RX Partnership leased 1,136 square feet at 1500 Forest Ave. in Henrico County. Scott White represented the landlord.
Commonwealth Personnel leased 2,115 square feet at 7275 Glen Forest Drive in Henrico County. Ken Campbell represented the landlord.
Excel Painting and Home Repair leased 1,500 square feet at 11026 Air Park Road in Hanover County. Stuart Cary represented the landlord.
AED Company leased 1,500 square feet at 11034 Air Park Road in Hanover County. Stuart Cary represented the landlord.
Native Smoke leased 1,600 square feet at 6300 Mechanicsville Turnpike in Hanover County. Clint Greene represented the landlord.
International Rescue Committee leased 1,969 square feet at 8100 Three Chopt Road in Henrico County. Scott White and Kit Tyler represented the landlord.
Airport Drive Real Estate Investment LLC purchased the Airport Drive Shopping Center located at 51-73 South Airport Drive in Henrico County for $1.6 million. John Madures represented the seller.
Fotis Xyderis purchased 54 Cedar Fork Road in Henrico County for $350,000. John Madures represented the seller.
Leo Salinas purchased 2320 Oaklawn Blvd. in Hopewell for $319,000. Eric Hammond and Dean Foster represented the seller, and John Madures represented the buyer.
Southside Vapor & Skilled Games leased 4,400 square feet at 6403 Ironbridge Road in Chesterfield County. Peter Vick, Harrison Hall and Eric Hammond represented the landlord.
Shaheen, Ruth, Martin & Fonville (SRMF) Real Estate leased 3,000 square feet at 9004 Huguenot Road in Richmond. Read Goode and Cheryle Toy represented the landlord.
Southern Trust Mortgage leased 1,034 square feet at 1919 Huguenot Road in Chesterfield County. Eric Hammond represented the landlord.
Solidcore leased 2,000 square feet at 5001 Libbie Mill East Blvd. in Henrico County. Peter Vick and Harrison Hall represented the landlord.
THS National leased 3,600 square feet at 122 Agency Ave. in Richmond. John Madures completed the transaction.
The Flower Guy leased 2,100 square feet at 214 W. Brookland Park Blvd. in Richmond. Laikyn Severson represented the tenant.
Lamb & Poe LLC purchased 2000 Lamb Ave. in Richmond for $445,000 Ann Schweitzer Riley represented the buyer.
LWS Chesterfield Station LLC purchased 11124 Midlothian Turnpike in Chesterfield County for $1.8 million. David Machupa and Ed Kimple represented the buyer, and Will McGoogan represented the seller.
CC Colonial Heights LLC purchased 3245 Boulevard in Colonial Heights for $1.5 million. Michael Shaia represented the seller.
Brenntag Mid-South leased 28,000 square feet at 738 Goodes St. in Richmond. Evan Magrill handled the lease negotiations.
Montessori Kids Universe leased 5,121 square feet at 3400 Lauderdale Drive in Henrico County. James Ashby IV and Reilly Marchant handled the lease negotiations.
Virginia ABC leased 4,344 square feet in Eastgate Town Center at East Nine Mile Road in Henrico County. Richard Thalhimer and David Crawford handled the lease negotiations.
Mission BBQ leased 3,573 square feet at 13501 Hull Street Road in Chesterfield County. Connie Jordan Nielsen and Alicia Brown handled the lease negotiations.
Rusty Taco leased 2,400 square feet at 15786 WC Main St. in Chesterfield County. Alex Wotring, David Crawford and Kevin South handled the lease negotiations.
The Fred B. Bisger Trust purchased 6909 Forest Hill Ave. in Richmond, VA for $1.4 million. Nathan Shor and Zach Hernandez represented the seller.
Pridestaff purchased 3751 Westerre Parkway, Suite A in Henrico County for $480,000. Elliot Warsof represented the buyer.
Lamb & Poe LLC purchased 2000 Lamb Ave. in Richmond for $445,000. Colin Williams and Graham Sheridan represented the seller.
Stepping Stones Women's Center leased 3,200 square feet at 7506-7528 Mechanicsville Turnpike in Hanover County. Nathan Shor and Reid Cardon completed the lease transaction.
Boil Bay leased 9,600 square feet at 1829 Southpark Blvd. in Colonial Heights. Graham Sheridan and Nathan Shor represented the landlord.
Organic Krush leased 4,000 square feet at 3406 Pump Road in Henrico County. Andrew Thacker and Bob Butcher represented the landlord.
Defiant Recording Studio leased 2,400 square feet at 306 W. Broad St. in Richmond. Nathan Shor and Zach Hernandez represented the tenant.
Tipsy Cupcakes RVA leased 1,425 square feet at 3423 W. Cary St. in Richmond. Graham Sheridan and Nathan Shor represented the landlord.
The Big Kandied Apple LLC leased 960 square feet at 120 W. Brookland Park Blvd. in Richmond. Graham Sheridan, Elliot Warsof and Zach Brenner represented the landlord.
Huguenot Barber Shop leased 914 square feet at 1252 Sycamore Square in Midlothian. Bob Butcher represented the landlord.
Natale's Alterations Express leased 900 square feet at 3418 Pump Road in Henrico County. Andrew Thacker represented the landlord.
State Farm leased 872 square feet at 9602 Staples Mill Road in Henrico County. Elliot Warsof represented the landlord.
Hope Realty leased 846 square feet at 9509 Hull Street Road, Suite B in Chesterfield County. Andrew Thacker represented the landlord.
Luxury Leaf Wellness leased 750 square feet at 6427 Chesterfield Meadows Drive in Chesterfield County. Andrew Thacker represented the landlord.
JSC of Richmond LLC leased 854 square feet at 7921 W. Broad St. in Henrico County. Ben Bruni represented the tenant.
Jason Hugo leased 5,100 square feet at 11091-11093 Air Park Road in Hanover County. Ben Bruni represented the landlord.
Hutch Capital Management LLC leased 1,302 square feet at 8401 Patterson Ave. in Henrico County. Megan Sullivan and Jimmy Martin represented the landlord.
Mark Schmitt purchased 3555 S. Crater Road in Petersburg for $725,000. Mark Specter completed the transaction.
Progressive Community Outreach Services leased 1,800 square feet at 123 Adams St. in Petersburg. Kevin Specter represented the tenant, and Mark Specter represented the landlord.


text:
Qeshlaq-e Melli () may refer to:
Qeshlaq-e Melli Hajji Hamat
Qeshlaq-e Melli Mahmudlar

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Chrysler made its statement on grandeur in the late '40's with the Town and Country wood-clad convertible cruiser. This die-cast masterpiece is hand-assembled from over 150 parts and precision-detailed to the original 1948 specifications, including rolling tires and functional doors, hood, trunk and steering. The hand-painted Military Blue richly offsets the wood grain panels and Catalina Tan interior.


For the first time ever on Blu-Ray, go back to the beginning to experience the epic saga of Avatar: The Legend of Aang. From the discovery of Avatar Aang in the frozen iceburg to the mastery of all four elements, from the battle at Ba Sing Se to the final showdown with the Fire Nation, your desitny awaits as you relive all the powerful bending that will blow you away, once more!
-Original Uncut Animatic 'Bato of the Water Tribe"
-Original Uncut Animatic "The Avatar State"
Rated 5 out of 5 by Falco64 from Avatar The Last Airbender on Blu-Ray!!! :D Avatar was not originally made for HD, so it's not true HD but it still looks great. the show is in 4.3 aspect ratio so don't expect it to be 16.9 widescreen that's how the it was made. The packaging is very bare bones, could have used an art book like the Korra boxset. It's a superior show than The Legend Of Korra but gets less merchandise for some reason. Anyway the best the show has ever looked and probably one of the greatest cartoons ever, buy it.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Declann from Truly one of the greatest shows of all time. Avatar is beyond anything you could expect upon hearing about a nickelodeon western/Japanese anime made primarily for children, what you end up with is one of the best shows ever made. I watched this show as a kid and loved it, I've just finished rewatching it TWICE in a row on blu ray and wow. First of all, the show has never looked this good, ever, it's also never sounded this good. If you missed the chance to watch avatar as a kid, you haven't missed your chance to watch avatar. This is a blu ray that everyone should own.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Anonymous from AMAZING SERIES Avatar: The Legend of Aang was an amazing show when i was a child but im that I am an adult I can appreciate it way more.
Rated 4 out of 5 by Gennaro from Compact decent quality collection Great to have the whole series in one place, especially a relatively compact blu ray case. The quality of the encode is so much better than the dvd iteration. Still not super crisp, but enormously better than it was. The set really could do with an episode guide though, or even just basic printed information on the disks saying what season is on each disk.


text:
We read with interest the paper by Gupta et al in the August 2002 issue of Annals. In their retrospective, cross-sectional study over a 5-year period, only 53% (380/721) of patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction presented with chest pain. We have conducted a prospective study in Ferrara, Italy, from January 1998 to December 1999, based on the calls addressed to the Emergency Coordinating Unit. The organization of the Emergency Service in Ferrara, a town in northern Italy with approximately 150,000 inhabitants, is reported elsewhere. The only available hospital in this community is St. Anna Hospital, which serves as the sole teaching center for the School of Medicine. Emergency calls are addressed to the phone number 118 (the equivalent for 911 in the United States), referring to the Emergency Coordinating Unit located inside the hospital. The operator is a highly-trained nurse who, on the basis of a few quick but precise questions, makes a rough classification of emergency calls, identifies the level of severity and assigns the intervention to the nearest starting point of ambulances. Ambulances are strategically distributed throughout the territory, and the average time of arrival at the emergency department is within 15 minutes from the time the call is received. During the considered period, 221 patients (mean age 68±12.5 years) were diagnosed with myocardial infarction. Of these, 40 (mean age 67.8±12.5 years; 33 men) died in the ED. The remaining 181 (mean age 68.9±12.6 years; 127 men) were admitted to the hospital. Of the hospitalized patients, 90% (163) reported typical chest pain. The frequency of other complaints were diaphoresis, 47.5% (86); shortness of breath, 29.8% (54); nausea and vomiting, 20.4% (37); dizziness/syncope, 9.4% (17); and palpitations, 2.8% (5). Our percentage of patients presenting with chest pain (90%) is higher than the one (53%) reported by Gupta et al1 in their unselected cohort of patients presenting to the ED. An intermediate value (66%) was reported by the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction. A first consideration is that such differences could be related with the age of patients. In fact, our patients were significantly younger than those in the other 2 studies. This may be important for prognosis because prodromal angina shortly preceding myocardial infarction seems to be associated with a smaller infarct size and a better short- and long-term survival, but only in nonelderly patients. As concerns our sample, keeping in mind that the Health System in Italy is totally free, it appears to be important that a trained Emergency Coordinating Unit operator, in a few seconds, can reach a high level of precision in collecting symptoms from the patients. In the presence of paucity of economic resources, a precise evaluation of the level of severity permits prompt identification of the facilities needed (eg, ambulance with only paramedic staff, ambulance with physician aboard, helicopter) and a more rational use of them.
Typical chest pain and onset of acute myocardial infarction in a prospective cohort of emergency calls
MANFREDINI, Roberto;BOARI, Benedetta;M. Gallerani;PORTALUPPI, Francesco;on behalf of the MISTO Investigators
ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE
Manfredini, Roberto; Boari, Benedetta; M., Gallerani; Portaluppi, Francesco; on behalf of the MISTO, Investigators

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Diablo's non-woven buffer pads are made of superior quality for improved performance extended sanding life and increased productivity. The white non-woven square buffer pads are ideal for finish removal on various floor surfaces. These pads are to be used when removing light scuff marks and dirt while producing a gloss to finished floors.
This Masonry Grinding Disc is for use in angle grinders and is designed for metal cutting.
5-inch Universal Conversion Disc Diablo's premium sanding discs include breakthrough innovations that improve performance, extend sanding life and increase productivity.
5-inch Universal Conversion Disc is rated 2.8 out of 5 by 12.
Rated 3 out of 5 by Bruce from Ended up not sticking as well as hoped. However, that's... Ended up not sticking as well as hoped. However, that's probably due to my base. So, I changed the base out to a hook & loop base.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Paul from The pad holds loop abrasives securely and the adhesive back... The pad holds loop abrasives securely and the adhesive back adheres strongly to a clean surface.
Rated 1 out of 5 by bigclams from does NOT convert hook and loop sander to sticky pad sanding discs. the waffle pattern is just tha... does NOT convert hook and loop sander to sticky pad sanding discs. the waffle pattern is just that...a pattern, with nothing for the hook 'n loop to bite into.
Rated 1 out of 5 by Daniel from The item is not what I thought it was. I... The item is not what I thought it was. I needed a pad that converted a Hook/loop pad to a smooth pad for the sticky sandpaper disks. I thought that was what this was but it is in no way functional. Consequentially I am still looking for the right sanding pad adapter.
Rated 1 out of 5 by justamom from Worthless. Stayed on the sander for 20 minutes, at most, and then went flying off. Worthless. Stayed on the sander for 20 minutes, at most, and then went flying off.
Rated 1 out of 5 by Annie from I cleaned the pad on my orbital sander with alcohol, then securely applied the Conversion Sanding... I cleaned the pad on my orbital sander with alcohol, then securely applied the Conversion Sanding Disk. It held in place for about three days while I was sanding a large project, after which it flew off during sanding. I opted to glue it on with Gorilla Glue, thinking that would provide an extra layer of adhesion, but it, too, failed to properly hold this disc in place. In addition, the velcro surface isn't the best quality.
Rated 1 out of 5 by Coleman from Needs better hooks. The hooks on these are weak. I've tried these many times to replace on my desalt and craftsman orbital sanders and they just don't hold the sanding pads on securely. The sanding pads just fly off. Too bad these are not of better quality, the sanding pads are the best!
Rated 5 out of 5 by K38412 from Fixes worn out hook and loop facing I bought this to be able to continue using a hook and loop sander that the sandpaper was falling off of because the attachment surface was worn out. It worked great. New parts for my sander were only available online but I didn't want to wait, so this was a good alternative and it's stood up to heavy use.


Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; later The Duke o Windsor; 23 Juin 1894 – 28 Mey 1972) wis Keeng o the Unitit Kinrick an the Dominions o the Breetish Commonweel, an Emperor o Indie, frae 20 Januar tae 11 December 1936.
Edward wis the eldest son o Keeng George V an Queen Mary. He wis creatit Prince o Wales on his saxteent birthday. As a young man, he served in the Breetish Airmed Forces durin the First Warld War an unnerteuk several foreign tours on behauf o his faither.
Edward acame keeng when his faither died in early 1936. He showed impatience wi coort protocol, an politeecians wur concerned bi his apparent disregard for established constitutional conventions. Anly months intae his reign, he caused a constitutional crisis bi proposin marriage tae the American socialite Wallis Simpson, who haed divorced her first husband an wis seekin a divorce frae her seicont. The prime meenisters o the Unitit Kinrick an the Dominions opposed the marriage, arguin that the fowk would never accept a divorced woman wi twa livin ex-husbands as queen. Addeetionally, such a marriage would hae conflicted wi Edward's status as heid o the Kirk o Ingland, which opposed the remarriage o divorced fowk if thair umwhile spooses wur still alive. Edward knew that the govrenment led bi Breetish Prime Meenister Stanley Baldwin would resign if the marriage went ahead, which could hae dragged the keeng intae a general election an would ruin his status as a poleetically neutral constitutional monarch. Choosin nae tae end his relationship wi Simpson, Edward abdicatit. He wis succeedit bi his younger brither Albert, who chose the regnal name George VI. Wi a reign o 326 days, Edward wis ane o the shortest-reignin monarchs in Breetish an Commonweel history. He wis never crowned.
Efter his abdication, he wis gien the title Duke o Windsor. He mairit Simpson in Fraunce on 3 Juin 1937, efter her seicont divorce acame final. Later that year, the couple toured Germany. Durin the Seicont World War, he wis at first stationed wi the Breetish Militar Mission tae Fraunce but, efter private accusations that he held Nazi sympathies, he wis assigned tae the Bahamas as the islands' Govrenor. Efter the war, he wis never gien anither offeecial appointment an spent the remainder o his life in retirement in Fraunce.


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The Corrupt under Modi not only loot people but also terrorise them – SDPI
by sdpi in Press Release, Programs
New Delhi, 10 July 2014
The Social Democratic Party of India (SDPI) has welcomed the Supreme Court's decision to hand over to the CBI the investigations into the criminal cases related to the Vyapam scam and over 40 deaths linked to it. Any how it is utmost disappointing that this decision came after the killings of all the crucial witnesses, giving chance to the culprits to cut all the links that may turn against them in the final verdict. The party has demanded that the Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan should step down immediately as he is left with no moral authority to rule over people.
SDPI national president A. Sayeed in a statement said the message from the Supreme Court is clear that Chouhan should quit so that a fair and proper probe could be conducted and the real culprits are brought to books. Sayeed said the state Governor Ram Naresh Yadav should also go as Supreme Court has issued a notice on a plea challenging a Madhya Pradesh High Court order quashing the FIR against him for his alleged involvement in the scam.
He said that for a fair and impartial probe, and also to re-establish peoples' confidence, the Supreme Court should supervise this investigation.
He said that the people of Madhya Pradesh should ask the present government to step down and President's Rule be imposed and an inquiry be conducted. More than 50 odd people were murdered or died under mysterious circumstances and Government did not take any action which is very shameful. The Prime Minister has again left the country on his world tour. He has not even spoken a word about the reports of corruption which has surfaced.
Sayeed said the Bharatiya Janata Party, (BJP) appears to be in a total mess. The BJP which hyped its agenda of transparency, zero tolerance to corruption and political probity to come to power, as the Congress was then neck-deep in various corruption quagmires, now finds itself on a sticky wicket in only a year's time. Now, the corrupted are terrorising the nation as well as looting property and rights of people. The deep-rooted favouritism and financial corruption have already exposed the ruling Hindu right wing party. The thick-skinned Indian premier is not only tight-lipped over the issue faced by the rule of law and the democratic system of his country, he is also undisturbed with his companions telling the media that Narendra Modi need not comment on such "silly" issues. Meanwhile, the spectre of death has been haunting the whistle-blowers, accused and witnesses of the scam, known as the Vyapam scandal. There is panic in the whole nation due to the mysterious deaths of nearly four dozen people associated with the scam.


Moebius 90.9 radio show: "From Lenin to pan de muerto [bread of the dead]".
Presentation of GLAM projects to Nelson Carro, head of the Department of Film Programming at Cineteca Nacional.
Meeting with SocialTic, Ímpetu, A.C. (impetumexico.org) and others to work at the Projects:Gender gap reduction project in Wikipedia.
Participation of Iván Martínez in the meeting held at Fonoteca Nacional: "From copyright to copyleft. Intellectual property of files".
Carmen Alcázar offered workshops about Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons to four groups at Hebrew College Maguen David.
Followup meeting with Centro Cultural Universitario Tlatelolco.
Presentation of GLAM projects to Lidia Camacho, director of the Fonoteca Nacional [Mexico's National Audio Library].
Conference offered by Iván Martínez: "El impacto de la Reforma en Telecomunicaciones [The effects of the telecommunications reform]", Technological Institute of Ciudad Madero.
Conference offered by Carmen Alcázar: "Proyectos Wikimedia y Licencias Creative Commons [Wikimedia Projects and Creative Commons Licenses]", Technological Institute of Ciudad Madero.
Conference offered by Iván Martínez: "Lo libre de la Enciclopedia Libre o de cómo Wikipedia llegó a convertirse en la referencia en Internet [What is free in the Free Encyclopedia or how did Wikipedia became the reference in Internet]", Technological Institute of Ciudad Madero.
Basic Wikipedia edition workshop offered by Carmen Alcázar, Technological Institute of Ciudad Madero.
Followup meeting with Lidia Camacho, director of the Fonoteca Nacional [Mexico's National Audio Library], attended by Carmen Alcázar, Gustavo Sandoval Kingwergs, Iván Martínez and Alan Lazalde.
Moebius 90.9 radio show: "From mariachi to summer of love."
Participation of Carmen Alcázar and Iván Martínez at Iberoconf 2014 in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Moebius 90.9 radio show: "From La Castañeda hospital to Pink Floyd."
Wiki workshop at the Faculty of Philosophy and Literature (UNAM).
Monthly Wikipedia workshop at Telmex Hub offered by Paulina Sánchez and Andrés Cruz y Corro.
Participation of Gustavo Sandoval Kingwergs in the XVIII International Congress of Translation and Interpretarion San Jerónimo [Saint Jerome] 2014 ("Translation in evolution"; Organización Mexicana de Traductores, A.C. [Mexican Organization of Translators]-Guadalajara International Book Fair): "Wikipedia y traducción: el izquierdo de autor y una nueva forma de trabajo [Wikipedia and translation: copyleft and a new way of working]".
Esta página se editó por última vez el 20 ene 2015 a las 17:51.


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Funding opportunity: Research solutions for UK treescape expansion and resilience
Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC), Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)
14 January 2022 4:00pm UK time
Apply for funding to investigate how we can improve the expansion and resilience of UK treescapes at different scales.
'Treescapes' are landscapes in which trees are an important element, for example woodland, parks or hedgerows.
You must be based at a UK organisation eligible for UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) funding.
Your project must:
aim to provide 'real world' evidence to find solutions for treescape challenges
include disciplines from at least two of the three funding research councils
work with at least one stakeholder group or relevant non-academic organisation.
The full economic cost of your project can be up to £625,000. We will usually fund 80% of the full economic cost.
We will fund your project for up to two years, which must start by 1 August 2022.
Normal NERC individual eligibility rules apply. See section C of the NERC research grant and fellowships handbook.
Investigators may be involved in no more than two proposals submitted to this opportunity and only one of these may be as the principal investigator.
Principal investigators can be from any discipline supported by NERC, AHRC or ESRC.
UKRI research grants for all schemes may be held at:
approved UK higher education institutions (HEIs)
approved research council institutes (RCIs)
independent research organisations (IROs)
public sector research establishments (PSREs).
Check if your organisation is eligible for research and innovation funding.
The proposal must:
take an interdisciplinary approach that crosses into at least two of the funding research council remits. Proposals where collaboration is limited to researchers within the remit of a single research council are out of scope and will be rejected
engage with at least one stakeholder group or relevant non-academic organisation.
The organisations you engage with could be, for example:
non-governmental organisations
industry or business organisations
land owning businesses or land owner representatives.
A 'collaborator finder' tool is available to help researchers and stakeholders interested in developing a proposal and to find and contact potential partners.
Find a collaborator.
Applicants do not have to be in receipt of funding from the first UK Treescapes programme funding opportunity or have attended the webinar organised by the programme ambassadors to be eligible for this opportunity.
Unsuccessful project teams from the first opportunity may submit to this funding opportunity if:
their ideas are substantively revised
they can demonstrate a close fit and delivery to this second opportunity's priorities and focus
they reflect the scope of the budget available.
What we're looking for
NERC, AHRC and ESRC are inviting proposals to the second funding opportunity for research projects under the Future of UK Treescapes programme.
The Future of UK Treescapes is an interdisciplinary research programme designed to improve environmental, socio-economic and cultural understandings of the functions and services provided by UK treescapes. This is in order to inform future decisions on treescape expansion, management and resilience for the benefit of the environment and society.
In the first Future of UK Treescapes funding opportunity, a portfolio of large scale, interdisciplinary projects have been funded to:
investigate the adaptability and resilience of different types and configurations of treescapes
explore the social and cultural values that people attach to trees and woodland.
Explore projects funded by the programme.
In this second funding opportunity, applications are invited for projects that address gaps and research priorities not covered by this first set of funded projects.
Gaps include, but are not limited to:
landscape-scale effects of treescape expansion
the barriers to, and challenges of, treescape expansion on farmland
the ecological impacts of treescape expansion
economic and financial aspects of expansion, including the potential for new or
expanded wood-based industries and tree nurseries.
In particular, we encourage projects that take a solutions-focused approach to addressing the 'real world' evidence needs of a diverse community of policymakers, stakeholders and practitioners associated with treescape expansion and resilience at different scales.
Priority areas for this opportunity
Proposals must address at least one of the overall programme themes:
forms, functions and values of UK treescapes
opportunities, barriers and pathways to expansion of UK treescapes
resilience of UK treescapes to global change.
See 'additional information' for details on overall programme themes.
Within this context, proposals should also focus on one or more of the following priorities for this opportunity:
investigating the challenges and benefits of delivering treescape expansion at a landscape scale
exploring, testing and designing innovative ways to future-proof the UK's treescapes
developing frameworks for decision making about treescape establishment and management.
Priority one: investigating the challenges and benefits of delivering treescape expansion at a landscape scale
The UK government plans to plant up to 30,000 hectares of trees per year for 25 years as part of its commitment to achieving net zero by 2050. Such large-scale planting, subject to variations in strategy and approach between the devolved governments, will lead to changes in our treescapes at a landscape scale, some of which may prove to be controversial and contested.
We are, therefore, inviting projects that investigate:
the landscape-level effects (for example environmental, social, cultural) of treescape expansion
the extent to which positive and negative impacts, and unintended trade-offs, might arise.
This could include considering how the design, siting and management of future forests can best be integrated at a landscape scale to achieve the best outcomes for:
biodiversity protection
tree health
nature recovery
timber production and other economic activity
human health and wellbeing.
Pathways to treescape expansion are likely to include planting trees on farmland (woodland, hedgerows, agroforestry) and in other areas. This is likely to take the form of:
commercial plantations
woodland delivering multiple private and public benefits
small woods on farms
tree planting outside existing woodlands.
We are interested in projects that address:
how tree planting on farmland (and identifying what farmland is appropriate – or not – for tree planting), and other areas, can best be incentivised through a combination of grant aid and market-based measures
what the barriers to achieving this integrated approach might be.
Priority two: exploring, testing and designing innovative ways to future-proof the UK's treescapes
Existing and future treescapes are threatened by various risks, including:
the impacts of climate change (for example, drought, fire)
increased pest and disease outbreaks
competition from other land uses.
All of these risks will impact on the delivery of ecosystem, biodiversity and society benefits and the ability of new woodland and forests to store carbon over the long-term.
Any expansion of treescapes needs to consider both short-term disturbances and long-term stresses to ensure the treescapes of the future are resilient and have the adaptive capacity to respond to these.
We invite proposals that explore:
how these, and other, threats are likely to manifest themselves over time and across different settings
how they might be addressed through better planting combinations, natural regeneration, forest design, new technologies and long-term management.
Applicants might take a holistic approach to identifying the impact of multiple threats across different temporal scales, particularly over decadal time spans or they might focus on specific risks or threats and how to manage them.
We are also interested in work which investigates:
how these risks are currently perceived, managed and adjusted for by current treescape owners and managers
what needs to be done to improve awareness and communication around these threats for the future, amongst practitioners and across the stakeholder landscape.
This might involve integrating local knowledge or historical perspectives into the design of approaches to future-proofing.
Alongside managing threats to treescape resilience, we are also interested in projects that seek to address economic, financial and supply chain constraints and opportunities for long term treescape expansion in the UK.
This might include assessments of:
the design and delivery of grant aid schemes
the viability of market-based approaches to incentivise treescape expansion
innovations and new technology for:
reducing carbon loss from treescapes
ensuring biosecure and resilient planting stock, including through choices on species, provenance, sourcing and breeding.
Priority three: developing frameworks for decision making about treescape establishment and management
Delivering treescape expansion and tree resilience in a wide range of settings, at varying scales, and with a diverse set of actors, will require careful planning and effective coordination.
While decision support tools for forest design and siting already exist, there is a gap in understanding of how these might best be deployed at landscape scales.
Under this priority, we invite proposals to develop and field-test frameworks, methodologies and tools that can be applied by treescape managers of different types (for example, policymakers, planners, landowners, foresters and community groups) to produce planting schemes that work for climate and nature at the level of whole landscapes.
Examples of such tools include, but are not limited to:
modelling the impacts and inherent trade-offs (environmental, socio-economic, cultural and carbon sequestration potential) of different pathways to treescape expansion
developing approaches or understandings that integrate the needs, held values, visions and preferences of a wide range of stakeholders, including policy, land owners, commercial forestry, communities and social groups.
Alongside decision support tools, appropriate evaluation frameworks (for example indicators, methodologies) to monitor and assess the contribution of treescapes expansion in meeting net zero and biodiversity targets are also needed.
Evaluation frameworks should also include analysis of the interventions needed across government, civil society and land ownership to achieve treescape expansion and to improve the resilience of future treescapes.
Proposal requirements
Each proposal must address both:
one or more of the programme's research themes
one or more of the opportunity priorities listed above.
Proposals must take an interdisciplinary approach that crosses at least two of the three funding research council boundaries. Proposals where collaboration is limited to researchers within the remit of a single research council are out of scope and will be rejected.
We expect proposals to be interdisciplinary and are seeking collaborations that will generate new perspectives and solutions. We also welcome engagement from research areas that previously have rarely engaged in this field.
This is likely to require the convening of new partnerships, interdisciplinary learning and development opportunities for early career researchers in order to build capacity for the next generation of treescape researchers. Each proposal must demonstrate what activities and actions will be undertaken to ensure projects are well integrated across work packages and disciplines in the 'case for support'.
In delivering the solutions focus of this funding opportunity, projects must involve at least one relevant stakeholder. It is expected that stakeholder partners will help shape the proposal to enable it to contribute to 'real world' decision making and will collaborate with the research team throughout the duration of the grant.
Applicants are reminded that strong engagement with wider stakeholders and users of research is a requirement of this opportunity.
Proposals must set out the anticipated impacts and outcomes of their projects for policy, society and academia in the 'case for support' section of their application.
This should also outline the intended beneficiaries of the research and how impact will be achieved and maximised. Impact activities do not have to be cost-incurring, but relevant costs can be included and must be fully justified within the Justification of Resources statement.
The maximum funding per project is £625,000 (at 100% full economic cost) with a duration of up to two years. We will usually fund 80% of the project's full economic cost, that is, up to £500,000 per project.
Note some directly incurred costs can be funded at 100% full economic cost as exceptions while equipment costs will be funded at 50% full economic cost. Please refer to section E of the NERC research grants and fellowships handbook.
No associated studentships can be requested under this funding opportunity.
Applicants should budget appropriate UK travel and subsistence costs for at least:
two programme conferences
two other programme events.
This will enable effective participation at events organised by the programme ambassadors.
Stakeholders or non-academic partners involvement and costs
Applicants may engage with stakeholders or non-academic partners to co-develop their research proposal. Any partnerships with such groups or organisations must be:
equitable, ethical and mutually nurturing
governed in an inclusive way that manages risks in-line with best practice, such as that highlighted in the creating living knowledge report.
For partnerships involving public sector organisations and businesses, they should be included in the proposal in the usual way as either project partners or sub-contractors, as detailed in sections C and section E of the NERC research grants and fellowships handbook.
For partnerships involving community partners such as community groups, charities and non-profit organisations, it is expected they will be remunerated fairly and in a timescale that will not force any undue hardship. Any partnerships should be premised on leaving that organisation in a stronger position than before the collaboration.
Community partners should be included in the application as formal project partners and provide project partner letters of support as attachments.
Costs associated with community partner involvement in the project can be included under 'other directly incurred' costs as 'exceptions' and charged at 100% of direct costs (excluding estates and any indirect costs) if they are not eligible to receive UKRI funding as a research organisation or independent research organisation.
Costs associated with supporting community partner involvement cannot exceed 10% of the total funds requested at 100% full economic cost. Applicants should contact NERC (uktreescapes@nerc.ukri.org) if they have queries regarding community partner costs.
Funding is available for any activity involving community partner that is directly related to the research project being proposed. This can include activity undertaken or delivered by community partners, but only where this is clearly related to the delivery of the research project.
Funding is not available for community partners to continue to deliver their core business, and funds cannot be used outside the dates of the award itself.
Requested costs must be detailed in the 'justification of resources'. To enable UKRI to meet reporting requirements, all community partner costs incurred must be entered into the 'other directly incurred' costs using the following format in the description box:
'organisation; cost category; cost description'.
Implementation and delivery
Projects should be no longer than 24 months in duration and start no later than 1 August 2022.
Use of NERC facilities and services
Applicants wishing to use NERC services and facilities will need to contact the relevant facility at least two months prior to submission of the grant to discuss the proposed work and receive confirmation that they can provide the services required within the timeframe of the grant.
The facility will then provide a technical assessment that includes the calculated cost of providing the service. NERC services and facilities must be costed within the limits of the proposal.
The technical assessment must be submitted as part of the Je-S form, as detailed in the 'Additional Information' section and within the NERC research grants and fellowships handbook (paragraph 237).
See the full list of NERC facilities that require a technical assessment, excluding High Performance Computing (HPC), Ship-Time or Marine Equipment (SME) and the large research facilities at Harwell. These services have their own policies for access and costing.
You may not request the use of NERC marine research facilities or British Antarctic Survey Antarctic Logistics Support under this opportunity.
Knowledge exchange and impact
Knowledge exchange (KE) is vital to ensure that research has wide benefits for society and should be an integral part of any research. Public engagement is a key part of knowledge exchange, and a route to increasing the impact of research.
A separate 'pathways to impact' statement is not required, but applicants should still consider how they will or might achieve impact outside the scientific community and include this as part of their 'case for support'. Impact activities do not have to be cost-incurring, but relevant costs can be included and must be fully justified within the 'justification of resources' statement.
Successful projects will be expected to work with the Future of UK Treescapes Programme Ambassadors, Professor Clive Potter and Dr Julie Urquhart, and the UK Treescapes Ambassador team, to:
participate in wider programme knowledge exchange and stakeholder engagement events
engage with other relevant UKRI investments identified by the funders to enhance impact to the Future of UK Treescapes programme outcomes.
You must adhere to UKRI open research policy and NERC data policy and an outline data management plan produced as part of proposal development.
For details of data centres, see the NERC Environmental Data Service and ESRC UK Data Service.
NERC will pay the data centre directly on behalf of the programme for archival and curation services, but applicants should ensure they request sufficient resource to cover preparation of data for archiving by the research team.
The programme executive board (PEB) will provide the strategic direction for the
programme and will be the ultimate decision-making authority. The PEB will be chaired by a representative of NERC, and will include representatives from AHRC, ESRC and relevant users or stakeholders as required.
The programme has two programme ambassadors who will work with research project teams to:
promote a shared sense of interdisciplinary endeavour
facilitate extensive engagement with stakeholders and policymakers.
Specifically, the ambassadors have the following responsibilities:
external communication of the programme and engagement with key stakeholders
coordination and integration of funded projects
monitoring and reporting of programme delivery progress
organisation of programme events, including annual programme conferences.
As for all NERC grant holders, there will be a requirement to report through the UKRI reporting system, Researchfish. This is required annually and continues for up to five years after funding ends. For details, see reporting your project's outcomes.
Grant holders may also be asked to provide regular and ad hoc project progress reports to the PEB and programme coordination function as needed.
Through our funding processes, we seek to make a positive contribution to society and the environment, not just through research outputs and outcomes but through the way in which research is conducted and facilities managed.
All NERC grant holders are to adopt responsible research practices as set out in the NERC responsible business statement.
Responsible research is defined as reducing harm or enhancing benefit on the environment and society through effective management of research activities and facilities. Specifically, this covers:
the local community
equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI).
Grant holders should consider the responsible research context of their project, not the host institution as a whole, and take action to enhance their responsible research approach where practical and reasonable.
There are two stages to apply for this funding opportunity:
Notification of intent.
Full proposal.
Notification of intent
A notification of intent to submit must be submitted by 14 January 16:00.
Full Je-S proposals submitted without a prior notification of intent will be rejected.
Submit your notification of intent.
Please tell us the title and provide a brief abstract of your proposed research project, which should also include the institutions, investigators and project partners that are expected to be involved.
the title and brief abstract of your proposed research project
the institutions, investigators and project partners that are expected to be involved.
The notification will not be assessed, but NERC will use the information to plan the proposal assessment.
Changes in the investigators and partners involved in the project between the notification of intent stage and submission of a full bid through Je-S will be permitted.
Full proposals
Full proposals must be submitted using the research councils' Joint Electronic Submission system (Je-S)
When applying, select:
council: NERC
proposal type: 'standard proposal'
scheme: 'directed'
call/type/mode: Treescapes Mar22.
This funding opportunity will close on Je-S at 16:00 on 22 March 2022 and it will not be possible to submit after this time.
Applicants should leave enough time for their proposal to pass through their organisation's Je-S submission route before this date. Any proposal that is incomplete, or does not meet NERC's eligibility criteria or follow NERC's submission rules (see NERC research grants and fellowships handbook), will be office rejected and will not be considered.
All attachments, with the exception of letters of support and services, facilities, equipment quotes, submitted through the Je-S system must be completed in single-spaced typescript of minimum font size 11 point (Arial or other sans serif typeface of equivalent size to Arial 11), with margins of at least 2cm.
Please note that Arial narrow, Calibri and Times New Roman are not allowable font types and any proposal which has used either of these font types within their submission will be rejected.
References and footnotes should also be at least 11 point font and should be in the same font type as the rest of the document. Headers and footers should not be used for references or information relating to the scientific case. Applicants referring to websites should note that referees may choose not to use them.
Applicants should ensure that their proposal conforms to all eligibility and submission rules, otherwise their proposal may be rejected without peer review. More details on NERC's submission rules can be found in the:
NERC research grant and fellowships handbook
NERC guidance for applicants.
Proposals for this funding opportunity should be submitted in 'standard grant' format following the requirements outlined in paragraph 207, section F of the handbook. Specifically, applicants should note that the case for support may not exceed 10 sides of A4:
up to 2 sides for the track record
up to 8 sides for the description of the research.
Please note that on submission to council all non PDF documents are converted to PDF, the use of non-standard fonts may result in errors or font conversion, which could affect the overall length of the document.
Additionally where non-standard fonts are present, and even if the converted PDF document may look unaffected in the Je-S System, when it is imported into the research councils' grants system some information may be removed.
We therefore recommend that where a document contains any non-standard fonts (for example, scientific notation, diagrams), the document should be converted to PDF prior to attaching it to the proposal.
How we will assess your application
All applications that meet the eligibility criteria will be reviewed by an assessment panel consisting of independent experts representing the disciplinary remits of NERC, AHRC and ESRC.
Sift process
NERC, AHRC and ESRC reserve the right to implement a sift stage before the panel to reduce the number of applications to a manageable level for a two-day panel meeting.
If the sift is conducted, all applications that meet the eligibility criteria will be assigned to two panel members who will then pre-score the proposals. Based on the pre-scores the lowest scoring proposals will be sifted out with agreement from the panel chair.
Applications submitted under this funding opportunity will be assessed on the basis of the following primary criteria: The assessment criteria to be used will be as follows:
fit to scheme, including the extent of alignment to both:
one or more of programme themes
one or more of the funding opportunity's priority areas.
Panel feedback will be provided to both successful and unsuccessful applicants that are considered at the panel. Brief feedback will be provided to proposals sifted out in the sift process.
NERC, AHRC and ESRC will use the recommendations of the assessment panel along with the overall funding opportunity requirements and the available budget in making the final funding decisions. The funders reserve the right to use the recommendations to create a balanced portfolio across research themes and remits.
Funding decisions are expected to be communicated in June 2022.
NERC and ESRC recognises that the COVID-19 pandemic has caused major interruptions and disruptions across our communities. We are committed to ensuring that individual applicants and their wider team, including partners and networks, are not penalised for any disruption to their careers such as:
breaks and delays
disruptive working patterns and conditions
the loss of on-going work
role changes that may have been caused by the pandemic.
Reviewers and panel members will be advised to consider the unequal impacts of the impact that COVID-19 related disruption might have had on the track record and career development of those individuals included in the proposal. They will be asked to consider the capability of the applicant and their wider team to deliver the research they are proposing.
Where disruptions have occurred applicants can highlight this within their application, if they wish, but there is no requirement to detail the specific circumstances that caused the disruption.
Ask a question about this opportunity
For all enquiries, please contact the Future of UK Treescapes programme team.
Email: uktreescapes@nerc.ukri.org
Contact the Future of UK Treescapes programme ambassadors
Email: treescapes@glos.ac.uk
A webinar was held on 2 December 2021 to provide information about this funding opportunity and the programme.
Watch a recording of the webinar on YouTube.
Future of UK Treescapes programme objectives
The overarching objective of the Future of UK Treescapes programme is to improve significantly the environmental, socio-economic and cultural understanding of the functions and services provided by UK treescapes. This is in order to inform decision-making on the expansion of future treescapes for the benefit of the environment and society.
Three research themes have been identified to address the overarching objective:
theme one: forms, functions and values of UK Treescapes
theme two: opportunities, barriers and pathways for expansion of UK Treescapes
theme three: resilience of UK Treescapes to global change.
This theme seeks to better understand how we characterise a fully functioning treescape and the functions and services provided by UK treescapes. It will explore the ways they have been shaped by different management practices, environmental conditions, cultural and socio-economic drivers and values through time, and how this is expected to change with the new social, economic, cultural and environmental demands placed on treescapes.
Characterisation will require bringing together data and measurements at scale and from diverse sources, from the molecular, organismal, landscape and earth observation through to socio-economic datasets, cultural and historical evidence, and aesthetic and ethical values.
This theme seeks to better understand the potential contributions and limitations of expanding UK treescapes to delivering local requirements and national goals (in the wider international policy context).
There is a need to understand the opportunities, barriers, and pathways to treescape expansion and configurations, and to consider biogeochemical, biophysical, policy, social, financial, and decision-making processes, as well as trade-offs and synergies with other land uses.
Different pathways, such as commercial planting, assisted or natural regeneration, will also provide different environmental, social, and economic benefits. Realistic pathways to achieve sustainable expansion of the treescapes must take into account the diverse benefits and disbenefits of treescapes and balance competing land use demands and priorities of stakeholders.
More research is needed to understand how such pathways influence and are influenced by policy making and their contributions to economy, climate mitigation and adaptation, and changing societal and cultural values in the face of pressures arising from the expansion.
Theme three: resilience of UK Treescapes to global change
UK treescapes need to be placed and understood in the wider global context, both policy and environmental.
This theme seeks to identify drivers of change that pose significant risks to the resilience of current and future UK treescapes over decades and centuries, and to identify strategies and measures (such as low risk pathways) that could mitigate their impact and enhance treescape resilience.
Notification of intent closing date
22 March 2022 4:00pm
Full proposal closing date
Late May 2022
Assessment panel
Announcement of awards
Latest grant start date
Print and download options
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Guidance on good research
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Future of Treescapes website
https://www.ukri.org/opportunity/research-solutions-for-uk-treescape-expansion-and-resilience


With their narrow accounting focus on the budget deficit, have the Irish government, opposition parties and media commentators lost sight of the bigger picture?
Only three years ago, the government announced its commitment in the National Development Plan 2000-2006 to building a knowledge-based economy. This approach was later reaffirmed at the European Union's Lisbon Summit, which pledged to make Europe the "most dynamic and competitive knowledge-based economy in the world" by the year 2010.
The reasoning was clear and compelling. During the 1990s, Ireland was extraordinarily successful in attracting foreign direct investment in the key global growth sectors - and linking investors to local industry supply chains and the graduate labour market. As a result, Ireland experienced the highest rates of output, employment and productivity growth in the whole of the OECD. The Celtic tiger was truly roaring.
By the year 2000, over 40 per cent of Ireland's trade with the rest of the world was in research-intensive products and services - double the figure a decade earlier and eight times the OECD average. The problem, however, was that these products embodied research and technology generated not in Ireland but abroad. Despite robust trade surpluses, Ireland was running a huge technology deficit. According to the OECD's international comparative data, our emerging knowledge economy was a "technology-taker" rather than a "technology-maker".
This problem has now been compounded by a massive shift in the distribution of foreign investment in Europe towards the new accession states, particularly Hungary and the Czech Republic. Their success is based on a deliberate strategy of emulating the Irish model of low corporate tax rates, investment incentives and a flexible, high quality workforce, with the added attraction of much lower labour costs. Clearly, for Ireland to recapture and sustain competitive advantage in this context, a new model would have to be devised.
It was soon understood that the primary emphasis of any new model must be the development of world-class capabilities in research and innovation, enabling clusters of both Irish companies and local subsidiaries of multinationals to compete more effectively in the high value-added, knowledge-intensive sectors of the global economy. A promising start was made in the National Development Plan with its commitment to research funding of EUR2.5 billion.
"The vision of a knowledge-based economy in Ireland has not been entirely extinguished by this Budget, but it seems that the case must be made again - and again."
The plan recognised that "there is a strong link between investment in the research and innovation base of the economy and sustained economic growth ... The accumulation of 'knowledge capital' will facilitate the evolution of the 'knowledge-based' economy". Most of the funding was earmarked for the ambitious new Programme for Research in Third-Level Institutions (PRTLI), Science Foundation Ireland and R&D measures operated by Enterprise Ireland.
The importance and urgency of this funding has now been highlighted by an OECD report which compares "investment in knowledge" across a range of countries, using an index of investment in higher education, R&D and computer software. The data show that by 1998, despite some improvement over the decade, Ireland's investment in knowledge at 3 per cent of GDP still lagged other countries and was scarcely more than half the figure in our nearest comparator country, Finland.
The obvious implication for the 2003 Budget was the need to step up public investment in research and innovation, as well as in the infrastructure which supports it. Indeed, the economic slowdown of the last two years made the timing of a substantial boost to such investment more rather than less propitious. Through a combination of good luck and good management, Ireland's national debt fell during the 1990s from over 100 per cent of GDP to around 30 per cent - the lowest in Europe. This has enhanced Ireland's ability to borrow on international money markets.
At the same time, the projected budget deficit this year and next was well within the 3 per cent of GDP limit set by the European Union's Stability and Growth Pact, which in any case is in the process of being revised to accommodate higher research and infrastructure spending. In this context, a renewed commitment in the Budget to the National Development Plan targets would have made sense not only in terms of the longer term objective of a knowledge-based economy but also as short to medium term counter-cyclical policy.
Yet, almost unbelievably, these arguments have been rejected in favour of a sharply contractionary Budget with a projected deficit of 0.7 per cent of GDP. To achieve this deficit outcome, not only will capital spending be cut in nominal terms by 1.5 per cent, but indirect taxes on a range of goods and service will be increased, pushing up the rate of inflation to 6 per cent - the highest in the eurozone. Consequently, in real terms, capital spending will fall by more like 7 per cent and wage claims will factor in higher prices, contributing to a loss of competitiveness.
The position is even more serious for strategic research and education infrastructure. The Budget imposes a "pause" in capital spending for research programmes - that is to say, no spending commitments at all for programmes which in some cases have only just got off the ground - and a nominal cut of 24 per cent in capital spending across the third-level sector as a whole, translating into a real cut of around a third. These measures are as short-sighted as they are unnecessary.
Can the Minister of Finance and his Department explain how research is to be conducted, especially in large-scale science and technology projects, without adequate facilities, equipment or accommodation? Does he think that research is something that can be turned on and off like a tap? The vision of a knowledge-based economy in Ireland has not been entirely extinguished by this Budget, but it seems that the case must be made again - and again.
Roy Green is Professor of Management and Dean of Commerce at the National University of Ireland, a former member of the Evatt Foundation's Executive Committtee and a contributor to the Foundation's new book, Globalisation: Australian Impacts, (UNSW Press).


text:
Als Vorzugsjude oder auch Austauschjude wurden in der Sprache des Nationalsozialismus Häftlinge entsprechend NS-rassenideologisch jüdischer Abstammung bezeichnet, die wegen ihrer Verbindungen zum Ausland geeignet schienen, als Gegenleistung für die Freilassung deutscher Zivilinternierter oder auch für die Lieferung rüstungswichtiger Güter ausgetauscht zu werden. Manchmal wird von Historikern auch der Begriff "Austauschgeisel" verwendet.

Zivilgefangenenaustausch
Nach völkerrechtlich üblicher Praxis sollten Auslandsdeutsche im Machtbereich von Feindländern nach Möglichkeit gegen in Deutschland internierte und inhaftierte Personen mit fremder Staatsangehörigkeit ausgetauscht werden. Vorbereitet wurden solche Austauschaktionen von der Rechtsabteilung und der Politischen Abteilung des Auswärtigen Amtes und dem Reichssicherheitshauptamt im Referat II B 4 (später IV F 4), dem Referat Ausländerpolizei und Grenzsicherung sowie – für jüdische Austauschgeiseln – dem Eichmannreferat.

Für einen Zivilgefangenenaustausch waren auf deutscher Seite unter anderen Botschaftsangehörige, Seeleute und Sanitäter vorgesehen, die nach Kriegsausbruch interniert worden waren. Da man relativ wenige Ausländer zum Austausch anbieten konnte, um die große Zahl der im feindlichen Ausland internierten Reichsdeutschen auszulösen, griff man zunehmend auf Juden mit geeigneter oder doppelter Staatsangehörigkeit zurück. Der Kreis der "Austauschjuden" wurde Anfang 1943 erheblich erweitert. Als Austauschgeiseln sollten nun auch Juden dienen, die lediglich "über verwandtschaftliche, freundschaftliche, politische oder kaufmännische Beziehungen" zu Personen in den Feindstaaten (vornehmlich den USA) verfügten.

Internierungslager
Schon vor Errichtung des KZ Bergen-Belsen wurden Personen mit geeigneter oder doppelter Staatsbürgerschaft im Internierungslager Vittel, in Liebenau (heutige Stiftung Liebenau), in Wurzach, Laufen (Ilag VII) oder Tittmoning (Oflag VII-C/Z) zusammengeführt, um als "austauschfähige" Personen zur Verfügung zu stehen. Die Lager Liebenau (für Frauen) und Laufen blieben auch nach der Gründung des Aufenthaltslagers Bergen-Belsen Internierungslager für Austauschhäftlinge, wenn deren ausländische Staatsangehörigkeit außer Zweifel stand. Als Zwischenstation für Transporte wurden auch andere Internierungslager wie das Lager Lindele genutzt.

Aufenthaltslager Bergen-Belsen

Heinrich Himmler ordnete im Frühjahr 1943 an, ein Lager für etwa 10.000 Juden zu errichten, die für einen Austausch oder als Druckmittel bei der Beschaffung von Devisen und Rohstoffen zurückgestellt werden sollten. Andere dort internierte besaßen die Staatsangehörigkeit neutraler oder verbündeter Staaten und sollten als Faustpfand für das Wohlverhalten der Regierungen dieser Länder dienen.

Zu diesem Zweck wurde 1943 ein sogenanntes "Aufenthaltslager"  für "Austauschjuden" in Bergen-Belsen eingerichtet, das insgesamt vier Lagerabschnitte hatte. Ab Mitte Juli 1943 wurden im Sonderlager polnische Juden inhaftiert, die Pässe oder andere persönliche Ausweispapiere südamerikanischer Staaten besaßen. Ferner gab es ein Neutralenlager für spanische Juden aus Griechenland mit Pässen amerikanischer Staaten, in das auch einige italienische Juden mit türkischem Pass eingeliefert wurden. Der größte Lagerabschnitt war das Sternlager, in das hauptsächlich niederländische Juden verschleppt wurden; dorthin kamen auch kleine Gruppen aus Tunesien, Marokko, Frankreich, Jugoslawien und Albanien. Im Sommer 1944 kam das Ungarnlager hinzu.

Das Aufenthaltslager Bergen-Belsen durchliefen 14.700 jüdische Männer, Frauen und Kinder. Von ihnen kamen rund 2.560 durch Austausch frei. Für eine etwa gleich große Gruppe war das Aufenthaltslager nur eine Zwischenstation auf dem Weg in die Vernichtungslager, da ihre Staatsangehörigkeits-Nachweise oder Einreisezertifikate sich als nichtig erwiesen. Die meisten der im Aufenthaltslager internierten Juden, etwa 7.000 Männer, Frauen und Kinder, wurden bis in die letzten Kriegstage als immer noch wertvolle Verhandlungsmasse festgehalten.

Im November 1944 und im Januar 1945 wurden einige "austauschfähige Juden" eines Transportes von Bergen-Belsen in die Schweiz aus dem Zug geholt und zurückgehalten. Sie wurden nicht nach Bergen-Belsen zurückgebracht, sondern auf die Internierungslager in Liebenau, Biberach an der Riß (Lager Lindele) und Wurzach verteilt.

In den letzten Kriegsmonaten konnte von einer "bevorzugten Behandlung" keine Rede mehr sein. Beim Anrücken der alliierten Armee sollten die "Austauschjuden" zum KZ Theresienstadt transportiert werden, doch erreichte nur einer der drei Züge den Zielort. Bei einem anderen Transport kamen zahlreiche Häftlinge ums Leben, er endete als sogenannter Verlorener Zug nach tagelanger Irrfahrt in der Nähe von Tröbitz.

Einzelne Austauschaktionen

Palästina
Zu Kriegsbeginn lebten rund 2000 "deutsche Templer" in Palästina, die gegen britische Staatsangehörige aus dem besetzten Polen ausgetauscht werden konnten. Die langwierigen Verhandlungen zur Repatriierung beschleunigten sich erst, als 700 deutsche Staatsangehörige aus Palästina nach Australien geschafft und dort interniert wurden. Zwischen Dezember 1941 bis Februar 1943 trafen drei Gruppen, insgesamt 200 Personen, in Palästina ein, darunter mindestens 69 Juden mit palästinensischer Staatsangehörigkeit.

In der Folgezeit wurde der Berechtigungsnachweis für eine Repatriierung nach Palästina lockerer gehandhabt; es reichte schon die Bewilligung für ein Einwanderungszertifikat. Im Juni 1944 fand ein Austausch statt, bei dem 222 Juden aus Bergen-Belsen und 61 aus dem Internierungslager Vittel und aus Laufen (Salzach) über die Türkei nach Palästina gebracht wurden. Im März 1945 gelangten im Austauschverfahren 99 Juden aus Bergen-Belsen und 38 aus dem KZ Ravensbrück über Schweden nach Palästina. Darüber hinaus wurden Hunderte Juden gerettet, weil sie eine Bescheinigung vorweisen konnten, dass ihnen ein Einreise-Visum nach Palästina bewilligt worden war, und die deshalb als Austauschgeiseln verschont blieben.

Siehe auch
 Kasztner-Aktion (1944)
 Feldscher-Aktion (1943/44)
 Ha'avara-Abkommen (1933)

Film
Caroline Schmidt, Stefan Aust und Thomas Ammann haben 2011 für den NDR einen 52-minütigen Film mit dem Titel Hitlers Menschenhändler über das Thema "Austauschjuden" gedreht. Er lief unter anderem am 14. September 2011 und am 20. September 2011 auf arte. Am 19. August 2013 wurde die Dokumentation im 1. Fernsehprogramm der ARD gesendet.

Literatur
 Thomas Ammann, Stefan Aust: Hitlers Menschenhändler. Das Schicksal der Austauschjuden. Rotbuch, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-86789-079-3.
 Yehuda Bauer: Freikauf von Juden? Verhandlungen zwischen dem nationalsozialistischen Deutschland und jüdischen Repräsentanten 1933 bis 1945. Übersetzt von Klaus Binder und Jeremy Gaines. Jüdischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1996, ISBN 3-633-54107-1.
 Lisa Hauff (Bearb.): Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933–1945 (Quellensammlung), Band 11: Deutsches Reich und Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren April 1943–1945. Berlin/Boston 2020, ISBN 978-3-11-036499-6 (hier "Austauschjuden", S. 47–52).
 Ladislaus Löb: Geschäfte mit dem Teufel: Die Tragödie des Judenretters Resző Kasztner. Bericht eines Überlebenden. Böhlau, Köln 2010, ISBN 978-3-412-20389-4.
 Alexandra-Eileen Wenck: Zwischen Menschenhandel und "Endlösung" – Das Konzentrationslager Bergen-Belsen. Paderborn 2000, ISBN 3-506-77511-1.

Einzelnachweise

Sprache des Nationalsozialismus
Holocaust im Deutschen Reich
Politik (Zweiter Weltkrieg)
Außenpolitik (Deutsches Reich, 1933–1945)


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According to research from Gartner, SaaS is widely used within mature markets such as the United States, although nearly three-quarters of respondents (71%) had only been using such services for less than three years.
Roughly 73% of U.S. respondents indicated an intention to spend more on SaaS in coming years. "Initial concerns about security, response time and service availability have diminished for many organizations as SaaS business and computing models have matured and adoption has become more widespread.
Continuing the march toward the cloud, Gartner shared in the 2015 Magic Quadrant for E-Discovery Software that ediscovery vendors are expanding their ediscovery software via a SaaS model to offer the benefits of the cloud, such as cost efficiency, accessibility, and computing power, they also caution buyers to make sure they are getting a true SaaS solution.
Gartner, Inc., "Magic Quadrant for E-Discovery Software", Jie Zhang, Garth Landers, 18 May 2015.
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1. Have the basic Postcard Honor.
2. How is the history of your city or state/province/region told in postcards? Collect postcards (or pictures of postcards) that illustrate events or distinctive scenery found in your area.
4. What is the latest development in postcards?
5. What are the present regulations for sending custom-made postcards through your local post office and getting the postcard rate?
a. At least two postcards depicting significant historical or cultural heritage in your area/region.
b. Postcards from at least different 20 states/providences/countries.
a. Create your own postcards. Mail five of your personally created postcards in order to encourage someone.


107 Laidlaw Ave # 3, Jersey City, NJ, 07306 - Photos, Videos & More!
A breath of fresh air is how to best describe this airy and bright new condo! Spacious and graced with copious amounts of windows, this beautiful condo feels cheery and inspiring. Wall to wall gorgeous hardwood floors make this home complete. Prepare delicious meals and entertain guest in your open layout kitchen with breakfast bar. Stylish white cabinets, quartz countertops and stainless steal appliances adorn this perfect kitchen. Bedrooms are ample in space with a large master en suite. For an additional $15,000, you can have your own private roof deck with NYC view (built within 90 after after permits issued). Enjoy a summer night while sipping wine and enjoying the view. This unit come with an on demand water heater for energy efficiency. Easy access to NYC transportation via bus or Path Train. Shopping is conveniently located on Central Avenue. Do not miss this opportunity to call this your new home!