text:
Why Respected Screen Veterans Are Following Liam Neeson's Footsteps
More and more top-notch dramatic thespians are pulling a Liam Neeson and transforming themselves into action stars in middle age. Is this who we want to blow s**t up?
Andrew Romano
Updated Jul. 12, 2017 12:55PM ET / Published Feb. 28, 2014 5:45AM ET
Francois G. Durand/WireImage,Francois G. Durand
Once upon a time, when a man who had just celebrated his 50th birthday was forced to perform daring feats of physical heroism by circumstances beyond his control—a mulleted, wild-eyed Mel Gibson, for instance—it was reasonable for him to respond that he was "getting too old for this shit." Not anymore. These days it seems like no one in Hollywood is too old to be an action star. When Lethal Weapon premiered on March 6, 1987, Danny Glover, who played aging cop Roger Murtaugh, was only 40. In today's market he'd be considered an infant.
Critics have already commented on the rise of the Geri-Action Movie: "gun-filled punch-'em-ups with stars in their fifties and sixties." But for a long time these films weren't all that unique. They tended to feature older actors who'd spent their entire careers shooting bad guys and blowing stuff up: Bruce Willis in A Good Day to Die Hard; Sylvester Stallone (67), Jean-Claude Van Damme (53), Arnold Schwarzenegger (66) and the rest of the cast of The Expendables. Sure, there were more wrinkles. And more Botox. And more jokes about arthritis. But Willis starring in A Good Day to Die Hard at 58 isn't all that different from, say, Clint Eastwood starring in In the Line of Fire at 63 back in 1993. Action stars age. That's never stopped them from being action stars.
But over the past few years something has shifted in Hollywood. Now actors who weren't action stars in their youth are suddenly morphing into action stars in middle-age. The trend began in 2008 with Taken, a Luc Besson-Pierre Morel action thriller starring Liam Neeson as a former CIA operative in search of his kidnapped daughter. It received mixed reviews but surprised studio executives by raking in $227 million worldwide—ten times as much as it cost to make. Taken 2 followed in 2012; Taken 3 was announced earlier this month.
Neeson's career was transformed. In an earlier age, he'd been known for prestige performances in Oscar-caliber dramas such Schindler's List, Kinsey, and Michael Collins. But suddenly an entire B-genre sprung up to serve Neeson's new sexagenarian action persona. Think Unknown. Or The Grey. Or next year's Run All Night. The genre even has a name at this point: Neesploitation.
For now, Neeson remains the undisputed king of the mid-life action conversion. But other pedigreed thespians have recently begun to nip at his heels: Sean Penn in The Gunman; Denzel Washington in Book of Eli, Unstoppable, and Safe House; Clive Owen and Morgan Freeman in The Last Knights. This weekend, meanwhile, Neeson faces his most direct challenge yet when Non-Stop (a thriller in which Neeson's grieving, alcoholic air marshal is framed for hijacking the plane he's trying to rescue), goes head to head with 3 Days to Kill (a thriller in which Kevin Costner's absentee spy-dad struggles to reconnect with his teenage daughter while hunting down a German arms dealer)
Why are aging dramatic actors suddenly flocking to action movies? Why is Hollywood so eager to keep churning out Neesploitation flicks (with or without Neeson)? I have my own theories about this, but I decided that to really get to the bottom of things, I had to consult an expert. The expert, actually. Which is why on a recent Tuesday morning I gave Joel Silver a call.
Silver, it turns out, is the producer responsible for most of the movies mentioned above. Lethal Weapon. The Gunman. The Book of Eli. Unknown. Even Non-Stop. When it comes to action, he knows of what he speaks.
The sense I got from talking to Silver is that the Neesification of action movies is all about the audience. Or audiences, to be more exact. As recently as the 1990s, moviegoers generally agreed on what they liked to watch: certain stars, certain genres, certain formulas. But the Internet basically killed the monoculture. Today, everyone is a demographic; everything is a niche. So the studios simply can't rely on the same mass audience they used to. "For many, many years, the young male audience was driving the action movies," Silver explained. "And now they've found a lot of other outlets. I have a 12-year-old son. He'd rather be playing video games that going to the movies."
This kind of fragmentation has forced Hollywood to cultivate two smaller action markets—young males on one side, older males on the other—where one big action market used to be. Young males who came of age after the decline and fall of the monoculture don't have the same attachment to individual movie stars as their predecessors, which is why none of the recent Next Big Thing action stars—Taylor Kitsch, Henry Cavill, Chris Pine, Chris Hemsworth, Chris Evans, and so on—have really become old-fashioned box-office draws in and of themselves. (Q: When was the last time you heard someone say, "You've gotta see the new Chris Pine movie"? A: Never.) Instead, Hollywood uses these post-monoculture action heroes almost interchangeably—as figurines dropped into "a superhero film, franchise-starter, or sci-fi blockbuster where concept and brand outshine the leading man" because for young viewers concepts and brands carry far more weight than marquee names. Superman puts 18-year-old bodies in seats. Henry Cavill does not.
More mature moviegoers are different; they're still attached to certain monocultural stars. "I've worked with Denzel Washington, Sean Penn, and Liam Neeson on action movies," Silver says. "The reality is that the older male audience is happy to see these guys on screen. They want to see more established, well-thought-of actors in roles that have a little more action orientation." And so, Hollywood has reverse engineered another kind of action movie to cater to these older stars—and the viewers who follow them.
The rules are simple.
First, the Neesonesque action hero must convey some semblance of hard-earned depth, which helps older viewers identify. "A lot of Non-Stop focuses on Liam's face, and for that you want an actor who can convey what he needs to convey," Silver told me. "That he's a troubled character. That he has issues. I mean, the movie starts with a depressed, morose guy sitting in a car drinking booze out of a coffee cup that he's stirring with his toothbrush. They see him thinking. They see him trying to figure it out. And they go along with him."
In other words, it's easier to seem believably beleaguered if you don't look like a little boy?
"Right."
Second, older audiences have become accustomed to the twists and turns of dark television drama, which in many ways have replaced moviegoing for the 30-, 40-, and 50-something set. So don't treat them like idiots. "The word that we're hearing a lot in our research is predictability vs. unpredictability," Silver explained. "You watch shows like House of Cards or The Walking Dead and you don't know where they're going. And a lot of younger action films tend to be predictable. You know what's going to happen. Audiences are a little sick of that."
Finally, mix things up. "There's an old expression in Hollywood about dust actors and rug actors," Silver continued. "Cary Grant was the greatest rug actor of all time, which means he would do scenes inside. Interiors on a rug. Other actors like John Wayne or Gary Cooper, these guys were dust actors—actors who would play roles outside, in the dust, on horses, with a gun. But with certain older actors like, say, Robert Downey, Jr., you can do both at once. Sherlock Holmes is a rug film with a lot of dust action."
In the coming years, the Neesification of action movies will likely continue. In fact, I'm betting it will intensify. After all, young people aren't flocking to theaters the way they once did, and the last of the monocultural stars aren't getting any younger.
A few weeks ago, I attended an advance screening of 3 Days to Kill. Right before the movie started, a woman in her 50s sat down next to me. She asked if I was a journalist. I said yes. She looked as if she had something she wanted to confess. "Here's the thing," she finally said. "I've gotten to the age where I don't know the names up on the movie posters anymore." She paused as the lights began to dim. "That's why I was excited to see the words 'Kevin Costner' up there the other day," she told me. "At last—a name I recognize!"


text:
Reports: FCA sees Ford, Toyota, VW as possible partners
Marchionne's comments come one day after Fiat chairman John Elkann touted the benefits of a merger with a major automaker.
Brent Snavely
Fiat Chrysler CEO Sergio Marchionne is once again dialing up speculation about an eventual merger with a major automaker even though it doesn't appear he is in serious discussions with any company.
Marchionne told reporters in Amsterdam earlier today that he sees Ford, Toyota and Volkswagen as potential partners for a "big" auto-industry merger, according to reports from Bloomberg News and Reuters.
Marchionne has been talking about inevitable need for consolidation in the global automotive industry for more than a year. Last year, Marchionne tried to force General Motors into merger discussions but was rejected by the automaker several times.
"The door has never been closed. The need to consolidate does not go away," Marchionne told reporters Friday in Amsterdam, according to Reuters as investors gathered for Fiat Chrysler's annual shareholder meeting.
Marchionne's comments came just one day after John Elkann, who is chairman of Fiat and chairman of Exor, touted the benefits of a merger with a major automaker in a letter sent to Exor shareholders. Exor is FCA's largest shareholder.
Still, a deal between FCA and another automaker is far from imminent.
"As we consistently have said, Ford has no plan or interest other than to continue to accelerate our One Ford plan, deliver product excellence and drive innovation in every part of our business," Ford said in a statement.
A spokesman for Toyota declined to comment.
Marchionne said any transaction that takes place will not occur until after the company's five-year strategic plan is completed in 2018.
"Someone else would have to carry it out," Marchionne, 63, said according to Bloomberg.
Marchionne has said he plans to retire from FCA after 2018.
On Thursday, Elkann, the great-grandson of the founder of Fiat, told Exor shareholders that FCA believes it could save $10 billion annually in a merger with one of the industry's "big guys."
Exor, an investment fund based in Italy and controlled by the automaker's founding Agnelli family, owns 29% of FCA.
Contact Brent Snavely: 313-222-6512 or bsnavely@freepress.com. Follow him on Twitter @BrentSnavely.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
// fstext/determinize-lattice-test.cc

// Copyright 2009-2011  Microsoft Corporation

// See ../../COPYING for clarification regarding multiple authors
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// THIS CODE IS PROVIDED *AS IS* BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
// KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY IMPLIED
// WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF TITLE, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
// MERCHANTABLITY OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
// See the Apache 2 License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

#include "fstext/determinize-lattice.h"
#include "fstext/lattice-utils.h"
#include "fstext/fst-test-utils.h"
#include "base/kaldi-math.h"

namespace fst {

void TestLatticeStringRepository() {
  typedef int32 IntType;

  LatticeStringRepository<IntType> sr;
  typedef LatticeStringRepository<IntType>::Entry Entry;

  for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
    int len = kaldi::Rand() % 5;
    vector<IntType> str(len), str2(kaldi::Rand() % 4);
    const Entry *e = NULL;
    for(int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
      str[i] = kaldi::Rand() % 5;
      e = sr.Successor(e, str[i]);
    }
    sr.ConvertToVector(e, &str2);
    assert(str == str2);

    int len2 = kaldi::Rand() % 5;
    str2.resize(len2);
    const Entry *f = sr.EmptyString(); // NULL
    for(int i = 0; i < len2; i++) {
      str2[i] = kaldi::Rand() % 5;
      f = sr.Successor(f, str2[i]);
    }
    vector<IntType> prefix, prefix2(kaldi::Rand() % 10),
        prefix3;
    for(int i = 0; i < len && i < len2; i++) {
      if (str[i] == str2[i]) prefix.push_back(str[i]);
      else break;
    }
    const Entry *g = sr.CommonPrefix(e, f);
    sr.ConvertToVector(g, &prefix2);
    sr.ConvertToVector(e, &prefix3);
    sr.ReduceToCommonPrefix(f, &prefix3);
    assert(prefix == prefix2);
    assert(prefix == prefix3);
    assert(sr.IsPrefixOf(g, e));
    assert(sr.IsPrefixOf(g, f));
    if (str.size() > prefix.size())
      assert(!sr.IsPrefixOf(e, g));
  }
}

// test that determinization proceeds correctly on general
// FSTs (not guaranteed determinzable, but we use the
// max-states option to stop it getting out of control).
template<class Arc> void TestDeterminizeLattice() {
  typedef typename Arc::Weight Weight;
  typedef int32 Int;
  typedef ArcTpl<CompactLatticeWeightTpl<Weight, Int> > CompactArc;

  for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
    RandFstOptions opts;
    opts.n_states = 4;
    opts.n_arcs = 10;
    opts.n_final = 2;
    opts.allow_empty = false;
    opts.weight_multiplier = 0.5; // impt for the randomly generated weights
    // to be exactly representable in float,
    // or this test fails because numerical differences can cause symmetry in
    // weights to be broken, which causes the wrong path to be chosen as far
    // as the string part is concerned.

    VectorFst<Arc> *fst = RandFst<Arc>();
    std::cout << "FST before lattice-determinizing is:\n";
    {
#ifdef HAVE_OPENFST_GE_10400
      FstPrinter<Arc> fstprinter(*fst, NULL, NULL, NULL, false, true, "\t");
#else
      FstPrinter<Arc> fstprinter(*fst, NULL, NULL, NULL, false, true);
#endif
      fstprinter.Print(&std::cout, "standard output");
    }
    VectorFst<Arc> det_fst;
    try {
      DeterminizeLatticeOptions lat_opts;
      lat_opts.max_mem = 100;

      if (!DeterminizeLattice<TropicalWeight, int32>(*fst, &det_fst, lat_opts, NULL))
        throw std::runtime_error("could not determinize");
      std::cout << "FST after lattice-determinizing is:\n";
      {
#ifdef HAVE_OPENFST_GE_10400
        FstPrinter<Arc> fstprinter(det_fst, NULL, NULL, NULL, false, true, "\t");
#else
        FstPrinter<Arc> fstprinter(det_fst, NULL, NULL, NULL, false, true);
#endif
        fstprinter.Print(&std::cout, "standard output");
      }
      assert(det_fst.Properties(kIDeterministic, true) & kIDeterministic);
      // OK, now determinize it a different way and check equivalence.
      // [note: it's not normal determinization, it's taking the best path
      // for any input-symbol sequence....
      VectorFst<CompactArc> compact_fst, compact_det_fst;
      ConvertLattice<Weight, Int>(*fst, &compact_fst, false);
      std::cout << "Compact FST is:\n";
      {
#ifdef HAVE_OPENFST_GE_10400
        FstPrinter<CompactArc> fstprinter(compact_fst, NULL, NULL, NULL, false, true, "\t");
#else
        FstPrinter<CompactArc> fstprinter(compact_fst, NULL, NULL, NULL, false, true);
#endif
        fstprinter.Print(&std::cout, "standard output");
      }
      if (kaldi::Rand() % 2 == 1)
        ConvertLattice<Weight, Int>(det_fst, &compact_det_fst, false);
      else
        if (!DeterminizeLattice<TropicalWeight, int32>(*fst, &compact_det_fst, lat_opts, NULL))
          throw std::runtime_error("could not determinize");

      std::cout << "Compact version of determinized FST is:\n";
      {
#ifdef HAVE_OPENFST_GE_10400
        FstPrinter<CompactArc> fstprinter(compact_det_fst, NULL, NULL, NULL, false, true, "\t");
#else
        FstPrinter<CompactArc> fstprinter(compact_det_fst, NULL, NULL, NULL, false, true);
#endif
        fstprinter.Print(&std::cout, "standard output");
      }

      assert(RandEquivalent(compact_det_fst, compact_fst, 5/*paths*/, 0.01/*delta*/, kaldi::Rand()/*seed*/, 100/*path length, max*/));
    } catch (...) {
      std::cout << "Failed to lattice-determinize this FST (probably not determinizable)\n";
    }
    delete fst;
  }
}

// test that determinization proceeds correctly on acyclic FSTs
// (guaranteed determinizable in this sense).
template<class Arc> void TestDeterminizeLattice2() {
  RandFstOptions opts;
  opts.acyclic = true;
  for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
    VectorFst<Arc> *fst = RandFst<Arc>(opts);
    std::cout << "FST before lattice-determinizing is:\n";
    {
#ifdef HAVE_OPENFST_GE_10400
      FstPrinter<Arc> fstprinter(*fst, NULL, NULL, NULL, false, true, "\t");
#else
      FstPrinter<Arc> fstprinter(*fst, NULL, NULL, NULL, false, true);
#endif
      fstprinter.Print(&std::cout, "standard output");
    }
    VectorFst<Arc> ofst;
    DeterminizeLattice<TropicalWeight, int32>(*fst, &ofst);
    std::cout << "FST after lattice-determinizing is:\n";
    {
#ifdef HAVE_OPENFST_GE_10400
      FstPrinter<Arc> fstprinter(ofst, NULL, NULL, NULL, false, true, "\t");
#else
      FstPrinter<Arc> fstprinter(ofst, NULL, NULL, NULL, false, true);
#endif
      fstprinter.Print(&std::cout, "standard output");
    }
    delete fst;
  }
}

} // end namespace fst

int main() {
  using namespace fst;
  TestLatticeStringRepository();
  TestDeterminizeLattice<StdArc>();
  TestDeterminizeLattice2<StdArc>();
  std::cout << "Tests succeeded\n";
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This is a 2.43 mi Hike in Gastonia, NC, United States. The Hike has a total ascent of 57.52 ft and has a maximum elevation of 774.67 ft. This route was created by BrettR160 on 11/24/2013. View other Hikes that BrettR160 has done or find similar maps in Gastonia.


– This work has a despairing yet hopeful character.
Jenn Gillan: Great listing the character up the top. Makes it clear from the very start.
– The vocalist uses legato articulation to create a smooth sound, with predominantly softly spoken lyrics. This enhances the flow of the work and its hopeful nature.
Jenn Gillan: You might need to go into a bit more detail with this. Legato is fine, but you might want to talk about how particular notes start and finish. See page 132 of my book "Listening beyond hearing 3rd edition" for common vocal articulations that might help you be more specific.
– The piano line has uses the sustain pedal throughout the work, which has a similar effect to the aforementioned legato articulation of the vocal.
Jenn Gillan: Good mentioning reasons for articulation (ie use of the pedal) but again, you might want some more detail here.
– Accenting of negative words by the vocalist, such as "never" and "darkness" make them more prominent, which emphasises the despair.
Jenn Gillan: HOW are they accented? Is there a particular technique used?
– The aspirate tone that is used by the vocalist creates a breathy sound, creating a sense of the despair in the work.
Jenn Gillan: When mentioning tone colour it can be good to give reasons for a particular tone colour – for example, at a lower/higher register etc.
– The warm tone colour of the female vocalist is as a result of the comfortable range.
Jenn Gillan: You read my mind! Better.
The lack of strain from the vocals ensures that the piece can sustain the hopeful character.
– In addition, the piano line is played in a similarly comfortable mid-range, leading to a mellow tone colour that mixes well with the tone of the vocals to once again enhance the hopeful character.
Jenn Gillan: Overall some good points made. More needed on each topic and try to really hone in on the detail of how notes start and finish when it comes to articulation. Mention trends and patterns of articulation and deal with particular sections that stick out. Mention reasons for changes, both in articulation and in tone colour.


Medicare, Medicaid, and the Delivery System SLP Assignment Expectations Please watch this short video: Medicaid Managed Care https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JsYkDW8va5w For the Module 4 SLP, conduct some preliminary research on the Medicaid managed care plans in your state, Louisiana. Write a 4- to 5-page paper answering the following questions: 1.Find out the enrollment rate of Medicaid managed care plans in your state and compare it to the national Medicaid managed care penetration rate. 2.What types of Medicaid managed care plans are offered in your state Louisiana (e.g., MCO, PCCM, or others)? What is the share of enrollees for each of these managed care plans in your state's overall Medicaid-managed system? 3.What are the payment arrangements for these different types of managed care plans? Explain how providers are reimbursed and whether beneficiaries need to pay cost sharing and at what level.


text:
Football 17:56, 06-Jan-2023
Man United manager ten Hag says Jadon Sancho is working hard to return
Jadon Sancho of Manchester United looks on in the Premier League game against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge in London, England, October 22, 2022. /CFP
Erik ten Hag, manager of Manchester United, said Jadon Sancho, the 22-year-old English winger of the club, is trying to overcome both physical and mental issues before he can return to action on the field.
It cost United as much as 85 million euros (about $89.5 million) in 2021 to acquire Sancho from Borussia Dortmund. However, he only scored five goals and three assists in 38 games during the 2021-22 campaign. This season, he only made 14 appearances for the "Red Devils."
Sancho missed United's training camp in Spain during the FIFA World Cup in November and December. He participated in an individual training program in the Netherlands instead.
"In this moment he is not fit enough," ten Hag said at a press conference on Thursday. "It's physical, but physical is also the connection with mental. But I think he is now making good progress on the physical part and that will help him. I hope he can return quickly but I can't say a duration of how long it will be."
Erik ten Hag, manager of Manchester United looks on during the Premier League game against Bournemouth at Old Trafford in Manchester, England, January 3, 2023. /CFP
Premier League restarted earlier than all of the other four major European leagues – La Liga, Serie A, Ligue 1 and Bundesliga – after the World Cup ended and scheduled tighter fixtures for the clubs. Having parted ways with Cristiano Ronaldo, United wants to sign another striker and needs Sancho to return as soon as possible, but ten Hag doesn't want to rush him.
"I would like to have Jadon back as soon as possible. But also in this, I can't force this process and so I will do everything that's in my power but some processes you can't force and this is one of them," ten Hag said. "So I have also to show patience, although I don't have the patience because yeah, you are right, we have a lack of opportunities in the frontline, players who are available and capable to contribute in the Premier League."
United have secured three straight wins since the Premier League resumed and currently rank fourth on the standings table. They will play the leader Manchester City at Old Trafford on January 14.


'The Jane' bikini bottoms from Solid & Striped. Crafted from stretch, Italian fabric and cut for a close fit with moderate coverage, the low-rise briefs feature a self-tie fastening to each side that allow for an adjustable fit. Complete with a vertical stripe design.


The holiday season has arrived and one of the main features of Christmas is the Christmas Tree! Whether you decorate yours the day before Thanksgiving, or on December 24, here's a list of Christmas Tree Farms and lots in Columbus and the surrounding areas. Make a day of it of it at one of these Christmas Tree Farms or tree lots, take some photos, and have a blast decorating with family or friends. Most Christmas Tree Farms open during Thanksgiving weekend!
NOTE: Please check the links to verify that the Christmas tree farm is still open before you go. As it gets closer to Christmas, some farms will stop operations early if they sell the allotted amount of trees for the season. This ensures they will have enough mature trees for the following season.
Open: Weekends only, Saturday and Sunday 8 am to 5:00 pm, beginning November 17 through December 9. Close out sale – they will be closing the business when trees sell out over the next year or two.
Price: All you-cut trees are $25 for the close out sale. Some trees may be mowed and shaped.
Price: All cut-your-own trees are $30, tree stands for $5 and tree removal bags for $1.
Extras: Saws and baling provided.
Varieties: Scotch Pine, White Pine, Canaan Fir with red tags in field. Fraser Fir is available pre-cut.
Extras: Hand saws, sleds, tree shaking, drilling, and tree bags provided. Free greenery, candy canes, and a warm fire. Also selling holiday gifts, warm drinks, and tree stands. Dogs welcome on a leash.
Extras: For 2018, it will be cut and bale yourself, as they are scaling back.
Fly-A-Way Farm, 1950 Lackey-Old State Road, Delaware, OH 43015. Phone: 740-548-7355.
Extras: Hand saws, hay rides to and from field, tree shaking and baling provided. Assistance provided for those needing help with cutting. Free hot chocolate and homemade sugar cookies around a wood fire. Well-behaved pets welcome. Drilled tree stands available for purchase; drilling is included. Wreaths and pine roping available for sale. Photo sessions can be scheduled for a fee year round; see details.
Open: Monday-Saturday 9 am to 5 pm, Sunday 1 pm to 5 pm. (hours from 2016). Opening date for 2018 is likely November 23.
Open: November 23 at 9 am – dark, Saturday 9-dark, Sunday noon-dark. Then Monday-Friday 3pm-dark, Saturday 9am-dark, Sunday noon-dark. Christmas Eve we will be open noon-dark. Best selection within the first 2 weeks.
Varieties: You-Choose and You-Cut varieties: Norway Spruce, Scotch Pine, White Pine. None available over 8 feet for 2018.
Price: Prices start at $35; cash or check.
Extras: Saw and tree tying provided. Gift shop and refreshment available.
Varieties: Spruce and Scotch Pine, from 3ft – 15ft.
Extras: Saws provided. Wagon hayride to the trees. Well-behaved pets welcome.
Open: Opens the November 23; Monday through Friday 12 pm to dark; Weekends 9 am to dark.
Extras: Saws, tree shaking and tying provided. Free hot chocolate, cider, and treats available.
Varieties: Blue Spruce, Canaan Fir, Douglas Fir, Eastern White Pine, Fraser Fir, Norway Spruce, White Pine, White Spruce.
Extras: Free Hot Cocoa and Cookies for children, Hay wagon rides (depending on weather).
Open: Friday, November 23-25 and Dec. 1-2 and 8-9 from 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.
Extras: Saws, sled, baling provided. Take a family photo at the caboose!
Open: Monday to Friday 4 p.m. to 8pm, Saturday 10 to 8, Sunday 12 to 8.
Varieties: You-Choose and You-Cut varieties: Canaan Fir, Colorado Blue Spruce, Eastern White Pine, Norway Spruce, Serbian Spruce, Scotch Pine. PreCut varieties: Canaan Fir, Scotch Pine.
Extras: Hand saws and sled, shaking and baling provided. Christmas Barn with Wreaths, Ornaments, Crafts, Gifts, Candy, Cookies, and Hot Beverages. Leashed pets welcome. Dug and balled trees available.
Hickory Ridge Tree Farm, 3600 Johnstown Alexandria Road, Johnstown, OH. Phone: (740) 924-5054.
Varieties: Blue Spruce, Norway Spruce, White Pine, Scotch Pines, Canaan Fir, Fraser Fir. Dug trees available.
Extras: Hand saws, baling, and tying provided. Free greenery.
Varieties and Price: $40 White Pine, $40 Scotch Pine; Norway Spruce, Canaan Fir & Colorado Blue Spruce are $55 up to 7ft & 7ft+ $70. Pre-cut available.
Extras: Saws, sleds, tree bags, shaking, and baling provided. Free trimmings. Gift shop, refreshments, wagon rides to the field, food trailer. Tree drilling $3 or free will purchase of a drill stand.
Legend Hills Orchard, 11335 Reynolds Road, Utica, OH 43080. Phone: 740-892-3832.
Open: Mon-Sat 9-5, Sunday 10-5, beginning Thanksgiving weekend.
Messerall Family Farm, 4488 Hardscrabble Road, Alexandria, OH. Phone: (740) 924-8495.
Varieties: White Pine, Canaan Fir, Blue Spruce. Cut your own, pre cut, and living trees available. 12+ foot trees available.
Price: Varies. We offer a 10% military discount for active duty military.
Mr Tree Farm, 1099 Reynoldsburg New Albany Road, Blacklick, OH 43004. Phone: 614-577-0081.
Open: Sunday to Thursday from 10 am to 7 pm; Friday and Saturday from 9 am to 9 pm; Cut your own closes at dark each day (fresh cut trees is open until closing); We open the weekend before Thanksgiving until the end of the season.
Varieties: Austrian Pine, Balsam Fir, Black Hills Spruce, Blue Spruce, Canaan Fir, Colorado Blue Spruce, Douglas Fir, Fraser Fir, Norway Spruce, Scotch Pine, White Fir (Concolor Fir), White Pine, White Spruce.
PreCut varieties: Balsam Fir, Blue Spruce, Canaan Fir, Colorado Blue Spruce, Douglas Fir, Fraser Fir, Scotch Pine, White Pine.
Living, rooted tree varieties: Blue Spruce, White Pine, White Spruce. Over 20,000 trees!
Extras: Hand saws provided with id or credit card as security, shaking and baling provided. Weekends offer winter hayrides, Santa's workshop, family petting zoo, hot chocolate and hot spiced cider. Santa is often available on weekends. Check out the Authentic C & O Railroad Caboose. Also selling wreaths, boughs, garlands, and concessions.
Open: Open the day after Thanksgiving from 12-5 on Sunday and 9-5 on Saturday.
Varieties and Price: Fraser Fir: $45.00, Blue Spruce: $30.00, White Pine: $25.00. Cut your own and pre-cut. Table top and tall trees available.
Price: $20+. Charlie Brown trees available for $6-$19 are trees of irregular shape and size.
Extras: Shaking, baling, and bags provided. Wreaths, roping, gift shop, refreshments, farm tours, and heated lodge. Food service, roaring hearth and Santa and Mrs. Claus make appearances for photos on weekends (see schedule).
Open: Open on Friday, November 23. Hours are Monday to Saturday 10 am to 5 pm, Sunday Noon to 5 pm.
Price: $60 for cut your own. Pre-cut are $10-$60.
Extras: Saw provided. Wreaths, roping, crafts, and personalized ornaments available. Baling costs extra.
Open: Friday through Sunday from 9am to 5pm, other times by appointment.
Varieties and Prices: You-cut White Pine $4 per foot Canaan & Fraser Fir $6 per foot Blue Spruce $7 per foot. Cash or check.
Varieties and Prices: Huge selection of pre-cut and live trees priced from $10.99.
Extras: Experience the season events going on through the whole holiday season including photos with Santa, breakfast with Santa, Horse drawn carriages, holiday decor and gifts, reindeer, live music, free refreshments, and more. See holiday flyer for details.
Open: 9am to 9pm Monday through Saturday and 9am to 6 pm on Sunday; Open from November 19 until Christmas Eve.
Varieties: Precut Christmas trees; Fraser Fir, Scotch Pine.
Varieties: Live fresh cut trees, prices started at $25 in 2017.
Extras: Christmas wreaths, garlands, trees tied, trees baled, Fresh eggs, meat, cheese, and more.
Varieties and Price: Varies by tree and size.


Agrylin is the trade name of a prescription drug containing anagrelide as the active component. Agrylin is used in the treatment of certain blood disorders (cancer) such as thrombocythemia, which develops as a result of bone marrow producing too many platelets. Agrylin reduces the number of platelets, which, when left unchecked, can lead to problems such as poor circulation. In turn, this can lead to blood clots and possibly bleeding problems. It is manufactured by Shire Pharmaceuticals. It is available in a strength of 0.5mg in an opaque capsule.
The active ingredient in Agrylin is called anagrelide. The actual mechanism by which Agrylin works is unknown, but it is thought to work by blocking the production of platelets by the bone marrow; hence, reducing the number of platelets in the body.
Agrylin is mainly used in treatment of thrombocythemia, a certain blood disorder characterized by too much production of platelets by bone marrow.
The generic version of Agrylin is called anagrelide hydrochloride.
Use your medication as directed by your healthcare professional. It is recommended to take your daily dose of Agrylin at the same time every day.
Children and patients with impaired liver function may start off with a once daily dose which can be increased every week to a more tolerated dose.
Agrylin may induce some side effects, which include, but are not limited to, the list below. Report any new symptoms occurring after the use of Agrylin.
The use of Agrylin is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to anagrelide, or any of the excipients used in the formulation.
The use of Agrylin is contraindicated in patients with severe liver impairments.
Always remember to inform your doctor of any allergies or medical condition you may have, medications you are currently taking, if you are breastfeeding or pregnant, and any other important health conditions you might have.
Agrylin should be used with caution in patients with suspected or known heart diseases, only use if benefits outweigh risk.
The blood count and renal function of patients on Agrylin should be closely monitored.
Tell your doctor if you have any history of lung problems.
The use of Agrylin may cause dizziness, so do not use machinery or drive.
Always ask your doctor about other possible precautions and warnings as the list above may not be exhaustive.
Taking Agrylin with certain drugs can either potentiate their effects in the body or nullify them. Therefore, you should know the medicines you take and always remember to tell your healthcare provider and pharmacist when you are prescribed new medicine.
Do not store in a humid place (e.g. a washroom).
Keep in a closed container.
What if I overdose on Agrylin?
If you accidentally overdose on Agrylin, seek immediate medical advice or call the Poison Control Helpline at 1-800-222-1222.
What if I miss a dose of Agrylin?
Take a dose as soon as you remember; however, if you remember shortly before the next dose, only take one dose. Never double up on doses.


BUFFALO, NY – The Genesee Community College women's lacrosse team earned their second consecutive win of the season Wednesday afternoon, defeating the Erie Community College Kats 15-3.
The Cougars (2-2) got on the board quickly and often throughout their contest at West Herr Stadium in Orchard Park. For the second straight game, Lancaster native Hannah Kirisits led the way offensively for Genesee with five goals and two assists. Rachel Ladd (Mexico) scored four goals on the day with an assist. Churchville's Ashley Barclay scored two goals as did Bri Heers (Newfane). Leah Czechowski (Akron) scored a goal and added an assist and Riley Marconi (Rochester) also found the back of the net. Jenny Yuhnke (Pavilion) had an assist. Ryley O'Mara (Holley) made eight save on 11 Kats shots.


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DHCP is of 2 internal hard 1st 2nd,3rd boots are HD's. When I attempt to connect I would 300+(200-250) max output. What would a I don't think I'm looking leaving the firewall on. I'll clear it and and Asus GFX Card are gathering quite a lot of dust. When I put IDE cable, the system handy button on the back. Two partitions were showing this what is best out 13267 sunshine a good graphics card. error Cheers ok use a vacum cleaner with the router.
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Mounting kit of a 1: 2 scale model of the Galician robot Eiro.
All the pieces are manufactured with a 3D printer and, since it's an Open Source project, design files are available for free download.
This product is a good way to start getting familiar and learn about the design for 3D printing.


Global Reputation Protection Software Market Size, Status and Forecast 2019-2025; the latest report focuses on current market status, estimated forecast, growth opportunities, key market and top players.
(EMAILWIRE.COM, February 11, 2019 ) The objectives of this report is to present the Reputation Protection Software development in United States, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia, India, and Central & South America. This report helps to understand key player of the Reputation Protection Software market and analyse their development plan and strategies, this report also define, describe and forecast the Reputation Protection Software market by product type, applications and by regions.
Key companies profiled in this report are Badger, Terakeet, RepuGen, ReputationDefender, Internet Reputation, BrandYourself, Womply and more. These companies are profiled in the terms of company basic details, business overview, product knowledge, historical revenue and recent developments.


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Putin is no Longer a Geopolitical Chessmaster
Posted by Guest Author | May 4, 2018
by Pavel Baev
The end of April was extraordinarily rich in high-profile international events—and Russia was conspicuously absent from all these dynamics.
The president of South Korea and the North Korean dictator planted a pine tree of peace just to the south of the ceasefire line that still divides these two states.
French President Emmanuel Macron paid a state visit to Washington, DC (an oak tree was duly planted), and his overtly friendly talks with United States President Donald Trump on Tuesday (April 24) were followed-up by the visibly less cordial exchanges with German Chancellor Angela Merkel, who traveled the same route on Friday.
Foreign and security ministers of the G7 met in Toronto, Canada, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) held a ministerial meeting on Friday, greeting the newly confirmed US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo.
Armenian Prime Minister Serzh Sargsyan resigned under pressure from mass street protests on last week (4/30), and the peaceful rallies have continued for the whole week, preventing his successor from taking office. Russian policies and attitudes were debated in the anxious streets of Yerevan and around every diplomatic table, but the Kremlin had nothing specific to contribute to these discussions.
Of all the breaking international news, it is the turmoil in Armenia that is of crucial importance for Moscow, and not only because this small South Caucasus state is one of Russia's few allies. It is the occasion of an apparently solid regime collapsing under a sudden public uprising that sends shock waves through Moscow.
The official media had ignored the protests up to the very last moment of breakthrough (Novaya Gazeta, April 26). Evidently, the Kremlin believed that the opposition would be effectively suppressed. But Sargsyan's decision to step down rather than resort to violent force caught Russian President Vladimir Putin unprepared (Snob.ru, April 24).
The ambivalent official line now coming out of Moscow is in support of "consensus," with emphasis on all parties to the Armenian crisis to commit to preserve the alliance with Russia (RIA Novosti, April 27).
Contacts with the suddenly victorious opposition are still kept to the minimum, but Sergei Naryshkin, the chief of the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), traveled to Baku to discuss the crisis with Azerbaijan's President Ilham Aliyev (TASS, April 24).
This more-or-less friendly ruler has never hesitated to subdue domestic protests in the past; but the problem for Moscow is whether he might try to exploit the turmoil in Yerevan to launch an offensive in Karabakh (see EDM, April 24).
The theater where Russia has been demonstrating its international relevance is Syria. Indeed, it was the desire to stop the tide of revolutions that prompted Putin to launch the military intervention two and a half years ago.
The April 14 US missile strike (augmented by France and the United Kingdom) on Syria's chemical weapons program pushed Russian policy into limbo, even if the General Staff keeps arguing that most missiles missed their targets or were intercepted (Kommersant, April 26).
The vaguely outlined option for supplying Bashar al-Assad's regime with modern S-300 surface-to-air missiles is effectively nullified by Israel's signaled willingness to target this potential threat (Moskovsky komsomolets, April 24).
Meanwhile, electronic jamming of US drones and EC-130 Compass Call aircraft invites the risk of counter-cyber-attacks, which could expose Russian bases to terrorist hits (Nezavisimaya Gazeta, April 26).
The pseudo-peace process Russia has tried to promote arrived at a dead-end, and the United Nations' special envoy to Syria, Staffan de Mistura, acknowledged this, much to the disappointment of the Russian foreign ministry (Kommersant, April 27).
The most contentious issue in the Syrian deadlock is the involvement of Iran, Russia's only state ally in supporting the al-Assad regime and in condemning the US strikes—which strains ties with Israel (Russiancouncil.ru, April 19).
The Russian leadership apprehensively watched Macron and Merkel try to dissuade Trump from abandoning the nuclear deal with Iran, known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) (Nezavisimaya Gazeta, April 25).
Moscow favors preserving this deal, but the European plan envisages adding talks about Iran's regional activities—essentially meaning Syria, where every reduction of Iran's involvement would expose the Russian forces to greater risks (Kommersant, April 28).
The collapse of the nuclear agreement would deliver Russia into an even riskier predicament: the Iranian forces in Syria, along with Russian advisors and mercenaries might become targets for US and Israeli strikes, even if the de-confliction channels remain functional.
The majority of Russians express determination to maintain support for al-Assad's regime, even if it comes under direct attack by the US. But Putin—while fanning such pro-war sentiment—knows better than to take a "principled" stance in such an unequal fight (Wciom.ru, April 26).
For him, the Syrian enterprise has always been a means to make Washington take Moscow seriously—though not as a battlefield adversary (Republic.ru, April 23). This enterprise was more successful than expected.
However, with Trump not shying away from casually referencing the US military's "very very severe fight" in Syria with "Russian troops," that success has clearly turned into a vulnerability and a burden (RBC, April 19).
Neither Moscow nor Washington has a coherent strategy for managing the Syrian war, but the sequence of tactical situations leaves Russian forces stuck in an exposed position, while the initiative is grasped by other parties. Moscow cannot foresee the next US move, and preparing for the worst case is likely a hopeless task.
"Patriotic" mobilization at home yields scant additional resources, and sober Russian experts have begun questioning the outcome of overly challenging the mighty and maverick adversary in the White House (Carnegie.ru, April 26).
Even the conspiratorial minds in the Kremlin do not suspect the US's hand in the unfolding unrest in Armenia. But even if they did, it is hard to escape the conclusion that there is little Russia can do to stop this "no-color" revolution.
Passivity does not pay amidst the fluid interactions and intrigues, and nobody is missing Russia's contributions to any of the fast-evolving crises.
Over-extension—which Russia is arguably experiencing—cannot be mitigated by a pause; but a reasonable retreat is hardly in the cards, as the Kremlin registers the growth of Western resolve and monitors the street power in Yerevan.
Putin used to be a step ahead of his opponents on the international chessboard, but presently he cannot find any winning moves.
— Putin is no Longer a Geopolitical Chessmaster originally appeared at To The Point News.
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text:
C&C Group Plc Announces The Rebranding Of Its Business In Ireland
August 11, 2020 4:15 PM By Donna Ahern
C&C Group plc has announced the rebranding of its business in Ireland to combine its two main operating businesses, C&C Gleeson and Bulmers Limited, under the unified trading name of Bulmers Ireland.
The rebranding of the two businesses came into effect on 1 August 2020.
Trading as Bulmers Ireland, the company said that its objective is to better align its business units in Ireland under one corporate identity, which reflects the strength and standing of Bulmers, one of Ireland's most iconic brands.
'The modernisation and simplification of our business model in Ireland will support our customer base and enhance our service,' the company said in a statement.
'As we navigate the challenges of COVID-19, over the past number of months, we have listened to the changing needs of our customers,' it added, 'as those needs evolve, we aim to deliver effective solutions which add value for our customers and enhances the service we provide.'
As part of it's investment in it's digital capabilities, the group announced the launch of its new online ordering platform and customer portal system, Bulmers Direct, which customers can access from any digital device.
To support the wider hospitality industry, we have launched the LOCAL app and website www.mylocaldelivers.ie.
Bulmers Ireland explained that LOCAL connects customers with local food and drinks businesses by facilitating home deliveries, click-and-collect and on-premise table service.
LOCAL aims to support pubs, clubs, restaurants and bars looking to offer delivery or collection services but currently have no technology solution.
Transaction fees of 2% per order will be re-invested into LOCAL, with any excess income generated during 2020 being donated to healthcare charities across Ireland.
'We believe these initiatives will further enhance the customer experience with Bulmers Ireland,' it added.
© 2020 Checkout – your source for the latest Irish retail news. Article by Donna Ahern. Click sign-up to subscribe to Checkout.
C&C Gleeson
Bulmers Ireland
Bulmers Limited
Fever-Tree Expects 2023 Revenue To Jump
Pat Rigney Elected Chairperson Of Drinks Ireland
Diageo Tops Sales Estimates Helped By Premium Brands
Irish Whiskey Distilleries Attracted 677,000 Visitors In 2022


text:
VIDEO: Led Zeppelin preview official 50th anniversary book
Led Zeppelin are streaming a video preview of their upcoming book, "Led Zeppelin By Led Zeppelin", due October 9 as part of the band's 50th Anniversary celebrations.
The project is billed as the first and only official illustrated book to be produced in collaboration with the members of the band.
"Work on the official book 'Led Zeppelin by Led Zeppelin' is almost complete," said the group recently. "The images have been carefully selected and annotated throughout by Jimmy Page, Robert Plant and John Paul Jones.
"Celebrating 50 years since the band's formation, it covers the group's unparalleled musical career and features photographs of Led Zeppelin on and offstage from their very first moments together. This definitive 400-page volume includes previously unpublished photos, artwork from the Led Zeppelin archives and contributions from photographers around the world.
"There will be regular updates and sneak previews showing the work in progress. Stay tuned"
Led Zeppelin will launch their 50th anniversary with the reissue of multiple remastered editions of the soundtrack to the concert film, "The Song Remains The Same."
The group's July 1973 performances at New York's Madison Square Garden were recorded for the concert film and its companion soundtrack album, which were issued together in 1976.
Due September 7, the project arrives 50 years to the date of the legendary band's first live show – as The New Yardbirds – at the Gladsaxe Teen Club in Gladsaxe, Denmark in 1968.
Led Zeppelin stream The Ocean from Song Remains The Same reissue
Led Zeppelin stream Rock And Roll from Song Remains The Same reissue
Robert Plant extends US tour with new fall concert dates
Led Zeppelin preview official 50th anniversary book
Search Led Zeppelin at hennemusic
Labels: Jimmy Page, Led Zeppelin, Robert Plant


Who would think that having a daughter with an American Girl doll would inspire me to learn to crochet? I guess doing a smaller size blanket is the perfect learning project. I first saw this free crochet pattern from Liberty Jane Patterns. After watching numerous YouTube videos on crocheting granny squares, I finally got the hang of putting together these cute blankets. I used an H8 5mm crochet hook with medium weight yarn. Luckily I could also use a lot existing knitting yarn. In total there are 12 squares in this blanket in a 4x3 rectangle.
Of course both dolls needed their own blankets.
This awesome bunk bed came for Christmas from Santa Target. It is really wonderful for the dolls! Ivy's American Girl Crafts Owls Sew and Stuff Kit was lovingly stitched by Dova herself.


text:
BeautyLink - Volume 6, Issue 2 - (Page 33)
THIS HAIRSTYLIST H RSTY HAIR YL IS ON FI E! FIRE! IRE ERIC FISHER ALUM WORKS BEHIND THE SCENES O BLOCKBUSTER LUM WORK D ES ON BY BEAUTYLINK STAFF C elebrities often speak ften about a "big break" or chance meeting that propelled their careers forward. Caitlin DeGarmo, a 2011 graduate of Eric Fisher Academy in Wichita, KS, says her big break for a hairstyling opportunity on The Hunger Games: Catching Fire movie set occurred while she was still a beauty school student. Working with accomplished pros is part of the education experience at Eric Fisher Academy. Students are encouraged to interact and ask questions of visiting educators and guest artists who regularly visit the school for demonstrations and to share their knowledge. DeGarmo was very excited to learn from Aquage TeamQuest artist Ann Bray, owner of Master's Salon and recipient of numerous awards and honors including a North American Hairstyling Award (NAHA) and L'Ordre de la Chevalerie by Intercoiffure. DeGarmo was selected to serve as Bray's assistant when she taught at the academy and continued to stay in touch after she graduated, even working with Ann briefly in Atlanta. The networking paid off. When Bray was chosen to work as a team supervisor on the Atlanta set of Catching Fire, she contacted DeGarmo and offered her an opportunity every hairstylist dreams of-working on the set of a blockbuster production. "I jumped on the opportunity when Ann offered me the position," recalled DeGarmo. Although DeGarmo was used to working long hours in a salon, the movie set experience took the concept of "long days" to a new level. "The experience was very surreal. Our team often worked on hairpieces throughout the night so that they would be ready for filming the next day. The charge The entrance to the premiere of The Hunger Games: Catching Fire at the Nokia Theater in Los Angeles, CA, on November 18, 2013. Caitlin DeGarmo, a 2011 graduate of Eric Fisher Academy in Wichita, KS, says her big break for a hairstyling opportunity on The Hunger Games: Catching Fire movie set occurred while she was still a beauty school student. of adrenalin definitely made up for the lack of sleep," DeGarmo said. Working on the film's "Capitol Hairstyling Team," DeGarmo helped create looks for the film's victory tour party and parade of chariots. Her responsibilities included assembling wigs, styling hairpieces, and integrating extensions into the hair of actors and actresses serving as extras on set. Did she see the film's star, Jennifer Lawrence? Yes, from a distance, and again, the experience was surreal. "It made the whole Hollywood paparazzi thing come to life," recalled DeGarmo who witnessed Lawrence being plucked from the chariot following a scene, and whisked into a waiting vehicle while paparazzi swarmed the car with cameras. During her on-set work that lasted about a week, DeGarmo developed an appreciation for the rigors involved in film production. She noted that hair for some scenes would need to be prepped more than a dozen times and some days were more than 14 hours long. She also remarked on the speed required to work in a fast-paced production environment. "Some days I had the opportunity to work on up to 20 extras," she said. DeGarmo says that while the pace is much faster on a movie set than in a classroom, the experience of working on photo shoots while still in beauty school helped her feel more comfortable with the movie work. However, she's hesitant to use the word "work" to describe her experience. "Even though the days were long, working on the set did not feel like work at all," she said. Looking toward the future, DeGarmo hopes to secure additional film work and also aspires to work as an Aquage TeamQuest artist. What does her alma mater think of her experience? "I couldn't be more proud of Caitlin. It is an amazing feeling to see her name in the credits of a movie and to know we helped her learn the skills and techniques necessary to accomplish such an awesome endeavor," said Eric Fisher. B E AUT YL I NK | BA L* A N C E | 2 0 1 4 | 33
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of BeautyLink - Volume 6, Issue 2
Message From the Aacs President & Cea Chair
The Workings of Washington
Creating a Recipe for the Future
Voices From the Trenches
Creating Harmony in the Classroom
Manlink
Living an Integrated Life
A Student's Perspective
And Then There's Compliance
This Hairstylist Is on Fire!
Keeping the Enrollment Funnel Flowing
Beauty Changes Lives
Battle of the Strands
Cyber Liability and Data Security
Superstar Graduate
Plagued by More Delays
Voices From the Classroom
Launching a Blow Out Career
Associate Member Profiles: Distributors
New School Members
Upcoming 2014-15 Events
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BeautyLink - Volume 6, Issue 2
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text:
1Uses of the building
2Historic setting
2.1Slavery
3Fires
4Botetourt statue
5Priorities of the College
Historic building of the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia
United States historic place
Wren Building, College of William and Mary
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Virginia Landmarks Register
The front of the Wren Building
Show map of Virginia
Show map of the United States
37°16′15″N 76°42′33″W / 37.27083°N 76.70917°W / 37.27083; -76.70917Coordinates: 37°16′15″N 76°42′33″W / 37.27083°N 76.70917°W / 37.27083; -76.70917
NRHP reference No.
VLR No.
Significant dates
Added to NRHP
Designated NHL
October 9, 1960[3]
Designated VLR
September 9, 1969[2]
The Wren Building is the signature building of the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. Along with the Brafferton and President's House, these buildings form the College's Ancient Campus. With a construction history dating to 1695, it is the oldest academic building in continuous use in the United States and among the oldest buildings in Virginia. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960.[3]
Construction of the first building on this site began August 8, 1695 and was completed by 1700. The building, along with the rest of the historic courtyard, was built using enslaved labor.[4] After several fires and rebuildings, the Wren Building was the first major building restored or reconstructed by John D. Rockefeller, Jr., after he and the Reverend Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin began Colonial Williamsburg's restoration in the late 1920s. The building's current state dates to the 20th-century restoration by Boston architects Perry Shaw & Hepburn. The College named the building in honor of the English architect Sir Christopher Wren, after the Reverend Hugh Jones, a William and Mary mathematics professor, wrote in 1724 that the College Building was "modeled by Sir Christopher Wren". However, it is unknown how Jones came to this conclusion, since there are no actual documents tying Sir Christopher Wren to the design of the building; he never even visited North America.[5] Perry Shaw and Hepburn's restoration reflects the building's historic appearance from its reconstruction in 1716 after a 1705 fire to 1859, when it burned again.
The building is constructed out of red brick in the style of Flemish and English Bond, as was typical for official buildings in 17th- and 18th-century Williamsburg, including several walls remaining from previous structures, and it contains classrooms, offices, a refectory (known as the Great Hall), kitchen, and a chapel (added as a south wing in 1732). The crypt beneath the chapel is the resting place of several notable Virginians, including royal governor Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt, Speaker of the House of Burgesses Sir John Randolph, and his son Peyton Randolph, the first President of the Continental Congress.[citation needed]
On the top of the building is a weather vane with the number 1693, the year the College was founded. In the early 1770s, plans were drawn up to complete the building as a quadrangle. Alumnus Thomas Jefferson (class of 1762) drew up a floorplan submitted to Governor Dunmore and foundations were laid in 1774. The looming War of Independence halted further construction, however, and the fourth wing was never completed. The foundations, however, still exist and were uncovered during excavations in 2014.[6]
The first and second floors of the building are still open for public viewing. Guided tours of the Wren Building are offered whenever classes are in-session by the Spotswood Society, named after the influential Virginia governor, Alexander Spotswood.[7] The Spotswood Society also maintains a virtual tour. In 2021, the Office of Historic Campus was disbanded.
Uses of the building[edit]
The rear of the Wren Building
A reconstruction of an original classroom in the Wren Building
The Wren Building is the oldest extant building constructed for use by a college or university in the United States,[8][9] ahead of runner-up Massachusetts Hall at Harvard.[10] The Wren Building, previously known simply as "The College" or "The Main Building" was effectively the school's only academic building until the completion of the Brafferton building and President's House in the 1720s and 1730s. The campus only began its westward expansion in the first part of the twentieth century. Students studied, attended religious services, and lived in the Wren Building. In addition, at least eight students brought their enslaved people at the cost of room and board.[11] After the destruction of Virginia's former capital of Jamestown, Virginia's legislature met in the building's Great Hall as a temporary meeting place from 1700 to 1704 while the Capitol was under construction. In fact, the College was critical to Williamsburg becoming the new capital of Virginia after William & Mary students made speeches on May 1, 1699 from the College Building about how they would help build the town to its full potential.[12] When the Capitol burned in 1747, the legislature moved back into the building until the Capitol was reconstructed in 1754. The building also housed a grammar school and an Indian school, which was moved to the Brafferton building, in 1723. The building was used as a military hospital by the French during the American Revolutionary War and by the Confederacy during the American Civil War.
The Wren Building today has historical and ceremonial importance in addition to its academic use. Each year during the opening convocation ceremony, incoming William and Mary freshmen enter the building from the courtyard, pass through the central hall, and exit on the opposite side. As seniors, students pass through the building in the opposite direction on their way to the graduation ceremony. The Yule Log Ceremony, the College's holiday celebration, is held every year at the Wren Building, typically during the second weekend in December. Each fall incoming freshmen take the school's Honor Code Pledge in the building's Great Hall.[13] The Bishop James Madison Society, the College's second-oldest secret society, is rumored to meet in the Wren Building.[14]
Historic setting[edit]
Earliest known drawing of the building by Swiss traveler François-Louis Michel, 1702
After the completion of the President's House and the added chapel wing in 1732, the College's layout and overall architectural organization changed little until the construction of additional academic buildings in the early-twentieth century. For nearly one hundred and fifty years, the campus consisted of the three buildings- the Wren Building, the Brafferton, and the President's House- proportionally arranged in the College yard. With the Wren Building (or "College" as it was called) placed in the middle and bounded by the Brafferton to the south and the President's House to the north, the view gave visitors a sense of balance and proportion, important tenets of the Enlightenment and visible in Jacobean, Anglo-Dutch, and Georgian architecture of the period. To complete the view, a formal geometric garden of hedge rows, topiaries, planting beds, and marl paths was laid out in the College yard facing Duke of Gloucester Street, and a botanical and scientific garden was laid in the back, which led to acres of woodlands and streams. Archaeological and historical evidence points to the formal garden in the front having been destroyed by the late-eighteenth century. Plans drawn up by French engineers of Williamsburg in 1782 show plain rectangular beds ornamenting the front, and later nineteenth-century engravings and photographs show rows of trees and even cows lounging in the College yard. Any remaining physical trace of the gardens were finally obliterated in 1862, when massive earthworks were built during the Siege of Williamsburg. However, it is worth noting that the Brafferton Building was most likely facing the opposite way and was therefore excluded from this garden area.
The "Bodleian Plate", ca. 1747, was used during the restoration of the Wren Building (top row and middle of center row) in the early 20th century.
Recorded descriptions of the grounds appearance are few. One possible view was discovered in the late-1920s when researchers discovered a ca. 1747 printing plate in England's Bodleian Library depicting Williamsburg landmarks, including the College. Although this "Bodleian Plate" served as the blueprint for the Wren Building's restoration in the 1920s and 1930s, little was known about the plate's authenticity with regard to the gardens until College archaeologists and students began digging for evidence in 2005. Since these initial archaeological discoveries, the Bodleian Plate has proved remarkably faithful in its depiction of the College yard's early garden layout.[15]
Although the two side structures are not entirely balanced (there is a slight size discrepancy between the Brafferton and President's House), the sight of the College would have been impressive for an 18th-century Virginian. Native- and foreign-born visitors alike marveled at the College's design.
Slavery[edit]
Hearth: Memorial to the Enslaved viewed facing the Wren Building, 2022
Following the usage of enslaved labor in the construction of the Wren Building, enslaved persons were utilized in a variety of roles by the college, including as chefs, gardeners, and laborers.[16] These enslaved men and women were most likely overseen by one specific man, or perhaps the housekeeper.[17] The building of the Wren Building was also funded by enslaved labor, since the funds for William and Mary that were provided in the 1693 royal charter were funds from a tobacco plantation.
Enslaved individuals were also a means of revenue. When William & Mary lost its funding from the monarchy because of the American Revolution, the Virginia Gazette published a statute passed at a meeting of the Board of Visitors which emphasized how the Visitors intended to use the sale of slaves to compensate for this loss of funding: "A sufficient number of slaves shall be reserved for cleaning the College; and if any remain after such reservation, and hiring of the slaves belonging to the garden and kitchen, as aforesaid, they shall be hired out at publick auction." In the early part of the nineteenth century, the College gave its few slaves a dollar each for Christmas, and it is known from the record that the dollars were mailed to each slave as the College also paid postage. William & Mary itself owned a plantation, the Nottoway Quarter, which ran on enslaved labor, starting in 1718 with seventeen enslaved people. The proceeds from the sale of tobacco helped to fund the College and scholarships. It was sold in 1802.[18]
The Spotswood Society works with the Lemon Project: A Journey of Reconciliation, which is a project created in 2009 in an attempt to "rectify wrongs perpetrated against African Americans by the College through action or inaction."[19] A display discussing the college's ties with slavery was erected in the building's information center in 2019. A bronze tablet also was erected to honor those who fought in the Civil War, replacing the 1914 marble plaque that listed the names of only the students and faculty who fought in the Confederacy. The new marble plaque contains all the names of the Union and Confederate soldiers.[20]
Fires[edit]
The building with Italianate towers
The building has been gutted by fire three times (1705, 1859, and 1862). The first fire was accidental and began in a basement in the North Wing of the building in 1705.[21] Reconstruction after this fire, commanded by Governor Alexander Spotswood, was completed by 1716 with partial funds from Queen Anne. A second fire ravaged the building in 1859, and when it was rebuilt, the Wren Building had a newly fashionable Italianate design. In this fire, a man at the school accused the enslaved people of starting the fire, due to their use of candlelight. However, another man defended the enslaved individuals, stating that he had seen their candle go out prior to the fire.[22] A third fire was set intentionally by Federal troops during the Civil War in 1862. Each reconstruction incorporated the surviving exterior walls, but the overall look of the building has varied considerably over time.
Sir John Randolph, a Speaker of the House of Burgesses, an Attorney General for the Colony of Virginia, and the youngest son of William Randolph and Mary Isham, was interred at the chapel of the Wren Building after his death in 1737.[23] After the burial vaults were disturbed in the 1859 fire, a physician who examined the contents of Randolph's tomb discovered the bones of Randolph and an unknown second person.[23]
Botetourt statue[edit]
The Statue of Lord Botetourt that stands in front of the building.
Popular Virginia Governor Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt, better known as Lord Botetourt, who died in office in 1770 and had been a member of the College's Board of Visitors, was buried in the crypt under the building's chapel. A statue of Lord Botetourt was acquired by William and Mary in 1797 and moved to the campus from the former Capitol building in 1801. Previously displayed in the piazza of the Capitol Building at the opposite end of Duke of Gloucester Street, the statue was a landmark in front of the building for several centuries. After years of weathering, it was removed in 1958 and in 1966 was placed in its new location inside the College's Swem Library. In 1993, as the College celebrated its Tercentenary (300th anniversary), a new statue of Lord Botetourt, created in bronze by William and Mary alumnus Gordon Kray, was installed in the College Yard, in the place occupied for so many years by the original.[24]
Priorities of the College[edit]
The plaque
A large plaque was presented by the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities in 1914 which lists some of the notable firsts for William and Mary:
First college in the United States, the claim being that its antecedents go back to the college proposed at Henrico (1619).
First American college to receive its charter from the Crown under the Seal of the Privy Council, in 1693. Hence it was known as "their Majesties' Royal College of William and Mary."
First and only American college to receive a colonial Coat-of-Arms from the College of Arms in London, 1694.
First college in the United States to have a full Faculty, consisting of a President, six Professors, usher; and writing master, 1729.
First college to confer medallic prizes; the gold medals donated by Lord Botetourt in 1771.
First college to establish an inter-collegiate fraternity, the Phi Beta Kappa, December 5, 1776.
First college to have the Elective system of study, 1779.
First college to have the Honor System (inked by Thomas Jefferson), 1779.
First college to become a University, 1779.
First college to have a school of Modern Languages, 1779.
First college to include Fine Arts in a professorship, 1779.
First college to have a school of Municipal and Constitutional Law, 1779.
First college to teach Political Economy, 1784.
First college to have a school of Modern History, 1803.
List of the oldest buildings in the United States
Wren Cross controversy
List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
National Register of Historic Places listings in Williamsburg, Virginia
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
^ "Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
^ a b "Wren Building, College of William and Mary". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 13, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
^ "1 | Black History".
^ ""So good a design"" : The colonial campus of the College of William and Mary ; its history, background and legacy / James D. Kornwolf. January 1989.
^ Erickson, Mark St. John (July 24, 2014). "Wren Building dig reveals foundation of long-lost college structure". Daily Press. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
^ "Historic Campus". College of William and Mary.
^ The College of William & Mary – Home Retrieved April 23, 2008.
^ Colonial Williamsburg – Wren Building. Retrieved April 23, 2008.
^ The Crimson: The Critical Massachusetts (Hall). Retrieved April 5, 2007.
^ "Information Center Display".
^ "MS43.04 Francis Nicholson Papers, First of Five Speeches". Francis Nicholson Papers. Colonial Williamsburg. May 1, 1699. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
^ Cameron, Gabi. "Class of 2009 Arrives for Orientation." Dog Street Journal. article The DoG Street Journal, printed August 23, 2005. Retrieved April 23, 2008.
^ "Shhhhh . . . It's a Secret". College of William and Mary. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
^ Mark St. John Erickson (September 30, 2018). "Bodleian Plate opened window on lost Williamsburg". Daily Press. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
^ The Lemon Project Steering Committee (February 2019). "The Lemon Project: A Journey of Reconciliation: Report of the First Eight Years" (PDF). Williamsburg, VA: The College of William and Mary in Virginia. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
^ "Spotswood Society".
^ "The Lemon Project Report".
^ Kale, Wilford (October 29, 2020). "1705 fire nearly destroyed original Wren Building on William & Mary campus". Virginia Gazette. Retrieved May 6, 2021 – via Daily Press.
^ a b "Sir John Randolph". Williamsburg, Virginia: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
^ The College of William & Mary
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Ute Tribe
Ute Native American Indian
This article contains interesting facts, pictures and information about the life of the Ute Native American Indian Tribe.
The Ute Tribe
Summary and Definition: The Ute tribe were nomadic hunter gatherers who inhabited lands occupied by the Great Basin cultural group but then migrated to the Plains. The Ute tribe resisted the white encroachment of their lands and came into particular conflict with the Mormons. The names of the most famous chiefs of the Ute tribe included Ouray, Guero, Shavano, Sobita, Tapuche, Mautchick and Buckskin Charley.
Native American Indian Tribes
Facts about the Ute Native Indian Tribe
This article contains fast, fun facts and interesting information about the Ute Native American Indian tribe. Find answers to questions like where did the Ute tribe live, what clothes did they wear, what did they eat and who were the names of their most famous leaders? Discover what happened to the Ute tribe with facts about their wars and history.
What was the lifestyle and culture of the Ute tribe?
The Ute tribe were originally hunters, traders and seed gathers from the Great Basin cultural group of Native Indians. The word Ute means "Land of the sun" in their language. The Great Basin social and cultural patterns were those of the non-horse bands often referred to as the Desert Culture. However, with the acquisition of the horse many Utes migrated to the Great Plains where their way of life changed to that of hunter gatherers adopting the lifestyle and culture of the horse-riding bison-hunting Native Indians. For full details of the lifestyle, clothes, wikiups and grass houses of the Great Basin Shoshone refer to the article on the Bannock Tribe. For information about the lifestyle of the Plains Native Indians, their clothes and their tepees refer to the Kiowa Tribe.
What language did the Ute tribe speak?
The Ute tribe spoke in a Numic language, formerly called Plateau Shoshonean which was a division of the Uto-Aztecan language.
Ute Cultural Groups
The Utes were originally people of the Great Basin Native American cultural group. The Ute tribe originally lived in the American Great Basin region but with the advent of the horse many migrated to the Great Plains.
The location of their homelands are shown on the map. The geography of the region in which they lived dictated the lifestyle and culture of the Ute tribe
The Ute tribe originally lived in the American Great Basin region but with the advent of the horse many migrated to the Great Plains
Tribal Territories: Colorado, with portions of Utah, New Mexico, and Nevada
Map of Native American Cultural Groups
The Great Basin Ute Tribe
The Ute tribe of the Great Basin
The Great Basin with its very hot summers, cold winters and very low levels of rainfall resulted in desolate and difficult living conditions in which the people had to work hard to survive due to limited resources.
Food: The food of the Great Basin Ute tribe consisted of rice, pine nuts, seeds, berries, nuts, roots etc. Fish and small game was also available and Indian rice grass was harvested
Shelter: The temporary shelters of the Great Basin Utes were were a simple form of Brush shelter or dome-shaped Wikiups
Clothes: The Great Basin Utes wore clothes made of twined sagebrush bark with robes typically made of rabbit furs
Weapons: The weapons used by the Great Basin Ute tribe were primitive and included bows and arrows, stone knifes, spears, rabbit sticks and digging sticks
The Great Plains Ute Tribe
The Ute tribe of the Great Plains
The migration of the Ute Tribe from the harsh conditions in the Great Basin required a totally different lifestyle to suit the climate and natural resources of the area. The lives of the Utes changed from nomadic seed gathers to hunter gatherers who followed the great herds of buffalo. The buffalo was the main source of subsistence on the Plains and the food, weapons, houses and style of clothes worn by the Utes changed accordingly.
Food: The food of the Plains Ute tribe was predominantly buffalo but also they also hunted deer, elk, bear and wild turkey. Their diet was supplemented with roots and wild fruit and vegetables
Shelter: The shelters of the Utes were tepees, tent-like shelters constructed from wooden poles that were covered with buffalo hides
Culture: The Ute tribe adopted a warrior-like culture
Clothes: Breechcloths, fringed buckskin tunics or shirts and leggings with warm buffalo robes to protect against the rain and the cold
Weapons: Their range of weapons were extended to include spears and lances, hatchets and axes together with the use of shields
Who were the most famous leaders and chiefs of the Ute tribe?
The most famous leaders and chiefs of the Ute tribe included Chief Ouray, Chief Quiziachigiat, Antonga, or Black Hawk, Chief Moara, Chief Pinto, Guero, Shavano, Sobita, Tapuche and Chief Mautchick. The most famous wars that involved the Ute tribe were the 1849 Jicarilla War, 1853 Walker War, 1865 Black Hawk's War led by Antonga and the 1879 Meeker Massacre.
Ute History Timeline: What happened to the Ute tribe?
The following history timeline details facts, dates and famous landmarks and battles fought by the Nation. The Ute timeline explains what happened to the people of their tribe.
Ute History Timeline
1000: Woodland Period including the Adena and Hopewell cultures established along rivers in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States which included trade exchange systems
1580: The Spanish make the first white contact with the Ute tribe
1598: The Spanish settle and trade is established with the Ute tribe
1626: Conflicts begin with the Hopi Native Indians
1637: Conflicts between the Ute tribe and the Spanish led by Luis de Rosas (1637-1641)
1637: It was about this time that the Ute tribe acquired their first horses
1692: Alliance between the Hopi, Paiute, Comanche and Apache tribe against the Spanish and the Pueblo and Navajo tribes
1730: The Comanche - Ute alliance collapses starting a 50-year between the tribes
1781: Smallpox epidemic kills many people
1789: Treaty of Peace between the Spanish and Ute tribe
1800's: With the wide spread use of the horse the Ute tribe roamed the Southern area of the Great Plains living a nomadic way of life
1821: Spanish rule is replaced by Mexico and the Santa Fe trail opens
1840s: Constant attacks by the Utes on settlements in the Taos Valley and in New Mexico Several land grants began to erode the Ute land base
1847: Mormons settled in the Great Salt Lake valley
1848: Outbreak of a series of devastating cholera and smallpox epidemic
1849: The Jicarilla War fought between the Jicarilla Apaches and Ute warriors against the United States
1849: First treaty between Ute tribe, signed by Chief Quiziachigiat, and the United States at Abiquiu
1850: Ute agency was opened at Taos
1851: Fort Laramie Treaty with Plains Indian Tribes
1853: The Walker War (1853–1854) with the Ute Indians begins over slavery among the Indians. Wakara (Walker) leads the Utes in Utah in a series of raids on Mormon settlements
1854: The Ute War starts with an attack by Utes led by Chief Tierra Blanca on Fort Pueblo
1860: Ute tribe join U.S. troops in campaigns against the Navajos
1861: The American Civil (1861 - 1865)
1863: Full scale war in the Great Plains by an alliance for Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa and Comanche
1864: The First Battle of Adobe Walls - Kit Carson led a group of cavalry but was overwhelmed by the Comanche and forced to retreat
1865: Ute Wars aka the Black Hawk War, or Black Hawk's War led by Antonga, or Black Hawk, from 1865 to 1872 broke out in Utah due to Mormon settlers taking over their lands
1868: Treaty with the Ute tribe creating a reservationconsisting of approximately the western one-third of Colorado. Ouray selected as principal chief of the tribe
1873: Weminuche, Mouache and Capote bands relocate to Pine River in southwestern Colorado. (today: Southern Ute and Ute Mountain Reservations)
1874: President Grant signs the Brunot Agreement and thousands of miles of Ute lands are appropriated by the U.S. government
1877 Establishment of the Southern Ute Agency at Ignacio to serve the Caputa, Mouache, and Weeminuche Ute bands
1878: Ute Indians of Colorado relinquish their rights to 12 million acres of land
1879: The Meeker Massacre resulted in cries for the removal of all Utes from Colorado
1880: Ouray goes to Washington DC for treaty negotiations and more land is ceded by the Utes
1895: Weminuche band moves to Southern Ute Reservation and become Ute Mountain
1896: Land allotments are distributed to Southern Utes
1905: Buckskin Charley and five other Native Sovereign leaders in Theodore Roosevelt's Inaugural Parade
The Story of Ute
For additional facts and information about the Ute tribe refer to the legend and the Story of Ute Wars.
Interesting Facts and information about the way the people lived
The clothes worn by men and women of the Ute tribe
Description of the homes and the type of food the Ute would eat
Fast Facts and info about the Ute
Names of famous Ute chiefs and leaders
Interesting Homework resource for kids on the history of the Ute Native American Indians
Pictures and Videos of Native American Indians and their Tribes
The Ute Tribe was one of the most famous tribes of Native American Indians. Discover the vast selection of pictures on the subject of the tribes of Famous Native Americans such as the Ute nation. The pictures show the clothing, war paint, weapons and decorations of various Native Indian tribes, such as the Ute tribe, that can be used as a really useful educational resource for kids and children of all ages. We hope you enjoy watching the video - just click and play - a great social studies homework resource for kids .
Ute Tribe - Kids - Cool, Fun Facts - Ute - Clothes - Clothing - Dresses - Headdresses - Homes - Lifestyle - Lives - Religion - Beliefs - Weapons - Legends - Food - Location - History - Legends - Kids - Info - Information - Famous - Kids - Children - Warriors - Chiefs - Teaching resource - Social Studies - Lifestyle - Culture - Teachers - Facts - Blackfoot - Kids - Interesting Facts - Info - Information - Pictures - Reference - Ute - Guide - Studies - Homework - Ute Tribe Facts


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Our case files are full of similar outcomes. Often, the judgments made in cases are so high as to send a message to entire industries that society will not stand by and let their carelessness and recklessness go unpunished. You can find examples of such cases in the Society Changing Judgments pages of our website.
In Wisconsin, the statute of limitations for filing a personal injury lawsuit is three years from the date of the accident. This means unless you file a legal claim for your injury within 3 years, your case will not be heard by a court and you will have no recourse for the damages you have incurred.
While it is true cases can sometimes drag on for years, this does not mean that after 3 years they somehow expire and are taken off the docket. As long as your case is filed with the court within 3 years of your injury, you can pursue the case regardless of long it takes.
If you have been injured due to the carelessness or negligence of others, whether medical personnel or others, we encourage you to set up a free, no-obligation consultation with our Milwaukee personal injury attorneys. We can advise as to whether you have legal grounds for a lawsuit, how much you might reasonably expect to get in compensation, and how the entire process works.
With Warshafsky Law, you get all the expertise and resources of what most insiders regard as Milwaukee's best personal injury law firm with no financial risk to you whatsoever. Let us do what it takes to make the best of your difficult situation.
Contact our Milwaukee malpractice lawyers today to arrange a free initial consultation.


For many people starting their own business is often the realisation of a lifelong dream. It can be some peoples experience that the non-stop requirement to deal with continuous registrations, form filling and return filing, often interferes directly with getting the core activity of the business up and running in the manner necessary to achieve success.
Sometimes because of this, the very important issues of setting up a good book-keeping and accounting system are neglected until the business is running for a long period of time and this leads to unwelcome pressure at some point in the future as the business proprietor tries to cope with requirements to produce accurate accounts and file accurate returns.
It is essential that these issues are understood prior to the commencement of the business and addressed from day one. We at DMN are in the best position to give new businesses the best advice on how to get to grips with the relevant issues.