given situation. Comprehensive information and perceptions are gathered through inductive, qualitative methods such as interviews, discussions, and participant observation and then represented from the perspective of the research participants.
11. The third method developed when researchers, frustrated by the opposing views and believing in a more pragmatic approach, advocated mixed methods which aim to integrate the strengths of quantitative and qualitative research. Advocates of the mixed-methods research argue that using two methods of data collection and analysis helps to gain a deeper understanding of a phenomena (Creswell, 2003, Robson, 2011). Critics of the mixed methods approach argue that mixed methods may result in a poorer quality of research and may compromise validity, and be merely conducted in parallel as opposed to being integrated (Bazely, 2004; Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003). However, Creswell & Clark (2006) argue that "the use of quantitative and qualitative approaches in combination provides a better understanding…than either approach alone" (p. 5).
12. Historically, Teddlie and Tashakkori (2003) state that 'multi-method' studies have been in existence as far back as the 1930's with the inclusion of interviews with empirical data. Interviewing has a variety of forms including structured, semi-structured or unstructured interviews, on a continuum with structured interviews using more closed question type of format, and unstructured being more conversational. Creswell (2003) suggests flexible techniques are suitable for small-scale research. Semi-structured interviews use a flexible technique, whereby the researcher maintains general structure by deciding in advance the focal topics and questions designed to cover the main aspects of the research question, but the participant has a degree of freedom to express their views in their way. This can provide more detail and depth than a standard survey but allow more focus than unstructured interviews, whilst still providing comparable qualitative data. Similarly, focus groups may be useful to use with a small sample group gain to insight and stimulate discussion. However, there is a lack of privacy, which may lead to some participants being unwilling to express their thoughts, feelings, and perceptions in a group, or one person dominating the group.
13. Having discussed research methodologies, the research paradigm for this empirical study was a mixed methods single case study design based on a pragmatic research theoretical perspective with a phenomenological emphasis in order to evaluate the effectiveness a series of focused workshops may have on enhancing the understanding of teachers working with children exposed to trauma and neglect and the role of play therapy. A phenomenological emphasis assisted in ascertaining the experiences and perceptions of teachers from their unique perspective. Creswell, (2003) states pragmatic researchers focus on the 'what' and 'how' of the research problem.
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Jomtien residents want Pattaya City Hall to clean up garbage strewn the entire length of a sidestreet near the beach.
Both locals and tourists posted photos of the ad-hoc dumpsite on social media and called the press about the pig sty that is the sub-soi off Jomtien Second Road near Jomtien Condominium.
People have been dumping garbage in the bushes for some time with no repercussions.
Cleanlier residents not only want the mess cleaned up, but the area fenced off and no-dumping laws enforced.


text:
A Wrinkle in Time - 9780312367558
Madeleine L'Engle's ground-breaking science fiction and fantasy classic, soon to be a major motion picture.
It was a dark and stormy night; Meg Murry, her small brother Charles Wallace, and her mother had come down to the kitchen for a midnight snack when they were upset by the arrival of a most disturbing stranger.
"Wild nights are my glory," the unearthly stranger told them. "I just got caught in a downdraft and blown off course. Let me sit down for a moment, and then I'll be on my way. Speaking of ways, by the way, there is such a thing as a tesseract."
A tesseract (in case the reader doesn't know) is a wrinkle in time. To tell more would rob the reader of the enjoyment of Miss L'Engle's unusual book. A Wrinkle in Time, winner of the Newbery Medal in 1963, is the story of the adventures in space and time of Meg, Charles Wallace, and Calvin O'Keefe (athlete, student, and one of the most popular boys in high school). They are in search of Meg's father, a scientist who disappeared while engaged in secret work for the government on the tesseract problem.
A Wrinkle in Time is the winner of the 1963 Newbery Medal. It is the first book in The Time Quintet, which consists of A Wrinkle in Time, A Wind in the Door, A Swiftly Tilting Planet, Many Waters, and An Acceptable Time.
A Wrinkle in Time is soon to be a movie from Disney, directed by Ava DuVernay, starring Storm Reid, Oprah Winfrey, Reese Witherspoon and Mindy Kaling.
This title has Common Core connections.
Books by Madeleine L'Engle
A Wrinkle in Time Quintet
A Wind in the Door
A Swiftly Tilting Planet
An Acceptable Time
A Wrinkle in Time: The GraphicNovel by Madeleine L'Engle; adapted & illustrated by HopeLarson: A graphic novel adaptation of Madeleine L'Engle's ground-breakingscience fiction and fantasy classic.
Intergalactic P.S. 3 by Madeleine L'Engle; illustrated by Hope Larson: Astandalone story set in the world of A Wrinkle in Time!
The Austin Family Chronicles
Meet the Austins (Volume 1)
The Moon by Night (Volume 2)
The Young Unicorns (Volume 3)
A Ring of Endless Light (Volume 4) A Newbery Honor book!
Troubling a Star (Volume 5)
The Polly O'Keefe books
The Arm of the Starfish
Dragons in the Waters
A House Like a Lotus
And Both Were Young
The Joys of Love
This book title, A Wrinkle in Time, ISBN: 9780312367558, by Madeleine L'Engle, published by Square Fish (May 1, 2007) is available in paperback. Our minimum order quantity is 25 copies. All standard bulk book orders ship FREE in the continental USA and delivered in 4-10 business days. Expedited shipping is also available.
Unlike Amazon and other retailers who may also offer A Wrinkle in Time books on their website, we specialize in large quantities and provide personal service, from trusted, experienced, friendly people in Portland, Oregon. We offer a Price Match Guarantee, and QuickQuote form, to make purchasing quick and easy.
Prefer to work with a human being when you order A Wrinkle in Time books in bulk? Our Book Specialists are standing by Monday-Friday 8-5 PST, ready to help!
Square Fish (May 1, 2007)
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Posted on October 17, 2017 at 2:52 pm.
Many people with an interest in imperial history are familiar with the life and wartime career of T.E. Lawrence (1888-1935), mainly through the famous epic feature film Lawrence of Arabia (1962). The smash-hit and critically acclaimed movie starred the late Peter O'Toole as the enigmatic British officer who helped create and organise the Arab revolt against the Turks in World War One. Character actor Jack Hawkins was equally memorable as his tough but fair-minded commanding officer, General Allenby, who had strongly supported Lawrence's campaign, despite initial reservations.
Although wonderfully entertaining and surprisingly accurate in some key ways, the film – directed by David Lean and with a screenplay by the famous playwright Robert Bolt – inevitably cut corners and embellished aspects of T.E. Lawrence's wartime story, mainly in order to synthesise and convey the main events of the Arab revolt on the big screen for the entertainment of 1960s cinemagoers.
Importantly, one can argue that the 1962 movie in turn was clearly influenced by the powerful image of Lawrence (see photo) that had been developed during the 1920s and 1930s by the American journalist Lowell Thomas (1892-1981), who had spent some time with the quiet and mysterious Englishman in the desert, and had witnessed some of the daring 'hit and run' guerilla warfare employed behind Turkish lines by Lawrence and his small army of Arab fighters.
In fact, in many ways, Thomas was instrumental in crafting all the eye-catching and glamorous iconography that came to be associated with Lawrence: indeed, the American helped launch and build the Lawrence 'legend' when he personally presented a post-war show called With Allenby in Palestine and Lawrence in Arabia, which some commentators have termed the first 'multi-media' show. This show was seen by many thousands of people in New York and London in 1919-20 and, when it went 'on the road', it was estimated that the show was eventually seen by up to 3 million people in the English-speaking world between 1919-1924. According to his biographers, it was also seen by Lawrence himself at least five times, who sat in anonymously with London audiences, unrecognised by the public in the dark auditorium. Lawrence grew increasingly uneasy about the show, however, and began to complain to his friends that Thomas had 'made me a kind of matinee idol'.
Thomas (pictured here with Lawrence in a post-war pose) combined cinefilm with photos and orchestral music, and his personal narrative was expertly synchronised with the imagery and live music. He started the show with the words 'Come with me to the lands of mystery, history and romance', and audiences were evidently entranced by the 'glamour' and sheer scale of the Lawrence story, especially compared to the bleak imagery that had emerged from the recent bloody fighting on the Western Front. In a Britain thirsty for individual heroes, Lawrence appeared to meet all the criteria. The show made Thomas almost as famous as Lawrence; it also made Thomas large sums of money, and versions of the show, hosted by other speakers and using the cinefilm Thomas had shot of Lawrence during the wartime desert campaign, were taken on tour around Britain in the early 1920s, including in the Thames Valley area.
Interestingly, Kingston had already had a taste of the Lawrence 'legend' when, in February, 1921, Captain Laurence M. Gotch, who had served as a Topographical Officer on General Allenby's staff in Egypt and Palestine (and had met Lawrence in the war), gave what the local press called 'a thrilling narrative' of the achievements of Lawrence in an illustrated lecture given to members of the Kingston Congregational Church Guild. According to the Surrey Comet, Captain Gotch 'painted a fine picture' of Lawrence as 'a man of exceptional abilities'.
This enthusiastic version of Lawrence as the great 'Uncrowned King of Arabia' was reinforced a few months later, in October, 1921, when a version of With Allenby in Palestine and Lawrence in Arabia ran for three days at Surbiton Assembly Rooms at the bottom of Surbiton Hill (see recent photo). Lowell Thomas's cinefilm was combined with a special travel talk, called 'The Lowell Thomas Travelogues', presented by William A. Courtney, who had served in the war with the RAF in the Middle East.
This event at the Assembly Rooms proved to be very popular with local people in Surbiton and Kingston, and the show was taken to other parts of south-west London, where it also attracted large numbers of people and saw high ticket sales. The local newspapers in the suburbs of London were extremely complimentary about the show and about the details of the life of Lawrence, who was presented as a great 'imperial' hero. Ironically, this greatly troubled Lawrence himself, who felt that both Britain and France had actually reneged on the original promises Lawrence had made to the Arabs in 1917.
Thomas also allowed versions of his show to be put on in many other towns and cities across Britain. For Lawrence himself, however, this was more and more of a problem, to the point where he simply wanted to retreat from public life and 'disappear' into the background.


Colm Rafferty is the VP – Asia Pacific for Vermeer Corp. and is Chairman of Vermeer China Ltd. Vermeer is an equipment manufacturer, with products for agricultural mechanization, environmental protection, infrastructure dev., and precision mining.
I would like to ask for your support in the upcoming AmCham China election. This year I am running again for election to the Board of Governors. If elected to the Board of Governors, I will run for Chairman, and will be honored to serve in whatever capacity the Board determines would be most beneficial to our membership.
Once again we find ourselves at a critical juncture in U.S. China relations, a bilateral relationship which is important to both countries and the world. Economic ties form the cornerstone of that relationship, one which allows us to focus on creating jobs and prosperity, an interest common to both countries. To that end, I believe strongly that it is in the interest of both China and U.S. to implement fair and reciprocal policies which encourage greater market access, deeper investment, and stronger protection of intellectual property. AmCham China, as in decades past, continues to play an important role in the US-China relationship by communicating the cumulative China experience and wisdom of our members, and by encouraging constructive engagement and improvement in the business environment.
My career has focused on building economic bridges of cooperation between the China and the U.S., creating jobs and prosperity in both countries. I first came to China in 2000, as Director for International Business Development at Alibaba (NYSE: BABA). I have since lived and worked in Beijing continuously for the past 15 years, where I now lead the Asia Pacific regional and China businesses for Vermeer Corporation, a leading U.S. industrial manufacturer of products used in agricultural mechanization, environmental protection, infrastructure development and precision mining. While in Beijing, it has been my honor to serve our AmCham community both as a member of the Board of Governors and as a Vice Chairman. Along with these roles, I have been involved in the White Paper, the Business Climate Survey, the annual Washington Doorknock and currently lead AmCham's Long Term Strategy Task Force.
I appreciate very much the support and confidence you and other AmCham members have placed in me in the past. It would be my greatest pleasure and honor to continue to serve you at this critical juncture in US-China relations, and hope you will continue to support AmCham with your ideas and active involvement.
Colm Rafferty is the Vice President – Asia Pacific for Vermeer Corporation and is Chairman of Vermeer China Limited. Vermeer is an equipment manufacturer, with products used for agricultural mechanization, environmental protection, infrastructure development, and precision mining. The Asia Pacific business includes integrated supply chain operations and dealer networks and company-owned distribution in China, Singapore, Australia, Northeast Asia, and Southeast Asia.
Colm received an MBA from the Yale School of Management, and a Bachelor of Arts degree in East Asian Studies from Brown University. He has served as Vice Chairman of Amcham China, is on the Yale University Asia Development Council, the Yale School of Management's Greater China Advisory Board, and has served on the Executive Committee of the Beijing Chapter of the Young Presidents' Organization (YPO).


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Bridging the Gap at the New WTA 125K Tournaments
Posted on November 13, 2012 by David Kane in Tennis Grandstand // 1 Comment
For a tour that rose to its peak in the late 90s on the talented backs of young players like Martina Hingis and Venus Williams, the WTA has had a difficult time grooming its young ingénues in the last few years. The age eligibility rule named for famed burnout victim Jennifer Capriati has done well to keep players from the depression and drug use she suffered, but has also seemed to curb the number of prodigies making early breakthroughs on the senior tour.
With Maria Sharapova being the last teenager to win a major title and compatriot Svetlana Kuznetsova the last teenaged Slam debutante in 2004, the Tour's biggest tournaments appear to be checking for ID at the door. That does not mean, however, that the WTA is averse to successful teens. The Tournament of Champions, albeit a Year-End Championships with the volume turned all the way down, was founded as a way to reward top 30 players who take home International (formerly Tier III and IV) titles throughout the year.
But if veterans have been dominating the higher-end events in the last decade, they have been equally successful in the ostensibly more accessible ones as well. The average age for the Sofia semifinalists 26.5, with 30-year-old Nadia Petrova taking the title. It has been a good time to be a fan of sentimental favorites, to be sure, but much tougher to pick out up-and-comers as they make the transition from the juniors.
Enter the WTA125, the ultimate tournament category for the "I'm not a girl, not yet a woman" subset of players. Bridging the gap between the ITF 100Ks and the lowest level International WTA events, the WTA125 debuted in the two weeks following the two Year-End Championships. With most of the big names finished for the season, players who would have dropped down to the lower level ITFs have one last chance to rack up big points and prize money in 2012.
Two players to take advantage of the opportunity were those thought to be extinct prodigies, Kristina Mladenovic and Elina Svitolina. Each have a junior Roland Garros title to their name (Mladenovic in 2009, Svitolina in 2010). The two are feisty competitors with big forehands and bigger personalities. Despite success among their peers, competing in the big leagues has been a more challenging endeavor.
After relatively quiet fall seasons, the two entered the WTA125 events, one in Chinese Taipei and the other in Pune, India, as under the radar as any former junior champion. Proven up-and-comers like Donna Vekic and dangerous veterans like Kimiko Date-Krumm were abound in each event, yet Mladenovic and Svitolina took home the titles with as little fanfare at the end of the week as the beginning.
At the first WTA125 event in Taipei, Mladenovic blew away Chang Kai-Chen, the Taiwanese player who was edged out of the Osaka final by Heather Watson a few weeks earlier. The Frenchwoman was equally dominant in the doubles, completing the sweep and undoubtedly sealing her spot as an answer on a WTA trivia question.
The tournament in Pune started out as another chapter of the beleaguered Andrea Petkovic's comeback tour. The German had spent most of 2012 sidelined with various and sundry injuries before having a good run in Luxembourg and cruising into the semifinals this week. The run, however, came to an abrupt end against none other than Svitolina, who advanced to the biggest final of her career.
Even in the final, Svitolina read like the supporting act when paired with the illustrious veteran, 42-year-old final Kimiko Date-Krumm. Despite a tough year, the Japaneswoman had been solid all week, and was looking for the second title in her "second" career. Playing against a style that she was hardly old enough to watch on television, Svitolina had no letdown and gamely silenced the veteran in straight sets.
Is this an awful lot of fanfare for two events that barely count as WTA titles? Perhaps. But if this trend continues, the WTA may have finally found a formula to allow up-and-comers to smoothly transition onto the senior tour without sacrificing the abundant confidence they took with them from the juniors. In other words, the WTA125's potential lies in helping the prodigies, young guns, whatever you want to call them, to begin realizing their potential, and if that succeeds, these podunk post-season tournaments could become the real tournaments of champions.
Donna Vekic
wta 125 tournaments
wta pune
WTA Tour News
About David Kane (137 Articles)
Sr. Digital Content Producer, WTA Networks.
Andrea Petkovic: The True Tragic Heroine in Tennis — TennisGrandstand


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John G. Waite Associates Restores Thomas Jefferson's Rotunda
Thomas Jefferson's Rotunda at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, had fallen into disrepair. It has now been restored by John G. Waite Associates.
Gordon H. Bock
Project: Rotunda at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
Architect: John G. Waite Associates, Architects, PLLC, Albany and NYC, NY; John G. Waite, FAIA, Sr. Principal; Clay S. Palazzo AIA, LEED AP, Principal in Charge; Mathew K. Scheldt, AIA, LEED AP, Project Manager
John G. Waite Associates restored the historic Rotunda at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. The exterior, including brick walls, doors, windows and trim, were restored and the roof and column capitals were replaced to re-establish the historic appearance. All photos: Anna Wesolowska Photography
What does it take to return a 200-year-old landmark of timeless classical design, and by some legendary architects, to its original concepts for today's needs? A recent project by John G. Waite Associates, Architects, PLLC, of Albany and New York City sheds light on some creative answers.
Completed in 1828, the brick-and-marble Rotunda at the University of Virginia is one of the masterworks of Thomas Jefferson as architect, and designed to be the centerpiece of his Academical Village. A domed cylinder 77 ft. high and equally wide inspired by the Pantheon in Rome, it is renowned as a paragon of Palladian architecture and, along with Jefferson's home Monticello, is one of only three cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the United States. Nonetheless, the Rotunda has seen repeating rounds of physical changes, devastating trauma, and even lost purpose that cycled into the 21st century.
Temporary steel shoring was erected to support the portico roof structure during the removal and replacement of the marble column capitals. The copper sheet metal cornice installed by Stanford White following the disastrous 1895 fire, was removed, stripped of paint, refinished and reinstalled on restored cast-iron framing brackets. The existing north marble stair was dismantled, cleaned, repaired and re-installed above a new waterproof membrane protecting the building construction below.
In 2006, the University commissioned the firm to research and write a historic structures report that would not only guide a comprehensive restoration and renovation of the building but also lead to its revitalized position in the life of the University. Not as straightforward a task as it sounds. "In the 1970s, the Rotunda was planned to be the President's office," says John G. Waite, FAIA, "but, subsequently, a new President chose another building and because of this and other reasons the Rotunda was never fully utilized."
From here plans looped back to Jefferson's original concept of the building as the heart and soul of the University. "It would actually house student classes, a faculty presence, and the upper dome room could again be a multi-purpose study space."
The stairways at the ground floor and first floor levels were restored to their historic appearance. The basement staircases were rebuilt and enclosed beneath the principal first floor stairs. The reconfiguration of the reconstructed stairs allows access to the windows facing the Lawn.
Before that could happen, however, the University and the architects had to examine what this 200-year old structure had become and what they were dealing with. "When we started, there was still a belief among some people that the building should be purged of the 1890s alterations; by doing research in the extensive UVA archives, we had a better understanding of the building and were able to explain why it was important to retain that fabric."
Understanding the building's history was indeed the challenge. In 1895, the Rotunda suffered a tremendous fire that not only destroyed an 1854 annex designed by Robert Mills, but completely gutted the Rotunda's interior and wood-frame dome, leaving only the brick outer walls of the main drum. Shortly thereafter, the University commissioned McKim, Mead & White—specifically Stanford White—to restore the building. Jefferson designed the Rotunda's upper floor as a library, but since it had outgrown that space, White redesigned the building to be mostly library.
As originally constructed, the Lower East Oval Room was located at ground level, bearing on red clay soil. The brick walls were underpinned and the space beneath the room was excavated to provide new mechanical and service space. Archaeology conducted beneath the 1970s brick-paved flooring confirmed the existence of brick footings for two structural columns, located on the longitudinal axis of the room. These columns would have originally supported the floor structure of the Upper East Oval Room, located at the main floor level. At the north end of the space temporary construction has been installed to protect the newly discovered Chemical Hearth dating from 1825.
As Clay S. Palazzo, AIA, LEED AP, explains, "White brought in the R. Guastavino Company of New York City and reconstructed Jefferson's dome and the roof of the south portico using Guastavino tile vaulting," a unique clay-tile-in-mortar system stronger than comparable concrete and more fire resistant than concrete or steel. White then added the north Portico—also with Guastavino vaults—and replaced all of the window architraves and pediments over the windows, which had been wood in Jefferson's design, with sheet copper painted white. New north terraces that run across the north side (University Avenue side) of the building are also White's, and he interconnected the north and south terraces with colonnades.
"We have a renewed appreciation for Stanford White's work," adds Waite. "He really paid attention to Jefferson's designs and did his best to restore them while using innovative methods, like sheet metal because of his concern about fire."
Then, in the mid-1970s with the U.S. Bicentennial looming, the University decided to gut and redo the interior yet again. "The intention was to remove Stanford White's design elements and put back what they thought Jefferson had done," says Waite, noting that the project was without adequate research or financial resources. To determine the historic fabric still evident from these various periods, and its significance, the architects turned to extensive physical and archival research as part of an exhaustive historic structures report.
What remained, it turns out, was not that much. "Limited funding meant they really did very little to the exterior, and the loss of the Stanford White interior was irreversible," he says, "so what survived, and what we had to work with, was for the most part a McKim, Mead & White exterior and a conjectural Jeffersonian interior."
The east courtyard was excavated to provide a new subterranean vault that is used to separate mechanical equipment and service areas from the historic spaces. The east walls of the Rotunda were underpinned, and the new basement was extended beneath the building. Temporary shoring was constructed at the north and south porticos to facilitate the replacement of the marble column capitals.
Research and Restoration
As the project advanced to actual restoration, the first step was to make the weather envelope of the building secure. New copper replaced the badly leaking, 1970s terne-coated steel roof, and specialist contractors cleaned, stabilized and repointed the brick walls
Along with rehabilitating the wood windows came the issue of the Stanford White sheet-metal trim. "We analyzed several methods of paint removal on the exterior copper moldings, architraves and pediments to understand how we could best restore them, whether in-situ or off the building," says Palazzo. Ultimately, they removed the metalwork, stripped 100 years of paint, restored the moldings, then put them back. "The intermediate cornice supported by a cast-iron armature was not well-anchored to the building, so a big challenge was to supplement the existing cornice structure and create a new anchoring system."
Contextually designed courtyards were constructed to the east and west of the Rotunda in the spaces enclosed by the terrace wings and connecting colonnades. Olin designed a new fountain for the east courtyard, shown here. The terrace wings were renovated and restored to house offices and classrooms. New mechanical and service areas are located beneath the east courtyard.
Perhaps the longest-missing casualties of the fire were the marble Corinthian capitals that once topped the portico columns. "Stanford White took down the damaged capitals and put up uncarved blocks of what we believe was Vermont marble, but probably in a pretty poor grade," says Palazzo. "Due to financial shortcomings, the University didn't actually carve those capitals until almost five years after Stanford White left the job (perhaps to save his fee), and when they did, they were carved in place." Plus, adds Waite, it was under the direction of a visiting sculptor at the University.
Even as they weathered poorly, UVA hoped to conserve the 1890s capitals and accept their deterioration as long as they could be made safe. "Ultimately, the stone was in such poor condition that the University decided to replace the 16 freestanding capitals, but were able to retain the four 1890s pilaster capitals."
To authentically recreate the Jefferson capitals, the architects started with surviving fragments of originals. "We laser-scanned about a one-third fragment located near the University's art museum," says Palazzo, "then replicated the piece using a CNC machine followed by hand-carving." Different fragments supplied other information for missing parts, along with clay modeling based upon very sharp photographs made from glass-plate negative of the Jefferson capitals taken prior to the 1895 fire.
The dome room under construction.
Starting with a 10,000-lb. block of Carrara marble, the CNC machines cut out about 90% of the capital, with the remainder hand-carved, to end up with a finished capital of about 7,000 lbs. "The capitals you see now are extremely accurate representations of Jefferson's design," says Waite. "It's possible to go back to Carrara and get new marble that closely matches the characteristics we know Jefferson had in his capitals."
Seismic stability also became mandatory. "It turned out, that there was actually no positive engagement between the portico, the column capitals, and the column shafts," explains Palazzo. "The capitals were just sitting on the column shafts held in place by gravity," he says, "so we designed a system to pin the portico structure to the capitals, and the capitals to the shafts." They also introduced new stainless-steel ties to anchor the porticos back to the brick drum of the Rotunda.
The restored dome room is used as a library and study, and can accommodate up to 200 people for lectures, receptions and dinners.
Interiors Old and New
Inside the Rotunda, the lost and missing included not only Jefferson's original interior but most of Stanford White's version as well, so the project became a matter of renovating and modifying the 1970s reconstruction to better represent Jefferson's 1823 designs.
"In the dome room, we replaced the 1970s perforated aluminum ceiling panels with acoustical plaster," say Palazzo, "so we actually went back to Jefferson's idea of a full plaster ceiling." They also improved the intermediate gallery in the dome room, making it accessible to students and the public with new stairs, while replacing the cast plaster capitals along the gallery columns with hand-carved wood replicas of the originals. Also replaced was the skylight in the dome room, using insulated glass panels that produce the same visual appearance of the single lapped, glass pane glass in the original oculus.
As part of 1970s rehabilitation, the University reintroduced primary stairs from the main level (one floor above ground level) up to the dome room. "Those stairs had a modern steel structure constructed with what were thought to be Jefferson's original design details," says Waite. To add insult to injury, so to speak, at the same time new stairs were added from the main level down to the ground level. "Those stairs were every bit as elaborate as the primary stairs," explains Palazzo, "but in effect what these lower stairs did was cut off the south-facing windows with a view across the terraced lawn that for Jefferson was all-important."
Web Exclusive Photos
Images by Anna Wesolowsla Photography
The solution to the problem was recognizing that the stairs to the basement needed to be lesser in stature than the main stairs going up. "So we tucked the basement stairs under the main stairs, re-establishing the visitors' ability to stand in the lobby and walk up to the south windows," explains Palazzo.
For a renewed use and extended life, the Rotunda would also need extensive new support services and equipment rooms—more than even a technophile like Thomas Jefferson could have imagined. "Instead of jamming everything into the historic building," says Waite, "we underpinned the Rotunda and introduced a new level for mechanical equipment and service circulation."
An underground vault was an idea the architects had proposed from the very outset. "In early stages, it was to be a new sub-basement under the Rotunda," says Palazzo, "which would have required underpinning the entire structure." That transformed into vaults under both the east and west courtyards, which wound up most feasible as under only the east courtyard.
This service level actually takes up the entire footprint of the east courtyard by underpinning the adjacent terraces, as well as the east side of the Rotunda. "We were able to create a new service entry that's separated from, and to the east of the Rotunda complex and interconnects via a corridor with a new service elevator and a new service stair within the drum of the Rotunda." There's space for mechanical equipment and duct distribution, plus a pump room for the east courtyard fountain, and machine rooms for the two elevators.
"The elevator that goes from this new space up to the dome room fits in a void in the brick wall that had been a service stair originally," says Waite, "but burned up in the fire of 1895." Palazzo adds that while the cab is only four feet across, "it stops at every level and improves access tremendously."
Speaking of service, the dome room of the Rotunda hosts approximately 200 dinners a year, so the architects also designed a catering service kitchen as part of the underground vault. Sums up Waite, "I think a lot of what we did is unseen—and that's intentional." It's an approach that, in many ways, has served to bring the Rotunda full circle.
Matters of the Hearth
While preparing for the recent renovation, the architects discovered a void where two of the three oval rooms come together. "What was entombed there is what's called a chemical hearth," explains Waite. Turns out, the hearth is an amazing sole survivor. In 1825, Thomas Jefferson brought in Dr. John Patten Emmet as the first professor of Natural History at the University, and for the express purpose of teaching chemistry.
The Lower East Oval Room, situated above newly constructed mechanical space, houses museum exhibit space that highlights the preserved Chemical Hearth dating from 1825.
"We believe that this chemical hearth, which is in an alcove in the north end of the room, was Emmet's personal set-up, and augmented the larger space used for teaching," says Palazzo. By 1840 when Emmet stepped down as professor, the chemical hearth was obsolete, explains Waite, "so they just bricked it over and that's how it survived the 1895 fire."
In fact, he says there is only one comparable laboratory from this period known to be extant in Europe. "Basically, this is an important new find based on new research. It is completely intact, preserved, and on exhibition to educate visitors about Jefferson, his architecture, and the history of chemistry."
Construction Manager: Whiting-Turner Contracting Co., Richmond, VA
Landscape Architect: Olin, Philadelphia, PA
Stone Sculptor Studio: Pedrini S.p.a. ad Unico Socio, Bergamo, Italy
Sheet Metal Restoration: American Stripping Co., Manassas, VA
Plasterer: Interior Specialty Construction, Providence Forge, VA
Plaster Conservation: John Canning & Co., Cheshire, CT
Wood Carving and Capital Fabrication: Tektonics Design Group, Richmond, VA
Roofing: W.A. Lynch Roofing Co., Inc., Charlottesville, VA
Window and Masonry Restoration: Centennial Preservation Group, LLC, Columbus, OH
Lighting Restoration: Crenshaw Lighting, Floyd, VA
RestorationHistoricOctober 2017Rotunda
Palladio Awards 2019
John G. Waite Associates, Architects: Rotunda at the University of Virginia
The 2019 Palladio Award for Restoration and Renovation goes to John G. Waite Associates, Architects for the Rotunda at the University of Virginia.
John G. Waite Associates, Architects and GBBN: Cincinnati Union Terminal
The 2020 Palladio Award for Restoration and Renovation goes to John G. Waite Associates, Architects and GBBN for Cincinnati Union Terminal.
John G. Waite's Restoration of the African Meeting House in Boston
John G. Waite's historic restoration of The African Meeting House in Boston, MA, includes replacing historic windows, woodwork, lighting and exterior work.


New Millennium Medical offers a hands on and medication-free approach to deal with muscle injury or tension through massage therapy or manual therapy. Massage therapy helps promote healing, increased blood flow and relaxation to your muscles. Then we invite you to acquire an appointment with our massage therapist and chiropractor for manual therapy. Get the relief that helps get results naturally with manual massage therapy. New Millennium patients in Rockford will agree we offer convenient hours and a skilled massage therapist who gets results.
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Massage therapy has become a mainstream therapy to support the musculoskeletal health by increasing blood flow to soft tissue and connective tissue. New Millennium offers a holistic approach that is geared at getting results. Manual therapy and manual massage therapy can help with an increased range of motion and alleviating subluxations giving the body a chance to heal. Schedule an appointment with our massage therapist by calling New Millennium Medical at (779) 552-8358. We do accept insurance and Medicare, so call today!


Is Oz the Great and Powerful on Netflix United States?
Sorry, Oz the Great and Powerful (2013) isn't available on Netflix United States, but is available in a different country. Still want to view it? click here.
A frustrated circus magician from Kansas is transported to a magical land called Oz, where he will have to fulfill a prophecy to become the king, and release the land from the Wicked Witches using his great (but fake) powers. In this prequel to The Wizard of Oz, a circus magician arrives in Oz and transforms himself into the wizard the residents have been hoping for.
Check the Oz the Great and Powerful (2013) trailer!


text:
Why potent greenhouse gases are meeting's focus
by Corey Lynch
in Science
"In addition to today's amendment, countries last week crossed the threshold for the Paris Agreement to enter into force and reached a deal to constrain global aviation emissions".
Almost 200 nations have agreed to a legally binding deal to cut back on greenhouse gases used in refrigerators and air conditioners.
Many wealthier nations have already begun to reduce their use of HFCs.
And the world's hottest countries such as India, Iran and Saudi Arabia will freeze HFCs by 2028, reducing them to 15 percent of 2025 levels by 2047.
Last Saturday, Christian Aid hailed the amendments as a sign that the world remains committed to tackling climate change following last year's historic Paris Agreement. "In due course, new innovations and products will allow us to phase out HFCs even faster, and at lower cost". The important role played by this group of chemicals, used in refrigeration and air conditioning, is evident from the scientific estimate that without a mitigation plan, HFCs could warm the world by an additional half a degree Celsius by the end of the century.
The deal, which includes the world's two biggest economies, the United States and China, divides countries into three groups with different deadlines to reduce the use of factory-made hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) gases, which can be 10,000 times more powerful than carbon dioxide as greenhouse gases. The Paris Agreement-the most significant accord on the issue-will take effect next month after an intense ratification process that lasted less than a year after negotiations concluded, an unprecedented speed in the often slow-moving world of climate diplomacy. "It is a clear statement by all world leaders that the green transformation started in Paris is irreversible and unstoppable", said United Nations environment programme executive director Erik Solheim.
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry said the deal was "a monumental step forward" as he left the talks in the Rwandan capital of Kigali late on Friday.
In Trump's 'Apprentice' run, reality wasn't what it seemed
He shut the door "and within seconds, he was pushing me against the wall, and forcing his tongue down my throat". After she introduced herself, he " kissed me directly on the mouth", she told the Times .
He said it was better to give ranges because of many uncertainties.
To put it into context, HFCs are thousands of times more potent than, carbon dioxide.
'We've moved from Paris pledges to concrete action, ' said Durwood Zaelke, president of worldwide research organisation Institute for Governance and Sustainable Development.
Environment Minister Dr Nick Smith welcomed the agreement, which he said New Zealand had advocated for.
"While the freeze dates and step down levels are ambitious, the HVACR industry is confident we can meet them", Yurek said.
It is worth recalling that the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer adopted in 1985 (operationalised later by the Montreal Protocol) followed a phase when major producers of chlorofluorocarbons, the earlier generation of refrigerants, tried to discredit the link between the chemicals and the developing problem of the ozone hole.
Bob Dylan wins Nobel Prize in literature
Amazon's Deal with the Labels, Hands-On with the New App
Florida IDs new Miami neighborhood as Zika zone
Hurricane leaves Florida's Mexico Beach in shreds 10/14/2018
Georgia girl dies when Hurricane Michael sends carport leg through roof 10/14/2018
Dramatic Footage Shows Moment Inside Soyuz Capsule When Booster Rocket Failed 10/13/2018
Hurricane Michael: 'Monstrous' storm strengthens to category two 10/11/2018
Trump Travels to North, South Carolina to See Florence-Damaged Areas 9/22/2018
First Hurricane Florence deaths: mother, infant killed by tree 9/17/2018
Hurricane Florence: 'This One Really Scares Me,' Forecaster Says 9/15/2018
TROPICS: Helene, Florence to become hurricanes this weekend 9/10/2018
Tropical Storm Gordon track expected to bring winds to Sebastian, Vero Beach 9/07/2018
California Sends FCC-Defying Net Neutrality Law To Governor's Desk 9/02/2018
Thailand's Pavit Tangkamolprasert Wins Macau Open in Playoff
I guess that was unfortunate to finish like that. "I did everything in my power but sometimes it doesn't happen for you". It'll be a dream to play with Anirban. "There were no leaderboards and I didn't see his score until the 18th".
Close But No Cigar; Titans Escape with Win, 28-26
That set up Mariota's third scoring strike of the game, a 15-yarder to Anthony Fasano with 6:43 left that made it 28-13. Parker's second onside attempt was recovered by Andre Johnson and the game was over.
Superstar Rajinikanth at Apollo Hospital to meet Jayalalithaa
Rumours and speculation surrounding her health continue, as the AIADMK maintains that Jayalalithaa is gradually making progress. On October 11, acting Governor C Vidyasagar Rao reallocated her portfolios to state Finance Minister O Panneerselvam.
Samsung tips 6 percent gain in 3Q profit after recall
Spokesman Ian Gregor said the FAA was still investigating the incident. "It was caught on the hop by the Note 7 recall ". Nonetheless, Samsung is keeping up with the trend, adapting to what is new and adding it to their arsenal.
Galaxy Note 7 banned from planes in US
Qantas and its budget carrier Jetstar on Saturday also announced a ban on the device, effective 12.01am Sunday. The ban applies to devices being carried onto the aircraft, in carry-on baggage as well as checked luggage.
Oil prices stop gains below $50 a barrel
According to Goldman Sachs , the oversupply will be remained in 2017, and oil prices will stop at $55 a barrel. US West Texas Intermediate exceeded $50 per barrel for first time since June, trading 22 cents up at $50.66.
Cauvery Issue: Opposition parties stage rail roko across Tamil Nadu
Farmers belonging to Tamizhaga Vivasayigal Sangam resorted to novel protest by cooking food on track at Thanjavur. This apart, farmers have also made a decision to stage protests in various places across the district.
Iraqi PM signals start of operations to drive IS from Mosul
Iraqi security forces also recently recaptured the Qayyara oil refinery and seized the Qayyara airbase, Iraq's third-largest. The Kurdish Peshmerga and the elite Counter Terrorism Group are determined to be involved and are needed.
Panthers QB Newton a full participant in practice
With defensive tackles Vernon Butler (high-ankle sprain) and Paul Soliai (foot sprain) out, Carolina called an old buddy for help. Jonathan Stewart, who has missed the past three games with a hamstring injury, also is expected to return for this game.
Chelsea ease past Leicester with Costa, Hazard, Moses scoring
Speaking to Sky Sports after the game, Hazard agreed that the performance was one of their best of the season. What happened to us was very good.
Kim Kardashian in 'shock and blaming herself' after scary gunpoint robbery
The reality television star still had duct tape wrapped around her legs, instructing Harouche to "jump off the balcony" to escape. The source added, "We know the licence plate of one of the vehicles used, a Fiat 500, and a photograph of one of the suspects".
Maeda to start Game 1 for Dodgers
Wood gives the Dodgers more left-handed coverage in the bullpen to go along with lefty relievers Luis Avilan , and Grant Dayton . A Washington team still has not won a postseason series since the Senators were the 1924 World Series champions.
Pulis praises Foster for keeping Spurs at bay
The home team very almost scored, too, as James McClean cut inside and thumped a low left-footed shot that Hugo Lloris parried. On the balance of play it was the least Spurs deserved at the end of the first of seven games in the space of 23 days.
US, Russia, others making renewed diplomatic push on Syria
Earlier, Kerry met separately with his Saudi counterpart Adel al-Jubeir and with Lavrov to discuss the logistics of the meeting. However, officials from both countries said they are not expecting any major breakthrough in the talks.
India, Russia likely to sign $1 bn deal to produce Kamov choppers
The Rosneft-Essar deal will be the biggest foreign takeover in India, and Russia's largest outbound deal, according to data. Before the BRICS summit began on Saturday night, Modi and Putin held their annual face-to-face.
NASA assigns astronauts to SpaceX, Boeing test flights8/05/2018
NASA reveals crews for first flights of commercial spaceships8/04/2018
Flash flood watch extended through Wednesday for Williamsburg region | Williamsburg7/28/2018
Longest Lunar Eclipse July 27, 20187/27/2018
Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin launches spacecraft higher than ever7/22/2018
12 new moons of Jupiter discovered, including collision-prone oddity7/19/2018
How Two Republican Women Could Sink Trump's US Supreme Court Pick7/12/2018
Organic Matter Found On Mars, Nasa Announces6/08/2018
TS Norman forms over eastern Pacific; could become…9/01/2018
Hawaii residents on alert as Hurricane Lane gathers strength8/23/2018
Subtropical storm 'Debby' forms in the North Atlantic8/10/2018
SpaceX Falcon 9 Lifts Off In Florida, Places Indonesian Satellite In Orbit8/09/2018


Times New Roman Italic for the 'U' and Futura Condensedfor the "TV. youre right. What font is the 2000 logo, please talk to me please!
BBC and UTV (while it exists).
Love those. Shame they never made it to air!
UTV launched a new logo the other day.
Is it actually working at all?.
Channel to launch in 2015.
I'm not so sure. It just makes the possibility of a UTV takeover of TV3 much more likely.


text:
Home > Vatican > Vatican Documents & Series >
Voices of Vatican II - DVD
Series: CNS
In Voices of Vatican II, twelve men who took part in the Second Vatican Council (1962-65) look back at that historic event, half a century after the fact. It features abundant archival footage of the council, much of it rarely seen, and exclusive interviews with those who recount the history they witnessed and helped to make.
All the voices heard in this film are of bishops and priests--including Pope Benedict XVI--who participated in Vatican II and who, in most cases, have played important roles in the life of the Catholic Church over the subsequent decades.
Download a copy of the Study Guide here! You can also view a clip from the Voices of Vatican II DVD by clicking here.
Handbook of Spiritual Ecumenism, A (New City Press) Origins Print and Digital - Annual Subscription A Month with the Eucharist Directorio General para la Catequesis
On the Pastoral Care of Divorced and Remarried Persons: Commentaries and Studies The Basic Plan for the Ongoing Formation of Priests Origins DIGITAL - Annual Subscription Essential Guide to Knowing the Faith
voices of vatican II November 21, 2019
Reviewer: Charles Shine from Naperville, IL United States
very informative. Add much to my inquiry of Vatican
Reviewer: Gilbert Saldivar from Houston, TX United States


text:
Get the weekly report
Brighton Beach Patrol Premiere
By five
Brighton Beach Patrol
This brand new series follows the work of the police, lifeguards and coastguard who patrol Brighton's world-famous beach. In the first episode, the summer season kicks off with a festival opened by Fat Boy Slim. A paddleboarder goes missing while competing in a race along the shore. And police try to keep unruly behaviour to a minimum on the city's night-time streets.
Every summer, eight million people descend on Brighton as the city's population doubles in size during the holiday season. The big draw is the world-famous beach, one of Britain's most iconic seaside destinations. Filmed throughout the summer of 2009, this new series follows the emergency services on land and sea, day and night, as they work to ensure that holidaymakers' good times do not end in disaster.
The cameras follow the work of Brighton's lifeguards, who last year saved six lives and carried out 41 rescues, and the Police Community Support Officers, who patrol the beach and enforce the city's bylaws and regulations. They are supported by coastguards who co-ordinate sea rescues in RNLI lifeboats. These vessels can be called out at a moment's notice to save boats and swimmers in distress. The programme also catches up with the officers behind Sussex Police's Operation Marble, which aims to stop drunk revellers running wild through the city's streets every weekend.
Through the work of the emergency services, 'Brighton Beach Patrol' meets people from all walks of life, from drag queens and beach cleaners to teashop owners, nightclub bosses, hotel managers and fishermen. The series is set against the backdrop of Brighton's year-round programme of festivals and events, ranging from Gay Pride to the Brighton Carnival and the season-ending White Air Festival.
Together, the cops, characters and partygoers form a rich and diverse assortment of human life – a testament to why Brighton remains one of the country's top tourist destinations, with record numbers of visitors for the current summer season.
In the first episode of the series, Brighton's summer season kicks off with its annual 'Paddle round the Pier' festival – opened by local superstar Fat Boy Slim. Whilst the partygoers compete to float the craziest rafts around Brighton pier, lifeguard Joe watches over proceedings to make sure no one ends up in danger.
Meanwhile, coastguards Des and Ray have another headache on their hands. A rookie paddleboarder taking part in a 20-mile race is hours behind the rest of the field and the weather is about to turn. Can they locate the missing man before things get nasty?
Elsewhere, as day becomes night, police officers Lou and Rick have their work cut out making sure the city's drunken visitors behave. The morning after, their colleagues Gill and Dave face their own dramas when they go hunting for a missing person known to be sleeping rough on the streets.
More from this author »
I was on the beach last week as they were filming this. I was watching a guy called evoh perform his brighton song for the series,it sounded amazing!
Brighton Australia is the best brighton in the world.lets hear this brighton song
no level of fitness for pcso,s then?as for the police dont they look in a mirror before they go on the beat.
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Home » Testimonials » Mary E.
On December 23, 2015, Dr. Kelly did a Tenex procedure on my left elbow. I had immediate relief from pain that day. I had been having constant pain for the past two years in the left elbow and forearm. I had a couple of cortisone injections that would provide relief for a couple of months, but the pain always returned. Today I can say I am 100% pain free. I had gone from pain all the time to being pain free now. The procedure for me was easy, painless and recovery went very well. Dr. Kelly and Lindsay explained the procedure thoroughly and answered all of my questions prior to the procedure. The Crosstown Surgery Center was a wonderful place to have the procedure. Everyone was kind, caring and helpful.


ZBrush Monsters has been an amazing series! Looking at the great images that have been created so far makes me want to give ZBrush a go! This month we are in the capable hands of Jesse Sandifer. If you like me are feeling the cold and prefer it a little warmer you will love this article as Jesse shows us how he created his Volcanic Monster.


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Joachim Herrmann (* 29. Oktober 1928 in Berlin; † 30. Juli 1992 ebenda) war Chefredakteur des Neuen Deutschlands und Mitglied des Politbüros des Zentralkomitees der SED.

Leben
Herrmann besuchte von 1939 bis 1945 die Oberrealschule Langhans in Berlin. Er war 1938 bis 1945 Mitglied im Deutschen Jungvolk und wurde gegen Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges als Luftwaffenhelfer eingezogen.

Bis 1949 arbeitete er bei der Berliner Zeitung und dem Start. 1948 trat er der SED bei. Von 1949 bis 1952 war er stellvertretender Chefredakteur und von 1954 bis 1960 Chefredakteur des FDJ-Zentralorgans Junge Welt. Von 1952 bis 1961 war er Mitglied des Zentralrates der FDJ.

1960 bis 1962 war er als stellvertretender Abteilungsleiter im ZK der SED, von 1962 bis 1965 als Chefredakteur der Berliner Zeitung, bis 1971 als Staatssekretär für Westdeutsche Fragen und bis 1978 als Chefredakteur des SED-Zentralorgans Neues Deutschland, tätig.

Er wurde 1967 Kandidat und 1971 Mitglied des ZK der SED, 1973 Kandidat und 1978 Mitglied des Politbüros des ZK der SED, dort seit 1979 für Medien, befreundete und Blockparteien und die Nationale Front zuständig. 1976 bis 1989 war Herrmann Sekretär des ZK der SED, ab 1978 verantwortlich für Agitation. Sein Apparat kontrollierte die Medien (Anleitung) und war maßgeblich für deren wirklichkeitsferne Darstellung verantwortlich.

Am 10. November 1989 wurde er aus dem Zentralkomitee der SED ausgeschlossen. ZK-Mitglied Wilfried Poßner forderte damals:

Als Egon Krenz ihn bat, hierzu Stellung zu nehmen, antwortete Herrmann:

Dadurch wurde sein Ausschluss aus dem Zentralkomitee besiegelt. Schließlich wurde er am 20. Januar 1990 auch aus der Partei (inzwischen SED-PDS) ausgeschlossen.

Auszeichnungen
Hermann erhielt 1968 den Orden Banner der Arbeit, 1970 den Vaterländischen Verdienstorden in Gold und 1978 und 1988 den Karl-Marx-Orden.

Schriften
 In Wort und Tat gemeinsam für das Wohl des Volkes. Union Verlag Berlin 1987 ISBN 3-372-00266-0
 Gemeinsam für Sozialismus und Frieden: ausgewählte Reden und Aufsätze. Dietz-Verlag, Berlin 1988 ISBN 3-320-01074-3
 Aus dem Bericht des Politbüros an die 8. Tagung des ZK der SED: Berichterstatter: Joachim Herrmann. Dietz-Verlag, Berlin 1989 ISBN 3-320-01444-7

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Funktionär der Freien Deutschen Jugend (DDR)
Mitglied des Politbüros des ZK der SED
Sekretär des ZK der SED
Betroffener eines Parteiausschlussverfahrens (SED)
Träger des Vaterländischen Verdienstordens in Gold
Träger des Karl-Marx-Ordens
Träger des Banners der Arbeit
Abgeordneter der Volkskammer
Person (Berliner Zeitung)
Journalist (DDR)
Chefredakteur
Person (Neues Deutschland)
DDR-Bürger
Deutscher
Geboren 1928
Gestorben 1992
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


So here's my pet theory: at some point iTunes will be rewritten using WebKit to render the UI. I'm not saying iTunes will become a web browser — just that the UI itself will be a WebKit view. WebKit is cross-platform and built for the future.
satine.org ? Does iTunes 9 use WebKit?
It's important to understand that iTunes is only using WebKit to render the iTunes Store and iTunes LP. The rest of the iTunes UI still remains native in Carbon.
Previous versions of iTunes had a custom native UI for viewing the iTunes Store and were definitely not WebKit based prior to iTunes 9.
Now it should be made clear, this is not any web app. If you don't find the site's visuals appealing, all you need to do is look under the hood to find the beauty: this is a seriously, amazing work of art. There's not a drop of flash on this website, from the rotating banners to the music preview player. Everything is straight HTML5, CSS3.