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Whether you already wear hearing aids, or are just starting to notice some difficulty hearing and understanding conversations, using good communication habits can help improve your interactions. After all, communication is key for all human activities and allows us to learn, exchange information and take care of each other. In addition to getting help with your hearing, following a few tips can help ensure you are able to stay connected to friends and family.
All listeners, and especially those with hearing loss, utilize visual cues like facial expressions, speech reading and hand gestures to better understand conversation.
Face the person you are talking to – and definitely don't try to carry on a conversation with your back turned or from a different room.
Avoid chewing or eating while speaking and be sure not to cover your mouth.
Shouting typically does not help, especially for individuals who are already wearing hearing aids. The devices are programmed to amplify normal speech sounds, and for many hearing loss reduces speech clarity rather than the overall volume.
If you are having trouble communicating, try rephrasing the sentence rather than just repeating it over again.
Speaking naturally, while focusing on pronouncing words more clearly will naturally slow your speech. Be careful not to overdo it, but a slower, relaxed pace can make it easier for someone with hearing loss to understand conversation.
Use a technique called "Clear Speech," which emphasizes naturally slower and louder speech and focuses on accurate, precise and well enunciated speech while using intonation and stress to emphasize certain words and pausing between phrases and sentences. Click here for more information on Clear Speech.
In group settings, take turns and try not to interrupt each other. If the general topic of conversation changes quickly, it can be difficult for those with hearing loss to follow and participate.
The most difficult listening environment for someone with a hearing loss is in background noise, especially if the "noise" is other voices, such as a television or in a restaurant.
If you can, try to eliminate background noise from a television, open window, or stereo system when having a conversation.
In noisy restaurants, it can help to try to be seated in a booth towards a corner of the restaurant that is away from the kitchen. This can help block some of the environmental sounds around you and make it easier to hear conversation.
If you or someone you love is suffering from hearing loss please call Evolution Hearing at our Charlottesville, VA location, 434-260-8007, at our Raleigh, NC location, 919-670-3258, or at our Richmond, VA location, 804-215-0001 to schedule an appointment today.


What does the Art & Environment Ministry do?
The planning, purchasing, setting out, and maintaining decorations in the church goes on all year with some seasons needing more attention than others. We need individuals with basic knowledge of live plant care, and others with design and fabric knowledge. At times we need hands to unpack and carry seasonal decorations. Watch the bulletin for notices on the Ministry of the Art and Environment.


Travel time from from MCT to DXB 57mins.
Travel time from from Airport Terminal 3 to Deira City Centre 4mins.
Travel time from from Deira City Center Bus Station to Sharjah - Jumbo 20mins.
How long does it take to get from Muscat, Oman and Sharjah - United Arab Emirates by air and road.


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To be clear, the "right keyword phrases" are long tail keywords that have though, Titian and extremely low difficulty scores.
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The keyword generator I show allows you to sort by the "keyword difficulty" score which is a data point the Google keyword tool does not share.
You start by entering your seed keyword that is highly relevant to your business model and more important has the search intent that your perfect customers would be searching.
I must reiterate the importance of keyword search intent. finding an extremely low competition keyword phrase that has high search volume is an exciting moment, but if the search intent is wrong, that user searching will never subscribe, opt in, or buy!
Taking time to empathize with the individual who is searching and getting in their mind to understand why they are searching for the phrase is a crucial step in the SEO keyword research process for 2019.
At first the whole process feels little weird… But once you understand the method and follow the exact steps taught in this SEO tutorial, and you go to the process several times… It becomes second nature!
all in all, I implore you to take the time to find the best keyword search term for your business every time you go to publish for your content marketing strategy.
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On the 19th March 1857, the newspaper the "Register" reported from the Port Gawler Council meeting that an application had been made to the S.A. Government for a portion of the reserve at the Two Wells Station be alloted for a public cemetery.
Please click on related articles " Two Wells and District Family History Group" for additional information.
Do you remember Two Wells Cemetery ? Then Join up and add your memory here.


This article is reprinted from the Spring, 2003 issue of FIDELIO Magazine.
In 1766, ten years before the Declaration of Independence, Benjamin Franklin met and discussed, with the German scientific republican Rudolph Erich Raspe, the Leibnizian idea of forming a nation based upon "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." In 1765, Raspe had just edited and published the first edition ever of Leibniz's suppressed manuscript, New Essays on Human Understanding, in which Leibniz had systematically torn apart the colonialist apology of John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding.
Locke had based man's "freedom" upon the sanctity of property relations, a materialist and barbarian philosophy that Locke personally embedded in his authorship of the feudal, and pro-slavery, 1669 "Fundamental Constitutions for the Government of Carolina." Leibniz, on the other hand, had developed the characteristically human capacity for formulating ideas, as the key, causal element in fashioning human institutions.
In 1776, Franklin was the leader of the committee of five, which had Thomas Jefferson commit to paper: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among men ... ."
The Founding Fathers did not confuse "happiness" with pleasant entertainment, a "good time," or material possessions. Happiness, or felicity, was and is the composition of the universe by the Creator, such that the physical, objective conditions of existence—life1—are uniquely addressed and solved by the free exercise of man's subjective, playful, agapic capacities—i.e., liberty. It would not be Leibniz's "best of all possible worlds," had the Creator flubbed it, and created a universe where the freedom of man was not uniquely necessary for life. "Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness," is not a laundary list of rights. They are, and were for Benjamin Franklin, a succinct encapsulization of Leibniz's political philosophy.
How a bunch of unhappy ideologues ever managed to sucker Americans into hearing Leibniz's "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" as Locke's actual laundry-list—"life, liberty, and property"—is a type of tale upon which civilizations have been won or lost. That Franklin actually met with the men who broke the tyranny of the suppression of Leibniz's manuscripts, a tyranny run personally, for fifty years, by the Hanoverian Kings George I, II, and III of Great Britain, is a story that needs to be told. For, were a people to discover that they actually had a legitimate father, and an actual mission for human civilization, then, instead of acting like bastards, they might come to know happiness in the fulfillment of their world-historic mission.
Leibniz had legitimate concerns over the mental health of England, both philosophical and theological. He would famously express these in the Leibniz-Clarke letters of 1715/6—"Natural religion itself seems to be declining very much" in England—in which Clarke acted as stand-in for the man selected back in the 1680's to counter Leibniz, Isaac Newton. Leibniz had successfully negotiated the Act of Settlement of 1701, which arranged for the court of his patroness, Sophie, Duchess of Hanover, to succeed to the throne of England.2 A few years earlier, in 1690, John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding had epitomized the deliberately short-sighted and materialistic views of the faction that had taken power in England in the so-called "Glorious Revolution" of 1688/9. This "Venetian Party" in England established the Bank of England in 1694, and took aim at the republican institutions of America, such as the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
In Locke's essay, the senses rule; what man can be sure of, is what he sees, hears, smells, tastes, or touches; and the mind can only err, if it does any more than passively process these impressions. Of course, any victim who cannot locate any better uses for his mind, might as well surrender his country and culture right then and there. Such a mind cannot carry out sustained deliberations over the proper development of culture, over the proper creation of credit, or over anything else that involves the species' love for future generations—generations which, of course, cannot be seen, heard, smelled, tasted or touched.
Initially, Leibniz communicated to Locke several pages of comments regarding his Essay.3 Locke, however, desperately wished to avoid any open discussion of his ideological work, and, in private letters to William Molyneux beginning April 1697, offered only disparaging comments about Leibniz's actions.4 After Leibniz had secured a beachhead in England, with the 1701 Act of Settlement, he turned his attention to a sustained treatment of the quality of thought threatening the English-speaking world.
Beginning in the summer of 1703, Leibniz used Locke's conceits regarding the human mind, to compose a dialogue between himself (Theophilus) and Locke (Philalethes), over the issues of the human mind and human freedom. Working in-between many other projects, Leibniz substantially finished his New Essays on Human Understanding by the summer of 1704. Another of Leibniz's projects at that time was the education of Princess Caroline of Ansbach, who was shortly to wed the Duchess Sophie's grandson, the future King George II of England. This is the same Caroline, for whom Leibniz would engage in battle in the 1715/6 Leibniz/Clarke letters. Her early, 1704/5 education on Leibniz's critique of Locke, would alter world history, as we happily shall discover. Leibniz indicated (in a letter to Locke's patroness, Lady Masham) his intention to have these issues openly worked out. However, in November 1704, shortly after Leibniz had finished his revisions of the manuscript, Locke died. This particular avenue for dealing openly with the problems in England was put aside, and the New Essays remained unpublished in Leibniz's lifetime. However, Sophie, the designated successor to England's Queen Anne, and Caroline, the future Queen of England in 1727, were both students of the manuscript (as was, most likely, Sophie's daughter, Queen Sophie Charlotte of Prussia).
This was a potential strategic disaster for the Venetian Party in England. They have their Minister to Prussia, Mr. Bonet, undercut Leibniz in Berlin, spreading rumors that Leibniz is an anti-Prussian "Hanover spy." Simultaneously, the same Venetian Party attacks him in Hanover as too "Prussian." They rely upon Sophie's son, Georg Ludwig, to try to block the appointment of Leibniz as Imperial Privy Counsellor. Georg Ludwig sends his ambassador, one D.E. Huldeburg, to warn the Austro-Hungarian dowager Empress, Amalia, that she must make the Emperor heed his warning, that Leibniz was "not in the least a suitable person for the office." However, the Emperor went ahead and made Leibniz's appointment official. Since the warning was issued on the same day, Feb. 25, 1713, as the pronouncement of the Royal Society of London, that they had weighed the evidence, and found that Leibniz had cheated Newton, it tends to throw light upon both actions. The Venetian Party feared the same thing in both cases—Leibniz's method of thinking, whether it be physical analysis, or strategic statecraft. Leibniz's associate, Johann Bernoulli, reported the news to Leibniz, saying that "he was accused before a tribunal consisting of the participants and witnesses themselves," and that Bernoulli disliked "this hardly civilized way of doing things."
When, in August 1714, the Hanover house finally took the throne of England, Sophie had been dead for two months. Georg Ludwig, the new King George I, disposed of Leibniz, in a hardly civilized manner (in many ways, not too dissimilar from how his former wife was handled). Leibniz, the long-time chief Minister and strategist for Hanover, the man who organized the Hanoverian succession to the throne of England, would normally have been expected to take the lead in the new government in London. As John Ker wrote (Aug. 25, 1714) to Leibniz in Vienna: "It will be much for the King's Service, and the Happiness of Great Britain, that you instantly leave Vienna, and make Haste to Hanover ... . [Y]ou are fully entitled more than any Man in the World to be his chief Counsellor before he goes to England ... ."8 However, Georg Ludwig pulled out of Hanover three days before Leibniz arrived there from Vienna. Caroline, the new Princess of Wales, the future Queen in George II's reign, whose first studies with Leibniz had been during his composition of his New Essays, had Leibniz stay with her, planning to take him with her across the Channel. Over the next three months, Leibniz was given various excuses from the court in London, and then, in a letter from King George I's Prime Minister, von Bernstorff, he was explicitly instructed to stay away.
God did not create a universe that was so deficient as to require miracles in order to persist. God's miracles are acts of grace, not unlike his creation of the universe itself!
In May of 1716, Caroline reported to Leibniz that Clarke and (the Venetian superspy) Antonio Conti, the two sometimes accompanied by Isaac Newton, spent many hours together on her case, arguing to her on behalf of the void. Then, in Hanover on July 27, Leibniz actually met with King George I, and Caroline writes that she hopes her father-in-law will bring Leibniz back to London with him. Leibniz, meanwhile, writes the fifth of his six letters to Clarke, which included his doubt as to whether Clarke had ever bothered to read Leibniz's Theodicy, or had ever understood any of his philosophy. At least, Caroline would now know that the assignment of Clarke to handle her project of publishing Leibniz in English, had not been made in "good-faith"—and she could make her decisions accordingly.
Beginning September 1714, and for the last two years of his life, Leibniz was attacked from every quarter. His salary was stopped by Prussia, the first place that he had established a scientific Academy. The Austro-Hungarian Empire followed suit, by suspending his salary there. When Leibniz died in November 1716, the funeral was arranged for four weeks hence, time for proper ceremonies. Although King George was nearby, vacationing at his hunting lodge, he refused to attend; all the temporal powers, taking the hint, also stayed away.
However, King George I was, in fact, intensely interested in Leibniz—for he took possession of the New Essays Concerning Human Understanding, along with all of the vast amount of Leibniz's private writings! Leibniz's nephew, F.S. Loeffler, arrived two weeks before the funeral, but was not allowed to get his uncle's writings. Three generations of Loefflers would be in a continuous lawsuit over Leibniz's works. (It was never argued that the Leibniz heirs should get the works he composed for the House of Hanover, but only his private works.) For fifty years, Leibniz's grave was unmarked, his works were suppressed, and his proponents were largely on the defensive. In fact, when Benjamin Franklin came to Germany in 1766, the lawsuit was still unsettled, and Leibniz's works were officially under the control of King George III. The fight to free his works, and to free the American colonies, was one broad effort. And the story behind the 1765 publication of Leibniz's New Essays, and Franklin's 1766 meetings with Caroline's associate, the Baron Gerlach Adolf von Münchausen, and his collaborators Rudolph Erich Raspe and Abraham Kästner, is one that speaks to a deliberate and intentional offensive, that reached fruition with the 1776 Declaration of Independence and the 1781 victory at Yorktown.
After Caroline became Queen of England in 1727, one of her major initiatives was to create a new university. In 1734, the rector of Leipzig's St. Thomas School, J.M. Gesner, was chosen to pull together a curriculum for the future Göttingen University. Of some note, Leipzig was a center for Leibniz's supporters, and Gesner worked closely there with J.S. Bach. (Gesner's wife was godmother to one of Bach's children).10 Most importantly, Caroline's advisor for overseeing the creation of Göttingen, the Baron von Münchausen, was the Royal Commissioner who attended the 1737 inauguration of the University. After Caroline's death, Münchausen would play the key role in bringing back to life the New Essays.
Abraham Kästner, Münchausen's collaborator, was a mathematician and scientist, the founder of "anti-Euclidean" geometry, who was the teacher of both Carl Friedrich Gauss and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. Kästner grew up in Leipzig and attended the University there. In the 1740's, he continued research and writing on Kepler and Leibniz at Leipzig. Two of his students there, the cousins, Christlob Mylius and Gotthold Lessing, joined Kästner in their defense of, and advocacy for, Leibniz. After Kästner and Mylius studied Franklin's electrical experiments in 1752, Kästner would arrange for Mylius to visit him!
Evidently, Colden could pick out of the German, which he didn't read, frequent references to Leibniz's monads.
Franklin, saying that he knows a little German, offered to read Kästner's essay on Colden's work, but Colden had already arranged for a translator: "I have at last got the remarks on the First causes of Action in Matter well translated by Mr. Hartwick a Lutheran Minister who is well acquainted with the German systems of Philosophy."16 It is quite possible that this J.C. Hartwick's acquaintance with "the German systems of Philosophy" came directly from his study of Leibniz amongst Kästner's circles in Leipzig and Göttingen. What is known is that Hartwick's sponsor, another Lutheran minister, the more famous Henry M. Muhlenberg, had himself studied at the University of Göttingen when it was first established, graduating in 1738 [see: "Leibniz, Halle, and the American Revolution," this issue]. Hartwick graduated from Göttingen in 1739, and then studied with Muhlenberg for a period at the University of Halle. He owned works by two of Leibniz's collaborators, Christiaan Huyghens and Pierre Bayle.
Following this premiere, the lightning-rod experiment was repeated in Europe throughout the year. Mylius's letter on Franklin's work appears, along with other reports, in London's "Philosophical Transactions" (December 1752), which Franklin read soon thereafter. In 1753, Kästner arranged for the Leipzig scientific community to sponsor a trip to America for Mylius to meet with Franklin. However, he never arrived in America, having died along the way, during a stopover in London.
What Kästner had in mind for Mylius in his discussions in America may not be known precisely. However, the poem that he composed for Mylius, along with the copy of Kepler's Harmonici Mundi that he gave Mylius for the trip, certainly suggest their side of the discussion. Kästner wrote that Kepler had written of the deeper coherency of the musical and astronomical forms, and that Mylius's "tender ear perceives" and his "deeper thoughts explore" these harmonies. Kästner thought of this underlying, Keplerian harmony—that of the subjective hearing of man, and of the creation and ordering of the solar system—the way Leibniz thought of it, as the type of felicity, or happiness, that characterizes a loving God.
The remarks [16 pages by Kästner-DS] and Answer [3 pages by Colden-DS] are chiefly on the Metaphysical parts of my System. ... I hope from your Friendship that you will give me your sentiments without reserve and I beg that you will take some pains because I have some distant prospect of being able to explain the phaenomena of Electricity from my Principles with your assistance. If this can be don I am perswaded that the greatest improvement will thereby be made in the most usefull parts of Physics. I conceive that Fermentations of all sorts arise from Electricity and that the life and vegetation of Animals and Vegetables arise from Fermentation. If so the knowlege of Electricity must give great light in Medecine and Agriculture. ... I wish you would attempt some experiments to know whether the Electrical fluid can be drawn from fermenting liquors or Mixtures. I propose to try but what may fail with me may succeed with you, you have such sagacity in contriving proper experiments for any purpose you have in view.
That winter, Franklin concluded a paper on whirlwinds and vortices in nature, with these remarks: "Here you have my Method of Accounting for the principal Phaenomena, which I submit to your candid Examination. If my Hypothesis is not the Truth itself, it is at least as naked: For I have not with some of our learned Moderns disguis'd my Nonsense in Greek, cloth'd it in Algebra, or adorn'd it with Fluxions." Evidently, this indictment of Newtonian fluxions was too strong for editors for the next 200 years, as the last sentence was simply omitted from all printed versions!19 Colden and Franklin were at the peak of their investigations of the elastic Aether, and prepared to free America of Newton's mind-constraining axioms, when Mylius was to arrive. Mylius had not only studied Franklin's experiments, but he had also worked under Kästner on a paper on the properties of the atmosphere, back in the period that Colden's work had been studied and published.
Franklin concludes: "We are preparing here to make accurate Observations on the approaching Transit of Mercury over the Sun. ... I congratulate you on your Discovery of a new Motion in the Earth's Axis: You will, I see, render your Name immortal.22 I believe I have not before told you, that I have procur'd a Subscription here of £1500 to fit out a Vessel in Search of a N[orth]west Passage: she sails in a few Days, and is called the Argo, commanded by Mr. Swaine, who was in the last Expedition in the California, Author of a Journal of that Voyage in two Volumes. We think the Attempt laudable, whatever may be the Success: if he fails, Magnis tamen excidit ausis." Here, Franklin concludes with the same Latin quote Kästner used in his comments on Colden.
(4) the early 1754 trip by Mylius, attempting to establish a personal collaboration between Kästner in Leipzig and Franklin in Philadelphia.
A dozen years later, when Franklin finally met up with Kästner in Göttingen, he would get to discuss the subjects that Mylius was never able to. However, in 1753/4, Franklin was organizing an expedition to search for a Northwest passage, and was about to launch the Albany Plan of Union, an early effort to unify the colonies. Mylius's cousin, Lessing, showed great courage in defending Leibniz (and, indirectly, his cousin), against Euler's group at the Berlin Academy of Science.23 Kästner left Leipzig in 1756 to become a professor at Göttingen. His worked-out pedagogy from that period (the Angangsgründe der Arithmetik und Geometrie, ebenen und sphärischen Trigonometrie und Perspektiv) was obviously motivated by his new assignment in Göttingen. One of his earliest students there to benefit from his teaching would have been the young Rudolph Erich Raspe.
Rudolph Erich Raspe, born in 1737, the same year as the founding of Caroline's Göttingen University, studied Leibniz's works from 1755 to 1760 at Göttingen and Leipzig.24 In 1757, he was likely inspired when Lessing visited Leipzig; for, although Raspe's senior by only eight years, Lessing, along with his close collaborator Mendelssohn, had just outwitted and embarassed the organized anti-Leibniz cabal of Maupertuis and Euler that had taken over the Berlin Academy. The idea that the intellectual witchhunt against Leibniz could be beaten, was evidently a live and exciting prospect for Raspe. The lives of Raspe and Lessing would intersect over the next three decades.
The Raspe/Kästner 1765 publication of Leibniz can be said to have launched a cultural offensive "heard 'round the world"—a decade before the famous "shot heard 'round the world" reverberated from Concord and Lexington. Between 1765 and 1767, Leibniz's followers engineered an amazing culture of optimism, centered around the first complete publication of Shakespeare in German, and Moses Mendelssohn's Phaedon, a Leibnizian treatment of Plato's "Phaedo" dialogue.27 Wieland's translation of the complete edition of Shakespeare's plays, completed in 1766, brought a level of excitement, intellectual challenge, and statecraft to the public stages of Germany—a new level of responsibility was being publicly articulated for a somewhat downtrodden population. Wieland's publisher, Friedrich Nicolai, brought out Mendelssohn's Phaedon the following year. Mendelssohn succeeded in engaging a tremendously expanded audience—until then largely devoid of Platonic philosophizing—with a Leibnizian treatment of mortality. Death became a subject that could deepen and strengthen how mortals composed their lives, should they take up the challenge of bending their mind and soul to the subject.
Franklin arrived in Germany, fresh from an historic victory before the Parliament in London, where his testimony (Feb. 13, 1766) was crucial in bringing down the imperial Stamp Act, authored by the former Prime Minister, George Grenville. Simultaneous with his testimony in Parliament, Franklin had published, in The London Chronicle, a letter from "Pacificus," advising the British: "If the Duke d'Alva had treated the people of the Netherlands with gentleness and humanity, they would never have revolted. Thank God, we have no Duke d'Alva in England."29 However, the actual "Duke of Alva," Grenville's imperial faction in London, had thought that, with the 1763 defeat of France in the Seven Years War (French and Indian War), they could put the stamp on a military power system, financed by tax-farming their colonies. Franklin inspired the less ideologically-driven in Parliament, that it was not in their best interests to use their power in an imperial fashion. The Parliament voted to repeal the Stamp Act, and the colonies praised Franklin.
Meanwhile, in Hanover that spring of 1766, Raspe composed poems called "Frühlingsgedanken" ("Thoughts of Spring"), occasioned by the marriage of his sister to Lessing's friend, Herr Völger of Brunswick. The period of his discussions with Franklin also found him writing a play (Hermin und Gunilde) that was reviewed in the same issue of Nicolai's literary journal, as Lessing's book-length essay, Laocoön. Raspe was also translating another play (Suleiman II) into German, which was favorably reviewed in Lessing's journal, Dramaturgie. Finally, Raspe had plunged into Shakespeare's works, excited that he had found something comparable to Homer's dramatic method. So, the Raspe that Franklin met with, had been sponsored by Münchausen, educated by Kästner and Lessing, and was a collaborator of Mendelssohn's publisher, Nicolai. And, to put the point on it, the arch-enemy of both Lessing and Mendelssohn, J.G. Jacobi—a sort of Romantic fundamentalist—provided his measure of Raspe at this time: "What I disliked about him was the cocksure manner he had in company." Clearly, Raspe had "American" written all over him!
Franklin visited Raspe first in Hanover, accompanied by Sir John Pringle. Two days before his June 15, 1766 departure for Germany, Franklin informed his wife Deborah, "I purpose to leave him [Pringle] at Pyrmont, and visit some of the principal Cities nearest to it, and call for him again when the Time of our Return draws nigh."32 One infers from this, minimally, that (the newly-titled) Sir Pringle had given Franklin the idea that he meant to accompany Franklin only to the spa at Pyrmont. (The much more aggressive inference would be that Franklin knew that Pringle intended to accompany him throughout Germany, and Franklin meant to abandon him at the spa!) It is to be suspected that Pringle accompanied Franklin not in full good faith. A decade later, Pringle would be at the center of King George III's rage against Raspe.
Pacidius (here, the Raspe figure) continues: "I had a close friendship with him, and enjoyed his company. At that time, by chance, we were having a long conversation about the State [Republica] ... ."
How close Leibniz's scene came to the actual event, we can only surmise. However, there can be no doubt that Leibniz's contention with Locke over human nature, and human governance, was of intimate concern to both Raspe and Franklin. The subsequent developments leave no doubt about this. They must have also discussed the freakout in London over the publication of Leibniz's New Essays, as they planned for Raspe to compose, and Franklin to have published, a rejoinder to the strenuous defense of Locke in the London Monthly Review. Franklin, who read French, undoubtedly studied the text with Raspe, taking a copy of the Leibniz with him.
Then Franklin reached Göttingen, and got to meet with Kästner in person. Kästner had complained in the Preface to Leibniz's New Essays, about the need for English thinkers to read Leibniz's treatment of Locke, as the passive worship of Locke was cheapening thought [see Translation, this issue]. Franklin's arrival must have seemed a godsend. On July 19, Göttingen celebrated Franklin's visit there with an evening "Science Festival," including more electrical experimentation. Kästner had attempted a dialogue with Franklin thirteen years earlier, when he arranged for his collaborator on Franklin's electrical experiments, Mylius, to make his ill-fated trip to America. Now, Kästner had prepared a special paper on the nature of electricity, and it was presented as the highlight of the evening.35 Franklin would remember this evening three years later, when he presented a copy of the new 1769 edition of his book, Experiments and Observations on Electricity, made at Philadelphia in America, with the inscription: "To the Royal Academy of Sciences at Göttingen as a small Token of his Respect and Duty, This Book is humbly presented by the Author."
Achenwall was clearly struck by Franklin's emphasis upon the new political geometry, as a result of the imperial overstepping by Britain.
Franklin expended considerable effort to get as many as possible of the books that his Leibnizian friends in Hanover and Göttingen had recommended to him. He left funds for Raspe to purchase whatever books Franklin could not obtain first-hand on his trip through Germany. Although the list of books is not known, it seems certain that Franklin carried Raspe's historic edition of Leibniz with him.
Franklin and Pringle passed through Cassel, on their way to Frankfurt and Mainz; Trier and Cologne were visited on the return trip to London. Upon arriving in London, Franklin was intent upon consolidating the victory over the Stamp Act, by securing a policy of real economic development for America. A week after his mid-August return, he writes to his son: "I can now only add, that I will endeavour to accomplish all that you and our friends [in the "Illinois Company"] desire relating to the settlement westward."
Athens had her orators. They did her sometimes a great deal of good, at other times a great deal of harm; the latter particularly when they prevailed in advising the Sicilian war, under the burthen and losses of which war that flourishing state sunk, and never again recovered itself.42 To the haranguers of the populace among the ancients, succeed among the moderns your writers of political pamphlets and news-papers, and your coffee-house talkers.
Franklin's very public intervention, besides being a timely message for any modern country that would ape British imperial methods, makes clear his judgment at the time, of the unravelling situation since his return from Germany.
The newly hardened policy in London can also be seen in the treatment given to a new essay by Raspe on the Leibniz/Locke dispute. On Sept. 9, 1766, Franklin first wrote to Raspe after returning from his Hanover visit: "I received your obliging Favour of Augt. 28. with the Paper enclos'd for the Monthly Review, which I shall communicate to the Managers of that Work, and imagine I shall prevail with them to do you better Justice."44 This is the work that Franklin and Raspe had discussed that summer to counter the January 1766 attack on Raspe, when they had agreed for Raspe to write a follow-up for Franklin to use. However, Franklin was not able to achieve a "better Justice," running into the same problems as with the Illinois project. A decision that fall by those who controlled the Monthly Review, consigned Raspe's paper to the waste bin, and the work has never been located since.
The January 1767 Monthly Review did note the fact that Raspe had made a reply to their attack. As the editor of The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, Leonard W. Labaree, relates it, they published a cryptic comment, "acknowledging Raspe's communication, expressing regret at his displeasure, and stating that the passages that had displeased him had not referred to his publication 'but to another work, the natural produce of our own country.' "45 This transparent nonsense could not have been meant to be taken seriously. It had been their review of Raspe's publication of Leibniz, that had occasioned their uproar over a public challenge of Locke. Undoubtedly, there was also some "natural produce" in London working with Raspe and Franklin; but, regardless, the gatekeepers of public discussion in London were making clear that there would be no more systematic treatment of Locke or his philosophy. The mention of the name, "Leibniz"—(the "L" ["LaRouche"] -word of the Eighteenth century)—in England, was clearly in bad form. Publishing the New Essays in the original French had already been over the line. Meeting and strategizing with the American hero of the Stamp Act battle, was past the point of no return. The score with Raspe would be settled later, and by other methods. Of course, Raspe's follow-up letters to the Monthly Review would also not be worthy of publication or comment.
Locke represented the mental infection of enlightened greed. Many arguments in the colonies, in the period from the 1764 Stamp Act to the Congressional debates of 1774, did indeed largely function within the constraints of Locke's axiomatics—as Locke had designed them to do. For example, Jefferson was still employing the formulation "life, liberty, and property" as of the 1774 debates. The fear of breaking from the power of the British Empire, and of assuming "among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them," did much to constrain argumentation in that period. Many of the appeals were intended to adjust British policy towards a more enlightened self-interest on the part of the colonial administrator.
The "pursuit of happiness" coup was inextricably linked to Franklin's personal intervention upon his return to Philadelphia in the spring of 1775. The different attacks upon Franklin and Raspe from 1766-1775, not only indicate the focus of the rage of the Venetian Party in England, but also the unique forging of Franklin's mettle. The rage was centered around the breakout of the dreaded "Leibniz" factor. By way of contrast, Cadwallader Colden did not make it through these years, parting ways with Franklin, and ending up a Royalist. Who knows how he might have developed, were he to have had the extensive deliberations with Kaestner's representative, Mylius, offered Franklin back in 1753?
1. Of some note, "life" in the original draft was actually written as "the preservation of life ... ."
2. This fascinating strategic coup of Leibniz is developed in H. Graham Lowry's How the Nation Was Won: America's Untold Story. Vol. I: 1630-1754 (Washington, D.C.: Executive Intelligence Review, 1987).
3. The best presentation of the joint Locke-Newton anti-republican policies and actions can be found in Philip Valenti's "The Anti-Newtonian Roots of the American Revolution," Executive Intelligence Review, Dec. 1, 1995 (Vol. 22, No. 48), pp. 12-31.
4. Locke may well have also been agitated over Leibniz's habit of rooting out intellectual frauds, as Leibniz was then in the midst of a scientific challenge to Locke's underling Newton. The public challenge, issued by Leibniz's collaborator, Johann Bernoulli, on the brachistochrone—or "least time"—problem, had made it clear that real scientific and mental development was an eminently public matter.
5. Georg Ludwig's wife, Sophie Dorothea, had been under "house arrest" since 1694, under most bizarre circumstances, never to see her husband or her children again. She had tried to escape from Georg Ludwig; and the man who tried to aid her, Königsmarck, was murdered by four courtiers, his body placed in a sack loaded with stones, to "swim with the fishes." Whatever her fears were of her husband, they seemed to go far beyond the mere matter of his having a mistress. Her pleas to her own father, prior to her attempt to flee, had gone unaddressed, for fear of disturbing political arrangements. Georg Ludwig's son, George II, and also his daughter-in-law, Caroline, would consequently never be close to him. Undoubtedly, the file that was compiled on Georg Ludwig would be an easy avenue for pressure upon, and control over, him.
6. What is one to conclude, when charges of cheating are decided by cheating?
7. I have relied upon E.J. Aiton, Leibniz: A Biography (Bristol and Boston: Adam Hilger, Ltd., 1985) for significant portions of the facts of Leibniz's life.
8. Memoirs of John Ker of Kersland (London: John Ker, 1727), quoted in Philip Valenti, unpublished, 1978.
9. G.W. Leibniz and Samuel Clarke: Correspondence, ed. by Roger Ariew (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2000). The first of the six letters by Leibniz in this correspondence of about a one year course.
10. For example, the Acta Eruditorum, published in Leipzig, was established by Leibniz in 1682 to publish his, and his circle's, scientific work. Leibniz's half-brother, Johann Friedrich, and his brother-in-law, F.S. Loeffler, had taught in Leipzig. Based out of Leipzig, three generations of the Loeffler family fought for Leibniz's works. See my article on the Leibniz core around Bach's Leipzig: "Thinking Through Singing: The Strategic Significance of J.S. Bach's A Musical Offering," Fidelio, Winter 2000 (Vol. IX, No. 4).
11. See Valenti, "Anti-Newtonian Roots," op. cit., for an excellent presentation of Colden's work, along with the work of Franklin's Philadelphia mentor James Logan. However, Valenti was not aware of Kästner's interest in the work.
12. Cadwallader Colden Papers, Vol. I, in New York Historical Society Papers, 1917, Preface and p. 140.
13. See Valenti, "Anti-Newtonian Roots," op. cit.
14. This is Franklin's account of Kästner's words. Feb. 28, 1753 letter to Colden, in The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, ed. by Leonard W. Labaree (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969), Vol. 13, p. 425.
15. Papers, op. cit., Vol. 4, p. 314. The Latin is from Ovid's Metamorphoses, loosely translated as: "At least he dared greatly, although he failed." Minimal punctuation added, shown in brackets.
17. Franklin wrote several reports to Collinson on his research on electricity in 1749 and 1750; however, the London Royal Society treated them with disdain. Included among the results of his experiments was the proposal to test the hypothesis that lightning was the same phenomenon as the electric sparks generated in the laboratory, by experimenting with both kites, and lightning-rods. Franklin did not carry out his famous kite experiment until the summer of 1752, a year after the Experiments and Observations was published; he subsequently received reports of the lightning-rod experiments carried out in France in the spring of 1752.
18. Papers, op. cit., Vol. 4, pp. 374-375.
20. Nov. 19, 1753, Colden letter to Franklin. Quoted in Valenti, op. cit. Valenti points out that Franklin's London associate, Peter Collinson, reported to Colden, March 13, 1755, that, "The state of the case seems to be this—that every one [in London] is so satisfied with Sir Isaac's [theory] that they have no curiosity to examine yours .. . [I]n Germany or France it would not want for perusal." This certainly sounds like a politically-repressed and frightened environment. If the premature demise of Mylius in 1754 was not an assassination, the mere unaddressed suspicions of a foul end to Mylius, would have had the same repressive effect.
21. Papers, op. cit., Vol. 4, pp. 446-447.
22. Colden had made observations showing the axis of the ecliptic differed by a few seconds of an angle between winter and summer solstices.
23. Lessing, and his new ally Moses Mendelssohn, both in their mid-twenties, composed and distributed a work satirizing the prize essay competition run by the Berlin Academy's Maupertuis and Euler, thus succeeding in exposing them as fools in their attacks upon Leibniz. See G.E. Lessing and Moses Mendelssohn, "Pope a Metaphysician! An Anonymous Pamphlet in Defense of Leibniz," Fidelio,Winter 1999 (Vol. VIII, No. 4).
24. Most of the following on Raspe's career is drawn from John Carswell's The Romantic Rogue: Being the Singular Life and Adventures of Rudolph Eric Raspe (New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1950).
25. The Göttingen philologist, Christian Gottlob Heyne, father-in-law of one of Raspe's good friends, shared the joys of working on Leibniz with Raspe and Kästner during this period. Heyne had already benefitted from an earlier "Leibniz publishing" event, when in 1755, a Göttingen colleague, Professor A.B. Michaelis, brought out the Leibniz-Ludolf Correspondence, which was centered upon philological studies (see "Leibniz, Halle, and the American Revolution," see footnote number 4).
26. The other five works in the volume were: "Examen du Sentiment du Pere Malebranche que nous voyons tout en Dieu," "Dialogues de Connexione inter Res et Verba," "Difficultates quaedam Logicae," "Discours Touchant la Methode de la Certitude et l'Art d'inventer," and "Historia et Commendatio Characteristicae Universalis quae simul sit Ars Inveniendi."
27. See David Shavin, "Philosophical Vignettes from the Political Life of Moses Mendelssohn," Fidelio, Summer 1999 (Vol. VIII, No. 2). An additional sign of this improved environment: After twenty years of attacks upon Leibniz at the very Berlin Academy of Science that he had founded, the Academy chose, in 1767, to give an award for the best eulogy of Leibniz! The winner, Jean Sylvain Bailly, launched a career in astronomy and republicanism, working with Franklin and the Marquis de LaFayette; see Pierre Beaudry, "Jean Sylvain Bailly: The French Revolution's Benjamin Franklin," Executive Intelligence Review, Jan. 26, 2001 (Vol. 28, No. 4).
28. For the Good of Mankind: Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais' Political Correspondence Relative to the American Revolution, ed. and trans. by Antoinette Shewmake (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1987), pp. 12-13. De Noailles would die under the guillotine during the Terror.
29. Papers, op. cit., Vol. 13, p. 163. Franklin's Pacificus, and his other literary voices, managed to combine a gentleness with a sharpness, most effectively, in a manner reminiscent to this author's ear of his German contemporary Moses Mendelssohn.
30. The Monthly Review, January 1766, Vol. XXXIII, Appendix, pp. 497-505.
31. Franklin had been in England for most of the previous decade, but only got to the Continent once before. Whether he had already intended to go to Leibniz's library in Hanover, or not, the public freakout against Raspe might well have triggered or consolidated his intentions. Further, that Franklin's old literary acquaintance, Kästner, had written the introduction to the Leibniz volume, might have provided that much more incentive.
32. Papers, op. cit., Vol. 13, p. 316.
33. "Pacidius to Philalethes: A First Philosophy of Motion," in The Labyrinth of the Continuum, ed. and trans. by Richard T.W. Arthur (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), pp. 131-133.
34. July 13, 1766: "Franklin, der Doctor juris und Insonderheit in der Oeconomie physique und der Agricultur grosse Kenntnis hat."
35. The event was described in the Sept. 13, 1766 Göttingeische Anzeigen von gelehrten Sachen.
36. Hannoverisches Magazin, Feb. 27-April 20, 1767. For an English translation, see Papers, op. cit., Vol. 13, pp. 346-377.
37. Papers, op. cit., Vol. 13, pp. 375-376.
Amphion passing foreign lands was seen.
For our confused minds wouldst thou sing.
39. Papers, op. cit., Vol. 13, pp. 424-425. Emphasis added.
40. Papers, ibid., p. 425, note 2.
41. Curiously, Barrington's brother, Daines Barrington, had been assigned an equally sensitive matter a year earlier. He was to investigate for the Royal Society whether the eight-year-old genius, Mozart, then visiting London, was possibly an adult dwarf! That is, the human mind could not have such potentiality—nor could, for that matter, Illinois or the American continent.
42. Gorgias was the orator who inflamed Alcibiades in 417-415 B.C.E.,: sending Athens into renewed bloodshed and ruin. See Plato's dialogues, "Gorgias" and "Alcibiades." Franklin, insightfully, compares the pause, and possible peace, in the midst of the Peloponnesian War, to the just concluded 1756-63 French and Indian War. Athens succumbed to the oratory, plunging to her destruction.
43. "Reply to Coffee House Orators," in Benjamin Franklin: Writings, ed. by J.A. Leo Lemay (New York: Library of America, 1987), pp. 590-594.
44. Papers, op. cit., Vol. 13, p. 406.
45. Ibid., p. 406-407, note 5.
46. Of course, Franklin did not need to discuss Leibniz's extended treatment of Locke, with Raspe and Münchausen, in order "to do good"—he had spent most of his previous sixty years doing just that. The story of the influence of Cotton Mather's Essays To Do Good upon the teenage Franklin, and of his subsequent good actions—including, the organization of his Junto, his establishment of fire stations, lending libraries, military defense, academies, schools for public education of Indians and African-Americans, etc.—has been reported elsewhere. Notable are Lowry's coverage of the Mathers; Trout's presentation of the literate Commonwealth cultural tradition; and Valenti's tracking of the coherence between the scientific and the political policies, of both the Leibniz/Logan/Franklin republican circles, and the contrary Locke/Newton colonial circles. Further, Trout has demonstrated that the Congressional delegations in Philadelphia, just prior to the Declaration of Independence, found that the Law of Nations by the Leibnizian, Vattel, was crucial to their deliberations. See Lowry, op.cit., Valenti, op. cit., and Robert Trout, "Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness: How the Natural Law Concepts of G.W. Leibniz Inspired America's Founding Fathers," Fidelio, Spring 1997 (Vol. VI, No. 1), and "The Aesthetical Education of America," Fidelio,Winter 1999 (Vol. VIII, No. 4).
© Copyright Schiller Institute, Inc. 2001- 2003 All Rights Reserved.


Peel the potato and grate it at the large holes of a box grater, into a bowl. Place it into a towel and drain it well to remove its moisture.
Transfer the grated potato into a bowl and add the thyme, salt, pepper, the rosemary finely chopped, the garlic grated, and mix well.
Place a 22 cm frying pan over low heat and add the olive oil.
Add the potatoes and spread them with a spoon so that they cover the whole pan's surface. Cook at low heat from both sides, for 10 minutes. Remove, place them on a plate, and set aside.
Place the same frying pan on heat again and add the bacon. Cook each side for 1 minute and then, remove.
Wipe the frying pan and place it over medium heat.
Add the butter, let it melt and then, break the eggs. Season with salt and pepper, and allow 2 minutes for them to be fried.
Remove and place them onto the plate with the potato and the bacon. Serve with rocket, cherry tomatoes, and grated feta cheese.


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Virginia, the Lovers' state..
Article By: Ali Denning
July28th2009_072
This summer my schedule was dominated by early college courses and trying to save money, while enduring a crappy business internship, sponsored by my high school's Academy of Finance. I endured it for a short 3 months. Luckily, I still managed to take a trip to Virginia with my dad to check out some colleges. My dad graduated from UNC Chapel Hill and my mother from Campbell University. I wanted to go somewhere out of state. My dad who did the unusual combination of lettering in football and majoring in English says he turned me off to Carolina by taking me to too many games in Chapel Hill while I was growing up. We were really just winging it, not really having much assurance that any of the colleges we would visit were right for me.
Amazingly, we were proven wrong. After a 5 hour car drive with my dad, listening to fuzzy radio stations and old cds stashed in my mom's car, we arrived at Virginia Tech. As soon as I stepped out of the car I was in love with the place, the campus and surrounding area was beautiful, covered in lovely, green, lush rolling hills, and landscaped outstandingly. After stopping by the information center to get our parking permit and map, we navigated our way to the admissions office. I immediately felt at home after speaking to one of the admission administrators. She reviewed my transcript and scores and supplied me with the North Carolina representatives name for VPI who was currently on vacation. On our way around campus we ran into several helpful students and staff, took our own little tour of downtown, Blacksburg and ate at one of the small college supported restaurants, which, by the way wonderful.
This was the first time I actually had a non-dramatic, family orientated, father-daughter trip in a long time. It was great to see that we could still get along after not exactly spending too much time together, but while we were on that trip, it was like we were the best of friends. Dad told me later he took me to VPI first because his father had been to graduate school there along the 1850's through the National Science Foundation and had inkling I would like it. He also knew it was beautiful because he had visited his former college football coaches, Coach bill Dooley, and staff after he graduated from UNC in 1979. Although now that we're back home our relationship has resumed to the same old aspects, of parental rules and worrying about his teenage daughter and curfews, but then again what kind of caring parent doesn't act like that? While we were in the atmosphere of the mountains, or the fact that we were in "the lover's state" of Virginia the love was there; no arguments, no drama, and, we both agreed Virginia Tech is where I want to go to school. The first school we have actually, mutually agreed on, therefore making this trip, one of the best ever.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Domestic animals like cow, goat and chicken have been dying in large numbers since the outbreak. The cause of grave concern is the death of mithuns, which is Indian buffalo, found in Arunachal Pradesh and North-East.
Though veterinary officials visited Poma village and provided medicine to the livestock. Traditional methods have failed to cure the animals, official sources said here today.
"Villagers are selling the mithuns at throwaway prices of about Rs 2,000 each," the gaon bura of Poma village said.
Animal husbandry and veterinary director Dr Hage Tabin said that a team of veterinary doctors would visit soon to carry out further investigation.
Mithun (Bos frontalis), a domesticated free-range bovine species, is an important component of the livestock production system of North-East.
This unique species is believed to have been domesticated more than 8000 years ago, sources said.
Mithun is primarily reared for meat and is highly preferred among tribespeople as a ceremonial animal.


The vessels eventually backtracked, but the episode signaled the first stage of China's fundamental maritime strategy — one in which it forges into new areas, withstands the initial fury, and turns groundbreaking gambits into commonplace activity. In most cases, the strategy has worked. Chinese boats now cut through waters around Japan-administered islands almost weekly, drawing complaints from Tokyo but not alarm.
For Japan, China's piecemeal advance through contested territory represents perhaps its greatest defense challenge since the end of World War II. Although several Asian nations have tried to curb China's expansionist ambitions, some experts feel Japan is best-equipped for the task: led by a hawkish prime minister, powered by a reviving economy and backed militarily by the United States.
But despite ongoing upgrades to its aircraft and patrol boats and increased coordination with Washington, Japan has yet to find an answer for its increasingly powerful neighbor. Officials here say China continues to push boundaries, sending fighter jets closer to Japanese shores and last week declaring a new air defense identification zone over the East China Sea.
None of China's moves, by design, has been provocative enough to spark an armed skirmish. That partly explains why deterring China has been so vexing for others in the region.
In the South China Sea, China has backed the Philippines away from several contested reefs and shoals by sending waves of increasingly powerful vessels to the area. Several Japanese officials and security experts say China is now duplicating that strategy in the East China Sea, but with more intensity because of the frequent use of aircraft.
China is trying to "unilaterally alter the status quo by coercive measures," Fumio Kishida, Japan's foreign minister, said in a news conference Friday.
Japan has asked the United Nations' International Civil Aviation Organization to examine whether China's new zone threatens aviation in the area, its Foreign Ministry said Saturday. Japan's move is part of its broader strategy of appealing for international support in dealing with China.
Chinese officials portray their moves as responses to Japanese provocations, particularly Tokyo's purchase in September 2012 of three contested islets from a private landowner.
But Japanese officials say China's ambitions at sea go back well before that date, and they point to a several-year trend of Chinese activity in the East China Sea. In 2004, Japanese scrambles against Chinese aircraft occurred roughly monthly, according to Ministry of Defense statistics. By 2007, they happened almost weekly. This year, they're happening more than once a day on average.
The trend "testifies to a long-term increase in Chinese military activity in the maritime domain," a Foreign Ministry official said, speaking on the condition of anonymity to discuss the situation.
As China has increased its maritime presence over the past half-decade, Japan has had to catch up. Until several years ago, Japanese leaders almost never described China as a threat. Through 2010, Japan's Self-Defense Forces were positioned primarily to defend against a Russian invasion from the north.
Japan's reversal has been swift. A new defense strategy three years ago reorganized troops, placing more emphasis on perimeter islands. Japan is now updating that strategy, and initial recommendations call for the introduction of a Marines-like unit and the eventual use of drones for surveillance.
The Defense Ministry's budget request for 2014 calls for upgrades to surveillance equipment and the purchase of new patrol aircraft. Although China's announcement last week of its air defense identification zone threw a spotlight on the airspace above the East China Sea, much of Japan's spending was already geared to aircraft upgrades. The Air Self-Defense Force budget is set to rise 7 percent in 2014.
Japan has some of the world's most modern technology for surveillance and deterrence, military experts say. But its problem would come if there were an armed conflict, because Japan is barred by its pacifist constitution from having key offensive weapons such as long-range missiles and traditional aircraft carriers. Japan's largest ship, the Izumo-class destroyer, can carry only helicopters.
"That's definitely a weakness," said Masashi Nishihara, president of the Research Institute for Peace and Security in Tokyo.
Before taking office one year ago, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe talked about removing some restrictions on the military. But that would require contentious constitutional revisions, and Abe, in office, has instead channeled his energy into patching up relations with other countries in the region who were ignored by his predecessors. Abe has visited every member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in what some experts say is an attempt to isolate China.
Japan, meantime, has said it's taking a stand against a "unilateral" move and that other countries should share Japan's concerns about freedom of navigation in international airspace.
In the short term, some experts in Tokyo say, China's announced aerial zone might have backfired, drawing strong rebukes from Australia, South Korea and the European Union and prompting a flyover of unarmed U.S. B-52 bombers.
But the real test for China's strategy will come after the initial shock has waned.


This intensive week-long course provides participants with knowledge of the ingredients, processing and quality features of ice cream. The sessions examine the technical points of ice cream manufacturing, with an emphasis on the quality of the finished product. Lectures are complemented with lab sessions and demonstrations, and there is ample opportunity for personal contact with the instructor and industry colleagues.
Small to large scale manufacturers, suppliers and retailers. Of particular interest to those in production, quality assurance, R&D and technical sales. This course is also suitable for those interested in starting their own ice cream manufacturing business, whether they have previous ice cream making experience or not.
Plant Sanitation, Post Pasteurization Contamination, Quality Control/ Assurance.
Ice Cream Edition: 7th, Authors: Goff, H. Douglas; Hartel, Richard W. is is recommended but not required.
$1895 plus 13% HST in Canadian funds includes lunch and nutrition breaks, a comprehensive course manual and lab supplies.
Registration will open in August 2019 for the next course to be held December 2 to 6, 2019.


text:
The 1998 Boise State Broncos football team represented Boise State University in the 1998 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Broncos competed in the Big West Conference and played their home games on campus at Bronco Stadium in Boise, Idaho. Led by first-year head coach Dirk Koetter, Boise State was  overall and  in conference play.

Schedule

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References

Boise State
Boise State Broncos football seasons
Boise State Broncos football

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Education Cooperation Between India and USA Gives Dlearning Opportunities
IndiA & USA - Last Friday in Washington D.C., the Indian Minister for Human Resource Development, Kapil Sibal, set forth a five point plan for the involvement of the private sector in higher education cooperation between the two nations...
India, USA, Washington D.C., Indian Minister for Human Resource Development, Kapil Sibal, Higher Education Cooperation, Education System, Confederation of Indian Industry, US–India Busisness Council, US–India Higher Education Summit, Research and Development, Indian Universities, Indian Students, Nirupama Rao, India US Ambassador
Kapil Sibal focuses on U.S- India Cooperation in Higher Education
The Government of India can fund capital infrastructure in private sector where businesses will invest by employing highly qualified PhDs. This support can be extended to US companies in India as well with the support of the U.S. Government...
Government of India, PhD Programme, U.S. Government, Kapil Sibal, India Minister for Human Resource Development, U.S.-India Higher Education Cooperation, Confederation of Indian Industry, Indian Universities and Industry, Indian Private Sector, Indian and U.S. Students, Robert O. Blake, Assistant Secretary, South and Central Asian Affairs, U.S. Department of State, Higher Education Sector, Hari Bhartia, Immediate Past President, CII and Chairman and Managing Director, Jubilant Life Sciences, U.S.-India Higher Education Summit
India, US to have more educational partnerships
India and the United States have agreed to broaden their knowledge partnership in pursuit of six key goals, including strategic institutional partnerships and exploring models for 'educational institutions for the 21st Century'...
India, United States, Strategic Institutional Partnerships, Educational Institutions for 21st Century, US-India Joint Statement, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, India, Minister of Human Resource Development Kapil Sibal, US-India Higher Education Summit, Vocational Education, Skills Enhancement, Education, Research, Innovation, US-India Higher Education Dialogue
US assures Indian students all help to sort out sham varsities
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on Thursday assured potential Indian students that the United States would to do everything possible to help them sort out real and sham institutions in the country...
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Indian Students, United States, Sham Institutions, Long Education Summit, India Minister for Human Resource Development Kapil Sibal, California, Tri Valley University, Higher Education Leaders, Government, Private Sector, Education Collaboration
US-India summit a 'very big deal'
The US and India will hold their first ever higher education summit here on Thursday aimed at strengthening higher education collaboration and exchanges between their institutions...
USA, India, Higher Education Summit, Higher Education Collaboration, Exchanges Program, Human Resource Development Minister Kapil Sibal, Us Secretary Of State Hillary Clinton, 21st Century Education Engagement, Higher Education Communities, Indian Governments, University Presidents, Administrators, Georgetown University, Indian Ambassador to US Nirupama Rao, President Emeritus of Colorado College Richard Celeste, US Education Secretary Arne Duncan, Deputy Secretary of State William Burns, US-India Business Council
US-India summit to strengthen higher education collaboration
The US and India hold their first ever higher education summit here on Thursday aimed at strengthening higher education collaboration and exchanges between their institutions...
US and India, Higher Education Summit, Higher Education Collaboration, Human Resource Development Minister Kapil Sibal, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, 21st Century Education Engagement, Education Sectors, Indian Ambassador to US Nirupama Rao, US Ambassador to India, President Emeritus of Colorado College Richard Celeste, US Education Secretary Arne Duncan, eputy Secretary of State William Burns, US-India Business Council
India-US Higher education summit on October 13
The first ever India-US Higher Education Summit aimed at providing a platform for government and education leaders from both countries to outline their vision for 21st century education engagement...
India-US Higher Education Summit, 21st Century Education Engagement, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Human Resources Development Minister Kapil Sibal, Education Leaders, University Presidents, Administrators, Non-governmental Organizations, Foundation Executives, Higher Education Communities, Indian Governments, Indian Ambassador US Nirupama Rao, President Emeritus of Colorado College Richard Celeste, Education Secretary Arne Duncan, Deputy Secretary of State William Burns
India signs Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) with Estonia, to collaborate on Information, Communications and Technology (ICT), education
Communications and Information Technology Minister Kapil Sibal signed the pact during his visit to Estonia on September 19, during which he also met Estonian Prime Minister Andrus Ansip...
Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement, Estonia, Information, Communications and Technology, Communications and Information Technology Minister Kapil Sibal, Estonian Prime Minister Andrus Ansip, Estonian Minister of Finance Jurgen Ligi, Education and E-governance, Tallinn University, Indian Languages, Literature and History, Estonian Universities, Doctoral Programme, PhD Degree, Material Technology, Environment Technology, Biotechnology, Power Engineering, Health
University Grants Commission (UGC) - British Council Sign MoU Under Second Phase of UK India Education and Research Initiative
Prof Ved Prakash Chairman of University Grants Commission(UGC) and Rob Lynes Director of British Council (on behalf of UK UKIERI partners) formally signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Tuesday...
Prof Ved Prakash, Chairman of University Grants Commission, Rob Lynes Director of British Council, Memorandum of Understanding, Kapil Sibal, Union Minister for Human Resource Development, Richard Stagg, British High Commissioner to India, Higher Education Institutions in India, Government of India, Department for Business, Indian Universities
India, Canada to deepen educational ties
The first-ever Education Summit between India and Canada ended at Carleton University here with the two sides committing themselves to deepening ties in research and higher education.
Daggubati Purandeswari, Minister of State for Human Resource Development, India-Canada relationship in Education, Education and Research, G20 summit, HRD minister, Kapil Sibal, Right to Education, John Baird, Canadian foreign minister, Bilateral Memorandum of Understanding on Education, MOU, Canada-India Centre for Excellence in Science, Technology, Trade and Policy, Bilateral Studies and Public Diplomacy, Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute
Total 'Records' available now: 25


text:
Unrivaled Belle wins BC Ladies' Classic
Jockey Calvin Borel is restrained after the Marathon race at the Breeder's Cup horse races at Churchill Downs Friday, Nov. 5, 2010, in Louisville, Ky. Borel and Javier Castellano exchanged punches moments after the race, following a mid-race incident in which Castellano's horse Prince Will I Am ran into the path of Romp and Martin Garcia. Garcia was able to stay on top of his horse but also impeded Borel and A.U. Miner. (AP Photo/Garry Jones)
By BETH HARRIS, AP Racing Writer
LOUISVILLE, Ky. —
Owner Bobby Flay, left and trainer Todd Pletcher laugh as they talk about their horse More Than Real winning the Marathon race at the Breeder's Cup horse races at Churchill Downs Friday, Nov. 5, 2010, in Louisville, Ky. (AP Photo/Morry Gash)
John Velazquez rides Aldaafer to victory during the Marathon race at the Breeder's Cup horse races at Churchill Downs Friday, Nov. 5, 2010, in Louisville, Ky. (AP Photo/Morry Gash)
Jamie Theriot rides Dubai Majesty to victory during the Filly and Mare Sprint race at the Breeder's Cup horse races at Churchill Downs Friday, Nov. 5, 2010, in Louisville, Ky. (AP Photo/Ed Reinke)
Jamie Theriot rides Dubai Majesty to victory during the Filly and Mare Sprint race at the Breeder's Cup horse races at Churchill Downs Friday, Nov. 5, 2010, in Louisville, Ky. (AP Photo/David J. Phillip)
Jeffrey Sanchez reacts after riding Awesome Feather to victory during the Juvenile Fillies race at the Breeder's Cup horse races at Churchill Downs Friday, Nov. 5, 2010, in Louisville, Ky. (AP Photo/Ed Reinke)
Jockey Jeffrey Sanchez rides Awesome Feather to victory in the Juvenile Fillies race at the Breeder's Cup horse races at Churchill Downs Friday, Nov. 5, 2010, in Louisville, Ky. (AP Photo/David J. Phillip)
Edgar Prado, right, reacts after riding Shared Account to victory during the Filly and Mare Turf race at the Breeder's Cup horse races at Churchill Downs Friday, Nov. 5, 2010, in Louisville, Ky. (AP Photo/Ed Reinke)
Kent Desormeaux reacts after riding Unrivaled Belle to victory in the Ladies' Classic race at the Breeder's Cup horse races at Churchill Downs Friday, Nov. 5, 2010, in Louisville, Ky. (AP Photo/Darron Cummings)
Kent Desormeaux (8) rides Unrivaled Belle to victory during the Ladies' Classic race at the Breeder's Cup horse races at Churchill Downs Friday, Nov. 5, 2010, in Louisville, Ky. (AP Photo/David J. Phillip)
The Breeders' Cup began with fists flying in the winner's circle.
The mayhem was just starting.
Jockeys brawled and long shots dominated on a wild opening day, capped by Unrivaled Belle's victory in the $2 million Ladies' Classic under the lights Friday at Churchill Downs.
Unrivaled Belle ran 1 1-8 miles in 1:50.04, winning by 1 3/4 lengths over 3-2 favorite Blind Luck in front of 41,614.
Jockeys Calvin Borel and Javier Castellano traded punches after the first Breeders' Cup race, with an enraged Borel needing to be restrained. He was furious about a move in tight quarters by Castellano.
Shared Account scored the second-biggest upset in the event's 27-year history, winning the $2 million Filly & Mare Turf at 46-1 odds on a gray and chilly day.
Celebrity chef Bobby Flay earned his first Breeders' Cup victory as owner of More Than Real in the $1 million Juvenile Fillies Turf.
American horses won all of the six races. No jockey or trainer won more than one race on a day where horses and riders got around safely.
Off the track, though, was a stunningly different story.
The genteel atmosphere of the Breeders' Cup - well-dressed fans, wealthy owners and gorgeous horses worth millions - was jolted when Borel and the lesser known Castellano tangled in the winner's circle after the opening race.
Borel charged Castellano shortly after the $500,000 Marathon, angry over a mid-race move in traffic that endangered Borel and fellow rider Martin Garcia.
Borel, the usually smiling three-time winner of the Kentucky Derby, turned livid during the fight that went on for several minutes in front of startled onlookers. His eyes bulged and the veins in his forehead stood out as he resisted being held back.
Eventually, his wife and brother each took one of his arms and marched Borel back to the jockeys' room, where further scuffling broke out between the two riders. He later apologized and rode in two other races, but didn't win.
The races went off without Zenyatta, who was back in her barn waiting to defend her title Saturday in the $5 million Classic against the boys. She will put her 19-0 winning streak on the line in the 1 1/4-mile race, the richest in North America.
The two-day world championships were back at Churchill Downs for a record seventh time, and the first in three years to be run on dirt. The event was on the synthetic track at Santa Anita the last two years.
The lights dotting the home of the Kentucky Derby were turned on before daylight faded. The dirt oval was brightly lit for the Ladies' Classic that went off at 7:35 p.m.
"I don't think the horses know its nighttime out there," winning jockey Kent Desormeaux said. "It is so bright. Everyone can see where they're going. It's safe."
Under Desormeaux, Unrivaled Belle was fifth much of the way before making a four-wide move on the final turn and taking charge at the top of the stretch. She paid $17, $5.80 and $4.20. The gray filly is owned by Gary Seidler and Peter Vegso, publishers of the "Chicken Soup for the Soul" series of motivational books.
"She left them for dead leaving the three-eighths pole. I mean, it was over," Hall of Fame trainer Bill Mott said.
Blind Luck ran next-to-last until rallying with three-eighths of a mile to go under Joel Rosario. She returned $3.20 and $2.40. Havre de Grace paid $4 to show.
After the fight and inquiries into the results of the first two races, things settled down until ending on a controversial note in the Ladies' Classic.
Life At Ten, the 7-2 second choice, finished last, and jockey John Velazquez later said the filly wasn't warming up well before the race. She broke sluggishly, quickly dropped back and lost contact with the rest of the field after a half-mile.
"She seemed OK," Velazquez said. "She never put in any effort whatsoever. I tried to warm her up and wake her up, and she just never felt like running."
Trainer Todd Pletcher said Life At Ten was "abnormally quiet, almost sedated-like" while being saddled. He speculated the 5-year-old mare might have had an allergic reaction to Lasix, an anti-bleeding medication legal in Kentucky.
"It's a tough situation for Johnny to be in," Pletcher said. "He asked the vets to look at her and she was moving soundly but clearly she probably should not have run. Of all the horses we've run over here today, none were doing better than her."
Pletcher's other entry Malibu Prayer finished 10th.
Life At Ten is owned by Candy DeBartolo, the wife of former San Francisco 49ers owner Ed DeBartolo Jr.
In the other races:
-Eldaafer won the 1 3/4-mile Marathon by 1 3/4 lengths for Velazquez and trainer Diane Alvarado. He paid $23.20 to win.
-Flay's horse More Than Real won the $1 million Juvenile Fillies Turf by two lengths under Garrett Gomez and paid $29.20. It was Pletcher's lone win on the day.
-Dubai Majestry won the $1 million Filly & Mare Sprint by 2 1/4 lengths, giving jockey Jamie Theriot his first BC title. She paid $19.20.
-Awesome Feather won the $2 million Juvenile Fillies by 2 1/4 lengths, making jockey Jeffrey Sanchez and trainer Stanley Gold winners in their BC debuts. She paid $10.40.
-Shared Account and jockey Edgar Prado won the $2 million Filly & Mare Turf by a neck in the day's closest race. She paid $94.


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text:
Scoring Bush's Influence
There was a bit of a discussion again this week about the extent to which George W. Bush was able to get things that he wanted out of Congress.
There's a bit more to it than that, however. It's a mistake to think of everything that presidents wind up supporting as their initiative, or that Congress is the only alternative to presidential rule. Take, for example, Don't Ask Don't Tell under Bill Clinton. In the end, Clinton wound up publicly supporting DADT. But his original preference was repealing the ban entirely. What happened? He was rolled, to some extent by Congress (and specifically Sam Nunn), but more importantly by the Pentagon.
So, on Bush. I've given my read of Bush as president before; I suspect that the more that we learn, the more we'll confirm he was essentially passive and indifferent on most things. Was the Patriot Act a Bush policy? I admit that I haven't read everything that is known about it, but my impression is that it wasn't at all a Bush policy; it was a policy supported more or less forever by various executive branch agencies who used the September 11 attacks to roll Congress...and George W. Bush. Similarly, even something as central to the Bush presidency as Iraq is hard to judge. Was it Bush's policy? Cheney's? A faction within the party?
Of course, the same sorts of things can be done with respect to the president and Congress. Certainly, the 2001 tax bill was Bush's -- he campaigned for it, and asked Congress for it. But virtually every Republican in Congress also campaigned on it, too. It's just as much theirs as his, no? Disentangling those sorts of things isn't easy at all, it seems to me. But at least with Congress and the president, we get to see a lot of what's happening; within the executive branch, we often don't, at least not for a while.
An overly influential Pentagon, say, is just a very different situation than an overly influential president. Just because the president announces a policy doesn't mean that he got his way.
Posted by Jonathan Bernstein at 12:14 PM
Labels: George W. Bush, Presidency
wkdewey August 19, 2011 at 1:09 PM
What do you think of the argument by some "Professional Lefties" that if you're going to defend Obama (or demythologize Bush) by saying the president is weak, you're just providing an argument that it doesn't really matter who gets elected president?
Kylopod August 19, 2011 at 1:25 PM
>"Professional Lefties"
Great name for a band.
Bajsa August 19, 2011 at 1:37 PM
I would consider Iraq to be a combination of Cheney's misplaced belief that we could get at their oil and Bush's desire to prove himself better than his father. In other words, a perfect storm of political opportunity and ineptitude, but the overriding factor was Bush's need to prove himself.
William Ockham August 19, 2011 at 4:11 PM
Oh, come on. Going to war in Iraq was about the only policy goal that we know George Bush cared about. He even said he was going to do it before the election. We have numerous accounts of administration insiders (people who disagreed on a lot of stuff) who say that Bush was fully committed to war with Iraq. If you aren't sure that the Iraq war was Bush's policy, what are you sure of?
Now, most of the Bush administration's policy successes were Cheney's goals (tax cuts for the rich, eviseration of environmental regulation, torture, the expansion of the National Security state, etc.). At the very least that proves that the executive branch can do amazing things when directed by an experienced hand at both bureaucratic in-fighting and legislative arm-twisting. I think it also says that executive power is inherently better for achieving conservative and reactionary goals than liberal ones.
I guess you can make a distinction between what a president takes initiative for and what a president merely agrees with but from the public's point of view it hardly matters. An situation in which congress or the pentagon insist on a policy the president agrees with gives no information on whether the president is strong or "able to get his way."
On the other hand, a difference between what policy a president agrees with and what he ends up supporting in the interests of compromise or of politics can be evidence of relative presidential weakness (at least on one issue), as the Bill Clinton example.
zic August 20, 2011 at 12:02 PM
There does seem to be a major difference in method. GW's administration drafted legislation and fed it to Congress, where Republicans voted on it in lock step. Some of this -- energy bills come to mind -- were, it seems, mostly drafted by the industries they impacted.
Obama administration seems to have more of a mind toward the separation of powers, and has left Congress to actually write legislation, rather then feeding it to them already developed.
Now this is my understanding, please correct me if I'm wrong.
I think, if this is true, that while the Bush method seemed politically less volatile, it went hand in hand with notions of the unitary executive and gave undue power to the industries while writing the legislation.
Obama's efforts to return Congress to actually developing legislation, while messy, strikes me as an important constitutional correction, but at the expense of debacle debates we've seen with health care reform, the extension of unemployment benefits and tax cuts and the debt ceiling. (I would chalk much of that gridlock up to a Congress that seems to have forgotten how to do their jobs during the Bush years.)
Scott Monje August 20, 2011 at 5:42 PM
zic,
I don't think the gridlock resulted from Congress forgetting how to do their jobs. It's obstructionism, undergirded by strong ideological differences. The GOP would rather see nothing happen than see Obama succeed, in part because they don't like his policies and in part so they can accuse him of being ineffective.
Obama's approach to legislation--letting Congress take the lead--is no doubt rooted in Bill Clinton's experience with health care. Clinton presented a Congress led by Democrats with a complete health-reform package, and Congress refused even to vote on it. Obama let Congress take the lead, got his legislation, and is accused of ineffectiveness. Republicans complain that he isn't really leading, but frankly it's part of their job to complain and they're going to do it either way. The public was repulsed by the spectacle of politics in part because it was hard fought, highly ideological, and involved a lot of distortion, but also in part because the public doesn't usually pay any attention to these things, doesn't know what's required to reach a major policy decision, and assumes there must be some "greater good" that is clearly visible to all well-intentioned people and that politicians should just come to agreement and move along.
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