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8th International Conference on "Bhagavad Gita and Ramayan as Perennial Sources of Leadership" @ SMS Varanasi
Posted by amitabh112 in Uncategorized on October 31, 2019
School of Management Sciences, Varanasi is Going to Organise An International Conference on "Bhagavad Gita and Ramayan as Perennial Sources of Leadership" From 15th to 16th February, 2020 At SMS Varanasi Campus.
For Further Details Of The Conference Please Visit http://icon.smsvaranasi.com/
Workshop on interview skills @ SMS Varanasi
24th October 2019, a small workshop on interview skills was organised at SMS for the students of Mass Communication. The workshop was conducted and coordinated by Ayush Keshari, a young scribe,CEO of Abhiprerna and mentor of Niti Ayog, Delhi.
He shared his experiences with the audience. The nuances of taking a successful interview were told to the students lucidly. How to ask relevant and logical questions with the interviewee, how to read between the lines of an interview were some of the aspects that were detailed comprehensively by Mr. Ayush. The interview workshop was followed by live interview of aspiring Hindi Film actor Mr. Yajuvendra Pratap Singh who has been part of couple of movies based on social causes. Yajuvendra's humbleness and humility impressed everyone. What are the difficulties for new entrants into the domain of film industry, what are the key elements that an actor should have while thinking of joining Films as profession and many other questions were diligently answered by Yajuvendra. In the end a small video of making of his coming film' Ek Ank' was shown to the audience. Seeing the scant audience and festive season, the program concluded successfully with smile on everyone's face. Program had the august presence of Prof. R.K. Singh from Management faculty and Mr. Pradeep Kumar from IT cell. Coordinator Mass Communication, Mr. Amitabh Pandey Sir presented the bouquet and momento to the guests. His presence was a moral boost for everyone. Dr. Bharat Kumar, senior faculty Mass communication took care of various arrangements and supervised the whole program. Dr. Gaurav Shah, faculty Mass Communication did the comparing of the program.
SMS Varanasi organized SMS Mental Ability Recognition Test "SMART"
School of Management Sciences (SMS), Varanasi organized the competition "SMART" (SMS Mental Ability Recognition Test) on Sunday, October 20, 2019. Keeping up with the tradition of its commitment towards its social responsibility activities, SMS initiated this competitive event. 1200 students of 30 different schools across Varanasi, Bhadohi and Sonebhadra district participated in this "SMART" competition and showcased their analytical, reasoning and mental ability.
This Annual competition is organized every year involving school students for creating awareness about emerging competitive environment and dimensions, to make the participants understand about their local positioning in the peer group, to secure financial assistance for higher studies at SMS in the form of scholarships and to highlight their institution by winning prizes. Students from various school like Central Hindu Boys School, St Johns School, Central Hindu Girls School, Zee Mount Litera School, Bal Bharti Public School, DLW Intercollege, Dayawati Modi Academy, Woodward Public School, Laxmi Public School etc. particpated in this event.
In this event, Ashwani Kumar Singh (Central Hindu Boys School, Varanasi) secured the highest marks and bagged the First position, winning cash prize of Rs. 15 thousand along with a trophy and Certificate. The second position was captured by Hritik (Central Hindu Boys School, Varanasi), while third position are secured by Harshdeep Agrawal (St Johns School Mehraulli). They were given cash prize of Rs 10000 and Rs 5000 along with trophy and certificate by the Director of SMS Varanasi, Prof. P. N. Jha. Others who won the consolation prize includes Anmol Sigh (Central Hindu Boys School, Varanasi), Nyasa Mahadevan (Central Hindu Girls School Varanasi), Akanksha Kumari (Bal Bharti Public School, Varanasi), Srijan Kumar (DLW Intercollege Varanasi), Ashutosh Kumar (Dayawati Modi Academy, Varanasi), Sahil Srivastava (Laxmi Public School Mugalsarai), Ujjawal Kumar Gupta (Imperial Public School).
The Executive Secretary Dr. M.P. Singh also congratulated the award winners of the SMART. The Programme was conducted by Dr. Avinash Chandra Supkar (Associate Professor, SMS) and Mr. Rohit Mehta (Assistant Professor, SMS). The Vote-of-thanks was presented by the Registrar Mr. Sanjay Gupta. Dy. General Manager (Marketing & Branding) Mr. Pankaj Srivastava along with his team members Mr. Vishal Rai and Mr. Yogesh Singh were also present in the programme.
NATIONAL CONFERENCE – TECHCON 2019 @ SMS Varanasi
School of Management Sciences, organized two days (19th and 20th) national conference on the topic "Emerging Dimension in Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing". More than 100 no. of participants from various academic institutions and corporate houses across the country presented their research papers in the conference.
The chief guest of the inaugural session of the conference Prof. Durg Singh Chauhan (Former Vice-Chancellor Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow) shared his experiences about Digital image processing with the participants. He explained the august audience about the importance of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing in todays world. He said that technologies produce only average options but the selection of pertinent and feasible options depends upon the discretion of human beings.
He asked the participants to remain updated with the changing patterns and formats of technology. Prof. Chauhan was followed by the deliberation of a guest of honor of the conference, Dr. Rahul Agrawal (Innovation Evangelist, TCS Delhi). Dr. Agrawal explaining different dimensions of artificial intelligence told that in todays technology-dependent society, the role of "Deep Reinforcement Learning" becomes crucial. He further enunciated the relevance of data during the implementation of technology. Dr. Agrawal educated the participants about the huge potential in the field of artificial intelligence. He was explicit about the proper coordination of information technology and social change. Finally, Dr. Agrawal laid stress on the inclusion of ancient knowledge with modern science and technology.
Special guest of the conference Mr. Sunil Kumar Singh, Director Globallogic India in his keynote address explained the basic principles of life" He further stated that the basic concept of life taught in schools helps in understanding technology better. Prior to this, the two-day national conference started with the welcoming of guests by the director of the institution. Prof. P.N. Jha. highlighted the academic achievements of the institute. The Registrar of the institute Mr. Sanjay Gupta felicitated the guests with the memento. The theme of the conference was presented by the convener Mr. Anand Prakash Dube. The inaugural session of the conference was conducted by Dr. Sofia Khan. Note of appreciation was given by Prof. Kamalsheel Mishra.
Day-II
The two days (19th and 20th) National Conference on the topic "Emerging Dimension in Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing", came to an end. Valedictory ceremony witness two key and eminent person, Mr. Sridhar Srinivas Ex-Vice President Wipro and Dr. Bhaskar Viswas spokes person IIT BHU. Mr. Srinivas elucidated about the importances of consumers in todays market, he said todays customers has become more complex and to understand their buying behavior and pattern, one needs the support of Artificial Intelligence and Soft computing and to make decison accordingly. A satisfied and happy customer gives more business to the company, which not only improves the companies profitability but also improves the standard status of society. Dr. Bhaskar explained the importance of Artificial Intelligence in social networking, hence it can prove to be beneficial to remove "Link Depression" from the youngsters.
The two-day event witnessed more than 100 paper presentations on contemporary issues related to Conference themes. On this occasion, Executive Secretary Dr. M,P. Singh, Registrar Shri Sanjay Gupta, Prof. K. S. Mishra, Shri Shambhu Sharan Srivastava Prof. Sandeep Singh, Prof A.K, Singh, and all other faculty member were also present.
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After a year long planning process, 774 Forester Ave. LLC or the Kennedy Apartments, as they've previously been referred to, received a negative declaration with no adverse affects on the environmental impact statement from the Village of Warwick Planning Board at their meeting on Thurs., Dec. 20.
The Board discussed traffic in the area and drainage. The plan for the site calls for a catch basin and more grass courtyards, which will both make a huge impact on assisting with drainage. A traffic consultant, Rich Andre, presented a study to the Planning Board that was conducted to show the potential impacts the apartments could have on traffic.
A traffic consultant, Rich Andre, presented a study to the Planning Board that was conducted to show the potential impacts the apartments could have on traffic. Andre found that after studying the area during the major traffic times of the day, potential residents of all ages would cause a less than one second delay for residents who travel on Forester Ave.
After review of a long form Environmental Assessment Form the Planning Board decided to make their decision. The project will still require a special permit from the Village Board and two variances from the Village Zoning Board. The project is expected to receive both items from the other boards. Following that, the project will be given a date for a public hearing.
November of 2018 marked the expiration of the Planning Board's approval of a 28-lot subdivision off of Locust St. and Sleepy Valley Rd. known as Village View. The approval for the 28-lot subdivision was granted an extension until Mar. 22.
The Village of Warwick Planning Board will hold their next meeting on Thurs., Jan. 17 at the Village Hall, located at 77 Main St. in Warwick NY.


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Die Liste der Länderspiele der palauischen Fußballauswahl enthält alle Länderspiele der palauischen Fußballnationalmannschaft der Männer. Bisher ist die Mannschaft, bis auf eine Ausnahme, nur bei regionalen Turnieren wie den Mikronesienspielen gegen andere Länder angetreten.

Länderspielübersicht
Legende
 Erg. = Ergebnis
 n. V. = nach Verlängerung
 i. E. = im Elfmeterschießen
 abg. = Spielabbruch
 H = Heimspiel
 A = Auswärtsspiel
 * = Spiel auf neutralem Platz
 Hintergrundfarbe grün = Sieg
 Hintergrundfarbe gelb = Unentschieden
 Hintergrundfarbe rot = Niederlage

Statistik
Legende
 Sp. = Spiele
 Sg. = Siege
 Uts. = Unentschieden
 Ndl. = Niederlagen
 Hintergrundfarbe grün = positive Bilanz
 Hintergrundfarbe gelb = ausgeglichene Bilanz
 Hintergrundfarbe rot = negative Bilanz

Gegner

Kontinentalverbände

Anlässe

Spielarten

Austragungsorte

Siehe auch
 Palauische Fußballnationalmannschaft

Weblinks
 Micronesia Games 1998 RSSSF
 Micronesia Games 2014 RSSSF

Palau
!Landerspiele

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


See also: Discounts & reductions (people).
Properties that solely provide specific types of accommodation are exempt from Council Tax. Only the property types listed below are exempt.
The exemption will apply to uninhabitable properties for a maximum period of 12 months. The property must be undergoing or in need of major repair work to make it habitable or in need of or undergoing structural alteration. A Visiting Officer may inspect the property before the exemption can be awarded.
After this exemption ends a council tax premium may apply.
A property made unsafe because of a gas leak, oil leak, storm damage or subsidence.
If a property is unfurnished, then it may be exempted from Council Tax for up to 6 months.
After this exemption ends the property will be liable for the full council tax charge. If the property remains unoccupied and unfurnished for a continuous period of one year a council tax premium may apply.
If the owner or tenant of a property is permanently living in a hospital, residential care home or nursing home and will not be returning to the property, then the property may be exempt from Council Tax.
When a person has gone to live with someone else permanently in order to receive care and their property is left unoccupied, their property may be exempt.
The person must be receiving care due to old age, disability, illness, past or present alcohol or drug dependence or past or present mental disorder.
If you have left your property permanently in order to provide care for someone, and your property is left unoccupied, your property is exempt.
You must be providing care to someone who requires the care due to old age, disability, illness, past or present alcohol or drug dependence or past or present mental disorder.
You may also be exempt from paying Council Tax at the property where you provide care.
When an adult has died, we need to know who is responsible for paying their Council Tax and other details such as when probate has been granted. This all helps to make sure that you only pay the right amount of Council tax and no more.
Tell Council Tax when an adult has died.
If a property is unoccupied because the occupant is being held in detention, it is exempt from Council Tax. This applies to anyone who is detained by order of a court whether they are in prison, in a hospital or any other place.
If you have left your property unoccupied whilst you live elsewhere as a student at an educational establishment, your property is exempt from Council Tax. You must have retained the right to return to your property.
If a property is owned by a charity and has been used for the purposes of the charity before becoming unoccupied, it may be exempt from Council Tax. The exemption will apply for up to 6 months from the date it became unoccupied. This exemption applies whether or not the property is furnished.
If the law prohibits occupation of a property, it is exempt from Council Tax. This includes properties that are unfit for human habitation, holiday chalets and caravans during the periods when occupation is not allowed.
Unoccupied properties that are awaiting occupation by a minister of religion from which he or she will perform the duties of their office are exempt.
Where an unoccupied property has been repossessed by a bank/building society but is legally in the ownership of the former occupant, it is exempt.
Properties that are unoccupied and are the responsibility of a trustee in bankruptcy are exempt whether or not they are furnished.
Properties that are owned by the Crown and used as Armed Forces Accommodation are exempt whether or not they are occupied.
If an annexe cannot be let separately from the occupied property because it would breach planning control, it may be exempt from Council Tax.
Caravan pitches or boat moorings that are not occupied by a caravan or a boat are exempt from Council Tax.
Where a property is occupied solely by full time student(S) it is exempt.
A person under the age of 20 who is on a course which lasts for at least 3 calendar months and who studies for at least 12 hours a week. The course must not be a course of higher education. Evening classes and correspondence classes do not qualify.
Properties that are owned by the Crown and used as Armed Forces Accommodation are exempt from Council Tax whether or not they are occupied.
Properties that are occupied by members and dependents of visiting armed forces are exempt from Council Tax.
Properties that are occupied solely by person(s) under the age of 18 are exempt.
The landlord or owner is named on the bill and the exemption is applied to their bill.
A property that is occupied solely by person(s) who are severely mentally impaired is exempt from Council Tax.
This is the 'severe impairment of intelligence and social functioning (however caused) that appears to be permanent'.
Use the application form on this page to apply.
A property that is occupied by person(s) who have diplomatic privileges or immunities is exempt from Council Tax.
Granny annexes, or similar units of accommodation occupied by elderly or disabled members of the family living in the main part of the property, are exempt from Council Tax.
A family member is defined as a: spouse, parent, grandparent, child, stepchild, grandchild, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, nephew or niece, or the parent or child of such a relative, including a relationship by marriage and of the half-blood.
An exemption from Council Tax may arise when a dwelling in Wales which is occupied by one or more 'care leavers' and where every resident is either a 'care leaver', a 'relevant person', or a 'severely mentally impaired person'.
"severely mentally impaired" has the meaning given in paragraph 2 of Schedule 1 to the Act;"
(c) as regards the day he fulfils such conditions as may be prescribed by order made by the Secretary of State.
(2) For the purposes of this paragraph a person is severely mentally impaired if he has a severe impairment of intelligence and social functioning (however caused) which appears to be permanent.
(3) The Secretary of State may by order substitute another definition for the definition in sub-paragraph (2) above as for the time being effective for the purposes of this paragraph.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Anatolian Civilization and Ottoman Empire
Anatolia is one of the oldest continually inhabited regions in the world, and it has repeatedly served as a battleground for foreign powers. The earliest major empire in the area was that of the HITTITES, from the 18th through the 13th century BC. Subsequently, the Phrygians (see PHRYGIA), an Indo-European people, achieved ascendancy until their kingdom was destroyed by the CIMMERIANS in the 7th century BC. The most powerful of Phrygia's successor states was LYDIA. Coastal Anatolia (IONIA) meanwhile was settled by Greeks. The entire area was overrun by the Persians during the 6th and 5th centuries and fell to Alexander the Great in 334 BC. Anatolia was subsequently divided into a number of small Hellenistic kingdoms (including BITHYNIA, CAPPADOCIA, PERGAMUM, and PONTUS), all of which had succumbed to Rome by the mid-1st century BC. In AD 324 the Roman emperor CONSTANTINE I chose Constantinople, now Istanbul, as the capital of the Roman Empire. It subsequently became the capital of the Eastern Roman or BYZANTINE EMPIRE.
In 1055 a group of Central Asiatic Turks, the SELJUKS, conquered Baghdad and established a Middle Eastern and Anatolian empire. When this empire was broken up by the Mongol invasion, one of the remaining local powers became known as the Ottoman dynasty, after its leader OSMAN I. The OTTOMAN EMPIRE spread from northwestern Anatolia and captured Constantinople in 1453. At the peak of their power the Ottomans controlled much of the eastern Mediterranean. The Ottomans had a sophisticated system of internal administration and also organized the first standing army in Europe.
http://www.turkishnews.com/DiscoverTurkey/anatolia/
Anatolia, the land of sun and history, is one of the rare places in the world which have been inhabited ever since the first man was seen on the earth. The Palaeolithic Age, which we call the Stone Age, reigned between the years 600.000-10.000 B.C. in Anatolia and was followed by the Mesolithic and Neolithic Ages. The men began to leave their caves between the years 8000-5500 B.C. during the Neolithic Age, and to establish villages on the meadows. We can conduct studies on this culture in ancient localities of habitation such as Diyarbakir, Catalhoyuk, Konya and Burdur Hacilar. The men lived the Chalcolithic age, which we call the metal-stone, after Neolithic Age. The early Bronze Age followed the metal-stone age and it was lived through very gloriously in Anatolia. An indigenous tribe called Hatti lived in central Anatolia during this age. We see the golden works of art of this magnificent civilization belonging to the years 2300-2000 B.C., in the royal tombs in Alacahoyuk. A civilization similar to this one was lived in Troy II during the same age in Anatolia.
The Hittites who came to Anatolia in the ears of 2000 B.C. lived in principalities for a while, and then in the years of 1800 B.C., they, established a state and made Hattusas the capital. We can study the art of the Hittite people who created a great civilization in Anatolia between the years 1800-1200 B.C. in the localities such as Hattusas (Bogazkoy), Yazilikaya and Alacahoyuk.
The Hittites were destroyed by the unceasing attacks of the sea tribes during the years 1200 B.C., But their usage and customs survived until 650 B.C. in the south Anatolian cities such as Malatya, Maras, Kargamis, Zincirli, which are called the late Hittite city-states. When the Hittite State ceased to exist, the Urartu people founded a state in eastern Anatolia, made Van the capital city and stepped on the scene of history (860-580 B.C.). The works of art made of ivory and bronze which showed their master workmanship were discovered as a result of the excavations carried on in the Fortress of Van, in Urartu cities such as Toprakkale, Altintepe and Cavustepe. When the Urartus were utterly destroyed by the Ischits in the year 580 B.C., the Phrygians founded a state in central Anatolia, with Gordion as the capital, but they also disappeared from the scene of history at the beginning of the 8th century B.C. by reason of the raids of the Kimmers. The Phrygian works of art found in the tomb of their legendary King Midas, are exhibited at the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara. The Lydians succeeded the Phrygians by founding a state in western Anatolia and made Sardes the capital. When the Lydians were defeated by the Persians in the year 546 B.C., the whole Anatolia was conquered by the Persians.
Anatolia was taken over by Alexander the Great when he defeated the Persians in 333 B.C., and by his inheritors after his death. So, Anatolia was the site of the Hellenistic period between the years 330 and 30 B.C. We observe that the Kingdom of Pergamum developed and became more powerful during this period. Many works of art created during the Hellenistic Period were inspired by the style of art, called the Pergamum style. Since Attolos III. the king of Pergamum, had no inheritors, he ceded his territory to Rome in 133 B.C., and Anatolia was wholly integrated to Roman territory in this way. Anatolia was furnished with magnificent structures during the Roman period, too. The structures of the Hellenistic Period and those of the Roman Period are seen to exist in an intermingled manner with each other in antique cities.
When Rome was divided into two as the Eastern Rome and Western Rome in the year 395 A.D., Anatolia was left in the possession of the Eastern Roman Empire. The most important works of art belonging to this empire. briefly called Byzantium, are the magnificent works in such as Hagia Sophia, Chora and Hagia Irene. The exquisitely beautiful Anatolia mosaics are seen here. In many localities of ruins, the works of art belonging to the Anatolia period are seen to have succeeded the works of art belonging to the Roman period.
The Seljukians who defeated the Anatolia people in 1071 during the pitched battle in Malazgirt, took possession of Anatolia gradually. They founded the Seljukian State of Anatolia and made Konya the capital. Medresses with magnificent stone doors, caravanserai inns and mosques have also survived until today from the time of the Seljukians. The most famous ones among these are Buruciye in Sivas, The Medresse With Double Minarets in Sivas. Yakutiye in Erzurum, The Medresse With Double Minarets in Erzurum, the Medresse With Fine Minarets in Konya, the Medresse of Karatay Saib Ata. The mosques such as the Grand Mosque of Divrigi, the Grand Mosque of Malatya, the Mosque of Alaaddin in Konya, the Grand Mosque of Beysehir are some of the mosques belonging to the Seljukian period. In addition to these, many caravanserais built in order to provide halting places for the caravans and monumental tombs which have survived standing magnificently until today, are the most beautiful examples of the Seljukian art. Owing to the fact that the Seljukiyans were left powerless by the Mongolian invasion and ceased to exist officially later, the principalities subjected to the Seljukians declared themselves independent in certain places. One of them was the Ottoman principality which declared independence in So§¼t in the year 1299. The Ottoman principality became more powerful day by day and enlarged its territory continually thus transforming itself from principality to an empire. The Ottomans ruled over Anatolia for 600 years between the dates 1299 and 1923 and they provided training facilities for architects, like Sinan the Architect, leaving behind magnificent works of art such as the Mosques of Selimiye, Suleymaniye, Sultanahmet and many other architectural works such as palaces, kiosks and fortresses. They created wonders in handicrafts of carpet making, tile-making and miniature, besides the architectural works.
The Ottoman State collapsed after the World War I and the young was founded in its place in 1923, with Ankara the capital city. In addition to many antique cities that can be visited in Turkey there are other interesting places which have a varied history, namely Cappadocia, the Mount Nemrut, Lycian Region. The Black sea is a land of greenness in itself. It is an inconceivably beautiful travel to experience through history in the crystal blue waters during the Blue Voyage from Bodrum to Antalya.
Turkey, which is a paradise of nature, history and sun, will keep on being a candidate for becoming the most interesting country for Tourism, with all these riches of hers.
Following the collapse of the Seljuk State, one of several states to be established in Central Anatolia was that of the Eretna emirate, which was founded by Eretna Bey. When Eretna Bey died in 1352, the state was left in the hands of weak administrators and superceded by a state founded by Burhaneddin, a Kayseri judge. In the meantime, Turkmen leaders took advantage of the political vacuum that existed to declare the establishment of their own principalities in the 13th century. Among others were the Karamanogullari in Central Anatolia, the Esrefogullari in and around Beysehir, the Germiyanogullari in the Afyon region and the Hamidogullari in the Isparta-Burdur region.
At the beginning of the 14th century, other principalities were set up, such as the Inancogullari in the Denizli region, the Aydinogullari in the Aydin region, the Karesiogullari in the Balikesir region, the Saruhanogullari in the Manisa region and the Candarogullari in the Kastamonu-Cankiri-Sinop region. Oguz tribesmen of the Kayi clan had migrated to Anatolia during the Seljuk era and it was this clan, under the leadership of Ertugrul Gazi which was to form the nucleus of the Ottoman principality. Settling first on the Byzantine frontiers around Sogut in the region of Bilecik under the direction of the Seljuks. It was during the final years of the Seljuk State that they declared themselves an independent principality known as the 'Ottoman Principality,' which was named after Ertugrul Bey's successor Osman Bey (1299-1326). Under Orhan Bey (1326-1362), who was Osman Bey's successor, they captured Bursa and declared it the Ottoman capital.
The city of Iznik is considered the cradle of Ottoman architecture and it is here that the first Ottoman mosque was built, the Haci Ozbek Mosque. This mosque, which was constructed in 1334, is notable for its single dome, a wall construction consisting of one row of cut stone and three rows of brick along with a three-room congregation area. During the reign of Orhan Bey, Kara Halil Hayrettin Pasha had the Yesil Cami (Green Mosque) built by architect Haci Musa in Iznik and was completed after his death by his son, Ali Pasha in 1392, with the exterior covered with marble blocks. The materials that went into the construction of the minaret showed the continuation of Seljuk traditions.
Ottoman architecture, which got its start in Iznik showed development which reached a monumental scale in Bursa. The mosque that was constructed for Osman Gazi's son, Alaeddin Bey in 1326 and the Orhan Bey Mosque that was constructed in 1339 have both been restored several times over the years. From their flashy exterior design, both the Murad Hudavendigar Mosque and its surrounding complex, which were built in Bursa-Cekirge, give off a palatial appearance (1385). In 1382, while he was still the son of the sultan, Yildirim Bayezid had a complex of buildings constructed in the town of Mudurnu, which consisted of a single-domed mosque, a school of theology and two baths. He also had the Ulu Mosque of Bergama constructed in 1398. The grand mosque that he is truly known for is the Ulu Mosque in Bursa, which was constructed between 1396-1400. The pulpit of the twenty-domed mosque is the masterpiece of Haci Mehmet bin Abdulaziz ibn el Huki, who was from Antep. The progress of Ottoman architecture was badly shaken and even halted for awhile at the beginning of the 15th century. It regained some liveliness when Yildirim's son Celebi Sultan Mehmed had the architect Haci Ivaz commence with the construction of the Yesil Cami (Green Mosque) and its surrounding complex (1424).
Subsequently, architectural planning continued to develop without a break. Construction of this mosque lasted ten years and was built entirely from cut stone and marble. The marvelous arched gateway, external niche, the ornamentation on the frames and windows reflect an attentive stone masonry. Subsequent to Bursa and Iznik and prior to the capture of Istanbul, the temporary capital of Edirne symbolized the highest level of the art of the Ottoman Empire.
The first monumental construction was that of the Edirne Eski Mosque, which was started in 1403 by Emir Suleyman Celebi and completed by Celebi Sultan Mehmed in 1414. The architecture of the mosque built with nine domes upon four heavy square pillars belonged to Haci Alaeddin of Konya. Built by Sultan Murad II in 1436, the Edirne Muradiye Mosque was named after him and with its porcelain coating and porcelain niche, constitutes the most important example of Turkish decorative art after the Yesil Mosque in Bursa.
In 1446, during the rule of Murat II, Yahsi Bey had the Imaret Mosque built in Tire. This mosque is important in that for the first time ever, it utilized a half-dome design and a five-room final congregation place in its front section. As far as architectural development was concerned, the Uc Serefeli Mosque that Murat II had built in Edirne between the years 1438-1447 was a truly surprising masterpiece. It was here that flying buttresses were constructed to support the dome for the first time. Another first was applied here, with four minarets, which were twisted, hollow-grooved, diamond-shaped and zigzagged. There were two inscriptions that bore the name of Sultan Murad and the pediments of both the courtyard windows were made with dark blue and white colored porcelain tiles. The Mezit Bey Mosque, constructed in 1434, along with the Darul Hadis, which was constructed in 1435, are the other major works that enriched Edirne.
After conquering Istanbul in 1453, Sultan Mehmed opened a new epoch, in which 300 mosques, eighty-five of which were domed, fifty-seven theology schools, fifty-nine Turkish baths, twenty-nine covered markets, bridges, palaces, castles and city walls were constructed in various cities throughout the empire. The first mosques that were constructed in Istanbul after its conquest followed the layouts of mosques that were built in Iznik, Bursa and Edirne, but later on, a new style gradually emerged and the half-dome became more prominent.
The first application of this in Istanbul was seen with the Fatih Mosque and its surrounding complex, which was constructed by Architect Sinaneddin Yusuf between 1462-1470. The complex, which consisted of a theology school, health clinic, printing facilities, caravanserai, Turkish bath and tombs, saw its mosque collapse in the 1765 earthquake, whereas today's existing structure with its four half-domes, was built by Sultan Mustafa III. However, the mosque's courtyard, bottom part of the minarets and niche were remnants of the destroyed mosque.
The inscription etched in the general public gate belonged to Ali bin Safi. Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror's grandest masterpiece was Topkapi Palace. He was succeeded by his son Sultan Bayezid II (1481-1512) who ordered the architect Hayrettin to construct a complex of buildings in Edirne, which included a mosque, soup kitchen, theology school and Turkish bath between 1484-88. The same sultan ordered the architect Yakup Sah bin Sultan Sah to construct another complex in Istanbul between 1501-1506 known as the Bayezid complex. It was here that some developments were made, including a second half-dome to the north and an addition of a small dome on each side.
Bayezid's successor was Yavuz Sultan Selim (1512-1520), who during his eight years on the throne participated in major campaigns while nothing new appeared on the architecture front. In the meanwhile, the governor of Diyarbakir, Biyikli Mehmet Pasha had the first Ottoman mosque with four half-domes built in his province between 1516-20. Yavuz Sultan Selim was not able to complete the mosque that was to be in his name. His son, Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent completed the half-finished mosque. Ottoman art lived through its most brilliant period under the rule of Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent (1520-1566). In addition to other artists of this age, it fostered a genius by the name of Sinan the Architect and it was his splendid works of art that symbolized the power and energy of the Ottoman Empire.
In 1522, Sinan the Architect completed the half-built Yavuz Sultan Mosque and in the same year, he also finished the Fatih Pasa Mosque in Diyarbakir. In 1523, he built the mosque and the accompanying complex of the ex-governor to Egypt, Coban Mustafa Pasha in Gebze, near Istanbul. It was in 1539 that Sinan the Architect constructed his first masterpiece in Istanbul, the Haseki Complex. It was comprised of a health clinic, an elementary school, a theology school, a fountain and a soup kitchen and while it made up a whole unit, it was built in completely separate place from the mosque.
At the age of 54, Sinan the Architect considered himself to an apprentice when he built the Sehzade Mosque between 1543-1548, because it was here that he encountered the problem posed by the half-dome, though he came up with a very nice central structure with four half-domes. Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent ordered the mosque built in memory of his beloved son, Prince Mehmet. The Sehzade Complex, the construction of which was completed before the mosque, was made up the Tomb of Sehzade Mehmed, a theology school, a soup kitchen and printing house.
In 1548, Sinan the Architect built a mosque and accompanying complex for the Sultan's daughter Mihrimah Sultan in Uskudar. Use of three half-domes was the second innovation of the mosque. In addition, the fact that there was a second final congregation place outside and an expanded width brought us face to face with a rather different mosque. Sinan followed this up by building an incredible complex and mosque for Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent, construction of which was started in 1550 and completed in 1557. It was with the Suleymaniye that two half-domes were utilized in the construction of a mosque. Along with the courtyard with a big fountain, the mosque's interior and outer appearance were considered to a unified entity. The grand dome, which is supported in the middle by four heavy columns, is also supported on both the entrance side and the southern direction with half-domes. Minarets are in the courtyard's four corners. The octagon-shaped tombs of both Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent and Hurrem Sultan are situated behind the niche wall. In 1555, Sinan the Architect built a mosque for Kaptani Derya Sinan Pasha in Besiktas. With rows constructed of cut stone and brick, he had experimented with a different wall bonding. Sinan the Architect constructed the Vizier Kara Ahmat Pasha Complex in Topkapi between 1554-58, the Molla Celebi Mosque in Findikli in 1561 and a mosque in Edirnekapi that was built between 1562-65 for the daughter of Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent, Mihrimah Sultan.
The domes over the courtyard portico and the final congregation room were built lower than normal giving this mosque, which had a single minaret, a more definite appearance. In 1561, he built a mosque in Eminonu for Rustem Pasha, who was the Sultan's vizier and son-in-law. Sinan incorporated an eight-legged system, of which four were built into the walls and four were left standing independently. He also decorated it with the period's Iznik porcelain tiles.
For the Sultan Suleyman's daughter, Esma Sultan, who was also the wife of the Grand Vizier Sokullu Mehmed Pasha, he constructed the Sokullu Complex on hilly terrain in Istanbul Kadirga in the year 1571. Again, he chose to decorate the interior of the mosque with porcelain tiles. In 1573, Sinan built the Piyale Pasha Mosque in Istanbul Kasimpasa, in which he reverted to the style of the old Ulu Mosques by using the six equal dome layout. In 1566, Suleyman the Magnificent was succeeded by his son Selim II (1566-74), whereas Sinan constructed the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne in his name (1569-75).
Sinan had reached the peak of his profession and it was at this time that he was heard to say, "I showed that I was an apprentice with the Sehzade Mosque, an able contractor with the Suleymaniye Mosque and an expert with the Selimiye Mosque." The towering dome and four minarets of this mosque, which took six years to built, was planted on the highest hill of Edirne and could be seen from far.
The dome's weight was supported by eight interior columns and buttressing belts that were situated between the columns. Besides the mosque's architectural design, there were also the decorative components such as the fine workmanship that went into the single piece stone pulpit, the porcelain decor of the window pediments and the walls around the niche, the colorful written works found in the private galleries and the fine manner in which the portico courtyard presented itself. Selim II died in 1574 and was succeeded to the throne by his son Murat III (1574-1595).
Up to then, Sinan had been in the service of four sultans, but in spite his advanced years, he went ahead and constructed the Muradiye Mosque in Manisa between 1583-85 for Sultan Murad III. He continued to wield great influence even after his death and well into the 17th century.
There were magnificent masterpieces created in this century, which is known as the Late Classic Age. The first of these was the Yeni Mosque in Eminonu. Architect Davud Aga had laid the foundations of this mosque and its surrounding complex for the mother of Sultan Mehmed III, Safiye Sultan in 1598. When he died the following year from the plague, Dalgic Ahmed took over and raised the structure up to its lower windows. When Mehmed III died, his mother, was sent to the old palace where as construction was halted in 1603. Construction of this mosque was finally completed in 1663, by the mother of Mehmet IV, the Queen Mother Turhan Hatice Sultan. Sultan Ahmed I succeeded Mehmed III to the throne (1603-17), who commissioned the Architect Sedefkar Mehmet Aga, who was trained by Sinan the Architect and Davud Aga, to construct the Sultanahmet Mosque, which for all the blue porcelain tiles that decorated its interior, was also to be known as the Blue Mosque.
There were a number of changes in the sultanate. For a time, during the reign of Ahmed III (1703-1730) and under the impetus of his grand vizier Ibrahim Pasha, a period of peace ensued. In the meantime, due to its relations with France, Ottoman architecture began to be influenced by the Baroque and Rococo styles that were popular in Europe. A thirty year period, known as the Tulip Period, in which all eyes were turned to the West, and instead of monumental works, villas and pavilions around Istanbul were built. However, it was about this time when construction on the Ishak Pasha Palace in Eastern Anatolia was going on, (1685-1784). With Ahmed III's death, Mahmud I took the throne (1730-1754). It was during this period that Baroque-style mosques were starting to be constructed.
The most important of these was the Nuruosmaniye Mosque, which was begun by Sultan Mahmud I in 1748 and completed by Sultan Osman III (1754-57) in 1755. There were eleven steps that one had to walk over in order to reach the porticoed courtyard, and the interior, which was completely covered in marble, was decorated in a highly Baroque fashion. A second work in which the Baroque style played a more prominent role was the Laleli Mosque, in which Sultan Mustafa III (1757-1774) commissioned the Architect Tahir Aga.
Sultan Mustafa III's successor to the throne was Abdulhamid I, who had the Beylerbeyi Mosque built for his mother in 1778. Selim III followed Sultan Abdulhamid I to reign the empire (1789-1807), whereas this sultan had a mosque built in his name, the Selimiye Mosque in Uskudar (1805). This mosque had continued with the Baroque style in Istanbul. Meanwhile, there were some works under construction outside Istanbul that conveyed the same style. Leaving the 18th century and entering the 19th century, in addition to the Baroque and Rococo styles, the Empire and Neo-classic styles were also appearing. Around the time that the Baroque style was starting to catch on in Istanbul, the Empire style was ruling Europe, whereas this style over to the Ottomans at practically the same time. Sultan Abdulmecid sat on the throne from 1839-61 who after having the Mecidiye Villa constructed within the Topkapi Palace grounds, also commissioned to have the Dolmabahce Palace built, which was an exact copy of a typical European palace.
He also had both the Dolmabahce and Ortakoy Mosques commissioned in the Empire style in honor of Bezmi Alem Valide Sultan. Sultan Abdulaziz succeeded him to the throne (1861-76) and continued with the construction activities by having both the Beylerbeyi and Ciragan Palaces built. Handicrafts and decorative arts developed parallel to architecture in the Ottoman Empire. Without a doubt, porcelain would be at the top of the list. Besides the most beautiful examples of Iznik porcelain tiles that have decorated mosques and tombs in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries, incredible works of art such as dishes, cups and oil lamps found in mosques. After the 17th century, the art of Iznik porcelain was taken over by that of Kutahya.
After the acceptance of Islam by the Turkish people, branches of art that were quite restricted, such as painting and sculpture, latched onto new interpretations, one of which was the art of miniature. The developing art of miniature, which was dependent to the palace during the Ottoman period, brought up some major artists, such as Matrakci Nasuh, Nakkas Osman, Nigari and Levni. One of the branches of art that the Turkish people have always been involved with and developed is that of precious metal workmanship. Today, the finest examples of the mineral masterpieces that we can see in the Topkapi Palace are used in special ceremonies. These are masterpieces that reflect the splendor of the Ottomans, works such as the Topkapi Dagger, goblets, helmets, quivers, shields and stirrups, all adorned with precious stones. Koran covers adorned with precious stones form a separate group.
In addition, there are also several fields of art that the Ottomans had taken to an advanced state, including wood and mother-of-pearl inlaying, gilding, calligraphy, cloth and carpets.
http://www.exploreturkey.com/exptur.phtml?id=51
The Republic of Turkey
Atatürk returned to Istanbul at the end of the war, his military reputation untarnished by the defeat of the empire that he had served. Revered by his troops as well as the Turkish masses, Atatürk soon emerged as the standard-bearer of the Turkish nationalist movement.
Born in Thessaloniki in 1881, Atatürk was the son of a minor government official in a city where Turks outnumbered Greeks. His ardent Turkish nationalism dated from his early days as a cadet in the military school at Monastir (in the present-day Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) during a time of constant conflict between Ottoman troops and Macedonian guerrillas, who attacked the Turkish population in the region. Following graduation from the military academy in Istanbul, Atatürk held various staff positions and served in garrisons at Damascus and Thessaloniki, where he became involved in nationalist activities. He took part in the coup that forced Abdül Hamid II's abdication in 1909. Atatürk organized irregular forces in Libya during the war with Italy in 1911 and subsequently held field commands in the two Balkan wars (1912-13). Assigned to a post in the Ministry of War after the armistice, Atatürk quickly recognized the extent of Allied intentions toward the Ottoman Empire.
Plans for Partitioning Turkey
Allied troops–British, French, and Italian, as well as a contingent of Greeks–occupied Istanbul and were permitted under the conditions of the armistice to intervene in areas where they considered their interests to be imperiled. During the war, the Allies had negotiated a series of agreements that outlined not only the definitive dismantling of the Ottoman Empire but also the partitioning among them of what Turkish nationalists had come to regard as the Turkish homeland. According to these agreements, Russia was at last to be rewarded with possession of Istanbul and the straits, as well as eastern Anatolia as far south as Bitlis below Lake Van. France and Italy were conceded portions of Anatolia, and Britain had promised Izmir to Greece–although it had also been promised to Italy–to encourage Greek entry into the war in 1917.
The Bolshevik government had renounced tsarist claims when it made its separate peace at Brest-Litovsk, but Britain, France, Italy, and Greece all pressed their respective claims at the Paris peace talks in 1919. All agreed with the provisions of President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points calling for an independent Armenia and an autonomous Kurdistan. How the Allies would implement the clause providing that the Turkish-speaking nation "should be assured of a secure sovereignty" was not clear.
The terms of a peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire were presented by the Allies in April 1920 at San Remo, Italy, and were embodied in the Treaty of Sèvres, which was concluded the following August. The treaty was shaped by the wartime agreements made by the Allies. In addition, France received a mandate over Lebanon and Syria (including what is now Hatay Province in Turkey), and Britain's mandate covered Iraq, Jordan, and Palestine. Eastern Thrace up to a line from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara as well as Izmir and its hinterland were to be occupied by Greece, with the final disposition of the territory to be decided in a plebiscite. The Treaty of Sèvres was never enforced as such, as events in Turkey soon rendered it irrelevant.
Nationalist Movement
The sultan was kept in the custody of the Allies to ensure the cooperation of an Ottoman administration, which had effective jurisdiction only in Istanbul and part of northern Anatolia, while they disposed of the rest of his empire. At the same time, a Turkish nationalist movement was organized under Atatürk's leadership to resist the dismemberment of Turkish-speaking areas. Atatürk had been sent to eastern Anatolia as inspector general, ostensibly to supervise the demobilization of Ottoman forces and the disposition of supplies, but more particularly to remove him from the capital after he had expressed opposition to the Allied occupation there. Upon his arrival at Samsun in May 1919, Atatürk proceeded to rally support for the nationalist cause and to recruit a nationalist army. Guerrilla warfare against the government gradually grew to full-fledged campaigns against the Greek army that threatened to involve the other Allied occupation forces.
In July 1919, a nationalist congress met at Erzurum with Atatürk presiding to endorse a protocol calling for an independent Turkish state. In September the congress reconvened at Sivas. Although the delegates voiced their loyalty to the sultan-caliph, they also pledged to maintain the integrity of the Turkish nation. The congress adopted the National Pact, which defined objectives of the nationalist movement that were not open to compromise. Among its provisions were the renunciation of claims to the Arab provinces, the principle of the absolute integrity of all remaining Ottoman territory inhabited by a Turkish Muslim majority, a guarantee of minority rights, the retention of Istanbul and the straits, and rejection of any restriction on the political, judicial, and financial rights of the nation.
Negotiations continued between the nationalist congress and the Ottoman government, but to no avail. Atatürk resigned from the army when relieved of his duties. The naming of a chief minister in Istanbul considered sympathetic to the nationalist cause brought a brief improvement in relations, however, and the Ottoman parliament, which met in January 1920, approved the National Pact. In reaction to these developments, Allied occupation forces seized public buildings and reinforced their positions in the capital, arrested and deported numerous nationalist leaders, and had parliament dismissed.
Allied actions brought a quick response from the nationalists. In April they convened the Grand National Assembly in Ankara, in defiance of the Ottoman regime, and elected Atatürk its president. The Law of Fundamental Organization (also known as the Organic Law) was adopted in January 1921. With this legislation, the nationalists proclaimed that sovereignty belonged to the nation and was exercised on its behalf by the Grand National Assembly.
During the summer and fall of 1919, with authorization from the Supreme Allied War Council, the Greeks occupied Edirne, Bursa, and Izmir. A landing was effected at the latter port under the protection of an Allied flotilla that included United States warships. The Greeks soon moved as far as Usak, 175 kilometers inland from Izmir. Military action between Turks and Greeks in Anatolia in 1920 was inconclusive, but the nationalist cause was strengthened the next year by a series of important victories. In January and again in April, Ismet Pasha defeated the Greek army at Inönü, blocking its advance into the interior of Anatolia. In July, in the face of a third offensive, the Turkish forces fell back in good order to the Sakarya River, eighty kilometers from Ankara, where Atatürk took personal command and decisively defeated the Greeks in a twenty-day battle.
An improvement in Turkey's diplomatic situation accompanied its military success. Impressed by the viability of the nationalist forces, both France and Italy withdrew from Anatolia by October 1921. Treaties were signed that year with Soviet Russia, the first European power to recognize the nationalists, establishing the boundary between the two countries. As early as 1919, the Turkish nationalists had cooperated with the Bolshevik government in attacking the newly proclaimed Armenian republic. Armenian resistance was broken by the summer of 1921, and the Kars region was occupied by the Turks. In 1922 the nationalists recognized the Soviet absorption of what remained of the Armenian state.
The final drive against the Greeks began in August 1922. In September the Turks moved into Izmir, where thousands were killed during the ensuing fighting and in the disorder that followed the city's capture. Greek soldiers and refugees, who had crowded into Izmir, were rescued by Allied ships.
The nationalist army then concentrated on driving remaining Greek forces out of eastern Thrace, but the new campaign threatened to put the Turks in direct confrontation with Allied contingents defending access to the straits and holding Istanbul, where they were protecting the Ottoman government. A crisis was averted when Atatürk accepted a British-proposed truce that brought an end to the fighting and also signaled that the Allies were unwilling to intervene on behalf of the Greeks. In compliance with the Armistice of Mundanya, concluded in October, Greek troops withdrew beyond the Maritsa River, allowing the Turkish nationalists to occupy territory up to that boundary. The agreement entailed acceptance of a continued Allied presence in the straits and in Istanbul until a comprehensive settlement could be reached.
At the end of October 1922, the Allies invited the nationalist and Ottoman governments to a conference at Lausanne, Switzerland, but Atatürk was determined that the nationalist government should be Turkey's sole representative. In November 1922, the Grand National Assembly separated the offices of sultan and caliph and abolished the former. The assembly further stated that the Ottoman regime had ceased to be the government of Turkey when the Allies seized the capital in 1920, in effect abolishing the Ottoman Empire. Mehmet VI went into exile on Malta, and his cousin, Abdülmecid, was named caliph.
Turkey was the only power defeated in World War I to negotiate with the Allies as an equal and to influence the provisions of the resultant treaty. Ismet Pasha was the chief Turkish negotiator at the Lausanne Conference, which opened in November 1922. The National Pact of 1919 was the basis of the Turkish negotiating position, and its provisions were incorporated in the Treaty of Lausanne, concluded in July 1923. With this treaty, the Allies recognized the present-day territory of Turkey and denied Turkey's claim to the Mosul area in the east (in present-day Iraq) and Hatay, which included the Mediterranean port of Alexandretta (Iskenderun). The boundary with the newly created state of Iraq was settled by a League of Nations initiative in 1926, and Iskenderun was ceded in 1939 by France during its rule as mandatory power for Syria.
Detailed provisions of the treaty regulated use of the straits. General supervisory powers were given to a straits commission under the League of Nations, and the straits area was to be demilitarized after completion of the Allied withdrawal. Turkey was to hold the presidency of the commission, which included the Soviet Union among its members. The capitulations and foreign administration of the Ottoman public debt, which infringed on the sovereignty of Turkey, were abolished. Turkey, however, assumed 40 percent of the Ottoman debt, the remainder being apportioned among other former Ottoman territories. Turkey was also required to maintain low tariffs on imports from signatory powers until 1929. The Treaty of Lausanne reaffirmed the equality of Muslim and non-Muslim Turkish nationals. Turkey and Greece arranged a mandatory exchange of their respective ethnic Greek and Turkish minorities, with the exception of some Greeks in Istanbul and Turks in western Thrace and the Dodecanese Islands.
On October 29, 1923, the Grand National Assembly proclaimed the Republic of Turkey. Atatürk was named its president and Ankara its capital, and the modern state of Turkey was born.
Atatürk's Reforms
On assuming office, Atatürk initiated a series of radical reforms of the country's political, social, and economic life that were aimed at rapidly transforming Turkey into a modern state (see table A). A secular legal code, modeled along European lines, was introduced that completely altered laws affecting women, marriage, and family relations.
Atatürk also urged his fellow citizens to look and act like Europeans. Turks were encouraged to wear European-style clothing. Surnames were adopted: Mustafa Kemal, for example, became Kemal Atatürk, and Ismet Pasha took Inönü as his surname to commemorate his victories there. Likewise, Atatürk insisted on cutting links with the past that he considered anachronistic. Titles of honor were abolished. The wearing of the fez, which had been introduced a century earlier as a modernizing reform to replace the turban, was outlawed because it had become for the nationalists a symbol of the reactionary Ottoman regime.
The ideological foundation of Atatürk's reform program became known as Kemalism. Its main points were enumerated in the "Six Arrows" of Kemalism: republicanism, nationalism, populism, reformism, etatism (statism), and secularism. These were regarded as "fundamental and unchanging principles" guiding the republic, and were written into its constitution. The principle of republicanism was contained in the constitutional declaration that "sovereignty is vested in the nation" and not in a single ruler. Displaying considerable ingenuity, Atatürk set about reinventing the Turkish language and recasting Turkish history in a nationalist mold. The president himself went out into the park in Ankara on Sunday, the newly established day of rest, to teach the Latin alphabet adapted to Turkish as part of the language reform. Populism encompassed not only the notion that all Turkish citizens were equal but that all of them were Turks. What remained of the millet system that had provided communal autonomy to other ethnic groups was abolished. Reformism legitimized the radical means by which changes in Turkish political and social life were implemented. Etatism emphasized the central role reserved to the state in directing the nation's economic activities. This concept was cited particularly to justify state planning of Turkey's mixed economy and large-scale investment in state-owned enterprises. An important aim of Atatürk's economic policies was to prevent foreign interests from exercising undue influence on the Turkish economy.
Of all the Kemalist reforms, the exclusion of Islam from an official role in the life of the nation shocked Atatürk's contemporaries most profoundly. The abolition of the caliphate ended any connection between the state and religion. The Islamic religious orders were suppressed, religious schools were closed, public education was secularized, and the seriat was revoked. These changes required readjustment of the entire social framework of the Turkish people. Despite subsequent protests, Atatürk conceded nothing to the traditionalists.
In 1924 the Grand National Assembly adopted a new constitution to replace the 1876 document that had continued to serve as the legal framework of the republican government. The 1924 constitution vested sovereign power in the Grand National Assembly as representative of the people, to whom it also guaranteed basic civil rights. Under the new document, the assembly would be a unicameral body elected to a four-year term by universal suffrage. Its legislative authority would include responsibility for approving the budget, ratifying treaties, and declaring war. The president of the republic would be elected to a four-year term by the assembly, and he in turn would appoint the prime minister, who was expected to enjoy the confidence of the assembly (see table 3, Appendix A).
Throughout his presidency, repeatedly extended by the assembly, Atatürk governed Turkey essentially by personal rule in a one-party state. He founded the Republican People's Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi–CHP) in 1923 to represent the nationalist movement in elections and to serve as a vanguard party in support of the Kemalist reform program. Atatürk's Six Arrows were an integral part of the CHP's political platform. By controlling the CHP, Atatürk also controlled the assembly and assured support there for the government he had appointed. Atatürk regarded a stage of personal authoritarian rule as necessary to secure his reforms before he entrusted the government of the country to the democratic process.
Atatürk's foreign policy, which had as its main object the preservation of the independence and integrity of the new republic, was careful, conservative, and successful. The president enunciated the principle of "peace at home and peace abroad." This guideline, whose observance was necessary to the task of internal nation building, became the cornerstone of Turkey's foreign relations.
By the end of 1925, friendship treaties had been negotiated with fifteen states. These included a twenty-year treaty of friendship and neutrality signed that year with the Soviet Union that remained in effect until unilaterally abrogated by the Soviet Union in 1945. Turkey subsequently joined Greece, Romania, and Yugoslavia in the Balkan Pact to counter the increasingly aggressive foreign policy of fascist Italy and the effect of a potential Bulgarian alignment with Nazi Germany. Turkey also entered into a nonaggression treaty with Afghanistan, Iraq, and Iran in 1937.
Atatürk attained his greatest diplomatic success in 1936, when Turkey persuaded the signatory powers of the Treaty of Lausanne to allow Turkish control and remilitarization of the straits as part of the Montreux Convention. Under its terms, merchant vessels were to continue to have freedom of navigation of the straits, but Turkey took over the functions of the international commission for registry, sanitary inspection, and the levying of tolls. Turkey was permitted to refortify the straits area and, if at war or under imminent threat of war, to close them to warships.
http://countrystudies.us/turkey/13.htm
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text:
Wages and War - The Dr. King speeches you won't hear today
Media critics Jeff Cohen and Norman Soloman stated it best in their April 4, 2007 article at Common Dreams. Every year on April 4, Americans commemorate Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s death.
The remarkable thing about these reviews of King's life is that several years – his last years – are totally missing, as if flushed down a memory hole.
What TV viewers see is a closed loop of familiar file footage: King battling desegregation in Birmingham (1963); reciting his dream of racial harmony at the rally in Washington (1963); marching for voting rights in Selma, Alabama (1965); and finally, lying dead on the motel balcony in Memphis (1968).
An alert viewer might notice that the chronology jumps from 1965 to 1968. Yet King didn't take a sabbatical near the end of his life. In fact, he was speaking and organizing as diligently as ever.
Almost all of those speeches were filmed or taped. But they're not shown today on TV. Why?
It's because national news media have never come to terms with what Martin Luther King Jr. stood for during his final years.
Speeches like this one to the National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees Local 1199 have been mostly ignored by the corporate media. That union membership, which just endorsed Sen. Obama incidently, has split affiliation over the years with both SEIU and AFSCME. More after the jump.
Cohen and Soloman continue:
In the early 1960s, when King focused his challenge on legalized racial discrimination in the South, most major media were his allies. Network TV and national publications graphically showed the police dogs and bullwhips and cattle prods used against Southern blacks who sought the right to vote or to eat at a public lunch counter.
But after passage of civil rights acts in 1964 and 1965, King began challenging the nation's fundamental priorities. He maintained that civil rights laws were empty without "human rights" – including economic rights. For people too poor to eat at a restaurant or afford a decent home, King said, anti-discrimination laws were hollow.
Noting that a majority of Americans below the poverty line were white, King developed a class perspective. He decried the huge income gaps between rich and poor, and called for "radical changes in the structure of our society" to redistribute wealth and power.
"True compassion," King declared, "is more than flinging a coin to a beggar; it comes to see that an edifice which produces beggars needs restructuring."
By 1967, King had also become the country's most prominent opponent of the Vietnam War, and a staunch critic of overall U.S. foreign policy, which he deemed militaristic. In his "Beyond Vietnam" speech delivered at New York's Riverside Church on April 4, 1967 – a year to the day before he was murdered – King called the United States "the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today." (Full text here at http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article2564.htm)
From Vietnam to South Africa to Latin America, King said, the U.S. was "on the wrong side of a world revolution." King questioned "our alliance with the landed gentry of Latin America," and asked why the U.S. was suppressing revolutions "of the shirtless and barefoot people" in the Third World, instead of supporting them.
In foreign policy, King also offered an economic critique, complaining about "capitalists of the West investing huge sums of money in Asia, Africa and South America, only to take the profits out with no concern for the social betterment of the countries."
You haven't heard the "Beyond Vietnam" speech on network news retrospectives, (here it is)
but national media heard it loud and clear back in 1967 – and loudly denounced it. Time magazine called it "demagogic slander that sounded like a script for Radio Hanoi." The Washington Post patronized that "King has diminished his usefulness to his cause, his country, his people."
In his last months, King was organizing the most militant project of his life: the Poor People's Campaign. He crisscrossed the country to assemble "a multiracial army of the poor" that would descend on Washington – engaging in nonviolent civil disobedience at the Capitol, if need be – until Congress enacted a poor people's bill of rights. Reader's Digest warned of an "insurrection."
King's economic bill of rights called for massive government jobs programs to rebuild America's cities. He saw a crying need to confront a Congress that had demonstrated its "hostility to the poor" – appropriating "military funds with alacrity and generosity," but providing "poverty funds with miserliness."
How familiar that sounds today, nearly 40 years after King's efforts on behalf of the poor people's mobilization were cut short by an assassin's bullet.
In 2007, in this nation of immense wealth, the White House and most in Congress continue to accept the perpetuation of poverty. They fund foreign wars with "alacrity and generosity," while being miserly in dispensing funds for education and healthcare and environmental cleanup.
And those priorities are largely unquestioned by mainstream media. No surprise that they tell us so little about the last years of Martin Luther King's life.
Jeff Cohen http://jeffcohen.org/ is the author of "Cable News Confidential: My Misadventures in Corporate Media." Norman Solomon www.normansolomon.com is the author of "War Made Easy: How Presidents and Pundits Keep Spinning Us to Death" now out in paperback.
By Chip Shields
Apr 4, '08
There was an author on the Today show this morning talking about Dr. King Jr. and he said that Obama represents the MLK before 1965 and Obama's former pastor the last three years. The sermon he'd been planning to give shortly after that tragic day was about how our country might be headed to hell.
What really struck me was his son's op-ed on Wednesday about a cabinet-level position on poverty. He's called on all three presidential candidates to create such a position within their first 100 days in office. Poverty, he pointed out, hasn't changed since his father was marching in the streets and includes 12 million kids. And with the numbers the feds use to define poverty, there are many more who are living in poverty and not counted.
It was a great op-ed. I wrote about it over at www.blogfororegon.com earlier this morning.
When I lived and worked in L.A. prior to coming back to Portland, I was with a P.R. firm that worked closely with the SEIU and other local groups on issues of poverty.
One of the groups we partnered with was the Southern Christian Leadership Conference of Greater Los Angeles. They are currently running a modern update to the historic Poor People's Campaign. Here's the link.
Also, I worked closely with the local SEIU long-term care union on a seminal project: the Long-Term Care Housing Corporation. This program worked to provide affordable housing options for long-term care workers who were stuck in the cycle of poverty.
Dr. King's legacy endures. But we all need to work at it...
ABA (unverified)
This isn't just a national issue.
Right here in Portland we have leadership and his followers who have forgotten about those in poverty. A candidate for mayor cares more about a splurge of a bridge in NW Portland/The Pearl than the kids who live in poverty and walk the unsafe streets in the Cully Neighborhood.
Where is the outrage?! Fix Cully first!
LT (unverified)
For those of you not old enough to remember, there was also a moment 40 years ago which should not be forgotten.
Robert F. Kennedy (who many of us still think of as Bobby) knew something about the experience of having a loved one assasinated --it was only five years since his brother JFK had been killed.
tells the story.
RFK spoke to an audience in what some considered 'a bad part of town' and discovered as he walked to the podium that they had not heard that MLK had been killed. So he broke the news to the audience. Even people who were not supporting him for President (like my friends and I who were Eugene McCarthy supporters) saw that as a moment of extreme political grace and courage.
So when someone remarks that some action shows political courage, please remember that there are those of us old enough to remember 40 years ago, and we have our own yardstick. The speech RFK gave where he had to break the news MLK was dead (yes, back in those days, there was not instant communication as there is now) showed political courage.
Going to a debate / joint appearance where candidates are asked (of a controversial ballot measure like capital punishment) "This has strong support according to the polls, where do you stand on it?" and answering, "I believe it is wrong, you can vote me out of office and I will still believe it is wrong!" shows political courage.
Lots of things that have happened in this election year don't quite meet that standard.
And yes, I do recall the change in Dr. King, and saying he was changing from Obama to Rev. Wright shows the change that did begin to seep through even to white kids going to predominantly white colleges.
Here's a nice article about that bridge, for your information:
http://www.bta4bikes.org/btablog/2008/04/03/potter-votes-no/
According to the piece, the funds for the bridge come from sources aside, "most of which wouldn't be available for "sidewalks for children" elsewhere in Portland."
Back to the topic at-hand, please.
This article in today's Oregonian is a fitting tribute, and the sort of thing that MLK and RFK would have admired.
http://www.oregonlive.com/news/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/news/120728131393010.xml&coll=7
I would submit to you that when people who are not activist Democrats do such things, THAT is the beginning of change.
About staying on topic--as we remember we should also remember to act. The inequities still go on, and we have a responsibility to the memory of Dr. King to continue the fight.
About the city funding plan for the bridge, you and the BTA are only partly correct. The reality is it is a shell game that is being manipulated. Remember, as Dr. King said, "The resources are here in America, the question is whether the will is."
Harry Kershner (unverified)
re: "Time magazine called it 'demagogic slander that sounded like a script for Radio Hanoi.' The Washington Post patronized that 'King has diminished his usefulness to his cause, his country, his people.'"
Now compare that to this: "We have Ralph to thank for the Iraq War and the mortgage of America's future." "His last twenty years are now eclipsing the good stuff that I think he once did." "I will never forgive Ralph Nader for his selfishness and egotism." (All on BO.)
Let's be honest. If MLK were running today on the platform suggested by his "Beyond Viet Nam" speech, most of the posters to BO would be saying the same thing about him that they're now saying about Ralph. And they would be threatening to vote for McCain if he were nominated.
Unit (unverified)
ABA, your comment is ironic on two levels.
First, that the Cully project is underway.
Second, that the project will, like any improvement project, almost certainly result in gentrification of the neighborhood.
I don't disagree with your larger point, but I think this is a poor example.
MCT (unverified)
Chip...thank you so much for bringing forth this issue of poverty in our 'great nation'. I personally feel it is the at the core of much of what ails us, and holds us back from solving the myriad of problems that stem from people simply not making enough to make ends meet.
Capitalism can be a great motivator and wealth builder in a democratic society. But when the driving goal of corporations is to line the share holders' portfolios with profit, at the expense of American workers and by manipulation of law through lobbies, ultimately, when all the dominoes fall all America loses.
Imagine if, 40 years ago, this cause had not been dampened and then forgotten. I contend that any worker who labors away year after year, paying taxes and obeying the laws of the land, should never have to worry about whether he or she can provide shelter, food, transportation, clothing and education for themselves or their families.
And a sidebar: I have recently been in an online converstaion with real estate investors in Australia and New Zealand. They tell me an average wage for a semi-skilled worker, say an office worker or service sector job, is $4000-5000 per mo. per worker, lining up comfortably with apartments that cost around $1,000 to $1,200 per mo. or 3 bedroom/2 bath brick homes on large lots to buy at around $200,000. The Aus. dollar is worth about $1.09 USD. And with two people working, a family can thrive and save as well. Homeowners' equity is protected by law there. And health care and other full-coverage social services are provided by government. It is probably relevant that they also have limits and stringent conditions regarding immigration.
Our current financial crisis in the U.S. would never have happened, at least not at this level, if some simple protections and living wages were given to ordinary citizens.
King also said in regards to Vietnam that, "[w]e are criminals in that war ... We've committed more war crimes almost than any nation in the world ... But God has a way of even putting nations in their place."
That's a side of Dr. King that we rarely see today, and certainly don't learn about in public schools while studying the civil rights movement. There was an interesting piece on NPR yesterday featuring Michael Eric Dyson and his new book on Dr. King's death.
This thread has made my day. My earliest memory on this planet is the day Martin Luther King was killed. I had no idea at that time just how important that moment was for all of us and I did not know who MLK was. All I knew was my mother, father and everyone I knew at that point was sad.
I also learned about fear because we were just 90 miles south of Memphis in New Albany, Mississippi and by the time my folks had heard of his death, the Klan was already trolling the roads. I picked up the sadness and the fear and I carry that memory with me to this day.
What is good about today? Post like these, people like Chip and others that are talking about the important messages MLK left behind for all of us to learn from and embrace. What today means is I am realizing the dream that Dr. King had for all of us. This world is better because of him and everyone that has not allowed what he really stood for to fade from memory.
Bob Tiernan (unverified)
I guess all kinds of people want to forget all kinds of things King stood for. After all, progressives have for all these years stood for the opposite of this one: "Judge one not by the color of his skin, but by the content of his character". Even worse than ignoring it, they claim they're all for it while working towards the opposite (very Orwellian).
Bob Tiernan
MCT:
Capitalism can be a great motivator and wealth builder in a democratic society. But when the driving goal of corporations is to line the share holders' portfolios with profit, at the expense of American workers and by manipulation of law through lobbies, ultimately, when all the dominoes fall all America loses
Bob T:
What you're describing is the use of government power to obtain what can't be obtained in an open market. Note that progressives are very hesitant to criticize government power's existence because they want to use it as well. So "capitalists" (the real ones and the fake ones) get demonized, but politicians don't.
Explain to me again why the meat packing industry (the fat ones) opposed regulations (oh wait! They wanted the regulations! I forgot! about that - but did you know that already?).
Explain to me again why the railroad barons opposed regulations tooth and nail. (oh wait! They wanted those regulations! I forgot about that, too. But did you ever know that already?)
Why is it when you find out some facts about our capitalist history, you repeat the convenient legends and myths?
Tom Civiletti (unverified)
"Judge one not by the color of his skin, but by the content of his character".
Sorry, Bob Tiernan, you've been reading too much right wing revisionist history. Martin Luter King supported affirmative action:
"King supported affirmative action-type programs because he never confused the dream with American reality. As he put it, "A society that has done something special against the Negro for hundreds of years must now do something special for the Negro" to compete on a just and equal basis (quoted in Let the Trumpet Sound, by Stephen Oates)."
from The Right Has a Dream
Tom Civiletti:
"King supported affirmative action-type programs because he never confused the dream with American reality. As he put it, 'A society that has done something special against the Negro for hundreds of years must now do something special for the Negro' to compete on a just and equal basis (quoted in Let the Trumpet Sound, by Stephen Oates)."
Why did you have to quote someone else quoting King?
Anyway, so you're saying that the famous quote of King is bullshit that means nothing?
Bob Tiernan,
I am suggesting that understanding truth in the real world requires more nuance than is usually found in the reasoning of those holding a libertarian viewpoint.
Perhaps King felt that public discussion of affirmative action was premature when trying to go to school or use public accommodations was enough risk mob violence and police brutality.
Please don't label me.
"Perhaps", but perhaps not. He was sticking his neck out, and he knew it, so I find it hard to accept that he was afraid to mention some specifics like "affirmative action".
Anyway, in looking at the Oates statement again, I see that somehow King's request of government to do "something special for the Negro" is interpreted as being support for affirmative action programs, or affirmative action-type programs. I think that's a stretch. If you really believe that, then please come out and say that you oppose judging individuals by the content of their character and not the color of their skin.
You know, I would also like to point out that prior to the introduction of the Jim Crow laws we are all familiar with, in the post Civil War period blacks were making quite a bit of progress thanks to a combination of being free and operating in a far more free market economy than we have today, and King missed that era. It was squashed when (and I'm focusing on the South here, which was the real test) the rednecks realized that there was a future that they did not like and could not control, so they started to "manage" it, as in managing the economy etc. Sound familiar?
Jim Crow laws were anti-free enterprise laws, and I hope you realize that. Interestingly, Plessy v. Ferguson dealt with the market haters who could not stand the fact that big bad corporations (in this case, the railroads) cared only about the color green, and would sell a first-class ticket to any individual who had the proper amount of money to purchase one, thus "ignoring" regional "concerns". Well that was just too bad, wasn't it? But the market haters and control freaks had enough by then. Even many whites had to be controlled, too, or else there's be no need for the control freaks to ban restaurant and hotel owners (property owners) from servicing whomever they wanted to serve.
You may call yourself libertarian or not, but what I have read from you on BlueOregon in in letters to newspapers leads me to conclude that your viewpoint in libertarian. You are free to reject that, as I am free to conclude it.
Here is something King wrote in Why We Can't Wait:
"no amount of gold could provide an adequate compensation for the exploitation and humiliation of the Negro in America down through the centuries. Not all the wealth of this affluent society could meet the bill. Yet a price can be placed on unpaid wages. The ancient common law has always provided a remedy for the appropriation of the labor of one human being by another. . . . The payment should be in the form of a massive program by the government of special, compensatory measures which could be regarded as a settlement in accordance with the accepted practice of common law. . . . I am proposing, therefore, that, just as we granted a GI Bill of Rights to war veterans, America launch a broad-based and gigantic Bill of Rights for the Disadvantaged, our veterans of the long siege of denial."
That sounds like support for affirmative action to me.
Apr 12, '08
Tom Civilleti:
Sure, I don't mind you concluding it at all. What I do notice is that the term is often used as a broad pejorative to label an entire point of view as being wrong. But I post with my own point of view so you should be able to deal with my views without labeling them.
Well sure--if you interpret it very inventively. Even then, it would be weak. What I do find interesting is that you really don't believe in judging a person by the content of his character but instead by the color of his skin, and you won't admit it. It's therefore a mere slogan to you. Sounds great--"but shhhh, we don't really mean it. In fact, we hate the whole idea".
Very revealing thread, Tom. I won't label this point of view of yours on this issue, but I do know that you're far from alone. I agree with Justice Roberts who opined that the best way to stop judging people by the color of their skin is to stop doing it, period. When will this favorite program of yours end, by the way?
<h2>Bob Tiernan</h2>


My painting work is diversified. In the first group of paintings I take up different issues concerning people and the social and cultural space in which they have to function every day. I present it in a metaphorical way, with the help of geometrised forms. For me it is important to achieve an interesting effect of three-dimensionality of an image, which I try to obtain by combining painting and drawing techniques. The works are characterised by a narrowed down colour range. These paintings, through their minimalism of forms and diverse textures, can be an interesting element in modern interior decoration. The second group of paintings are paintings of greater formal freedom. A splash of colour is their most important feature. The paint is applied with the impasto technique, usually with a spatula. A wide range of colours and strong chiaroscuro contrasts build the atmosphere of individual compositions. In my graphic designs I often deal with social, political and cultural issues. Some works are also interpretations of literary works. The drawings are usually made with ink, because this technique gives surprising and unpredictable effects, thanks to which the works have their individual nature. I am also interested in photography, especially black and white photography, which allows me to capture the unique mood of the moment.
Other interests: interior design, history of art.
- I degree distinction in the competition of posters entitled So that everyone can say: I'm coming home!


text:
Das Randall-Sundrum-Modell ist in der theoretischen Physik ein mathematischer Ansatz zur einheitlichen Beschreibung der Grundkräfte im Universum. Es wurde 1999 von den Physikern Lisa Randall und Raman Sundrum vorgeschlagen und beschreibt das Universum mit Einführung einer zusätzlichen fünften Dimension als gekrümmtes Raum-Zeit-Modell, konkret als Anti-de-Sitter-Raumzeit (abgekürzt AdS5). In dieser Raum-Zeit gibt es zwei vierdimensionale Brane, von denen die eine unserem sichtbaren Universum entspricht und die andere Planck-Dimensionen hat, von der ersten über die fünfte Dimension getrennt und verborgen ist, aber mit der ersten gravitativ wechselwirkt.

Relevanz
Das Randall-Sundrum-Modell ist eines der ersten Modelle der Branenkosmologie und schlug als erstes eine  Extradimension vor, die nicht auf Planck-Skala war, sondern auf makroskopischen Längen (endlich oder unendlich) ausgedehnt. Zuvor fanden Kaluza-Klein-Modelle in der Stringtheorie Anwendung, die auf eine Theorie von Oskar Klein (1926) und Theodor Kaluza zurückgehen, die Gravitation und Elektrodynamik (die beiden damals bekannten Grundkräfte) vereinigte in einer fünfdimensionalen Raumzeit, bei der die fünfte Dimension "winzig klein" zusammengerollte (kompaktifizierte) Dimensionen hatte. Das Prinzip wurde auf mehr Dimensionen in der Stringtheorie erweitert und verallgemeinert.

Auf diese Weise bietet es die Möglichkeit, mehrere fundamentale Probleme der Physik zu lösen:
 Es erklärt unter Zuhilfenahme des Higgs-Mechanismus, warum Elementarteilchen eine Masse haben, die Schwerkraft jedoch – verglichen mit den anderen Wechselwirkungskräften – um ein Vielfaches schwächer ist.
 Außerdem beschreibt es ein konsistentes Modell, welches die Vereinheitlichung aller bislang bekannten Grundkräfte ermöglicht, unabhängig von der Stringtheorie und der Supersymmetrie. Dies zeigten Arbeiten von Lisa Randall und Matthew Schwartz sowie Alex Pomarol.

Entstehungsgeschichte
Das Randall-Sundrum-Modell, von Randall als 5-dimensional warped geometry theory bezeichnet (dtsch. Theorie einer fünfdimensionalen gekrümmten Raumgeometrie), entstand als Lösungsversuch des Hierarchieproblems im Standardmodell der Teilchenphysik. Die Theorie gründet auf Vorarbeiten von Petr Hořava und Edward Witten für das Hořava-Witten-Modell. Genaugenommen existieren eigentlich zwei Randall-Sundrum-Modelle RS-1 und RS-2, wobei das zweite eine Erweiterung des ersten Ansatzes darstellt.

RS-1 Modell
Wie im Horava-Witten-Modell befinden sich auch im Randall-Sundrum-Modell 1 die vom Standardmodell her bekannten Elementarteilchen in einer von zwei vierdimensionalen Branen, die sich an den entgegenliegenden Enden einer Extradimension befinden. Sie beschreibt unser sichtbares Universum samt drei der darin wirkenden Grundkräfte (elektromagnetische, schwache und starke Wechselwirkung) und den Elementarteilchen des Standardmodells auf der TeV-Energieskala. Die andere Bran hat die Dimension der Planck-Skala. Sie und der dazwischenliegende leere Raum (Bulk) sind verborgen, da Elementarteilchen und Licht nicht in den Zwischenraum gelangen können. Lediglich das Graviton, das die Schwerkraft als vierte Grundkraft überträgt, kann den Bulk durchdringen und Materie in beiden Grenzwelten miteinander verbinden.

Im Randall-Sundrum-Modell 1 hat die fünfte Dimension eine endliche Ausdehnung.

RS-2 Modell
Das später entwickelte Randall-Sundrum-Modell 2 erweitert und vereinfacht das Randall-Sundrum-Modell 1 in einem wesentlichen Detail, in dem es statt zwei Branen mit einer auskommt. Hierbei ist die fünfte Dimension unbegrenzt. Die Aufenthaltswahrscheinlichkeit von Gravitonen in der fünften Dimension ist auf die Nähe unserer Welt konzentriert und nimmt darüber hinaus exponentiell ab. Die Ausdehnung der Wirkung der Gravitation auf eine unbegrenzte fünfte Dimension könnte erklären, warum die Gravitation um so viele Größenordnungen schwächer ist als die übrigen Wechselwirkungskräfte.

Experimenteller Nachweis
Da der experimentelle Nachweis der von der Stringtheorie vorhergesagten Effekte erst in exzessiv hohen Energiebereichen möglich ist, würden die heute bekannten Verfahren zur Teilchenbeschleunigung Anlagen benötigen, die Abmessungen von der Größenordnung unserer Galaxie erforderten. Aus diesem Grund galt die Stringtheorie viele Jahre lang als nicht überprüfbar.

Das Randall-Sundrum-Modell liefert im Gegensatz dazu Vorhersagen (z. B. die Existenz von Kaluza-Klein-Teilchen), die mit dem Large Hadron Collider im Europäischen Kernforschungszentrum CERN bei Genf überprüft werden können.

Weiterentwicklung
Im Laufe der letzten Jahre wurden viele weitere Modelle entwickelt, die sich in ihren Auswirkungen (z. B. auf die Expansion des Universums) zum Teil deutlich vom Randall-Sundrum-Modell unterscheiden. So wurde der im RS-Modell angenommene leere Bulk durch Modelle mit einem Skalarfeld im Bulk erweitert, wie beim Ekpyrotischen Szenario und dem Steinhardt-Turok-Modell. Hier werden die Branen in Wechselwirkung mit dem Skalarfeld dynamisch, können gegeneinander schwingen und sich sogar durchdringen.

Literatur
 H. Davoudiasl, J.L. Hewett, T.G. Rizzo: Experimental Probes of Localized Gravity: On and Off the Wall, Physical Review D63 (2001) 075004.
 Lisa Randall, Raman Sundrum: Large Mass Hierarchy from a small Extra Dimension, Physical Review Letters (1999) 83 (17): 3370–3373. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3370,
 Lisa Randall, Raman Sundrum: An alternative to compactification. In: Phys.Rev.Lett., 83, 1999, S. 4690–4693,
 Lisa Randall: Verborgene Universen. Eine Reise in den extradimensionalen Raum. Frankfurt 2006, ISBN 3-10-062805-5 (Orig.: Warped Passages. Unraveling the Mysteries of the Universe's Hidden Dimensions. New York 2005, ISBN 0-06-053109-6)
 Steven S. Gubser, Joseph D. Lykken: Strings, branes and extra dimensions. World Scientific, Singapore 2004, ISBN 981-238-788-9
 Katherine Benson: Matter and Gravity in Warped Extradimensional Models: Reinterpreting Randall-Sundrum. (PDF; 129 KB) In: Journal of High Energy Physics, Proceedings of Science, JHW 2004,

Weblinks
 Andreas Müller. Lexikon der Astrophysik
 Wolfgang Kilian: Alternativen zum Standardmodell – Ideen und Konzepte. (PDF; 166 kB)

Gravitation
Stringtheorie
Kosmologie (Physik)


text:
NSW Senate Candidates
SA Senate Candidates
VIC Senate Candidates
Lower House Candidate (VIC)
How To Vote VEP
Shayne Higson has been endorsed as the lead NSW Senate candidate for the Voluntary Euthanasia Party (VEP) for the Federal Election on 2 July 2016.
This will be Shayne's third election campaign having run as the lead NSW Senate candidate in the last federal election back in 2013, and also as the lead upper house candidate in the 2015 NSW State Election.
Shayne was the driving force behind the registration of the first state branch of the Voluntary Euthanasia Party in early 2014 and is currently the NSW State Convenor.
Before becoming involved in the campaign for voluntary euthanasia law reform, Shayne was a photographic artist and someone who usually expressed her political opinions through her visual art.
Although she has always believed in the principle of dying with dignity, it was following the death of her mother in late 2012 from an aggressive brain cancer that Shayne became passionate and vocal about the need for law reform.
When the Rights of the Terminally Ill Bill was introduced in April 2013, Shayne told her story, along with many others, in the hope that politicians would respond to the overwhelming community support and introduce new laws to allow medically assisted dying for terminally ill patients who are experiencing unbearable pain or suffering. When the bill was defeated in the NSW Upper House 23 – 13, Shayne was bitterly disappointed but was determined to continue the campaign for law reform.
Since being chosen as the VEP's NSW Senate candidate back in 2013, Shayne has worked tirelessly for the party and for the campaign to legalise voluntary assisted dying in general. With the support of fellow candidate, Janise Farrell, VEP members and volunteers, Shayne is looking forward to building on the success of previous campaigns.
Shayne was born and raised in Sydney but currently lives on the Mid North Coast of NSW. She is a caring daughter, sister, partner and mother and is proud to once again represent the Voluntary Euthanasia Party in New South Wales, providing a voice for the thousands of families and carers who have watched loved ones suffer unnecessarily at the end of their terminal illness.
To contact Shayne Higson you can email shayne@vep.org.au or call on 0403 625 456.
Follow us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/voluntaryeuthanasiapartynsw
Janise Farrell was born and raised in Cooma, NSW, and lived for some time in Canberra before settling in Sydney eleven years ago. She has a Bachelor of Arts, majoring in linguistics, from the Australian National University, a Graduate Certificate in Research Commercialisation from the University of Technology, Sydney, and a PhD in speech perception from the MARCS Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University. Janise has built a career in education and runs her own small training business.
Janise has been active in the campaign to legalise voluntary assisted dying since her mother died of bowel cancer in 2013. Like Shayne Higson, Janise has always believed in the right to die with dignity, and felt compelled to actively campaign for law reform after watching her mother suffer in the final weeks of her life.
In 2015, Janise served on the committee of Dying with Dignity NSW, and was very successful in reaching and educating new audiences as administrator of the group's Facebook page. That role brought her in contact with many others who had witnessed their loved ones suffer, and those who want to legally prevent their own unnecessary suffering.
Janise strives to continually educate herself on the campaign and successful, working models of law reform. She feels it is both an honour and a great responsibility to run as a VEP candidate for the NSW Senate on behalf of those who want to achieve compassionate law reform in Australia.
To contact Janise Farrell you can email janise.farrell@gmail.com