text:
13 Best Golden Globe Looks of All Time
Rachel M Johnson
Rachel M. Johnson is a lover of all things pop culture. She's been writing about music and entertainment online for over two years.
Since 1944, the Hollywood elite have strutted their stuff on the Golden Globes red carpet in statement-making ensembles. Whether it's a sexy red number, edgy jumpsuit or voluminous ballgowns, the show is full of iconic fashion moments. With the 2019 Golden Globe Awards right around the corner, let's take a look at some of the most iconic and stunning red carpet looks from the show.
Scarlett Johansson was an absolute knock-out in the best possible version of a red dress, at the 2006 Golden Globe Awards. The bright red, Valentino creation featured a plunging scoop neckline and a statement making ruffle that ran along the slit. The gown showed off Johansson's curvy figure in an amazing way, and she accessorized the look with crimson satin heels and simple jewelry. The actress was nominated for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the drama Match Point, and she was certainly the talk of the night (and year) for her stunning fashion-statement gown.
Emma Stone made heads turn at the 2015 Golden Globe Awards, when the actress was nominated for Best Supporting Actress for her role in Birdman. The beauty looked super chic in a Lavin embellished jumpsuit complete with an oversize bow and sash. The ensemble was one of the more unexpected looks at the ceremony, and with the sparkling silver bodice and trousers, Stone looked effortlessly cool. The look was the perfect fusion of feminine and masculine styling. With only rings as her choice of jewelry, paired with stunning red hair and magenta lip, the whole outfit remains one of the best to grace the Golden Globes.
Priyanka Chopra was glistening in gold when she wore a Ralph Lauren sequinned gown with a plunging neckline and stunning diamond pendant to the 2017 Golden Globes. The Quanitco actress wore her hair down in loose cascading waves, and paired it with a dark and sexy smokey eye and matching lip. The dress hugged her figure and the golden, shimmery material demanded attention. The Ralph Lauren number had silver embroidery and a blush metal finish that helped make Chopra's Golden Globes debut a successful one.
In 2003, Kate Hudson selected a multi-print haute-hippie design for the red-carpet Golden Globes strut. The choice of print demanded attention, and stood out in the crowd. The bohemian Valentino gown stole the show and highlighted Hudson's effortless beauty and style. The actress wore her hair in loose curls and minimalist jewelry, only accessorizing with rings. Of the look, Valentino told InStyle, "When she wore my gown she left the world, including me, in awe with her young, relaxed and elegantly fresh California look." The daring ensemble remains a wow-worthy Golden Globes moment.
Mad Men star January Jones looked red hot in a scarlet, floor-length Versace cutout gown at the 2011 Golden Globes. The fringed creation was paired with Old Hollywood waves and a classic red lip that absolutely stole the show. The plunging neckline and multiple cutouts made the look risque, and definitely had Tinsel Town talking. Of her decision to go with the crimson hue, Jones had said, "I had seen the dress at the runway show in another color and I got it in red." The original color was an eye-popping cyan blue, but the actress looked ravishing in red.
Jessica Alba made a glamorous arrival when she showed up in a strapless coral Oscar de la Renta gown at the 2013 Golden Globes. The actress was also decked out in a jaw-dropping $5.8 million Harry Winston necklace, which she flaunted on-stage as one of the evening's presenters. Alba was truly a vision of beauty in the melon-hued number, which she paired with a feather-trimmed Roger Vivier clutch, Old Hollywood curls and a matching coral shade of lipstick. She definitely stole the night and landed on multiple best-dressed lists after rocking the gown.
It's safe to say that Charlize Theron owned the awards season in 2004, and she did it with style and poise. The actress was riding high on her critically acclaimed film Monster, for which she was nominated for multiple awards. At the 2004 Golden Globes, Theron arrived on the red carpet wearing a beautiful and feminine Christian Dior gown in a stunning lemon yellow. The floor-skimming dress looked light and airy, and the beauty paired the look with simple jewelry and a silver clutch. Her hair was pinned back in curls, and she wore soft make-up. Not only did she nab the Best Actress award that night, but she also won in the style stakes too.
Emma Watson dazzled the red carpet when she wore a red Christian Dior dress with a pair of black cigarette pants. The red half-sleeve Dior Couture dress had a round neckline, thigh high slits and highlighted the matching trousers. From the front, Watson's outfit looked all covered up. From the back, however, the creation featured a low cut deep back that had a wrap around pattern. Watson's ensemble was complimented by a pair of blue velvet Roger Vivier pointed ankle strap pumps, minimalist jewelry and matte lips. Her hair was side swept in a tight, low bun that only accentuated the elegant yet daring look.
Jennifer Lopez displayed her sizzling curves in a flesh-colored figure-hugging gown with intricate white lace detailing at the 2013 Golden Globes. The nude toned dress was designed by Zuhair Murad and featured an embroidered lace overlay with beading details that strategically covered her modesty. Her honey-hued locks were styled to the side in an Old Hollywood style curl, and she accessorized with a metallic clutch and nude Christian Louboutin heels. Lopez's ensemble definitely stood out and drove photographers wild.
12 Years a Slave nominee Lupita Nyong'o showed up to the Golden Globes for the first time in 2014, looked ravishing in a red Ralph Lauren gown. The off-the-shoulder creation boasted a cape design that was heavily inspired by Gwyneth Paltrow's iconic 2012 Oscars dress by Tom Ford. The ensemble was paired with Fred Leighton jewels and a dazzling pair of matching red pointy-toed pumps. The gorgeous lady kept her make-up simple with a shiny crimson lip and studded earrings. Warden Neil, head designer and stylist for the awards show, expressed, "It was stunning. It was the most beautiful red I've ever seen. It was a gorgeous shade on her."
Modern Family star Sofia Vergara decided to switch things up when she opted out of a mermaid gown in favor of a voluminous, black strapless ball gown by Zac Posen. The simple black shade was paired with an eye-catching turquoise statement necklace by Lorraine Schwartz. The long satin ball gown was full of volume and drama that only added to the star's beauty. Her honey tresses were worn in loose curls and she kept her make-up simple and a red lip. The actress definitely caught many eyes when she strutted her stuff at the 2014 Golden Globes red carpet.
Zoe Saldana dared to be different when she rocked this cocktail-length stunning dress by close friend and designer Prabal Gurung. The gown stood apart from the other dresses on the red carpet, as it combined a black fabric embedded with shiny rhinestones and multiple pale pink pieces. The elegant, off the shoulder number look fun and flirty, and was paired with Christian Louboutin heels and a Bottega Veneta clutch. Saldana is never one to shy away from the edgier side of fashion, and this daring option looked fabulous at the 2014 Golden Globes.
In 2004, Jennifer Aniston would say farewell to Rachel Green, the character she played for ten years on the mega-hit show Friends. The actress showed up to the Golden Globes in a sexy black low-cut Valentino gown, and while it was simplistic, there was no denying how stunning Aniston looked. With her hair worn in beachy waves and her face framed by sexy-side bangs, she wore a simple diamond bracelet paired with a black clutch. The low-cut gown had a peek-a-boo cutout in the front, that added to the look's sexy style.
© 2018 Rachel M Johnson
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Comedians & Comediennes


text:
Q: How to set a tableview cell's border and color when selected I have the following code that sets sets a red border around a custom table view cell with white in the middle when it is selected.
- (void)awakeFromNib
{
 self.nameLabel.highlightedTextColor = [UIColor whiteColor];

 // Set selected background view
 UIView *backgroundView = [[UIView alloc]initWithFrame:self.bounds];
 backgroundView.layer.borderColor = [[UIColor redColor] CGColor];
 backgroundView.layer.borderWidth = 10.0f;
 self.selectedBackgroundView = backgroundView;

 // Set the content view
 CGRect frame  = CGRectMake(self.bounds.origin.x+5, self.bounds.origin.y+5, self.bounds.size.width-10, self.bounds.size.height-10);
 UIImageView *myImageView = [[UIImageView alloc] initWithFrame:frame];
 [self addSubview:myImageView];
 self.imageView.contentMode = UIViewContentModeScaleAspectFill ;
 self.imageView.clipsToBounds = YES;
 [self.contentView addSubview:self.imageView];
}

I want the opposite: how would you create a cell that has red with a white border / padding?

A: You can use
[cell.contentView.layer setBorderColor:[UIColor redColor].CGColor];
[cell.contentView.layer setBorderWidth:2.0f];

Hope this will help you

A: try this in custom cell there is a method - (void)setSelected:(BOOL)selected animated:(BOOL)animated use this to change the state of selected and deselect state for example
- (void)setSelected:(BOOL)selected animated:(BOOL)animated
 {
   [super setSelected:selected animated:animated];
   if(selected)
   {
    self.contentView.layer.cornerRadius = 10.0f;
    self.contentView.layer.borderWidth  = 5.0f;
    self.contentView.layer.masksToBounds = YES;
    self.contentView.backgroundColor = [UIColor redColor];
    self.contentView.layer.borderColor  = [UIColor whiteColor].CGColor;

  }
  else
  {
    self.contentView.layer.cornerRadius = 10.0f;
    self.contentView.layer.borderWidth  = 5.0f;
    self.contentView.backgroundColor = [UIColor whiteColor];
    self.contentView.layer.borderColor  = [UIColor redColor].CGColor;
  }

  // Configure the view for the selected state
}

and also set customCell.selectionStyle = UITableViewCellSelectionStyleNone; for cell while creating the cell

A: why don't you try doing just the opposite such as this
 UIView *backgroundView = [[UIView alloc]initWithFrame:self.bounds];
 backgroundView.layer.borderColor = [[UIColor whiteColor] CGColor];
 backgroundView.layer.borderWidth = 10.0f;
 self.selectedBackgroundView = backgroundView;

 // Set the content view
 CGRect frame  = CGRectMake(self.bounds.origin.x+5, self.bounds.origin.y+5, self.bounds.size.width-10, self.bounds.size.height-10);
 UIImageView *myImageView = [[UIImageView alloc] initWithFrame:frame];
myImageView.backgroundcolor=[UIColor redColor];
 [self addSubview:myImageView];
 self.imageView.contentMode = UIViewContentModeScaleAspectFill ;
 self.imageView.clipsToBounds = YES;
 [self.contentView addSubview:self.imageView];

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Rare high-grade examples of the 1910 Standard Caramel (E93) set will be offered at auction later this month, when Mile High Card Company kicks off its next major auction. Headlined by the only PSA 9 specimens in existence of Ty Cobb, Honus Wagner, Christy Mathewson and Deacon Philippe, 17 of the 30 cards in the E93 series will presented individually for sale.
Created in 1886 by legendary chocolatier Milton Hershey, the Lancaster Caramel Company was sold for what was at the time a staggering sum of $1 million in 1900 and broken into smaller companies. The Standard Caramel Company was among them, with Hershey retaining the rights to one of its subsidiaries; the Hershey Chocolate Company.
Similar to the E98 series made famous by the recently discovered "Black Swamp" find, this issue from Standard Caramel is considerably more difficult to find in top condition. PSA has graded a comparable number from both sets, with the E98 series yielding 64 PSA 9's and 4 PSA 10's compared to just 13 PSA 9's and no PSA 10's from the E93 collection. Packed alongside the sticky candy and marketed to children, there are far fewer high-grade survivors compared to T206 cards of the same era, inserted with loose tobacco and marketed to adults.
In addition to four of the 13 existing MINT cards from the E93 series, PSA 8 examples of Napoleon Lajoie, Eddie Plank, Fred Clarke, Mordecai Brown, Clark Griffith, Jim Pastorius, Harry Covaleski, Jim Delehanty and Hooks Wiltse are joined by PSA 7 offerings of Rube Waddell, Davy Jones, George Gibson and Red Dooin. Only about 6% of all submissions from the E93 series have achieved a grade of PSA 7 or higher.The auction is set to begin June 22 and will close July 9 at MileHighCardCo.com.


text:
import os
import pkgutil
import socket
import sys
import typing as t
from datetime import datetime
from functools import lru_cache
from functools import update_wrapper
from threading import RLock

import werkzeug.utils
from werkzeug.exceptions import abort as _wz_abort
from werkzeug.utils import redirect as _wz_redirect

from .globals import _cv_request
from .globals import current_app
from .globals import request
from .globals import request_ctx
from .globals import session
from .signals import message_flashed

if t.TYPE_CHECKING:  # pragma: no cover
    from werkzeug.wrappers import Response as BaseResponse
    from .wrappers import Response
    import typing_extensions as te

def get_env() -> str:
    """Get the environment the app is running in, indicated by the
    :envvar:`FLASK_ENV` environment variable. The default is
    ``'production'``.

    .. deprecated:: 2.2
        Will be removed in Flask 2.3.
    """
    import warnings

    warnings.warn(
        "'FLASK_ENV' and 'get_env' are deprecated and will be removed"
        " in Flask 2.3. Use 'FLASK_DEBUG' instead.",
        DeprecationWarning,
        stacklevel=2,
    )
    return os.environ.get("FLASK_ENV") or "production"

def get_debug_flag() -> bool:
    """Get whether debug mode should be enabled for the app, indicated by the
    :envvar:`FLASK_DEBUG` environment variable. The default is ``False``.
    """
    val = os.environ.get("FLASK_DEBUG")

    if not val:
        env = os.environ.get("FLASK_ENV")

        if env is not None:
            print(
                "'FLASK_ENV' is deprecated and will not be used in"
                " Flask 2.3. Use 'FLASK_DEBUG' instead.",
                file=sys.stderr,
            )
            return env == "development"

        return False

    return val.lower() not in {"0", "false", "no"}

def get_load_dotenv(default: bool = True) -> bool:
    """Get whether the user has disabled loading default dotenv files by
    setting :envvar:`FLASK_SKIP_DOTENV`. The default is ``True``, load
    the files.

    :param default: What to return if the env var isn't set.
    """
    val = os.environ.get("FLASK_SKIP_DOTENV")

    if not val:
        return default

    return val.lower() in ("0", "false", "no")

def stream_with_context(
    generator_or_function: t.Union[
        t.Iterator[t.AnyStr], t.Callable[..., t.Iterator[t.AnyStr]]
    ]
) -> t.Iterator[t.AnyStr]:
    """Request contexts disappear when the response is started on the server.
    This is done for efficiency reasons and to make it less likely to encounter
    memory leaks with badly written WSGI middlewares.  The downside is that if
    you are using streamed responses, the generator cannot access request bound
    information any more.

    This function however can help you keep the context around for longer::

        from flask import stream_with_context, request, Response

        @app.route('/stream')
        def streamed_response():
            @stream_with_context
            def generate():
                yield 'Hello '
                yield request.args['name']
                yield '!'
            return Response(generate())

    Alternatively it can also be used around a specific generator::

        from flask import stream_with_context, request, Response

        @app.route('/stream')
        def streamed_response():
            def generate():
                yield 'Hello '
                yield request.args['name']
                yield '!'
            return Response(stream_with_context(generate()))

    .. versionadded:: 0.9
    """
    try:
        gen = iter(generator_or_function)  # type: ignore
    except TypeError:

        def decorator(*args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any:
            gen = generator_or_function(*args, **kwargs)  # type: ignore
            return stream_with_context(gen)

        return update_wrapper(decorator, generator_or_function)  # type: ignore

    def generator() -> t.Generator:
        ctx = _cv_request.get(None)
        if ctx is None:
            raise RuntimeError(
                "'stream_with_context' can only be used when a request"
                " context is active, such as in a view function."
            )
        with ctx:
            # Dummy sentinel.  Has to be inside the context block or we're
            # not actually keeping the context around.
            yield None

            # The try/finally is here so that if someone passes a WSGI level
            # iterator in we're still running the cleanup logic.  Generators
            # don't need that because they are closed on their destruction
            # automatically.
            try:
                yield from gen
            finally:
                if hasattr(gen, "close"):
                    gen.close()  # type: ignore

    # The trick is to start the generator.  Then the code execution runs until
    # the first dummy None is yielded at which point the context was already
    # pushed.  This item is discarded.  Then when the iteration continues the
    # real generator is executed.
    wrapped_g = generator()
    next(wrapped_g)
    return wrapped_g

def make_response(*args: t.Any) -> "Response":
    """Sometimes it is necessary to set additional headers in a view.  Because
    views do not have to return response objects but can return a value that
    is converted into a response object by Flask itself, it becomes tricky to
    add headers to it.  This function can be called instead of using a return
    and you will get a response object which you can use to attach headers.

    If view looked like this and you want to add a new header::

        def index():
            return render_template('index.html', foo=42)

    You can now do something like this::

        def index():
            response = make_response(render_template('index.html', foo=42))
            response.headers['X-Parachutes'] = 'parachutes are cool'
            return response

    This function accepts the very same arguments you can return from a
    view function.  This for example creates a response with a 404 error
    code::

        response = make_response(render_template('not_found.html'), 404)

    The other use case of this function is to force the return value of a
    view function into a response which is helpful with view
    decorators::

        response = make_response(view_function())
        response.headers['X-Parachutes'] = 'parachutes are cool'

    Internally this function does the following things:

    -   if no arguments are passed, it creates a new response argument
    -   if one argument is passed, :meth:`flask.Flask.make_response`
        is invoked with it.
    -   if more than one argument is passed, the arguments are passed
        to the :meth:`flask.Flask.make_response` function as tuple.

    .. versionadded:: 0.6
    """
    if not args:
        return current_app.response_class()
    if len(args) == 1:
        args = args[0]
    return current_app.make_response(args)  # type: ignore

def url_for(
    endpoint: str,
    *,
    _anchor: t.Optional[str] = None,
    _method: t.Optional[str] = None,
    _scheme: t.Optional[str] = None,
    _external: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    **values: t.Any,
) -> str:
    """Generate a URL to the given endpoint with the given values.

    This requires an active request or application context, and calls
    :meth:`current_app.url_for() <flask.Flask.url_for>`. See that method
    for full documentation.

    :param endpoint: The endpoint name associated with the URL to
        generate. If this starts with a ``.``, the current blueprint
        name (if any) will be used.
    :param _anchor: If given, append this as ``#anchor`` to the URL.
    :param _method: If given, generate the URL associated with this
        method for the endpoint.
    :param _scheme: If given, the URL will have this scheme if it is
        external.
    :param _external: If given, prefer the URL to be internal (False) or
        require it to be external (True). External URLs include the
        scheme and domain. When not in an active request, URLs are
        external by default.
    :param values: Values to use for the variable parts of the URL rule.
        Unknown keys are appended as query string arguments, like
        ``?a=b&c=d``.

    .. versionchanged:: 2.2
        Calls ``current_app.url_for``, allowing an app to override the
        behavior.

    .. versionchanged:: 0.10
       The ``_scheme`` parameter was added.

    .. versionchanged:: 0.9
       The ``_anchor`` and ``_method`` parameters were added.

    .. versionchanged:: 0.9
       Calls ``app.handle_url_build_error`` on build errors.
    """
    return current_app.url_for(
        endpoint,
        _anchor=_anchor,
        _method=_method,
        _scheme=_scheme,
        _external=_external,
        **values,
    )

def redirect(
    location: str, code: int = 302, Response: t.Optional[t.Type["BaseResponse"]] = None
) -> "BaseResponse":
    """Create a redirect response object.

    If :data:`~flask.current_app` is available, it will use its
    :meth:`~flask.Flask.redirect` method, otherwise it will use
    :func:`werkzeug.utils.redirect`.

    :param location: The URL to redirect to.
    :param code: The status code for the redirect.
    :param Response: The response class to use. Not used when
        ``current_app`` is active, which uses ``app.response_class``.

    .. versionadded:: 2.2
        Calls ``current_app.redirect`` if available instead of always
        using Werkzeug's default ``redirect``.
    """
    if current_app:
        return current_app.redirect(location, code=code)

    return _wz_redirect(location, code=code, Response=Response)

def abort(  # type: ignore[misc]
    code: t.Union[int, "BaseResponse"], *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any
) -> "te.NoReturn":
    """Raise an :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.HTTPException` for the given
    status code.

    If :data:`~flask.current_app` is available, it will call its
    :attr:`~flask.Flask.aborter` object, otherwise it will use
    :func:`werkzeug.exceptions.abort`.

    :param code: The status code for the exception, which must be
        registered in ``app.aborter``.
    :param args: Passed to the exception.
    :param kwargs: Passed to the exception.

    .. versionadded:: 2.2
        Calls ``current_app.aborter`` if available instead of always
        using Werkzeug's default ``abort``.
    """
    if current_app:
        current_app.aborter(code, *args, **kwargs)

    _wz_abort(code, *args, **kwargs)

def get_template_attribute(template_name: str, attribute: str) -> t.Any:
    """Loads a macro (or variable) a template exports.  This can be used to
    invoke a macro from within Python code.  If you for example have a
    template named :file:`_cider.html` with the following contents:

    .. sourcecode:: html+jinja

       {% macro hello(name) %}Hello {{ name }}!{% endmacro %}

    You can access this from Python code like this::

        hello = get_template_attribute('_cider.html', 'hello')
        return hello('World')

    .. versionadded:: 0.2

    :param template_name: the name of the template
    :param attribute: the name of the variable of macro to access
    """
    return getattr(current_app.jinja_env.get_template(template_name).module, attribute)

def flash(message: str, category: str = "message") -> None:
    """Flashes a message to the next request.  In order to remove the
    flashed message from the session and to display it to the user,
    the template has to call :func:`get_flashed_messages`.

    .. versionchanged:: 0.3
       `category` parameter added.

    :param message: the message to be flashed.
    :param category: the category for the message.  The following values
                     are recommended: ``'message'`` for any kind of message,
                     ``'error'`` for errors, ``'info'`` for information
                     messages and ``'warning'`` for warnings.  However any
                     kind of string can be used as category.
    """
    # Original implementation:
    #
    #     session.setdefault('_flashes', []).append((category, message))
    #
    # This assumed that changes made to mutable structures in the session are
    # always in sync with the session object, which is not true for session
    # implementations that use external storage for keeping their keys/values.
    flashes = session.get("_flashes", [])
    flashes.append((category, message))
    session["_flashes"] = flashes
    message_flashed.send(
        current_app._get_current_object(),  # type: ignore
        message=message,
        category=category,
    )

def get_flashed_messages(
    with_categories: bool = False, category_filter: t.Iterable[str] = ()
) -> t.Union[t.List[str], t.List[t.Tuple[str, str]]]:
    """Pulls all flashed messages from the session and returns them.
    Further calls in the same request to the function will return
    the same messages.  By default just the messages are returned,
    but when `with_categories` is set to ``True``, the return value will
    be a list of tuples in the form ``(category, message)`` instead.

    Filter the flashed messages to one or more categories by providing those
    categories in `category_filter`.  This allows rendering categories in
    separate html blocks.  The `with_categories` and `category_filter`
    arguments are distinct:

    * `with_categories` controls whether categories are returned with message
      text (``True`` gives a tuple, where ``False`` gives just the message text).
    * `category_filter` filters the messages down to only those matching the
      provided categories.

    See :doc:`/patterns/flashing` for examples.

    .. versionchanged:: 0.3
       `with_categories` parameter added.

    .. versionchanged:: 0.9
        `category_filter` parameter added.

    :param with_categories: set to ``True`` to also receive categories.
    :param category_filter: filter of categories to limit return values.  Only
                            categories in the list will be returned.
    """
    flashes = request_ctx.flashes
    if flashes is None:
        flashes = session.pop("_flashes") if "_flashes" in session else []
        request_ctx.flashes = flashes
    if category_filter:
        flashes = list(filter(lambda f: f[0] in category_filter, flashes))
    if not with_categories:
        return [x[1] for x in flashes]
    return flashes

def _prepare_send_file_kwargs(**kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Dict[str, t.Any]:
    if kwargs.get("max_age") is None:
        kwargs["max_age"] = current_app.get_send_file_max_age

    kwargs.update(
        environ=request.environ,
        use_x_sendfile=current_app.config["USE_X_SENDFILE"],
        response_class=current_app.response_class,
        _root_path=current_app.root_path,  # type: ignore
    )
    return kwargs

def send_file(
    path_or_file: t.Union[os.PathLike, str, t.BinaryIO],
    mimetype: t.Optional[str] = None,
    as_attachment: bool = False,
    download_name: t.Optional[str] = None,
    conditional: bool = True,
    etag: t.Union[bool, str] = True,
    last_modified: t.Optional[t.Union[datetime, int, float]] = None,
    max_age: t.Optional[
        t.Union[int, t.Callable[[t.Optional[str]], t.Optional[int]]]
    ] = None,
) -> "Response":
    """Send the contents of a file to the client.

    The first argument can be a file path or a file-like object. Paths
    are preferred in most cases because Werkzeug can manage the file and
    get extra information from the path. Passing a file-like object
    requires that the file is opened in binary mode, and is mostly
    useful when building a file in memory with :class:`io.BytesIO`.

    Never pass file paths provided by a user. The path is assumed to be
    trusted, so a user could craft a path to access a file you didn't
    intend. Use :func:`send_from_directory` to safely serve
    user-requested paths from within a directory.

    If the WSGI server sets a ``file_wrapper`` in ``environ``, it is
    used, otherwise Werkzeug's built-in wrapper is used. Alternatively,
    if the HTTP server supports ``X-Sendfile``, configuring Flask with
    ``USE_X_SENDFILE = True`` will tell the server to send the given
    path, which is much more efficient than reading it in Python.

    :param path_or_file: The path to the file to send, relative to the
        current working directory if a relative path is given.
        Alternatively, a file-like object opened in binary mode. Make
        sure the file pointer is seeked to the start of the data.
    :param mimetype: The MIME type to send for the file. If not
        provided, it will try to detect it from the file name.
    :param as_attachment: Indicate to a browser that it should offer to
        save the file instead of displaying it.
    :param download_name: The default name browsers will use when saving
        the file. Defaults to the passed file name.
    :param conditional: Enable conditional and range responses based on
        request headers. Requires passing a file path and ``environ``.
    :param etag: Calculate an ETag for the file, which requires passing
        a file path. Can also be a string to use instead.
    :param last_modified: The last modified time to send for the file,
        in seconds. If not provided, it will try to detect it from the
        file path.
    :param max_age: How long the client should cache the file, in
        seconds. If set, ``Cache-Control`` will be ``public``, otherwise
        it will be ``no-cache`` to prefer conditional caching.

    .. versionchanged:: 2.0
        ``download_name`` replaces the ``attachment_filename``
        parameter. If ``as_attachment=False``, it is passed with
        ``Content-Disposition: inline`` instead.

    .. versionchanged:: 2.0
        ``max_age`` replaces the ``cache_timeout`` parameter.
        ``conditional`` is enabled and ``max_age`` is not set by
        default.

    .. versionchanged:: 2.0
        ``etag`` replaces the ``add_etags`` parameter. It can be a
        string to use instead of generating one.

    .. versionchanged:: 2.0
        Passing a file-like object that inherits from
        :class:`~io.TextIOBase` will raise a :exc:`ValueError` rather
        than sending an empty file.

    .. versionadded:: 2.0
        Moved the implementation to Werkzeug. This is now a wrapper to
        pass some Flask-specific arguments.

    .. versionchanged:: 1.1
        ``filename`` may be a :class:`~os.PathLike` object.

    .. versionchanged:: 1.1
        Passing a :class:`~io.BytesIO` object supports range requests.

    .. versionchanged:: 1.0.3
        Filenames are encoded with ASCII instead of Latin-1 for broader
        compatibility with WSGI servers.

    .. versionchanged:: 1.0
        UTF-8 filenames as specified in :rfc:`2231` are supported.

    .. versionchanged:: 0.12
        The filename is no longer automatically inferred from file
        objects. If you want to use automatic MIME and etag support,
        pass a filename via ``filename_or_fp`` or
        ``attachment_filename``.

    .. versionchanged:: 0.12
        ``attachment_filename`` is preferred over ``filename`` for MIME
        detection.

    .. versionchanged:: 0.9
        ``cache_timeout`` defaults to
        :meth:`Flask.get_send_file_max_age`.

    .. versionchanged:: 0.7
        MIME guessing and etag support for file-like objects was
        deprecated because it was unreliable. Pass a filename if you are
        able to, otherwise attach an etag yourself.

    .. versionchanged:: 0.5
        The ``add_etags``, ``cache_timeout`` and ``conditional``
        parameters were added. The default behavior is to add etags.

    .. versionadded:: 0.2
    """
    return werkzeug.utils.send_file(  # type: ignore[return-value]
        **_prepare_send_file_kwargs(
            path_or_file=path_or_file,
            environ=request.environ,
            mimetype=mimetype,
            as_attachment=as_attachment,
            download_name=download_name,
            conditional=conditional,
            etag=etag,
            last_modified=last_modified,
            max_age=max_age,
        )
    )

def send_from_directory(
    directory: t.Union[os.PathLike, str],
    path: t.Union[os.PathLike, str],
    **kwargs: t.Any,
) -> "Response":
    """Send a file from within a directory using :func:`send_file`.

    .. code-block:: python

        @app.route("/uploads/<path:name>")
        def download_file(name):
            return send_from_directory(
                app.config['UPLOAD_FOLDER'], name, as_attachment=True
            )

    This is a secure way to serve files from a folder, such as static
    files or uploads. Uses :func:`~werkzeug.security.safe_join` to
    ensure the path coming from the client is not maliciously crafted to
    point outside the specified directory.

    If the final path does not point to an existing regular file,
    raises a 404 :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.NotFound` error.

    :param directory: The directory that ``path`` must be located under,
        relative to the current application's root path.
    :param path: The path to the file to send, relative to
        ``directory``.
    :param kwargs: Arguments to pass to :func:`send_file`.

    .. versionchanged:: 2.0
        ``path`` replaces the ``filename`` parameter.

    .. versionadded:: 2.0
        Moved the implementation to Werkzeug. This is now a wrapper to
        pass some Flask-specific arguments.

    .. versionadded:: 0.5
    """
    return werkzeug.utils.send_from_directory(  # type: ignore[return-value]
        directory, path, **_prepare_send_file_kwargs(**kwargs)
    )

def get_root_path(import_name: str) -> str:
    """Find the root path of a package, or the path that contains a
    module. If it cannot be found, returns the current working
    directory.

    Not to be confused with the value returned by :func:`find_package`.

    :meta private:
    """
    # Module already imported and has a file attribute. Use that first.
    mod = sys.modules.get(import_name)

    if mod is not None and hasattr(mod, "__file__") and mod.__file__ is not None:
        return os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(mod.__file__))

    # Next attempt: check the loader.
    loader = pkgutil.get_loader(import_name)

    # Loader does not exist or we're referring to an unloaded main
    # module or a main module without path (interactive sessions), go
    # with the current working directory.
    if loader is None or import_name == "__main__":
        return os.getcwd()

    if hasattr(loader, "get_filename"):
        filepath = loader.get_filename(import_name)  # type: ignore
    else:
        # Fall back to imports.
        __import__(import_name)
        mod = sys.modules[import_name]
        filepath = getattr(mod, "__file__", None)

        # If we don't have a file path it might be because it is a
        # namespace package. In this case pick the root path from the
        # first module that is contained in the package.
        if filepath is None:
            raise RuntimeError(
                "No root path can be found for the provided module"
                f" {import_name!r}. This can happen because the module"
                " came from an import hook that does not provide file"
                " name information or because it's a namespace package."
                " In this case the root path needs to be explicitly"
                " provided."
            )

    # filepath is import_name.py for a module, or __init__.py for a package.
    return os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(filepath))

class locked_cached_property(werkzeug.utils.cached_property):
    """A :func:`property` that is only evaluated once. Like
    :class:`werkzeug.utils.cached_property` except access uses a lock
    for thread safety.

    .. versionchanged:: 2.0
        Inherits from Werkzeug's ``cached_property`` (and ``property``).
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        fget: t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any],
        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
        doc: t.Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__(fget, name=name, doc=doc)
        self.lock = RLock()

    def __get__(self, obj: object, type: type = None) -> t.Any:  # type: ignore
        if obj is None:
            return self

        with self.lock:
            return super().__get__(obj, type=type)

    def __set__(self, obj: object, value: t.Any) -> None:
        with self.lock:
            super().__set__(obj, value)

    def __delete__(self, obj: object) -> None:
        with self.lock:
            super().__delete__(obj)

def is_ip(value: str) -> bool:
    """Determine if the given string is an IP address.

    :param value: value to check
    :type value: str

    :return: True if string is an IP address
    :rtype: bool
    """
    for family in (socket.AF_INET, socket.AF_INET6):
        try:
            socket.inet_pton(family, value)
        except OSError:
            pass
        else:
            return True

    return False

@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
def _split_blueprint_path(name: str) -> t.List[str]:
    out: t.List[str] = [name]

    if "." in name:
        out.extend(_split_blueprint_path(name.rpartition(".")[0]))

    return out

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Can the court permit the conversion of Criminal Proceedings instituted under the DV Act as Civil Proceedings for its transfer to civil court or Family court?
Conjoint reading of Section 44 of the Indian Penal Code and
Section 3 of the Domestic Violence Act portrays the nature of injuries for initiation of proceedings under the Domestic Violence Act. Undoubtedly, all such bodily injuries are serious in nature and affecting the fundamental rights of women. Thus, initiation of proceedings under the DomesticViolence Act with reference to the bodily injuries contemplated under the provisions of the Act, are Criminal acts and therefore, the Domestic Violence proceedings are criminal in nature and to be tried by the competent Judicial Magistrate. The word "injury" is defined in Section 44 of the Indian Penal Code as the word "injury" denotes 'any harm whatsoever illegally caused to any person, in body, mind, reputation or property'. {Para 57}
58. Thus, the injuries enumerated under the provisions of the
Domestic Violence Act are bodily injuries, which all are offences as contemplated under the Penal laws. Thus, all such offences / bodily injuries as contemplated under the Domestic Violence Act are against the society at large and therefore, the proceedings are criminal proceedings and the competent criminal Court of Law is empowered to try those cases. Section 28 of the Domestic Violence Act states that the proceedings are to be regulated under the Criminal Procedure Code. Thus, such criminal
proceedings instituted under the Domestic Violence Act cannot be converted as Civil proceedings nor construed as proceedings of civil nature, so as to transfer such criminal proceedings before the Civil Court or Family Court by exercising the supervisory powers under Article 227 of the Constitution of India.
IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT MADRAS
Tr.C.M.P SR No.15785 of 2021
D.V.C.No.43 of 2019
P.Arun Prakash Vs S.Sudhamary
MR. JUSTICE S.M.SUBRAMANIAM
DATED : 01-04-2021
The Registry, High Court of Madras, raised an objection
regarding the maintainability of the Transfer Civil Miscellaneous Petition as
the relief sought for in the petition is to withdraw the proceedings in DVC
No.43 of 2019 from the file of the XVII Metropolitan Magistrate Court,
Saidapet, Chennai and transfer the same to the file of the V Additional
Family Court at Chennai. Thus, this case is listed under the caption 'For
Maintainability'.
2. The marriage between the 1st petitioner/husband and the
respondent was solemnized on 06.06.2016 at Coimbatore as per the Hindu
Rites and Customs. The 1st petitioner and the respondent started their
matrimonial life in Singapore and thereafter, misunderstanding arose
between them and the 1st petitioner/husband stated that the respondent/wife
deserted him on 02.08.2018. Thus, the 1st petitioner/husband issued notice
and filed a petition in O.P.No. 4652 of 2018 on the file of the V Additional
Family Court, Chennai, seeking the relief of Restitution of Conjugal Rights.
3. The respondent/wife filed a Domestic Violence Complaint to
the Social Welfare Officer, Chennai and after conducting an enquiry, the
Social Welfare Officer has filed a Report to the XVII Metropolitan
Magistrate's Court, Saidapet, Chennai, and the learned Magistrate took
cognizance of the complaint and numbered the petition as D.V.C.No.43 of
4. The respondent/wife further filed the Maintenance Case in
M.C.No.482 of 2018, seeking maintenance, which is pending before the V
Additional Family Court, Chennai. Under these circumstances, the present
transfer petition is filed to transfer the Domestic Violence Act case in
D.V.C.No.43 of 2019 pending before the learned XVII Metropolitan
Magistrate's, Saidapet, Chennai to the V Additional Family Court, Chennai
for joint trial.
5. The question of legal importance arose in the present petition is
that, whether the High Court in exercise of the power of superintendence
under Article 227 of the Constitution of India, transfer the criminal
proceedings from the Criminal Court / Magistrate Court to the Family Court
/ Civil Court, when the powers of transfers of cases are already conferred on
the High Court under the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code and
Civil Procedure Code.
6. Presuming, the powers under Article 227 of the Constitution of
India is exercised, in order to transfer of a criminal case to a Civil Court or
Family Court, what would be the consequences and the provisions
governing such transfers and the Constitution of Special Courts under the
Special enactments.
7. Yet another question raised is that whether the judgment of this
Court in the case of Mohana Seshadri Vs. Anuja, reported in CDJ 2020
MHC 944 can be followed as a precedent, so as to pave way for the litigant
to file a transfer petition in order to transfer a criminal proceedings to the
Civil Court or Family Court.
8. In the said case of Mohana Seshadri (supra), the High Court
exercised the powers under Article 227 of the Constitution of India and
transfered the cases only on extraordinary circumstances, taking note of the
particular facts and circumstances. Thus, such an exercise of power of
discretion, exercised occasionally with reference to the facts cannot be
construed as a precedent, so as to develop the practice of filing a transfer
petition under Article 227 of the Constitution of India for transferring a
criminal proceedings from the Court of Criminal law to the Civil Court or
Family Court. Thus, the case cited by the petitioners need not be relied upon
for the purpose entertaining a transfer petition under Article 227 of the
Constitution of India. In the present petition, this Court has to consider the
provisions of the Special Acts namely the Domestic Violence Act, Family
Courts Act and also the Code of Criminal Procedure for the purpose of
forming an opinion.
9. The judicial institutions constituted pursuant to the provisions
of the Special Acts are bound to function within the provisions of the
Special Statute and excessive exercise of jurisdiction beyond the scope of the Statute is impermissible. Thus, the objections regarding the maintainability of the transfer petition under Article 227 of the Constitution of India raised by the Registry, High Court, is to be decided independently with reference to the provisions of the Special Acts and the Code of Criminal Procedure.
PROTECTION OF WOMEN FROM DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT,
2 005 [ in short, 'DV Act']
10. The statement of objects and reasons for enacting the
Domestic Violence Act clearly stipulates that in order to protect the women
against violence of any kind occurring within the family. The phenomenon
of Domestic Violence is widely prevalent but has remained largely invisible
in the public domain. Presently, where a woman is subjected to cruelty by
her husband or relatives, it is an offence under Section 498-A of the Indian
Penal Code. The Civil law does not however address the phenomenon in its
entirety.
11. With the above, let us now consider various provisions of the
'DV Act' for institution of proceedings as contemplated under the Domestic
Violence Act.
12. Section 2(f) defines 'domestic relationship'"; Section 2 (i)
defines "Magistrate" means the Judicial Magistrate of the first class, or as
the case may be, the Metropolitan Magistrate, exercising jurisdiction under
the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) in the area, where the
aggrieved person resides temporarily or otherwise or the respondent resides
or the domestic violence is alleged to have taken place; Section 3 provides
'Definition of domestic violence'. Accordingly, for the purposes of this Act,
any act, omission or commission or conduct of the respondent shall
constitute domestic violence in case it:
"(a) harms or injures or endangers the health, safety, life,
limb or well being, whether mental or physical, of the
aggrieved person or tends to do so and includes causing
physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal and emotional abuse
and economic abuse; or
(b) harasses, harms, injures or endangers the aggrieved
person with a view to coerce her or any other person
related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any dowry
or other property or valuable security; or
(c) has the effect of threatening the aggrieved person or
any person related to her by any conduct mentioned in
clause (a) or clause (b); or
(d) otherwise injures or causes harm, whether physical or
mental, to the aggrieved person.
Explanation I.-For the purposes of this section,-
(i) "physical abuse" means any act or conduct which is of
such a nature as to cause bodily pain, harm, or danger to
life, limb, or health or impair the health or development of
the aggrieved person and includes assault, criminal
intimidation and criminal force;
(ii) "sexual abuse" includes any conduct of a sexual nature
that abuses, humiliates, degrades or otherwise violates the
dignity of woman;
(iii) "verbal and emotional abuse" includes-
(a) insults, ridicule, humiliation, name calling
and insults or ridicule specially with regard to
not having a child or a male child; and
(b) repeated threats to cause physical pain to
any person in whom the aggrieved person is
interested.
(iv) "economic abuse" includes-
(a) deprivation of all or any economic or financial
resources to which the aggrieved person is entitled under
any law or custom whether payable under an order of a
court or otherwise or which the aggrieved person requires
out of necessity including, but not limited to, household
necessities for the aggrieved person and her children, if
any, stridhan, property, jointly or separately owned by the
aggrieved person, payment of rental related to the shared
household and maintenance;
(b) disposal of household effects, any alienation of assets
whether movable or immovable, valuables, shares,
securities, bonds and the like or other property in which
the aggrieved person has an interest or is entitled to use by
virtue of the domestic relationship or which may be
reasonably required by the aggrieved person or her
children or her stridhan or any other property jointly or
separately held by the aggrieved person; and
(c) prohibition or restriction to continued access to
resources or facilities which the aggrieved person is
entitled to use or enjoy by virtue of the domestic
relationship including access to the shared household.
Explanation II.—For the purpose of determining whether
any act, omission, commission or conduct of the
respondent constitutes "domestic violence" under this
section, the overall facts and circumstances of the case
shall be taken into consideration."
13. Section 12 contemplates 'Application to Magistrate' and
accordingly, an aggrieved person or a Protection Officer or any other person
on behalf of the aggrieved person may present an application to the
Magistrate seeking one or more relief under this Act.
14. Section 26 provides 'Relief in other suits and legal
proceedings'. Sub-clause (1) states that any relief available under sections
18, 19, 20, 21 and 22 may also be sought in any legal proceeding, before a
civil court, family court or a criminal court, affecting the aggrieved person
and the respondent, whether such proceeding was initiated before or after
the commencement of this Act. Sub-clause (2) states that 'Any relief
referred to in sub-section (1) may be sought for in addition to and along
with any other relief that the aggrieved person may seek in such suit or legal
proceeding before a civil or criminal court.
15. Section 26 is an enabling provision, facilitating the litigants to
seek other reliefs of civil nature before the civil court and family court. The
said provision would not change the character of the criminal proceedings
to be conducted by the Magistrate court under the provisions of the
Domestic Violence Act.
16. Section 27 denotes the 'Jurisdiction', which is extracted
hereunder:-
"27. Jurisdiction.-(1) The court of Judicial Magistrate
of the first class or the Metropolitan Magistrate, as the
case may be, within the local limits of which-
(a) the person aggrieved permanently or temporarily
resides or carries on business or is employed; or
(b) the respondent resides or carries on business or is
employed; or
(c) the cause of action has arisen, shall be the competent
court to grant a protection order and other orders under
this Act and to try offences under this Act.
(2) Any order made under this Act shall be enforceable
throughout India."
17. Section 28 deals with the 'Procedure'. Sub-clause (1)
contemplates states that "Save as otherwise provided in this Act, all
proceedings under sections 12,18, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23 and offences under section 31 shall be governed by the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974)."
18. Thus, the provisions of the 'DV Act' are unambiguous that an
application is entertainable before the Judicial Magistrate Class I or the Metropolitan Magistrate as the case may be for seeking one or more reliefs under the Act.
19. Let us now look into Section 31, which contemplates -
'Penalty for breach of protection order by respondent'. A breach of
protection order, or of an interim protection order, by the respondent shall
be an offence under this Act and shall be punishable with imprisonment of
either description for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine,
which may extend to twenty thousand rupees, or with both.
20. Section 33 deals with 'Penalty for not discharging duty by
Protection Officer'. If any Protection Officer fails or refuses to discharges
his duties as directed by the Magistrate in the protection order without any
sufficient cause, he shall be punished with imprisonment of either
description for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may
extend to twenty thousand rupees, or with both.
21. Section 29 deals with 'Appeal' - There shall lie an appeal to
the Court of Session within thirty days from the date on which the order made by the Magistrate is served on the aggrieved person or the respondent, as the case may be, whichever is later.
22. Cogent reading of all the provisions considered above,
undoubtedly, the proceedings under the 'DV Act' are regulated under the
Code of Criminal Procedure as contemplated under Section 28 of the 'DV
Act'. Thus, a complaint registered under Section 12 of the Domestic
Violence Act is criminal proceedings on the criminal side of the judiciary
and accordingly, the said proceedings are to be regulated under the Criminal
Procedure Code.
23. Section 26 of the 'DV Act' contemplates that reliefs under
Sections 18 to 22 may be sought for by instituting proceedings before the
Civil Court, Family Court or the Criminal Court. The said provision grant
liberty to the litigants to file independent applications/petitions before the
Family Court, Civil Court or Criminal Court under various provisions of the
other Statutes. For example, a custody petition may be filed under the
Guardian and Wards Act, a Maintenance Petition may be filed under Section
125 of the Cr.P.C., or before the Family Court as the case may be and such
reliefs of Civil nature is contemplated, enabling the litigants to redress their
grievances with reference to the other enactments. Such facility or option
provided to the litigants would not change the character of the nature of
criminal proceedings instituted under the 'DV Act' and it is only an alternate
relief and in the event of obtaining any such order from any other Court, it is
mandatory that such reliefs obtained must be informed before the Magistrate
Court in the Domestic Violence Act proceedings. This being the rider clause
as contemplated, the intention of the legislatures are to provide multiple
options to the women litigants to redress their grievances in a speedy
manner and in the event of obtaining any such reliefs from any other Court,
the said order or proceedings must be informed to the Magistrate Court in
respect of the Domestic Violence litigation instituted under Section 12 of
the 'DV Act'.
24. The relief granted under Section 26 of the Domestic Violence
Act is in addition to the reliefs, which can be obtained under the 'DV Act'
itself. Thus, it is an additional provision as contemplated, facilitating the
women litigants to avail the remedies with reference to the other special
enactments. In other words, the 'DV Act' would not prohibit the litigants
from redressing their grievances before the Civil Court under a particular
enactment, which provides reliefs for the women litigants.
25. Section 26 further permits an aggrieved person to seek reliefs
in a pending proceedings, which were instituted even before the
commencement of the Domestic Violence Act. Thus, the legislative
intention under Section 26 is to provide multiple options to the aggrieved
women litigants to redress their grievances in a speedy manner and further,
not to prohibit such litigants from approaching the Civil Court for
appropriate relief as contemplated under various other enactments, even
after the institution of proceedings under 'DV Act'.
26. Sub-Clause (2) to Section 26 is clear that any relief referred to
in sub-section (1) may be sought for in addition to and along with any other
relief that the aggrieved person may seek in such suit or legal proceeding
before a civil or criminal court. Therefore, the said provisions under the
'DV Act' would not alter the nature of criminal proceedings instituted under
27. Sub-clause (3) to Section 26 contemplates 'in case any relief
has been obtained by the aggrieved person in any proceedings other than a
proceeding under the 'DV Act', she shall be bound to inform the Magistrate
of the grant of such relief'. Thus, on a conjoint reading of sub-clause to
Section 26 make it very clear that it is an enabling provision and in the event
of obtaining any relief from other Courts, namely, Civil Court or Family
Court or Criminal Court, the said facts are to be placed before the
Magistrate Court in a Domestic Violence case instituted under the Act.
28. It is needless to state that the right of appeal is a Statutory
right under the Domestic Violence Act. Section 29 contemplates appeal to
the Court of Sessions and, therefore, for all purposes, the proceedings under
the Domestic Violence Act is a criminal proceeding, which is regulated
under the Cr.P.C and throughout the Act, the provisions contemplates the
powers of Judicial Magistrate/Metropolitan Magistrate.
29. Perusal of Section 3 of the Domestic Violence Act,
unambiguously clarifies that all such offences as contemplated are relatable
to bodily injuries and other related offences. Thus, those offences defined
Section 3 of the Domestic Violence Act are criminal in nature and certain
offences are falling under the provisions of the Indian Penal Code.
30. Sub clause (a), (b), (c), (d) to Section 3 of the Domestic
Violence Act deals with the offences relatable mostly to the bodily injuries
and other criminal natured offences. Thus, the Domestic Violence Act is a
Special Act enacted for the purpose of dealing with the Domestic Violences,
which all are contemplated and defined under the Act and the same cannot
be compared with other civil natured proceedings, to be initiated under the
provisions of the Civil Procedure Code, Family Courts Act or the Marriage
31. The legal maxim is Generalia Specialibus non derogant
(when there is a conflict, general and special provision, the later will
prevail). In this context, it is to be held that Special Act will prevail over the
General laws. When a Special enactment is in force to deal with certain
specific offences, in the present context, Domestic Violence Act, then the
other general laws cannot have any application and all such Domestic
Violences are to be tried by following the procedures as contemplated under
the Special Enactment and this being the legal principles, the application
under Section 12 of the Domestic Violence Act cannot be construed as a
civil natured proceedings.
FAMILY COURTS ACT, 1984
32. Section 3 of the Family Courts Act, 1984 provides
Establishment of Family Courts. Chapter III, Section 7 of the Family Courts
Act deals with 'Jurisdiction' which provides as under:
"7. Jurisdiction.—(1) Subject to the other
provisions of this Act, a Family Court shall—
(a) have and exercise all the jurisdiction exercisable by
any district court or any subordinate civil court under any law
for the time being in force in respect of suits and proceedings
of the nature referred to in the Explanation; and
(b) be deemed, for the purposes of exercising such
jurisdiction under such law, to be a district court or, as the
case may be, such subordinate civil court for the area to which
the jurisdiction of the Family Court extends.
Explanation.—The suits and proceedings referred to in this
sub-section are suits and proceedings of the following nature,
(a) a suit or proceeding between the parties to a marriage
for a decree of nullity of marriage (declaring the marriage to
be null and void or, as the case may be, annulling the
marriage) or restitution of conjugal rights or judicial
separation or dissolution of marriage;
(b) a suit or proceeding for a declaration as to the
validity of a marriage or as to the matrimonial status of any
person;
(c) a suit or proceeding between the parties to a marriage
with respect to the property of the parties or of either of them;
(d) a suit or proceeding for an order or injunction in
circumstance arising out of a marital relationship;
(e) a suit or proceeding for a declaration as to the
legitimacy of any person;
(f) a suit or proceeding for maintenance;
(g) a suit or proceeding in relation to the guardianship of
the person or the custody of, or access to, any minor.
(2) Subject to the other provisions of this Act, a Family
Court shall also have and exercise—
(a) the jurisdiction exercisable by a Magistrate of the first
class under Chapter IX (relating to order for maintenance of
wife, children and parents) of the Code of Criminal Procedure,
1973 (2 of 1974); and
(b) such other jurisdiction as may be conferred on it by
any other enactment."
33. Section 7, Sub Clause (a) of the Family Courts Act stipulates
the Family Court shall have and exercise all the jurisdiction exercisable by
any district court or any subordinate civil court under any law for the time
being in force in respect of suits and proceedings of the nature referred to in
the Explanation. Sub Clause (b) states that the Family Court shall be
deemed, for the purposes of exercising such jurisdiction under such law, to
be a district court or, as the case may be, such subordinate civil court for the
area to which the jurisdiction of the Family Court extends.
34. Explanations provided under Section 7 of the Act elaborates
the nature of disputes, which all are to be adjudicated before the Family
Court. Section 7(2) of the Act empowers the jurisdiction exercisable by a
Magistrate of the first class under Chapter IX (relating to order for
maintenance of wife, children and parents) of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974). Thus, the applications, which all are filed,
seeking Maintenance for wife, children and parents alone shall be tried by
exercising the powers conferred under Section 7(2)(a) of the Family Courts
Act, 1984. Thus, with reference to the jurisdiction as contemplated under the
Domestic Violence Act, the Family Courts/Civil Courts are not having
jurisdiction to deal with certain offences defined under the provisions of the
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE
35. Section 407 of the Code of Civil Procedure Code provides
Power of High Court to transfer cases and appeals. Accordingly, the High
Court is empowered to transfer the case from one Court to another Court as
the case may be as contemplated under the provisions of 407 of the Code of
Civil Procedure.
CIVIL PROCEDURE CODE
36. Under Section 24 of the Code of Civil Procedure, Civil
proceedings can be transferred from one Civil Court to another Civil Court.
37. However, Criminal proceedings cannot be transferred from a
Criminal Court of Law to a Civil Court/Family Court and all the more by
exercising the supervisory power under Article 227 of the Constitution of India.
ARTICLE 227 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
38. In the case of Shalini Shyam Shetty and another vs.
Rajendra Shankar Patil, reported in (2010) 8 SCC 329, the Apex Court
elaborately considered the High Court's Power of Superintendence under
Article 227 of the Constitution has its origin as early as in Indian High
Courts Act of 1861. This concept of superintendence has been borrowed
from English Law. The power of superintendence owes its origin to the
supervisory jurisdiction of King's Bench in England. In the Presidency
towns of the then Calcutta, Bombay, Madras initially Supreme Court was
established under the Regulating Act of 1793. Those Courts were endowed
with the power of superintendence, similar to the powers of Kings Bench
under the English Law. Then the Indian High Courts in three Presidency
towns were endowed with similar jurisdiction of superintendence. Such
power was conferred on them under Section 15 of the Indian High Courts
Act, 1861.
39. Then in the Government of India Act, 1915 Section 107
continued this power of superintendence with the High Court. Section 107
of the Government of India Act, 1915 was structured, providing Powers of
High Court with respect to subordinate Courts. In the Government of India
Act, 1935, the said Section 107 was continued with slight changes in
Section 224 of the Act. The history of this power has been elaborately traced
by a Division Bench of Calcutta High Court in the case of Jahnabi Prosad
Banerjee and another vs. Basudeb Paul & others, reported in AIR 1950
Calcutta 536 and that was followed in a Division Bench Judgment of
Allahabad High Court in the case of Sukhdeo Baiswar vs. Brij Bhushan
Misra and others in AIR 1951 Allahabad 667.
40. The history of Article 227 has also been traced by the Apex
Court in its Constitutional Bench judgment in the case of Waryam Singh and another vs. Amarnath and another [AIR 1954 SC 215]
41. About the nature of the power of superintendence, Apex Court
relied on the Special Bench judgment delivered by Chief Justice Harries in
the case of Dalmia Jain Airways Limited vs. Sukumar Mukherjee (AIR 1951 Calcutta 193).
42. In paragraph 14 page 217 of Waryam Singh (supra), Supreme
Court neatly formulated the ambit of High Court's power under Article 227
in the following words:
"This power of superintendence conferred by Article 227 is,
as pointed out by Harries C.J., in `Dalmia Jain Airways Ltd. v.
Sukumar Mukherjee', AIR 1951 Cal 193 (SB) (B), to be
exercised most sparingly and only in appropriate cases in
order to keep the Subordinate Courts within the bounds of their
authority and not for correcting mere errors."
43. Chief justice Harries in the Full Bench decision in Dalmia
(supra) stated the principles on which the High Court can exercise its power
under Article 227 very succinctly which, we would better, quote:
"6. Though this Court has a right to interfere with decisions
of Courts and tribunals under its power of superintendence, it
appears to me that that right must be exercised most sparingly
and only in appropriate cases. The matter was considered by a
Bench of this Court in Manmathanath v. Emperor, AIR 1933
Cal 132. In that case a Bench over which Sir George Rankin
C. J. presided held that Section 107, Government of India Act
(which roughly corresponds to Article 227 of the Constitution),
does not vest the High Court with limitless power which may
be exercised at the Court's discretion to remove the hardship
of particular decisions. The power of superintendence it
confers is a power of a known and well-recognised character
and should be exercised on those judicial principles which
give it its character. In general words, the High Court's power
of superintendence is a power to keep subordinate Courts
within the bounds of their authority, to see that they do what
their duty requires and that they do it in a legal manner."
44. The power of the High Court under Article 227 to be plenary
and unfettered but at the same time, the High Court should be cautious in its
exercise. Thus, the power of superintendence is not to be exercised unless
there has been an (a) unwarranted assumption of jurisdiction, not vested in
Court or tribunal, or (b) gross abuse of jurisdiction or (c) an unjustifiable
refusal to exercise jurisdiction vested in Courts or Tribunals.
45. The jurisdiction under Article 227 on the other hand is not
original nor is it appellate. This jurisdiction of superintendence under
Article 227 is for both administrative and judicial superintendence.
Therefore, the powers conferred under Articles 226 and 227 are separate and
distinct and operate in different fields. Jurisdiction under Article 227 is
exercised by the High Court for vindication of its position as the highest
judicial authority in the State. But in cases, where the High Court exercise
its jurisdiction under Article 227, such exercise is entirely discretionary
and no person can claiming it as as a matter of right.
46. In the case of Jasbir Singh vs. State of Punjab, reported in
2006 (8) SCC 294, the Hon'ble Supreme Court relied on the case of Mohd.
Yunus Vs. Mohd. Mustaqim AIR 1984 SC 38, Wherein the Apex Court
held as follows:
"The supervisory jurisdiction conferred on the High
Court's under Article 227 of the Constitution is limited "to
seeing that an inferior Court or Tribunal functions within the
limits of its authority," and not to correct an error apparent
on the face of the record, much less an error of law.. In
exercising its supervisory powers under Article 227, the High
Court does not act as an appellate court or Tribunal. It will
not review or reweigh the evidence upon which the inferior
court or tribunal purports to be based or to correct any
errors of law in the decision."
........This Court also made almost similar
observations in State Vs. Navjot Sandhu (2003) 6 SCC 641.
"So, even while invoking the provisions of Article 227 of
the Constitution, it is provided that the High Court would
exercise such powers most sparingly and only in
appropriate cases in order to keep the subordinate courts
within the bounds of their authority. The power of
superintendence exercised over the subordinate courts and
tribunals does not imply that the High Court can intervene
in the judicial functions of the lower judiciary. The
independence of the subordinate courts in the discharge of
their judicial functions is of paramount importance, just as
the independence of the superior courts in the discharge of
their judicial functions. It is the members of the subordinate
judiciary who directly interact with the parties in the course
of proceedings of the case and therefore, it is no less
important that their independence should be protected
effectively to the satisfaction of the litigants."
47. In a recent judgment in the case of Mohd.Inam Vs. Sanjay
Kumar Singhal & Ors, the Apex Court in Civil Appeal No.2697 of 2020
dated 26.06.2020, considered the principles:
His Lordship B.R. GAVAI, J., while speaking for the
Bench, held as follows:
"32. It is a well settled principle of law, that in the guise
of exercising jurisdiction under Article 227 of the
Constitution of India, the High Court cannot convert itself
into a court of appeal. It is equally well settled, that the
supervisory jurisdiction extends to keeping the subordinate
tribunals within the limits of their authority and seeing
that they obey the law. It has been held, that though the
powers under Article 227 are wide, they must be exercised
sparingly and only to keep subordinate courts and
Tribunals within the bounds of their authority and not to
correct mere errors. Reliance in this respect can be placed
on a catena of judgments of this Court including the ones
in Satyanarayan Laxminarayan Hegde & Ors. vs.
Millikarjun Bhavanappa Tirumale10, Bathutmal Raichand
Oswal vs. Laxmibai R. 10 (1960) 1 SCR 890 Tarta &
Anr.11, M/s India Pipe Fitting Co. vs. Fakruddin M.
A.Baker & Anr.12, Ganpat Ladha v. Sashikant Vishnu
Shinde13, Mrs. Labhkuwar Bhagwani Shaha & Ors. vs.
Janardhan Mahadeo Kalan & Anr.14, Chandavarkar Sita
Ratna Rao vs. Ashalata S. Guram15, Venkatlal G. Pittie
and another vs. Bright Bros (Pvt.) Ltd.16, State of
Maharashtra vs. Milind & Ors.17, State Through Special
Cell, New Delhi vs. Navjot Sandhu Alias Afshan Guru and
others18, Ranjeet Singh vs. Ravi Prakash19, Shamshad
Ahmad & Ors. vs. Tilak Raj Bajaj (Deceased) Through
LRs. and others20, Celina Coelho Pereira (Ms.) and others
vs. Ulhas Mahabaleshwar Kholkar and others21."
48. In yet another judgment in the case of Virudhunagar Hindu
Nadargal Dharma Paribalana Sabai v. Tuticorin Educational Society,
(2019) 9 SCC 538, the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India in unambiguous
terms held as follows:
"12. But courts should always bear in mind a distinction
between (i) cases where such alternative remedy is available
before civil courts in terms of the provisions of Code of Civil
Procedure, and (ii) cases where such alternative remedy is
available under special enactments and/or statutory rules and
the fora provided therein happen to be quasi-judicial
authorities and tribunals. In respect of cases falling under the
first category, which may involve suits and other proceedings
before civil courts, the availability of an appellate remedy in
terms of the provisions of CPC, may have to be construed as a
near total bar. Otherwise, there is a danger that someone may
challenge in a revision under Article 227, even a decree passed
in a suit, on the same grounds on which Respondents 1 and 2
invoked the jurisdiction of the High Court. This is why, a 3-
member Bench of this Court, while overruling the decision
in Surya Dev Rai v. Ram Chander Rai [Surya Dev Rai v. Ram
Chander Rai, (2003) 6 SCC 675] , pointed out in Radhey
Shyam v. Chhabi Nath [Radhey Shyam v. Chhabi Nath, (2015)
5 SCC 423 : (2015) 3 SCC (Civ) 67] that "orders of civil court
stand on different footing from the orders of authorities or
tribunals or courts other than judicial/civil courts".
13. Therefore wherever the proceedings are under the Code
of Civil Procedure and the forum is the civil court, the
availability of a remedy under the CPC, will deter the High
Court, not merely as a measure of self-imposed restriction, but
as a matter of discipline and prudence, from exercising its
power of superintendence under the Constitution. Hence, the
High Court ought not to have entertained the revision under
Article 227 especially in a case where a specific remedy of
appeal is provided under the Code of Civil Procedure itself."
49. The above judgments of the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India
as well as the High Courts with reference to the principles settled for
exercise of supervisory power under Article 227 of the Constitution of
India, it is consistent that the scope of the power is limited and to be
exercised sparingly and certainly, it cannot be exercised overriding the
provisions of the Special Enactments, wherein specific reliefs are provided
for redressal.
50. In this context, the Family Courts Act deals with Family
disputes and the powers and jurisdiction of the Family Courts are
unambiguously enumerated in the Statute itself. Thus, the proceedings
instituted under the Family Courts Act before the Family Courts are to be
regulated in accordance with the provisions as contemplated. Equally, an
application filed under Section 12 of the Domestic Violence Act is to be
regulated under the provisions of the 'DV Act' and the application registered
under Section 12 of the Domestic Violence Act is a criminal proceedings
and the entire provisions of the 'DV Act' unambiguously portrays that the
nature of proceedings are under criminal law. The procedures as
contemplated under the Criminal Procedure Code is to be followed for trial
of the cases under the 'DV Act'. Thus, there is no reason to form an opinion
that application filed under the 'DV Act' is a "Civil natured proceedings".
Offences against the women are falling both under criminal law and under
civil law. In a family dispute, when there is a possibility of institution of
both criminal proceedings and civil proceedings, the 'DV Act' contemplates
certain enabling provisions, permitting the aggrieved women to file civil
cases before the Civil Court and Family Courts under the respective
Statutes, in order to redress their grievances. However, the said facts are to
be informed before the Magistrate Court concerned. Section 26 in this
regard clarifies that aggrieved person may sought for such reliefs before the
Civil Courts and Family Courts by filing an appropriate application and by
following the procedures as contemplated under the Special enactments.
51. This being independent procedures as contemplated under
various Special enactments, the transfer of cases to be followed strictly in
consonance with the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code and Civil
Procedure Code. When the scope of Article 227 does not permit the High
Court to entertain a transfer petition to transfer a criminal case to a Civil
Court or a civil case to a Criminal Courts, then the conversion of such
power under Article 227 for transfer of cases is certainly beyond the scope
of the principles settled by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in various judgments
discussed elaborately in the aforementioned paragraphs.
52. Thus, the power of transfer conferred under the Code of
Criminal Procedure and the Code of Civil Procedure are expected to be
exercised by the High Courts and such power of transfer is not traceable
under Article 227 of the Constitution of India. Jurisdiction, which is not
traceable under Article 227 of the Constitution of India cannot be exercised,
which would result in excess exercise of power, which is not desirable.
53. It is relevant to look into Clause 13 of the Letters Patent,
wherein it is contemplated as follows:
"13. Extraordinary original civil jurisdiction: - And we do
further obtain that the High Court of Judicature at Madras,
shall have power to remove, and to try and determine, as a
Court of Extraordinary Original Jurisdiction, any suit being or
falling within the jurisdiction of any Court, whether within or
without the Presidency of Madras, subject to its
superintendence, when the said High Court shall think proper to
do so, either on the agreement of the parties to that effect, or for
purposes of justice, the reasons for so doing being recorded on
the proceedings of the said High Court.
54. Even under the above provision, the suits alone are mentioned
and the criminal proceedings are not mentioned in the Letters Patent. Thus,
power of transfer of cases from Criminal Court of law to Civil Court or
Family Court is not traceable under Article 227 of the Constitution of India.
55. The Domestic Violence Act, Family Courts Act, Law for
Maintenance, Custody of Children etc., are enacted for the welfare and to
protect the interest of the women in our great Nation. The Special
enactments provide varieties of reliefs, enabling the aggrieved women to
redress their grievances by following the procedures as contemplated.
These Special Enactments are self-regulated and the jurisdiction of the
Courts constituted and the powers and the procedures are also enumerated.
While so, there is no reason whatsoever to deviate from the provisions of
such special enactments for the purpose of invoking Article 227 of the
Constitution of India. In other words, the proceedings under those special
enactments are to be regulated in accordance with the provisions of such
Acts and not otherwise. The scope of the power of superintendence of
Subordinate Courts by the High Court under Article 227 of the Constitution
are entirely distinct and different and the same cannot be exercised for the
purpose of transfer of cases from Criminal Court to the Family Court or the
Civil Court.
56. The special enactments are for the protection of women and
for their welfare. Thus, the multiple options provided under various special
enactments, facilitating the aggrieved women to redress their grievances are
to be dealt in accordance with the provisions of such enactments and speedy
disposal being the paramount importance, Courts are bound to ensure all
such cases, affecting the women must be disposed of at the earliest possible.
Protraction and prolongation of such litigations can never be encouraged by
the Courts.
57. Conjoint reading of Section 44 of the Indian Penal Code and
Section 3 of the Domestic Violence Act portrays the nature of injuries for
initiation of proceedings under the Domestic Violence Act. Undoubtedly,
all such bodily injuries are serious in nature and affecting the fundamental
rights of women. Thus, initiation of proceedings under the Domestic
Violence Act with reference to the bodily injuries contemplated under the
provisions of the Act, are Criminal acts and therefore, the Domestic
Violence proceedings are criminal in nature and to be tried by the
competent Judicial Magistrate. The word "injury" is defined in Section 44
of the Indian Penal Code as the word "injury" denotes 'any harm
whatsoever illegally caused to any person, in body, mind, reputation or
property'.
Domestic Violence Act are bodily injuries, which all are offences as
contemplated under the Penal laws. Thus, all such offences / bodily injuries
as contemplated under the Domestic Violence Act are against the society at
large and therefore, the proceedings are criminal proceedings and the
competent criminal Court of Law is empowered to try those cases. Section
28 of the Domestic Violence Act states that the proceedings are to be
regulated under the Criminal Procedure Code. Thus, such criminal
proceedings instituted under the Domestic Violence Act cannot be
converted as Civil proceedings nor construed as proceedings of civil nature,
so as to transfer such criminal proceedings before the Civil Court or Family
Court by exercising the supervisory powers under Article 227 of the
Constitution of India.
59. In view of the discussions made elaborately in the
aforementioned paragraphs, this Court has no hesitation in concluding that
all proceedings initiated under the provisions of the Domestic Violence Act
are criminal proceedings and the competent criminal Court of Law is
empowered to try such proceedings. Thus, any transfer petition, if at all
filed to transfer a case registered under the Domestic Violence Act must be
entertained only under the Code of Criminal Procedure and certainly not by
invoking the powers under Article 227 of the Constitution of India, to
transfer the said case to the Civil Court or Family Court.
60. In the event of transferring the Domestic Violence Act
proceedings to the Family Court or Civil Court, the said Courts cannot have
any jurisdiction to try and convict under the penal provisions as
contemplated under the Domestic Violence Act. Thus, aggrieved women,
who instituted the proceedings under Section 12 of the Domestic Violence
Act is deprived of getting appropriate reliefs and justice as contemplated
under the provisions of the Domestic Violence Act. Thus, such transfers
would defeat the very purpose and object of the penal provisions as
contemplated under the Domestic Violence Act and the punishments
indicated therein. Further, by transferring the Domestic Violence case from
Magistrate Court / Metropolitan Magistrate to the Family Court / Civil
Court, the High Court is not empowered to confer any additional powers or
jurisdiction to such Family Courts or Civil Courts, which is beyond the
scope of the provisions of the Family Courts Act and Domestic Violence
Act. Thus, the powers not conferred under the Special enactments cannot be
exercised nor such an exercise may be done by invoking Article 227 of the
61. It is relevant to consider that the nature of proceedings,
procedures to be followed as well as the appreciation of evidences to be
considered. Criminal Courts and the Civil Courts are distinct and different.
Nature of reliefs to be granted by the Criminal Court of Law and Civil
Court of Law cannot be compared at all. Thus, the procedural differences
and the distinct nature of proceedings would cause injustice to the parties in
the event of transferring the Criminal proceedings to the Family Court or
Civil Court and therefore, such a transfer would cause prejudice to the
aggrieved persons to redress their grievances in the manner prescribed
under special enactments.
62. For all these reasons, the objections regarding the
maintainability of the transfer petition raised by the Registry, High Court of
Madras, is perfectly in consonance with the provisions of law and the said
objections stands confirmed. Consequently, Tr. CMP SR No.15785 of 2021
is rejected at the SR Stage itself. However, there shall be no order as to
Labels: civil court, domestic violence, domestic violence act, family court, Madras high court, transfer petition

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Palazzo Roncale closes the northern side of Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II. Unanimously attributed by critics to Michele Sanmicheli, the building was built between 1550 and 1555, dates that, with difficulty, can be read on the sides of building in the coat of arms, under the cornice.
The work was commissioned to the famous architect Giovanni Roncale, a member of the merchant family of Bergamo, that, over a period of a few decades, became part of the nobility of Rovigo. Having to counteract the magnificence of Palazzo Roverella, the structure is striking for the massive and airy arcades in ashlar overlooking a vast interior hall with a vaulted ceiling. The palazzo was built at the intersection of the two main roads leading into the square, a long driveway and a large entrance hall permitted the entry by carriage.
The rooms on the ground floor, on either side of the entrance hall, were destined to host workshops, while the first floor simpler and brighter, was intended as the residence of the owners. The palazzo was inhabited by the Roncale family until the XIX century, the building went through several vicissitudes, becoming a school, a warehouse, home to a bank and then to the municipal offices. Since the eighties, the building has been owned by the Foundation of the bank Cassa di Risparmio di Padova e Rovigo and used for cultural events.
In 1474 the building of Palazzo Roverella was begun. It is an imposing structure wanted by Cardinal Bartolomeo Roverella in the main square of the city. The imposing size of the building was to show the importance and influence of the family, which for this purpose, bought the adjacent dwellings. In 1477, after the death of Bartolomeo Roverella, work was interrupted and then resumed, resulting in numerous interventions and modifications. After the Second World War the restoration of the harmonious brick façade with three rows of openings took place, but the building was not the object of particular interest. Subsequent interventions have transformed it into the new home of the Art Gallery of the Accademia dei Concordi and the Episcopal Seminary, it also hosts major exhibitions of international importance.
Above the portico of Palazzo INA which opens onto Via Angeli, not far from Palazzo Roverella, an imposing bas-relief celebrating the family dating back to 1941 is clearly visible. It is one of many works, in the city, and in various places in Polesine, by the sculptor from Rovigo Virgilio Milani, one of the greatest exponents of twentieth century Italian art. Recently restored by the Foundation Banca del Monte, it is one of many examples of the strong ties that the artist maintained with his land in his life and never left throughout his long career.


New York State has thousands of lakes, ponds, rivers, streams and millions of acres of forest.
The geographic diversity of our state, and its great natural resources, not only makes New York a beautiful state to live in but a wonderful place to enjoy the outdoors.
That is why it is no surprise that there is a growing interest in outdoor recreational activities and in hunting and fishing.
When compared to other states, New York ranks third in the nation for the highest number of residents who hunt and/or fish.
Locally, Oswego, Onondaga and Jefferson counties are among the top 10 in the state for hunting and fishing license sales.
The growing interest in outdoor sports like hunting and fishing is good news for our area.
In addition to the health and social benefits, there are economic benefits.
Consumer spending on hunting and fishing exceeds $5 billion annually.
According to the Department of Conservation, an estimated 600,000 hunters contribute an estimated $1.5 billion to the state's economy.
The State Comptroller reports that license sales from 2001 to 2011 grew significantly, and Oswego County consistently ranks among the highest in fishing license sales in the state.
Many localities are attempting to capitalize on the growing interest of outdoor sports and targeting economic development plans to further promote it.
In Oswego County's Economic Advancement Plan, the county estimates that there is a $42 million "angler impact" on the local economy.
As we approach prime hunting and fishing season, it is my hope that the interest will continue to grow in hunting, fishing and other outdoor recreational activities.
Hunting and fishing are an important part of our heritage and tradition.
The courses are offered March through September and teaches future hunters how to be safe, responsible, and ethical hunters and trappers.
It is never too late to try something new or encourage youth to try an outdoor sport.
It could turn into a lifelong passion and add to a person's quality of life.
If you have any questions or comments regarding this or any other state issue, please feel free to contact me.
The rate of hunting is half of what it was in 1960. Nation-wide, there were 14 million licenses sold then and the same number in 2016, but the population has doubled since then. Let's hope the decline continues.


Let's discuss the WORBLI resource economy!
While we are all waiting for Rex to enter the stage on EOS mainnet, the guys at Worbli recently published a resources economy document, which is to define how Worbli tokens, which like EOS, represent a share of network ressurces like CPU, bandwith (and maybe RAM).
If i am reading correctly, this means, that a dapp only gets as much bandwidth as they used, for not like with EOS that temporarily unused stake cannot be allocated by other dapps, as on the main chain, where ike during the gambling craze and then you wake up and cant do a single transaction. On the other hand of course resources available will be much more scarce, because unused stake cannot be used by the rest of the chain.
Talking about staking, currently on EOS the only thing that staking allows you is to vote for bps and referendum and once available REX.
On Worbli, there wont be anything to vote upon for quite a while, as bps are appointed for about two years.
So what's so special about this Ressource Model?
WBI token has a 6% annual inflation rate. 1% of this is going to bps and the another percent will be allocated to the Network fund which equals Worker Proposal fund on EOS (see how every other eos.io chains are not carried away by the loud voices of a ideological ultras) the remaining 4% are reserved for WBI network users who have staked (or locked their tokens).
In fact [this is being discussed on the eos mainnet as well](https://eosauthority.com/polls_details?proposal=holderreward_20190113&lnc=en), but doesn't look to receive much attention, so unlikely to pass.
To sum it up, Worbli separates two staking mechanisms, which is intended to establish different incentivation lines for investors and applications.
This is interesting, because it rewards early adopter dapps, whereas with growing usage of the network, this reward will diminish, it's also incentivising dapp providers to use their own tokens rather then leasing ones, as you can harvest a significant portion of inflation, in addition to saving on leasing costs (which currently maybe would still be negligable).
Applications need to be approved by the WBI foundation, so the potential to declare yourself a dapp to harvest staking returns should be limited, which would be quite lucrative early in the game.
All inflation tokens that are not distributed via one of the two models described, will be burned, so the actual inflation will also be variable.
The Worbli ressource model is a complex system, with a lot of factors interwoven. It clearly aims to incentivize different actors differently in different usage patterns of the chain.
It clearly puts early adoption of apps first, and on the other hand, tries to disincentivize excess speculation of investors in a fully used network scenario. As locked tokens also get a revenue from lending, in a scenario at full load, those revenues might turn into a much more significant factor than inflation rewards. At peak times during the gambling frenzy, Chintai had rates of nearly 20%. But the working mechanism of the lending vehicle isn't described (only that there is a correlation to staking rewards).
Interestingly, in an empty network scenario, effective inflation will be rather low, as unused inflation rewards will be burned, so maybe this will be at 3% (only 1% or less being used for staked and locked tokens), whereas with increasing load inflation rises, which might act out as a measure to counter rapidly rising token prices.
They claim, one goal of this model is to keep volatility of resources cost low, which honestly i cant see from this model per se.
For such a resource model to come into effect, it will also require a relevant degree of usage and interested parties. Worbli has recently snouched the eos community by cancelling the sharegrap without proper notice. They claim, that the partners they onboard, will far outweigh what a prolonged sharedrop would have accomplished. I am not here to criticize their decision, and the consequences resulting from it. They didn't owe anyone anything as for the sharegrap, but of course they haven't stood up to their word, which does affect reputation, no matter how good an argument.
What it does mean is, that ramping up adoption wont come from the eos.io end and more then ever they will need to be able to demonstrate that they can onboard users via those partners they apparently have closed these glorious deals with. If these come into play, we might even see regular people coming in, those for who eos.io was always meant for anyway. If this works out, and there is increasing usage, we will be able to determine, if this dynamic system will align incentives in the desired way.
I for my part am really curious!
Very interesting breakdown of Worbli's somewhat complex staking/incentive model @conceptskip.
Yes, quite curious how it will work in action!
I play eyecatching with worbli since a while, and… im also curious right now 🙂 Seems pro stuff.
they are a niche for sure, yet the kyc approach, as controversial as it is, is really unique in my view.
Good thoughts! Thanks for the perspective. Folks are missing this sleeper.
Thanks my friend! Indeed its not so easy to grasp.
I didn't dig in, so I can't say anything about, but I trust you!
Thank you @dexpartacus that's an honour!
yes if they live up to their promises at least marginally, it will be…boom!
Thanks for the overview, I was a bit shaky on a lot of the details here.
Great post on WORBLI, although the major frustration with KYC I had, I eventually got in, and registered, only to realise my EOS was on Binance exchange in December so no airdrops for me, 😉 – Thanks for the share bud.
congrats @zeus69 , as i had some incentive lucky i did kyc early, lucky me 🙂 Went quite smoothly for me, but that mostly depends on location i guess, it was actually a bit creepy how smooth it went..
Nice overview of a good project.
Excellent post @conceptskip. Helps me better wrap my mind around Worbli and what they're doing.
Thank you for your feedback, i will try harder next time so it is better understandable!


It's a time-honored tradition at Navy homecomings – one lucky sailor is chosen to be first off the ship for the long-awaited kiss with a loved one.
Today, for the first time, the happily reunited couple was gay.
UPDATE: In case you haven't seen the video, here it is.
The one in civilian clothes should have kicked up her heel to make it look more like the famous Times Square VE Day photo.
I can't take pictures, but I know a good one when I see one.


A world in which people are socially, culturally and environmentally conscious and active.
Original African theatre inspiring young people's hearts to understand and care for the community, culture and nature.
We are an established NPO with more than 20 years' experience. Our artistic team is skilled in creating, performing and facilitating theatre shows and workshops for children, families and youth workers. Drawing on our diverse cultural heritage, we move people to find connections to our environment and shared humanity.
Broaden our networks and develop partnerships that strengthen our work.
Develop and implement a creative market growth strategy that effectively promotes Jungle Theatre Company.
– Develop resource materials annually i.e. story cards and curriculum materials that add value to performances and workshops, and allow teachers and youth workers to build on and sustain their impact.
– Train and develop 6 – 8 theatre makers from mid – 2018 at a minimum of 2 sessions per week rolling out into performances & workshops in 2019 & 2020.
– Facilitate the Creating Theatre with Children Module (funded; full fee and/or as part of Butterfly Art Project Community Art Partners Programme) at 2 Modules annually.
– Establish an annual festival to showcase the drama clubs and obtain feedback i.e. Term 1-3 – Plan & motivate club participants to participate in festival; Term 4 – Organise & participate in Year-end festival / fundraiser.
– Develop and implement a marketing communications strategy.
– Evaluate the longer-term impact of JTC on ex-actors, trainees & interns.
– Develop a contact list of supportive people and organisations that can support JTC through sponsorships, donations and in kind.


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So, I be here to say hi. So far so good.
Welcome to Sensory Untapped, Heinvers.
You can help yourself by posting some of your art works at the Artist Category.
Hi Heinvers! Hope to see you around, especially in Forum Games.