I am probably the wrong person to write this trip report, the wrong person to write trip reports in general. I feel like they require capabilities of scientific observation that I do not have. Nevertheless, someone has to do them.
I will begin by stating a fact that should be obvious, but that some reports generate less awareness of. I am approaching the experience of the trip totally subjectively. Read this report knowing that the other members of the group should also be consulted for a more complete understanding of the reality of the trip.
Now I can start telling you about the interesting personal approach I came to the trip with. I am a window shopper with trips; I read a lot of the upcoming trip notices that come to my inbox. I read them and imagine a world where I had time to do them all. The time it takes me to read the reports and imagine doing all the trips probably reduces the time I have for actually doing trips by half.
Usually, the trip I decide to do will spontaneously become my highest priority in a weekend that had previously been full of "unavoidable commitments". I capriciously annihilate them from my schedule with little regard for the consequences until the day before the trip when I realise that the commitments I summarily postponed indefinitely need to be recondensed from their atemporal form into the laden skeleton of the near future. Not pleasant.
I don't regret it ever, though. Never ever. Neither should you.
The decision to go on this trip was no less ill-conceived, being born out of my procrastinators desire to avoid obligatory commitments, surfing my phone screen late on Wednesday night.
Tim's advertisement for this trip was an ideal fixation for a procrastinator. It promised so much excitement to a desperately rebellious midnight brain. There was firstly going to be a tunnel. There'd be lots of orange goo, geological history, bats, contrasting conditions of light and temperature and slope, and varied obstacles. I became fascinated with the prospective sensory experience. That's my thing. I really like exploring sensory experiences.
I sent Tim an e-mail that was more elaborate and perhaps better written than this homework I finally wrote afterwards. The e-mail was about the potential for synesthesia in the tunnel due to the profound contrast between the habitual stimulation of and reliance on particular sensory categories (stimuli being designated according to the sensory organ that perceives them) inside and outside the tunnel.
In my imagination, this sensory confusion would be enhanced by the bats that we would perceive in certain ways we are unused to perceiving, and who would perceive us groggily as they usually do the world, but with an element of surprise and altered consciousness from sleep disturbance.
The scenario was very detailed. I felt the tactile elements, the temperature, the smells, sudden failure of the visually reliant system perceiving reality, confusing the borders of ourselves and the bats, confusing cause and effect and cross-categorizing sensory inputs. I can be very demanding of life experiences sometimes.
So, Tim decided to make an exception and let me and my partner Tully on the trip that was technically already over the projected maximum number of participants. I felt that constituted successful procrastination.
The day of the trip came and we had to wake up early, but not as early as we could have had to. There was track work, but Tully and I and a guy called Dom, and a girl called Atoosa all got to bypass it because Lilian Donoso graciously gave us passage in her immaculate Prius.
It was a tight squeeze to get all of us in. The physical contact forced by squishing probably facilitated conversation transposing the squish to a deeper level of verbalised contact. By the end of the car trip we knew a lot more about each other's desires, motivations, and future plans. Other than difficulty finding Atoosa (the Iranian dentistry student) at Strathfield station, the car trip was thoroughly uneventful.
We arrived at Katoomba Station and met up with Tim and then Nippy (AKA Nipendra), Amanda, Hossein and Joan. After Tim, the others arrived in succession giving time for purchasing coffee and the odd breakfast doughnut at the station café.
During this time, I also managed to do an etymological analysis on Dom's name, which I had been associating with the Greek work for dwelling domos (as in domicile) and finding a little bit strange. It turned out his name is from the Latin for noble and lordly and Sunday, which makes saying such a name a lot different than a name descended from the Greek domicile.
When everyone had arrived that was probably going to arrive — again, it is very rude when people mention on the morning of or after the beginning of the trip that they can't go. It causes logistical problems. Decide early — we reallocated car space so that the aforementioned immaculate Prius wouldn't have to transport scruffy bushwalkers covered in orange mud later, and drove off in convoy to Scenic World. That place is like another universe within its surroundings. Highly discombobulating. If you've been to the village below Machu Picchu, you might find parallels.
From the functionalist parking garage at Scenic World, we headed off. Of the abundance of helmets people brought with them, I was one of just a couple to bring them on the walk. You can do more exciting things with a helmet on!
Somehow the chatty car ride didn't lead to much banter once we began the walk itself. Tully and I spent a good deal of the walk loudly drowning out nature with a debate about whether Ender´s Game can be called a good book, which turned into a general discussion of literature, which became a discussion of genre and then of… Twilight. The rest of the group were pretty quiet up until Twilight came in. At that point Tim had to put in his two cents worth. From there, the discussion deteriorated to the point that I resolved several times unsuccessfully to abort it.
During this time we crossed quite a varied landscape. The chronology of space has blurred in the time since the trip, but I am trying to dredge it back up out of the silt and reconstruct it.
At first, we were in this dry quiet wood, typical of the Blue Mountains cliff tops. The path there is dusty and smooth as cloth in places. I mean it. So many feet have compacted and sanded the path surface that it is of a remarkable texture in some places. The forest floor has eucalypt leaves in shades of rusty brown and pinkish grey and red-orange and pastel green. There are grey twigs and thicker beige branches with few blemishes, lengths and spirals of red or mouse brown bark from eucalypts that might be flooded gums or great gums or… I'm not superb in the botany department. There are some of those trees that make sap that is startlingly scarlet, and all the trees come up tiered from below as you make your way downwards, so that you will at any time have within view every height of the tree, from the muscular top branches of the great gums as the case may be and down to the root systems of strangler figs and the diminutive bushes and intricate mosses. Evidently, this kind of thing inspires me.
The face of the steep hillside was open to our backs in columns of russet rock, tumbles of leaf litter welling around mammoth boulders, and sulphur yellow overhangs dangling complex plant systems and dripping regularly. The sky was exhilaratingly blue and there were few noises but rustling birds and hiking pants, shoes, breathing and Tully and I loudly debating about Ender's Game.
Eventually we reached a sign that said we shouldn't go past it because the trail was closed. Tim told us we should enter weighing the risk against the incredible sight that risk-bravers would encounter ahead. We all continued with hesitation only to remove layers as it had become quite hot over the progression of the morning.
Tim explained that the massive rock structure we were passing under had been condemned from bushwalkers for years now, because they predicted it would collapse. The rock itself was a huge pocked and coved tower of orange and yellow stone with copious outcroppings and a startling hole in what seemed to be a crucial structural point. It did look like it might crumble on top of us if we disturbed it or if there was a decent storm to make it lose its precarious footing, but we ascended the dubious staircase (missing some steps. "One at a time" is Tim's suggestion after nearly dislodging one of the boards).
After some tricky-ish manoeuvering, swinging up another once-was staircase, and skating on a slick of pine needles, we came out on top of the condemned rock to a mighty spread of greenery below us: the sky, the rock faces and hazy buttresses ribbing the valley basin.
It looks like a southern fjord, almost, but without the water. It's nice to contemplate the ancient ocean that was here. Those blue shapes and this towering rock face would be the shore and there would be whales and gulls instead of squawking cockatoos and tiny whirligig insects falling in the sunlight. There were a lot of these insects. They looked like leisurely parachutists. It must be their mating season. Great day for it.
Tim told us a story about how to our right they had manually dragged the first massive chunk of coal that was mined down there in the depths of the trees. They had to take it over to Sydney to convince the people with the money to fork out to build a working mine there. Topical, since we are going to a tunnel.
With that, a reminder that with every down climb you'll likely have to ascend again, we set off in earnest pursuit of the tunnel. Tully and I were then in earnest pursuit of the true nature of genre in literature and whether music without lyrics can have characters. We also discussed the Chinese torture method where you pinion someone to the earth while bamboo grows up through their body and kills them slowly, but not too slowly.
In our descent, we saw more of the same type of forest: stones, trees, leafy plants, the works. At one point we came out into this scrub land boulder field with yellow cliff faces rising above us. That was beautiful.
Other people were concentrating on the path, though. It was tricky, trippy. It required focus. Tully and I were falling behind because the discussion about Romantic fiction and adventure fiction made us less able to dedicate the required attention to the path and the greater landscape.
Soon we returned to the same dry type of eucalypt forest with some banksia trees thrown in.
At some point we passed the scenic railway where we witnessed throngs of visitors and were glad not to be travelling the same way. We continued the descent through the more shadowy damp forest.
It took a while, but we finally reached the entrance to the tunnel. We all put on our headlamps and I put on my helmet. We took a pre-orange gunk photo and headed inside without further ado.
I had thoroughly forgotten my aims for the synesthesia experience. I was not in the right mindset. I hadn't told anyone else about it. It was unfortunately not really on the cards for us. I had over-thought it. I had raised the bar too high. It would have required a major surprise element to work. I quickly came to the conclusion that it would be better to treat this as a reconnoitering trip and come back for the synesthesia in another mindset.
Tim had been secretly unsure of the accessibility of the cave, but instead of an exciting large barrier that we would have to batter our way through, there as a pitiful folding barrier, the kind you might find around a section of sidewalk that was being repaired. Pathetic. It was pathetic. It was also convenient.
We entered noisily with our headlamps breaking into the dimness, complaining about the cold water, the cold air, the sharp rocks, the muddy mud. Someone asked how long the tunnel was. We were crawling and crouching and gorillaing along and it was quite mundane. Too much chatting. Also, the metre of orange goo ended up being a few centimetres of orange goo and a lot of clear water. I suppose it was better with less goo, but more goo would have been more exciting.
The ceiling was uncomfortably low and occasionally dropped bits of rock on us, but I was prepared with my helmet, so that wasn't exciting either. There was a cavern in the middle where the bats were (Tully and I blundered right through it towards the light at the other end and had to go back to witness the creatures).
The microbats look like an unlikely yawning, squeaking brown moss on the roof. Once you get a good look at them, they are very cute. They would have a hard time producing the synesthesia effect I was looking for, though. They are puny.
After we got back out of the tunnel on the other side, we all got to admire the artistry of mud splats on our clothing. It was pretty magnificent.
We quickly moved on though and bumbled along through the trees towards an undisclosed destination, which turned out to be the Devils Hole. A large stone is wedged high above the ground in the gap between split halves of the hill. We had to access it from below, a climb that was testing for some, but definitely beautiful. Stunningly green.
For a couple of us, the promise of lunch seemed to be the only thing keeping us going upwards. It was quite steep. We had also just been path finding in the undergrowth for a while. It had involved a little bit over and undering, skirting and summiting boulders and a further array of daunting obstacles. We managed to face them gallantly and efficiently, up until the slope up to the Devils Hole, I think.
Following the single significant upwards ordeal of the whole walk, we got to the exciting part of navigating an elaborate castle of rock where Tim had planned for us to have lunch. This is a rock tower above the Devils Hole with an abseil called the Wall of Africa below it.
There was a cheerful atmosphere in the group as we settled noisily into our lunches with a spectacular view and warm weather to help us relax. It was definitely a lovely spot.
Being generally adverse to sharing and communal activities, Tully, Atoosa and I conquered a tower separate from the others. Our lunch was also so delicious that we were concerned that others near us would be forced to consider pillaging it if they hear the yumming sounds we were making as we ate.
Atoosa came to our rock as a refugee, being apprehensive of the dangerous ascent to the further tower.
Lazy lunch was followed by a short sun bath for all and then possibly the most daring venture the whole trip: we were to make our way out onto that very rock that we had fixed our attention on as we ascended up the Devils Hole: the rock that was uncannily lodged in the mountain gap.
It seemed that Tim was determined to further test our bravery and willpower and also test the 80% rule (the percentage of the group that must survive in order for a SUBW trip to be termed successful).
Views from our lunch spot. Rennies Tunnel runs directly underneath these cliffs.
To get out onto this dangerous perch the first option was to jump across from one of the rock cheeks. This is a daunting option for people who don't like falling to their death. From above, the potential jumper has a spectacular view of their own clamouring, flailing body plummeting unexpectedly towards the vibrant greenery and rock tumble of the slope we that we only recently sweatily ascended. The close up of ecstatic fear on one's own face is startlingly familiar and contact with the earth is merciless. Not many were keen on the jump into the Devils Hole after that.
Luckily, there are alternate routes for creative cowards. I shimmied down a tree onto a wide ledge scrambled to the top of the rock from there. Despite the graphic re-imagination of one's own death, the view from up there was unparalleled, in my opinion.
Nippy, who made the jump without much fuss did a liberated gyrating victory dance on the rock while Lilian used her enviable bushwalking gloves to ease herself down using a frayed rope and the rest of us laughed and jittered. In the end, I'm pretty sure everyone made it onto the rock.
There was also a cool discovery of some beautifully intricate pine cones that I used as ammunition to motivate people to keep walking on the last uphill.
After the adventure onto that scary precarious rock, there wasn't much to do except make our way back. We had made excellent time. The trip had taken a much shorter time than expected due to Tim's excellent path-finding skills.
When we emerged after the last uphill, there was a surprise for us that for me peaked my happiness for the day. One of the houses along the road had a sprinkler gushing dazzlingly on their ample lawn. Since there was a gap in the hedge, we decided that the only correct thing to do in the situation was to go and refresh ourselves by wetting our hair and faces in the spray. It was so good.
The rest of the trip was just walking and talking down the asphalt towards Scenic World. We stopped at one point to check out the view from one of the frequent lookouts, but mostly the interest of the last section of the trip was in the conversation which was mostly about gender roles, ethics, and restrictive elements of various religions.
At Katoomba station we regrouped and recapped at the pub with fancy beers and lemon lime and bitters. The atmosphere of satisfaction was an indicator of trip success.


London. Berenberg is further expanding its position in investment banking and was named "Best Investment Bank in Germany" in the "Euromoney Awards for Excellence" by the renowned business magazine.
"Focused on equities, Berenberg considers its advantages lie in its ability to gain business on the basis of its quality – better ideas and insights on the research side, better advice to companies looking to list or raise capital in the equity markets. Overall, the idea is for a return to the model of the 1990s independent merchant banks, before they were swallowed up by the bulge-bracket firms", says the jury.
Berenberg has grown dynamically in recent years. In 2017, the number of equity analysts increased to 122, the number of covered stocks rose to 770 and Berenberg continues to expand its presence in the USA. In addition to European stocks the bank intends to triple the 97 US stocks currently covered over the next two years.
Berenberg is the leader in German-speaking countries in IPOs, capital increases and placements. In recent years it has developed into an ECM company active throughout Europe. Last year, the bank completed a record number of 51 transactions with an issue volume of around EUR 8.6 billion, including the IPOs of Varta, Delivery Hero, City Pub Group, Alpha Financial and Hello Fresh. This success continued in the first six months of 2018 with 34 transactions.


text:
Die Barnes-Evans-Relation setzt die Leuchtkraft bzw. indirekt die Flächenhelligkeit eines Sterns in eine Beziehung zu seinem V-R-Farbindex im UBVRI-System, welches Sterne anhand ihrer Leuchtfarbe charakterisiert.

Sie wurde 1976 von den amerikanischen Astrophysikern Thomas G. Barnes und David S. Evans veröffentlicht. Zwar existierten bereits vor Veröffentlichung der Relation Formalismen für eine farbindex-abhängige Berechnung der Leuchtkraft von Sterne, allerdings gelang Barnes und Evans erstmals eine weitaus umfangreichere Bestätigung dieses Zusammenhangs auch für kühlere Spektralklassen bis M8, da sie im Gegensatz zu früheren Forschern auf umfangreiche Daten eines Mondverdunklungs-Programmes am McDonald-Observatorium zugreifen konnten, welches die zum Beweis der Theorie notwendigen Winkeldurchmesser verschiedener stellarer Objekte lieferte.

Überblick
Betrachtet man zunächst den allgemeinen Zusammenhang, dass die Leuchtkraft  eines Sterns proportional zur 2. Potenz seines Lineardurchmessers  und zur 4. Potenz seiner Effektivtemperatur  ist, dann gilt folglich mathematisch:

Verwenden wir nun die Sonne als Kalibrierungspunkt, so kann man leicht mithilfe der bolometrischen Korrektur , des Winkeldurchmessers  und der scheinbaren Helligkeit im visuellen Spektrum des betrachteten Sterns  die Gleichung für die Leuchtkraft eines Sterns herleiten. Sie lautet:

Ein Hauptziel der Barnes-Evans-Relation war es nämlich, zu zeigen, dass die Rechenverfahren basierend auf der bolometrischen Korrektur oder der Effektivtemperatur zwar korrekte Ergebnisse liefern, allerdings dieselben Ergebnisse auch aus leichter Messbaren Größen wie der scheinbaren Helligkeit und dem Winkeldurchmesser eines Sterns ermittelt werden können, was eine deutlich gesteigerte, praktische Anwendbarkeit mit sich bringt.

Dabei wird der Wert der rechten Seite der Gleichung im Folgenden als  bezeichnet. Es gilt also für :

Wie man nun erkennen kann, ist der Wert  nun linear mit der scheinbaren Helligkeit im visuellen Spektrum  verknüpft und kann mit einem bekannten Winkeldurchmesser  konkret berechnet werden.

Dieser Leuchtkraft-Parameter  hängt dabei wie folgt mit der Oberflächen-Flussdichte  (Einheit: Energie pro Fläche und Zeit) wie folgt zusammen:

 , wobei  eine beliebige Konstante bezeichnet, die von der betrachteten Längeneinheit abhängig ist.

Wichtig ist außerdem, dass der Wert für  ohne Berücksichtigung von Störeffekten wie der interstellaren Extinktion berechnet wird, da die Abweichungen, die sich aus dieser Störquelle ergäben, laut vorangegangenen Studien von Warner (1972) und Dunham et al. (1973) zu vernachlässigen sind, denn auch Barnes und Evans stellten fest, dass bei keinem der von ihnen untersuchten Sterne der Wert von  um mehr als wenige Zehntelmagnituden schwanken würde, wenn die Extinktion berücksichtigt würde.

Außerdem stellten Barnes und Evans fest, dass sich die Rötungslinien, die bei den Reflexions- und Brechungseffekten des Sternenlicht in den Atmosphärenschichten der Erde auftreten (Extinktion), in verschiedenen Diagrammen wiedererkennen lassen, wenn man die Größe  wahlweise in Abhängigkeit vom V-R-, B-V- oder R-I-Farbindex im UBVRI-System aufträgt. Allerdings müssen für weiter entfernte Sterne relativ aufwendige Verfahren angewendet werden, um Störeffekte in den Messwerten auszuschließen. Solche Sterne wurden bei den Berechnungen durch Barnes und Evans zunächst absichtlich ausgespart, um mit sicheren Messwerten zunächst die allgemeine Korrelation zwischen Farbindex und Leuchtkraft zu beweisen.

Ebenfalls durften, um die verschiedenen Werte für Winkeldurchmesser diverser Sterne vergleichbar zu machen, nur diejenigen Werte von externen Quellen herangezogen werden, die etwa im gleichen Wellenlängenbereich wie die Winkeldurchmesser, die das McDonald-Observation ermittelt hatte, denn sowohl Bonneau und Labeyrie (1973) und Currie, Knapp und Liewer (1974) hatten bereits vermutet, dass der Winkeldurchmesser bei Sternen sehr später Spektralklassen von der Wellenlänge, welche man bei der Messung selektiert, abhängig sein könnte und diesen Effekt galt es dadurch möglichst zu minimieren. Im konkreten Fall von Barnes und Evans entschied man sich für eine Wellenlänge zur Messung des Winkeldurchmessers  von etwa 7000 Å.

Da auch veränderliche Sterne untersucht wurden, musste unbedingt versucht werden, an photometrische Daten (also Werte von verschiedenen UBVRI-Farbindizes) zur etwa gleichen Zeit, zu der die Messung des Winkeldurchmessers des betrachteten Sterns stattfand, zu gelangen, um zeitlich bedingten Schwankungen im Spektrum vorzubeugen. Außerdem wurden einige Transformationen zwischen dem UBVRI-System nach Johnson (1966) und dem Narrow-Band-System von Eggens, der 1969 selbst eine solche Transformation entwickelte, die man nun auch nutzte.

Der B-V-Farbindex als Argument der Leuchtkraft-Funktion Fv
Zwar konnte für den Wert  in Abhängigkeit vom B-V-Farbindex eine lineare Kurve auf der Basis verschiedener Beobachtungsdaten von Sternen erhalten werden, jedoch nur im Intervall  . Nach einem Wert für B-V von 1,5 mag nehmen Störeffekte zu, denn tatsächlich führt das in der Atmosphäre kühler Sternen enthaltene Titanoxid zu einer starken Verschleierung im Spektrum des Sternenlichts. Deswegen bricht die Linearität ab diesem Wert mehr und mehr zusammen. Diese typischen Abweichungen sind auch in der nebenstehenden Abbildung für die Sterne spätester Spektralklasse R Leo und o Cet gut zu erkennen.

Da die aufwendige Korrekturfunktion die Nather und Wild (1973) in einer Studie entwickelt haben, um die Titanoxid-Schleier aus den Sternenspektren herausfiltern erhebliche Unsicherheiten mit sich bringt, entschieden sich Barnes und Evans dafür die Funktion  nur innerhalb des oben genannten Intervalls von B-V zu definieren, wodurch sie ähnlich wie schon Warner (1972), der einen Linearkoeffizienten von 0,365 angab, auf folgende Gleichung:

Mit 0,333 liegt der Linearkoeffizient, den Barnes und Evans ermittelten, also sehr nahe bei Warner aus dem Jahre 1972.

Da die lineare Beziehung zwischen dem Wert  und B-V-Farbindex als Argument nur für ein kleines Intervall konsistent war, suchten Barnes und Evans nach einem anderen Farbindex aus dem UBVRI-System, der eine breitere Linearität zu  aufweist.

Der U-B-Farbindex als Argument der Leuchtkraft-Funktion Fv
Der U-B-Farbindex konnte als mögliches Argument einer Funktionsvorschrift für  schnell gegenüber dem zuvor untersuchten B-V-Index ausgeschlossen werden, da unter anderem Smak (1964) gezeigt hatte, dass besonders Mira-Sterne, für die die Relation durch Barnes und Evans ebenfalls gezeigt werden sollte, aufgrund der Balmer-Emissionslinien starke und unregelmäßige Schwankungen im U-B-Farbindex aufzeigen.

Der V-R-Farbindex als Argument der Leuchtkraft-Funktion Fv
Eines der Hauptergebnisse, welches die Studie von Barnes und Evans hervorbrachte, ist die Bestätigung eines linearen Zusammenhangs zwischen dem Wert  und dem V-R-Farbindex für verschiedenste Sterne in einem breiten Intervall, wobei folgende mathematische Beziehungen auf Basis zahlreicher Messdaten von Winkeldurchmessern, scheinbaren Helligkeiten und Farbindizes berechnet wurden:

 für das Intervall

 für das Intervall

sowie darüber hinaus:

 für das Intervall

Aufgrund der Vielzahl an Sternentypen, deren Werte durch Barnes und Evans untersucht wurden, kann begründet vermutet werden, dass diese Beziehungen sowohl für S-Sterne, rote (Über-)Riesen, Mira-Sterne und Kohlenstoffsterne gültig sind und somit eine breite Anwendbarkeit in der Astronomie besitzen.

Da insbesondere die Daten über die veränderlichen (Mira-)Sterne unabhängig von ihrer zyklischen Entwicklungsphase trotzdem zu einer feststellbaren Korrelation des Wertes  mit dem V-R-Farbindex geführt haben, kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass die Barnes-Evans-Relation weitgehend unabhängig von veränderlichen Sternphasen ist. Des Weiteren wurde die Linearität zwischen  und dem V-R-Farbindex für den gesamten Spektralklassen-Bereich von O5 (konkreter Stern: ζ Pup) bis M8 (konkreter Stern: R Leo) nachgewiesen werden. Ausschließlich o Cet bildet einen Ausreißer im obigen Diagramm einiger untersuchter Sterne.

Eine spätere Studie von Barnes et al. (1977) ergab speziell für Sterne der Spektralklassen A bis G eine korrigierte Korrelation. Sie lautet:

 für das Intervall

Der R-I-Farbindex als Argument der Leuchtkraft-Funktion Fv
Zwar ergibt sich auch lineare Zuordnung für den R-I-Farbindex als Argument der Größe , allerdings nicht in einem so großen Definitionsbereich, denn sie lautet nach Barnes und Evans:

 für das Intervall

Die teilweise starken Abweichungen von der linearen Zuordnungsvorschrift für Werte für den R-I-Index außerhalb des ermittelten Intervalls können nicht ausschließlich auf Messungenauigkeiten zurückgeführt werden, sodass wahrscheinlich Störeffekte molekularer Schleier auf das Lichtspektrum der untersuchten Sterne dafür verantwortlich sind. Siehe dazu auch diverse Beispielsterne in der Abbildung rechts.

Entstehungsgeschichte
Bereits 1969 hatte der niederländische Astronom Adriaan Wesselink eine gewisse lineare Korrelation zwischen einem ähnlichen Wert wie dem später von Barnes und Evans benutzten Leuchtkraft-Parameter  und dem B-V-Farbindex beobachten können. Für kleine (ca. bis 1,5 mag) Werte des B-V-Farbindizes konnte Wesselink eine gute lineare Näherung berechnen, wobei allerdings nur 4 von 19 der durch ihn untersuchten Sterne eine Spektralklasse unterhalb von F5 besaßen, sodass die Korrelation nur für Sterne früher Spektralklassen einigermaßen glaubwürdig durch Evidenzen gestützt werden konnte.

Der amerikanische Astronom Brian Warner nahm diese Erkenntnisse 1972 zum Anlass, diese Linearität auch für vier weitere Sterne bekannter Winkeldurchmesser zu prüfen und kam somit zu der begründeten Vermutung, dass die von Wesselink entdeckte Linearität zudem auch für Sterne bis einschließlich zur Spektralklasse M2 Gültigkeit besäße. Allerdings musste Warner dafür annehmen, dass es sich bei den Sternen μ Gem und α Her um Ausreißer handele, die die ansonsten gültige Korrelation nicht bestätigen könnten, sodass er diese von seinen Auswertungen exkludierte.

Jedoch konnten Harwood et al. Warners Vermutung 1975 auf Basis diverser Messwerte von Winkeldurchmessern verschiedener Sterne mit der Okkultationstechnik, die hauptsächlich am South African Astronomical Observatory entstanden, bestätigen.

Barnes und Evans konnten ab Beginn der 1970er-Jahre erstmals auf eine umfangreiche Sammlung von Messwerten, d. h. Winkeldurchmesser und photometrische Daten, von Sternen später Spektralklassen ("rote Sterne") aus einem Programm des McDonald-Observatory zugreifen. Mithilfe dieser Daten konnte, dann nicht nur die Linearität zwischen dem Leuchtkraft-Parameter  innerhalb eines bestimmten Intervalls (siehe dazu Überblick) mit größerer Sicherheit bestätigt werden, sondern auch der U-B- und der R-I-Farbindex als ungeeignet als Argument einer Funktion  ausgeschlossen werden. Hauptsächlich fanden Barnes und Evans aber heraus, dass sich die stabilste Korrelation für den vorher wenig beachteten V-R-Farbindex ergibt.

Aufgrund der großen Anzahl an Messwerten von Winkeldurchmessern verschiedener Sterne, die entweder während der Okkultation oder mittels anderer Verfahren ermittelt wurden, konnten Barnes und Evans außerdem zeigen, dass, wenn man bloß die Wellenlänge, auf welcher effektiv gemessen wird, vereinheitlicht, die unterschiedlichen Messverfahren überraschend identische Werte mit geringen Abweichungen liefern, sodass Golds Hypothese, der die Okkultationsmessung 1954 als ungenau bezeichnete, endgültig widerlegt werden konnte.

Anwendungen

Berechnung der Radien von Sternen und Doppelsternen
Eine mögliche Anwendung der Barnes-Evans-Relation stellt die Abschätzung der Radien erdnaher Einzel- und Doppelsterne dar, von welchen verlässliche Daten über die Entfernung zur Erde vorliegen, wodurch beachtliche Einblicke in die Sternenentwicklung und -evolution möglich werden können. Da die Barnes-Evans-Relation bei Betrachtung des V-R-Farbindizes innerhalb der Leuchtkraftklassen Ia bis V und innerhalb der Spektralklassen B bis G frei von Effekten, die mit der Gravitation an der Oberfläche der Sterne in Zusammenhang stehen, ist, werden hauptsächlich solche Sterne für die Berechnung ihrer Radien herangezogen.

Betrachten wir nun das Dreieck, welches zwischen einem Beobachter auf der Erde und einem Stern mit dem Durchmesser  in einem Abstand  (in pc) entsteht, so kann unter Verwendung der Definition des Winkeldurchmessers  (in Millibogensekunden) folgende Formel aufgestellt werden:

Oder mithilfe des Sonnenradius :

Nutzt man die bereits im Abschnitt Überblick ausführlich erklärte Definition des Leuchtkraft-Parameters , die lautet:  ,                                   dann führt dies zur erweiterten Gleichung:

Für passende (observierbare) Doppelsterne, bei denen die einzelnen Sterne beide sichtbare Spektren besitzen und sich gegenseitig periodisch bedecken/verdunkeln, können alle Größen der obigen Gleichung bis auf die Entfernung  zum Beobachtungspunkt aus spektroskopischen und photometrischen Messungen bestimmt werden, sodass  einfach berechnet werden kann. Allerdings kann der Sternenradius  solcher Doppelsterne, wenn die Entfernung  bekannt ist, ausschließlich auf Basis photometrischer Messungen bestimmt werden.

Nun sind natürlich insbesondere die Abweichungen von den mit anderen Methoden berechneten Sternradien, nämlich sowohl die zufälligen als auch die systembedingten Abweichungen, der Werte interessant. Claud H. Lacy erkannte in einer 1977 veröffentlichten Studie, dass sich tatsächlich lediglich eine Standardabweichung von 18 % im Vergleich zu den Vergleichswerten ergibt. Dies konnte jedoch erwartet werden, da der Wert des Winkeldurchmessers  nur in im Durchschnitt mit 18 % Genauigkeit vorlag und darüber hinaus noch ein systematischer Fehler von etwa 2 % für  wegen den Kalibrierungslinien zu beachten war, wobei zu erwähnen ist, dass die einzelnen Abweichungen teilweise geringer oder größer als dieser gemittelte Wert waren. Jedoch besteht eine andere Fehlerquelle bei der Berechnung des Sternenradius mithilfe der Barnes-Evans-Relation darin, dass sich die Messtechniken der Winkeldurchmesser verschiedener Sterne unterscheiden. Für späte Spektralklassen werden Okkultationsmessungen bevorzugt, bei denen die völlige Randverdunklung der Sterne angenommen wird, während die Ergebnisse des Intensitäts-Interferometers für Sterne früher Spektralklassen meist auf einem Randverdunklungsgesetz beruhen, welches an atmosphärischen Modellen orientiert ist, um den Winkeldurchmesser  möglichst genau zu bestimmen. Lacy beispielsweise schätzte, dass dies abermals Abweichungen im Verhältnis von etwa 5 % für Sterne später Spektralklassen und von etwa 2 % für frühe Spektralklassen bedeute. Außerdem kommen auch noch die Entfernungen der Sterne vom Messpunkt als mögliche Fehlerquelle in Betracht, weswegen Lacy nur solche Sterne auswählte, die eine verlässlich bestimmte trigonometrische Parallaxe besitzen. Um vergleichbare photometrische Daten zu erhalten muss häufig nicht nur Eggens Narrow-Band-System in das UBVRI-System, wie schon im Abschnitt Übersicht erwähnt, sondern auch das photometrische System nach Kron et al. (1957) nach der Theorie von Johnson et al. (1966) in das UBVRI-System überführt werden und war derart:

                                    für das Intervall

 für das Intervall

Dabei bezeichnet  den R-Farbindex nach Johnson und  den R-Farbindex nach Kron et al. (1957)

Um die Datenpunkte für das Radienverhältnis  weiter zu präzisieren, schlägt Lacy vor eine Berechnung der Standardabweichung  wie folgt durchzuführen:

Dabei bezeichnen die -Werte jeweils die Standardabweichung der indizierten Größen und das unindizierte  steht für die Standardabweichung in der Parallaxe .Schließlich konnte Lacy 1977 sogar zeigen, dass eine breite Übereinstimmung zwischen den Werten für die Sternenradien, die mithilfe der Barnes-Evans-Relation errechnet wurden und denen, die durch andere Methoden wie unter anderem durch Gray (1967, 1968) ermittelt wurden. Gray nutzte für seine Berechnung diverser Sternenradien eine sowohl theoretisch als auch praktisch basierte Methode, indem er eine Leuchtflussdichte-Verteilung  maß und die Oberflächenflussdichte-Verteilung  ausgehend von einem angepassten Modell einer solaren Atmosphäre für Sterne mit bekannter Entfernung  berechnete, sodass für den Radius  dann gilt:

Tatsächlich ergibt sich, wenn man die logarithmierten Werte  und  gegeneinander in ein Koordinatensystem aufträgt, eine bemerkenswerte Korrelation, die sich einer perfekten 1. Winkelhalbierenden (bei exakt gleich großen Werten) annähert, obwohl Grays Werte durchschnittlich 10 % zu groß sind, was allerdings sehr wahrscheinlich an Ungenauigkeiten in Grays Berechnung begründet sein muss, da sonst die Ergebnisse von Veeder (1974) sogar um 35 – 40 % zu klein wären, obwohl sie eine exzellente Korrelation mit anderen Forschungsarbeiten zeigen.

Berechnung der Entfernungen von Cepheiden-Sternen
Die Unsicherheit bei der Berechnung verschiedener veränderlicher Sterne, unter anderem von Cepheiden-Sterne ist in der extragalaktischen Größenordnung, also außerhalb unserer Milchstraße, ist vermutlich sehr erheblich, sodass es ein wichtiges Ziel für die Astrophysik ist, ein von den bisherigen Methoden unabhängiges Modell zur Berechnung dieser Entfernung zu entwickeln, um die möglichen systematischen Abweichungen tatsächlich erkennen zu können. Mitte 1992 setzte man zur Bestimmung der Entfernungen solcher Cepheiden noch auf die Kalibrierung einzelner Cepheiden in offenen Sternhaufen, indem man Techniken entwickelte, die an die Hauptreihe der Sterne angepasst werden sollten.

Dies veranlasste den kanadischen Astronomen Douglas L. Welch 1992 mithilfe der Barnes-Evans-Relation eine Methode zu entwickeln, welche auf der Basis präziserer photometrischer Daten und genauer bestimmten Radialgeschwindigkeiten von Cepheiden in der Milchstraße und den magellanschen Wolken, sowie mithilfe von diversen Winkeldurchmessern und Oberflächenhelligkeiten verschiedener Sterne, die auf hohe Genauigkeit hin bestimmt wurden, die Entfernung von Cepheiden-Sterne auf alternativem Wege und möglicherweise mit geringere Abweichungen möglich macht. Tatsächlich ist es Welch somit möglich, die Entfernung von Cepheiden aus den magellanschen Wolken bis auf wenige Prozent genau zu determinieren.

Zunächst muss für die späteren Berechnungen jedoch geklärt werden, welcher Farbindex aus dem UBVRI-System, welches noch um die langwelligeren Indizes J, H und K erweitert wurde, am besten geeignet ist, denn um die einzelnen Cepheiden zuverlässig zu bestimmen, muss der gewählte Farbindex stark von der Temperatur des Sterns beeinflusst seien. Zwar sind der B-V-, als auch der U-B- und U-V-Farbindex sehr stark temperaturabhängig, jedoch zeigen sie alle zu große Abweichung aufgrund von Schleiern im Spektrum der Sterne und der Gravitation an der Oberfläche der Sterne, weswegen sie ungeeignet für vergleichbare Daten sind. Welth fand dabei heraus, dass der V-K-Farbindex die besten Werte liefern sollte, da er einen großen Wellenlängenbereich abdeckt (von V~545 nm bis K~2190 nm), welches eine hohe Temperaturabhängigkeit bewirkt und da dieser Index nur sehr leicht von Verschleierungen im Spektrum beeinflusst wird. Außerdem können schon mit einfachen Interferometern die V-, als auch die K-Phase des sichtbaren Lichtes regelmäßig auf Genauigkeiten von ca. 1 % bestimmt werden, welches auf andere langwellige Phasen wie L nicht zutrifft.

Nach zahlreiche Fourier-Modellierungen für die periodischen Schwankungen im Spektrum der Cepheiden, erhält Welth einen einfachen mathematischen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Radius eines Sterns  in astronomischen Einheiten und dem mithilfe des Modells der Randverdunklung berechneten Winkeldurchmessers , der im Wellenlängenbereich der K-Phase (ca. 2200 nm) bestimmt wurde, um die Entfernung des Cepheiden  in Parsec bei einer Unsicherheit im Radius von  bestimmen zu können:

Einzelnachweise

Astronomie
Astrophysik
1976

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This course wore me out…in a good way. I did not think it was possible to do and learn so much in only 5 days. I feel very confident in my future as a window tinter.
As a female I didn't know what to expect from a hands on experience from something I never thought I'd understand. However, since day one, Robert explained things in such details that everything turned out to be a piece of cake. If I could do it again I would. Robert is an amazing teacher. It's obvious he doesn't do it for money, but for the passion of window tinting. I loved it.
I came from London, England to complete this course. I would highly recommend any "professional", novice or wannabe tinters to do this course, unless you're from London, because once I get back I'll be setting a hard act to follow! Thanks Rob. P.S. Nice lunches!


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Ange Lovejoy recently completed her 100th parkrun and has volunteered 39 times, many as Run Director at Chermside parkrun in Australia. Currently, she is on sabbatical, while undergoing chemo and immunotherapy.
Ange explains how the sense of community at Chermside parkrun has been absolutely immeasurable, and the routine of being able to turn up weekly, no matter her health status, and walk or volunteer has been vitally important to her physical and mental wellbeing.
To rewind a little, and give a bit of a wrap up of the last 12 months: Shortly after the birth of our daughter Raven in February this year, I ended up in hospital from pneumonia. After suffering from hyperemesis for the full 38 weeks of my pregnancy and a weakened immune system, We didn't know at the time this was actually the start of my cancer. A few months after having Raven, I had been working on building my running and fitness back up. I also returned to work, but around 3 weeks in, I started aching all over and had such shocking joint pain so horrific I could barely shuffle. Ended up in emergency and my legs started swelling, I was given fentanyl injections in my stomach and then sent home 2 days later and told to 'follow up' with my doctor as they thought I had an autoimmune disease. By this time I made it in agony to my GP, barely able to walk – she called an ambulance and I spent the next 5 weeks in hospital.
This was such a daunting experience when normally I was so active. I could not mobilise enough to even get out of bed by myself. After weeks and weeks of no treatment, just pain relief and 4 medical teams left scratching their heads I felt more and more frustrated stuck in hospital and not home with my family. When eventually after many biopsies and surgery to have lymph nodes out it was finally discovered I had a very rare cancer and secondary autoimmune condition.
My cancer isn't 'curable' but we don't know time frames at this stage and are enjoying every single day as a family, and continuing life as 'normal' as we can while we wait for the first 6 months of chemo to be over.
Through these last 6 months, our parkrun friends have been the core of our support network, we had donations of meals, cleaning, babysitting, visiting in hospital, driving me to hospital appointments.
Our Event Director and other Run Directors at Chermside took turns at picking me up and wheeling me entire parkruns in my wheelchair so I was still included and maintained the sense of belonging in the community and routine that I especially craved especially during the early few months of my diagnosis. Even being unwell, and unable to run, turning up every week to participate by wheeling, or walking or volunteering was so crucial in maintaining 'normality' through this time.
I have an ongoing chronic pain condition/nerve damage in my leg over the last 6 years but have been still able to maintain a very active lifestyle with some modifications to training. For now, I'm out of a wheelchair, and using crutches or leaning on Raven's pram to mobilise. I've just joined the Run Down Under program to record my slow but steady recovery and help me with small goal setting along the way.
I feel its extremely hard to go 'from everything to nothing' when you are used to running long distances, but am learning that 'something' is definitely better than 'nothing' when it comes to exercise.
I'm so grateful for the support from our parkrun community, friends and family – but most of all my amazing partner Scotty caring for both myself and our daughter Raven tirelessly, without a single complaint and a heart full of love for us.
It might be hard some mornings to get up and get out to parkrun/walk on a Saturday morning, but I promise you won't regret it! Walk with someone new, introduce yourself and you might be surprised at their story and what motivates them.


text:
Automation Key to Trade Surveillance
With the risks of financial losses stemming from financial crimes staggering, firms are endeavoring to automate processes such as investigating alerts, conducting research, processing paperwork, or filing reports, while improving accuracy, shortening resolution time, and making more efficient use of employee resources.
It has become increasingly that companies adopt a holistic view across the institution to better manage risk, thereby removing information barriers and uniting departments so they achieve full visibility and can safeguard the institution and its clients.
Brown Brothers Harriman has licensed NICE Actimize's Enterprise Risk Case Manager to automate and streamlining processes and facilitates a unified view of risk across multiple lines of business, channels, products and customers.
"They're trying to bring together all the different trading surveillance areas that they have in-house into a single case management system that helps ensure that there's consistency and transparency in their processes and they have a financial crimes view," Chad Hetherington, global vice president and general manager of NICE Actimize's enterprise risk-based management business, told Markets Media.
In addition to Actimize's Enterprise Risk Case Manager, Brown Brothers Harriman has licensed Actimize's self-development tool to create customized surveillance functions.
"NICE Actimize's compliance solutions continue to support our business to help us meet the ever-changing regulatory environment," said Mark Margiotta, vice president, trade Surveillance at Brown Brothers Harriman, in a release. "There are benefits in continuing with a unified suite of products, coupled with the adoption of a single case management system, that will enable us to continue to manage our monitoring solutions."
By consolidating multiple systems into a single enterprise risk case management solution, users can access multiple data sources and systems through one interface, improving productivity and reducing investigation time.
The Actimize Enterprise Trade Surveillance platform includes a complete set of advanced algorithms, an intuitive user interface, and automated alert management capabilities which allow firms to efficiently monitor for market manipulation, fraud, insider trading and behavioral patterning.
"The Enterprise Risk Case Manager product allows [BBH] to have a unified view whether it's across geographies or products, so that they can have a consolidated view of customer activity," said Hetherington. "They will be able to automate help ensure that there's consistency, and that analysts are handling alerts and suspicious activities, and ultimately trying to enhance the overall efficiency of the operation."
Featured image by viappy/Dollar Photo Club
Cyrus Taraporevala to Retire from SSGA
President and chief executive officer of State Street Global Advisors will retire in 2022.
Transparent Active is Biggest Opportunity in US ETFs
The majority of US ETF issuers are either developing or planning to develop transparent active ETFs.
Larry Fink's 2022 Letter to CEOs: The Power of Capitalism
BlackRock CEO says pandemic has turbocharged evolution in the operating environment for every company.
BlackRock ESG Assets Pass $500bn
Total assets under management grew to more than $10 trillion in 2021.
TPG Prices Initial Public Offering
The global alternative asset management firm listed on Nasdaq.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Ronald Frederick "Ronnie" Robertson (* 25. September 1937 in Brackenridge, Pennsylvania; † 4. Februar 2000 in Fountain Valley, Kalifornien) war ein US-amerikanischer Eiskunstläufer, der im Einzellauf startete.

Er wurde 1955 und 1956 Vize-Weltmeister hinter Landsmann Hayes Alan Jenkins. Auch bei den Olympischen Spielen 1956 landete er hinter Jenkins und gewann die Silbermedaille. Bei der WM 1955 zeigte er als erster Eiskunstläufer einen dreifachen Salchow. Nach einem Skandal bei den US-Meisterschaften 1956 beendete er den Leistungssport und unterzeichnete einen Zweijahresvertrag bei der Eiskunstlaufschau Ice Capades, der ihm hunderttausend Dollar einbrachte.

In den 1950er Jahren hatte er eine Beziehung mit Tab Hunter, der ihm auch half, seine Amateurkarriere zu finanzieren. Robertson war nicht selten im Fernsehen präsent, so etwa in der Ed Sullivan Show im Jahr 1957. Der Aids-Tod des Sportlers beendete eine große Karriere.

Ergebnisse

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Eiskunstläufer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Olympiateilnehmer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1956
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1937
Gestorben 2000
Mann
Mitglied der World Figure Skating Hall of Fame


text:
by The Syndrome Mag January 15, 2021
written by The Syndrome Mag January 15, 2021
Funny women surviving the COVID crisis by laughing through it
"Show Us Your Wits: Funny Women Surviving Coronavirus Lockdown by Laughing Through It", is an anthology of funny essays about how women and nonbinary writers across the world are coping with quarantine, social distancing, teleworking, parenting from home and all the other challenges we face because of the COVID-19 crisis.
More than 50 hysterical writers from the U.S., Italy, England, Spain, Holland, Iran, Pakistan, Mexico and beyond take on topics such as:
Being pregnant during lockdown
Coping with a parent with dementia who's quarantining with you
Living through what the U.S. president has labeled the "Chinese virus" as a Chinese-American
Surviving depression, loneliness, and sexual frustration
Learning to teach on Zoom
Why older women won't sacrifice themselves for the "good of the economy"
Keeping fit (or not) as a survival skill
When it's time to kiss your quarantine leggings goodbye
In a world where COVID-19 has taken a disproportionate toll on women and made gender inequality even more pronounced…
these hilarious and shockingly honest, first-person accounts harness the power of laughter as the ultimate healer and stress reliever. This pandemic and its restrictions on our everyday lives have reminded us that laughter is not just something we do – it's a way we survive.
In line with The Syndrome Mag's mission to show the impact of inequality on women, Show us Your Wits delivers on its promise: it highlights women's ingenuity and resourcefulness, their creativity, compassion and ability to connect with one another even in the midst of our nation's hardest time. By laughing together through adversity, we are reminded that there is life beyond our fears, and that we are not ultimately defined by them.
"Show Us Your Wits: Funny Women Surviving the COVID Crisis By Laughing Through It" is now available for purchase on Amazon. Give the gift of comedy this holiday season!
Black Voices Matter: Write for Us
Black Lives Matter: What You Can Do
It's National Superhero Day — Who's Your Hero?


Curtin research has found the impact of mining on animals is overlooked in mine site restoration assessments, prompting a call for greater onus to be put on operators to restore animal communities.
Tiny genetic 'breadcrumbs' left behind by marine organisms offer unprecedented insights into ocean biodiversity and how it changes over time and in response to our changing climate.
Hundreds of thousands of tonnes of wild seeds are needed to restore plant ecosystems globally but overharvesting risks their depletion unless ethical seed-sourcing regulations are developed.
Curtin University has launched an innovative, game-based learning program, which challenges the next generation to solve the world's greatest sustainability problems, for students and staff globally.


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At one point in the show he referred to Bristol, Connecticut (ESPN's headquarters), as a "Godforsaken place".
this began a long and drawn-out feud between Olbermann and ESPN.
As a teenager he often wrote about baseball card-collecting and appeared in many sports card-collecting periodicals of the mid 1970s.
In 2007, ten years after Olbermann's departure, in an appearance on the Late Show with David Letterman, he said, "If you burn a bridge, you can possibly build a new bridge, but if there's no river any more, that's a lot of trouble." During the same interview Olbermann stated that he had recently learned that as a result of ESPN's agreeing to let him return to the airwaves on ESPN Radio, he was banned from ESPN's main (Bristol, Connecticut) campus.In the early-to-mid 1980s he was a sportscaster on the old WNEW 1130-AM radio station in New York City.In 1984, he briefly worked as a sports anchor at WCVB-TV in Boston before heading to Los Angeles to work at KTLA and KCBS.He was a sports correspondent for CNN and for local TV and radio stations in the 1980s, winning the Best Sportscaster award from the California Associated Press three times. From 1998 to 2001 he was a producer and anchor for Fox Sports Net and a host for Fox Sports' coverage of Major League Baseball.From March 2003 to January 2011 Olbermann hosted the weeknight political commentary program Countdown with Keith Olbermann on MSNBC.
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Or they work in a team and the person who answers you is a different person than the one who has contacted you before.
Copyright © 2017	Blog at lungtransplant.ru.


text:
Group Publishing > Group Children's Ministry > Recruit
4 Tips to Recruit Your Volunteer Dream Team
By Bob D'Ambrosio in DIG IN, Recruit, Volunteers on March 6, 2019
"In my head, we're already there." In the movie Hidden Figures, Al Harrison (Kevin Costner) said these words when referring…
One-Minute Prayer Plan for Recruiting Volunteers
By Bob D'Ambrosio in Recruit, Volunteers on January 2, 2019
How many volunteers have you asked God for today? We all know that prayer should be the foundation for our…
How To Create a Thriving Volunteer Culture
By Bob D'Ambrosio in Recruit, Volunteers on August 7, 2018
If only there was a quick fix to "get more volunteers." Church leaders continue to ask what they can say or do…
3 Ways to Increase Volunteer Commitment
By Bob D'Ambrosio in Recruit, Volunteers on December 1, 2017
By Bob D'Ambrosio in Recruit, Volunteers on November 30, 2016
Who says helping your volunteers discover their gifts and passions has to be hard? Here are some simple and fun ideas…
3 Signs You May Be the Reason Nobody Wants to Volunteer
By Bob D'Ambrosio in Recruit, Volunteers on November 9, 2016
If there's a volunteer shortage at your church, it's probably not because there aren't enough people willing to serve. According…
Do Your Volunteers Know How to Get Involved?
What would happen if one Sunday 10 people from your church decided to volunteer? What would they do? Where would…
Use This Activity to Help People Find a Ministry
By Bob D'Ambrosio in Recruit, Training, Volunteers on July 19, 2016
Use this fun activity to help people at your church understand their unique gifting and place in ministry. You'll need:…
Free Social Media Tool For Volunteer Recruitment
By Bob D'Ambrosio in Recruit, Training, Volunteers on June 14, 2016
To reach today's volunteers—use today's recruitment methods. Connect with potential volunteers using a social media tool that's already part of…
4 Things To Do This Summer…To Increase Volunteers This Fall
By Bob D'Ambrosio in Recruit, Training, Volunteers on May 31, 2016
The summer break from regular church programs is the perfect time to reflect on what you can do now to…


text:
Home » India » Suspending MPs for entire session not the best way...
Suspending MPs for entire session not the best way to run Parliament
Rakesh Dixit & Ajay Jha
30 Nov 2021 14:02:PM
From left to right: Priyanka Chaturvedi, Binoy Viswam and Phulo Devi Netam. (Photo Credit: PTI)
Rajya Sabha suspends 12 Opposition MPs for unruly behaviour during Monsoon Session
The motion to suspend MPs was brought under the General Rules of Procedure
Opposition terms suspension "undemocratic and in violation of all Rules of Procedure" of the Upper House
Suspension of 12 MPs from Rajya Sabha biggest ever in the history of Upper House, but not first
In 2020, eight MPs were suspended from the Rajya Sabha which was the second highest number
The general principle that allows a presiding officer to suspend MPs has been used 13 times since 1962
BJP leaders used to justify disruption when they were in the Opposition
The ruling party has treated the Opposition with only contempt while pushing through its agendas
Government and Opposition have to stop fighting and work for the people
Rajya Sabha on Monday passed a motion suspending 12 Opposition MPs for the entire Winter Session of the Parliament for their "unruly" conduct in the previous session in August.
Of the 12 MPs suspeneded from the Upper House of the Parliament, six are from the Congress, two each from Trinamool Congress and Shiv Sena, and one each from CPI and CPM.
The motion to suspend Phulo Devi Netam, Chhaya Verma, Ripun Bora, Rajamani Patel, Syed Nasir Hussain and Akhilesh Prasad Singh of the Congress; Dola Sen, Shanta Chhetri of Trinamool Congress; Priyanka Chaturvedi, Anil Desai of Shiv Sena; Elamaram Kareem of CPM; and Binoy Viswam of CPI was moved by Parliamentary Affairs Minister Prahlad Joshi.
It was passed by voice vote despite objections by Opposition parties. The motion was brought under rule 256 – which provides for suspending a member for "disregard" of the authority of the Chair or "abuse" of the rules of the Council by "persistently and willfully obstructing the business thereof".
The Opposition termed the suspension as "undemocratic and in violation of all the Rules of Procedure" of the Upper House.
The suspension of 12 Rajya Sabha MPs for 'unruly conduct', is the biggest action ever taken in the Upper House of Parliament. But for the sheer number and the duration, the action is not unprecedented.
In 2020, eight MPs were suspended which was the second highest number. Seven MPs were also suspended from Rajya Sabha in 2010.
Prominent leader and freedom fighter Raj Narayan had been suspended four times from Rajya Sabha. Each time, he refused to withdraw from the House and was removed by the Marshal on three occasions. Godey Murahari was suspended thrice in 1962, and twice in 1966.
The general principle is that it is the role and duty of the presiding officer — Speaker of Lok Sabha and Chairman of Rajya Sabha — to maintain order so that the House can function smoothly. The rule has been used 13 times in the past to suspend members of parliament from both houses since 1962.
When and how can MPs be suspended from Parliament?
Rule 255 of the Rules of Procedure empowers the Rjaya Sabha Chairman to direct any member whose conduct is in his opinion grossly disorderly to withdraw immediately from the Council, and such member may not attend the sitting for the remainder of that day.
As per Rule 256, the "Chairman may, if he deems it necessary, name a member who disregards the authority of the chair or abuses the rules of the council by persistently and wilfully obstructing the business thereof".
This is followed by a motion in the house to suspend that member for a period not exceeding the remaining period of the session. If that motion is passed, that member may not attend for the period of suspension.
The 12 Rajya Sabha MPs were suspened on Monday for their conduct during the Monsoon Session of the Parliament.
Shiv Sena MP Priyanka Chaturvedi, who is among the 12 leaders suspended from the Rajya Sabha, however, pointed out that such a motion can not be carried forward from one Session to another Session. A legal perspective on Chaturvedi's claims is not yet available.
Mass suspensions in the past
Monday's suspension of the 12 Rajya Sabha MPs, however, is not the only time a large number of MPs have been suspended together.
Rajiv Gandhi was Prime Minister in 1989, when 63 MPs were suspended from the Lok Sabha during the discussion of the Thakkar Commission Report set up to probe Indira Gandhi's assassination.
In 2019, Speaker Sumitra Mahajan suspended 45 members of the TDP and the AIADMK for disrupting proceedings. In 2010, seven MPs were suspended from Rajya Sabha for snatching and tearing copies of the women's Reservation Bill. And earlier this year itself, seven Congress members were suspended from Lok Sabha during the Budget Session of Parliament.
When the BJP was in Opposition, its view on disruption of Parliament was exactly opposite to what it is when the party is in power.
On April 30, 2008, then Lok Sabha Speaker Somnath Chaterjee had pulled up several BJP members for disorderly conduct. In response, the party's spokesman Prakash Javadekar said, "For the smooth conduct of the House, the government has to be responsive. Opposition will be responsible when the government is responsive."
On August 24, 2012, then leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha late Arun Jaitley had stated: "Parliament's job is to conduct discussions. But many times, Parliament is used (by the government) to ignore issues and in such situations, obstruction of Parliament is in the favour of democracy. Therefore, parliamentary obstruction is not undemocratic".
The then leader of Opposition in Lok Sabah late Sushma Swaraj said on September 8, 2012: "Not allowing Parliament to function is also a form of democracy, like any other form."
Mutual trust is imperative
The BJP leaders couldn't have been more right. In a parliamentary system, the Opposition should have its say and the government will have its way. It is an ideal guiding principle for conduct of Parliament in any democracy.
Parliament is a sophisticated system that needs to be worked with certain finesse. Mutual trust, accommodation of each other's larger interests and respect for each other's views make it possible to build consensus on issues that come before Parliament.
In the seven-and-a-half years of the Modi government, the ruling dispensation has turned all these salient principles of a matured democracy on their head. The BJP may display allegiance to the parliamentary system, but in reality, it has treated the Opposition with only contempt. It has pushed its agenda in the two Houses with active support of the presiding officers. Driven to the wall, the Opposition is left with no alternative but to create ruckus.
Dictatorial pattern growing
The ruling party's contempt was visible in the way the Modi government got the Bill for the repeal of the contentious three farm laws passed in both the Houses without a debate. The manner in which Parliamentary Affairs Minister Prahlad Joshi dismissed the Opposition's demand for a debate was not only arrogant but also reeked of the BJP's disregard for sanctity of Parliament.
Not allowing a discussion in Parliament and simultaneously blaming the Opposition for the same has become a singularly dictatorial pattern of the Modi government over the years.
The 2021 Monsoon session too bore witness to this unparliamentarily behaviour of the ruling party. In a stormy session that lasted 17 days, the govt hastily passed 19 bills in the Rajya Sabha and 14 in the Lok Sabha. The total time for passage of the bills — many of them have far-reaching socio-economic consequences — was 85 minutes.
CJI's concern
In his Independence Day speech, the Chief Justice of India pointed out that bills were passed with no clarity or sense of purpose. It is possible to address the CJI's concern only when the government is willing to accede to the Oppositions demand for voting in the House as per Article 107 of the Constitution. It states that a bill shall not be deemed to have been passed by the Houses of Parliament unless it has been agreed to by both Houses.
The Opposition's struggle inside Parliament was to uphold Article 107.
Voice vote is unconstitutional
The BJP government has made it a practice to pass bills by a voice vote. Several important bills, including the repealed farm laws, were passed this way amid din in the Parliament.
However, Article 100 of the Constitution says that all questions in a sitting of the House shall be determined by a majority of votes of the members present and voting. This Article clearly says that majority will be determined by means of voting. The Constitution does not mention voice vote.
Under no circumstances can the chair ignore the demand for a vote (division) and go ahead and declare the motion passed through voice vote.
In case there is a chaos in the House and it is not possible to conduct voting, the chair adjourns the House for some time. He then calls all leaders to his chamber and tries to bring about an agreement for the smooth conduct of voting. This is not a new thing. It has always been done by the chair.
Opposition unity
In the monsoon session, Opposition members attempted to use all the opportunities entitled to them through the rules of procedure to raise burning issues confronting the country such as state snooping using the Israeli spyware, farmers' struggle, price rise, unemployment, atrocities on weaker sections, etc.
Instead of allowing meaningful debates, the BJP unleashed a vicious propaganda campaign accusing the Opposition of creating ruckus in Parliament.
Contrary to the propaganda, the Opposition parties rose to the occasion and cooperated with the government in passing the OBC reservation and participated in meaningful discussion on navigating the COVID-19 pandemic.
Role of parliamentary affairs minister
The Parliamentary Affairs Minister plays a crucial role in tricky impasse during the Parliament session. He is placed in a position where his intervention can defuse tension in the House and ensure smooth transaction of business.
K Raghuramaiah was in charge of parliamentary affairs in Indira Gandhi's cabinet. Even though Gandhi's government had a two-thirds majority in the Lok Sabha, Raghuramaiah would be seen most of the time moving around the Opposition benches seeking their support on issues.
In recent parliamentary history too, parliamentary affairs ministers such as Pramod Majahan and Kamal Nath played a stellar role as floor managers.
They efficiently coordinated with Opposition leaders to ensure smooth functioning of the houses during debate on crucial bills. The incumbent Parliamentary Affairs Minister Prahlad Joshi is hardly seen doing his job.
A government with a majority in Parliament has nothing to fear. Parliament can function smoothly only if the crudity of bitter adversarial politics is discarded.
Published: 30 Nov 2021 13:32:PM


It gives an OK estimate of site traffic. For a PR pro, it's a necessary tool to track metrics. The Chrome extension aspect of it is a huge plus. Makes it quick, seamless process.
Position tracking isn't as accurate as other competitors. Can't change location of position tracking once yete. SEO ideas could be better. Auto updates SEO ideas without authorization which uses up all your credits.


> to be guilty here as well) .
> government actors and ISPs.
> the signature would match even if you download the wrong file/version.
> cross-check with the email and/or the Maven staging repository (e.g.
> with curl or wget).
> and perhaps even make the VOTE email. Too ambitious?
> > signatures instead nowadays.
> >> the download works OK.
> >> So the strength of the algorithm is not relevant here.
> >> >> > http://www.apache.org/dev/release#where-do-releases-go>.
> >> >> > detached signature and another file containing an MD5 checksum.
> >> >> > > What do we consider the source package for our releases?
> >> >> > build and test the release?
> >> >> > example.
> >> >> > > Is the zip/gz just a convenience and is it still useful/required?
> >> >> > like old files like proposal.html.
> >> >> > convenience distributions?
> >> >> > to reuse.


Perfect mountain getaway! The cabin was even more rustic and beautiful than the pictures show. It was an ideal location! We had half of our group wanting to ski and the other half more interested in local shopping, attractions and sightseeing. So the location in Arroyo Seco was perfect! The driveway is steep - if it has been snowing - you will need an all wheel drive as the description says. The sights from the great room are breathtaking! Hannah, the local contact person was friendly, prompt to respond and very helpful! We will definitely be returning!!! - A.S.
Beautiful view! Great feel to the cabins. - Lauren, C.


text:
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Book Nyle
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Nyle DiMarco
Model - Actor - Activist
Nyle DiMarco is an actor, model and activist. He is a native New Yorker and was born into a large multigenerational Deaf family. He is an alumni of Gallaudet University, the only liberal arts University in the world for the Deaf, with a B.A. in mathematics.
Nyle DiMarco has been breaking down barriers and winning over audiences since he burst onto the scene in 2014. As a fan favorite on cycle 22 of AMERICA'S NEXT TOP MODEL, DiMarco became first Deaf contestant on the hit CW series. Shortly after winning the competition, he signed with Wilhelmina Models and recently walked for Giorgio Armani at Milan Fashion Week S/S17.
He also went on to win ABC's Dancing With The Stars, being the first Deaf winner.
He is currently a Producer for Broadway's Children of a Lesser God in New York City. This is DiMarco's first producing credit, bringing a unique perspective as a Deaf artist and invaluable insight to telling such a meaningful story.
DiMarco is a firm believer in creating opportunities where they are not available, in front of and behind the camera. He is currently in development on scripted and non-scripted programs, expanding his creative reach and platform.
As a founder of Nyle DiMarco Foundation and an honorary spokesman for Language Equality and Acquisition for Deaf Kids, Nyle is passionate about language and literacy and advocacy within the Deaf Community.
Nyle DiMarco is Deaf and uses American Sign Language. American Sign Language requires the use of facial expressions and body movements, his Deafness amplifies his natural talent. His Deafness is an asset and not a limitation, he is amicable and able to communicate easily.
MANAGER: Sami@melroseplaced.com
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text:
Q: Measure service latency with Prometheus I am new to Prometheus and Grafana. My primary goal is to get the response time per request.
For me it seemed to be a simple thing - but whatever I do I do not get the results I require.
I need to be able to analyse the service latency in the last minutes/hours/days. The current implementation I found was a simple SUMMARY (without definition of quantiles) which is scraped every 15s.

*

*Is it possible to get the average request latency of the last minute from my Prometheus SUMMARY?

*If YES: How? If NO: What should I do?

Currently I am using the following query:
rate(http_response_time_sum{application="myapp",handler="myHandler", status="200"}[1m])
/
rate(http_response_time_count{application="myapp",handler="myHandler", status="200"}[1m])

I am getting two "datasets". The value of the first is "NaN". I suppose this is the result from a division by zero.
(I am using spring-client).

A: Your query is correct. The result will be NaN if there have been no queries in the past minute.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Ubuntu 14.04 live disk only starts up with acpi=off I recently tried to run ubuntu 14.04 on a USB drive as I wanted to decide whether it is worth upgrading to(my netbook now has 12.04 on it).
However, when I tried to start ubuntu up from the USB drive, it did not start up as the screen was stuck on "Disabling IRQ #9". Thereafter, through trial and error, I found out that it could start up after I enabled the "acpi=off" function. But, even though it starts up into the unity interface, it is stuck at a resolution of 800x600(my netbook monitor's native resolution is 1024x600) and it is very laggy. There was no such problem when I used 12.04 on a USB drive.
Therefore, I have three questions:
1) Why does my netbook always gets stuck at "Disabiling IRQ #9" ?
2) What is acpi=off?
3) How can I resolve the problem of the low resolution and very laggy GUI on acpi=off function?
Here is my netbook's system infomation:
NEC Versa N1100 Netbook, Intel Atom N270 with 945GSE Express Chipset, 1GB RAM, 160GB HDD, Ubuntu 12.04 dual boot with Windows XP
I would greatly appreciate your help regarding this issue, and thanks in advance :)
P.S. If you need more infomation to be able to help me solve this problem, please ask and also tell me how to get the info from my computer. Thanks!

A: I have the same problem with a desktop pc. In my case the option "noapic" instead of acpi=off solves the problem of the low resolution but it creates a problem of (very very) slow internet connection.

A: Edit file with text editor program by adding pci=noacpi parameter into syslinux.cfg file in syslinux directory (/syslinux/syslinux.cfg) on your USB.
Example :
(Before)
label live
menu label live - boot the Live System
kernel /casper/vmlinuz
append  file=/cdrom/preseed/custom.seed boot=casper initrd=/casper/initrd.gz quiet splash --

(after)
label live
menu label live - boot the Live System
kernel /casper/vmlinuz
append  file=/cdrom/preseed/custom.seed boot=casper initrd=/casper/initrd.gz pci=noacpi quiet splash --

Note : You can't edit it by running Ubuntu with that USB. But you can edit it by running another (CD/DVD/USB, Windows). See more information at https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DebuggingACPI and try with other parameter.


text:
Hasbro G.I. Joe Classified Series Baroness Action Figure
4 instalments of $9.16 with klarna slice Learn more about klarna_slice Learn more
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This Baroness figure comes ready for action, with multiple points of articulation for high poseability and movie-inspired accessories, including her signature submachine gun with silencer. And with custom artwork by Jen Bartel, the G.I. Joe Classified Series Snake Eyes: G.I. Joe Origins Baroness package will make a mark on shelves.
Yo Joe! G.i. Joe Explodes Into A Larger-than-life Era With 6-inch Scale Figures: The G.I. Joe Classified Series evolves the characters fans know and love into a highly articulated 6-inch scale with premium deco and detailing.
Movie-inspired Design: This figure features design and deco inspired by Baroness from the Snake Eyes: G.I. Joe Origins movie.
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Highly Poseable With Premium Detailing: This G.I. Joe Classified Series Baroness figure features premium detailing and articulation for dramatic action poseability (some poses may require additional support).
Expand Your Roster: Look for other 6-inch scale G.I. Joe Classified Series figures (each sold separately) and build your roster of heroes and villains.
© 2020 Hasbro. All rights reserved.


text:
Turkey: EU sanctions over gas drilling 'worthless'
Turkey has downplayed as "worthless" an initial set of sanctions approved by the European Union against Ankara and vowed to reinforce its efforts to drill for hydrocarbons off the island of Cyprus by sending a new vessel
By SUZAN FRASER Associated Press
In this Tuesday, July 9, 2019 photo, a helicopter flies near Turkey's drilling ship, 'Fatih' dispatched towards the eastern Mediterranean, near Cyprus. Turkish officials say the drillships Fatih and Yavuz will drill for gas, which has prompted protests from Cyprus.(Turkish Defence Ministry via AP, Pool)
ANKARA, Turkey -- Turkey on Tuesday rejected as "worthless" an initial set of sanctions approved by the European Union against Ankara, and vowed to send a new vessel to the eastern Mediterranean to reinforce its efforts to drill for hydrocarbons off the island of Cyprus.
EU foreign ministers on Monday approved sanctions against Turkey over its drilling for gas in waters where EU member Cyprus has exclusive economic rights. They said they were suspending talks on an air transport agreement, as well as high-level Turkey-EU dialogues, and would call on the European Investment Bank to review its lending to the country.
They also backed a proposal by the EU's executive branch to reduce financial assistance to Turkey for next year. The ministers warned that additional "targeted measures" were being worked on to penalize Turkey, which started negotiations to join the EU in 2005.
The EU sanctions came as Turkey also faces possible economic sanctions from the U.S. over its purchase of a Russian-made missile defense system which Washington says is incompatible with NATO equipment and poses a threat to the U.S. F-35 fighter jet program. Turkey began taking delivery of the Russian S-400 system on Friday and planes carrying more components arrived in Turkey on Tuesday.
Speaking at a news conference in North Macedonia, Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu said the EU sanctions aimed to "appease" Cyprus and were of "no importance."
"The EU needs us concerning the migration issue or other issues," he said. "They will come to us and hold contacts; there is no escaping that."
"They know that the decisions they took cannot be applied," he said. "They were forced to take the worthless decisions under pressure from the Greek Cypriots and Greece."
Cavusoglu added: "If you take such decisions against Turkey, we will increase our activities. We have three ships in the eastern Mediterranean, will with send a fourth."
Earlier, the Turkish Foreign Ministry criticized the EU for ignoring the rights of Turkish Cypriots and accused the 28-nation bloc of "prejudice and bias."
It added that Turkey was determined to protect its rights and the rights of Turkish Cypriots.
Two Turkish vessels escorted by warships are drilling for gas on either end of ethnically divided Cyprus. A third Turkish exploration ship is also in the area. Turkey insists that it has rights over certain offshore zones and that Turkish Cypriots have rights over others.
Cyprus was split along ethnic lines in 1974 when Turkey invaded in the wake of a coup by supporters of union with Greece. A Turkish Cypriot declaration of independence is recognized only by Turkey, which keeps more than 35,000 troops in the breakaway north. Cyprus joined the EU in 2004, but only the internationally recognized south enjoys full membership benefits.
Cypriot officials accuse Turkey of using the minority Turkish Cypriots in order to pursue its goal of exerting control over the eastern Mediterranean region.
The Cypriot government says it will take legal action against any oil and gas companies supporting Turkish vessels in any repeat attempt to drill for gas. Cyprus has already issued around 20 international arrest warrants against three international companies assisting one of the two Turkish vessels now drilling 42 miles (68 kilometers) off the island's west coast.


text:
Dupont to Release Special Dry-Hopped Saison.
Saisonophiles, hold on to your straw hats: I was at Brasserie Dupont today, gathering material for an upcoming article, when I heard this bit of news: The brewery will release a special dry-hopped version of Saison Dupont in April.
Gust Simons, the commercial manager at Dupont, said the plan is for the dry-hopped saison to be a once-per-year, very limited release — about 250 kegs and 300 to 500 Magnum-sized bottles.
As this is a sort of experiment, Simons said it's unlikely that any would be exported to the U.S. or elsewhere. The brewery will give their best clients in Belgium first crack at it. The beer doesn't have a name yet — possibly Saison Dupont Dry-Hopped Cuvée, or something along those lines.
Those are all the facts I have. Now comes the pure conjecture: I don't know how it will go over in Belgium, but Saison Dupont has plenty of devotees abroad who would love to get their hands on some of this. If the initial release is a success — i.e., if the beer is as good as one would expect — one would think they would make more (and send some overseas) next time around.
In the meantime, this is the plan: once a year, very limited.
By Joe on Thursday, January 14, 2010
Adrian Tierney-Jones January 14, 2010 at 10:40 AM
Joe — sounds interesting, saison is a moveable feast after all.
Toine January 15, 2010 at 2:13 AM
This is great news, Joe! Always looking forward for a new release from Dupont...
fantastic! Interesting that it'll just be keg and magnums.
Olivier Nüetnigenough March 20, 2010 at 9:27 AM
Hi Joe!
we'll have it on april in Nüetnigenough...
Joe March 23, 2010 at 4:08 AM
That's great news, Olivier. Do you know when in April?
On tap in Chez Moeder Lambic this week - I am off to try tonight: yum.
Beery Guidebooks are the Best Kind.
Kids in Pubs.
How to Get Some Armand'Spirit.
Loophole Shrinks on Belgian Smoking Ban.
A Liter of Stille Nacht. Sharing Recommended.
Drie Fonteinen to Stop Brewing, Keep Blending, Sta...
Stonch bids Adieu.