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Q: Getting your head around other people's code I'm occasionally unfortunate enough to have to make alterations to very old, poorly not documented and poorly not designed code.
It often takes a long time to make a simple change because there is not much structure to the existing code and I really have to read a lot of code before I have a feel for where things would be.
What I think would help a lot in cases like this is a tool that would allow one to visualise an overview of the code, and then maybe even drill down for more detail. I suspect such a tool would be very hard to get right, given that is trying to find structure where there is little or none.
I guess this is not really a question, but rather a musing. I should make it into a question - What do others do to assist in getting their head around other peoples code, the good and the bad?

A: Hmm, this is a hard one, so much to say so little time ...
1) If you can run the code it makes life soooo much easier, breakpoints (especially conditional) break points are you friend.
2) A purists' approach would be to write a few unit tests, for known functionality, then refactor to improve code and understanding, then re-test. If things break, then create more unit tests - repeat until bored/old/moved to new project
3) ReSharper is good at showing where things are being used, what's calling a method for instance, it's static but a good start, and it helps with refactoring.
4) Many .net events are coded as public, and events can be a pain to debug at the best of times. Recode them to be private and use a property with add/remove. You can then use break point to see what is listening on an event.
BTW - I'm playing in the .Net space, and would love a tool to help do this kind of stuff, like Joel does anyone out there know of a good dynamic code reviewing tool?

A: I have been asked to take ownership of some NASTY code in the past - both work and "play".
Most of the amateurs I took over code for had just sort of evolved the code to do what they needed over several iterations.  It was always a giant incestuous mess of library A calling B, calling back into A, calling C, calling B, etc.  A lot of the time they'd use threads and not a critical section was to be seen.
I found the best/only way to get a handle on the code was start at the OS entry point [main()] and build my own call stack diagram showing the call tree.  You don't really need to build a full tree at the outset.  Just trace through the section(s) you're working on at each stage and you'll get a good enough handle on things to be able to run with it.
To top it all off, use the biggest slice of dead tree you can find and a pen.  Laying it all out in front of you so you don't have to jump back and forward on screens or pages makes life so much simpler.
EDIT:  There's a lot of talk about coding standards... they will just make poor code look consistent with good code (and usually be harder to spot).  Coding standards don't always make maintaining code easier.

A: I do this on a regular basis. And have developed some tools and tricks.

*

*Try to get a general overview (object diagram or other).

*Document your findings.

*Test your assumptions (especially for vague code).

The problem with this is that on most companies you are appreciated by result. That's why some programmers write poor code fast and move on to a different project. So you are left with the garbage, and your boss compares your sluggish progress with the quick and dirtu guy. (Luckily my current employer is different).

A: I generally use UML sequence diagrams of various key ways that the component is used.  I don't know of any tools that can generate them automatically, but many UML tools such as BoUML and EA Sparx can create classes/operations from source code which saves some typing.

A: The definitive text on this situation is Michael Feathers' Working Effectively with Legacy Code. As S. Lott says get some unit tests in to establish behaviour of the lagacy code. Once you have those in you can begin to refactor. There seems to be a sample chapter available on the Object Mentor website.

A: See Unit Testing Legacy ASP.NET Webforms Applications for advice on getting a grip on legacy apps via unit testing.
There are many similar questions and answers.  Here's the search https://stackoverflow.com/search?q=unit+test+legacy
The point is that getting your head around legacy is probably easiest if you are writing unit tests for that legacy.

A: I haven't had great luck with tools to automate the review of poorly documented/executed code, cause a confusing/badly designed program generally translates to a less than useful model. It's not exciting or immediately rewarding, but I've had the best results with picking a spot and following the program execution line by line, documenting and adding comments as I go, and refactoring where applicable.

A: a good IDE (EMACS or Eclipse) could help in many cases. Also on a UNIX-platform, there are some tools for crossreferencing (etags, ctags) or checking (lint) or gcc with many many warning options turned on.
First, before trying to comprehend a function/method, i would refactor it a bit to fit your coding conventions (spaces, braces, indentation) and remove most of the comments if they seem to be wrong.
Then I would refactor and comment the parts you understood, and try to find/grep those parts over the whole source tree and refactor them there also.
Over the time, you get a nicer code, you like to work with.

A: I personally do a lot of drawing of diagrams, and figuring out the bones of the structure.
The fad de jour (and possibly quite rightly) has got me writing unit tests to test my assertions, and build up a safety net for changes I make to the system.
Once I get to a point where I'm comfortable enought knowing what the system does, I'll take a stab at fixing bugs in the sanest way possible, and hope my safety nets neared completion.
That's just me, however. ;)

A: i have actuaally been using the refactoring features of ReSharper to help m get a handle on a bunch of projects that i inherited recently. So, to figure out another programmer's very poorly structured, undocumented code, i actually start by refactoring it.
Cleaning up the code, renaming methods, classes and namespaces properly, extracting methods are all structural changes that can shed light on what a piece of code is supposed to do. It might sound counterintuitive to refactor code that you don't "know" but trut me, ReSharper really allows you to do this. Take for example the issue of red herring dead code. You see a method in a class or perhaps a strangely named variable. You can start by trying to lookup usages or, ungh, do a text search, but ReSharper will actually detect dead code and color it gray. As soon as you open a file you see in gray and with scroll bar flags what would have in the past been confusing red herrings.
There are dozens of other tricks and probably a number of other tools that can do similar things but i am a ReSharper junky.
Cheers.

A: Get to know the software intimately from a user's point of view.  A lot can be learnt about the underlying structure by studying and interacting with the user interface(s).

A: *

*Printouts

*Whiteboards

*Lots of notepaper

*Lots of Starbucks

Being able to scribble all over the poor thing is the most useful method for me.  Usually I turn up a lot of "huh, that's funny..." while trying to make basic code structure diagrams that turns out to be more useful than the diagrams themselves in the end.  Automated tools are probably more helpful than I give them credit for, but the value of finding those funny bits exceeds the value of rapidly generated diagrams for me.
For diagrams, I look for mostly where the data is going.  Where does it come in, where does it end up, and what does it go through on the way.  Generally what happens to the data seems to give a good impression of the overall layout, and some bones to come back to if I'm rewriting.

A: When I'm working on legacy code, I don't attempt to understand the entire system. That would result in complexity overload and subsequent brain explosion.
Rather, I take one single feature of the system and try to understand completely how it works, from end to end. I will generally debug into the code, starting from the point in the UI code where I can find the specific functionality (since this is usually the only thing I'll be able to find at first). Then I will perform some action in the GUI, and drill down in the code all the way down into the database and then back up. This usually results in a complete understanding of at least one feature of the system, and sometimes gives insight into other parts of the system as well.
Once I understand what functions are being called and what stored procedures, tables, and views are involved, I then do a search through the code to find out what other parts of the application rely on these same functions/procs. This is how I find out if a change I'm going to make will break anything else in the system.
It can also sometimes be useful to attempt to make diagrams of the database and/or code structure, but sometimes it's just so bad or so insanely complex that it's better to ignore the system as a whole and just focus on the part that you need to change.

A: My big problem is that I (currently) have very large systems to understand in a fairly short space of time (I pity contract developers on this point) and don't have a lot of experience doing this (having previously been fortunate enough to be the one designing from the ground up.)
One method I use is to try to understand the meaning of the naming of variables, methods, classes, etc.  This is useful because it (hopefully increasingly) embeds a high-level view of a train of thought from an atomic level.
I say this because typically developers will name their elements (with what they believe are) meaningfully and providing insight into their intended function. This is flawed, admittedly, if the developer has a defective understanding of their program, the terminology or (often the case, imho) is trying to sound clever. How many developers have seen keywords or class names and only then looked up the term in the dictionary, for the first time?

A: I strongly recommend BOUML. It's a free UML modelling tool, which:

*

*is extremely fast (fastest UML tool ever created, check out benchmarks),

*has rock solid C++ import support,

*has great SVG export support, which is important, because viewing large graphs in vector format, which scales fast in e.g. Firefox, is very convenient (you can quickly switch between "birds eye" view and class detail view),

*is full featured, intensively developed (look at development history, it's hard to believe that so fast progress is possible).

So: import your code into BOUML and view it there, or export to SVG and view it in Firefox.

A: It's all about the standards and coding rules your company is using.
if everyone codes in different style, then it's hard to maintain other programmer code and etc, if you decide what standard you'll use have some rules, everything will be fine :) Note: that you don't have to make a lot of rules, because people should have possibility to code in style they like, otherwise you can be very surprised.

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Home » Browse » Academic journals » General Social Science Journals » Journal of International and Global Studies » Article details, "The Power of Uncertainty: The Neoliberal Quest..."
Academic journal article Journal of International and Global Studies
The Power of Uncertainty: The Neoliberal Quest for Profit in Spain
By Vaccaro, Ismael
As early as 2008, some voices started to point to the fact that Spain was at the threshold of a severe economic crisis: not having its own currency to devaluate on the international market (i.e. externally) and, as such, no ability to refloat exports, the country was facing the alternative option of resorting to internal devaluation in order to regain international competitiveness (Krugman, 2010; Nino-Becerra, 2013). According to classic economic theory, in a moment of crisis indicated by decreasing productivity, a country has two options to refloat its economy. Traditionally, the most common way has been the external depreciation of its currency in order to make its products cheaper in the international market and increase demand and, consequently, productivity and economic flows. The other option is internal depreciation. However, when currency depreciation is not an option due to international loan pressure (1) or because the country has no actual control of its currency (as is the case for the EU countries, which depend on the decisions of the European Central Bank, or Germany), the only possibility left is to reduce the costs and increase the appeal of national products through the reduction of labor costs. An internal devaluation results, then, in a sustained period of high levels of unemployment until salaries and costs are low enough to reinvigorate foreign trade. If a country sustains enough unemployment for a long enough period of time, people become willing to work for less or will move, seeking work elsewhere. (2) How, then, does one reduce salaries in a country where labor regulations are designed to protect workers from abuse? Simultaneously, then, labor regulations must often be changed in order to make lay-offs easier and life as an unemployed person more difficult.
The social costs of internal depreciation are colossal, and they are placed squarely on the shoulders of private households, as high unemployment fuels private debt: pressure is put on the budgets of lower and middle class households, as they are the ones depending on easily taxable salaried work. Unemployment in Spain has gone from 2 million, 8% of the population, in 2008 to close to 6 million, 26% of the population, in 2013 (INE, 2013). This increase in unemployment has coincided with draconian labor reform, which has reduced unemployment benefits and lay-off costs. In May 2013, 1,900,000 families had all working age family members unemployed and 3 million people had been unemployed for more than three years (Ebola, 2013). Unemployment figures do not include dependents (children) or retirees, whose monthly incomes have been frozen for several years. In October 2013, 12 million people, out of a total population of 46.7 million, were officially living under the poverty line, and three million families had a monthly income of fewer than 300 euros. This number has doubled since 2008 (laVanguardia, 17/10/2013).
The current situation in Spain is a perfect example of how the contemporary global economic system works. Profit, the ratio between actual production cost and market price, depends heavily on labor costs. Labor cost is severely affected by uncertainty. If households have an uncertain survival horizon due to high levels of unemployment and low social compensatory measures, its members are willing to work for lower wages. Uncertainty, in a situation of vulnerability, is more often than not perceived and experienced as risk. Although the term uncertainty, strictly speaking, means outcome unpredictability, this perceived unpredictability of survival is the result of an increased probability (and expectation) of bad outcomes. At a family level then, apparent survival unpredictability is the opposite of perceived security, and it is this perception (of either tranquility or threat) that informs agency.
Thus, "uncertainty" and its dreaded sidekick, "risk," become fundamental market mechanisms. Bauman in Liquid Modernity (2007) and Beck on Risk Society (1999) already warned us that capitalism at the end of the twentieth century was becoming a fleeting hypermodernity, characterized by an economic model with extreme levels of mobility. …
Publication: Journal of International and Global Studies
Vaccaro, Ismael
Europe--Economic aspects
Spain--Economic aspects
Economic theory--Analysis
Neoliberalism--Analysis
The Role of the Economic Dimension in Conflict Prevention: A UNECE-OSCE Colloquium with the Participation of Experts from NATO on the Role of the Economic Dimension in Conflict Prevention in Europe : Proceedings, Villars, Switzerland, 19-20 November 2001 By Economic Commission for Europe United Nations, 2002
Levels of Socio-Economic Development Theory By David Jaffee Praeger, 1998
Aspects of the Rise of Economic Individualism: A Criticism of Max Weber and His School By H. M. Robertson Cambridge University Press, 1933
Indigenous Encounters with Neoliberalism: Place, Women, and the Environment in Canada and Mexico By Todd, Roy British Journal of Canadian Studies, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2016
Never Let a Serious Crisis Go to Waste: How Neoliberalism Survived the Financial Meltdown By Brebenel, Serban The Journal of Philosophical Economics, Vol. 8, No. 2, Spring 2015
The Limits of Neoliberalism: Toward a Reformulation of Development Theory By Onis, Ziya Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 29, No. 1, March 1995
After Neoliberalism Analysing the Present: The Founding Editors of Soundings Set out the Framing Analysis for Our Online Manifesto By Hall, Stuart Massey, Doreen Rustin, Michael Soundings, No. 53, Spring 2013
A Feminist Analysis of Neoliberalism and Austerity Policies in the UK By Pearson, Ruth Soundings, No. 71, Spring 2019
Neoliberalism, the State, and the Left: A Canadian Perspective By Albo, Gregory Monthly Review, Vol. 54, No. 1, May 2002
Anglo-Saxon World Rejecting Neoliberalism By Tsuruhara, Tetsuya Tsuruhara, Tetsuya The Daily Yomiuri (Toyko, Japan), July 9, 2016
What Exactly Is Neoliberalism? By The Canadian Press, November 3, 2017
Europe's Economic Crisis Hits Universities ; Schools Report Pressure to Raise Tuition, Cut Costs and Stress Job Training By Schuetze, Christopher F International Herald Tribune, November 26, 2012
FREE! games, theory of The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2018
FREE! Arrow, Kenneth Joseph The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2018
FREE! Samuelson, Paul Anthony The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2018

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On Wednesday, October 24th from 9:00AM to 12:00PM there will be a pesticide applicators seminar at the Rutgers Cooperative Extension Office of Gloucester County, located at 254 County House Rd, Clarksboro, NJ at the Shady Lane County Complex. The following credits have been applied for with NJDEP: 4-CORE, 3-PP2, 3-3A, and 3-3B category credits. There is a $50 fee for this course and only cash or checks can be accepted.


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By: eWeek Editors | April 02, 2001
Hopes fade for active Bush tech policy
Those expecting the much-awaited appointments of the Bush administrations technology policy team were disappointed after a press conference last week at the White House.
At the meeting, President George W. Bush did announce that Silicon Valley venture capitalist Floyd Kvamme, who during the 1999-to-2000 election cycle sprinkled nearly $200,000 on Republican candidates and causes, will volunteer to help head a White House advisory council on technology and science.
The president also championed easing export restrictions on high-powered computers and threw his support behind a permanent research and development tax credit.
"We want the R&D credit to be permanent, and were working with members of the Senate to do so," Bush told the crowd of assembled high-tech executives. "A lot of us in this administration have been in the world of taking risk. We understand that one of the most important parts about government policy is that there will be certainty in the policy."
Product Review: Volterra Distributed Cloud Services...
Why WiFi 6E is a Much Bigger Deal Than the Name Suggests
Bush also said: "Science and technology have never been more essential to the defense of the nation and the health of our economy. I will hear the best scientific and technological advice from leaders in your field."
But as weeks have turned into months, with most of the key government technology posts still lacking appointments and Bushs budget calling for skimpy federal investment in technology R&D, criticism has been mounting that the president is only paying lip service to the issue.
Rob Atkinson, vice president at centrist Democrat think tank the Progressive Policy Institute and director of its Technology & New Economy Project, said the reason Bush did not go into details is because "he has nothing to define."
"As long as he is governing as a really supply-side conservative, which he is now, we wont see a New Economy agenda coming out of the administration," Atkinson said. "This is an administration that wants to run the country like a well-oiled corporation. The only problem is the well-oiled corporation is General Motors, not Cisco [Systems]."
Bush champions, on the other hand, said that, if nothing else, the presidents high-tech agenda will likely translate into a hands-off approach, which they welcome.
Marc Holtzman, Colorados secretary of technology, who attended the meeting, said: "The presidents approach is not to pick winners in the economy, but to set preconditions upon which all industry can succeed."
Holtzman said there was "almost unanimous consensus in that room" that the presidents tax-cutting plan "will be positive on the technology sector."
He was seconded by Bob Herbert, former chief operating officer at Microsoft. "The best thing the government can do is get out of the way," Herbert said, predicting that Bushs inclination, when it comes to high-tech, will be to leave it alone.
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DAILY VIDEO: The FCC investigates wireless coverage cheating by telecom carriers, and IBM and...


Wake at Henry Jones and you'll likely enjoy the sight of bobbing cray boats in Hobart's working docks. It's a favourite of locals and visitors, particularly during events such as the Rolex Sydney to Hobart and The Wooden Boat Festival.
Hobart has a warm-hearted, lively wharf precinct with plenty of drinking and restaurant options. Step into the Brooke Street Pier and dine while 'floating' in the same pier that the Mona ferry departs from. Inside, try sheep's whey vodka and peruse local stalls that reflect a mini-Salamanca Market. Seafood is a must here – from the fish punts to famed Mures. No need to wander far for the latest catch.


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Home > IBFD-Profiles > Carlos E. Weffe
Carlos E. Weffe
Prof. Dr Carlos E. Weffe is Managing Editor of the Global Tax Treaty Commentaries (GTTC) and Scientific Coordinator of the Observatory on the Protection of Taxpayers' Rights (OPTR). He obtained his law degree from Andrés Bello Catholic University, in Caracas, and holds an LLM in Tax Law and a PhD in Law from the Central University of Venezuela. From 2016-2017, he was a postdoctoral research fellow at IBFD.
Prior to joining IBFD, Prof. Dr Weffe was partner in a Venezuelan local firm, Associate Legal Director of Deloitte Venezuela, Legal Tax Affairs Manager of Coca-Cola FEMSA Venezuela, lawyer for Andersen Legal Venezuela and associate lawyer in a major Venezuelan local firm. In the field of public administration, he was an external advisor for the municipalities of Baruta and Chacao, General Counsel for the Municipality of Chacao Tax Administration and Counsel for the Municipal Attorney General's Office of the municipalities of Chacao (Miranda State) and Libertador (Federal District), also in Venezuela. Prof. Dr Weffe also has experience as a commercial arbitrator at the Venezuelan-American Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VenAmCham) Arbitration Centre, and he has served as an expert witness regarding tax matters in ICSID international investment arbitration.
Prof. Dr Weffe is a tenured associate professor in the department of Public Finance (Budgetary and Tax Law) (of which he served as head from 2010-2016), professor of Human Rights and Taxation in the PhD in Law and professor of Criminal Tax Law in the LLM in Tax Law at the Central University of Venezuela. In addition, Prof. Dr Weffe is professor of Tax Law at Monteávila University, where he is also the director of the Centre for Financial and Tax Law Studies. He has taught undergraduate and graduate courses in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Criminal Tax Law, Procedural Tax Law and International Tax Law at Andrés Bello Catholic University, the Metropolitan University, the Institute of Higher Administration Studies (IESA), the Catholic University of Táchira, Fermín Toro University and the National University Institute of Public Administration and Treasury (ENAHP-IUT).
Prof. Dr Weffe is a member of the Latin American Tax Law Institute (ILADT) (as a member of its Executive Board (Directorio) from 2014-2016), the Panamanian Financial and Tax Law Association (APADEFT), the Mexican Academy of Tax Law (AMDF) and the Venezuelan Tax Law Association (AVDT) (as a member of its Executive Board (Consejo Directivo) from 2007-2009 and 2011-2017, and as the coordinator of the Criminal Tax Law Committee from 2008-2010). He is a member of the editorial board of the Tax Topics Collection of the Panamerican University (Mexico) and of the Research and Legal Advice Electronic Review and the Faculty of Law Review of Andrés Bello Catholic University. From 2014-2017, Prof. Dr Weffe was the scientific coordinator of the Liber Amicorum: Homage to Gabriel Ruan Santos, an AVDT publication that deals with current trends in tax law and administrative law in Venezuela and, from 2007-2009, he was a member of the editorial board of the Venezuelan Tax Law Journal. He has lectured extensively at conferences in Venezuela and abroad. He has been National Technical Communicator or National Reporter for Venezuela, as well as a speaker in a number of seminars, at multiple ILADT Conferences since 2008.
Prof. Dr Weffe has authored three books and has published several papers and book chapters on tax law, constitutional tax law, criminal tax law, tax procedures, constitutional law, philosophy of law and legal theory. His book Penal Guarantees and Tax Law in Venezuela (Garantismo y Derecho Penal Tributario en Venezuela) was awarded the 2011 Annual Award of the Academy of Political and Social Sciences of Venezuela, the most important legal research award in the country. Two of his essays presented for promotion in the professorial ranks of the Central University of Venezuela, one regarding tax fraud in VAT and the other on the relationship between criminal law and tax law, were awarded Honourable Mentions by the jury. His academic work has also received two Honourable Mentions (in 2004 and 2005) for the Marco Ramírez Murzi Award, granted by the Venezuelan Association of Tax Law for excellence in academic research in tax law.
Prof. Dr Weffe is fluent in Spanish and English, and he has a basic knowledge of German.
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The TREC SOP requires that you render an opinion as to the performance of the foundation.
What is a performance opinion?
I am regularly surprised, when reading the foundation section of reports by TREC inspectors, how often the report fails to state an opinion of how well or poorly the foundation is performing. Let's start with a definition straight from the TREC SOP.
Achievement of an operation, function or configuration relative to accepted industry practices standards with consideration of age and normal wear and tear from ordinary use.
What is the function of a slab foundation on expansive soils?
The main function of any foundation is to transfer the load from the building and the foundation to the supporting soil without excessive foundation settlement. This is rarely a problem with expansive soils. The soils are too strong and the loads are too light.
Expansive soils present a design consideration that is unique to expansive soils. When a slab foundation is placed, moisture begins to accumulate in the supporting soil. This makes the soil swell, especially in the middle area of the slab. This causes the slab to tilt and to bend into a tilted mound shape. As the slab bends, it causes distress in the house structure typically in the form of diagonal drywall cracks, stair-stepped cracks in the brick veneer, sloping first story floors and door issues.


← Inchcock – Wednesday 6th February 2019: Stuck indoors day, started fairly good, ended badly. Hey-Ho!
You may be possessed by a spirit that got lodged in your left knee when the fluids shifted. Without a long hobble about, you might not have exercised enough to exorcise the spirit. That sour puss in your knee, may well be causing a lot of your problems of late. At least you made it out into the rain, and over to the socialization HQ for some abuse that the wicked sour puss spirit in your knee helped you to forget. Artfully arranged dinner.
Well worked out, Tim. Wormhole slipping through a tear in the fabric in the space/time continuum to the flat – Weevil invasion – Aliens and now Ghostly spirits attack! Hehe!
Worried about the memory blanks now Sir. They seem to betting more frequent, if I remember right. Tsk!
That's another thing, I keep struggling even with good meals to eat them all… even that slapped on a dish nibble, although artisticalyy as you say, wasn't all eaten. I suppose I could have fallen asleep, but who knows? Humph!


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Oral history interview with Nicholas Brigante, 1964 May 25
Brigante, N.P., 1895-1989
Format: Originally recorded on 1 sound tape reel. Reformatted in 2010 as 1 digital wav file. Duration is 41 min.
Summary: An interview of Nicholas Brigante conducted 1964 May 25, by Betty Hoag for the Archives of American Art.
Brigante speaks of his work on the watercolor easel project for the Federal Art Project; his background and the influence of Chinese painting; his association with the Los Angeles Art Students League; other artists involved in the project; the project's effect on the community, and on the careers of artists. He recalls Ben Berlin, Val Costello and Stanton Macdonald-Wright.
Nicholas P. Brigante (1895-1989) was a painter in Los Angeles, California.
This interview conducted as part of the Archives of American Art's New Deal and the Arts project, which includes over 400 interviews of artists, administrators, historians, and others involved with the federal government's art programs and the activities of the Farm Security Administration in the 1930s and early 1940s.
Transcript: microfilm reel 3418 available at Archives of American Art offices and through interlibrary loan.
Quotes and excerpts must be cited as follows: Oral history interview with Nicholas Brigante, 1964 May 25. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
McGlynn, Betty Lochrie Hoag, 1914-2002
Macdonald-Wright, Stanton
Berlin, Ben
Costello, Val
Federal Art Project (Calif.)
New Deal and the Arts Oral History Project
Federal aid to the arts


text:
Bénestroff (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

 Official website

Communes of Moselle (department)
Three Bishoprics

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