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Three Fixes for MLB's No-hitter Epidemic
With strikeouts at record highs and the likes of Jeremy Hellickson sniffing perfectos, baseball's balance of power has officially shifted too far toward pitchers. What to do? Move the mound. Or … consider the rhombus.
By Michael Baumann May 11, 2018, 8:11am EDT
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I've seen a lot of cool stuff in my brief sportswriting career, but I've never seen a no-hitter in person. A no-hitter is one of baseball's great single-game achievements, yet it's common enough to feel like something every sportswriter, or even hard-core baseball fan, ought to witness at least one, at some point.
Two weeks ago, I sat through an Astros homestand where there was a no-hit bid every night. I was certain Gerrit Cole had it when he kept the Angels off the board through four innings on Monday night, and I was bouncing in my seat when Nick Tropeano and Justin Verlander had dueling perfect games through three innings two days later. On Friday, Dallas Keuchel and Sean Manaea both got through the first three innings without allowing a base runner, and on Saturday Lance McCullers kept Oakland hitless through five. There was a no-hit bid worth getting excited about in just about every game. I brushed it off as the combination of a hot week from the Astros' superb starting rotation and Baader-Meinhof effect after Manaea no-hit the Red Sox the week before.
But it turns out there really is a no-hit bid in just about every game. Earlier this week, my Ringer colleague Ben Lindbergh wrote about the near-epidemic levels of no-hit bids in this young 2018 season. Turns out, a league with record strikeout totals and a declining number of hits is going to end up with record numbers of no-hitters through five, six, and seven innings, and more than a few that last all nine. Just a month and a half into the season, we've already seen three no-hit bids go the distance: Manaea's, the Dodgers' combined no-hitter, and James Paxton's gem in Toronto on Tuesday. As Paxton was wrapping his no-hitter up, Nationals right-hander Jeremy Hellickson, who at this point in his career has that all-slow-and-spinning old-man pitching repertoire, had held the Padres without a base runner through six innings.
Even though I yearn to see a no-hitter in person someday, the near Paxton-Hellickson goose-egg doubleheader was something of a tipping point for me. Because if Jeremy Jetpacking Hellickson can grind out six perfect innings, the balance of power has slipped too far toward pitchers.
The threat of having two no-hitters on the same day is a familiar one, especially after reading this, from Ben's Wednesday article: "As a percentage of games, no-hitters through five and six haven't happened this frequently since 1968." That year, Carl Yastrzemski won the AL batting title with a .301 batting average. Don Drysdale set a record with 58 2/3 consecutive scoreless innings, Bob Gibson posted a 1.12 ERA and pitched 13 complete-game shutouts, and Denny McLain became the last pitcher to win 30 games. McLain's Tigers won 103 games and the World Series with a teamwide batting line of .235/.307/.385, an OPS of .692. In 2000, Tony Womack posted a .692 OPS with similar OBP and SLG numbers, and his OPS+ was 71. The 1968 Tigers' aggregate OPS+ was 107.
After that season, MLB did something we can barely fathom nowadays: It changed the parameters of the game, radically, to promote a more entertaining style of play. In 1969, the mound was lowered from 15 inches to 10 inches, and the strike zone reduced in size. In 1973, the American League introduced the designated hitter, and the rest is history. Since the current problem is obvious—strikeouts are too common now and only becoming more so, while hits are rarer and rarer—what could MLB do to fix it?
1. Move the Mound Back
The mound has been 60 feet, 6 inches from home plate since 1893, and in the past 125 years, baseball players have only gotten bigger and stronger. Even power pitchers at the turn of the 20th century weren't that big by modern standards: Cy Young was 6-foot-2, Walter Johnson 6-foot-1. If 6-foot-6, 240-pound Noah Syndergaard had been born in 1892 and not 1992, he wouldn't have been a ballplayer: He'd have been a circus performer who lifted his wife and young children over his head with one arm for a living.
Bigger pitchers not only release the ball closer to home plate by virtue of their long limbs, they also throw harder. We have league-wide PITCHf/x data for only 2007 on, but just in the past 12 seasons, league-wide average fastball velocity has increased from an even 92 miles per hour to 93.7 miles per hour in 2018. One way to reduce strikeouts would be to give hitters more time to react to a pitch, and since just asking pitchers not to try so hard isn't exactly an option, we could adjust the size of the playing field to better accommodate the modern athlete's body.
Back in 2014, when panic over strikeout rates was a fraction of what it is today, Ben examined this possibility in depth at Baseball Prospectus. He noted that the mound moved back by a few feet every few years in the late 1800s, and moving the pitching rubber back five feet could bring strikeout rates back to where they were in the late 1970s. A correction that extreme might throw the entire game into chaos, but smaller or more gradual adjustments to the mound would give players on both sides of the ball time to adjust.
The Little League mound is 46 feet from home plate because the players are smaller and don't throw as hard. Nobody's suggesting that high schoolers can't pitch from a 60-foot, 6-inch mound as their bodies mature, so why can't MLB give the pros a playing field appropriate for their bodies?
2. Make the Field a Rhombus
Right now, the baseball diamond is a square 90 feet to a side, with the bases at right angles. Just as pitchers have outgrown the mound, larger hitters and runners have also outgrown the 90-foot base distance. But while the ball now travels too quickly from rubber to plate, the problem for runners is that they can't cover the distances between bases quickly enough. Lengthening the distance between bases would give batters more fair territory to aim at, but also more ground to cover between bases, which would counteract the effect at least somewhat.
But what if you could make fair territory bigger without altering the distance between bases? You can, by changing the square diamond to a rhombus. A rhombus, for those of you who forgot everything you learned in geometry, is a quadrilateral with four sides of equal length that are not necessarily connected at right angles—all squares are rhombuses, but not all rhombuses are squares. Right now, a straight line between first and third base is a little more than 127 feet, 3 inches, and a straight line between two foul poles 330 feet from the plate is a little more than 466 feet, 8 inches—that's the width of the target the hitter has to aim for.
Imagine a giant lifting up a baseball diamond, holding second base and home plate in its thumb and forefinger and squeezing to reduce the distance between second and home, but increase the distance between first and third. Let's say the angle of the corners of the rhombus at first and third base is reduced to 85 degrees and the angle of the corners at second at home is 95 degrees, not a perfect square, but not so squished that a batter running from second to third on a sac fly could high-five a batter running from third to home. Fair territory would then be 132 feet, 8 1/2 inches wide at first and third base, and 486 feet, 7 inches wide at the foul poles. The total area of the field wouldn't change much (in fact, the triangle created by home plate and the foul poles would be slightly smaller if the foul lines were set 95 degrees apart) but defenders don't necessarily have to cover area, they have to cover angles. One and a quarter extra degrees per infielder would be nearly imperceptible on a play-to-play basis but over the course of a season would allow more line drives to fall in and ground balls to sneak through.
One downside to this solution would be moving second base about six feet closer to home plate, which would make it much harder to steal second—a proposition many teams and players already consider too risky to try routinely for any but the fastest base runners. But perhaps the new dimensions would also make it riskier to bunt a runner from first to second, so in addition to giving hitters more room to work with, we'd be trading one exciting play for a relatively boring play.
3. Nothing
"There are too many strikeouts and too few hits" is a value judgment, and one that not everyone agrees with. There are people out there, baseball fans, who are overawed by pitchers' ability to throw hard and break off ridiculous breaking pitches; on the flip side, nothing gets fans out of their seats like a home run. But most of all, fans want their teams to win. Yes, strikeouts and home runs are at historical highs, but the amount front offices know about baseball is also at a historical high. So today's players and managers hit the field armed with more knowledge and training in how to win than anyone else in history. In short, the quality of play is at an all-time high, if quality of play is measured by efficiency in pursuit of winning.
We value efficiency in our society, and I want efficiency in many aspects of life: health care, public transportation, fast food. But efficiency for efficiency's sake isn't necessarily beautiful. And while baseball's individual actors pursue efficiency as a path to victory, baseball on the whole as an entertainment entity ought to pursue beauty and excitement. Maybe you think a game that's largely strikeouts and home runs is beautiful, or maybe you value efficiency for its own sake.
Regardless, the league is willing to tinker around the edges with the game, with trivial things like counting mound visits or making the intentional walk automatic. But the foundations of the game—things like four balls for a walk and 90 feet between bases—are like the U.S. Constitution: established by people after extended discussion and tinkering to fit the needs of the time. But the people who set the rules are so far in the past they're indistinguishable from a divine proclamation handed down on Mount Sinai. The foundational rules of baseball could be changed, but nobody's interested in actually doing it.
Unfortunately, there's a next-to-zero chance that MLB would consider changing the shape or size of the playing field, no matter how much the shape and size of the people who populate that field change, or how little modern baseball resembles the sport that it evolved from. My only hope is that in 30 years' time, when 95 percent of at-bats end in strikeouts and the youths have deserted the national pastime for esports, some forlorn soul might pick up this piece and derive a little joy from imagining a world in which the rhombus saved baseball.


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Кольо́ () — имя собственное; распространено в виде фамилий. Известные носители:
 Кольо, Рене — швейцарский кёрлингист.
 Кольо, Фред — швейцарский кёрлингист.

См. также
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Hardened tool steel construction permits configurations adaptable to special or limited access requirements.
Standard configurations can accommodate screw sizes of #1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and some metric sizes.
No moving parts make contact with the work surface.
1/16" min. clearance required from edge of screw head to any obstruction.
Used in screwdriving systems not equipped with the Linear Lock feature.
Elongated nosepiece assures correct screw alignment for proper bit engagement.
Made of hardened tool steel for long life.


This crockpot pork recipe is delicious! It's very similar to the Cafe Rio pork — but less sweet, and more of the pork flavor shines through.
Absolutely delicious! I imagine you could make this with chicken, as well, with similar results.
My pork didn't turn out nearly as red as Joelen's, but I think that's because I was unable to find La Victoria taco sauce, and substitued another brand for it.
We served it as tacos, and can be served any way mexican meat is — tacos, nachos, enchiladas, burritos, over salad, etc!
Also: Since we hadn't had it before, I elected to halve the recipe and make a 2 lb pork roast. Next time, I'll make the full amount and freeze it for future meals! I also made this on a Sunday and just re-heated it during the week for our meals, since I wouldn't be home during the week to add the other ingredients after 6 hours!
– Place pork roast in a crock pot with the garlic and onion. Add water halfway covering roast. Cook on low for 6-8 hours.
– Drain water and add remaining ingredients. Cook 4-6 more hours on low.
– Shred pork and serve with tortillas, rice or whatever you'd like.
I love these. And honestly? I can't believe I didn't think to do it.
Making lasagna in a disposable bread pan — it's just the right amount for two people for one meal!
And even better — it makes 3 loaf pans, so you essentially can make 3 meals and freeze the other 2 for later.
You can make any flavor/type of lasagna you want with this method. Check out Joelen's original recipe through the link to see some of the other creative lasagna ideas she lists!
– Preheat your oven to 350 degrees if you're planning on eating one of these as soon as you make it.
– If you choose to include italian sausage in your lasagna, crumble the bulk Italian sausage or sausage removed from casings into a hot non stick skillet. Cook the sausage completely, drain from any oil and set aside.
– In a small bowl, combine the ricotta cheese, 1 1/2 cups of the shredded cheese, chopped parsley, and salt & pepper to taste; set aside.
– Prepare your loaf pans by putting a few tablespoons of pasta sauce on the bottom. This helps prevent the pasta from sticking to the bottom of the pan and gives the no boil pasta sheets some moisture to cook. As you build your lasagna, be sure to have the pasta sheets surrounded by pasta sauce – on the top and bottom. This helps the dry pasta sheets cook with enough moisture since they are not being cooked beforehand.
– Next, place one no boil pasta sheet in the loaf pan. It won't sit in perfectly but that's okay. Continue layering the lasagna because eventually it will settle flat on the bottom as it cooks.
– Top the pasta with another few tablespoons of pasta sauce, followed by a few spoonfuls of the ricotta cheese mixture, a sprinkling of shredded cheese and more pasta sauce. Repeat until you've filled the loaf pan to the top, making sure to end with a pasta sheet. Top the pasta sheet with more pasta sauce.


Air Max 1 Premium "Rebel Skull Pack"
A decade after the shoe's arrival, Nike brought back the Air Max 1 "Rebel Skull". This time around, Nike evolved the shoe's appearance by producing a clean Black, Chrome and White colorway. The 10-year revamp comes to us in a Premium build with high-quality leather, suede and mesh construction, with a contrasting white sole, while Chrome adorns the eyelets and the signature skull motif on the tongue.
The "Rebel Skull" dropped in August of 2017 and went fast.


Chris Bryant said that the Russians will have "absolutely" looked at senior politicians to try and find compromising information.
Labour's Chris Bryant fought tears while other furious MPs heckled Justice Minister Sam Gyimah with cries of "shame" in an emotional debate.
Commenting on a spat between musician James Blunt and shadow culture minister Chris Bryant, the former Labour cabinet minister Lord Mandelson warned against attempts to "divide up society".
I think glibness, I think ideologically-based rhetoric, I think trying to divide up society between the haves and have nots and mobilise the middle ground against the rich is as unacceptable as we have from elsewhere in the political spectrum trying to mobilise the middle ground against what they call welfare scroungers but are actually poor people who have little and want more. I don't like that polarisation, that political polarisation, partly because it doesn't lead to very good policy, it doesn't help you get elected, and thirdly it doesn't have much chance of creating the sort of consensual politics you need in a country like Britain to create the sort of society we want to see.
Shadow Culture Secretary Chris Bryant has told ITV News he wants "everybody to have a chance at making a living from the arts".
Mr Bryant was criticised after he claimed the arts industry was "dominated by people from a privileged background" and particularly mentioned singer James Blunt. Mr Blunt responded by calling Mr Bryant a "classist gimp" and a "wazzock".
Mr Bryant insisted that he was not "trying to pull down James Blunt".
Downton Abbey creator Lord Fellowes has responded to criticism from Shadow Culture Secretary Chris Bryant that the arts is dominated by people from privileged backgrounds.
In an interview with the Guardian Mr Bryant also said TV shows are not gritty enough and "we can't just have Downton programming ad infinitum."
Lord Fellowes told ITV News: "Chris Bryant is entitled to his own opinion but these shows are commissioned because an audience wants them. More people are watching Downton than any other show produced by this country and they're not all privileged.
"I'm not offended by his comments but its not a good idea to criticise the audience for enjoying it or saying they have bad taste.
Read: James Blunt brands Chris Bryant a "classist gimp"
Read: Bryant tells Blunt to "stop being so blooming precious"
Shadow culture minister Chris Bryant hits back at comments from James Blunt saying "we need more diversity at every level in the arts".
Blunt labels Chris Bryant a "classist gimp" and a "wazzock" following comments that those from "privileged backgrounds" dominate the arts.
The bedroom tax has been "mismanaged from the start" and has failed to free up larger properties, according to Labour.
This ill-conceived policy has been mismanaged from the start.
It's failed to free up larger properties because there simply aren't smaller properties to move to.
It's hitting the most vulnerable hardest, and failing to save the money that David Cameron had predicted.
The Government has no reason to keep it - if they won't repeal it, a Labour government will.
Labour's immigration spokesman had to amend planned criticism of Tesco and Next over claims they preferred eastern European workers.


The 19-inch station wagon at right has a hardwood body like an original. The doors open and close and there are enough seats for a whole doll family. Made by Buddy Mt" Toys, of Glens Falls, N. Y. About $6.
At left: A calliope for the nursery circus makes music electronically with regular radio tubes. Produced by Tee Gee Metal Industries, of Brooklyn, N. YM it has sharps and flats to familiarize a child with the piano keyboard. About $20.
At left: This 8'/2-lb. racing car is driven at speeds of 75 to 90 m.p.h, by its two-cycle gasoline motor. The cast parts are magnesium; the tires semi-pneumatic. It is manufactured by Dooling Bros., of LoS Angeles, Calif. Body, $45; engine from $22 to $35 more, depending on type.
At right: When Junior pulls the string, Flippo will flounder along on his flippers across the floor, spinning a block on his nose. Flippo, who has no springs or wheels, is manufactured by the Noma Electric Corp., of New York. About $2.
At right: This streamlined ship, unlike many models, is a liner of the future, not the past. The two-foot E-Z Craft Model comes as a kit of prefabricated parts to be assembled and painted. About $3.
The sturdy little "Buna" choo-choo, above, goes 'round and 'round and 'round on a self-contained flashlight battery. The current vibrates a spring shoe in the engine that pushes against the notched track. No wires or winding. About $5.
A child will find himself making invisible ink before he can say "potassium thiocyanate" with Lionel's new Chem-Lab, above. A comic book, each page explaining a chemical experiment, carries him along to the story's conclusion.
Below: This 26-pound, 40-inch-long "handcar" operates like the real thing—by moving its hand levers forward and backward. It is made by the Kalamazoo Mfg. Co. About $18.
New scooters. At left: A three-wheel model made by the Tennessee Aircraft Corp. About $15. Above: A ratchet-drive model made by Coaster Craft Scooter. About $15.
Above: Bridges, skyscrapers and a variety of other structures can be built with this aluminum construction set. It includes a riveting tool and blueprints. It is a Fox Toy Co. product. About $3.
Below: This miniature reaction engine is made by Minijet Motors for model planes, racing cars and speedboats. It uses regular gasoline, has a three-pound thrust, weighs 16 ounces. About $35.
At right: Keeping up with the times, model-airplane builders now stress jet planes. Mel Farrell's Shooting Star kit is made to scale. About 75 cents.
Below: Precision-molded for balance, with a smooth surface that reduces air and point-of-contact friction, the plastic top is a marathon spinner. Made by Plastic Molded Products, Inc. About 50 cents.
Below: This three-quarter-size telephone set can be used for room-to-room calls. Flashlight batteries supply its current. Pengo, Inc., makes the set, which includes 50 feet of wire. About $12.
Below: Knee-action wheels are featured In the Keeco Flyer aluminum roller skates. A pair of the skates weighs a pound, needs no oil. About $7.50.
Below: The 8'/2-Pound McCoy car has gone 116.4 m.p.h. A ram-air-intake gas engine costs from $22 to $35; the car, without engine, about $42.50.
A magnet hidden in his mouth enables Nippy the Pup to snap at a metal-cored plastic bone and hold it fast. Made by Winchester Toy Co., of Philadelphia. About $6.
Lionel trains have gone electronic. Ten different medium-frequency waves, controlled by buttons on the transformer below, stop and start trains, couple and uncouple cars, sound the whistle, and activate unloading devices—all anywhere along the line. The tiny receivers are no bigger than a watch. The smoke-puffing train in bottom photo sells for $75. Service stations will convert older types.
Below: Gilbert's American Flyer trains are now powered by motors developed to operate Grumman Hellcat wing flaps. The locomotives smoke, too.
Below: The scale-model American Flyer cars are plastic and weigh only one-third as much as metal cars, permitting longer, more realistic trains.
Above: From England come these miniatures of standard English automobiles, powered by spring motors. They are made by Tri-Ang Minic Lines Bros., Ltd., of London. The larger types, $2; the smaller, $1.25.
This scale-model bucket loader works just like an original. The model earth hauler dumps its load when a lever is pressed. The Charles W. Doepke Mfg. Co., of Cincinnati is not yet in full production. Bucket loader, about $14; earth hauler, $12.75.
Latent construction talents of the playroom set can be developed— if father doesn't steal the act— with the Vinylite plastic building sets produced by the Du Page Plastics Co. A complete village (upper right) of 30 buildings can be built with plastic bricks (above), scaled '/* inch to one foot. In building, dowels are inserted in a perforated baseboard and the blocks are slipped on the dowels. The village comes with homes, stores, factory, public buildings, gas station, theater, hamburger stand, airport building and a real electric-light plant.
Then there are windows, doors, shutters, flower boxes, imitation glass bricks, sandpaper strips for streets, and toweling to represent grass and shrubbery. The boy at right is building a typical home. Below is a wall showing the supporting dowels. The sets come in 10 sizes, the smallest with 400 pieces for $4, the largest with 3,500 pieces for $27.50.
How much can one buy one of those jet engines for nowadays? And how did they build them for $3.00, even in 1946 dollors? I saw something similar in an old, used balsa wood model book I bought as a kid and when I asked my dad where I could get one he said no such thing exists. This was some 20 years ago. Seems as if anything like that made today is much more expensive. Very cool.
I have an original First Edition DuPAGE Building Set from 1946 that belonged to one of my grandparents. Is there any way that I can find out the history and perhaps the valule of this product. Thank you.
Man, I wish today's Lego was a penny a piece or less.
For that matter, I wish they never got so into the 'model kits' with all the one-off pieces.
(Then again, I once put together the pontoons off a model deHavilland Beaver, one fuselage off a Lightning, and the wings off an FW109. The center of drag was so low it was impossible to fly, but it was fun to look at.
JMyint: Good stuff! Thanks for that link.


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History in Charts
Colonial Period (1600-1763)
American Revolution (1763-1783)
New Nation (1783-1815)
Expansion & Pre-Civil War (1815-1860)
Civil War & Reconstruction (1860-1877)
Rise of Industry (1877-1900)
Progressive Era (1900-1929)
Great Depression & WWII (1929-1945)
Cold War Era & Social Reform (1945-1989)
New Millennium (1989-2022)
Other World History
Timeline of the History of the United States
The Primary Cause of the Nullification Crisis of 1832
By History in Charts / September 14, 2021 November 15, 2022 / Expansion & Pre-Civil War (1815-1860), Politics
In the leadup to the Civil War there were several events that nearly resulted in the severance of the Union. One of the most significant events was the Nullification Crisis of 1832, the causes of which had been building for decades.
The Nullification Crisis of 1832 began when South Carolina's state legislature "nullified" federal tariffs that negatively impacted the state. South Carolina vowed that if federal authorities attempted to enforce the tariffs in the state, secession would follow.
President Jackson responded in force, aggressively stating that federal law must be obeyed, or South Carolina must suffer the consequences of federal military action. While making active threats, Jackson also endorsed a compromise that would lower federal tariffs, thereby appeasing South Carolina.
Cooler heads prevailed with the Nullification Crisis of 1832 ending with the 1833 Compromise Tariff. Both sides were able to claim victory, though the crisis would further heighten the sectional tensions that were gripping the nation.
The crisis was unique as it brought differing interpretations of the Constitution to the forefront of American politics. Even the primary writers of the Federalist Papers (Alexander Hamilton and James Madison) defending the Constitution had differing ideas of the powers of state vs federal governments.
One interpretation of the Constitution gave states the ultimate power to approve or nullify federal law. This argument was used by South Carolina to nullify the unfavorable tariffs.
The other interpretation of the Constitution provided that federal law was only to be reviewed by the federal judiciary branch, not state governments. This process of judicial review was established by Chief Justice John Marshall in the landmark case Marbury v. Madison in 1803.
Throughout the Nullification Crisis an unlikely defender of federal power emerged: ardent states' rights supporter President Andrew Jackson.
Without Jackson's firm stance, the Nullification Crisis of 1832 may have ended very differently.
Background on American Tariffs
What is the Nullification Crisis of 1832?
How was the Nullification Crisis Resolved?
From the very beginning of the United States, tariffs, or taxes collected on imported goods, represented the primary method for the federal government to collect revenue. It is estimated that customs duties totaled about 85.2% of federal revenues from 1820-1862.1
Throughout this time the United States alternated between periods of high and low tariffs, depending on the prevailing political factors.
In 1816 Congress enacted the first of the so-called "Protectionist Tariffs." This tariff was primarily designed to help American businesses by raising tariffs of manufactured goods from foreign nations.
British manufactured goods were generally cheaper than their American-made counterparts. Thus, in order to level the playing field, Congress levied tariffs on foreign manufactured goods, thus leveling the playing field for American businesses.
Andrew Jackson – the eighth President of the United States via LOC
In general, southern states opposed these protectionist tariffs, while the northern states favored them. A majority of the United States' manufacturing capacity was located in northern states, and thus northern businesses were the primary benefactor of the tariffs.
The south primarily bought manufactured goods instead of producing them, and thus was relegated to buying at higher prices. In addition, foreign nations subjected the United States to retaliatory measures, such as higher tariffs on cotton and other agricultural goods that negatively impacted the southern economy.
Legislators designed the Tariff of 1816 to be temporary and planned it to expire in 1819. However, the financial crisis caused by the Panic of 1819 led Congress to reconsider.
Congress extended the tariff rates in 1820 and also made them permanent. The relative success of the tariffs and federal revenues they brought in led Congress to consider raising tariffs even further throughout the 1820s.
This would lead to the eventual tariff of 1828, or as it was known in the south, the "Tariff of Abominations."
The primary cause of the Nullification Crisis of 1832 was the hated 1828 Tariff of Abominations that drastically increased tariff rates. Other causes of the Nullification Crisis included southern adoption of the theory of nullification as well as political ambition from southern leaders such as John C. Calhoun.
The tariff rate on many goods more than doubled from 1816 levels sending shockwaves through the south. The southern economy was still reeling from the impact of the Panic of 1819, and southerners feared that the large raise in tariff rates would further depress the economy,2
Another cause of the Nullification Crisis may have been due to political ambition. Vice President John C. Calhoun was a major proponent of the theory of nullification. He ardently promoted the idea that states had the ability to nullify any federal law they found unfavorable to their interests.
President Andrew Jackson became convinced that a cause of the Nullification Crisis was Calhoun's ambition for more power.3 Should South Carolina and/or other states eventually secede to form their own nation, Calhoun was positioning himself to become a potential leader.
John C. Calhoun via Wikimedia
Jackson lambasted Calhoun and others as "devoid of principle" and full of "selfish personal ambition." However, when the Nullification Crisis subsided, it was apparent that there was more than just political ambition at play.
Certainly a primary cause of the Nullification Crisis was the issue of slavery. Historian William Freehling argues that South Carolinians in particular saw themselves as the victims of tyranny from those that opposed slavery.4
After the passage of two tariffs that negatively impacted the south, it was only a matter of time before the tyranny of northern abolitionists came to destroy the institution of slavery.
While this may have been true, the feelings across the south may not have been mutual. No other state joined South Carolina in its nullification declaration, signaling that the perceived northern threat to slavery was not yet at full crisis levels as seen in the years prior to the Civil War.
The Nullification Crisis of 1832 began when the Tariff of 1832 failed to lower tariffs to a rate acceptable to the state of South Carolina. In response, the South Carolina state legislature nullified the federal law, claiming it to be unconstitutional and threatened secession from the Union.
The crisis ascended to a new level when South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union if federal authority attempted to force the collection of tariffs for the law the state had nullified.
In the Nullification Crisis, the United States had its first true threat of dissolution. While prior events such as the publications of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions in 1798 and the Hartford Convention of 1814 had produced discussions around the potential of secession, this was the first threat actively carried out.
President Andrew Jackson was an unlikely antagonist to nullification proponents. Southerners expected the ardent states' rights supporter to align with the view that states had ultimate power over the acceptance and enactment of federal law.
Jackson's letter to Vice President Martin Van Buren discussing the nullification crisis via LOC
Jackson instead aggressively denounced the action, believing that to nullify a federal law would inevitably lead to secession. To Jackson, any threat to the Union must be swiftly dealt with. He summed up his thoughts at an 1830 dinner speech where he toasted, "Our federal union, it must be preserved."
Jackson made preparations for war and aimed to strum up patriotic support against South Carolina. He wrote, "Nullification… means insurrection and war, and the other states have a right to put it down…"3
South Carolina too made preparations to defend itself from federal incursions. The crisis appeared to be at a tipping point, with a looming deadline of February 1, 1833 that the nullification of the tariffs was to take effect.
While Andrew Jackson was preparing military action against South Carolina, he was also simultaneously working with members of Congress on a compromise tariff that would further reduce tariff levels in South Carolina's favor.
Neither side wanted conflict, but South Carolina was unwilling to back down unless it got more favorable terms.
Congress members such as Henry Clay and Daniel Webster negotiated with John C. Calhoun to develop a compromise tariff. As negotiations were progressing, South Carolina postponed the implementation of the nullification act to give a deal more time.
Jackson's former Proclamation to the People of South Carolina on December 10, 1832 made it clear he was capable and ready to use military force to put down the radicals and preserve the Union, but he certainly preferred to avoid the drastic action if possible.
Cooler heads prevailed as on March 1, 1833, Congress passed the Compromise Tariff of 1833 thereby resolving the Nullification Crisis. South Carolina accepted the new tariff which gradually lowered tariff rates over a period of ten years down to the original Tariff of 1816 levels.
Just in case South Carolina rejected the Compromise tariff, Jackson pressured Congress to pass the Force Bill on the same day. The bill encountered fierce resistance, but passed on a 32-1 vote in the Senate, with over a dozen senators abstaining.5
The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use military force against South Carolina if states did not follow federal law regarding the collection of tariffs.
The result of the Nullification Crisis allowed both sides to claim victory. President Jackson could claim he preserved the Union and upheld the ultimate authority of federal law.
South Carolina backed down on its nullification ordinance, though it got what it really wanted with the reduction of the hated tariffs.
While the Nullification Crisis resolved itself without bloodshed, the causes of the crisis lingered in the background, eventually reemerging in the build up to the Civil War.
To learn more about US history, check out this timeline of the history of the United States.
1) U.S. Federal Government Revenues: 1790 to the Present, report, September 25, 2006; Washington D.C.. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc815472/), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.
2) Pease, Jane H., and William H. Pease. "The Economics and Politics of Charleston's Nullification Crisis." The Journal of Southern History, vol. 47, no. 3, 1981, pp. 335–362. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2207798.
3) Latner, Richard B. "The Nullification Crisis and Republican Subversion." The Journal of Southern History, vol. 43, no. 1, 1977, pp. 19–38. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2207553.
4) Bergeron, Paul H. "The Nullification Controversy Revisited." Tennessee Historical Quarterly, vol. 35, no. 3, 1976, pp. 263–275. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/42623589.
5) Ericson, David F. "The Nullification Crisis, American Republicanism, and the Force Bill Debate." The Journal of Southern History, vol. 61, no. 2, 1995, pp. 249–270. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2211577.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package org.commonjava.indy.subsys.git;

import static org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.closeQuietly;
import static org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.copy;
import static org.commonjava.indy.audit.ChangeSummary.SYSTEM_USER;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.equalTo;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.notNullValue;
import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.zip.ZipEntry;
import java.util.zip.ZipInputStream;

import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.commonjava.indy.audit.ChangeSummary;
import org.junit.Rule;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder;

public class GitManagerTest extends AbstractGitManagerTest
{

    @Test
    public void cloneRepoOnStart()
        throws Exception
    {
        final File root = unpackRepo( "test-indy-data.zip" );

        final File cloneDir = temp.newFolder();
        FileUtils.forceDelete( cloneDir );

        final GitConfig config = new GitConfig( cloneDir, root.toURI()
                                                              .toURL()
                                                              .toExternalForm(), true );
        new GitManager( config );
    }

    @Test
    public void addToClonedRepoAndRetrieveCommitLog()
        throws Exception
    {
        final File root = unpackRepo( "test-indy-data.zip" );

        final File cloneDir = temp.newFolder();
        FileUtils.forceDelete( cloneDir );

        final String email = "me@nowhere.com";

        // NOTE: Leave off generation of file-list changed in commit message (third parameter, below)
        final GitConfig config = new GitConfig( cloneDir, root.toURI()
                                                              .toURL()
                                                              .toExternalForm(), false ).setUserEmail( email );
        final GitManager git = new GitManager( config );

        final File f = new File( cloneDir, "test.txt" );
        FileUtils.write( f, "This is a test" );

        final String user = "test";
        final String log = "test commit";
        git.addFiles( new ChangeSummary( user, log ), f );
        git.commit();

        final List<ChangeSummary> changelog = git.getChangelog( f, 0, 1 );

        assertThat( changelog, notNullValue() );
        assertThat( changelog.size(), equalTo( 1 ) );
        assertThat( changelog.get( 0 )
                             .getUser(), equalTo( SYSTEM_USER ) );
        assertThat( changelog.get( 0 )
                             .getSummary().contains( log ), equalTo( true ) );
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Martiece Curry
Other Michigan Sexual Assault Exonerations
On the morning of January 16, 1990, a 22-year-old woman called police in Detroit, Michigan and reported she had been robbed and raped at gunpoint in her home.
The woman told the officers that she had never seen her attacker before and could only identify him by his voice. However, while being taken to a hospital, she saw 21-year-old Martiece Curry on the street and said that he was her attacker.
Three days later, on January 19, police arrested Curry and took him to a police station. There the woman identified him in a voice lineup and a live lineup. However, police released Curry.
On February 27, 1990, an arrest warrant was issued and Curry was taken into custody. He was charged with first-degree criminal sexual conduct, armed robbery, and carrying a concealed weapon.
On June 19, 1990, Curry, who was identified as Martice in the charges, went to trial in Wayne County Recorder's Court. That same day, the prosecution for the first time disclosed to the defense that in May, the crime lab had identified sperm in the vaginal swab taken at the hospital and on the woman's underwear. No further testing had been performed.
Curry's defense attorney did not ask for testing to be done or seek to postpone the trial after the prosecution agreed not to introduce the evidence at the trial.
As a result, the prosecution's case relied solely on the victim's identification of Curry as her attacker.
The defense called Andero Beard, Curry's cousin and roommate, who testified that Curry was home at the time of the crime. Beard also testified that an elderly neighbor, Ruby Spiry, whom Curry regularly helped, picked Curry up that morning so he could help with her shopping.
The prosecution attempted to cast doubt on Beard's testimony by asking why Beard did not come forward to speak to police prior to the trial. Beard said, "I wasn't asked to and I thought he was out of it because they let him go."
Spiry testified that she picked Curry up and after he helped her with her shopping, she drove him home by 2:30 p.m. Curry testified and denied he committed the crime. He said that after Spiry dropped him off, he went to play basketball, but stopped to talk to a friend who was fixing a car when the victim saw him and accused him of being her attacker.
On June 25, 1990, the jury convicted Curry of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, armed robbery, and carrying a concealed weapon. He was sentenced to 10 to 40 years in prison.
In August 1994, the Michigan Court of Appeals overturned his convictions and ordered a new trial. The court ruled that the prosecution had failed to establish that it was natural for Beard to come forward to police with his account of Curry's whereabouts.
"Indeed, an assumption that it was natural for Beard to tell his story to the police is not warranted because he thought that the defendant's release indicated that he had been exonerated," the court said. "Thus, the trial court abused its discretion in allowing the prosecutor to question Beard with respect to why did he not come forward earlier without first showing that it would have been natural for him to come forward."
The court noted that because the prosecution had portrayed Spiry as "well-meaning but forgetful," Beard's testimony was critical to the defense. The court also noted that Curry's defense attorney had filed a notice of an alibi defense in March—three months prior to the trial—and the jury was not informed of that fact.
The appeals court also said that although there was no evidence that the prosecution intentionally withheld the laboratory report until the first day of the trial, the "nonproduction of the laboratory analysis deprived" Curry of the existence of potentially exculpatory evidence. "Defense counsel's performance was deficient in failing to timely request a continuance in order to test the physical evidence, permitting the trial to progress with preparation of an important defense."
On June 5, 1995, Curry was released on bond pending a retrial. On July 21, 1995, the prosecution dismissed the charges. Recorder's Court Judge Vera Massey Jones signed the dismissal order, noting, "DNA testing excluded (Curry) as one of the sources of DNA recovered from the victim."
In August 2018, Curry filed a petition seeking compensation from the state of Michigan.
Most Serious Crime: Sexual Assault
Additional Convictions: Robbery, Illegal Use of a Weapon
Sentence: 10 to 40 years


text: Q: How to print from an application directly to an image file I need to be able to print from a desktop app directly to an image file (PNG or JPG). There are several virtual printer drivers that do this for Windows. (ImagePrinterPro as an example) I haven't been able to find one for Ubuntu. Is there a way to use GhostScript or ImageMagick or CUPs to accomplish this? I'd like to avoid printing to PDF and then converting the PDF at the command line if possible.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 January February March April May June July August September October November December 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Down-regulation of ethylene production in carnation (Dianthus Caryphyllus L.) by an apple derived ACC-cDNA
A. Veres;
E. Kis;
E. Tóth;
Á. Tóth;
L. Heszky
101-104.
Vol 11No 12005
Transgenic carnations were produced with an apple derived antisense ACC-synthase cDNA. Transgenic carnation regenerants were potted in glasshouse. All transformed plants showed normal growth and were true-to-type. Ethylene production — measured at full opening stage — lowered by 30-60 %, no plant with 100 % decrease was identified. The vase-li...fe has been observed for 5 years. 38 % of the transformant carnations showed a higher a relative value in days by more than 2 days to 6 days. Twenty six plants were found exhibiting the most marked alterations in the tested trait. In these plants ethylene production decreased by 37-67 %, they have longer vase-life (by 4 days or more). Since the fragrance variety 'Bíbor' was the plant material for genetic modification of vase-life, this trait has been conserved after transformation in spite of the fact that the position of transgene integration cannot be directed.
Show full abstract
The KLP+ ("hat") trap, a non-sticky, attractant baited trap of novel design for catching the western corn rootworm (Diabrotiea v. virgifera) and cabbage flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
M. Tóth;
É. Csonka;
I. Szarukán;
G. Vörös;
L. Furlan;
Z. Imrei;
J. Vuts
In the course of research aimed at the development of non-sticky, easy-to-use alternative trap designs for the capture of selected beetle pests, a newly designed "hat" trap, codenamed CSALOMON® KLP+, was compared with conventional trap designs. In the case of the western corn rootworm (WCR) Diabrotica v. virgifera (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) the ...new KLP+ traps baited with pheromonal or floral baits were equally sensitive as the former PAL or PALs sticky "cloak" designs, but the KLP+ traps catch capacity and selectivity was much higher. When baited with the floral WCR bait, the KLP+ trap proved to be more sensitive in capturing female \VCR, than the former sticky PALs trap design. In capturing cabbage flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp., Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae), the new KLP+ trap design baited with allyl isothiocyanate performed better than the previously used VARL+ funnel traps in all respects studied. In conclusion, the new KLP+ trap design, baited with the respective attractants, appears to be advantageous to use for the trapping of both WCR and cabbage flea beetles, and can be recommended for use as a trapping tool in plant protection practice in the detection and monitoring of these pest Coleoptera.
The effect of rootstock on the nectar production of apple cultivar `Idared'
E. Nagy Tóth;
Zs. Orosz-Kovács
Vol 7No 3-42001
Approaches based on the daily rhythm of apple flowers provide a new stage in nectar research, where the synchronous functioning of sexual organs is studied. In the flower biological studies the insect attraction of flowers was also studied. The two most important factors of insect attraction are the pollen- and nectar production of the flowers. Fr...om 1993 to 1998 we studied the food, that flower had to offer for the pollinating insects at different times of the day. Studies were carried out on 'Idared', one of the hybrids of 'Jonathan' apple cultivar. The fruit of 'Idared' is bigger than the fruit of `Jonathan'. It is bright red, transportable, has a bigger productivity and is not subject to Jonathan-spots. Concerning its inner characteristics, it is juicy, the flesh consistency is better than that of 'Jonathan', but its acid/sugar ratio is worse (Sansavini et al. 1981).
The development and reproduction of grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) strains of Hungarian vine-districts in root-bioassays
H. L. Tóth;
L. Horváthné Baracsi;
L. Kocsis
The root bioassay method allows for 4-6 week continuous observation of grape phylloxera feeding on the grape root. 10 Hungarian phylloxera strains were compared on susceptible Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay and the resistant rootstocks of V. berlandieri x V. riparia Teleki 5C and V. berlandieri x V. rupestris Georgikon 121 in in vitro observations.... The strains originated from Villany and Eger (Figure 3) had higher reproduction on the root of V. berlandieri x V. riparia Teleki 5C (201 and 119 eggs) and were more aggressive than the others (average production 10 eggs). The continuous high level of survival, development and reproduction of the Eger strain on Teleki 5C (V. berlandieri x V. ripuria) until day 46 may be due to adaptation.
Variety specific integrated fruit production development in order to optimize inner content values
E. Kállay;
G. Ficzek;
D. Andor;
M. Stéger-Máté;
G. Boronkay;
Z. Kirilla;
G. Bujdosó;
Gy. Végvári;
In this paper we introduce our results of three years (2007-2009) investigatio ns carried out in the framework of "Research and development in foodstaff chain" - project of Regional University Knowledge Center by the members of Corvi nus U niversity of Budapest - Department of Pomology and. Research Institute for Fru it growing and Ornamentals. &n...bsp;Budapest-Erd. The main objectives of the project were the followings: submi ssion of sour cherry candidate suitable for industrial process for state approval; determination of physica l parameter and inner content value changes of sour cherry varieties duri ng ripening; evaluation of health care attributes of sour cherry fruit; ripen ing process description by the colour and the force required to pick fruits of sour cherry. We stated that the optimal begi nning and period of the harvest can be determined wi th the fruit removal force. In this period the fruit growth stops. ju iciness rat io does not change. refractions are approximately equal.acidic content turns to decreasing trend.However the proportion of anthocyan in and polypheno l can still increase. Fruits harvested in this period fulfil a wide range of industrial process opportunities. 'Erdi jubileum ·and candidate IV-3/48 according to their inner content values arc suitable for high quality products (containing real fruit material in high proportion).
The salt tolerance of vegetable paprika varieties
K. Slezák;
I. Terbe;
N. Kappel;
K. Tóth
Vol 9No 12003
In our experiments, we have chiefly tested the salt sensitivity of sweet pepper varieties. In cold forcing, 0.3 1/plant nutrient solutions of different NaCI content were given twice weekly. EC of the nutrient solutions containing 0.25% Volldünger Linz complex fertilizer was made up to 6, 10, 14 and 18 mS/cm, respectively, by 2.51/9.17/17.97/26.76... g/m2 doses of pharmacopeal NaCI every week. The solution used for the control treatment contained Volldünger only (EC 4.4 mS/cm). Irrigation was made with pure water (EC 0.6 mS/cm) when necessary. The varieties chosen for the experiments were the following: Feherözön, HRF F1, Syn. Cecei (of white, conical fruit), Boni (of white, blunt, infolded fruit), Titan F1 (of pointed, hot fruit) and Pritavit F1 (of tomato shaped fruit). In general, the symptoms caused by NaCI treatments (with doses higher than 10 g/m2 weekly) have been the following: They have reduced the leaf area, the height of the plants, the total and the early yield, the number of fruit set per square meter, the average weight of the fruit (and, in some measure, fruit length, too) and the thousand seed weight. They have increased the calcium and the chlorine content of the leaves and fruits and the dry matter content of the fruits. They haven't affected the dry matter content of the leaves, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of the leaves and fruits, and the germinating ability of the seed. The effect on stem diameter and on seed production per fruit has been contradictory in some cases. The effects of the intermediate treatments haven't been explicit in several cases. The results of the examination of cuticular secretion have indicated the increase of the sodium and chlorine content of the leaves. This can be important in field growing where the rainwater may wash out a part of sodium and chlorine from paprika leaves. The hot, pointed variety and the tomato shaped paprika haven't shown clearly higher salt tolerance than the varieties of white fruit colour.
Evaluation of fruit quality of old apple cultivars originating from the foot of the Carpathian Mountains, for utilization in breeding and in organic farming
E. Balikó;
Zs. Szani
In the frame of the apple breeding program at the Department of Fruit Science old cultivars found in the Carpathian basin were involved in examination as well. Beside testing susceptibility to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora of old genotypes (historical, local and regional cultivars) originating from scattered orchards of Visk (foot of the Carpathi...an Mountains), fruit quality was also evaluated and other open-field observations were made. According to the results of inner content examinations, 'Szemes alma' and 'Sikulai alma', chosen as gene sources for breeding to resistance against fire blight, had inner content values worthy to mention in some aspects, and competing with those of the control cultivar 'Jonathan'. The quality of 'Pónyik alma', also recommended as a gene source is confirmed by the data of earlier literature. Further three cultivars ('Batul', 'Vilmos renet', 'Zöld sóvári') also proved to be good based on resistance against Erwinia amylovora, the first two cultivars are suitable from the point of view of fruit quality, too. In our field observations, susceptibility to apple scab and powdery mildew was evaluated. Among cultivars selected from the foot of the Carpathian Mountains on the base of resistance against Erwinia amylovora, the production value of 'Szemes alma' is worsened by its high susceptibility to apple scab. Further selected cultivars ('Sikulai', 'Pónyik alma', 'Batul', 'Vilmos renet') are not too susceptible to fungal diseases and their fruit quality is also suitable, therefore they can be recommended for direct planting in ecological farming or in restoring scattered orchards.
Structural differences arise between fruit cuticles of two apple cultivars during long term cold storage
R. Oszlányi;
L. Szabó;
I. Papp
Vol 24No 3-42018
Apple fruits are covered by hydrophobic cuticle that provides protection against desiccation, pathogens, excessive water absorption and radiation. The features of cuticle affect the quality and storability of the fruits. It was aimed to evaluate the correlation between peel ultrastructure and weight loss in fruits covered by waxy bloom (cv. Florin...a) and without bloom (cv. Red Rome van Well) during 4-month cold storage. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) was used for visualization of the fruit surface and fruit weight was also measured. Several studies have revealed that there may be correlation between the ultrastructure of cuticle and its water permeability. Our results confirmed this phenomenon in case of two cultivars. The weight loss per fruit surface area unit of 'Florina' was found significantly higher than that of 'Red Rome van Well'. At the same time the cuticular surface of the fruits contained more micro-cracks in case of the former cultivar. These data confirmed the relationship between the density of cuticular micro-cracks and the water vapour permeability. We concluded that this feature is more significant than the amount of natural waxy bloom on fruit surface.
Evaluation of fruit quality parameters of Rosa taxa from the Carpathian basin
Sz. Kovács;
M. G. Tóth;
G. Facsar
From the wide range of genetic sources available in Hungary, we have chosen as objective the evaluation of those rose taxa, which — on the base of their quality and morphologic features — are suitable for selecting fruit production varieties or parent varieties for further breeding. We examined physical and inner parameters of fruits of Rosa t...axa, and evaluated the correlations by mathematical statistic methods. Namely, if a correlation can be found between physical and inner parameters, fruit production value can be determined by less examinations in the future. According to our results, there is a large variability in some physical parameters (weight, diameter of fruits; weight, number of achenes) as well as in inner content values (vitamin C, glucose, fructose, K, Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu content) of rosehip, regarding production year, habitat and even the individual of examination. Twice as much ascorbic acid can be found in achene-free fruits, and nearly five times as much in their dry product as in fresh whole fruits. It was established repeatedly, that vitamin C concentrates in fruit flesh, and ascorbic acid content can be preserved better in achene-free flesh. There is no essential difference in citric acid and carbo-hydrate content of whole and achene-free rosehips. However, macro- and microelement content of whole fruits is 30-40% higher than that of achene-free fruit flesh. The connection between fresh weight and diameter, as well as achene number and seed weight of fruits can be described by the function y=axb. A significant relationship can be found in case of K-Fe, Ca-Mg, Ca-B, Ca-Mn and Zn-Cu, between fresh weight and B content of fruits. According to our examinations, fresh weight of rose species with a higher citric acid content is usually higher, while their Fe content is smaller. Glucose content of fruits of rose species is directly proportional to their Ca and Zn contents. Zn content of rose species with higher fructose content is usually smaller.
Anatomical study of the leaves and petioles of scab resistant and susceptible apple cultivars
P. Gracza
Anatomic studies have been performed on the leaf blade, petiole and annual shoot on six apple cultivars by means of scanning electron as well as light microscope. Four of the cultivars examined are resistant to scab (Florina, Freedom, MR-10, MR-11), whereas two of them are susceptible (Jonathan and Idared). Preliminary results suggest that differe...nces in the width of cross sections of leaf blades, in hairyness, in the shape and size of epidermal cells, moreover, in the cross sections of petioles and shoots are considerable. Some of the anatomical properties seem to be correlated with scab resistance or susceptility of the respective cultivars. Therefore, further studies extending to other cultivars may corroborate our claims to find causal relations between anatomical traits of the leaves and disease, especially scab resistance of apple cultivars.
Changes in germination ability during genebank storage at some medicinal plant seeds belonging to the Solanaceae family
E. Tóth
In the present work we have examined the changes of germination ability of some medicinal plant species belonging to the Solanaceae family (Datura stramonium L., Datura innoxia Mill. and Hyoscyamus niger L.) during 5-6 years' storage period. According to our results, all the three species showed an after-ripening behavior. Potassium nitrate and gi...bberellic acid increased significantly the rate of germination in the case of Datura species. During the storage period tested (1995-2001), the species maintained their germination ability which is favourably but not significantly influenced by the cooled gene bank conditions. The degree of ripeness affected considerably the proportion of germinated seeds at all the three species. As a consequence of our results we emphasise that propagation with completely ripe seeds is proposed, however, half-ripe seeds developped in an unadvantageous vegetation period can be also utilized in the practice. The effect of vegetation year on stramony seeds manifested in the length of after-ripening period, while in the case of henbane the germination ability was also influenced.
Susceptibility of some traditional pear cultivars of Hungarian and foreign origin to the pathogenic bacterium Erwinia amylovora
K. Honty;
M. Hevesi;
M. Göndör;
G. Tóth M.;
V. Bács-Várkuti;
A. Ferenczy
Fire blight, a disease caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al., has been causing serious damage in Hungarian pear plantations since 1996. A prospective control measure could be the use of resistant cultivars. For that purpose ten pear cultivars have been tested under laboratory and greenhouse conditions for resistance to... Erwinia amylovora strains collected in Hungary. Six of these cultivars are Hungarian ones of unknown origin, while four are traditional old varieties. Resistant cultivars should serve as germplasm for future breeding. Inoculations were made with a mixture of different pear isolates of the bacteria collected from various growing regions of Hungary (Ea 21, 23), at a density of 5x108 cells/ml. Susceptibility/resistance has been assessed on the basis of intensity of blight symptoms observed on shoots, flower parts and fruits. Cultivars were assigned to three susceptibility groups (low, moderate and high). Complete resistance was not found among the cultivars tested. The highest level of resistance was found in cultivar 'Kieffer', while the other cultivars displayed either moderate or high susceptibility to infection.
Metaxenia in apples cv. 'Rewena', 'Relinda', 'Baujade' as influenced by scab resistant pollinizers
P. Bodor;
M. Gaál;
Fruit quality of cross pollinated apples (Malus x domestica) influenced by the metaxenic pollen effect of the pollinizer was observed in Hungary. Flowers of three resistant cultivars (`Baujade', `Rewena') were hand pollinated with other resistant apple cultivars. Fruits were harvested on 25 September, 2005. Fruit quality was investigated in the la...boratory of the Department of Pomology; Corvinus University of Budapest. Not only size and morphological parameters (diameter, height, stem length), but also refraction and acidic content of the fruits were measured. According to the statistical analysis significant differences were determined on fruits among the groups as an effect of the pollen provider. In consideration of size parameters (diameter, height, weight) of `Rewena' fruits pollination partner 'Freedom' and 'Prima' caused outstanding results but `Florina' caused flatter fruits. Pollen of `Florina' and `Freedor-,' caused a higher percent refraction in the fruits of `Rewena'. In the case of `Baujade' fruits `Reglindis' — among cultivars we used as pollinizer — caused the biggest fruits medium flesh firmness and harmonic inner content values. `Rajka' caused on one hand smaller fruits and on the other hand higher flesh firmness and inner content values in the case of `Relinda' fruits. According to our data measured pollinizers varied the stem length as well.
N:K ratio and its effect on paprika yield and quality in hydroculture
Zs. Szepesi;
K. Tóth;
I. Terbe
Earlier results of experiments with paprika grown in soil have shown the high sensitivity of the crop to nutrient supply. According to these findings, yield and also fruit quality are highly affected not only by the nitrogen and potassium level, the concentration of nutrient solution, but also by the nitrogen-potassium ratio. Our preliminary tests... have also proved, that the composition of the nutrient solution, first of all, the N/K ratio has a definite effect on the yield quantity and quality. Therefore we have investigated the ratio of the two nutrients with the aim of developing a nutrient solution of optimal composition for white fruited paprika forcing. The most balanced burden of the plants was found when the N/K ratio was 1:1. The highest yield was produced with N/K 1:1.3. Significant yield reduction (30%) was found with the treatment N/K 1:1.9 as compared to the 1:1.3 and 1:1.6.
Exploring and preserving old apple cultivars of the Carpathian basin
9-13.
In a few scattered orchards of the Carpathian basin one can still find our most common historical apple cultivars and certain traces of traditional cultivation. We consider it an important part of the Department's breeding work to explore old apple cultivars which can be used as parent partners and sources of resistance, to identify them pomologic...ally as well as to examine the production and marketing value of old cultivars recommended for cultivation in ecological production and in gardens. This paper documents the results of expedition and collecting work carried out in three regions of the Carpathian basin (foot of the Carpathian Mountains, Transylvania, Aggtelek karst area), and also the saving of old Hungarian apple cultivars preserved until present in the English National Fruit Collection. A total of more than 100 old apple cultivars and variations, as well as 13 valuable genotypes were collected during our explorations in the above mentioned four areas. A further aim of our work is to contribute to the protection of still savable archaic fruit production relict= areas and to the preservation of cultivars in the certain regions, and also to promote the recognition of the aesthetic landscape value of old apple trees and endemic orchards of old cultivars. Our good co-operating partners in this work are Aggtelek National Park, Farmer Club of Visk and the consultation centre of Hungarian horticulturist training beyond the border in Nyárádszereda.
Floral phenology investigation of scab resistant apple varieties and multi-resistant candidates — bred in Hungary — in 2007-2008
Apple (Malus x domestica) is considered practically self-incompatible, polleniser is essential for its economical cultivation. When choosing a polleniser many biological and economical parameters should be taken into consideration. Scab resistant apple varieties and multi-resistant candidates — bred in Hungary — were investigated in our experi...ment in 2007-2008. Blooming time groups were created according to the overlap of the blooming of the varieties and candidates. Observations were set up in Szigetcsép — the Research Station of Faculty of Horticultural Science. The orchard was planted in 1997. Trees were trained to slender spindle on Rootstock M9. Varieties have been assigned four blooming time groups. 'Reglindis' started blooming in both years. Candidate MR-09 belonged to the early group in 2007 and to the mid-early group in 2008. Latest varieties are 'Freedom' and `Baujade'. Candidate MR-10 belonged to the mid-late group.
First selections of the Hungarian apple breeding program for multiple resistance
Szabó Kovács;
K. Kása;
Zs. Rozsnyay;
M. Hevesi
The aim of the first Hungarian apple breeding program for multiple resistance started in the beginning of the nineties is to widen Hungarian apple assortment by good quality, resistant apple cultivars with excellent productivity and ecological capability to the most important fruit growing areas in Hungary. In the first years of seedling productio...n we made early selection for susceptibility to apple scab in greenhouse. Alter this, field observation of susceptibility to powdery mildew, scab and canker and a yearly negative selection was carried on. From 1997, fruit quality was evaluated as well, and from 2001 the resistance of shoots to Erwinia ainylovora (Burrill/Winslow et al.) was examined using inoculations in greenhouse conditions. From the progenies of crosses in 1992 and 1993, six candidates were announced to national recognition out of hybrids examined for more than a decade. Descriptions of these selections from 'Prima' progenies and the most important data of their resistance, growing habit, morphological characteristics and fruit quality are shown in this article.
Metaxenic pollen effect of scab resistant apple cultivars on the fruit of apple
P. Bodor
As a part of an apple breeding program, we have examined the pollen effect on the fruit appearance and inner quality of different apple cultivars in the Corvinus University of Budapest Department of Fruit Science. Five apple cultivars ('Golden Reinders', 'Regal Prince', 'Rewena', 'Renora', 'Idared') have been crossed by the pollen of some new and ...some traditional cultivars in our experiment. The measurements were carried out in the analytic and fruit examining laboratory of the Department of Fruit Science. The diameter, height and stem length were measured by digital caliper. We have also examined the squash ratio, soluble solid- and acidic content. Sugar content was calculated by a schedule released by the International Sugar Committee (ISC). From the sugar- and acidic content, we could also count the Pomona-value. We have observed interesting effects according to some attributes in some crossing combinations with the help of statistical analysis. Crossing 'Golden Delicious' with 'Freedom', 'Prima', and 'Baujade' have resulted in smaller fruit size than other combinations. No significant differences could be observed on `Golden Reinders' fruits according to metaxenic coloration in the year of the examination. On the other hand the color modifying effect of pollen donating cultivars have manifested on the red fruits of 'Regal Prince' (Gala Must). `Freedom' as a pollen donating cultivar has resulted outstanding value in our consistency measurements. Squash ratio was the highest in combinations pollinated by 'Prima' and `Reglindis'. We have noticed balanced values when measuring inner qualities, only `Reka' has caused lower acidic content. Significant differences have been found in combinations according to the number of frivolous seeds. No frivolous seeds were found in the combinations 'Golden Reinders' x 'Freedom' and 'Idared' x 'Prima'. Almost two frivolous seeds were found in the fruits of the combination 'Renora' x 'Sóvári' in average.
Flower visiting activity of honeybees on fruit species blooming subsequently
P. Benedek;
T. Tóth
In the small demonstration orchard of the College Faculty of Horticulture at Kecskemét the blooming time, the flower density and the honeybee activity was observed at a number of cultivars of 20 flower species during four consecutive years. Fruit crop species were in flower during 3-4 months altogether. The blooming period of them was classified... into five groups as early (almond, apricot, gooseberry), middle early (sweet cherry, red currant, currant-gooseberry, black currant, white currant, peach, plum, sour cherry), middle late (pear, strawberry, apple), late (black elder, quince, medlar, raspberry, blackberry-raspberry) and very late blooming period (blackberry). The blooming period of the members of the groups of early and medium early blooming often coincided partly and the same happened between the medium and the medium late as well as between fruits of late and very late flowering. The flower density of some fruit species is extremely variable (currant-gooseberry, medlar), while at others it is fairly stable and evenly dense in consecutive years (sour cherry, sweet cherry, strawberry). At other fruit species it is moderately changeable. Some fruit species tended to attract more honeybees than others (plum, apple, quince, medlar) and some of them tended to attract much less (black elder, pear) but most species can be regarded as of medium attractivity. On the flowers of some fruit species (pear, strawberry, quince) honeybees gathered pollen predominantly. At most fruit species however pollen and nectar gathering behaviour seemed to be gradually changing during the season. Namely most honeybees tended to gather pollen at the flowers of the early blooming fruit species, but on the other hand typical foraging behaviour gradually shifted to nectar gathering at the flowers of fruit species of moderate and late blooming periods.
Effect of Erwinia amylovora infection on peroxidase enzyme activity in resistant apple cultivars
É. Stefanovits-Bányai
Two apple cultivars that display enhanced resistance to fire blight (causal agent: Erwinia amylovora) were selected. The aim of the present study was to characterize the peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity of `Szemes alma' (a historical cultivar) and MR-03, (a Hungarian multiresistant hybrid of 'Prima') and compare them to susceptible 'Jonathan M 40'... and resistant 'Remo' controls. Peroxides enzyme activity during E. amylovora infections was investigated in artificially infected apple shoots. Increases in enzyme activities were observed in a `Jonathan M40' and in 'Remo', MR-03, `Szemes alma' cultivars. There was a consistent relationship between total enzyme activity and fire blight disease severity. High activity of the peroxidase was positively correlated with the degree of resistance to fire blight. A general hypothesis that POD activity is related to fire blight susceptibility/resistance is supported by our results.
Frost induced changes in enzyme activities and carbohydrate content in the spurs of some pear cultivars during the dormancy
É. Sárdi;
É. Stefanovits-Bányai;
Vol 14No 1-2.2008
Frost tolerance of pear cultivars was checked after artificial cold treatment in 2003-2005. Limbs collected during the endodormancy were exposed in a climatic chamber for 24 hours to —25; —28 °C, while those collected in the ecodormancy were kept at —15 and —18 °C. Frost damages of buds were registered according to a visually defined sca...le, then peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme activities and carbohydrate contents were checked in buds and spur-part below the buds. POD activity of untreated control in tissue below buds was higher than in the buds, which were increasing continuously during the endodormancy and decreased at the end of the ecodormancy. During endodormancy, cold treatment of —25 and —28 °C effected different changes of enzyme activity in buds of the cultivars. In the ecodormancy, enzyme activities increased after a cold treatment of —15 °C, whereas the activities decreased significantly after —18 °C. `Kaiser' — susceptible to frost — with its higher values of both enzyme activities marked out from other cultivars, which is correlated with its stress response. Changes in carbohydrate components — especially in glucose — of buds monitored well the different stress responses of tolerant and resistant pear cultivars induced by frost stress.
Scab resistance in Malus sp. progenies - inheritance and resistance stability
Zs. D. Rozsnyay
Susceptibility of progenies of some Ma/us species to apple scab was evaluated. Susceptibility of hybrid families was observed first in greenhouse after artificial inoculations by the suspension of the pathogen, Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint., then in open field. The Hungarian type of Malus floribunda, which proved to be scab resistant in our ex...aminations, has a positive effect on the segregation of progenies to resistant and susceptible individuals as a male parent, not depending on the rate of susceptibility of the other parent. However, the German type of Malus floribunda and Malus prunifolia act as dominant, highly susceptible parents. Malus x purpurea and Malus baccata, which proved to be highly susceptible to apple scab in open field and in artificial inoculations, transmits its susceptibility only slightly to its progenies as a male parent. According to our experiments, the inheritance of scab resistance of Malus floribunda cannot be considered as monogenic, as published by other authors. Scab susceptibility of parents influences the segregation of progenies to resistant or susceptible individuals. The moderately scab susceptible `Idared' as female parent has a statistically proved positive effect on the segregation of its progenies. More factors indicate the appearance of a new race of Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint.: change of the symptoms in the greenhouse; considerable increase of susceptible individuals after greenhouse inoculation in 1997; more and more progenies of the male parent Malus floribunda became susceptible to scab in open field.
Chemical communication with volatile semiochemicals in Phyllotreta species (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): a minireview
Phyllotreta species (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Halticinae) rank among the most important horticultural pests in the Northern Hemisphere. Leaf damage caused by flea beetles upsets the water balance, blocks plant growth and sometimes causes a high level of mortality of seedlings. Several species are known to act as vectors of numerous pathogens as ...well. Chemical communication plays an important role in the host finding, feeding and oviposition behaviour of flea beetles. In the first phase volatile mustard oils (isothiocyanates and thiocyanates) are released from the host plants through the decomposition of non-volatile glucosinolates (chemicals specific to Cruciferae) by myrosinase, and beetles are attracted to the source of release from a distance. Among the isothiocyanates, allyl isothiocyanate is the longest known and widespread compound utilized in the host-plant location of Phyllotreta species, but some species may have a stronger preference to other isothiocyanates or thiocyanates. The attractive effect of the plant volatiles is enhanced by the emission of a male-produced aggregation pheromone. The presence of such a pheromone was first demonstrated in Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze. In this species R5R,5aS)-1,1,5,8-tetramethy1-1,2,3,4,5,6,5a-heptahydrobenzo[1,2-a][7]annulene] was found to be the main pheromone component. Significant attraction by the pheromone was recorded only in the presence of ALLYL ITCN. The biological activity of the pheromone compound was connected to the plus (+) chirality. The same component seems to be occurring also in the pheromones of several other Phyllotreta spp. as well, suggesting a wider occurence in the genus. Once attracted by the joint effect of plant volatiles and aggregation pheromone, the presence of the non-volatile glucosinolates in the plant tissues is necessary for continuous feeding. Aggregations of flea beetles on suitable host plants, which result from the joint effects of plant-derived and pheromonal chemical cues detailed above may also be good rendez-vous occasions, increasing the probability of encounters with the opposite sex and mating in the vicinity of the optimal oviposition site. Due to the horticultural importance of Phyllotreta spp., deciphering details of their chemical communication has considerable significance in the development of new methods of integrated control.
Comparison of propagation methods of different moss species used as wall and ground covering ornamental plants
É. Ónody;
B. Fülöp-Pocsai;
A. Tillyné Mándy;
B. Papp;
M. Ördögh
Mosses are traditionally used as ornamental plants, especially in Japan, USA, England (moss gardens) and Germany, French (green roofs). In shadow areas (where the members of Poaceae usually cannot grow well), mosses are potentially use as "grass". The stocks of moss colonies maintain optimal microclimate and decrease desiccation of soils (like... mulch). Additionally, mosses are evergreen, attractive all year, during winter. In our study, 18 moss species were propagated by fragments (as mixture, with the use of 16 species) and transplantation of carpets (with Brachythecium rivulare and Calliergonella cuspidata) in Szentendre. The aim was to find the most durable species and the best way of propagation. In an outdoor, irrigated garden, propagation by fragments was effective (with 63% coveration) and higher values (93% and 76%) were obtained in the cases of non-irrigated stocks of Amblystegium serpens (in trays) and moss carpets. In vertical structures (moss picture-frames with the use of mixtures), protonema of 2 species (Hypnum cupressiforme and Eurhynchium hyans) covered 24 and 33% of the 0.5 x 0.5 m sized area.
Floral biological investigations of apple cultivars in relation to fire blight
Zs. Orosz-Kovács;
A. Farkas;
T. Bubán;
P. Bukovics;
H. Déri
Floral activity was studied in two apple cultivars: an Erwinia-tolerant (Treedorn') and a sensitive one (`Sampion'). Since more types of protogyny occur in apples, the period of stigma activity is different. Papillae of the exposed stigma in flowers of 'Freedom' function longer (usually more than a week) than in the delayed homogamous `Sampion'. D...espite of this, cv. 'Freedom' is tolerant to Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al., suggesting no relationship between the floral biological type (including the exposure and longevity of stigma) and the infection by E. amylovora. According to SEM micrographs, nectary stomata in `Freedom' are already open in the flower bud, where nectar secretion starts and continues until the senescence of the stigma. However, the long period of nectar secretion does not create optimal conditions for bacterial growth, since nectar production is scant in the flowers of 'Freedom'. The surface of the nectary, its nectar-retaining capacity, and the amount and concentration of nectar may influence the susceptibility of apple cultivars. It is manifested well by the smooth nectary surface with nectary stomata rising slightly above the epidermis in flowers of cv. 'Freedom', contrasting the wrinkled, striate nectary surface with slightly sunken stomata in the flowers of 'Sampion'.


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Home » News & Events » News Releases
Team-based Treatment for First Episode Psychosis Found to be High Value
NIH-funded study shows early intervention is more cost-effective than typical care.
The RAISE project was designed to study the best ways to intervene after a person begins to experience psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech.
New analysis from a mental health care study shows that "coordinated specialty care" (CSC) for young people with first episode psychosis is more cost-effective than typical community care. Cost-effectiveness analysis in health care is a way to compare the costs and benefits of two or more treatment options. While the team-based CSC approach has modestly higher costs than typical care, it produces better clinical and quality of life outcomes, making the CSC treatment program a better value. These findings of this study, funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), will help guide mental health professionals in their treatment for first episode psychosis.
This new analysis, published online today by Schizophrenia Bulletin, was led by Robert Rosenheck, M.D., professor of psychiatry and public health at Yale University. It is part of the Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode (RAISE) initiative also funded by the National Institute of Mental Health. This paper reported on the cost-effectiveness of CSC treatment in the RAISE Early Treatment Program (RAISE-ETP), a randomized controlled trial headed by John M. Kane, M.D., professor and chairman, Department of Psychiatry at The Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine and The Zucker Hillside Hospital.
Coordinated specialty care for first episode psychosis is a team-based treatment program tailored to each individual that involves more specialty care from mental health providers than typical care. Dr. Rosenheck and colleagues focused on a specific CSC program, called NAVIGATE, which featured a team of specialists offering recovery-oriented psychotherapy, low-dose antipsychotic medications, family education and support, case management, and work or education support.
"The take-home message of this sophisticated research is that health service costs are, not surprisingly, somewhat higher when the mental health system provides the full range of services these young people need at a very vulnerable time in their lives," said Robert Heinssen, Ph.D., director of the Division of Services and Intervention Research at NIMH. "But these additional expenses have now been shown to be worth the investment in improving individuals' health and functioning."
Overall, patients receiving the NAVIGATE intervention had health care costs that were 27 percent greater than patients who received typical care. The added expenses were related to increased time with health care professionals as well as specialized training for clinicians and other staff. This training was provided by off-site experts in state-of-the-art psychosocial treatments. In addition, a computer program designed to help doctors determine the best medication regimens often recommended newer, brand-name drugs without generic equivalents, which have advantages for some individuals but are more expensive.
Importantly, previously published research showed that:
NAVIGATE patients had a significantly improved quality of life,
an increase in days of employment or school attendance, and
reduced psychiatric symptoms relative to typical care.
Rosenheck and colleagues found that the benefits in quality of life resulting from the NAVIGATE CSC approach fully justified the treatment program's increased expenses because the cost for improving outcomes via this program compared favorably to many other types of medical treatments that are standard of care in the United States. Results were particularly favorable for patients who began treatment soon after psychosis symptoms appeared.
The researchers found that the amount of time between the beginning of psychotic symptoms and the beginning of treatment (called the duration of untreated psychosis or DUP) was associated significantly with differences in both program effectiveness and program cost. Half of study participants had a DUP under 74 weeks and half had longer periods of untreated psychosis. NAVIGATE patients with shorter DUP had greater improvement in quality of life and lower costs (due to reduced use of hospital services). The researchers found that among patients with shorter DUP, average annual costs for NAVIGATE were 15 percent lower than the annual cost of typical care. This resulted in far greater cost-effectiveness than patients who experienced a delay in starting treatment. The DUP finding underscores the importance of shortening the duration of untreated psychosis in the United States.
"This scientific work is having an immediate impact on clinical practice in the United States and is setting a new standard of care," added Heinssen. "We're seeing more states adopt coordinated specialty care programs for first episode psychosis, offering hope to thousands of clients and family members who deserve the best care that science can deliver."
There were 404 individuals with first episode psychosis enrolled in the RAISE-ETP study (223 at clinics using the NAVIGATE CSC program and 181 at clinics using typical care). The cost-effectiveness study, based on information from detailed monthly patient interviews, showed that NAVIGATE patients, as intended, received significantly more intensive mental health outpatient services than those in typical care. These services included 61 percent more days of rehabilitative services designed to help patients obtain jobs or attend school. They also received six times as many meetings with their families, with the goal of fostering a shared understanding of the illness and its treatment, reducing stigmatization, and facilitating emotional support.
About the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH): The mission of the NIMH is to transform the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses through basic and clinical research, paving the way for prevention, recovery and cure. For more information, visit http://www.nimh.nih.gov.
About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit www.nih.gov.
Rosenheck, R., Leslie, D., Sint, K., Lin, H., Robinson, D.G., Schooler, N.R., Mueser, K.T., Penn, D.L., Addington, J., Brunette, M.F., Correll, C.U., Estroff, S.E., Marcy, P., Robinson, J., Rupp, A., Schoenbaum, M., Kane, J.M. Cost-Effectiveness of Comprehensive, Integrated Care for First Episode Psychosis in the NIMH RAISE Early Treatment Program. Schizophrenia Bulletin (in press)
Institute/Center
NIMH Press Office
What is Coordinated Specialty Care (CSC)?
Fact Sheet: First Episode Psychosis
Robert Rosenheck, MD
Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode (RAISE)
The RAISE Early Treatment Program (ETP)
John Kane, MD
Comprehensive Versus Usual Community Care for First-Episode Psychosis: 2-Year Outcomes From the NIMH RAISE Early Treatment Program
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