I got this idea from reading GroupGets "SNES Pi: Zero" project here. I'd long missed the boat on just buying one, but I wanted to make my own version using a European style SNES cartridge that has a great slit shape in the centre to add some flashy LED lighting to the outside of the case.
The Pi Zero is the perfect form factor for a cartridge sized build - but cramming the other off-the-shelf components in is a bit of a squeeze. I've linked to the exact products I used which I found mostly on Ebay from Chinese vendors to keep costs down. The whole thing cost around £30 including the Pi0, SD card, LEDs and left over components (where they came in multiples).
This took by far the most time. I used a sharp Stanley knife to cut the thinner plastic tabs to make room along the bottom of the cartridge for the ports. The most difficult bit was removing the middle "slit" to make room for the LEDs later.
The plastic in the middle area is actually quite thick. In the end I used a drill to drill holes along the length of the slit, a knife to cut and smooth between the holes, and then sandpaper to smooth everything down.
The result wasn't perfect (you can just make out an "overzealous" section on the inside) but it was smooth and the translucent plastic I planned on filling the middle with would hide the worst sins.
Something I would definitely change next time, is the acetate plastic I bought to fill the middle with. I bought polypropylene translucent A5 sized sheets, which were cheap. I then spent a fortune on the correct glue which would actually stick the horrid stuff together! It's a low energy plastic that's incredibly hard to glue to itself or anything. Buy something else!
I did manage it in the end and the result worked out OK - bit scruffy, but with a light behind it you can't tell. I went for a triple layer to get a decent thickness and good level of diffusion for the LEDs when they were put behind it. Just test it before you finalise everything by putting the LEDs behind different thicknesses and seeing what effect you like the best.
I made the decision early on to use a knife to carefully strip down the components like the USB hub as much as possible to make enough room to fit everything in, including the LED shim.
I used superglue for the best bond between the plastic cases of the HDMI converter and USB ports (which I stripped off and cut down from the hub). Then backed up the HDMI port with plenty of hot glue so that it'll take lots of plugging/un-plugging action with minimum stress.
I used superglue to secure the USB hub to the case. The USB ports were secured with hot glue for the micro USB power-port, and the same for the hub port ends back into their bases. I used enough again to ensure nothing would move and to insulate the vulnerable wiring connections (hot glue is brilliant for this, it's a great insulator).
Note that I've also stripped the plastic sheath from the micro USB end of the 2 port hub. I needed to do this so that it would bend over enough to connect into the Pi from the bottom. Just be careful with the connections, as this does make them more delicate.
Looking good, everything fits so far!
1. Obtain a micro USB male connector, strip the wires back to just the positive and ground connectors and solder onto the micro USB breakout.
2. The Pi Zero has two test ports for the power USB located on the back of the board (see the link for image). You can solder directly to these and then connect up to the micro USB breakout.
I chose option 2, as an extra connector would take up precious space, and I needed as much as possible for the LED shim, which wasn't fitted yet. It's simple to do, the only disadvantage, is you now can't just remove the Pi0 from the case.
I chose Pimoroni's LED shim because... well it's perfect for this build! It's super thin and there's very limited space left. It's also almost the perfect length of the cut-out slit. And it's still plenty bright enough with RGB control for shiny shiny rainbows..!
I secured it in place with two blobs of hot glue at either end, holding it nice and snug.
The shim communicates over I2C and needs power (5V), 2x ground connections and 2xGPIO connections. See the pin-out diagram for details.
Don't forget that now, glued in place, you're looking at the bottom of the shim - so double check where to solder before committing! Hopefully my picture will help a little too, if you're unsure.
I fed four of the wires into the holes from behind and soldered on the top - I was really obsessing about ensuring the wires took up minimum space at this point. The 5th I didn't have room behind the shim to feed it through, so that one was just soldered on the top.
Finally I capped the soldered joints off with a thin layer of hot glue to act as an insulator and stop the wires shorting on each other, or on-top of the Pi0 once fully assembled.
Note: I moved the micro USB connector from the USB hub to be behind the Pi0 at this point. This helped me to get everything as flat as possible and also gave a little more space on top pf the Pi0, to shut the case securely.
Head over to RetroPie's website and download one of the prebuilt images, with Emulation-station pre-installed. This takes care of everything to-do with running the emulators for you and when booted, the Emulation-station UI auto-runs. I use Etcher to write the images to an SD card.
Before you go-ahead and pop the SD card back in the Pi0, I'd suggest first plugging it back into your computer and doing a couple of steps first. Locate the mounted SD card on your computer, you should be able to see a "boot" directory.
1. Enable SSH: Add an empty file in the boot directory named "ssh". Ensure it doesn't get given a file-extension by your computer, it's name must just be "ssh" (without the quotes...).
Open config.txt in an editor and add the following at the very bottom of the file, on a new line. Save the file.
Edit cmdline.txt, and after the text "rootwait", insert a space, and the text below. Save the file when you're done.
I do this because it makes it simple to connect the Pi0 to your computer via USB and ssh onto it - particularly before you've setup wifi for the first time. You can also setup WiFi from the Emulation-station menus, so it's up to you really how you do it! Just don't forget to connect to the computer via the data USB port on the Pi0, not the power one!
I'm going to assume you've now booted up the Pi0, set it all up and enabled WiFi. If you get stuck - go back to the RetroPie/Emulation-Station docs or give it a quick google.
The default password is "raspberry". Once logged in, execute "passwd" to change it.
Which should show the address of the LED shim (0x75). If it still doesn't show up, then you may have a problem with your soldered joints... Test your connections, fix any issues and try again.
I made a simple python script which runs on boot and displays pulsing red lights until it detects emulation-station is running, then flashes green. When the script exits (e.g. the Pi0 is shutdown) the lights are turned off safely.
I also have a longer version which stays on and displays CPU usage until shutdown. Happy to share that if someone finds this and wants it - just drop me a comment below.


After Jim Menzie's splendid record of achievement, my own story will seem very humdrum and humble.
After graduation I was for a short time assistant to Dr. MacQueen [McQueen] in First Presbyterian Church, Edmonton. Then came brief pastorates at Bracebridge, Muskoka, and Buckingham, Quebec. About the middle of the First World War, I returned to the family home in Hamilton and became interested in the Sanatorium here. To many people, even ministers, a Sanatorium for the treatment of Tuberculosis is just "another hospital." As a matter of fact it is very different. Patients do not come into it for a few days or weeks with the expectation of shortly returning to their own homes again and resuming their former occupations. Their stay with us is seldom less than six months with no assurance that they will ever be able to do strenuous work again. It is a heartbreaking situation in which these people find themselves, facing broken lives and broken homes. Surely if ever people needed the consolation that is in Christ Jesus these people do. Yet no Church has ever seemed to quite realize the distressfulness of their condition.
For several years I carried on on a voluntary basis, feeling that God had definitely called me to this special work. And there was always room for me in the family home with my mother, sisters and brother (the former Minister of Highways).
When the Union was consummated, the United Church allowed me a stipend of $1000 a year. I was giving my whole time to the work and I kept hoping that in time it would be recognized as a full time job with at least the minimum stipend.
Instead of this, when the depression came, I was reduced to $900. And although in the last few years this was gradually increased to $1400, it has never been financially possible for me to marry, something which I have never ceased to regret. But I have contained to feel definitely called to this special work and, God help me, I could do no other. Moreover, I do not think that any minister ever received a richer reward in gratitude than I have from these dear people. And I feel that this work which God has enabled me to do through all these year has been well worthwhile.
Then last spring a break came. Rev. A.E. Sanderson, a retired minister who for 25 years had done a magnificent job as chaplain of the three city hospital became too feeble to carry on.
No other retired man was available. So Presbytery's Home Mission Committee without consulting me as to the feasibility of the scheme or even notifying me of their intention, engaged a young man, Rev. John A. Breckenridge to act as chaplain for the three large city hospitals and the Sanatorium which is the largest in the British Empire with more than seven hundred patients.
It is an utterly impossible task for any one man. And I feel more the curtailment of the services rendered to these dear people than I do the fact that my own services were abruptly dispensed with at a months notice. I cannot tell you how deeply touched I was by the heartfelt expressions of appreciation that came to me when my retirement was announced.
Of course I still enjoy the comfort of continuing to visit these dear people nearly every day.


Stephen Sartarelli (born 1954 in Youngstown, Ohio) is an American poet and translator.
Sartarelli graduated from Antioch College and New York University. Specializing in translations from French and Italian into English, among other things he has translated the popular Inspector Montalbano series of detective novels written by the Italian writer Andrea Camilleri.
Sartarelli lives in France with his wife.
2001 Raiziss/de Palchi Translation Award from The Academy of American Poets for Songbook: The Selected Poems of Umberto Saba.
"Seasons of Mars". New Arcadia Review.
"Lament for the Bamiyan Buddhas". Titanic Operas. Archived from the original on 2010-07-15.
"Openings, Endings". Titanic Operas. Archived from the original on 2010-07-15.
The Open Vault. Spuyten Duyvil. 2001. ISBN 978-1-881471-52-3.
The Runaway Woods. Spuyten Duyvil. 2000. ISBN 978-1-881471-45-5.
Grievances and Other Poems. Gnosis Press. 1989. ISBN 978-0-922792-04-7.
"Where Did Our Love Go?". The Nation. December 24, 2003.
Umberto Saba (1998). Songbook: Selected Poems from the Canzoniere. Translator Stephen Sartarelli. Sheep Meadow Press. ISBN 978-1-878818-52-2.
Pasolini, Pier Paolo (2014). The Selected Poetry of Pier Paolo Pasolini. The University of Chicago Press. p. 494. ISBN 978-0-226-64844-6.
Prince of the Clouds, by Gianni Riotta (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2000).
The Plague-Sower, by Gesualdo Bufalino (1988).
The House on Moon Lake, by Francesca Duranti (1985).
Andrea Camilleri (2007). The Patience of the Spider. Translator Stephen Sartarelli. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-311203-7.
Andrea Camilleri (2002). The Shape of Water. Translator Stephen Sartarelli. Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03092-7.
Roberto Calasso (1994). The Ruin of Kasch. Translator William Weaver, Stephen Sartarelli. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-78026-2.
Laurent Gaudé (2008). The House of Scorta. Translator Stephen Sartarelli, Sophie Hawkes. Random House, Inc. ISBN 978-0-385-66357-1.
Giacomo Casanova (2001). The Story of My Life. Translator Stephen Sartarelli, Sophie Hawkes. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-043915-1.
This page was last edited on 9 August 2018, at 10:12 (UTC).


94 Newgate Street in Morpeth, also known as Wansbeck House.
The redevelopment of a prominent listed building in the heart of Morpeth has proved more complicated than originally thought, resulting in updated plans.
A second bid to convert into apartments the grade II-listed 94 Newgate Street was approved by councillors last April.
However, the costs of converting the listed building, which was largely supported, are counter-balanced by the other properties on the site, the developers say.
An initial application, with larger, dormer bungalows at the Cottingwood Lane vehicular entrance, was narrowly refused in January 2018, against officer advice, and an appeal was dismissed this January.
The Old Registry, a nod to one of its most recent uses, is the first development of Northumberland Homes Ltd, whose directors were talking about completion this summer or autumn following the purchase of the building from the county council last September.
But issues with the conversion have led to a new application being lodged for the conversion of the building to accommodate 12 self-contained apartments (reduced from 13).
It says that there are four contributing factors to the need for change – deterioration of the building condition, greater understanding following the removal of modern linings, building control requirements in relation to fire safety and general improvements to the layout.
The 73-page document sets out in detail the issues encountered and the proposed solutions, however, with the exception of a dormer window to one of the apartments, all of the changes are within the listed building.
It concludes: 'Unquestionably, the overall aspiration is to provide a solution that is worthy of this fine structure and retains as much of the originality as is feasible and practical.


text:
Q: How to secure Chrome Extension from hacking Is there any way to check consistency of the source code? I mean, compare current source code and code that was somehow described in web store?
Do Chrome saves some 'code hash' to check it before run the extension? I know that there are some ways to download .crx file directly from web store without installing, so user can unpack it and change source code.
Maybe there is some other way I can check my extension from server side?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Estimation of Storm-Centred Areal Reduction Factors from Radar Rainfall for Design in Urban Hydrology
Storage Stability and Disinfection Performance on Escherichia coli of Electrolyzed Seawater
Mitro, B.
Wolfe, M. K.
Galeano, M.
Sikder, M.
Gallandat, K.
Lantagne, D.
Brittany Mitro
Marlene K. Wolfe
Mateo Galeano
Mustafa Sikder
Karin Gallandat
Daniele Lantagne
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, 200 College Ave Medford, Medford, MA 02155, USA
Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, Bloomsbury WC1E 7HT, UK
Received: 17 April 2019 / Revised: 13 May 2019 / Accepted: 24 May 2019 / Published: 29 May 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Disinfection: Safe Water for All)
Chlorine tablets are commonly distributed for household water treatment in emergencies. However, confirmed use after distribution ranges widely (from 7–87%), which raises concerns about chlorine tablet effectiveness, as measured by acceptance and appropriate use. To investigate chlorine tablet effectiveness, we conducted nine key informant interviews (KIIs) on tablet distribution in emergencies in general, five KIIs on chlorine taste and odor acceptance and rejection specifically, and a literature review on chlorine taste and odor concerns. We found: (1) chlorine tablets are regarded as one of the most effective water treatment methods and are often considered appropriate in emergency response, (2) dosing confusion and taste and odor rejection are perceived as the main problems limiting effectiveness, and (3) the primary solutions suggested for these problems were social and behavioral. We recommend that social and behavioral scientists are routinely integrated into chlorine tablet programming to improve user feedback and behavioral interventions for chlorine tablet promotion in emergencies. We also suggest that more research is conducted on chlorine taste and odor rejection in vulnerable populations, and that improved guidance is developed to facilitate intra-agency coordination and select, promote, and monitor tablets appropriate for each context.
chlorine; chlorine tablets; drinking water; emergency; outbreaks; water disinfection; drinking water; water treatment
Safe drinking water is a priority need to prevent disease during emergencies, such as natural disasters, disease outbreaks, and complex emergencies [1]. Chlorine is often used to treat drinking water, as it not only inactivates most bacteria and viruses that cause diarrheal disease, but the remaining free chlorine residual (FCR) also provides continuing protection against recontamination during transport and in storage [2,3,4]. Chlorine tablets (such as the sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) Aquatabs®, Medentech Ltd., Wexford, Ireland) are commonly distributed for household water chlorination in emergencies because they are widely available, cost-effective, easily transported, and simple to use—in 2018, Aquatabs were used to disinfect an estimated 30 billion liters of water [2,5,6]. Instructions for use are to add one tablet to the appropriate quantity of water, mix by briefly shaking or stirring, and wait for 30 min before consumption [7].
Chlorine tablets are one of the most commonly evaluated water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions in emergency contexts [8]. While they are efficacious and practical, a recent systematic review found heterogenous results across programs, with confirmed use of chlorine tablets ranging from 7–87% across six programs that were evaluated [8]. This suggests that while chlorine tablets can be effective for water treatment in emergencies, appropriate use is variable, and effectiveness for preventing waterborne disease transmission is dependent upon proper tablet distribution and use. Thus, effectiveness often depends on context. Use in the evaluated programs was highest when tablets were distributed with household promotion and/or users had prior knowledge of water treatment. An aversion to the taste and odor of chlorine was reported as a barrier in nearly half the evaluations. Distribution of appropriate supplies for water treatment was also identified as a challenge—in four evaluations, recipients did not have water storage containers appropriate for the tablets distributed, and in two contexts multiple chlorine doses were available and caused confusion regarding appropriate use [8].
This evidence demonstrates a wide range of program effectiveness and begins to point to factors that enable programmatic success [8]. However, these results were mostly quantitative, and cannot provide rich information on the enabling factors leading to program success or failure in a diverse set of environments. To enable a thorough understanding of chlorine tablet effectiveness and help interpret results found in previous quantitative studies, accessing the qualitative knowledge of WASH practitioners is essential [9]. To our knowledge, there has not been any previous systematic qualitative research on chlorine tablet program effectiveness. Qualitative data that is systematically collected and analyzed to synthesize expert experience on chlorine tablet programs can be used to characterize and investigate the scope of these challenges and inform future research seeking to contextualize and improve the effectiveness of programs.
To better understand the distribution, acceptance, and use of chlorine tablets in emergency settings and identify factors associated with program success, we undertook an exploratory study to identify common challenges and successes in tablet programs. We used key informant interviews (KIIs) with emergency WASH professionals experienced in chlorine tablet distribution to discuss chlorine tablet distributions in general and concerns about taste and odor acceptance specifically and conducted a literature review to synthesize evidence related to taste and odor concerns in water treatment with chlorine tablets.
We conducted: (1) KIIs on chlorine tablet distributions in general, (2) taste and odor specific KIIs, and, (3) a literature review on chlorine taste and odor acceptance and rejection. The KIIs were approved by the Institutional Review Board at Tufts University (#1801039 and #1706022).
2.1. General Key Informant Interviews
A 30-question semi-structured KII guide was developed to investigate important topics within chlorine tablet programming identified when reviewing the literature and in the systematic review by Yates et al. Questions were designed to explore informant experiences within each topic to identify factors leading to challenges and successes in programming in different emergency contexts. The KII guide included sections on typical household water treatment in emergencies, benefits and drawbacks of treatment methods, distribution of chlorine tablets, perceptions of factors leading to program success or failure, community acceptance, and suggestions for solutions to challenges limiting effectiveness. The WASH professionals involved in a working group led by Tufts University to develop guidance on chlorine tablet distributions in emergencies were contacted by email and invited to participate; snowball sampling was used to find additional informants. Interviews were conducted by Skype (Palo Alto, CA, USA) or phone and recorded using CallNote (Newton, MA, USA), Quicktime Player (Cupertina, CA, USA), or TapeACall (New Jersey, NJ, USA). Recorded interviews were transcribed using Temi (San Diego, CA, USA), cleaned, and uploaded to NVivo (Burlington, MA, USA) for qualitative analysis. Qualitative content analysis was used because of the lack of an initial evidence basis to pre-select themes and the wide range of topics of interest [10]. Interview segments were coded into themes that emerged during analysis and results are presented by themes identified.
2.2. Taste and Odor Specific Interviews
As taste and odor are commonly discussed among responders as leading to concerns with chlorine adoption, we conducted specific interviews on chlorine taste and odor acceptance and rejection. A literature review was conducted, as described below, and used to identify key topics of investigation. A 28-question semi-structured KII guide was developed, including sections on the topics of typical water treatment in emergencies, benefits and drawbacks of treatment methods, user perceptions of water and how this information is collected, chlorine detection and rejection prevalence and thresholds, and suggestions for solutions to taste and odor challenges. Questions were designed to explore the range of informant experiences with user responses to chlorination. WASH professionals were contacted by email with an invitation to participate, and snowball sampling was used to find additional informants. Interviews were conducted on Skype and recorded using Amolto Call Recorder (Russia). Data analysis was conducted as described above.
2.3. Taste and Odor Literature Review
To supplement the chlorine taste and odor interviews, we report here the results of a search of the peer-reviewed literature addressing the issue of chlorine taste in treated water and taste and odor rejection conducted prior to the KIIs. Two databases (PubMed and Global Health) were searched using the string (chlorine AND water AND (taste OR odor OR flavor)). Search results were examined for relevance, and reference tracing was completed to identify further relevant manuscripts.
3.1. Key Informant Interviews
For the general KIIs, 20 individuals were contacted and 9 KIIs were conducted. Eight out of nine informants worked with non-governmental organizations (NGOs); the remaining informant was an industry representative. Informants worked primarily as WASH practitioners or donors. For the taste and odor KIIs, 26 individuals were contacted and 5 KIIs were conducted. Three out five informants worked for NGOs, the remaining were involved in applied WASH research. One informant participated in both KIIs. Themes that emerged from the two sets of interviews were similar; therefore, we chose to present them together, noting where results from the two groups differed.
In total, eight themes evolved from KII responses, including: (1) treatment options, (2) chlorine tablet use in emergencies, (3) distribution and program monitoring, (4) technical and social challenges, (5) tablet dosage, (6) intervention effectiveness, and (7) recommendations for distributors and implementers (Figure 1). Each is further described below.
3.1.1. Treatment Options
When asked about water treatment options, informants noted that the first priority is finding a satisfactory water source that can be accessed quickly. They highlighted the importance of assessing each emergency to determine the most appropriate treatment option. Most informants considered household water treatment (HWT) an effective short-term solution prior to the installation of bulk water treatment systems (e.g., piped water to the home or tap stands) or when bulk systems cannot be used. Informants also noted that, in conditions with low hygiene and sanitation coverage, bulk treatment may be less effective because recontamination before the point-of-consumption is likely.
HWT methods most commonly mentioned were chlorine-based treatments (e.g., liquid bleach, chlorine tablets, and flocculant-disinfectant combinations) and filtration (e.g., biosand, membrane, pot, and ceramic filters). Some informants also mentioned boiling and solar disinfection (SODIS). Most informants considered chlorine-based treatments most effective; they noted that although an advantage of filters is the visible change in water quality, the need to maintain and replace filters can be complicated and reduce effectiveness. Taste and odor informants noted that, when there are no alternative water sources, people are forced to drink treated water provided by WASH organizations, but it is still important to make sure this water is acceptable to users.
"It's difficult to make generalizations … but the approach would be to identify a source and then assess whether, A, [there's] enough quantity, then B, go towards making efforts to improve the quality"
—WASH Practitioner (Taste and Odor KII)
"The advantage of [HWTS] specifically is when you know you need to transform the quality of your water at the household level in areas where either you cannot update facilities, or you don't have the time to."
—WASH Practitioner (General KII)
"Truly speaking, except chlorination, there was no other effective treatment which has been adopted in any of the places because it was easy to handle, easy to take from one place to another, easy to operate."
3.1.2. Chlorine Tablet Use in Emergencies
Most informants felt that tablets were easier to implement than other chlorine-based treatments due to their size and simplicity of use and noted that they are relatively inexpensive and available through import or local markets. Chlorine's effectiveness against pathogens of concern and residual protection were also highlighted as important advantages. However, informants stated that chlorine tablet utility differed by context, noting people seemed more likely to use them if they had prior experience with tablets or were in emergency (rather than development) settings. Informants noted that there is a lack of guidelines or standard practice by type of emergency. Utility for HWT was perceived as: lowest in camp settings caused by conflicts (when people are closely grouped and bulk water provision is preferable and feasible), and highest in both disaster relief (when populations are often widely distributed and water quality low), and disease outbreaks (when users are most aware of the positive impact of water treatment).
"[It's] cheap, easy to use, highly effective against most of the pathogens we encounter in our [emergency] settings"
"It doesn't pose a big challenge because it is easy to handle, easy to maintain, and you can easily train. You can inform the participants this is how we would be using it and there's nothing hidden."
"I would say in the conflict settings it's just kind of set up differently. So, I would say mainly in natural disasters, it is quite common to be doing really a household level distribution."
3.1.3. Chlorine Tablet Distribution and Program Monitoring
Chlorine tablet programs involve tablet distribution, promotion, and post-distribution monitoring. For distribution, informants noted that providing tablets as a typical one-time distribution non-food item without proper instructions can lead to improper use and inadequate acceptance. Rather, monthly or weekly distribution during which users are reminded of how to use the product and able to ask questions was preferred. Informants noted that conducting monitoring or promotion through household visits requires financial support.
Informants consistently cited promotion, including ensuring acceptance and correct and consistent use, as both the most challenging and the weakest area of programming. First, informants noted that individuals conducting training typically lack an understanding of, or specialized training in, the technical and/or behavioral aspects of water treatment. Thus, while hiring local community members for training and monitoring was recommended, informants also indicated a particular need for input from social scientists equipped to assess cultural and educational needs. Second, although chlorine-based treatments are commonly promoted as a means to prevent sickness, health effects can be difficult for users to observe. Chlorine tablets have also been mistaken for pills and ingested by users when trainings are misunderstood. Informants proposed that not just health, but social benefits, should be emphasized in training.
Informants noted that monitoring of effectiveness is rarely undertaken. Experiences with chlorine tablet use varied—some informants reported higher use of tablets compared to other HWT products, while others experienced low to moderate use. Monitoring was mentioned as important both as a reminder of appropriate use and to ensure that dosage recommendations are providing sufficiently chlorinated water. As chlorine demand is dependent on water quality, dose adjustments may be required for extended interventions. Informants stressed the importance of monitoring for program success, while noting it is complex and expensive.
"One of the biggest limitations on Aquatabs is education. You are still trying to educate people to do something with the water. And the second thing is you are trying to convince them to do it on a continuous basis."
"In our literature and guidelines, we always have statements that we should consider user input. We don't often do that until things are stable enough."
3.1.4. Technical and Social Challenges
A significant challenge noted by informants was that chlorine taste and odor can be unpleasant to users. Informants noted this was particularly of concern when water is highly contaminated before chlorination, and disinfection byproducts and remaining FCR create a taste and odor that cause rejection. Prior experience and positive and negative associations with chlorine appeared to impact the level of chlorination at which respondents would avoid drinking water. Chlorine tastes and odors were frequently objectionable at even relatively low levels to populations without experience with chlorinated water. Informants described hearing negative false rumors about chlorine (e.g., that chlorine caused infertility) that made users less likely to drink chlorinated water. Less commonly, informants described that users with a positive association with chlorine's health benefits may even prefer water in which they can detect chlorine. One taste and odor informant described users in Haiti as purposely overdosing water with chlorine, because the taste and odor was reassuring that water was safe to drink.
All informants indicated that failing to address chlorine taste and odor concerns can be dangerous, because safe, chlorinated water may be rejected, and users may seek alternative water from unsafe sources. One taste and odor informant described a situation in South Sudan where user rejection of chlorinated water and subsequent use of livestock pond water was linked to a Hepatitis E outbreak. Another recalled that users displaced after flooding in Pakistan in 2010 would throw out chlorinated water, which they suspected was linked to a subsequent cholera outbreak. One informant noted that their organization tried to respond to rejection, when it occurred, by reducing chlorine levels and that if this is done without confirming that water remains sufficiently chlorinated, this reactive approach can impact water safety.
A second challenge informants noted was ensuring correct and consistent use. Informants explained that because treatment with chlorine tablets does not visibly change water, much of acceptance and use is dependent on trust in implementers. General informants noted that implementers should drink water treated in the same method they are promoting and should recruit support from respected community members—such as religious, political, or social leaders—to gain trust and encourage adoption. Informants also reported 'conspiracy theories' surrounding chlorine tablets, citing examples in which users believed tablets were contraceptives, caused infertility or lack of sex drive, would cause their children to be stunted, or would harm their children and animals. Several informants cited cases in Islamic countries where users believed Christian organizations were trying to poison or 'dumb them down'. While some misconceptions can be resolved by improved education and promotion, most implementers do not feel prepared to address these cultural barriers. One suggestion was that the involvement of sociologists and anthropologists in training may aid in addressing these barriers and improving chlorine tablet acceptance and use.
"The taste is normally the biggest drawback I think I have heard about [chlorine tablets]."
"People are just not used to the taste. So, it's not even that the levels were extremely high, people's acceptance of the taste was not there."
"Or the perception that chlorination or chlorinated water is associated with adverse health outcomes, which are not really fact based, but they're definitely opinions and perceptions that people hold."
"On the other hand, folks who are accustomed to drinking chlorinated water will only drink chlorinated water and will be suspicious of water that does not have an obvious taste and odor to it."
"Encourage your own staff to drink the water themselves. If they will not drink it, there is no way that we can expect or should we expect other people to."
3.1.5. Chlorine Tablet Dosage
Informants noted that dosage guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO) for urban contexts have been adapted by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Sphere Project to form differing recommendations for emergencies without additional evidence. Standards generally suggest that water should maintain an FCR of 0.2–0.5 mg/L in stable settings and 0.5–1.0 mg/L when there is a risk of outbreaks at the point of consumption [5,11,12]. One informant noted these summary guidelines based on the type of setting are an apparent simplification for ease of use. Current values were understood by informants to be a "rule of thumb" rather than based on evidence of effectiveness or taste and odor rejection thresholds. Taste and odor informants noted that guidelines should be designed primarily to ensure microbiological safety of the water but also to avoid taste and odor rejection. However, because initial water quality is highly variable and the risk of rejection is often high in emergencies, informants cited a need for detailed, evidence-based recommendations for effective dosages that consider factors such as water quantity and quality.
All informants commented on the variety of dosages of chlorine tablets available, with the 67 mg tablet (20 L), 33 mg tablet (10 L), 17 mg tablet (1 gallon), and the 8.5 mg tablet (2 L) most commonly mentioned. Dosages are doubled in most emergency settings or for high turbidity water. Informants noted that despite the variety in production, only a few dosages are typically available for any given organization and compose the majority of tablets on the market. Informants noted that dosage requirements may change from day to day, and that responders are conservative when dosing water to ensure microbiological safety at the point of consumption. This sometimes results in water with a higher FCR than necessary.
Informants noted that the benefit of tablet variety is the ability to meet varying needs of populations with an applicable dose for the relevant container size. All informants noted that this variety can cause issues, especially if different tablets are provided over time or by different agencies, causing confusion among users, implementers, and distributors. Despite differences in dose, tablets are similar in appearance and some implementers do not fully understand the differences, leading to inadequate knowledge transfer to users. For example, after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, tablets already in circulation from development programs were confused with those of different dosages distributed for emergency response. Users often did not remember or fully understand the differences between tablets, leading to both over- and under-dosing. Informants noted that rejection may often occur when water is dosed at levels much higher than required for adequate disinfection, whether through error or because of conservative dosing schemes.
"Well then of course it's possible to tailor. You could have a photograph or a picture of container X with a picture of one, two, or three tablets underneath it."
"It confuses partners. It confuses then what's messaged. It confuses, you know, what you accompany. Do you give a 10 L jerrican? Do you give a 20 L jerrican? How much water are we supposed to be treating with this dosage?"
"Currently, the guidelines are based on no evidence."
3.1.6. Intervention Effectiveness
While informants were positive about the use of chlorine tablets as a short-term intervention in emergencies, most expressed skepticism about the ability to be effective in the longer-term. The two most commonly voiced concerns were those about dosing confusion and taste and odor rejection. One informant felt that the confusion surrounding the variety of tablet doses compromised intervention effectiveness. While other informants agreed that this issue was a challenging one, they did not believe it prevented programs from being successful overall. However, they did feel that confusion leading to over- or under-dosing could cause chlorine in water to cross the taste and odor threshold and result in rejection or provide users with false confidence in inadequately treated water, respectively. Informants discussed that if the water is not safe at the point of consumption, the intervention is no longer effective.
"I don't think [having different dosages available] compromised my decision to use them, it impacts the planning on how I would use it and how I'm going to coordinate. Obviously, it's an effective treatment method."
"In the end it's an ethical issue. Essentially at the end of the day there may be people who think that they're treating their water and they're not."
3.1.7. Recommendations for Distributors and Implementers
Recommendations centered on two themes: avoiding taste and odor rejection and avoiding confusion over proper dosing. Taste and odor informants suggested that chlorine taste and odor rejection can be limited by establishing communication between users and suppliers, so that users can voice their concerns and suppliers can educate about the benefits of chlorine. Although informants indicated that their organizations attempt this, effectiveness varies by organization and often in the early stages of an intervention, the immediate need to begin distribution of safe water takes priority over these conversations. Smaller organizations may lack resources for promotion programs that facilitate communication. Informants agreed that organizations often only considered feedback when complaints or rejection were causing problems, rather than anticipating problems. Informants also recommended treating with lower doses of chlorine closer to the point of consumption, though this can be difficult to monitor to ensure proper use. More advanced technologies could be used so that water is less turbid before chlorination, thereby reducing chlorine demand and the chlorine dose required.
For dosing confusion, several informants indicated a need for involvement from manufacturers in the creation of guidelines specifying when to use chlorine tablets and which doses to provide in given situations. Several informants recommended that fewer doses be available to decrease confusion among users, however, other informants indicated they valued the variety available. To avoid the use of different tablets with the same populations, informants recommended improving information transfer between organizers and implementers, who should be well-trained to assess the situation in the field and select the best tablets for that population. A helpful tool to facilitate this would be the inclusion of the anticipated FCR concentration for the tablet in the specified volume on packaging so that implementers could then adjust dosing based on their assessment of water quality. Another approach is improved intra-organizational coordination, including a set of guidelines that can be implemented uniformly for coordination of chlorine tablet dosing and are based on the needs in each emergency.
"Community engagement is probably the key. …getting people to understand that, okay, the taste might not be what they're used to, but it's a safety issue."
—WASH Researcher (Taste and Odor KII)
"The main thing is responding to complaints. …having a mechanism by which you get this feedback is already a good start."
"I think what's important from a product perspective is the dosing. So I think there needs to be clear instructions or guidelines as to when different doses would be appropriate in different settings."
"For the most part, it's just thinking about the coordination issue and trying to get on top of that at the beginning."
In addition to the KIIs, we conducted a literature review on one of the most common challenges mentioned by respondents—taste and odor rejection. Water can take on a wide variety of taste and odor properties that make it more or less palatable to users. Taste (governed by the gustatory system) and odor (governed by the olfactory system) combine with other factors such as temperature and mouthfeel to create the overall sensation of flavor [13,14]. Flavor can be difficult to separate into taste and odor, and many chemicals in water are more easily detected as odors than as tastes [15]. The tastes, odors, and mouthfeel of water that produce flavor come from three primary sources: (1) naturally occurring chemical and microbiological properties, (2) chemicals added or removed during treatment, and (3) inputs and reactions occurring during distribution and storage [14]. There is no direct relationship between chlorine water flavor and the safety of water for drinking, however users often interpret water quality based on flavor [14]. There are two components to this judgment: (1) detection of a flavor, and (2) perception of that flavor. Detection is the ability to identify the flavor, while perception is the judgement users make about the water as a result of the flavor [13].
Detection is the physiological ability to sense a property, and experimental studies have demonstrated the ability of users to detect chlorine in water at very low levels. Formal chlorine detection experiments found that users were able to detect chlorine at low levels between 0.1–0.8 mg/L [13,16,17,18,19]. Although users typically describe the flavor of chlorine as a taste, detection appears to be driven largely by odor. A study in Dijon, France found that the olfactory system detected chlorine at very low levels (>0.14 mg/L) compared to the gustatory system (3 mg/L) [13]. However, it appears that the level of sensitivity depends somewhat on prior practices and training. For example, French users typically drink water with around 0.3 mg/L FCR or less and are more sensitive to chlorine than users in the United States, where water typically has about 1.0 mg/L FCR [19,20]. Some studies and regulatory bodies utilize panels of people who are trained to determine whether flavors are detectable, while others use lay people, and one study found that participants who were trained were 2–4 times more sensitive to chlorine [16]. Therefore, prior exposure and training appears to make chlorine more detectable. No difference in detection has been observed by sex, but as people age, their ability to detect chlorine is reduced [20,21].
Perception is the interpretation of chlorine detected in the water by a user. Depending on experience, education, and social norms, populations that are able to detect chlorine in water at similar levels may perceive the presence of chlorine very differently. Detection of chlorine in water may indicate to users that something is wrong with the water [22] or that the water is safe [23,24]. Regardless of perception of safety, users may avoid treating water with chlorine because the flavor is so unpalatable to them [25,26]. A study of the Tz'utujil Maya people in Guatemala found that users educated in water treatment, those with a positive attitude towards water treatment, and those who believed most people treated their water were more accepting of chlorine flavors. However, this study also found that users had come to associate the chlorine taste with disruptions in water supply caused by war and hurricanes and when the taste was associated with these dangerous experiences, it seemed to pose a threat [27].
Overall, the literature suggests that people have the ability to detect chlorine flavors in water at low concentrations, particularly through odor. However, there has been little research to understand the complex behavioral and social factors that form user perception of water, particularly in contexts outside of western water distribution networks. There is little in the existing literature on how users in a wider range of cultural and economic contexts respond to chlorine flavors, particularly when chlorine is newly introduced and in the context of disaster or sudden negative change and deteriorated water quality, as is common in emergencies.
We conducted 14 semi-structured interviews with key informants (9 with a general focus on chlorine tablets, and 5 with a specific focus on taste and odor) including WASH practitioners, academics, and representatives of donor organizations and industry. From these interviews, we conducted an exploratory analysis identifying informant attitudes on themes that may impact program success. We determined that chlorine tablets are regarded as an effective and popular water treatment method; however, informants had concerns surrounding acceptance and use. The two most commonly identified challenges were both social and communication challenges: rejection of water based on concerns about chlorine and chlorine taste and odor, and a lack of clear dosing recommendations that can result in confusion and mis-dosing. Informants recommended that these challenges could be mitigated by increased communication between users and responders including more attentiveness to user preferences, and by improved dosing guidelines and increased intra-agency communication for consistent programming.
Behavioral interventions can be difficult to implement in emergencies [28,29]; however, there is consensus among WASH practitioners and academics that it is typically not enough to provide users with tools for water treatment without appropriate cultural and contextual sensitivity as well as relevant behavior change promotion [30,31]. Informants stated that although they felt that behavior change promotion, user feedback, and consistent monitoring were important for program success, these elements were rarely integrated proactively into chlorine tablet programs. Respondents provided many suggestions of solutions rooted in social and behavioral interventions, including methods of making health benefits salient, drinking water themselves in front of recipient communities, fostering trust, facilitating feedback, and addressing rumors. Social scientists, including behavioral scientists and anthropologists, should be more frequently involved during implementation of chlorine tablet programs to help achieve effective uptake. It is recommended that future research focus on ways in which behavior promotion programs impact effectiveness of chlorine tablet programming, particularly in terms of the impact on taste and odor rejection and dosing confusion.
Informants noted that the biggest contributors to rejection seemed to be avoidance of chlorine due to negative rumors, negative perception, or taste and odor rejection. Taste and odor rejection was an especially large problem when users had not previously been exposed to chlorinated water, however, they also noted that at times users favored water with a chlorine taste and odor, as they associated chlorine with health and safety. Results from the taste and odor literature review align with these perceptions, suggesting that while chlorine can be detected at low levels by most populations, the aversion to taste and odor is more about the perception of chlorine than the physiological ability to detect its presence. In other words, chlorine is rejected when it is not only detected, but is also perceived negatively. Informants cited many instances of rumors and mistrust surrounding chlorine use, and a lack of clarity on the association between chlorine and safe water in many populations. They emphasized that building trust, accepting user feedback, and correcting misinformation about chlorine were essential to ensure that users drank sufficiently chlorinated water.
For dosing confusion, respondents recommended emphasizing promotion and monitoring programs that teach and support correct and consistent use. Clearer dosing guidelines and improved packaging could reduce confusion, but the primary recommendation was increased inter-organizational coordination of tablet programs. This could include both better guidelines about use of tablets in different contexts, but also a network or process which could be used to easily and quickly generate agreement on a tablet and dosing scheme for a given emergency to prevent inconsistent distribution or messaging. Increased coordination could also facilitate better access to user feedback and encourage increased promotion and monitoring.
This was an exploratory study on informant experiences, and as such we were not able to identify the ways in which various programmatic factors are related to the challenges that were identified. However, the themes and attitudes identified here provide a valuable foundation for further work characterizing these issues. Further research is already in progress to address some of the findings from this study. To address dosing confusion, a working group of 24 emergency responders, researchers, and chlorine industry professionals with experience in chlorine tablet programs was recently formed to gather expert opinions and create a process to provide guidance on the selection of specific size(s) of chlorine tablets which should (non-bindingly) be recommended for distribution in a particular emergency context. Over a series of six calls, a selection process was created based on a series of rapid assessments identifying the level of chlorination required to make water safe to drink, meet local taste and odor acceptability thresholds, and also depending on the availability of tablets. The balance between these factors is expected to be different in each context in which the process is deployed. The result is a guidance document, which includes tools for conducting assessment and guidelines for interpretation and cooperative decision making in the selection of a final tablet(s) appropriate for the context [32]. The process was then field-tested in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, where results demonstrated that had the process been used, a smaller dose tablet could have been chosen to effectively treat water while reducing taste and odor concerns [33].
This study had several limitations. All interviews were conducted in English due to resource restrictions, and informants were limited to those who responded positively to efforts to recruit participants and were therefore eager to discuss emergency water treatment programs. Limited prior research on effectiveness of chlorine tablet programs in emergencies was available to guide development of KII guides. Finally, KII methodology is limited to self-reported data by each individual interviewed, and interpretations are subject to personal bias, selective memory, or misattribution. Informants in both sets of KIIs raised the concern of dosing confusion, however, they may have been primed to discuss this issue because many had been recently invited to join or had joined a committee discussing solutions for dosing confusion. Despite these limitations, we feel that informants provided consistent information that yielded new qualitative insights on the challenges and strengths of chlorine tablet programs.
Chlorine tablets are widely distributed in emergencies and can be a practical and effective short-term intervention to provide safe drinking water. However, concerns can be addressed to make programs more effective, particularly around the social and behavioral issues impacting taste and odor rejection and tablet dosing and distribution confusion. More emphasis is needed on behavior change for chlorine tablet programs in emergencies, along with further guidance on establishing appropriate dosing guidelines and facilitating coordination. Recently, guidance has been developed and trialed to facilitate coordination of tablet dosing recommendations and choice, and further use in new emergencies may help limit dosing confusion. More research is needed to provide solutions to negative taste and odor perception and water rejection. Most of the concerns surrounding taste and odor are social, not technical, and the emergency water community should engage social and behavioral scientists to develop solutions to facilitate trust and improve acceptance of chlorine.
Conceptualization, D.L., B.M., and M.G.; Methodology, D.L., B.M., M.G., K.G., and M.W.; Validation, M.W. and D.L.; Formal Analysis, D.L., B.M., and M.G.; Investigation, D.L., B.M., and M.G.; Resources, D.L.; Data Curation, B.M. and M.G.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, B.M. and M.W.; Writing—Review & Editing, B.M., M.W., M.G., M.S., K.G., and D.L.; Supervision, D.L.; Project Administration, D.L.; Funding Acquisition, D.L.
This research was funded by the United States Agency for International Development's Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance.
The authors thank all informants for providing information on their experiences.
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Figure 1. Key informant interview question topics and emerging themes.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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NORTH KINGSTOWN � Francis George Hanson, USN Ret., of North Kingstown, formerly of Bliss Road, Newport, passed away peacefully on Saturday, July 27, 2013 surrounded by his loving family.
He was born on April 30, 1920 in Dracut, Massachusetts, the son of the late Laura Boutot and stepfather, John Seferian. He is survived by his beloved wife of 45 years, Ginny Hanson.
Frank joined the Navy in 1941 and attended boot camp in Newport, RI. He served in WWII, The Korean War, and the Vietnam War. Throughout his 30 years of military service, he traveled the world and served on the USS Mississsippi, the USS Chicago, USS Boxer, USS Sagamore, USS Edisto and many other ships. Frank was a �Mustang� who retired as LTJG from the Navy and as Security Officer at the Newport Naval Station, Newport, RI.
After retiring from the service, Frank began his general construction business, F.G. Hanson and Son, building and restoring homes throughout Rhode Island. In addition to his business, Frank was a dedicated philanthropist, giving his time and resources to the community in many ways. He was an active member of and President of the Newport Lion�s Club and the Newport County Navy League. He was a national director of the Navy League and was named Navy League Emeritus. Over the years he served with many service organizations and was a Hibernian, Owl, and member of the Idle Hour club. He was named honorary Chief of Police of Newport. He belonged to the Rhode Island Chiefs of Police Association, Chapter 15 of the Disabled American Veterans, VFW Post 4487, MOAA (Military Officers Association of American), and the Bristol, RI Elks Lodge. He was on the Board of Directors of the Black Ship Festival, the Edward King Senior Center, and the Boys and Girls Club of Newport County. He was a member of the Newport County Chamber of Commerce, the Tall Ships Committee, and the America�s Cup Committee. He was also the Chairman of the commissioning of eleven Naval Ships in Newport, RI.
In addition to serving on many boards and committees, Frank received countless awards and accolades including being honored as Veteran of the Year and receiving the Newport Daily News Community Service Award of the Year. Frank gave generously of his time, his talent, and his treasure. One of the many things that he was most proud of was his contribution to the building of the 9/11memorial at the Newport Naval War College.
Frank dearly loved and was loved by his family, children, and grandchildren. He is survived by his children Rusti Berent (Jerry), Robert Michael Hanson, Laura Ruggiero (Anthony), Lisa Garcia (Ramon), Francis Hanson, Jr. (Jennifer), grandchildren Rebecca Berent Fien (David), Jenna Berent, Mateo Garcia, Nina Garcia, Fletcher Hanson, Mia Hanson, and Alexander Ruggiero.
To the doctors and nurses who cared for him in his last hours, the Hansons say thank you.
Calling hours will be from 4-7 p.m., on Tuesday, July 30, 2013, at the Hambly �Brick House� Funeral Home, 30 Red Cross Avenue, Newport.
Funeral services will be held on Wednesday, July 31,2013 at 9:00 a.m., from the funeral home, followed by a Mass of Christian burial at 10:00 a.m., in St. Joseph�s Catholic Church, Broadway and Mann Avenue, Newport. Burial with military honors will follow at the RI Veteran�s Cemetery in Exeter.
In lieu of flowers, please make donations to the Boys and Girls Club of Newport County, 95 Church Street, Newport, RI 02840, or South County Hospital Inpatient Hospice Care, 100 Kenyon Avenue, Wakefield, 02879.
Information, directions and condolences available at www.memorialfuneralhome.com.


Burrell Foley Fischer LLP have been the Almeida's architects from 1982, shortly after its inception as a theatre in 1980, working with successive generations of Directors. The Theatre has been developed into a venue of exceptional quality for the performance of drama, opera and music, and for other related arts activities.
Despite its modest size, the space works equally well for performances on an epic scale as for intimate productions. The audience occupies the same space as the performers and neither is further than twelve metres from the other.
Development works have included extending the backstage accommodation, the building of completely new foyer, bar and technical areas, new services installations and seating, and improved disabled access and acoustics. The new foyer continues the theme of the former open-air yard where, because of limited site access, the single entrance is used as the foyer for the theatre-goers and as the space for the technical get-ins.
The extensive overhaul of the auditorium, seating capacity 321, has preserved the special 'found' quality of the Theatre. It was awarded a Civic Trust Award 2004.
Robin Fischer the lighting technician at the Almeida has created this short film showing the development of the theatre.


Is a notice of inspection to be sent to a tenant after they instruct the landlord to submit all communications through their attorney?
Facts: A landlord leased property to a nonresidential tenant. The lease provided the landlord with the right to inspect the premises with reasonable notice. The tenant's attorney notified the landlord all contact with the tenant is to be conducted through the attorney. Later, the landlord wrote the attorney, notifying the attorney of the landlord's intent to inspect the premises. After no response, the landlord conducted the inspection without acknowledgment by the attorney or tenant.
Claim: The tenant sought money losses for the unconsented to entry and to prevent further access by the landlord, claiming the landlord violated the lease since the landlord did not give the tenant notice of the inspection before entering the property.
Counter claim: The landlord claimed they did not violate the lease as they gave proper notice to the attorney since the tenant demanded the landlord send all communications to the attorney who was to act on the tenant's behalf.


…how people are oh so in a hurry to add you to their instant messenger friends' list – and then sit there appearing online without so much as a 'hello'. and of course, me, being me, i just quietly slice them out of my life. what else could one do? and then, i forget about the whole thing until they pop up one day sounding vaguely familiar (c'mon, i've got a decently photographic memory) – and – get this, eh – accuse me of not chatting! how's that? that's the way life goes, like janet jackson sings. and no, am not a big fan of hers 😀 though i don't mind some of her music.


This functionality is released in limited scope and this article will help to explain how to utilize this functionality .
I am including a ZIP file that contains sample XOG Read file and XOG Write file for creating weekly time reporting periods (Sunday-Saturday). See Usage Notes below for more details.
Allows user to edit Clarity options and settings, including OBS, Time, Data Administration and General Settings. Includes the Administration - Navigate right.
Allows user to import and export information through the XML Open Gateway interface using an installed XOG client. User can download the XOG client if he or she also has the Administration - Navigate right.
This sample has all the required attributes for creating new or updating existing Time Reporting Periods. This is a good format as the 'start' attribute is positioned before the 'finish' attribute and naturally you won't make the mistake of mixing up the dates on these attributes.
If you create the time periods setting the 'openForTimeEntry' for false, you can later execute the XOG to update the attribute to true.
Known Issue: When 'updating' records, the XOG output file does not provide the correct 'updated' record count, but the UI reflects the changes.
Known Issue CLRT-76738: The XOG Read output file is generated with missing line breaks, so the formatting is odd. If you use the output generated by the XOG Read sample file, the write action will hang because the output does not include the 'create' or 'scale' attributes. It is recommend that you do not use the output generated by the XOG Read action at this time.
Known Issue CLRT-76739: If you leave out both 'create' and 'scale' ; the XOG action hangs.
Known Issue CLRT-76688: The application UI throws the error 'Dates entered are not in range.' if you mix up the 'start' and 'finish' dates. However, currently the XOG write action does not generate an error and the record is created with the mixed up dates. So be sure to double check the data in the XOG write files for 'start' and 'finish' dates.
Finish Date uses the 'midnight rule' logic.
When the record is created the date will show minus one day from the finish date entered in the XOG XML file.
'create' - required for 'create' and 'update' action with value equal to "true"
Note: If you leave out 'scale' for creating a new period ; the XOG action completes but does not add the record. Known Issue: No error message is generated in the Log file to indicate the record is not created.
'openForTimeEntry' - optional. If it is omitted and you are creating new periods or updating existing periods, it uses the default value 'true' which sets the period to 'Open'.
Thanks, you did produce it.
Thanks for sharing this tip with the community Kathryn!
This will be very useful...Thanks a lot Kathryn.
Thank you so much for sharing Kathryn!
Re: How to Automate Opening and Closing Time Periods?


All the forms needed for rostering may be accessed below.  As a reminder, head coaches are responsible for their team's roster.  Teams cannot play scrimmages or games until they have a completed roster with the MAHA Registrar's stamp affixed.
Make sure you select the correct checklist.
To take the Mandatory SafeSport video training.
To apply for a Michigan Background Check.
M. All travel teams not eligible for State Tournament Play (during the regular season) will not be approved for Canadian Tournaments or Exhibition Games.
For the 2018-2019 season MAHA will continue an approved pilot program that allows players that are currently on "B or BB" teams to also dual roster on tournament teams. Click here for the details. Refer to the 57th MAHA Annual Guide, page 64.
3 on 3 tournaments are allowed during the regular season.  All players need to present their USA Hockey Confirmation Page or evidence that they are on an official 1T roster to provide proof the players are USA Hockey members.
Post season 3 on 3 leagues that are run by associations/clubs or independent contractors will not be required to roster these teams.  All associations/clubs or independent contractors running 3 on 3 leagues are required to have all players participating be registered with USA Hockey and all their registration receipt/confirmation pages scanned into their USA Hockey Registration Portal.  A listing of all players participating in the 3 on 3 League will need to be forwarded to the USA Hockey Registrar for Michigan.
Can a Canadian player commute to the USA to play on a USA Hockey registered team?
Use this form to roster Canadian players.  This form is given to the Associate Registrar when having your roster certified.
Starting in the 2019 Spring season, Tier 1 organizations will only be allowed to have one (1) Tier 1 (AAA) team in each age classification. This is a rule that has been in the MAHA guide book, but never enforced.
During the 2017-18 Season, the MAHA State Playoff Committee (SPOC) discussed the 30% rule for the 9U (Squirt Minor/Squirt A) age division. If a Squirt Minor/Squirt A team played more than 30% of their games against Tier 1 (AAA) teams, the Squirt Minor/Squirt A team would be ineligible for MAHA Districts and States.
The SPOC met 5/12/18 and determined, since USA Hockey and MAHA don't recognize Tier 1 (AAA) hockey at the 9U (Squirt Minor/Squirt A) level, the SPOC would not be able to determine which out of state teams would count towards the 30% number, since some States recognize Tier 1 (AAA) at 9U. The 30% rules do not count for the 9U (Squirt Minor/Squirt A) age classification.
Reference 57th MAHA Rules & Regulations: VI. M. 1. a. (page 29).
>All transfers and paperwork for all non-US citizens must be forwarded to the USA Hockey Transfer Department and approved before players are placed on a roster.
>Guardianship paperwork does not change the resident status.
>Estimated time for a transfer to be completed is a minimum of 3 working days and a maximum 7 days after it has been received by the USA Hockey Transfer Department.  Once it is approved, it will appear as approved on the registration form.
There is a rule limiting the number of non-US players in this country without their parents (student visa) for participation on Youth National-Tournament bound teams.
temporary visas: A Government Official; E. Treaty Trader or Investor; G. Representative to International Organization; H.
Temporary Worker; I. Foreign Information Media Representative; J. Exchange Alien; L. Intra-company Transferee; M.
Mom-Academic Student; O. Aliens of Extraordinary Ability; P. Athletes and Entertainers; Q. Cultural Exchange; R.
excluding category B. Temporary Visitor.
You will receive a separate email notification within three business days with the status of your background screening.


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I never thought that offhandedly saying that I was editing a "proto-Steampunk Celtic/Roman Han mashup" would get such a response. "When is it out?" You all asked.
Which might explain the regular visits by the cops. Well, it's either that or the noises in the middle of the night when I'm working on my death-ray robot. It's a coin toss, really.
So with the Golden Rule in mind, I'm going to stop working on robot – for now – and give you guys a taste of what's to come with the first free Chapter of Clockwork River below followed by a link for the full chapter if you want even more.
Fenella of Clan Ríagáin hated how the heavy aristocratic dress squeezed her like a giant snake. It barely gave her room to breathe — never mind move. The Imperial carriage's bumpy ride made it worse as it jostled her tailbone on top of every lump hidden in the seat. All of it felt entrapping, like manacles decorated in fine silks and embroidery.
If she had held still, though, she would have been the perfect picture of an Imperial citizen. One with mixed ancestry with her lighter skin of course, but still floating in circles where it would be overlooked in polite company.
From the corner of her eye, she saw her brother, Arwin, pulling at his tight shirt collar as he rolled his eyes and sighed. He sweated under a heavy jacket and the matching hat that kept slipping off his head.
He tried to hold onto an ornately engraved metal box, which occasionally released tiny puffs of smoke. A silent exchange of looks and the siblings shared their pure hate for these ridiculous clothes.
Fen wanted to say something but bit her tongue and focused terrain speeding by. Other young women her age might have noticed that the trees and grass grew taller this far out from the Kanhai desert, which had taken the Ambassadorial convoy a whole week to cross even at its shortest tip. Or that in this new landscape, natural stone columns rose up like gargantuan fingers poking out of the earth, which offered a bit of shelter from the sweltering heat. Fen, though, was a different type of lady and also noted that the stones proved far too many spots for those looking to ambush the caravan.
Even Uncle Monteriso was distracted, keeping his place in the book he always carried with a manicured finger as he watched the distant hills crawl by. His clothes were even more ostentatious, with gold sewn into the embroidery and rings flashing on his fingers as he tugged on a loose shoulder sleeve.
Somewhere, they heard the Ambassador's wife laughing in a carriage further behind them. Fen let out an exasperated sigh.
A screaming horse stopped her uncle's tirade. Fen grabbed the window sill so she could lean out and see the injured animal, a crossbow quarrel sticking in its side as it thrashed to the ground, pinning its rider underneath. Swinging her head, she saw a tree crashing down in front of their carriage.
"The rider behind us is down. I see a bolt sticking — "she said.
Arwin struck a match and slipped it into a hole in his prized metal box as the conveyance stopped. "A distraction? Sow confusion in the ranks and draw the guards away from —" The carriage door swung wide open to reveal a man with his head wrapped in a turban in the style famously worn in the city-states by honor-bound caliphs. A simple scarf covered all but the cold eyes. The bandit grabbed Fen and tossed her out.
"All of you out, now!" He growled.
Monteriso and Arwin gingerly stepped out. Monteriso had his hands in the air as Arwin grasped his box with only his fingertips.
Fen noticed that several bandits had gotten the drop on the caravan. She looked around for for back up but then she saw that two of the Ambassador's men were lying in the dirt, lifeless, and knew they were trapped.
One masked man, taller than the rest and resting a hand on his sword pommel, strutted towards them. "So this is the famous Ambassador and his beautiful family from the West." His accent was clipped but understandable. From a distance, his clean clothes draped in silks and fine linens with bright dyes would have made for good impression. If not for the mask, he could have been a wealthy merchant or official. Up closer, Fen made out the faded brown spots in the linen, blood stains that had been repeatedly washed out again and again.
Uncle had one hand on his chest as the other gestured to a loaded wagon. "We are just merchants — take our goods and go in peace. Let us bury our dead."
Arwin slowly tilted the box on its side as if he was going to put it under his arm.
The first bandit snatched it. "What is this?"
"Nothing," Arwin said. "It's not worth your trouble."
The bandit king laughed. "Well, we will see, young man. Have you ever thought about being a bandit?" The bandit king took off a glove and waved his man closer.
The other handed it over. "Careful, it seems warm."
"As does any metal box you set out in the sun," the bandit king said, but he still took it with his gloved hand before flipping the catch and opening the lid to get a face full of smoke and flickering metallic wings accompanied by a high-pitched buzzing noise. On cue, everyone in the Ambassador's party dropped or ducked.
Fen pulled out a throwing knife, with a glittering quartz handle, from the folds of her dress and threw it into the dead center of where the bandits were standing. The unnatural smoke, filled with tiny brass wasps, dived at the bandit king and spread out to the other robbers. Their flailing hands and swinging swords didn't stop the insects' razor-sharp bites or the needle-like stingers filled with virulent poison. Within moments, the injected toxins constricted throats, caused blindness as fire ran through the bandits' arteries, and stopped their hearts.
Fen then got up to fetch her dagger. Too many escaped last time, Fen thought. If we kill enough of them, it will become too expensive to send any more assassins.
She tumbled into the thick of them, stabbing and slicing. Using her natural grace, she kept low and avoided the mechanical swarm with a sublime ease. A ripping sound came with a sudden freedom for her legwork as her powerful legs and wide stance effortlessly popped the seams of her silly dress.
Her spirit sang as her power and grace made short work of the bandits. It was in these moments when Fen felt the most alive — fully embracing these gifts of being a martial prodigy, as "unlady-like" as it may be. This was who she was and as long as it lasted, she couldn't care less what others thought in this moment.
Hearing her dress tear put a wide grin on her face. Too late now, she thought. This will cost me later, but it's totally worth it.
Her knee hit the dirt, grinding a smear in the silks, but it still no substitute for a padded greave. As another bandit fell, his blood splattering on the dress. None of them are escaping this time.
From her peripheral vision, she caught Uncle fighting on the edges of the swarm, sword and shield in hand. Jaw set, he stormed towards his targets like a trotting bull. Without slowing down, he shield bashed one bandit off their feet. Another was downed by his sword. Another one downed with sword stroke.
His motions were brutal — and economic. While hers were elegant and precise. Both methods produced quick and lethal results that no one could deny.
She kept spinning and diving under the swarm, taking out hamstrings and shins. The yells and screams confirmation of her accuracy. One by one the little mechanical wasps drifted down around her. Their miniscule reserves of the mystical oil, păcură, exhausted. She paid them no mind. She was the vengeful tidal wave claiming souls below a roiling cloud of mechanical death.
Distantly, she heard the other legionnaires of the Ambassador's bodyguard making quick work of the stragglers along the edges of the fight. At a glance up, she saw the metallic cloud thinned out enough that she dared to pop up to give stab at an armpit or a throat. But otherwise she still stayed as low as she could. She reveled in the extra challenge.
And you can find the full chapter of Clockwork River here.


text:
Home/Global/India/The world's number one tennis player, Novak Djokovic, was told by the government to a threat to the country, was taken into custody
The world's number one tennis player, Novak Djokovic, was told by the government to a threat to the country, was taken into custody
People News Chronicle Follow on Twitter Send an email January 15, 2022
New Delhi | Novak Djokovic in Custody: Just before the start of the Australian Open, world number one tennis player Novak Djokovic has been again detained by the Australian Police. The Australian government has again canceled his visa, calling him a threat to the country. The government says that they have not fully implemented the corona vaccine. In such a situation, they can become a danger to the people.
Also read:- BSP supremo Mayawati's 66th birthday, who has been sitting on the post of CM of UP four times, can make a big announcement today
Visa canceled for the second time, hearing on appeal
Novak Djokovic in Custody: On Saturday, the Australian government has again detained tennis great Novak Djokovic, who did not get vaccinated, as a threat to the public and also canceled his visa for the second time. Serbian Novak, 34, is currently detained in Melbourne, where his appeal against deportation is being heard.
Also read:- Army Day: PM Modi praised the soldiers, Indian Army is known for its bravery and professionalism
Anti-vaccination sentiment may get a boost
Novak Djokovic in Custody: Novak Djokovic is stuck due to non-completion of Kovid-19 vaccination before the start of the Australian Open. In such a situation, Immigration Minister Alex Hawke claims that Novak Djokovic's continued presence in the country may fuel anti-vaccination sentiment. In such a situation, this is the second attempt by the Australian government to deport Djokovic for the Kovid-19 vaccine.
Also read:- Corona cases increased in the country on the second day of Makar Sankranti, crossed 2 lakh 68 thousand in 24 hours, 402 people died
country custody Djokovic Government Novak number player Tennis threat told worlds
People News Chronicle
People News Chronicle author account is for interns, who are just new to our news agency. They are taught basics of wordpress and publishing through this account.
Lata Mangeshkar is in ICU, this news came about her health
Is the world ready to follow in the footsteps of Europe and treat COVID like the flu?


text:
Transgender Model Hari Nef Opens Up About Love & Sex On Lena Dunham's Podcast
By Sebastian Zulch
Mike Coppola/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images
In last week's installment of Lena Dunham's new BuzzFeed podcast,"Women Of The Hour," model Hari Nef talked about love and sex from the perspective of a trans woman. Nef, the first trans woman to ever be signed to IMG Models, is a force to be reckoned with within both the fashion and trans communities. The 22-year old model (featured in Vogue and other such publications), writer (for Dazed and Vice), and actress (she will be appearing in the second season of the Emmy Award-winning show Transparent ) actively works to bring trans bodies into fashion discussions, as well as advocate for the rights and visibility of trans and gender non-conforming people.
Dating is stressful, and putting your heart (and body) on the line is never an easy task for anyone. But the weight of these experiences are magnified tenfold for trans women, since 72 percent of victims of anti LGBT homicide are trans women. Nef discusses her own experiences with dating, as well as the complications that arise in this part of her life because of her trans identity.
One of these complications is the issue of being fetishized as a trans woman. On Dunham's podcast, Nef discussed how this fetishization, through porn and the media, is damaging to the trans community.
"Trans porn is the number one fastest growing porn industry and the trans body has been being consumed in private in America for years and years and years by many, many people," Nef told Dunham. "But this is something very important and the core of violence against trans-women: men don't understand that their attraction to trans women is a valid attraction."
Being trans can also tend to make you a bigger target for partner (and stranger) violence, thanks to the internalized transphobia of our society, especially in cisgender men. In 2012, the National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs released a report called Intimate Partner Violence In Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer (LGBTQ), And HIV Affected Communities , which showed that trans people are among the highest at risk for partner violence, and are two times more likely to experience threats within violent relationships. In the dating world, it isn't often a natural thing to want to disclose your personal details, including the details of your gender identity, immediately after meeting someone new.
Randy Shropshire/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images
But as a trans person, it may be necessary for the interests of safety. The dating world is highly dangerous for trans and gender non-conforming people, with many trans women being killed out of hatred every year by men, including those partners who were shocked to discover that they weren't in fact a cisgender woman. In many of these cases involving the murder of trans women, men would argue "the trans panic defense." According to a BuzzFeed article, "The main premise of trans panic is that a heterosexual man is so overwhelmed after realizing someone he had a sexual relationship with is trans that in a state of something like temporary insanity he ends up killing the person."
Nef makes sure to open up a conversation about her identity with her partners before becoming sexually intimate, out of safety and out of respect for the concerns her partner may have.
"Before I start sex where I assume or know they haven't been with a trans woman before, I press the pause button," she told Dunham. "I say 'Hey, I don't know whether or not you've been with a trans woman before, it's not that big of a deal but I just wanna open it up, if you have any questions, comments, or concerns, feel free to voice them.' Because people want to be sexy and go along with it but sometimes they just freak out. It's a fascinating negotiation."
Nef also discusses how she's found getting set up on dates is nearly impossible as a trans woman ("No one sets up dates for trans girls. No one goes, 'Oh, you should meet my friend Hari, because you totally fuck trans girls.' I don't get hooked up"). And she grapples with learning what it means "to be a woman in relationships," as well as dealing with the effects of the hormones she takes (as well as her relatively new life as a female-passing person) on her sex life.
Grant Lamos IV/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images
"Basically, I'm hormonally a teenage girl because of how long I've been on hormones," she told Dunham. "When I think about what romance means to me, I have to return to this idea of my womanhood being only two years old. My emotional maturity in the female space is nowhere near as developed as it's going to be."
Check out more of what Nef discussed on Dunham's "Women Of The Hour" podcast on iTunes.
Want more stories like these? Check out the video below, and be sure to subscribe to Bustle's YouTube channel.
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