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Math1: An Essential Gene for the Generation of Inner Ear Hair Cells
Nessan A. Bermingham1,2,
Bassem A. Hassan1,2,
Steven D. Price7,
Melissa A. Vollrath5,
Nissim Ben-Arie2,*,
Ruth Anne Eatock5,6,
Hugo J. Bellen1,2,4,5,
Anna Lysakowski7,
Huda Y. Zoghbi1,2,3,4,5,†
1 Howard Hughes Medical Institute,
2 Department of Molecular and Human Genetics,
3 Department of Pediatrics,
4 Developmental Biology Program,
5 Division of Neuroscience,
6 Bobby R. Alford Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
7 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
Science 11 Jun 1999:
Nessan A. Bermingham
Bassem A. Hassan
Steven D. Price
Melissa A. Vollrath
Nissim Ben-Arie
Ruth Anne Eatock
Hugo J. Bellen
Huda Y. Zoghbi
The mammalian inner ear contains the cochlea and vestibular organs, which are responsible for hearing and balance, respectively. The epithelia of these sensory organs contain hair cells that function as mechanoreceptors to transduce sound and head motion. The molecular mechanisms underlying hair cell development and differentiation are poorly understood. Math1, a mouse homolog of theDrosophila proneural gene atonal, is expressed in inner ear sensory epithelia. Embryonic Math1-null mice failed to generate cochlear and vestibular hair cells. This gene is thus required for the genesis of hair cells.
The inner ear initially forms as a thickening of the ectoderm, termed the otic placode, between rhombomeres 5 and 6 in the hindbrain. The otic placode gives rise to neurons of the VIIIth cranial nerve and invaginates to become the otocyst, from which the inner ear will develop. The mature mammalian inner ear comprises one auditory and five vestibular organs: the utricle, the saccule, and three semicircular canals (Fig. 1A). The sensory epithelia of these organs consist of mechanoreceptive hair cells, supporting cells, and nerve endings. Hair cells and supporting cells proliferate and differentiate within the sensory epithelia, with peak mitoses between embryonic day 13 (E13) and E18 in mice (1). Although several genes have been implicated in the development of the inner ear (2), none have been shown to be required specifically for the genesis of hair cells.
(left). Inner ear β-Gal staining (blue) of (B, D, E, and G) Math1 +/ β-Galand (C, F, and H)Math1 β-Gal/β-Gal embryos. (A) Schematic of mature inner ear. Blue indicates location of sensory epithelium, cochlea (C), saccule (S), utricle (U), and semicircular canal ampullae (SCA). (B and C) β-Gal staining in the otic vesicle at E12.5 demonstrates that Math1 is expressed before the differentiation of inner ear hair cells; (D) staining of an E14.5 inner ear demonstrates staining throughout the sensory organ epithelia. (E and F) Surface views at the middle turn of an E18.5 cochlea. There is positive staining of the three outer and one inner hair cell rows in (E) and nonspecific staining in (F). (G and H) Sections through the basal region of an E18.5 cochlea: scala vestibuli (SV) and scala tympani (ST). Insets show high magnification of the middle region of the organ of Corti and demonstrate the absence of hair cells. (G) Hair cells are deeply stained; (H) in the null mutant, hair cells are absent. Original magnifications are as follows: (B and C), ×100; (D), ×50; (E and F), ×630; (G and H), ×160; and insets in (G) and (H), ×400.
Hair cells and supporting cells arise from a common progenitor (3), but the mechanisms that specify fate are unknown. During myogenesis and neurogenesis, cell fate specification requires basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (4, 5).Math1 [mouse atonal (ato) homolog 1], a member of the bHLH family, is expressed in the hindbrain, dorsal spinal cord, and external germinal layer of the cerebellum (6–8). Mice that are heterozygous for a targeted deletion of Math1(Math1 +/–) are viable and appear normal, butMath1-null mice (Math1 –/–) die shortly after birth and lack cerebellar granule neurons (8). To detect subtle Math1 expression patterns missed by RNA in situ hybridization, we generated a secondMath1-null allele (Math1 β-Gal/β-Gal) by replacing theMath1 coding region with β-galactosidase (β-Gal) (9, 10). Math1 β-Gal/β-Gal mice showed all the phenotypic features reported in theMath1 –/– mice (8). β-Gal expression in the cerebellum and dorsal spinal cord was identical to that of Math1 (10). β-Gal was also expressed throughout the prospective sensory epithelia of the otic vesicle at E12.5 of both Math1 +/β-Galand Math1 β-Gal/β-Gal embryos (Fig. 1, B and C). Expression was evident throughout the sensory epithelia of the utricle, saccule, semicircular canals, and cochlea at E14.5 (Fig. 1D). By E18.5, β-Gal was restricted to the hair cells of the developing sensory epithelia in Math1 +/ β-Galmice (Fig. 1, E and G) (11). However,Math1 β-Gal/β-Gal mice retained β-Gal expression in some supporting cell layers of the sensory epithelium. In the cochlea, β-Gal expression was absent in the basal turn (Fig. 1H), greatly decreased in the middle turn (Fig. 1F), and similar to heterozygotes in the apical turn at E18.5 (12), consistent with the basal to apical developmental gradient of the cochlea. Gross morphological analysis of the inner ear of Math1 β-Gal/β-Gal mice at E18.5, 1 day before full gestation, revealed no obvious defects in overall structure compared with wild-type (wt) littermates. The branches of the VIIIth cranial nerve were present and reached the epithelia (12).
To examine the sensory epithelia, we excised utricles and cochleas of wt,Math1+ / β-Gal, andMath1 β-Gal/β-Gal mice and viewed the sensory epithelia with Nomarski optics. Hair bundles were present in both organs of wt mice and heterozygotes but were completely absent inMath1-null littermates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the cochlea and vestibular organs confirmed the absence of hair bundles in null mice (Fig. 2) (13). To determine whether a lack of hair bundles reflects the absence of hair cells, we examined cross sections of the sensory epithelia of all inner ear organs, using both light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Sensory epithelia in null mice were considerably thinner, lacked the normal stratification of cell nuclei, and stained uniformly. All of this is consistent with the absence of hair cells (Fig. 3). TEM clearly distinguishes between hair cells and supporting cells in normal utricles: Hair cells have hair bundles, less electron-dense cytoplasm, more apical nuclei, and no secretory granules (14). The sensory epithelia of the null mutants lacked hair cells entirely but did have supporting cells with a normal appearance, including electron-dense cytoplasm, basal nuclei, and secretory granules (Fig. 4, A and B). In the cochlea, TEM analysis demonstrated the loss of hair cells as well (Fig. 4, C and D). In addition, there was no evidence of apoptotic cell death in the sensory epithelium by LM and TEM analysis.
(right).Scanning electron micrographs of E18.5 inner ear sensory epithelia in wt and Math1 β-Gal/β-Gal mice. (A,C, and E) Wild-type epithelia; (B,D, and F) null epithelia. (A and B) The organ of Corti of the cochlea at the middle turn. In wt mice, there are three rows of outer hair cells (1, 2, and 3), one row of inner hair cells (I), all with hair bundles (HB). The tectorial membrane (TM), an accessory structure of the cochlea, is seen at the bottom. Above the hair cells are nonspecialized epithelial cells with rudimentary kinocilia (RK). (B) In null mutants, there are only nonspecialized epithelial cells. (C and D) Crista ampullaris of a vertical semicircular canal. The null crista is similar to the wt crista in overall shape, including the septum (eminentia) cruciatum (EC), but is smaller and lacks hair cells. (E and F) The macula of the utricle. The null macula is smaller than the wt macula and lacks hair cells. Scale bars represent 10 μm in (A) and (B), 50 μm in (C) and (D), and 100 μm in (E) and (F).
Light micrographs of semithin transverse sections of inner ear sensory epithelia in (A, C, and E) wt and (B, D, and F)Math1 β-Gal/β-Gal mice at E18.5. (A) In wt cochlea at the middle turn, three outer hair cells (1, 2, and 3) and one inner hair cell (I) are present, whereas (B) the null mutant cochlea has only epithelial cells in the same region. The tectorial membrane (TM) is seen at the top of (A) and (B). Hair cells (HC) and supporting cells (SC) are present in (C) the wt crista ampullaris and (E) utricular macula, but only supporting cells are present in (D) and (F) null mice. The crista was cut obliquely, accounting for the multiple layers of hair cells in (C). The otolithic membrane (OM), an accessory structure of the utricle, is present in both (E) wt and (F) null mice. Scale bars represent 100 μm in (A) and (B), 50 μm in (C) and (D), and 25 μm in (E) and (F).
(left). Transmission electron micrographs of E18.5 (A and B) utricular macula and (C and D) the middle turn of the cochlea in wt and null Math1 β-Gal/β-Galmice. Hair cells (HC) and supporting cells (SC) are present in (A) wt utricular macula, but only supporting cells are present in (B) null mice. Hair cells have hair bundles (HB); supporting cells have microvilli (MV). Hair cells are less electron dense and have more apical nuclei than supporting cells, but only the latter have secretory granules (SG). Some immature hair cells (IM) are evident in the wt mice. (C) In the wt cochlea, several cell types can be observed: outer hair cells (1, 2, and 3), inner hair cells (I), Deiter's cells (D), Hensen's cells (H), and inner (IP) and outer pillar (OP) cells. Radial afferents (RA) are seen approaching the base of the inner hair cell. The section is slightly oblique, and parts of two adjacent inner hair cells can be seen. (D) In the null cochlea, there are no obvious distinctions between cell types, with the possible exception of the cell at the far left, which may be a Hensen's cell. Both wt and null cochlea have a tectorial membrane (TM), which covers the supporting cells on the right of (C and D). Scale bars represent 10 μm.
The lack of hair cells at E18.5 may be due to a lack of sensory cell progenitors, the inability of progenitors to differentiate into hair cells, or the inability of hair cells to maintain the differentiated state (15, 16). The first possibility is unlikely because progenitors give rise to both hair cells and supporting cells (3), and supporting cells were present inMath1 β-Gal/β-Gal mice. To test the remaining possibilities, we examined the expression of the hair cell–specific markers, myosin VI and calretinin. Both are expressed in differentiating hair cells (before hair bundle formation) and in mature vestibular and auditory hair cells, but not in supporting cells (17–19). Myosin VI is first detected at E13.5 in the developing inner ear (16), whereas calretinin is expressed 2 days later at E15.5 (18). Antibodies to myosin VI and calretinin were used to detect expression of these hair cell markers in wt and Math1 β-Gal/β-Gallittermates. Myosin VI–positive cells were clearly visible in the developing otic vesicles of wt embryos but were completely absent in Math1 β-Gal/β-Galembryos (Fig. 5, A and B). Myosin VI staining was absent in the cochlea of E18.5 Math1-null mutants (12). Calretinin-positive cells were observed in the sensory epithelia of all E15.5 (12), E16.5 (Fig. 5, C through F), and E18.5 (Fig. 5, G and H) wt mice, but they were not observed in the sensory epithelia of Math1 β-Gal/β-Gal mice (Fig. 5, C through H) (20). Given the basal to apical developmental gradient of the cochlea, we examined sections from basal, middle, and apical turns. Hair cells were lacking in all sections; representative sections from the middle turn are shown in Figs. 2 through 4. These data demonstrate that hair cells never developed within the sensory epithelia ofMath1 β-Gal/β-Gal mice. The presence of the tectorial and otolithic membranes [secreted in part by the supporting cells (21, 22)], together with the TEM results, indicates that the sensory epithelia ofMath1 β-Gal/β-Gal mice have functional supporting cells. Preliminary data from TEM and LM cross sections show apparent overcrowding of nuclei in the basal layers of the sensory epithelia of null mice, consistent with an increase in the number of supporting cells in the sensory epithelia (Fig. 4, C and D). This finding, together with the absence of apoptosis, raises the possibility that, in Math1 β-Gal/β-Galmice, there is a fate switch from hair cells to supporting cells.
(right).(A through F) Confocal and (G andH) immunofluorescence microscopy of (A, C, E, and G) wt and (B, D, F, and H) Math1 β-Gal/β-Gal embryos. (A and B) Myosin VI immunostaining of an E13.5 vestibule. (C through F) Calretinin immunostaining of E16.5 utricles. (G and H) Calretinin immunostaining of E18.5 crista ampullaris. The crista is cut at an oblique angle, which accounts for the multiple layers of hair cells in (G). Immunostaining (green) with myosin VI and calretinin is evident in immature and mature hair cells of (A, C, E, and G) wt epithelia but is clearly absent in (B, D, F, and H)Math1 β-Gal/β-Gal epithelia. Boxed areas in (C) and (D) indicate regions magnified in (E) and (F). Sections were counterstained with (A and B) TOTO-3 iodide or (C through F) propidium iodide for confocal microscopy and were counterstained with (G and H) DAPI for immunofluorescent microscopy. Scale bars represent 50 μm in (A) and (B), 100 μm in (C) and (D), and 15 μm in (E) and (F); original magnification is ×200 in (G) and (H).
Math1 is essential for hair cell development in the inner ear. Its expression pattern and in vivo function are akin to those ofMath1's proneural homolog, ato (23).ato is expressed in a ring of epithelial cells within the antennal disc of Drosophila. Some of these cells will subsequently give rise to mechanoreceptors in the Johnston organ, which is necessary for hearing (24) and negative geotaxis (25). Mechanoreceptor progenitor cells are affected in ato mutants (23), whereas only the mechanoreceptors, and not their progenitors, are absent in Math1-null mice.
To our knowledge, Math1 is the first gene shown to be required for the specification of hair cells. We propose thatMath1 acts as a "pro–hair cell gene" in the developing sensory epithelia. Three recent studies provide evidence supporting a lateral inhibition model for the determination of hair cells and supporting cells (26), in which the interplay of Delta and Notch homologs results in the selection of individual hair cells from clusters of competent cells. Such a model entails that the sensory epithelia express a pro–hair cell gene, whose function is essential for hair cell fate specification. Math1 is a likely candidate for such a gene.
Finally, because ectopic expression of ato in the fruit fly (23) [and its homolog Xath1 inXenopus (27)] can recruit epithelial cells into specific neuronal fates, it should be possible to test whether expression of Math1 in inner ear epithelia recruits hair cells. The potential clinical applications of such studies cannot be overlooked, because loss of hair cells through disease, trauma, and aging is a common cause of deafness and vestibular dysfunction.
↵* Present address: Department of Cell and Animal Biology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
↵† To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: hzoghbi{at}bcm.tmc.edu
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We thank R. Atkinson, D. Trikka, and V. Brandt for assistance and helpful discussions and T. Hasson for the myosin VI antibody, and we acknowledge the support of the Electron Microscopic Facility of the University of Illinois Research Resources Center. N.A.B. and B.A.H. are associate fellows, H.J.B. is an Associate Investigator, and H.Y.Z. is an Investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. This work was partially supported by a grant from the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders to R.A.E. and A.L. and by cores of the Mental Retardation Research Center at the Baylor College of Medicine.
You are going to email the following Math1: An Essential Gene for the Generation of Inner Ear Hair Cells
By Nessan A. Bermingham, Bassem A. Hassan, Steven D. Price, Melissa A. Vollrath, Nissim Ben-Arie, Ruth Anne Eatock, Hugo J. Bellen, Anna Lysakowski, Huda Y. Zoghbi
Science 11 Jun 1999 : 1837-1841


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Home News Nigeria already having benefits of Buhari's visit to China- APC
Nigeria already having benefits of Buhari's visit to China- APC
The United Kingdom chapter of the All Progressives Congress (APC) has said that President Muhamnadu Buhari's recent official visit to China is already yielding positive results for Nigerians.
Mr Ade Omole, leader of the chapter, said this in a statement on Sunday in Abuja.
He said that the President deserved commendation.
He stressed that the visit was already yielding results, especially with the assurances from the Joint Venture Partners handling the 3,050 Megawatts Mambilla Hydro-electric Plant project.
Omole added that the fact that work would commence on the project early in 2019 as assured by the contractors, was a good development that deserved praise.
He recalled that President Buhari received the assurance at a meeting with Prof Lyu Ze Xiang, the President of Chinese General Chamber of Commerce (CGCC), the construction company handling the project, in Beijing, China during the visit.
"Electricity is key to national growth and a major feature for business sustainability.
"We understand how critical the Mambilla project is to your country and we will take a serious look at it and ensure that it succeeds because of its social and economic importance.
"We fully understand the importance of this project to the economic and social well being of Nigeria,"Xiang had said during the visit," he said.
Omole noted that arrangements on the commencement of the project in early 2019 had reached advanced stage, adding that the APC-led Federal Government was doing everything possible to better the lives of Nigerians.
"The contractor had assured that pre-commencement work would begin with access to site and putting in place the necessary support infrastructure such as power, water and transportation," he said.
He further said that when completed, the Mambilla Hydro-electric Plant would provide 3050 megawatts of electricity to Nigerians, thereby adding to the power grid for the country's development.
President Buhari had asked for support from China at a meeting with the Chinese President Xi Jinping, for the country's aspiration to build the 3050 Megawatts Mambila hydroelectric power project in Taraba.
This followed the signing of $328m for the Information and Communication Technology Infrastructure Backbone Phase II (NICTIB II) project by the two countries.
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Nigerian Court Sentences Chinese Man To Prison For Tearing Naira Notes Into Pieces
A Federal High Court in Ikoyi, Lagos, has sentenced a Chinese national, Li Lei Lei, to two years imprisonment for mutilating the Nigerian currency, Naira.
Court Jails Chinese Man
The Chinese man was found guilty of mutilating the naira notes on Tuesday after the was arraigned by the Lagos Zonal Command of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC).
The convict was arraigned on a four-count charge bordering on tampering of the Nigerian note, an offence contrary to and punishable under Section 21(1) of the Central Bank of Nigeria Establishment) Act.
One of the count reads: "That you, Li Lei Lei, on or about the 17th day of May, 2022, at the Murtala Muhammed International Airport, Lagos, within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, tampered with One Thousand Naira (N1,000) Note, with serial number 947882 issued by the Central Bank of Nigeria and thereby committed an offence contrary to and punishable under Section 21(1) of the Central Bank of Nigeria Establishment) Act, Cap C4, Vol.1, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2010."
Another count reads: "That you, Li Lei Lei, on or about the 17th day of May, 2022 at the Murtala Muhammed International Airport, Lagos, within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, tampered with One Thousand Naira (N1,000) note, with serial number 114804 issued by the Central Bank of Nigeria and, thereby, committed an offence contrary to and punishable under Section 21(1) of the Central Bank of Nigeria (Establishment) Act, Cap C4, Vol.1, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2010."
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Lei pleaded "guilty" to the offense and the prosecution counsel, Ayanfe Ogunshina, moved to review the facts of the case.
Ogunshina narrated that the convict was arrested on May 17, 2022, while trying to board a flight to Kenya.
He also told the court that, while the Immigration officers were Le Lie Lie's luggage, he angrily tore to pieces the Naira notes to the tune of Three Thousand, Two Hundred Naira (N3, 200)
He further told the court that the defendant was, thereafter, arrested by officers of the Department of State Security (DSS), and handed over to the EFCC for investigation and prosecution.
READ: Kogi Youths Beats Pastor To Coma For Refusing To Allow Masquerade Inside church
The prosecution tendered the voluntary statements of the convict, which was written in Mandarin and translated into English by a known interpreter to the defendant.
The prosecution also tendered the handover note from the DSS to the EFCC and the shredded Naira notes.
Ogunshina, upon presenting his case, urged the court to convict him as charged and sentence him accordingly.
Justice Oweibo found the defendant guilty and sentenced him to six months imprisonment on each count, with an option of fine in the sum of Two Hundred Thousand Naira (N200, 000.00).
KanyiDaily had also reported how a South African Police, who robbed and killed a Nigerian man, was sentenced to 32 years in prison by a Durban High Court.
READ: Police Arrests Church Ex-Guard, Mela Samaila For Stealing Offering Box In Ogun State
23-Year-Old Nigerian Student, Oyindamola Akinrinola Convicted For Online Fraud In US
Two Nigerian Fraudsters Jailed For Stealing $750K, N120m From Three International Airlines
Wrongfully Convicted Nigerian Lady, Itunu Babalola Dies In Cote D'ivoire Prison
Nigerian Prince Sentenced To 33-Month In Prison For Passport, Bank Fraud In US
Related Topics:abusechinacourtJailLi Lei LeiNairaNewsNigeriaprison
Girl Allegedly Brutalized By Madam's Husband For Bed-Wetting In Abuja (Video)
"I Spent One Year Planning For This Journey" – London To Lagos Biker, Kunle Adeyanju Says, Opens Up On Toughest Route (Video)


ETAS members were treated to a beautiful, huge birthday cake in commemoration of its 30th anniversary during the evening dinner of the Annual Conference and AGM, held in the Kultur- und Kongresszentrum in Thun. The Web Reboot Team also conducted a feedback among participants, which was used as a springboard for the website makeover project. The launch date was set for the PD Day Conference in September 2015.


Another fun question this week for Exploring My Bookshelves hosted by Addlepates and Book Nerds. Each Friday, bloggers are invited to post a picture of their bookshelf, and write in response to a prompt about said-bookshelf.
Today's prompt is…a hardback missing its dust jacket.
I have a lot of very old hardbacks with no dust jackets, but I'm not certain all of them had dust jackets to begin with. In the case of Silver Woven in My Hair, though, I know there used to be a dust jacket.
It's not altogether accurate to describe the dust jacket as missing. It didn't just got lost–I threw it out. I hated the cover, and I thought the book looked far more elegant without it!
Sometimes the dust jacket just doesn't do the book justice, so why keep it? The book can look good without it if the underlying hardback edition is done right.


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She recently unveiled a brand new single with Liam Payne, which shot straight to the top of the charts upon its release on Friday.
And Rita Ora appeared to have a spring in her step on Saturday, as she arrived back in London's Heathrow airport after a trip to Germany.
The 27-year-old singer sported a muted ensemble as she arriving back in Blighty, rocking quirky sunglasses with her all-black look.
Rita rocked a statement black denim jacket with dramatic faux fur, as she arrived back at the airport in the capital, and paired it with a printed sweatshirt underneath along with skinny jeans and laceup boots.
The RIP songstress attempted to blend into the crowd with a black beanie hat an added a pair of 60s-style white framed sunglasses to her face.
Rita recently visited Germany to promote her new single For You, which will appear in the upcoming Fifty Shades Freed movie, set for release on February 9.
Rita also took some time away from the studio for a good cause as she hit the red carpet for the Channel Aid Concert at the Elbphilharmonie concert hall based in Hamberg, Germany on Friday.
The hit-maker showed off her incredible pins in a unique white halter-dress adorned with black, hold and silver beaded embellishments that proved her style-icon status.
Rita performed a number of hits at the charitable event, organised to raise money for children and people with disabilities.
The beauty has already had quite a busy start to 2018 - with her latest single being a duet with One Direction hearthrob Liam Payne for the Fifty Shades franchise.
Both Rita and Liam shared a teaser video on their Twitter and Instagram accounts, with a respective combined total of 19.3million and 46million followers on each.
They shared the same captions on the shots, as they both penned: 'We did this #ForYou! Had so much fun in the studio w/ @liampayne.
Liam and Rita will follow in the footsteps of former One Direction star Zayn Malik who teamed up with Taylor Swift for I Don't Want to Live Forever, the track from the most recent film of the franchise Fifty Shades Darker.
Rita has already played a supporting role in the Fifty Shades of Grey series, which will conclude with its third movie, as Christian Grey's sister Mia.


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'.$baseTitle.' Home / Liège–Bastogne–Liège Femmes 2018
Liège-Bastogne-Liège Femmes 2018: The Route
Sunday, 24 April 2018 - At 135.5 kilometres, the route of the women's Liège-Bastogne-Liège takes in four hills. The Saint-Nicolas is crested with 5.5 kilometres left, while the last 1.5 kilometre to the line go up at 5%.
The race sets off in Bastogne. The route through the Ardennes is all but flat, yet it takes awhile for the first official climb to appear. At kilometre 82.5 the Côte de la Vecquée is crested, a 6.7 kilometres climb with an average gradient of 4.9%.
The Côte de La Redoute looms after almost 100 kilometres in the saddle. The iconic Ardennes climb is 2 kilometres and averaging 8.9%, while the steepest ramps are 13%. A short drop and equally short climb lead to Sprimont before a longer descent ushers in the finale.
First the short and sharp Côte de la Roche aux Faucons, which is a 1.3 kilometres toil at 11%, and then it's on to the energy sapping Côte de Saint-Nicolas. The last official climb amounts to 1.1 kilometre at 8.6% with the steepest section of 10.9% in the first 500 metres. At the top there are only 5.5 kilometres left, the first 3 kilometres in descent and the last 1.5 kilometres go up at a nasty 5%.
Last year, Anna van der Breggen took off at the foot of the Saint-Nicolas. She left her fellow-escapees Katarzyna Niewiadoma, Elizabeth Deignan, Elisa Longo Borghini and Ashleigh Moolman to solo to victory.
Read also: results/race report Liège-Bastogne-Liège Femmes 2018.
Liège–Bastogne–Liège Femmes 2018: Route maps, height profiles and more
Route and profile
Route LBL
Profile LBL
Profile final 5 K
Start in Bastogne
Details start in Bastogne
Route final 5 kilometres
Details finish in Ans
Liege, Bastogne and Redoute at Google maps
Details Côte de la Redoute
Details Côte de la Roche aux Faucons
Details Côte de Saint Nicolas
Social Media Liège–Bastogne–Liège Femmes
Instagram #liegebastogneliege
Videos Liège–Bastogne–Liège
Liège–Bastogne–Liège Tweets
Route and profile La Redoute
Streetview La Redoute
La Redoute at strava.com
Liège-Bastogne-Liège Femmes 2018: Van der Breggen bests Spratt to take second Doyenne
Liège-Bastogne-Liège Femmes 2018: Riders


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Seattle Kraken Launches With Impossible Foods at Climate Pledge Arena
By Climate Pledge Arena, PR Newswire
Impossible™ Burger has been named the 'official burger' of the first ever net zero carbon certified arena
SEATTLE, Oct. 15, 2021 /PRNewswire/ — The Seattle Kraken, Climate Pledge Arena and Oak View Group (OVG) today proudly announced Impossible Foods, one of the world's leading environmental startups, as a premier food brand of Climate Pledge Arena and the "official burger" of the Seattle Kraken. The collaboration will serve as a linchpin of the arena's environmental strategy and net zero carbon sustainability goals.
Climate Pledge Arena will host two themed Impossible Foods marketplaces within the arena, one on the main concourse and one on the upper level, featuring a variety of unique Impossible dishes made specifically for the venue. Menu items include Impossible™ Street Tacos, Impossible™ Chili Fries, and other craveable dishes made with Impossible™ Burger and Impossible™Chicken Nuggets Made From Plants. Both products will also be offered throughout the arena at concession stands, and fans will get to try free samples during events.
The Seattle Kraken and OVG selected Impossible Burger as Climate Pledge Arena's official burger due to its popularity with consumers and its vastly lower environmental footprint: compared to conventional beef from cows, Impossible Burger uses 96% less land, 87% less water and produces 89% fewer greenhouse gas emissions. Impossible™ Chicken Nuggets also have significant environmental benefits and were recently selected by seven out of 10 consumers over animal chicken nuggets from a leading brand in a blind taste test. Both products provide a way for the stadium to meet its sustainability goals while giving fans the same classic comfort foods they love.
"We're committed to giving our fans a world-class experience at Climate Pledge arena, and doing it sustainably," said Tod Leiweke, CEO of the Seattle Kraken. "That's why Impossible Foods was the obvious choice for our signature burger and other stadium classics. It works perfectly in all of the meaty, comfort food dishes guests love, with a much smaller environmental impact and no compromises on taste or nutrition — a win for fans and the planet."
"Climate Pledge Arena is defining what it means to be a sustainable sports arena and Impossible Foods is at the forefront of the sustainable food movement, so we knew this collaboration would be a perfect match," said Impossible Foods President Dennis Woodside. "Impossible Burger and Impossible Chicken Nuggets are going to be an integral part of the arena's revolutionary sustainability goals, giving fans the same iconic and memorable sports fare they love, without the environmental impact."
The partnership will put Impossible Foods on the menu at what is expected to be the second-most trafficked concert venue in the US, next only to Madison Square Garden. Climate Pledge Arena runs on 100% renewable energy power, produces zero waste, consumes no fossil fuels to operate, and will be 100% free of single use plastics by 2024.
About Impossible Foods:
Based in California's Silicon Valley, Impossible Foods makes delicious, nutritious meat and dairy products from plants — with a much smaller environmental footprint than meat from animals. The privately held company was founded in 2011 by Patrick O. Brown, M.D., Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry at Stanford University and a former Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. Investors include Khosla Ventures, Bill Gates, Google Ventures, Mirae Asset Global Investments, Coatue, Horizons Ventures, UBS, Viking Global Investors, Temasek, Sailing Capital and Open Philanthropy Project.
About the Seattle Kraken
The Seattle Kraken are the National Hockey League's newest franchise, set to play their inaugural season in 2021-2022 at Climate Pledge Arena at Seattle Center, developed by Oak View Group. Visit www.nhl.com/kraken for the latest news and information including press releases, multimedia content and the latest hires.
About Climate Pledge Arena
Climate Pledge Arena, located at Seattle Center, will be the first net zero certified arena in the world. It will serve as a long-lasting and regular reminder of the urgent need for climate action. The Climate Pledge, which was founded by Amazon and Global Optimism in 2019, is a commitment from companies globally to be net zero carbon by 2040. The complete redevelopment of this historic landmark, originally built for the 1962 Seattle World's Fair, will be an industry first. Home to the NHL's Seattle Kraken, WNBA's Seattle Storm, and the world's biggest performers of live music and events, Climate Pledge Arena will open in 2021. Learn More at www.climatepledgearena.com.
Read the original press release here
Garrett Wong2021-10-18T09:35:47-06:00


We're glad you're here. If you're working with college students in your local church or thinking of starting a ministry to college students you've come to the right place.
College Ministry in the local church can be challenging. It's great to know there are others out there travelling the same road with you. We've developed this site with you in mind. We hope this site will become a place for networking, support and resourcing for those of us ministering to college students in the local church. Notice the FAQs page on the left. I hope that will be of great help to you along with all the resources and information mentioned on this site. Please let us know how we can help you in your ministry. We invite your feedback and contributions.
Go Now is the sending agent for Texas Baptist college students to serve in mission opportunities in the US and around the world. Whether it's for a few weeks or a whole summer, your students can take an active part in taking the Gospel to the nations. Go Now can also help your church college ministry find a mission opportunity and plan a trip to serve together as a group. There are some impact team opportunities listed on the website right now that just might be the place for your group. Go to www.gonowmissions.com to find out more.


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Feminist activism: Towards gender equality
Saqib Sarker , Saqib Sarker
Published at 05:13 pm March 2nd, 2017
Last updated at 05:48 pm March 6th, 2017
Voicing Demands: Feminist Activism in Transitional Context is a collection of essays from some of the leading academics and practitioners of development and gender studies and interdisciplinary experts from the "Global South", seeking to link "voice, feminist activism and transitional contexts." Edited by Sohela Nazneen and Maheen Sultan, this book is part of a larger series and has a total of seven essays, spanning 256 pages. The overarching theme of the book relates to fundamental questions such as: What is feminist voice? What strategies or organisational ways make feminist voice effective and legitimate? What are the challenges and constraints feminists face in exercising their voice? Brainchild of the series editor Andrea Cornwall, the ideas behind the book evolved over three years prior to its first publication in 2014 by Zed Books in London, UK. Joining in the big global collaboration, the two editors from Bangladesh represent both academic excellence and first-hand working experience. A leading researcher in development studies in Bangladesh, Sohela Nazneen is a professor of international relations at Dhaka University and a researcher at the BRAC Development Institute of BRAC University. Maheen Sultan is one of the founders of the Centre for Gender and Social Transformation at the BRAC Development Institute. Sultan is a development practitioner with over 25 years of working experience with national and international NGOs and global organisations.
Bhasin very precisely addresses how gender identity is formed and how lower gender status for women is rather a culturally manufactured construct than a natural phenomenon
Apart from contributions from the editors, the book features essays by Ana Alice Alcantara Costa, coordinator of masters and PhD programs at the Federal University of Bahia; Gertrude Fester, professor at University of Kigali; Eileen Kuttab, tenured assistant professor at Birzeit University; Rabea Naciri, former faculty at University of Rabat and current executive director of DEMOS consulting; Alexandra Pittman, researcher on women's rights and movement; Cecilia MB Sardenberg, faculty at Federal University of Bahia; Mariz Tadros, research fellow at the Institute of Development Studies; and Afiya Shehrbano Zia, independent feminist scholar. This is a must read for both academics and professionals working in the gender development sector. Gender Proshongey is a translation of Understanding Gender by Kamla Bhasin, an Indian feminist activist and author. Translated into Bengali by Fawzia Khondokar and Shah Newaz, the first Bengali edition was published in 2016 from Pragroshor Publication in Dhaka. Kamla Bhasin, known for her decades-long activism, is the main woman behind Sangat, a South Asian feminist network. She is also the South Asia Coordinator of One Billion Rising. Since 1984, Sangat has developed the capacities of more than 650 women activists from South Asia and offered a greater understanding of concepts related to gender, justice, poverty, sustainable development, peace, democracy and human rights. To ensure effective communication with readers, the book is designed in the Question-Answer format. The language of the book is flowing and easy to understand, which must have been the original intention of the writer and the translators. Clearly aimed at the general public, the book explains and elaborates on difficult academic notions and thoughts in a language that is easy to follow and digest. The questions are about the fundamentals of gender identity. They slowly build up to address a myriad of related concepts and ideas. In the answer section, Bhasin very precisely addresses how gender identity is formed and how lower gender status for women is rather a culturally manufactured construct than a natural phenomenon. Answering the question about how to translate the word "gender" in South Asian languages, as many of these do not have different words for "sex" and "gender," Bhasin says the problem can be solved by referring to "sex" as the "natural gender" and referring to "gender" as "social gender." She further adds that this may even be more meaningful as the expressions carry inherent definitions. The answers naturally delve into philosophical considerations by examining relations between the sexes, and how different roles and codes are prescribed and enforced for men and women in matters of dressing, and family and social responsibilities etc. Bhasin's answers are always lucid and factual, and the Bengali translation is precise. The 94 page-book can be an effective preamble to a deeper understanding of more complex theoretical issues of gender.
Saqib Sarker is a sub-editor at the Features Desk, Dhaka Tribune.
Feminism and the environment
OP-ED: No man no cry
10 moments that defined the 2020 US presidential campaign
OP-ED: Who owns the world and who merely lives in it?
OP-ED: Does equality remain an illusion?
OP-ED: Should Bangladesh incorporate menstrual leave into work policies?
Shah Newaz
Maheen Sultana
Kamala Bhasin
Fawzia Khondokar


Pony Tail(s) and Braid(s): These are very popular with girls and Mom's. They're easy to do and they keep hair out of the child's face. However, wearing these styles can also damage your child delicate hair. Elastics that are not coated or 'ouchless' are made from rubber that will pull and break the hair shafts. When you put hair in a pony tail(s) or braid(s) try to use a coated rubberband, soft knit pony "O"s, or a soft cloth hair scrunchie. Try not to use clips or bows too often as they tend to break and crease the hair.


text:
Q: Filtering products based on description scenarios and status in Python Pandas Let's say I have the following product descriptions in a Pandas DataFrame. I would like to keep all product descriptions of products that satisfy the following condition:

For every id in product_descriptions, check if it contains all descriptions from
  at least 1 scenario in scenario_descriptions. If so, check if the descriptions of all
  these scenarios have status 4, 5 or 6.

Input
scenario_descriptions = [
    ['world1', 'world2', 'world3'],  #scenario1
    ['world4', 'world2'],            #scenario2
    ['world5'],                      #scenario3
    ['world6', 'world7'],            #scenario4
    ['world6', 'world2']             #scenario5
]

product_descriptions =

id | description | status
-------------------------
1  | world1      | 1
1  | world2      | 4
1  | world3      | 1
1  | world4      | 4
1  | world5      | 4
1  | world6      | 4
1  | world7      | 1
1  | world8      | 4
1  | world9      | 4
1  | world10     | 4
1  | world11     | 4
1  | world12     | 4
1  | world13     | 4
1  | world14     | 4
1  | world15     | 1
2  | world1      | 1
2  | world2      | 1
2  | world3      | 5
2  | world15     | 6
2  | world8      | 6
2  | world4      | 5
2  | world7      | 5

Product with id == 1 is not excluded because:

*

*It has world2 andworld4` (scenario2) and their statuses are 4

*It has world5 (scenario3) with status 4

*It has world6 and world2 (scenario5) with status 4

Product with id == 2 is excluded because:

*

*world1 (scenario1) doesn't have status 4, 5 or 6

*world2 (scenario2) doesn't have status 4, 5 or 6

*It doesn't have world5 (scenario3)

*It doesn't have world6 (scenario4)

*It doesn't have world6 (scenario5) and status of world2 is not 4, 5 or 6

Output
filtered_product_descriptions =

id | description | status
-------------------------
1  | world1      | 1
1  | world2      | 4
1  | world3      | 1
1  | world4      | 4
1  | world5      | 4
1  | world6      | 4
1  | world7      | 1
1  | world8      | 4
1  | world9      | 4
1  | world10     | 4
1  | world11     | 4
1  | world12     | 4
1  | world13     | 4
1  | world14     | 4
1  | world15     | 1

Any idea how to solve this? I have been trying for days, but no success :(
The code below is the closest I could get. This solves the first section of my problem. I don't know how to combine this with the second condition:

If so, check if the descriptions of all these scenarios have status 4,
  5 or 6.

filtered_product_descriptions = (product_descriptions.groupby('id').filter(lambda x: (pd.Series([(pd.Series(y).isin(x['description']).all()) for y in scenario_descriptions])).any()))

A: Use:
#create dictionary by scenaries
d = {'scenario{}'.format(k):v for k, v in enumerate(scenario_descriptions, 1)}

#unique id for reindex
uniq_id = df['id'].unique()

def f(x):
    #check if all description
    c = set(x['description']) >= set(v)
    #check if 4,5 or 6 value
    d = x['status'].isin([4,5,6]).all()
    return (c & d)

d1 = {}
for k, v in d.items():
     #filter df by scenary first for remove not relevant rows
     a = df[df['description'].isin(v)]
     #call groupby with custom function
     b = a.groupby('id').apply(f)
     #add missing ids and fill by False
     #output to dictionary
     d1[k] = b.reindex(uniq_id, fill_value=False)

print (d1)
{'scenario1': id
1    False
2    False
dtype: bool, 'scenario4': id
1    False
2    False
dtype: bool, 'scenario5': id
1     True
2    False
dtype: bool, 'scenario3': id
1     True
2    False
dtype: bool, 'scenario2': id
1     True
2    False
dtype: bool}

#reduce dict to DataFrame and check at least one True per row
m = pd.concat(d1, axis=1).any(axis=1)
print (m)
id
1     True
2    False

#last filtering
df = df[df['id'].isin(m.index[m])]
print (df)
    id description  status
0    1      world1       1
1    1      world2       4
2    1      world3       1
3    1      world4       4
4    1      world5       4
5    1      world6       4
6    1      world7       1
7    1      world8       4
8    1      world9       4
9    1     world10       4
10   1     world11       4
11   1     world12       4
12   1     world13       4
13   1     world14       4
14   1     world15       1

A: Use
In [260]: product_descriptions.groupby('id').filter(
     ...:   lambda x: all(any(w in x.description.values for w in L)
     ...:                 for L in scenario_descriptions))
Out[260]:
    id description  status
0    1      world1       1
1    1      world2       4
2    1      world3       1
3    1      world4       4
4    1      world5       4
5    1      world6       4
6    1      world7       1
7    1      world8       4
8    1      world9       4
9    1     world10       4
10   1     world11       4
11   1     world12       4
12   1     world13       4
13   1     world14       4
14   1     world15       1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


With capacity commercialised on 28 satellites that provide coverage across Europe, as well as the Middle East, Africa and significant parts of Asia and the Americas, Eutelsat Communications (Euronext Paris: ETL, ISIN code: FR0010221234) is one of the world's three leading satellite operators. As of 30 June 2012 Eutelsat's satellites were broadcasting more than 4,250 television channels to over 200 million cable and satellite homes in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The Group's satellites also serve a wide range of fixed and mobile telecommunications services, TV contribution markets, corporate networks, and broadband markets for Internet Service Providers and for transport, maritime and in-flight markets. Eutelsat's broadband subsidiary, Skylogic, markets and operates high speed Internet services through teleports in France and Italy that serve consumers, enterprises, local communities, government agencies and aid organisations in Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas. Headquartered in Paris, Eutelsat and its subsidiaries employ just over 750 commercial, technical and operational professionals. This culturally diverse staff comprises employees from 30 countries.


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text:
All About Dieback
Tackling Dieback
VSU trees historically registered
Posted on August 14, 2018 by dback
According to the Valdosta Daily Times, three South Georgia trees have been honored. The historic Live Oak Society of the Louisiana Garden Club Federation, founded in 1934, has granted registration to three historic trees located on the campus of Valdosta State University.
Official certificates were recently received by the Lowndes County Historical Society, which had orchestrated the nominations, according to Society representatives.
Donald O. Davis, executive director of the Lowndes County Historical Museum, said two community events took place this year which triggered the simultaneous applications for registration.
Public attention was brought earlier this year to the Steele North Campus of VSU during a mini-reunion of graduates and attendees of Emory Junior College at Valdosta. Emory University closed its Valdosta site in 1953 after operating since 1928. The property and buildings were deeded to what was then Valdosta State College.
Several live oak trees had been planted nearby when the original building, now designated as Pound Hall, was erected. During a campus tour, Davis told attendees the two trees which appeared to qualify for registration in the Live Oak Society and recommended naming them appropriately to reflect their ties to Emory University.
Meanwhile, back on the VSU main campus, a mile south, the well-known "Graduation Tree" (also a live oak) was in the news when a spring commencement graduate spoke about its origins and a sentimental connection to her grandmother, who had attended VSU when it was South Georgia State Normal College, according to Society representatives.
The tree had been planted in 1914. Davis said accurate measurements are necessary but there is no cost involved in Live Oak Society registration. He said a number of live oaks in the region are registered, including the Lowndes High School "Viking Oak," even though it was destroyed by lightning. Davis received help from Dr. Fred Ware, VSU emeritus professor of management and Emory MBA graduate.
Mountain view losing trees
Posted on July 24, 2018 by dback
According to Mountain View voice, is Mountain View losing trees from breakneck development, or is the town planting enough younger trees to replenish them? It's sort of like asking if a cup is half empty or half full — it depends on who you ask.
A new draft report by the city's Forestry Division finds that nearly 2,400 trees have been chopped down across town over the last three years. On the bright side, city arborists report that they are replanting 60 percent more new trees and saplings compared to what's been removed.
Yet tree advocates in Mountain View remain skeptical. Not all trees are equal, said Katherine Naegele, an arborist with the Mountain View Tree nonprofit who previously served on the city's Urban Forestry Board.
While a higher tree count might seem like proof of success, it could also mean that a developer ripped out healthy mature trees only to replace them with saplings from the nursery, she said. After winning their approvals, many developers often pick non-native trees and then plant them too close together or in spaces that can't support their roots, she said. These trees will end up dying, but the city's tree count will still portray it as a net increase, she said.
"It might seem like we're getting this lush new tree cover, but actually we're just counting the number of trunks to satisfy the city's policies," Naegele said. "I would rather see someone plant two coast live oaks rather than 100 myrtles."
The city's policies for protecting heritage trees have come under new scrutiny in recent days following a community outcry against plans to take down a grove of redwoods off Sierra Avenue. City officials ultimately denied permits to remove the trees, yet the episode still left many residents with the feeling that the city has a "double standard" for which trees are protected.
Sheffield tree campaign
Posted on June 20, 2018 by dback
According to Worcester News, three anti-tree felling campaigners have avoided jail sentences after they were found in contempt of court for breaching an injunction stopping them going inside work safety zones during controversial protests in Sheffield.
Creative writing lecturer Simon Crump, songwriting magician Benoit Compin and retired primary school teacher Fran Grace were found in contempt by a judge at the High Court in Sheffield on Thursday following a three-day hearing of an action brought by Sheffield City Council.
The judge, Mr. Justice Males, gave both Crump and Compin a two-month prison sentence, suspended for one year. He decided no further punishment was appropriate for grandmother Grace.
The judge ruled that the trio had breached an injunction obtained by the council last year which prevents protesters entering safety zones set up around trees being felled and also forbids people encouraging or facilitating anyone else to break the injunction, including through social media.
He said he would reserve judgment on a fourth defendant – Paul Brooke – as he said there were further legal issues to consider. The judge said he would also rule on costs at a later date. The controversial tree-felling programme in Sheffield is currently paused following a fresh series of confrontations earlier this year which saw dozens of police deployed and protesters arrested.
The dispute surrounds a 25-year, £2.2 billion private finance initiative agreement the council signed with contractor Amey. Tree felling in Sheffield, The council says only a small proportion of the city's 36,000 street trees are being removed (Peter Byrne/PA)
The contract includes a huge program to resurface thousands of miles of Sheffield's pothole-ridden road system and, as part of this; Amey is tasked with maintaining roadside trees. The council says only a small proportion of the city's 36,000 street trees are being removed because they are diseased or dangerous.
Office site trees spared from Sanitary District
Posted on June 3, 2018 by dback
According to Coastal View, in the end, none of the neighbors to the Carpinteria Sanitary District offices needed to chain themselves to the blue gum eucalyptus trees that CSD proposed to cut down. At a standing-room-only meeting on May 15, the Board of Directors voted 5-0 to retain "most if not all" of the nine trees on the property that were slated to be removed as part of a proposed plan to rebuild a permanent office at the 5300 6th Street site. Neighbors to the property had implored the board to reconsider the plan because three of the trees are giant eucalyptus that together with the other trees comprise a special ecosystem for wildlife and idyllic space for the public. Plans to chop the trees were motivated by the risk of sudden limb drop, for which the stately eucalyptus are notorious.
CSD General Manager Craig Murray said, "We looked at these trees in a very analytical way. It was risk-oriented. We've seen these trees drop limbs … one is 10 inches in diameter and 50 feet in length." He said after meeting with neighbors and gauging community interest, the district was willing to live with some risk. Building plans called for the removal of the nine trees but replacing them at a 3-to-1 ratio with native oaks and sycamores, which Murray said he considered a good trade off on paper. The 400-year-old Portola Sycamore tree on the property, a historical landmark and most beloved of the stand, was never in consideration for removal, McdVoice survey.
Numerous members of the public attended the meeting in part to defend the trees and were quickly relieved of concern on that front; however, neighbors still take issue with the size and orientation of the proposed office building. Members of the Board of Directors explained that the current office consists of temporary trailers that were erected in 1991 and the City of Carpinteria issued a deadline of 2019 to build a permanent office at the site.
Top 5 Reasons why you should plant trees
Posted on May 12, 2018 by dback
According to Modern Diplomacy, here are the reasons why you should plant trees:
Trees fight climate change
Wish you could do more than recycling and reducing your carbon footprint to combat climate change? Trees have you covered. Through photosynthesis, trees absorb harmful carbon dioxide, removing and storing the carbon and releasing oxygen back into the air.
Trees clean the air and help you breathe
Trees don't just absorb CO2. They also absorb odors and pollutants like nitrogen oxides, ammonia, sulfur dioxide and ozone. It's estimated that one tree can absorb nearly 10 pounds of polluted air each year and release 260 pounds of oxygen.
Trees prevent soil erosion and rainwater runoff
During heavy rains, water runoff finds its way to streams, lakes, and wetlands, creating the potential for flooding. It also picks up and carries pollutants along the way. The EPA and the Center for Watershed Protection are recognizing the importance of trees in managing runoff. Leaf canopies help buffer the falling rain and their roots hold the soil in place, encouraging the water to seep into the ground rather than run off.
Planting trees are easy
Gardening can be intimidating for newbies because there are so many variables. Which plants and flowers should you put next to each other and which should you separate? Which bloom in the summer and which bloom in the fall? When you're dealing with trees, there's none of that. Just choose a spot in your yard and you're good to go. Here's a video showing you all you need to know about planting your young trees:
You'll save money
Trees conserve energy in summer and winter, providing shade from the hot summer sun and shelter from cold winter winds. With trees standing between you and the elements, you'll spend less on your energy bill to heat and cool your home, where to buy liquor.
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Biodiversity in trees
Posted on May 2, 2018 by dback
According to Science News, for a decade, researchers explore how tree species diversity affects the coexistence of trees and their growth performance in the largest biodiversity experiment with trees worldwide, the so-called 'BEF-China' experiment. One of the main interests of the BEF-China team is to explore the relationship between tree diversity and multiple ecosystem functions, specifically those benefiting society, such as wood production or the mitigation of soil erosion.
For this purpose, an experimental site of c. 50 hectare in subtropical China was planted with more than 400,000 trees and shrubs. The findings now shed new light on tree-tree interactions: The local environment of a tree strongly determine its productivity, meaning that tree individuals growing in a species-rich neighborhood produce more wood than those surrounded by neighbors of the same species. "Particularly impressive is the finding that the interrelations of a tree with its immediate neighbors induce higher productivity of the entire tree community (i.e. the forest stand) and that such local neighborhood interactions explain more than 50% of the total forest stand productivity," says forest ecologist Dr. Andreas Fichtner.
The scientists were also able to identify mechanisms explaining why species-rich neighborhoods promote tree productivity. Their findings show that competition is less prevalent in species-rich neighborhoods and that species-rich neighborhoods can even lead to facilitation by e.g. an improvement of the microclimatic conditions or by positive interactions with soil fungi, where to buy liquor.
"These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of tree interactions and the functioning of forest ecosystems, and are particularly relevant for nature conservation and forestry," says Prof. Dr. Goddert von Oheimb from the Department of Forest Sciences at the TU Dresden. This, in turn, will benefit the multifunctionality of forest ecosystems and their associated ecosystem services benefitting the society. "This shows that biodiversity conservation is not exclusively an ecological or ethical issue, but rather a necessity ensuring the socio-economic welfare," says Dr. Andreas Fichtner.
Water insufficiency stresses urban trees
Posted on April 24, 2018 by dback
According to Eurek Alert, a research that was revealed on March 13 says urban trees are able to survive heat and insect pests well unless they're thirsty. The lack of water does not only harm trees but also allows other outsized effects to occur.
"We would see some vibrant urban trees covered in scale insects, but we'd also see other clearly stressed and struggling urban trees covered in scale insects. We wanted to know what allowed some trees to deal with these pests so much more successfully," says Emily Meineke, a postdoctoral researcher at Harvard and first author of a paper on the study.
"This is important because trees need to grow in order to perform valuable ecosystem services, such as removing pollutants from the air and storing carbon," says Steve Frank, an associate professor of entomology at North Carolina State University and co-author of the paper, where to buy liquor.
The researchers collected detailed data on 40 urban willow oaks (Quercus phellos) for two years. The data includes temperature, scale insects' (Parthenolecanium species) density, and how water-stressed the trees were.
"This tells us that management strategies aimed at increasing tree hydration in cities may reduce the adverse effects of all three of these key stressors. And that is likely to become increasingly important as water availability, temperature and pest abundance are affected by further urbanization and climate change," says Meineke, a former Ph.D. student in Steve Frank's lab.
"For example, urban planners could design urban landscapes that retain stormwater in vegetation; invest in hydration strategies, such as appropriate soil quality and soil volume; and plant drought-tolerant tree species and genotypes in the hottest parts of their cities," Frank explained.
"Moving forward, we're very curious about the prevalence of water stress in urban trees globally – and whether this leads to similar problems regarding the impact of tree pests. If so, improved tree hydration could become a higher priority for urban forestry management," Meineke shared.
Do Trees talk?
Posted on February 27, 2018 March 7, 2018 by dback
Fortey sounds appalled when he was informed by Simard that he detected a spiritual aspect in the forest saying,
"Spiritual? Oh dear, oh dear, well there's nothing to be said about that. Look, trees are networkers. They do communicate in their own way. What worries me is that people find this so appealing that they immediately leap to faulty conclusions. Namely that trees are sentient beings like us."
Meanwhile, Fortey revealed a notable offender named Peter Wohlleben regarding this matter. He said,
"There is a lot of good new science in his book, and I sympathize with his concerns, but he describes trees as if they possess consciousness and emotions. His trees are like the Ents in Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings."
On the other hand, Wohlleben smiles and answered Fortey's criticism saying,
"Scientists insist on language that is purged of all emotion. To me, this is inhuman, because we are emotional beings, and for most people, scientific language is extremely boring to read. The wonderful research about giraffes and acacia trees, for example, was done many years ago, but it was written in such dry, technical language that most people never heard about it."
According to Smithsonian Mag,
"Wohlleben's first priority is to not be boring, so he uses emotional storytelling techniques. His trees cry out with thirst, they panic and gamble and mourn. They talk, suckle and make mischief. papa survey is where you can voice out.
If these words were framed in quotation marks, to indicate a stretchy metaphorical meaning, he would probably escape most of the criticism. But Wohlleben does not bother with quotation marks because that would break the spell of his prose. Then one day, it's all over. The trunk snaps and the tree's life is at an end. 'Finally,' you can almost hear the young trees-in-waiting sigh."
Nashville City strengthens tree protection
Posted on February 13, 2018 by dback
Nashville Mayor Megan Barry plans to sign an executive order on February 13, which contains additional protections for trees on the city-owned property, restructures the government's urban forestry staff, and instructs city agencies to enforce tree standards.
"Nashville's recent development boom has placed significant pressure on the 'urban tree canopy," the mayor's office revealed. According to Tennessean, the efforts come as Nashville grows rapidly and its trees lose ground to new real estate developments. As per the report, advocates estimate over 50,000 trees a year are hemorrhaging in Davidson County
Barry's order frames the city's trees as a public asset. The mayor believes that like a sewer or electrical system, it needs to be maintained. "Urban tree canopy is a utility that improves air quality, manages stormwater, supports public health, provides economic benefits, and increases the quality of life for Nashville residents," the mayor added.
Moreover, executive director Carolyn Sorenson of the Nashville Tree Foundation said, "Something like a Fort Negley is not going to happen again. We are very encouraged. We can be more effective as a nonprofit when the city leads by example." Advocates have complained that the city has not been enforcing the tree standards it has on the books. Builders and developers have been knocking down trees without planting the required replacements. After all, the Codes Department is responsible for overseeing tree replacement and protection.
Barry's order puts emphasis to this: "During the permitting process for any development or construction, trees shall be a major consideration in the review of a grading or building permit application and the issuance of occupancy permits."
Furthermore, the executive order also streamlines some of the city's tree staffing and communications. With this, the urban forestry program manager was empowered to coordinate among city agency heads and directly advise the mayor.
Is this article helpful? Send us a feedback in the comment section.
Should the Government Help to Preserve Trees
Posted on January 16, 2018 by dback
Who are the Government? They are elected officials that their main goal is to take care and improve the welfare of the citizens. If they don't do that, the people will vote them off. So if the officials want to make sure that they stay in power and enjoy the privileges of being an elected officials, then they have to do the right things.
The government is tasked with building roads, providing security and many other things, but one important thing is also preserving trees. If you read most articles on nature, it is most private organizations that take care of nature. But it will be better if the government is involved in doing that. Because if the government is involved in doing that, it means that the citizens support it because the government is like a representation of the people. Basically, people pay their taxes, and the money is deposited in the central bank of the country. The government is not like individuals that will require the money to be deposited into their BOA, Wells fargo, or chase bank account. If the government does that, they will be like they are supporting one bank over the other.
The government will use the money to preserve the trees. If I say preserve the trees, I mean that the government will provide funds so that the trees will be taken care off and prevent them from developing dieback. The government has to do this if they don't want the trees to die. The trees act as a representation of the past. The trees tells the history of the place. Of course, the past is the past and we have to make room for the future. But it is also good to keep some memories of the past, so that the future generation can have an idea of what their past was.
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Home	STATEWIDE	Texas can kick Planned Parenthood out of its Medicaid program, federal appeals court rules
Texas can kick Planned Parenthood out of its Medicaid program, federal appeals court rules
The U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals on Monday sided with state officials. Planned Parenthood said it will continue to serve patients for now, since the order has not yet taken effect.
A federal appeals court is allowing Texas to kick Planned Parenthood out of its Medicaid program.
The conservative U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals on Monday sided with state officials who removed the chain of women's health care providers from the program for low-income people. The state had cited a misleading and highly edited video created by anti-abortion advocates in 2015 that purported to show Planned Parenthood officials selling fetal tissue.
A lower court had blocked the state from removing Planned Parenthood in 2017.
The 5th Circuit judges ruled, however, that legal precedent disqualifies Medicaid beneficiaries from taking issue with how states determine which providers are qualified to be in the program.
"Medicaid beneficiaries have an 'absolute right' … to receive services from a provider whom the State has determined is 'qualified,' but beneficiaries have no right under the statute to challenge a State's determination that a provider is unqualified," the court wrote.
In a statement, Planned Parenthood officials said the state's move was political. They also noted the order has yet to take effect and that they will continue to serve patients for now.
"These terminations are a blatantly political attack that will jeopardize critical health care access for Texans with low incomes during a global pandemic," Planned Parenthood Federation of America and Planned Parenthood Advocates of Texas officials said in a statement.
Investigations into the video have been unable to substantiate claims that Planned Parenthood committed any wrongdoing. Republican state officials nonetheless continue to accuse the nonprofit of breaking the law.
In a statement Monday, Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton — who is currently under investigation by the FBI for alleged abuse of office — applauded the ruling.
"Undercover video plainly showed Planned Parenthood admitting to morally bankrupt and unlawful conduct, including violations of federal law by manipulating the timing and methods of abortions to obtain fetal tissue for their own research," he said in a statement. "Planned Parenthood is not a 'qualified' provider under the Medicaid Act, and it should not receive public funding through the Medicaid program."
Ken Lambrecht, the president and CEO of Planned Parenthood of Greater Texas, said the ruling would affect the many Texans who rely on the clinics for cancer screenings, birth control services and other medical needs.
"Too many Texans face unacceptable barriers to health care, especially people of color and low-income individuals and families," he said in a statement. "This ruling only puts health care out of reach for more low-income Texans – during a pandemic, no less. Regardless, Planned Parenthood health centers are open and providing essential health services. We will continue to stand up for our patients and their access to the provider of their choice."
Disclosure: Planned Parenthood has been a financial supporter of The Texas Tribune, a nonprofit, nonpartisan news organization that is funded in part by donations from members, foundations and corporate sponsors. Financial supporters play no role in the Tribune's journalism. Find a complete list of them here.
BY ASHLEY LOPEZ, KUT NEWS. The article can also be found on Texas Tribune's website here.
PHOTO A Planned Parenthood examination room in Austin in January. Credit: Eddie Gaspar/The Texas Tribune
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In this session, among the things being instructed in is the importance of constantly closing distance. For Karuhat this is not a "dern" style (walking aggressively after an opponent) that's you'll see from Muay Khao fighters – Karuhat was though once a Muay Khao styled fighter – it's that each and every step or strike in any direction can flow into a new movement forward. Anything can become something else. This is a very morphing, balanced kind of fighting that is being explored here. It's part of the larger Continuity thinking that I've been talking about, and that my husband Kevin has written about too.
This is about being relaxed in a range, and moving smoothly through that range. This is really against my basic instinct which is to pop out of range, after a miss, or even a mistake. Karuhat is a pressure fighter, but the pressure isn't aggression per se. It's more constantly reading and scanning your opponent, closing the distance.
In the free excerpt above he starts talking about my elbows, wanting me to think about how arm-pressure creates openings for elbows. He is showing me his push-pull, the way he uses tension to flex or melt away. This is a larger principle for him, part of his Be Like Sand. For me a key in working his flex into my style I want to be on my front foot. For me rocking back onto my back foot stagnates me, making me less ready. On my front foot I'm much more ready to kick or check.


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George Protopapas: Rama visits Ankara – The Albanian tightrope walk between Greece and Turkey
Albanian Prime Minister Edi Rama met with President Tayyip Erdogan in Ankara at the invitation of the latter, who expressed his deep concern over the Greek-Albanian agreement on referring to the Hague Tribunal the EEZ demarcation dispute. Although Rama is a close ally of Erdogan, he seeks to balance his ties to the West with Turkey.
The agreement between Greece and Albania to appeal to the Hague Tribunal, approved by Rama, has alarmed Erdogan, who is expected to put pressure on him to annul it. Rama has stated that it is "Greece's right and is based on the International Convention on the Law of the Sea, which clearly states that any country can expand its maritime borders, where possible." Obviously with Albania, this is not the case and that is why we need the agreement. It is absolutely legal for the Greek side to say that."
Rama seeks to maintain close relations with Turkey but also not to distance himself from the West, in order to eliminate the accusation of being a "pawn" of Erdogan in the Balkans. Rama, when in opposition, had submitted to the Supreme Constitutional Court for an annulment of the Greek-Albanian agreement on the EEZ in 2008, signed by the then prime ministers Sali Berisha and Costas Karamanlis. Turkey bribed members of the Supreme Constitutional Court to annul the EEZ agreement.
Erdogan may take advantage of Rama's internal reactions to the agreement with Greece. His critics say Albania has relinquished part of its territorial sovereignty and is giving Greece the opportunity to strengthen its position in the International Court of Justice.
The Greek-Albanian agreement provoked a strong reaction from Albanian President Ilir Meta, who accused Rama of relinquishing territorial sovereignty and secret talks with the Greek side. However, Rama will have to set up a negotiating team for The Hague, which will have to be approved by Meta, who also has the opposition reacting to the Greek-Albanian agreement. President and Prime Minister have opened a long-standing vendetta and neither shows any intention of backing down.
Albania expects the start of accession negotiations with the EU, which when done will be credited as a success to Rama, who has become a target of opposition and society for his authoritarian policies. Accession negotiations have been blocked by Bulgaria's veto on northern Macedonia, as Brussels considers the two cases together as a package. Rama also receives criticism from MEPs for not going ahead with the reforms set by the EU.
Close relationships
During a joint press conference in Ankara, Rama and Erdogan signed a "Strategic Partnership Agreement" as well as co-operation agreements on health, education, construction, infrastructure, and culture. They also signed an agreement on the establishment of a High Council for Strategic Cooperation between Albania and Turkey.
Rama, who has taken over the government of Albania since 2013, has made Turkey particularly important for Albanian foreign policy and is considered an important strategic partner. Rama's close relationship with Erdogan had developed before the former came to power. Moreover, after the failed coup attempt in Turkey in July 2016, Rama was one of the first foreign leaders to express his support for Erdogan.
The close relationship between the two men is also proven by the fact that Rama was also invited to the wedding of Erdogan's daughter. At the same time, Turkey is an important economic partner of Albania as it invests heavily. Çalik Holding is the "spearhead" of Turkish investments, as it operates in the fields of energy, mining, construction, economy, and telecommunications.
In 2007, Çalik Holding acquired a majority stake in ALBtelecom, an Albanian state-owned telecommunications company with subsidiaries in Kosovo. Turkish investments are also expanding in the aviation sector. State-owned Turkish Airlines owns 49% of Air Albania with a tripartite agreement signed in February 2019 between Albcontrol, Turkish Airlines, and private companies.
Turkish penetration
The Turkish penetration into Albanian society is also impressive, as Erdogan exploits the Muslim religion to advance his strategic plans. The construction of a large mosque in Tirana by Turkey is considered, from a religious and cultural point of view, an important exercise of "soft power" diplomacy.
The mosque will be the largest in the Balkans, with a capacity of 10,000 people, a cultural center, a library, a meeting room, and will offer Turkish language courses. Its construction cost amounts to about 30 million euros. In addition, Turkey has a significant presence in the Albanian education system and acquired it after the fall of the communist regime. Private schools have been open in Albania since 1993 and teach Turkish.
The close relationship between Erdogan and Rama is a given, but from the moment the Albanian prime minister agreed with Greece to refer to the International Court of Justice, he knew that he would provoke Turkish reactions. After all, he was the one who initiated the procedures for the cancellation of the 2008 Greece-Albania agreement for the EEZ.
Ετικέτες Erdogan Erdogan's pawn Greek-Albanian agreement International Court of Justice Γιώργος Πρωτόπαπας Ρ'αμα