text:
The Story of Ste. Marie II- A Virtual Exhibit
Located along the southern shore of Christian Island, Ste. Marie II was the last Jesuit Mission to the Huron-Wendat Nation in what is now southern Ontario and was a central place in one of the most significant stories in early Canadian history. It is one of struggle, sacrifice and change, all of which left both the Wendat and Jesuits with unexpected consequences.
A google map image showing the site of Ste Marie II. Copyright 2018.
We begin in the early seventeenth century when the French and Wendat thrived alongside one another. By far the most comprehensive records of Wendat life are the annual accounts of the Jesuit priests who lived among the Wendat from 1634 until 1650. These regular reports by those Jesuits who lived among the Wendat are filled with descriptions of Wendat life and society. Jesuit missions in North America began early in the seventeenth century. Christian proselytization was an important component of the Christian church at this time around the world. All of these sources must be employed with caution, however, as they were written by outsiders with their own agendas. Read more
2018, Archaeology, Curatorial, First Nations, Sustainable Archaeology
Museum Secrets
EXPLORE OUR SECRETS!
These are just some of the things you can explore at MOA. Check out our secrets and visit www.londonsecrets.ca to learn more about other London museum secrets.
1. Up to 2000 people lived in the Lawson Village during the 16th century.
2018, Archaeology, Curatorial, Museum, Sustainable Archaeology, Virtual Reality, Wilfrid Jury
Conservation vs. Preservation: What's the Difference?
One of the most important roles museums have is to care and maintain artworks and artifacts in their collections. Museums all over the world abide by this to extend the objects life for future education and for general public enjoyment for generations to come. Although museums strive to protect every single object, environmental conditions, storage control, and individual handling all influence the longevity of the artworks and artifacts.
Conservation and preservation are two methods which are used to maintain the state of the object. Conservation is the hands-on act of working directly with the object to preserve its current condition. Such method can be invasive, for example, conservators use restoration treatments to enhance the object to its original state or appearance by removing accumulated layers of dirt and/or adding necessary components that have gone missing.
MOA Conservation Intern Josh cleaning a basket from the ethnographic collection.
Preservation is the non-invasive act of minimizing deterioration and preventing future damage of the object. Some examples are outlined below: Read more
2018, Archaeology, Curatorial, Museum
A Look Back to the Lawson Site Pot
Front face of the reconstructed Lawson Site pot.
During the 1982 excavations on the Lawson Site, museum archaeologists discovered on of the more interesting deposits of pottery fragments yet encountered on the site. The pot sherds were interesting not only because we have been able to reconstruct them into a very large pot but especially because of the location of the fragments and what they were found with.
The pottery fragments were in the bottom of a large pit found inside the largest house yet uncovered on the site. This pit was located under the south bench row near the east end of the house. In shape, the pit was a flat-bottomed cylinder. During excavation, it was first though that this feature was a deep basin-shaped pit, but it was discovered to have a false bottom like a previous feature uncovered. Read more
2018, Archaeology, Look Back
Canadian Currency from the 16th Century to 1867
Example of a wampum shell bead excavated in Southern Ontario
The evolution of early Canadian currency offers a unique perspective into the growth of Canada as it was evolving into a nation. From it's pre-colonial origins, to the tokens ushered in by Confederation in 1867, currency saw many forms and many uses.
Early 16th Century: First Nations and Wampum
As Canada was being settled, coins from Europe were scarce and far between. Interactions with the First Nations led to strong trade systems through the bartering of goods such as furs, wampum, copper objects, tools, and beads.
Wampum was highly valued among the Indigenous peoples not only for the time and difficulty of creating wampum shell beads, but the ceremonial functions of both the beads and the wampum belt. Wampum most importantly conveys messages, marks peace treaties, and records historical events using marks of friendship and respect. To early European traders, beads were essential to the fur trade since they were small and high value. Europeans used the beads to trade for pelts to cover the high demand for fashionable furs in Europe. Read more
2017, Canada 150, Curatorial, Museum
Online Collections: A Digital Experience
Technology is an integral part of our society. We spend countless hours checking our emails, browsing social media, and looking up ratings of places before we even visit them. We have the opportunity to connect with places across the world we may otherwise never have the opportunity to visit. The widespread accessibility of the internet allows museums the opportunity to present their collections online, making them more accessible and present within a wider community. With the quick advances in technology, it can be hard to stay up to date in the museum world. Online collections are one way of staying relevant with today's technologically savvy generation. Read more
2017, Archaeology, Curatorial, Education, Museum
What's in a Collection?
The recent discovery of Beatrix Potter's Kitty in Boots in the Victoria & Albert Museum's Beatrix Potter archive highlights the tremendous challenge museums can face in managing their collection and the information about them. With often thousands of objects and documents held in trust within museum collections the task of knowing not only what's in the boxes but where in the museum things are located often falls to a select few people.
Museums hold their collections in trust for the public, and that responsibility includes not only caring for the collection but making the information and knowledge about it accessible. Having worked with and for museums for over 15 years, I've seen examples of extraordinary collections management processes as well as "We don't know what we'll do if (fill in name) retires. They're the only person who knows where everything is." Read more


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Skullcandy Grind Wireless review
Stellar sound without shredding your wallet
By Nick Pino published 12 April 16
Skullcandy Grind Wireless
Comfortable, cheap and acoustically sound, Skullcandy's Grind Wireless over-ear headphones are as good or better than the competition for around half the price.
Attractive aesthetics
Comfortable ear pads
Deep, rich sound
Too few accessories
SG$69.36
at Shopee Singapore
SG$95
at Amazon Singapore
SG$145.86
Skullcandy, a brand that was once known for cheap earbuds and lackluster headphones, has been full of surprises these days.
First, it put out the excellently priced Skullcandy Grind, a wired headset with exceptional sound quality and comfortable padding. Now, it's followed that with a wireless version that packs in everything we loved about the original.
And, more importantly, Skullcandy has done it without tacking on an extra zero to the price tag.
The headphones, as you might guess, are called the Skullcandy Grind Wireless and retail for $89 (£69, about AU$116). They're available in six different colors and patterns and sound better than 95% of the wireless headphones in the sub-$100 category.
Skullcandy Grind Wireless (Black) at Amazon Singapore for $95
It's hard to talk about the Grind Wireless's design in any definitive way. Because it's available in so many colors and patterns, you can outfit your cans exactly how you please.
On one end of the (color) spectrum, is the all-blue design with black accents that's fairly sporty. On the other is the gunmetal and gray design that has a plaid bridge that basically screams hipster audiophile or technophile lumberjack.
The review sample sent to techradar is a simplistic, yet sophisticated, mix of black and faux brown leather on the top of the bridge. Beneath the leather covering is soft black foam, stitched into place with a breathable mesh layer. The cushiony foam and soft ear pads work in tandem to form one of the most comfortable-fitting headsets the Park City, Utah-based audio company has ever created.
Turning now to the feature set, the Grind Wireless has three minimalist control buttons: volume up, volume down and the main function button that's used to power on and off the headset as well as sync a new device to it.
Each volume button, when held down for three seconds, skips to the next or previous track. The main function button is responsible for controlling Bluetooth and answering incoming calls. The Grind Wireless comes with a built-in microphone, as well as an optional 3.5mm audio jack for the times you don't mind being tethered to your device.
The word I keep coming back to when testing the Skullcandy Grind Wireless is "surprising". Surprising because, one, the Grind Wireless has a deep, well-rounded sound in a super-light headset and, two, it costs half as much as other comparable wireless headphones.
To that end, it seems like no matter what music genre I throw at them, the Grind Wireless impresses me each and every time.
Do you have a particularly bass-heavy music library? The Grind Wireless handles lows better than a pair of Beats ever could. The same is true for mids and highs in genres like rock, EDM, acoustic and singer/songwriter.
Now, are they as powerful as a proper pair of Sennheisers? No. Can they stand up to a pair of planar magnetic cans, like the Oppo PM-3? No, definitely not.
But considering that those aural bad boys cost as much as a game console, the Grind Wireless simply does a better job at giving audio enthusiasts a deep, full experience for a reasonable price.
My only qualms with the Grind Wireless are that they come a bit understocked (the only items in the box are the headphones, a 3.5mm audio cable and a micro-USB cable) and the battery. It's advertised to hold a charge for 12 hours, but it doesn't quite live up to that mark. I frequently went to use the Grind Wireless only to find them out of juice after my last listening session.
One explanation for this is that the headphones won't ever turn off if they're connected via Bluetooth. Even if you haven't listened to something in six hours, the Grind Wireless will sit there patiently, waiting for a chance to wow you with the next track from your music library.
As for the accessories, a carrying case or charging block would have been welcome, instead of leaving it up to you to have these things in your possession. At the end of the day, though, both those two performance faux pas are far outweighed by stellar sound – and an even more stellar price.
In the battle of the brands, it can be hard to trust an outsider. You probably know and trust companies like Sennheiser, Sony, Bose and Beats. And nothing against the tried and true headphone manufacturers, but a lot of what you're paying for is the name.
The Skullcandy Grind Wireless is a black sheep, it breaks convention left and right and yet delivers in all the major areas. It's far from perfect (see: battery life and accessories), but, for the price tag, you're getting a great-sounding, well-constructed pair of cans that know how to rumble with bass notes and rock with mids and highs.
One of the coolest Microsoft Teams features is now available to everyone
This laptop from 1989 can mine Bitcoin, but it definitely won't make you rich
Samsung Galaxy S21 FE 5G: sorpresa al lancio per tutti i Galaxy Fan!
FPS Boost on Xbox Series X could come to more games in the future
The creators of Wallace & Gromit are making a 'mad, open world' game

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Ever been running late for class and tripped over, or played sport on the weekend and taken a knock to your shoulder—only to give it a rub, 'walk it off' and think "it'll be fine after a day or two"?
Then, with the classic Kiwi "she'll be right" attitude you cruise into town for a couple of drinks and a dance, the pain of your ailment quickly forgotten. The next day you become aware that your injury is painful, swollen and a lot worse than you initially thought.
It's usually after an injury that there is bleeding from damaged tissue, which forms a bruise. There is also an influx of fluid from the blood stream (swelling), which brings nutrients and cells into the area to begin clearing away the damaged tissues and to fight any infection which may have entered through a break in the skin. Although this swelling is a necessary and important part of the healing process, the formation of new tissue to repair the damage cannot begin until the swelling has subsided and the bleeding has stopped. This process takes from three days to a week. Alcohol is known to increase the diameter of blood vessels, thus increasing blood flow, in a process called vasodilation. Increased blood flow can increase the amount of swelling and bleeding into the injured area, ultimately prolonging the duration of the healing process and recovery time.
Alcohol is an analgesic and can mask the pain and injury. Pain is an important indicator of injury severity—after an injury, pain serves the frustrating but useful purpose of stopping you from moving or putting weight on an area that can't cope with the increased load. Drinking after an injury allows you to do things which would otherwise be limited by pain, and subsequently increases the amount of damage by overloading the injured area too soon.
Tissue healing requires vitamins, minerals, fluids and rest. Alcohol decreases the efficiency of nutrient absorption for the gut and is a diuretic, which means that it increases the amount of urine you pass. Consumption of alcohol after injury therefore depletes the body of essential vitamins and minerals and causes dehydration at a time when the body is most in need of good nutrition. Unfortunately, the effects of alcohol consumption do not subside when you sober up. The repercussions of alcohol consumption on the body can last up to five days after two consecutive nights of drinking.
to the same level as your heart. RICE decreases the amount of swelling in the area and facilitates blood clotting to minimise bruising. Massage, heat and alcohol should all be avoided as they will increase bleeding and swelling. Seeing a physiotherapist can also be a good idea.
Level One of the Student Union Building and at Student Services at Pipitea.


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Chaetagenia manauensis är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Albuquerque och Guilherme A.M.Lopes 1982. Chaetagenia manauensis ingår i släktet Chaetagenia och familjen husflugor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Husflugor
manauensis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Current regulatory pressures and changing demands on coal fired energy production require a strategic partner like BHA to meet the ever changing market needs.
BHA® Preveil® ePTFE membrane and BHA PulsePleat® pleated filter elements provide Best Achievable Control Technology.
BHA Powerwave® acoustic cleaning systems provide a cost effective, non-destructive cleaning of SCR catalyst and prevent excessive buildup in spray dryer absorber and material handling systems.
Patented BHA Powerwave+® pulse detonation systems help remove tenacious deposits in coal fired boilers and can improve heat rate, significantly reduce outlet gas temperatures, reduce emissions, and can prevent or reduce unplanned outages required to manually clean or repair leaking boiler tubes.


A plane was forced to turn around shortly after take-off when a mum realised she'd left her baby at the airport. The Saudia jet was en route to Kuala Lumpur when the forgetful mother demanded she be reunited with her child, Gulf News reported.
Footage appears to capture the pilot asking air traffic controllers for permission to return to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
After noting the flight number – SV832 – the operator asks a colleague what protocol they should follow, if one even exists.
According to Gulf News, some praised the pilots while others slammed the mum for being careless.
A voice recording, which has been widely shared online in the Arab world, reveals how puzzled aviation staff tried to deal with the crisis.
The bizarre delay reportedly took place over the weekend.
Flight-tracking data showed a Saudia flight from Jeddah to Kuala Lumpur departing almost an hour late on Saturday, but it was unclear if this was the same one.
It was not clear whether the plane had already taken off or was taxiing towards the runway when the woman realised her mistake.
Last year police in Germany said a couple had left their daughter at an airport in Stuttgart on their way back from a holiday.
Officers allegedly spotted the five-year-old wandering alone around the terminal last October.
Each parent had reportedly driven off separately and believed the child was in the other's car.


text:
Q: Kubernetes Helm PVC I have a yml file where I create a pvc on my provider (digital ocean)
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: test-pvc
  namespace: test
spec:
  accessModes:
  - ReadWriteOnce
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 10Gi
  storageClassName: do-block-storage

I am also using a helm chart and want to be able to point to the already created pvc
How can I do this? This helm chart is deployed after the PVC is already created/deployed
  master:
    persistence:
      enabled: true
      ## mariadb data Persistent Volume Storage Class
      ## If defined, storageClassName: <storageClass>
      ## If set to "-", storageClassName: "", which disables dynamic provisioning
      ## If undefined (the default) or set to null, no storageClassName spec is
      ##   set, choosing the default provisioner.  (gp2 on AWS, standard on
      ##   GKE, AWS & OpenStack)
      ##
      # storageClass: "-"
      accessMode: ReadWriteOnce
      size: 10Gi

A: To mount your PVC in your helm chart, do this:

*

*Disable persistence volume creation in helm chart

master:
    persistence:
      enabled: false #Setting it to false

*

*Modify your deployment yaml, its located in templates folder of your helm chart. Point your Pod to mount your own PVC.

Something like this:
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: task-pv-pod
spec:
  volumes:
    - name: task-pv-storage
      persistentVolumeClaim:
        claimName: test-pvc  # pointing to existing test-pvc
  containers:
    - name: task-pv-container
      image: nginx
      ports:
        - containerPort: 80
          name: "http-server"
      volumeMounts:
        - mountPath: "/usr/share/nginx/html"
          name: task-pv-storage

Update:
Specifically in your case, you can specify your pvc name against existingClaim parameter in values.yaml, it will be picked up by your deployment.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Denver health officials send people experiencing homelessness scrambling after clearing Sand Creek
It was the second such cleanup in a month.
Isaac Finley poses for a portrait with his stuff, which he packed up after Denver officials warned he would be ticketed or arrested if he stayed camped here along the Sand Creek, right on the line between Denver and Commerce City. Feb. 5, 2020. (Kevin J. Beaty/Denverite)
Donna Bryson
When city officials closed off stretches along and near Sand Creek in northeast Denver this week to clean up debris, food, and human and animal waste, a top concern was the health and safety of people who have made the area home with tents and other forms of shelter.
But the temporary and indefinite shutdown left people experiencing homelessness searching for new places to live, stressing their mental and physical health in a week of snow and freezing temperatures.
"When it started snowing, they're like, 'You have three days to get out,'" Isaac Finley, who had been sleeping under a bridge over the creek near Sand Creek Drive and 49th Avenue, said Wednesday, the day of the closure.
Finley had pushed his belongings, including a bicycle and several tents, 50 yards along the bike path from where he had been sleeping for several months. He said he was not sure where he would settle.
Finley has been experiencing homelessness for more than two years in Colorado since arriving from Texas after friends here told him he could get work as a mechanic, he said. He's been working, but not earning enough to afford housing. He had lived in his car until it was towed from a store's parking lot while he was at work.
Ann Cecchine-Williams, deputy executive director of Denver's Department of Public Health and Environment, said taking action this week "was a very difficult decision for our team to make."
In an announcement Wednesday, her department said it was acting because of "public and environmental health risks due to unsafe conditions associated with litter, human waste and other biohazards."
Cecchine-Williams said that those most affected were people living along the creek.
"That is the main concern," she said.
"It's not safe or humane to live in these kinds of conditions," she said. "We're worried about people getting hurt."
Encampments along the Sand Creek, right on the line between Denver and Commerce City. Feb. 5, 2020. (Kevin J. Beaty/Denverite)
Cecchine-Williams, of the Department of Public Health and Environment, added that people who use the bike path were also at risk. They can continue commuting along it, but cannot stray off during the closure.
A notice about the closure was posted on the website of Sand Creek Regional Greenway Partnership.
The nonprofit helped establish the recreational corridor along the creek linking the High Line Canal in Aurora with the South Platte River Greenway in Commerce City.
"Our organization supports the efforts of the city and county of Denver, as they are the owner of the land and in the best position to assess and address the need for cleanup," Beth Nobles, executive director of the partnership, stated in an email.
Cecchine-Williams, of Denver's Department of Public Health and Environment, said campers were contacted before Wednesday and urged to "go inside and let us help you."
"We have a lot of services to offer, we have a lot of outreach," she said.
Finley said he was unwilling to leave the area near the Sapp Bros. truck stop and enter a shelter because he was searching for his lost dog, a Chihuahua-Terrier mix he described as his closest friend.
Further along the bike path, Denver-native Floyd Stolin surveyed the basketball court-size compound of tents and tarps where he and his wife Katrina had been living.
Closure notices were posted around the camp. Stolin said he and his wife could live safely along the creek — they keep their site clean and, in exchange for meals, even pick up trash around nearby motels.
"She was a Girl Scout. I was a Boy Scout," he said.
But he acknowledged that the state of other camps could affect their health. He estimated three dozen people were camping within a mile of his site.
The Stolins have been experiencing homelessness since being evicted from a Commerce City apartment two years ago. Stolin said their landlord wanted them out because of repeated visits to their apartment by police that he said stemmed from trouble involving his step-daughter's boyfriend. Their eviction record has made it hard to find other housing, he said. Their limited income — his wife's disability benefits of less than $600 a month — was another challenge to finding housing.
Stolin said he and his wife had had several camps along the creek, starting in Commerce City and moving every few months when they felt unwelcome. Relocating takes time, both because of the number of possessions and because his wife, who suffered a spinal injury in a car crash as a teenager, could not help much.
And a decision had to be made before he starting packing.
"That's what our biggest question now is, 'Where to go to?'" Stolin said.
Stolin said a police officer had suggested in the days before the closure that they could go to Texas, where his mother lives. He was told he could get transportation assistance if his mother would confirm she would house him.
Floyd and Katrina Stolin pose for a portrait at their camp along the Sand Creek. Feb. 5, 2020. (Donna Bryson/Denverite)
Denver Police spokesman Jay Casillas said officers were supporting the public health department along Sand Creek.
Casillas added in an email that officers "provide support by helping people experiencing homelessness find resources they may need. One of those resources sometimes is helping people find a way back to family that is out of state."
Casillas said in such cases people are referred to a family reunification program run by the Mental Health Center of Denver.
Derek Woodbury, a spokesman for the city"s housing department, said outreach workers from nonprofit homelessness service providers had made the area a priority before Denver Public Health and Environment posted closure notices.
"Outreach workers were informed in advance of these actions and have made plans for follow-up with persons encamped in the area," Woodbury said.
While the area is closed, the Colorado Department of Transportation will be in charge of the cleanup and Denver Public Health and Environment will oversee it, the health department said in a statement. The statement noted that the city offers free storage for up to 60 days should anyone present during the cleanup want to store personal possessions that do not pose a hazard.
Last month, the Department of Public Health and Environment temporarily closed off Lincoln Memorial Park, located between the Capitol and Civic Center Park, citing concerns about rats. People experiencing homelessness had erected tents in the area during the two weeks that Denver police suspended enforcement of the city's camping ban following a Dec. 27 county judge ruling that the ban amounted to unconstitutionally cruel and unusual punishment because the city's shelter system was inadequate.
The city, which argues its shelter system meets emergency needs, has appealed the judge's ruling and determined that the ban can be enforced pending what is likely to be a lengthy appeal process. The ban stipulates that police should prioritize getting people to comply simply by asking, and trying to get help for those who need it.
Camping along the Sand Creek, which unlike Civic Center is out of the general public's eye, has long taken place despite the camping ban.
Department of Public Health and Environment actions to protect health and safety are not governed by the camping ban, nor by a lawsuit settlement spelling out how Denver's Department of Transportation and Infrastructure handles regular maintenance of the city's rights of way.
Health officials have said the efforts of their transportation and infrastructure colleagues mean it is rarely necessary for them to intervene as they did along Sand Creek this week and in Civic Center last month. The two most recent closures were among a total of four in the last year and a half, Cecchine-Williams of the health department said.
It's unclear when Lincoln Park or Sand Creek will reopen, Cecchine-Williams said Thursday. She also could not predict when her department might have to take similar steps elsewhere.
"It really depends on what we're seeing and the community feedback we get," she said.
Such closures, she said, "are a burden on people, and we don't take that lightly."
"Our hope is that we don't have to do more of these."


text:
import { forwardRef } from "react";

import { FontIcon, FontIconProps } from "@react-md/icon";

export const TextsmsFontIcon = forwardRef<HTMLElement, FontIconProps>(
  function TextsmsFontIcon(props, ref) {
    return (
      <FontIcon {...props} ref={ref}>
        textsms
      </FontIcon>
    );
  }
);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This weekend my daughter and I re-watched Will Smith's movie, Collateral Beauty. It's about grief and the devastation that loss leaves in its path. I know, it doesn't sound very uplifting, but in many ways it is. If you haven't seen this movie, please do…Smith is amazing in this movie. You'll find it reminiscent of "A Christmas Carol," but who doesn't love that old classic?
The first time I saw it, I really didn't give much thought to the movie's name, or the statement made by a key character in reference to losing a loved one: "Make sure to notice the collateral beauty." Beauty resulting from a painful loss? Can there be such a thing? One might initially be incensed by such a suggestion, but in healing there is beauty. And yes, we might even find the beauty in the otherwise heart-breaking consequences of loss.
I've experienced a number of seemingly insurmountable losses, as many of us have. While drowning in the darkness and isolation in the months that followed, I made a commitment to myself, and to the beloved person who was no longer at my side. I refused to allow the pain associated with their death become the main focus, rather than the impact they'd had on my life. I would, in some way, honor them and the time we had together. I would find what I can now see as the collateral beauty.
When my husband died only 3 weeks after our twin daughters turned 8 years old, I began journaling. Putting words to my feelings, fears, and loneliness helped me experience my grief in a healing way, rather than continually wallow in it. Journaling led to a practice of gratitude–and eventually the study of spirituality and metaphysics. Over the years I evolved into a stronger, more intentional and peaceful individual. I noticed the beauty in things I'd never seen before. I saw life in variations of color, instead of black or white. And, after a 10-year study of life, mindset mastery, and spirituality (one that will never end) I became a coach who would help people through challenges of their own.
Prior to my husband's death I did what people do: work, parent, love, and hope. After his death, I learned to live through my heart, speak from my wisdom, and rely on my unshakable faith. Eventually, I would help others do the same.
We all must grieve in our own way, on our own timeline. No one can tell us what will happen in the months and years to come, but we get to make some healing choices when we're ready.
There is collateral beauty, and perhaps simply knowing that can bring us through those moments of excrutiating grief. It can give us something to hold on to, beyond memories of the past—because, it's the future that brings hope and new beginnings.


text:
Fluoride Exposure, Caregiver Education, and Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (dmft) in 2-5 year-old English or Spanish Speaking Children
Paola R. Uceda1, Lauren A. Sanzone2, Ceib L. Phillips3 , Michael W. Roberts1, *
1 Private general practice, 6334 Seton House, Charlotte, NC 28277
2 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA
3 Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, CB#7450, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA
Received Date: 26/8/2013
Electronic publication date: 13 /12/2013
PDF Downloads: 6
© Uceda et al.; Licensee Bentham Open.
* Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, CB#7450, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450; Tel: (919)537-3955; Fax: (919)537-3950; E-mail: mike_roberts@dentistry.unc.edu
Dental caries is a multifactorial disease that includes behavioral and cultural components. The study's purpose was to determine the caries experienced (as measured by dmft) in a group of 2-5 y/o children, assess their family and home environment including consumption of fluoridated drinking water, use of a fluoride containing dentifrice, and level of caregiver formal education.
Parents of children referred for dental treatment under general anesthesia and who either spoke and read English or Spanish were recruited and consent obtained. Selected information on the family home, parental education and selected fluoride contact data was obtained. An oral clinical examination of the child assisted by intraoral radiographs was completed and the number of decayed, missing, filled primary teeth (dmft) recorded for each child. Bitewings were obtained if posterior or anterior teeth contacts were closed but only periapical radiographs were obtained if contacts were open. Children of English speaking caregivers had statistically more dmft after controlling for the effect of the child's age and years of parental education (p=0.04). English speaking families had lived in their current home longer and the parent had more formal education than did the Spanish speaking parent. When available, the English children drank municipal tap water more often than did the Spanish children. Spanish speaking parents often chose bottled drinking water. No difference between the two groups was found in the use of tap water for cooking or the use of fluoridated dentifrice.
In conclusion, increased parent education, language spoken by the parents and time living in the current home were not associated with lower dmft. Drinking fluoridated drinking water did not affect the dmft. However, using fluoridated water when available to cook and using fluoride containing dentifrice by both groups may have been mutually beneficial.
Keywords: : Caries, education, ethnicity, fluoride, parent, teeth.
Previous Article View Abstract Download PDF Next Article
Dental caries is a multifactorial, chronic, transmissible disease that is prevalent in both industrialized and developing countries [1]. Among preschool children, dental caries is the most common childhood illness with a prevalence surpassing asthma and constitutes a major health problem [2-4]. A disproportionately large disease burden has been found among children from low-income families and racial-ethnic-minority groups [5-8]. There has recently been a large increase in the Hispanic population in the United States. The 2010 census showed the Hispanic population in the US grew by 43%, or four times the nation's 9.7% growth rate [9].
Among children 2-5 years of age, twenty-eight percent have experienced early childhood caries (ECC). This figure increases to 90% among Head Start children aged 3-5 years of age with no differences between males and females [10-15] ECC is defined as one or more decayed, missing or filled tooth surface in the primary dentition of a child aged 6 years or younger and is the result of multiple processes initiated by inappropriate diet and feeding practices [16]. Specific tooth-adherent bacteria metabolize dietary sugars and fermentable carbohydrates to produce acids which demineralizes tooth structure [17]. Race and percent of poverty level have been identified as significant factors in the number of untreated caries. Hispanic children of Mexican origin and children below 100% poverty level had significantly more untreated caries [15, 18, 19]. In a study in Arizona, preschool children with caregivers in the lowest income category had a mean dmft score four times higher than those with caregivers in the highest category [20].
Most children can be successfully treated in the dental office environment with the use of traditional behavior management techniques such as tell-show-do, nitrous oxide-oxygen analgesia, or conscious sedation with the assistance of pharmacological adjuncts. However, many very young children with significant dental disease and demonstrated acute situational anxieties associated with dental care, as well as patients with special health care needs must have their dental care completed in the operating room under general anesthesia [21-24].
The purpose of this study was to assess in a non-generalized sample the relationship between caries prevalence, level of parent education, home environment, consumption of fluoride containing drinking water and use of fluoride dentifrice among relatively healthy 2-5 year old children of English or Spanish speaking families who were scheduled for comprehensive dental care in the operating room under general anesthesia.
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill (Study # 10-0361). Potential research subjects included families with children between 2-5 years of age who were scheduled for comprehensive dental treatment in the University of North Carolina Hospitals operating room under general anesthesia due to the amount of dental disease present or because of the child not being able to cooperate for dental care in the conventional manner. All age-eligible children who met the health criteria of being classified as an ASA 1 or 2 [25, 26], and whose parent(s) spoke and read either English or Spanish between April 2010-February 2012 were eligible to participate. Parents of 248 children agreed to participate in the study, including 126 English-speaking and 122 Spanish-speaking subjects. We did consecutive sampling with a target goal of a minimum of 100 subjects per group which would provide sufficient power to detect moderate differences. The participating parent signed an approved Consent to Participate in a Research Study form and completed a survey questionnaire in their preferred language. The survey form solicited information in the following areas: how long the family had lived in the present home, the number of years of school completed by the primary care-giving parent of the child, whether the home water came from a municipal water supply or from a private/community well, whether the drinking water was fluoridated, whether the child drank water from the home tap and how many glasses of water were consumed per day, whether the child consumed bottled water, whether tap water was used for cooking in the home, and whether the child's teeth were brushed with a fluoridated dentifrice. No child in the study was reported to have taken or was taking a fluoride supplement. Data from the completed questionnaires were reviewed and entered on an Excel spread sheet. All families whose home received water from a private/community well were offered a water sample collection kit to determine whether the water source contained measurable amounts of fluoride. The water analysis was completed by the State Laboratory of Public Health (North Carolina).
For each child, a complete oral examination was completed in the operating room and a full series of six-to-eight intraoral periapical and/or bitewing radiographs were obtained, with the exact number depending upon whether the contacts of the posterior and anterior teeth were open and could be examined visually. One calibrated study investigator (MWR) reviewed the oral examination and dental radiographs to determine the dmft score for each child. Bivariate analyses (Chi-square for nominal, and Wilcoxon Rank Sum for continuous variables) [27] were used to assess whether the English speaking and the Spanish speaking families differed in demographic, fluoride usage characteristics and the dmft of the children. Linear regression was used to assess whether the average dmft of the two groups differed after adjusting for the educational level of the primary care giver and the age of the child. Level of significance was set at 0.05.
Data from 124 English and 117 Spanish speaking families were included in the statistical analysis. Children from two English speaking and five Spanish speaking parents originally enrolled in the study were excluded from the analyses due to incomplete data. A significant difference was found between the median ages of the children in the two groups (p=0.006). The median age of the children in the Spanish speaking family group was younger than that in the English speaking family group. There was also a significant difference between the two groups in how long the family had lived at the current address (p=0.05). No difference was found in the number of male and female children (p=0.75) in the two groups. Age of the child was positively associated with an increased dmft; older children tended to have a higher dmft score (r=0.21; p<0.001). There was also a significant difference between the two groups in the median number of years of formal education completed by the primary care-giving parent. (p<0.001). The median number of years completed by Spanish speaking care-givers was 9.0 years, compared to 12.0 years among English-speaking care-givers (Table 1). Children of English speaking caregivers had statistically more dmft after controlling for the effect of age of the child and years of formal care-giver education (p=0.04). The adjusted median dmft score was 8.5 for children in English speaking families and 7.0 for children in Spanish speaking families. The age of the child was associated with dmft even after controlling for parental education level and language group (p<0.001) (Table 2).
Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (dmft) and Demographic Variables (n=241)
Spanish (n=117)
English (n=124)
dmft 7.0 4.0 10.0 8.5 6.0 11.0 0.004
Years family living at current address 2.0 1.0 4.0 3.0 1.0 6.3 0.05
Years of education of primary care-giving parent 9.0 6.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 14.0 <0.001
Age of child in years 3.4 2.8 4.3 4.1 3.3 4.8 0.006
Male 59 (50%) 60 (50%) 0.75
Female 58 (48%) 64 (52%)
Chi-square test was used for gender (categorical variable).
Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for the other variables (continuous variable).
P25 (25th percentile)
Anova table for linear regression model assessing the effect of language, age of child, and parent's years of education on dmft scores in children from English and Spanish speaking families
Type III SS
F-value
Language 1 57.25 57.25 4.08 0.04
Age 1 103.22 103.22 7.36 0.001
Years of education 1 0.41 0.41 0.03 0.87
Assessment of the effect of language and age of child on number of glasses of water drunk by children in English and Spanish speaking families
Language 1 4.02 4.02 2.81 0.09
Age 1 0.35 0.35 0.24 0.62
DF (degrees of freedom)
Type III SS (Type III Sum of Squares)
MS (Mean Square)
Spanish speaking families lived in homes with municipal tap water more often than did English speaking families (p<0.001). Virtually all municipal water supplies were fluor-idated (p=0.006). In only one incidence was a measurable amount of fluoride detected in a private well (0.26 parts per million/fluoride), a level significantly lower than the current recommendation for optimal fluoridation of drinking water. English speaking families drank the water from the tap significantly more often (p<0.001) than did the Spanish speaking families, while Spanish speaking families were more likely to choose bottled drinking water (p<0.001). It was not determined whether the bottled water drank contained fluoride (Table 3). When tap water was drunk, children of Spanish speaking families drank fewer glasses of water, on average, than children of English speaking families (P=0.01). However, this difference was explained by the difference in the age distributions in the two groups (Table 2). No difference was found between the two groups in the use of tap water for cooking (p=0.57) or in the use of fluoride containing dentifrice to clean the teeth (p=0.35) (Table 3).
Water Sources and Fluoride Exposure Among Study Participants
N (%)
Home water supply
Municipal 96 (82.1) 74 (59.7) <0.0001
Well 21 (17.9) 50 (40.3)
Fluoridated tap water
Yes 93 (79.5) 60 (48.4) 0.0006
No 9 (7.7) 34 (27.4)
Do not know 15 (12.8) 30 (24.2)
Glasses of water drunk per day 2.27 2.63 0.01
Drinking water source
Tap water 48 (41%) 93 (75%) <0.001
Bottled water 69 (59%) 31 (25%) <0.001
Use tap water to cook 109 (93%) 117 (94%) 0.57
Use fluoridated dentifrice 103 (88%) 108 (87%) 0.35
Chi-Square was used for categorical variables
Wilcoxon rank sum used for glasses of water drunk per day
Children raised in communities that have a recommended level of fluoride in the drinking water have fewer dental caries [28]. In our study the Spanish speaking families were more transient but they were also more likely to live in urban areas with a municipal water supply than were the English speaking families. Municipal water sources were generally fluoridated (79.5%) but only one private well tested had any detectable fluoride content. Thus, the children of Spanish speaking parents more often had access to fluoride in their home tap water but their families often chose to drink bottled water rather than tap water therefore probably missing the benefit from drinking water containing an optimal level of fluoride. From professional experience, although commercially available, Spanish speaking families do not tend to purchase bottled fluoridated water. Thus, it is presumed that the bottled water did not contain fluoride. Spanish speaking caregivers often expressed a preference for drinking bottle water due to cultural concerns for the safety of drinking tap water. In our study, whether the child did or did not consume known fluoridated drinking water during these early formative years did not appear to affect their caries prevalence. However, when available both groups primarily used tap water for cooking which could have introduced fluoride into the diet.
Fluoride prevents caries mainly by its topical effect [29]. However, the dental caries preventing benefits of fluoride can be obtained by means other than by drinking water containing fluoride and both groups used primarily fluoride containing dentifrice [11, 30-36]. The families that used drinking water from a private/community well rarely had the benefit of fluoridated water as fluoride is rarely found in the catchment area of this study. The regular use of a fluoride containing dentifrice has been demonstrated to be beneficial in reducing the incidence of caries [37]. However, the number of times a day the child's teeth were brushed and whether the brushing was done by the child alone or with adult assistance was not recorded.
It is not known what combination of global fluoride exposures is adequate for caries prevention. Since there was no difference between the two groups relative to the use of municipal tap water for food preparation, possibly the fluoride in the water used for cooking or from other sources, such as soda, juice and infant formula, may have confounded the results.
It has been reported that the prevalence of dmft among children is often indirectly related to the family's socioeconomic status [6-8, 15, 18-20]. The socioeconomic status of a family is often positively related to the years of formal education/ training by the parent(s). This would suggest that the English speaking families in this study should be more economically comfortable. However, an inverse relationship between years of formal education of the primary care giver and caries prevalence in the affected child was not found. No relationship was found between the caregiver's education level and the dmft of their child in either the English or Spanish speaking samples (English r=-0.06, P=0.52; Spanish r=0.01, P=0.88). This may suggest that an education threshold had not been reached to make a measureable difference in the socioeconomic status of the two groups. It may also suggest that in comparing Spanish-versus English-speaking caregivers, there are other factors affecting caries prevalence. Although the sample size per group may be an issue with respect to detecting such small differences between the groups, it is more likely that families, both English and Spanish speaking, whose children require treatment in the operating room represent unique populations.
The diet of the two groups of children was not examined. Whether there was a significant difference in dietary contacts and frequency with sugar and other fermentable carbohydrates is not known.
Under the conditions of this study in this non-generalized group of relatively healthy children referred for comprehensive dental care in the operating room under general anesthesia, children of English speaking caregivers had statistically more dmft compared to the children of Spanish speaking caregivers after controlling for the effect of age of the child and years of formal caregiver education.
English speaking caregivers reported significantly more years of formal education than the Spanish speaking parents. However, it is unknown whether a threshold level of formal education exists above which risk of caries in their children begins to decrease.
Drinking fluoridated municipal tap water rather than bottled water did not appear to result in a reduced dmft.
When available, both English and Spanish speaking groups reported generally using fluoridated municipal water supply for cooking. In addition, both groups reported equally using a fluoride containing dentifrice to clean the children's teeth. These fluoride exposures may have provided some dental protective benefits to both groups.
The authors confirm that this article content has no conflicts of interest.
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text:
Martin Blake may refer to:

Martin Blake (clergyman) (1593–1673), English bishop
Martin J. Blake (1853–1930), Irish historian
Martin Joseph Blake (1790–1861), Irish politician


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Robert M. Groves (chair), Department of Mathematics and Statistics and Department of Sociology, Georgetown University
Mary Ellen Bock, Department of Statistics, Purdue University
Anne C. Case, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University
Michael E. Chernew, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School
Janet Currie, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University
Donald A. Dillman, Department of Sociology, Washington State University
Diana Farrell, JPMorgan Chase Institute, Washington, D.C.
Daniel Kifer, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University
Thomas L. Mesenbourg, Retired, Formerly U.S. Census Bureau
Sarah M. Nusser, Department of Statistics, Center for Survey Statistics and Methodology, Iowa State University
Colm A. O'Muircheartaigh, Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Studies, The University of Chicago
Jerome P. Reiter, Department of Statistical Science, Duke University
Roberto Rigobon, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Judith A. Seltzer, Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles
C. Matthew Snipp, School of the Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University
Robert M. Groves (NAS/NAM) is executive vice president and provost of Georgetown University, where he is also the Gerard J. Campbell professor in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics and a professor in the Department of Sociology. Prior to joining Georgetown as provost, he served as director of the U.S. Census Bureau from 2009 to 2012 after being appointed by President Barack Obama. Previously, he was director of the University of Michigan Survey Research Center and research professor at the Joint Program in Survey Methodology at the University of Maryland. He also served as associate director for research and methodology of the U.S. Census Bureau from 1990 to 1992. His research focuses on the effects of the mode of data collection on responses in sample surveys, the social and political influences on survey participation, the use of adaptive research designs to improve the cost and error properties of statistics, and how public concerns about privacy affect attitudes toward statistical agencies. He is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in the Social and Political Sciences Section and the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) in the Social Sciences, Humanities and Law Section. He served as a member of CNSTAT from 2000 to 2006, as a member of DBASSE from 2014 to 2016, and has served on numerous Academies boards, panels, and committees, including chair of the Panel to Review Programs of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS); member of the Committee on Revisions to the Common Rule for the Protection of Human Subjects in Research in the Behavioral and Social Sciences: A Workshop; and the Workshop Steering Committee on Enhancing Research and Development for the Federal Statistical System, among others. He is an elected fellow of the American Statistical Association and an elected member of the International Statistical Institute and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has an A.B. in sociology from Dartmouth College and an M.A. and Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Michigan.
Mary Ellen Bock is a professor of statistics at Purdue University. Her current research interests include bioinformatics and biologically related disciplines (genomics, nutrition, proteomics), massive data and additive manufacturing. She is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and the American Statistical Association. She is a past president of the American Statistical Association. She has been elected to offices in the Mathematics Section and in the Statistics Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She has previously served on the Panel for Information Technology, Board on Mathematical Sciences and Their Applications, U.S. National Committee for Mathematics, Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics, and Panel for Computing and Applied Mathematics. Dr. Bock received a B.A. in German and a Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
Anne C. Case (NAM) is the Alexander Stewart 1886 professor of economics and public affairs at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and the Economics Department at Princeton University. She is also the director of the research program in development studies and a faculty fellow in two research centers sponsored by the Woodrow Wilson School: the Center for Health and Wellbeing and the Office of Population Research. Her main research interests are in microeconomic foundations of development, health, and economics of the family. She served on the Academies' Committee on Population (CPOP) in the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education from 2005 to 2008. She is currently serving as an external member of the World Bank's research committee; a member of the UNAIDS Economic Reference Group; an affiliate of the Southern African Labour and Development Research Unit at the University of Cape Town; and a visiting scientist at the Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies. She is an elected member of the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) in the Social Sciences, Humanities, and Law Section. She is also an elected member of the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She has a B.S. from the State University of New York, Albany, an M.P.A. from Princeton University, and a Ph.D. in economics from Princeton University.
Michael E. Chernew (NAM) is a professor of health care policy in the Department of Health Care Policy at Harvard Medical School. His research examines several areas related to controlling health care spending growth while maintaining or improving the quality of care. His research activities have focused on several areas, most notably the causes and consequences of growth in health care expenditures. Much of his most recent work has focused on designing and evaluating Value Based Insurance Design (VBID) packages that attempt to minimize financial barriers to high value health care services and simultaneously reduce costs, and his ongoing work explores geographic variation in spending and spending growth. Several large companies have adopted these approaches, and Dr. Chernew's ongoing work includes evaluations and design of such programs. His work on payment reform involves evaluation of bundled payment initiatives, including global payment models that include pay-for-performance components. He is an elected member of the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) in Social Sciences, Humanities and Law Section. He is the co-editor of the American Journal of Managed Care and senior associate editor of Health Services Research. He is also a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research, a member of the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC), which is an independent agency established to advise the U.S. Congress on issues affecting the Medicare program, a member of the Congressional Budget Office's Panel of Health Advisors, and a member of the Commonwealth Foundation's Commission on a High Performance Health Care System. In 2000, 2004 and 2010, he served on technical advisory panels for the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) that reviewed the assumptions used by the Medicare actuaries to assess the financial status of the Medicare trust funds. On the panels, Dr. Chernew focused on the methodology used to project trends in long-term health care cost growth. In 1998, he was awarded the John D. Thompson Prize for Young Investigators by the Association of University Programs in Public Health. In 1999, he received the Alice S. Hersh Young Investigator Award from the Association of Health Services Research. He has an A.B. and B.S. in economics from the University of Pennsylvania and a Ph.D. in economics from Stanford University.
Janet Currie (NAM) is the Henry Putnam professor of economics and public affairs at Princeton University and director of Princeton's Center for Health and Well Being. Her research focuses on the impact of government policies and poverty on the health and well-being of children over their life cycle. She has written about early intervention programs and expansions of the Medicaid program, public housing, and food and nutrition programs. Her current research focuses on socioeconomic differences in child health and environmental threats to children's health. She is a member of the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) in the Social Sciences, Humanities and Law Section, a position she was elected to in 2013. She served on the Board on Children, Youth and Families from 2012 to 2014 and the Committee on Population from 2001 to 2004, and has served on several Academies committees on the promotion of well-being of children and families. She is currently on the Board of Reviewing Editors of Science magazine and the editorial board of the Quarterly Journal of Economics. She has been elected to membership positions in numerous professional associations, including member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; member of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences; and a fellow of the Econometric Society. She served as both president (2014-15) and vice president (2013-14) of the Society of Labor Economists, and served as vice president of the American Economic Association (2010). She has a B.A. and M.A. in economics from the University of Toronto and a Ph.D. in economics from Princeton University.
Donald A. Dillman is Regents professor in the Department of Sociology at Washington State University. He also serves as the deputy director for research and development in the Social and Economic Sciences Research Center at Washington State University. From 1991 to 1995, he served as the senior survey methodologist in the Office of the Director at the U.S. Census Bureau. In 2000, he received the Roger Herriot Award for Innovation in Federal Statistics for his work at the Census Bureau. He is recognized internationally as a major contributor to the development of modern mail, telephone, and internet survey methods. Throughout his time at Washington State University, he has maintained an active research program on the improvement of survey methods and how information technologies influence rural development. He has served as investigator on more than 80 grants and contracts worth approximately $12.5 million, and written 13 books and more than 235 other publications. He holds numerous memberships in professional organizations, including the American Sociological Association, and is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Statistical Association. He served as past president of the American Association for Public Opinion Research and the Rural Sociological Society. He chaired the Academies Panel on Redesigning the BLS Consumer Expenditures Surveys; served as a member of the Panel on Redesigning the Commercial Building and Residential Energy Consumption Surveys; the Panel on Residence Rules in the Decennial Census; and the Survey of Earned Doctorates Advisory Panel. He has a B.A. in agronomy, an M.S. in rural sociology, and a Ph.D. in sociology, all from Iowa State University.
Diana Farrell is the founding president and chief executive officer of the JPMorgan Chase Institute. Previously, she was the global head of the McKinsey Center for Government, providing research, proprietary data and other tools to support government leaders focused on improving performance. In addition, she was a leader of McKinsey's Global Public Sector Practice and a member of their Partner Review Committee. She served in the White House as deputy director of the National Economic Council and deputy assistant to the President on Economic Policy from 2009-2011. During her tenure, she led interagency processes and stakeholder management on a broad portfolio of economic initiatives, including financial reform, housing and innovation. She also coordinated stakeholder engagement around the passage of the historic Dodd-Frank Act and served as a member of the President's Auto Recovery Task Force. Prior to serving in the Obama Administration, she was the head of the McKinsey Global Institute. Under her leadership, the Institute published extensively on the topics of productivity; competitiveness and growth; global financial system evolution and capital market developments; labor markets; healthcare systems; and energy. Ms. Farrell earned an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School.
Daniel Kifer is associate professor in the Department of Computer Science & Engineering and a member of the graduate faculty in the Social Data Analytics Department at The Pennsylvania State University. Dr. Kifer's research interests include statistical privacy, machine learning, computational social science, and deep learning. He has won an influential paper award at the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering and has developed some of the disclosure avoidance techniques used by the U.S. Census Bureau. His research has been supported by NSF, Google, Xerox, NVIDIA, Adobe, and Yahoo. Dr. Kifer has a Ph.D. from Cornell University.
Thomas L. Mesenbourg retired as acting director of the U.S. Census Bureau in August 2013. He served as deputy director from May 2008-August 2012. Before being named deputy director, he was associate director for economic programs, with responsibility for the Economic Directorate's myriad programs, including the Economic Census and the Census of Governments and over 100 monthly, quarterly, and annual surveys. He joined the Census Bureau in 1972. In 2004, he received a Presidential Rank Award for Distinguished Senior Executives, government's highest award for career executives. In October 2012, Mr. Mesenbourg received the Roger W. Jones Award from American University for exceptional leadership among people who devoted themselves to federal public service, and in 2011 he received the Julius Shiskin Award for economic statistics. He has a bachelor's degree in economics from Boston University and an M.A. in economics from Pennsylvania State University.
Sarah M. Nusser is vice president for research and professor in the Department of Statistics at Iowa State University. She was recently director of the Center for Survey Statistics and Methodology, and she was a senior research fellow at BLS from 2000 to 2001 and a mathematical statistician at USDA NASS in 2011. Her research interests include using geospatial data in survey data collection and estimation, sampling and estimation methods for agricultural and natural resource surveys, and sample design and measurement error in surveys. She is familiar with the American Community Survey and other U.S. Census Bureau surveys through her work with Census Bureau researchers on using geospatial data for address listings and her service on the Census Advisory Committee of Professional Associations. She also has experience with administrative records data bases through research involving welfare program evaluation and numerous operational survey projects. She is a fellow of the American Statistical Association and an elected member of the International Statistics Institute. She serves on the UN Food and Agriculture Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and Rural Statistics. Her previous Academies committee experience includes the Workshop on the Food Availability Data System and Estimates of Food Loss; the Panel on Redesigning the BLS Consumer Expenditures Surveys; the Panel on Estimating Children Eligible for School Nutrition Programs Using the American Community Survey; and the Committee on Social Security Representative Payees. She has a B.S. in botany from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, an M.S. in botany from North Carolina State University, and an M.S. and Ph.D. in statistics from Iowa State University.
Colm A. O'Muircheartaigh is dean of the University of Chicago's Harris School of Public Policy Studies, professor in the Harris School, and senior fellow in the National Opinion Research Center (NORC). He is one of the nation's leading experts in the design and implementation of social investigations. An applied statistician, he has focused his research on the design of complex surveys across a wide range of populations and topics, and on fundamental issues of data quality, including the impact of errors in responses to survey questions, cognitive aspects of question wording, and latent variable models for non-response. He joined the Harris School faculty in 1998 from the London School of Economics and Political Science, where he was the first director of the Methodology Institute and a faculty member of the Department of Statistics since 1971. A fellow of the Royal Statistical Society and the American Statistical Association, and an elected member of the International Statistical Institute, he has served as a consultant to a wide range of public and commercial organizations around the world, including the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the United Nations. He served on the Academies' Panel on Residence Rules in the Decennial Census from 2004 to 2006. He received his undergraduate education at University College Dublin, and his graduate education at the London School of Economics.
Jerome P. (Jerry) Reiter is professor of statistical science at Duke University. Before joining Duke as an assistant professor, he was a lecturer of statistics at the University of California, Santa Barbara, an assistant professor of statistics at Williams College, the interim executive director of the Triangle Research Data Center, and a senior fellow at the National Institute of Statistical Sciences. He participates in both applied and methodological research in statistics, and is most interested in applications involving social science and public policy. His methodological research focuses mainly on data confidentiality, missing data, and survey methodology. He previously served on the CNSTAT Panel on Addressing Priority Technical Issues for the Next Decade of the American Community Survey--First Phase; the TRB Committee on the Long-Term Stewardship of Safety Data from the Second Strategic Highway Research Program; and the CNSTAT-CPOP Panel on Collecting, Storing, Accessing, and Protecting Biological Specimens and Biodata in Social Surveys. He is a fellow of the American Statistical Association, an elected member of the International Statistical Institute, principal investigator of the Triangle Census Research Network (funded by the National Science Foundation to improve the practice of data dissemination among federal statistical agencies), and deputy director of the Information Initiative at Duke, an institute dedicated to research and applications in the analysis of large-scale (and not large-scale) data. He has a B.S. in mathematics from Duke University, and an A.M. and Ph.D. in statistics from Harvard University.
Roberto Rigobon is the Society of Sloan Fellows professor of management and professor of applied economics at the MIT Sloan School of Management. He is also a visiting professor at the Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administración (Institute of Advanced Studies in Administration, IESA) in Venezuela and a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research. Dr. Rigobon is a Venezuelan economist whose areas of research are international economics, monetary economics, and development economics. His research has addressed the causes of balance-of-payments crises, financial crises, and the propagation of them across countries—the phenomenon that has been identified in the literature as contagion. Currently, he is studying the properties of international pricing practices and how to produce alternative measures of inflation. He is one of the two founding members of the Billion Prices Project as well as a co-founder of PriceStats. He is a member of the Census Bureau's Scientific Advisory Committee and president of the Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association. He has been an associate editor for the Review of Economics and Statistics, Economia, and Emerging Markets Review, and an editor for Economia Panel. He has a B.S. in electrical engineering from Universidad Simon Bolivar (Venezuela), an M.B.A. from IESA, and a Ph.D. in economics from MIT.
Judith A. Seltzer is professor of sociology and past director of the California Center for Population Research at the University of California, Los Angeles. Previously, she was on the faculty of the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where she contributed to the development and implementation of the National Survey of Families and Households. Her research interests include kinship patterns, intergenerational obligations, relationships between nonresident fathers and children, and how legal institutions and other policies affect family change. She is especially interested in kinship institutions that are in flux, such as marriage and cohabitation in the contemporary United States or divorced and non-marital families. She also explores ways to improve the quality of survey data on families, and in 2013 Seltzer and her colleagues added a module with family rosters to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to provide new data on U.S. family networks. She currently serves on the CNSTAT Standing Committee on Reengineering Census Operations, and she previously served on the Panel on Residence Rules in the Decennial Census, the Panel on the Design of the 2010 Census Program of Evaluations and Experiments, and the Panel to Review the 2010 Census. She was president of the Population Association of America in 2016, and she previously served on the Board of Overseers for the General Social Survey. She has a B.A. in sociology from Princeton University and both an M.A. and Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Michigan.
C. Matthew Snipp is Burnet C. and Milfred Finley Wohlford professor of sociology at Stanford University. At Stanford, he currently serves as director of the Secure Data Center, deputy director of the Institute for Research in the Social Sciences, and chair of the Native American Studies program. He has written extensively on American Indians, focusing specifically on the interaction of American Indians and the U.S. census. He currently serves on the CNSTAT Standing Committee on Reengineering Census Operations and the Standing Committee for the American Opportunity Study-Phase 1. Previously, he served as a member of the Panel to Review the 2010 Census, the Panel on Residence Rules in the Decennial Census, the Panel on the Research on Future Census Methods, and as co-chair of the Steering Committee for a Workshop on Developing a New National Survey on Social Mobility. He has also served on the Census Bureau's Technical Advisory Committee on Racial and Ethnic Statistics and the Native American Population Advisory Committee. He is the former director of the Center for Comparative Studies of Race and Ethnicity. Prior to moving to Stanford, he was associate professor and professor of rural sociology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he held affiliate appointments with several other units, and assistant and associate professor of sociology at the University of Maryland. He has a M.S. and Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
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should take the responsibility to pay for the damages caused during the accident.
One must file a complaint, either directly or through the online accident report.
Direct complaint can be considered by the police officer, responding to the scene.
proceed further to obtain justice.


Poly Photo Club members, Michele McCain and Ernesto Corte, will be exhibiting images in the art museum at the California Center for the Arts in Escondido.
This is a group exhibition entitled "Photography Expanded: Distinct Approaches" which will include works by a select group of California photographers and will highlight their unique styles of photography.
The opening reception will be held on Friday, September 29th. There is more information on the reception below.


text:
Student Safety - Contacts
Where to seek support at your university
Contacts for accessing counselling support or reporting sexual harassment and sexual assault at your university.
8888 or 1300 729 452
SafeZone App
03 9953 3579 or https://www.studentportal.acu.edu.au/counselling_disability
www.acu.edu.au/emergency-and-safety/respect-now-always#report
https://bond.edu.au/current-students/services-support/student-support/response-sexual-misconduct
https://bond.edu.au/current-students/services-support/university-safety-and-security/safety-respect-care-consent
08 8946 7777 or 1800 646 501 (free)
To make an appointment www.cdu.edu.au/equity-services
CDU Crisis Support
After hours support for CDU students
CDU Complaints Management Unit
www.cdu.edu.au/strategicservices-governance/complaints
SU Safe is a mass messaging communication and Campus Security access platform based on the Telstra Whispir system. Registering for CSU Safe alerts and Security notification is easy.
Text/SMS your campus name (as shown below) to 0409513136
[email protected] and/or to make an appointment http://student.csu.edu.au/study/appointments#counselling
Sexual assault and harassment information and support
http://www.csu.edu.au/respect/home
CQUniversity Australia
www.cqu.edu.au/safetyoncampus
1331 or 0418 792982
Or Use the SafeZone App on your mobile.
07 4930 9456 / [email protected]
www.cqu.edu.au/counselling
www.cqu.edu.au/studentfeedback
https://www.cqu.edu.au/student-life/new-students/student-support/health-and-welfare/respect-now-always
Safer Community Team
Building 115 (North of Campus)
Sexual Assault Resource Centre
1800 062 579 or http://www.deakin.edu.au/students/safety-and-security
Burwood – 03 9244 6222
Waurn Ponds – 03 5227 8222
Geelong Waterfront – 03 5227 8222
Warrnambool – 03 5227 8222
Burwood – 03 9244 6300 or 03 9244 5577
http://www.deakin.edu.au/students/health-and-wellbeing/counselling
03 9244 3734 or [email protected]
http://www.deakin.edu.au/students/safety-and-security/safer-community
+61 8 6304 6706 or [email protected]
http://intranet.ecu.edu.au/student/support/sexual-assault-and-harassment
The Sexual Assault Resource Centre (SARC)
+61 8 9340 1828 or 1800 199 888 (free from landline) all hours
Ballarat – 03 5327 6333 or emergency 1800 333 732
Wimmera – 03 5382 0560 or emergency 000
Gippsland – 03 5122 6662 or emergency 1800 333 732
Berwick – 03 9902 7777 or emergency 1800 333 732
https://federation.edu.au/staff/working-at-feduni/risk,-health-and-safety/emergency-and-security
Ballarat and Wimmera – 03 5237 9470 or [email protected]
Gippsland and Berwick – 03 51522 6425 or [email protected]
https://federation.edu.au/current-students/assistance-support-and-services/student-support-services/feduni-against-violence/get-help/you-experienced-sexual-assault#report
03 5327 6461 (Manager, Equity and Diversity) or 03 5327 8104 (Equity Officer)
https://students.flinders.edu.au/support/hcd/counselling
https://students.flinders.edu.au/feedback-rights-policy/safety-on-campus
Sexual assault helpline
griffith.edu.au/safe-campuses
1800 675 559 or [email protected]
www.jcu.edu.au/counselling
Cairns – 07 4232 1150
Townsville – 07 4781 4711
https://www.jcu.edu.au/safety-and-wellbeing
https://www.latrobe.edu.au/security/contact-us
Emergency: 03 9479 2222
Albury Wodonga – 03 9479 2222 or External free call 1800 800 613
Bendigo – 03 5444 7999 or 03 5444 8999 or External free call 1800 077 043
City (Collins Street) – 03 9479 2222 or External free call 1800 800 613
Melbourne (Bundoora) – 03 9479 2222 or External free call 1800 800 613
Mildura – 03 9479 2222 or External free call 1800 800 613
Shepparton – 03 9479 2222 or External free call: 1800 800 613
Sydney – 02 9964 6113
Albury Wodonga – [email protected]
02 6024 9627 or after hours 1300 687 327
Bendigo – [email protected]
03 5444 7223 or after hours: 1300 687 327
City (Collins Street) – [email protected]
Melbourne (Bundoora) – [email protected]
Mildura – [email protected]
Shepparton – [email protected]
Sydney – [email protected]
http://www.latrobe.edu.au/speakup
[email protected] or 03 9479 8988
02 9850 9999 (emergencies) or 02 9850 7112
http://mq.edu.au/about/campus-services-and-facilities/security
Counselling – Student Wellbeing
02 9850 7497 or 1800 227 367 (24/7)
https://students.mq.edu.au/support/wellbeing/counselling-services
https://students.mq.edu.au/support/wellbeing/support/rna-report-online
http://www.monash.edu/health/counselling
South Eastern Centre Against Sexual Assault (SECASA)
Safer Community Unit
http://our.murdoch.edu.au/Campus-and-Facilities-Management-Office/Our-services/Security-services/
Murdoch Security Office: 08 9360 6262
Emergency numbers:
Perth – 08 9360 7333
Mandurah – 08 9582 5555
Rockingham – 08 9360 7333
http://www.murdoch.edu.au/Counselling/
http://www.murdoch.edu.au/Counselling/Respect.Now.Always/
www.fmd.qut.edu.au/security
Counselling and Medical Services – 07 3138 23 83
Equity Services – 07 3138 5601 or www.qut.edu.au/about/equity
07 3138 888 – Campus Security
https://www.student.qut.edu.au/health-and-wellbeing/rights-conduct-and-grievances/respect
Emergency – 03 9925 3333
General inquiries (24/7)
https://www.rmit.edu.au/students/support-and-facilities/student-support/counselling
https://www.rmit.edu.au/students/support-and-facilities/student-support/safer-community
026620 3333 (Lismore/Gold Coast/ National Marine Science Centre) or 1800 004 357 (Coffs Harbour)
1300 782 676 (After hours Crisis Counselling Support Line)
Coffs Harbour: 02 6659 3263
Gold Coast: 07 5589 3252
Lismore: 02 6626 9131
The Hotel School Sydney: (02) 8249 3227 – [email protected]
The Hotel School Melbourne: (03) 9601 3400 – [email protected]
Workplace Health and Safety Team
02 6620 3651 or 02 6626 9143
Complaints Assistance Officer
Student Safety Support and Wellbeing Coordinator
briony.leonard@scu.edu.au
https://www.swinburne.edu.au/life-at-swinburne/locations/your-safety-at-swinburne/sexual-assault-harassment/
Swinburne app – Download here
www.swinburne.edu.au/counselling
Out of hours crisis line
1300 854 144 or text 0488 884 145
Safer Community (may report anonymously)
www.swinburne.edu.au/incident-reporting-form
Canberra Rape Crisis Centre
ANU campus security
www.anu.edu.au/sexual-assault-support
Roseworthy: 08 8313 7999
Waite: 08 8313 7200
http://www.adelaide.edu.au/counselling/
University Crisis Line
Weekdays – 5pm to 9am/Weekends and public holidays - 24 hours
1300 167 654 or text 0488 884 197
Online – Safer Campus Community Website
http://www.adelaide.edu.au/safer-campus-community/report-an-incident
Campus Security (see above) (24/7)
Security escort service – 03 8344 6666 or 1800 246 066
https://www.unimelb.edu.au/security
Safer Community Program
https://safercommunity.unimelb.edu.au/
UniSafe App
https://services.unimelb.edu.au/counsel
The University of New England
https://www.une.edu.au/campus-life/campus-information/safety-and-security
UNE Safe App
https://www.une.edu.au/safety/une-safe-app
www.une.edu.au/askune
Repport
http://www.une.edu.au/current-students/support/respect-now-always
The University of Newcastle
Callaghan +61 2 4921 6622
Ourimbah +61 2 4348 4060
Port Macquarie 02 6581 6200
Online reporting and more information
https://www.newcastle.edu.au/managing-allegations-of-sexually-based-assault-and-harassment
The University of Notre Dame
Fremantle: 0438 923 955 or 08 9433 0123
Broome: 0475 985 197
Broadway: 0403 458 011
Darlinghurst: 0406 318 213
https://www.notredame.edu.au/community/student-wellbeing-and-support/ahrc-national-report-on-sexual-assault-and-harassment
https://www.notredame.edu.au/community/student-wellbeing-and-support
Fremantle – 08 9433 0580 or [email protected]
https://www.notredame.edu.au/current-students/health-and-wellbeing/counselling/counselling-fremantle
Broome – 08 9433 0580
https://www.notredame.edu.au/current-students/health-and-wellbeing/counselling/counselling-broome
Sydney – 02 8204 4220 or [email protected]
https://www.notredame.edu.au/current-students/health-and-wellbeing/counselling/counselling-sydney
https://www.notredame.edu.au/community/student-wellbeing-and-support/sexual-assault-and-harassment/make-a-report
https://respect.uq.edu.au/
booking an appointment online
UQ Security
02 9351 3333 or (1800 SYD HLP) 1800 793 457
1300 474065 or text 0488 884 429 (for sms chat option)
RPA Sexual Assault Service
02 9515 9040 or after hours 02 9515 6111
(1800 SYD HLP) 1800 793 457 or https://sydney.edu.au/students/sexual-assault/report-to-the-university.html
08 6488 2222 (emergency)
08 6488 3020 (non-emergency)
https://www.uwa.edu.au/students/Need-help/Sexual-harassment-and-assault
Medical and Counselling
https://www.canberra.edu.au/safe-community/safe-and-respectful-community
Director, Student Life
1800 500 911 (Call 88888 from internal university telephones)
SafeZone App: http://i.unisa.edu.au/staff/facilities/security/safezone/
Metro campuses: 1300 301 703 http://i.unisa.edu.au/students/student-support-services/online-bookings/
Mt Gambier campus: (08) 8723 1999 http://www.lizmoriarty.com.au/
Whyalla campus: (08) 8645 8233 http://www.centacare.org.au/locations/whyalla/
http://i.unisa.edu.au/students/student-support-services/counselling/
Out-of-hours Crisis Line: Call: 1300 107 441 or Text: 0488 884 163
https://i.unisa.edu.au/students/student-support-services/wellbeing-at-unisa/domestic-and-family-violence-sexual-assault-and-sexual-harassment/sexual-assault-and-harassment/deciding-what-to-do-next/report-online/
07 4631 2222 or usq.edu.au/respect
Toowoomba – Toowoomba Sexual Assault Support Service – 07 4616 6000 or 07 4616 6950
Springfield/Ipswich region -Service Against Sexual Violence (SASV) – 07 3816 3000
For online students: Contact the local hospital for assistance
usq.edu.au/complaints-appeals
www.utas.edu.au/campus-services/security
SafeZone app: https://www.utas.edu.au/campus-services/security/safe-zone
1800 817 675 (After Hours: 1300 511 709 or text on 0488 884 168)
http://www.utas.edu.au/students/shw/counselling
https://www.utas.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/864070/Counselling-Service-Student-info-sheet.pdf
utas.edu.au/safe
24/7 UTS Sexual Assault Support Line
uts.ac/rna-report
Reporting and Safety Support
Reports are dealt with under the Anti-Discrimination and Freedom from Bully and Harassment Procedures
Contact SafeUSC
In Emergencies Tel: +61 5430 1168 or use SafeZone app
Reporting concerns Tel: +61 54563864 or [email protected] or report online
For more information see our sexual assault and harassment webpage
or call 1800RESPECT (1800 737 732) for 24-hour sexual assault and domestic violence support
Violence Abuse and Neglect
NSW Rape Crisis Centre
For Canberra campus: 02 6268 6058
https://student.unsw.edu.au/harassment
For immediate assistance 24/7 on campus: +61 3 9919 6666
To report a security incident, or to book a security escort: +61 3 9919 4999
www.vu.edu.au/current-students/campus-life/advice-support/counselling
www.vu.edu.au/about-vu/facilities-services/safer-community/report-concerning-threatening-or-inappropriate-behaviour
1300 737 003 (24 hotline)
www.westernsydney.edu.au/security
www.westernsydney.edu.au/counselling
www.westernsydney.edu.au/complaints


text:
London's Burning
London's Burning Season 1
Here's where to watch every episode of London's Burning season 1. Mouseover or tap an episode to see where to stream it. Click or tap the play icon to stream it on the best available service.
Series 1 Episode 1 Feb 20, 1988 After rescuing a boy's pet cat from a roof, Vaseline accidentally runs over it in the appliance, killing it! They then attend a warehouse fire, where Vaseline's boots catch fire, injuring him seriously. An old tramp who was dossing in the basement burns to death but his cat survives, and they give it to the boy who's cat was crushed earlier. The Watch then raise £1,200 by pushing an old fire engine through the streets, but Tate discovers that the money has gone missing and calls in the police. The Watch are called out to an incident where a young City dealer has been cemented in a toilet by some raiders. Unable to release him, the Watch carry him to an ambulance, and can hardly stop themselves laughing. They then get called out to a major RTA when a lonely woman walks out in front of a lorry. New recruit Kevin panics when he finds a child trapped in a crushed car, and Sicknote is sick after discovering the old lady's severed head. On the domestic front, tongues are wagging over Bayleaf's relationship with Josie and hard-up Tony confesses that he took the money, but hid it in a store room. With the help of Josie, he returns the money undetected to Tate's office.
Episode 2 Feb 27, 1988 Charisma is flattered when a woman named Donna chats him up in a pub. He learns that she used to be the wife of a former fireman nicknamed Liver Salts. No sooner has she moved herself in with him, he discovers she took Liver Salts for a ride financially. Tate is behaving irrationally and humiliates Hallam over an incident involving some old tramps feared trapped in an old warehouse. Hallam calls in appliances from all-over London but the tramps are at a nearby off licence. Blue Watch are called to a fire at a business premises next to a lock-up containing chemicals. Tate warns that they must find out more about the chemicals before tackling the blaze but Charisma, wound up after a row about Donna, ignores the orders and rushes out into the fire. A car petrol tank explodes and engulfs Charisma. Badly injured, he is taken to hospital where he is visited by Donna. Although barely able to speak he tells her he knows about her past.
Episode 3 Mar 5, 1988 Blue Watch are called out to release a lift stuck between floors in a tower block. The rescue is hindered because vandals have stolen the winding lever and the passengers are frantic. There is a constant bitching by an old woman about Sue, a young tart, and her client who is claustrophobic. When they are freed and the man does a runner, Vaseline asks Sue out on a date. On their fire inspection round, the Watch visits a local clothing workshop. The place is a death-trap, but Malcolm falls for Samina, one of the workers. When Tate's worst fears come true and there is a fire there, Malcolm is frantic. On the way, the troublesome pump engine breaks down and the crew's arrival at the fire is delayed. By the time they get there, several of the girls have been killed behind a locked fire door - among them Samina. A few weeks later, the Watch are out in force to watch Sicknote and Jean in POP's version of South Pacific. They greet the final curtain with wild applause, especially when the fire curtain falls on his head as he is taking a bow!
Episode 4 Mar 12, 1988 In the middle of a divorce from her husband, Josie accepts a lift home from a man she has met at an evening class. He persuades her to ask him up to her flat for coffee but inside, attacks her and tries to rape her before she fights him off. Charisma, still in hospital, reveals that he wants Donna out of his house, but when he gets home, he finds out she has set up a Hairdressing business there. Blue Watch wants George to represent them in a charity LFB boxing match but after agreeing, he damages his hands in seeing off Big Eddie, who had come to the station to batter Vaseline for non-payment of a debt. Meanwhile Tate has problems of his own, when a shout at a high rise block is jeopardised by vandalised equipment, he goes over the edge. He turns to drink, and instead of going to work, takes himself off to the Kent coast and stares out to sea. When he comes back, he takes a week off and returns to a warm welcome.
Episode 5 Mar 19, 1988 An Open Day at Blackwall is badly interrupted by criminals who are on the run after they tried to rob a building site office round the corner from Blackwall. The robbers 2 men and a pregnat woman are armed with guns.Blackwall hosts an open day to a group of children. At the event, Sicknote dresses as a banana and Malcolm dresses as Welephant!Two men - Bobby and Garry, break into an office at a milk depot. Garry pulls a gun on an accountant and tells him, he wants money.Outside, Garry' pregnant sister Amanda is sitting in the car. However, two police officers start to sniff around and she quickly leaves the vehicle as it isn't taxed.All of the money had been collected over an hour ago, so they only got £28!Malcolm dressed as Welephant, talks to a group of boy's about fire safety and one of them asks what he has to do if he needs to go to the loo!Bobby, Garry and Amanda are chased by the police and they run into the station yard. Garry pulls out his gun and Amanda reveals she also
Episode 7 - Ding Dong Merrily (1988 Christmas Special) Dec 25, 1988 Christmas turns to misery for most members of blue watch when Hallam is set on fire, Charisma discovers that Donna is selling danerous toys, George is arrested for pandering and josie and Bayleaf end up in bed together
Episode 1 Jul 7, 2002