The hand-washing of m.2 immediately precedes filling the cup (Bet Shammai) or it immediately follows it (Bet Hillel), but in any event it precedes the blessings recited over the wine and over the day in kiddush in m.1.
The second noteworthy point regarding the structure of the chapter is the clear division of the chapter into two parts. Following the opening mishnah, that deals with the kiddush with which the meal begins, the next three mishnayot record disputes connected to hand-washing. M.2 and m.3 deal with hand-washing at the beginning of the meal, and m.4 deals with hand-washing at the end of the meal before birkat ha-mazon. In contrast to these four mishnayot, which deal with the beginning of the meal (m.1-m.2) and with the preparations for birkat ha-mazon (m.4), m. 5-m.8 all deal with birkat ha-mazon itself and with additional blessings appended to it: havdalah and the accompanying blessings (m.5-m.6) and the blessing over wine (m.81). M.4 serves as a "bridge" between the two parts of the chapter: like most of the mishnayot in the first half of the chapter, it too deals with hand-washing, but like the second half of the chapter, m.4 deals with the end of the meal. Sweeping the floor and washing the hands constitute preparation for the mitzvah discussed the entire length of the second half of the chapter – birkat ha-mazon.
The reverse symmetry between the two parts of the chapter is striking in the opening and closing mishnayot of the chapter, as we saw above, but also in another way. When at the beginning of the chapter the Mishnah discusses laws connected to the beginning of the meal, it relates to the meal eaten on Friday night, which opens Shabbat with the recitation of kiddush. In contrast, the second half of the chapter deals with the end of the meal that closes Shabbat, the meal at the end of which havdalah is recited and joined to birkat ha-mazon. Thechapter's "closing that is similar to the opening" frames not only the chapter, and not only the meal, but also Shabbat.
Therefore, with respect to the festive Shabbat meal, Bet Hillel emphasize the mitzva to drink wine, and see it and the material meal as the principal mitzvah. Bet Shammai, on the other hand, see the sanctity of the festival and of Shabbat as primary, and the wine and the meal as mere auxiliary tools for the special day.
M.4 – Regarding this mishnah as well (= m.3 in the printed editions), the disagreements between the two schools may go back to a more fundamental question regarding the nature of hand-washing. According to Bet Shammai, the cloth should be placed on the table owing to the concern that the cushion is ritually impure, and by coming into contact with the cushion, the hands of the person who already washed his hands will once again become ritually impure. The excessive care that Bet Shammai require from the person washing his hands/eating owing to the ritual impurity that is liable to be found in anything not resting on the table is not required by Bet Hillel. For they maintain that hand-washing was never meant to purify the hands of ritual impurity, but rather to bring a person into the meal in a cleansed and sanctified state.
M.5 (regarding the disagreement whether the wording of the blessing is "who created the light of the fire" or "who creates the lights of the fire") – the disagreement goes back to the question in the first two mishnayot. Should a person recite a blessing over God's actions every day, in the sense of "Praised be God each day" (Bet Hillel)? Or perhaps the everyday has no significance, and only the creation of the entire world requires a blessing (Bet Shammai).
Safrai's explanations of the disagreements in our chapter require close and careful examination, but this is not the place for such an undertaking. But whether we fully accept his arguments or agree with them only in part, the line of thought that Safrai proposes opens the door to an understanding of m.81 and its mirroring relationship to m.1. According to Bet Hillel, the meal opens and closes with a blessing recited over wine, thus emphasizing that wine defines the meal at both ends. "Song is only [recited] over wine," and the wine that frames a meal bestows a festive character to it. The blessings recited over the wine give meaning and sanctity to the mundane pleasure associated with wine drinking, and all the mitzvot connected to the meal draw their sanctity and meaning from this. A blessing is recited over the special pleasure and joy of drinking wine, and an opportunity is thereby created to sanctify Shabbat. Bet Shammai, on the other hand, maintain that the wine draws its meaning and sanctity from the blessings that – according to them – frame the meal: the blessing of "the sanctity of the day," on one end, and birkat ha-mazon, on the other. These blessings create a framework of a mitzvah meal, a Shabbat meal, and within this framework the wine drinking – accompanied by the appropriate birkat ha-nehenin – receives meaning and sanctity. That is to say, kiddush and birkat ha-mazon sanctify the Shabbat meal, and through them the blessing over the wine and its drinking become sanctified. Let us summarize this point in schematic manner: According to Bet Hillel, the wine sanctifies the day of Shabbat and the meals that are eaten in its honor; according to Bet Shammai, Shabbat sanctifies the meal as well as the wine that is drunk at its beginning and end.
"Sanctify yourselves" – this refers to hand-washing before the meal; "And be holy" – this refers to hand-washing after the meal; "For holy" – this refers to the oil; "Am I the Lord your God" – this refers to the blessing [over the food].
Placing these two mishnayot at the beginning of the two halves of the chapter.
To each of these mishnayot the redactor appends mishnayot that continue to discuss the pouring of the wine (m.2) and the candle and spices (m.6).
The framework of the chapter, which connects the blessing of kiddush to birkat ha-mazon with respect to their relationship to the blessing recited over wine.
However, Judaism maintains, the universality of the process does not mean that man and animal must engage in an identical performance… Man can liberate eating from its animality and coerciveness, and convert it into an institution which is uniquely human, freely willed, and meaningful… If man wants to redeem his eating activity and sanctify it, he must invite God to partake of the meal, to join him and his friends while they are engaged in something so carnal and "primitive." The se'udah… is the crucible in which the bread of man is transposed into the bread of God; it expresses the fellowship between God and man and the participation of God in all human pursuits and activities….
The first sacrificial act by which food becomes the bread of the Lord is the acknowledgement that God is the Master who feeds the world and to whom we are indebted for His lovingkindness. This idea comes to full expression in both the blessing prior to the meal and particularly in the Grace recited after the meal… Also in the area of ritual… the animal does not discriminate between clean and unclean foods… If man wants to eat differently than the animal and to transpose his food into the bread of God, he must be able to perform the movement of recoil….
The placement of m.82at the end of our chapter is a great mystery. It deals neither with Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai nor with meal-related matters. This mishnah discusses the question whether or not it is permissible to answer "amen" to a blessing that one has not heard in its entirety, a question that may be raised regarding all blessings, and not specifically to blessings connected to a meal. We already saw that both chapter 6 and chapter 7 end with a mishnah that seems to be out of place, and we may be dealing here with the phenomenon of "supplements" that the redactor of the Mishnah adds at the end of chapters.17 In the case before us it is difficult to find a connection between the supplement and the other mishnayot in the chapter, and it is possible that the supplement does not relate to our chapter, but to the unit of chapters 6-8 in its entirety. This possibility will be discussed in the lecture dealing with the third unit of tractate Berakhot.
It might, however, be possible to find a slight connection between the supplement in m.82 and one of the mishnayot in our chapter. M.82establishes that one may answer "amen" to a blessing uttered by a Jew, even if one did not hear the entire blessing from him, whereas in the case of a blessing uttered by a Cuthean (a term used to describe the Samaritans, the non-Jews who settled in Samaria after the exile of the ten tribes, and whose status as Jews was a matter of debate among the Sages), "amen" may only be recited if one heard the entire blessing from him. The reason for this distinction between the two blessings is that a person hearing the Jew's blessing is sure that it contains nothing but "approved" content that is acceptable to the Jewish community loyal to the Rabbis who enacted the blessings; whereas somebody who has not heard the blessing of a Cuthean from beginning to end can never be sure that the Cuthean did not sneak into the blessing false beliefs characteristic of the Samaritan community.18 There is another mishnah in our chapter that deals with the connection between a blessing and the propriety of the belief that it reflects – and it too is a "supplementary" mishnah that is not organically connected to our chapter: m.6, which forbids the recitation of a blessing "over the lights and spices of idolatry." Perhaps by way of these two supplements to the series of disputes between Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai, the Mishnah wishes to allude that the most important element of a blessing is the belief and viewpoint that the blessing comes to express. Despite all the differences between Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai, which reflect different halakhic approaches and apparently also different religious-theological outlooks, they do not disagree about the principles of faith upon which the entire system of blessings is based. On the other hand, the system of blessings absolutely rejects anything that even borders on idolatry, and it looks with suspicion upon blessings that are liable to reflect Cuthean beliefs.
In my opinion, such an approach is possible, but far from being firmly established, because the connection between Cutheans and idolatry is not clear. According to most sources, the Cutheans were never suspected of idol worship, but rather with invalid beliefs within the framework of belief in the One God and His Torah. It is not impossible that the redactor of the Mishnah wished to lump together in our chapter those who entertain various different levels of false beliefs, but to the best of my knowledge nowhere else are the Cutheans presented as representatives of false theological beliefs. The matter requires further study.
Is one of these explanations similar to the way we explained the dispute above, in accordance with the approach adopted by Zev Safrai? Explain.
The Tosefta there (halakhah 26) explains Bet Shammai's position in m.2 based on considerations connected to ritual impurity (a concern that liquids will contract ritual impurity, see there), and proposes two ways to understand the view of Bet Hillel – (1) considerations regarding ritual impurity (there is no reason to be concerned about the impurity contracted by liquids for the reasons spelled out in the Tosefta), or (2) "Hand-washing must immediately precede the meal." Is one of these explanations of Bet Hillel similar to the approach taken by Safrai? Explain.
The Bavli (52b) explains the disagreement between Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai in m.52 regarding "who created/s the light/lights of the fire" as follows: Bet Shammai maintain that a flame is composed of one light, whereas Bet Hillel maintain that it is composed of many lights. Is there a connection between this explanation of the disagreement and that of Safrai? Explain.
Is Hiyun's explanation of these two mishnayot convincing. Explain.
Following Hiyun's approach, can you propose explanations for any of the other disagreements in our chapter. Explain.
An examination of the various disagreements dealing with the issue of orders of preference shows that a clear split exists between the two schools: Bet Shammai tend to give precedence to that which has high symbolic and moral importance (hereafter, "the important"), whereas Bet Hillel tend to give precedence to that whose principal importance stems from its being the more elementary (hereafter, "the elementary").
In the "Questions for Further Study" to chapter 6, we brought several Tannaitic sources for the obligation to recite a blessing over food, including the Tosefta20 and the Sifra.21 Is one of these sources similar to the approach of Rabbi Soloveitchik brought above? Which one and how so?
Explain the difference between the second approach and that of Rabbi Soloveitchik.
1 There are certain exceptions to this rule in our chapter: (1) The disagreement between Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai in m.52 does not relate to a meal, but rather to the blessings connected to havdalah, and in m.6 there is nothing about a meal and no disagreement between Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai. On the face of it, m.52 appears to have been recorded here incidentally to the dispute in m.51, which deals with the relationship between havdalah and birkat ha-mazon, and m.6 – which continues to discuss the blessings recited over the candle and the spices – is sort of an "addendum" to the disagreements between Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai connected to havdalah; (2) M.82 deals with answering "amen" to a blessing recited by a Cuthean, an issue that has no apparent connection to the topic of our chapter and its heading. We shall discuss the location of this mishnah at the end of this study.
Tractate Eduyot (1:7-14) brings a series of disputes relating to various realms of Halakhah, arranged according to a formal similarity – Bet Hillel are stringent and Bet Shammai are lenient. The Tosefta at the beginning of the tractate attests that these teachings were arranged in this manner so that that they not be forgotten by the people of Israel.
The first chapter of Beitzah opens with a series of disagreements between Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai, most of which deal with topics connected to the joy of Yom Tov or with issues of "muktzeh" on Yom Tov. Here too there is a combination of formal and substantive similarity.
Shabbat 1:7-11 brings a series of disagreements between Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai connected to work that begins on Friday and continues into Shabbat.
Nazir 5:1-5 records a series of disputes between Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai connected to the validity of oaths made "in error" and stipulations.
A less striking example – Pe'ah 6:1-5 brings three disagreements between Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai connted to renouncing ownership in favor of poor people and to shikhehah. On this see Safrai's commentary to Pe'ah 6:8.
3 This is the order of the mishnayot according to the printed editions, and this is also the order in the Tosefta and the Bavli. According to reliable witnesses to the text of the Mishnah and also according to the Yerushalmi, m.4 precedes m.3, so that there is a deviation from the chronological order. As we shall shortly see, our chapter also shows other deviations from the chronological order.
4 Compare Tabori, Pesah Dorot, p. 145.
5 As we have seen, it is not by chance that these two opposite mishnayot were placed at the beginning and at the end of the chapter, for both m.1 and m.8 deviate from the chronological order of the meal. The redactor's fingerprints in his creation of "a closing that is similar to the opening" are also evident in the very joining of m.7-m.8 to the end of our chapter. For (1) in general the question does not arise whether the blessing over the wine precedes the blessing over the food, or vice versa, and in m.8 a special case had to be created in which this question arises. According to the Bavli 52a, the disagreement between Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai is rooted in the question whether or not birkat ha-mazon actually requires a cup of wine, and thus the manner in which the Mishnah presents the disagreement is artificial and puzzling. (2) The baraitot in the Tosefta that parallels our chapter (5:25-32) provide parallels and explanations to m.1-m.6 in our chapter; there is no such parallel in the Tosefta to m.7 or m.8. In addition, (3) the formulation of m.1-m.6 is "apodictic" (an absolute obligation presented in general terms), whereas in m.7-m.8 it is "casuistic" (a local obligation relating to a specific scenario: "If one has eaten and forgotten to recite birkat ha-mazon" [m.7]; "if wine is served to them after the food" [m.8]). The impression is given that the original collection of disagreements between Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai on meal-related matters did not include these mishnayot, and that the redactor of our chapter added them – despite the difference in style – at the end of the original collection.
6 The Yerushalmi 8:1, 11d, explicitly connects the disagreement at the beginning of the chapter to the disagreement at the end of the chapter; see there.
9 The question whether the enactment of hand-washing before a meal is rooted in the laws of ritual purity and impurity or whether it is a mitzvah of cleanliness and/or sanctification has been discussed at length from the time of the Rishonim until the scholars of our time. See, among others: Pesahim 115a, Tosafot, s.v. kol she-tibbulo be-mashkeh; Hullin 106a, Tosafot, s.v. lishmo'a divrei hakhamim; A. Aderet, Me-Hurban li-Tekumah, p. 210ff.; Y. Tabori, Pesah Dorot, pp. 198-206; John C. Poirier, "Why did the Pharisees Wash their Hands?" JJS 47, 1996, pp. 217-233; Chaim Milikowsky, "Hand-Washing, Hand Purity and Holy Scripture," Purity and Holiness; H. Harrington, "Did the Pharisees eat Ordinary Food in a State of Ritual Purity?" JSJ 26, 1995, pp. 53-54; E. Regev, "Non-Priestly Purity and its Religious Aspects According to Historical Sources and Archaeological Findings," Purity and Holiness.
11 Safrai's explanation of this dispute rests on the interpretation given to the two positions in the two Talmuds (Amoraim in the Yerushalmi 12c; baraita in the Bavli 53b): Bet Shammi equate the case to a person who forgot a purse full of jewels somewhere and would certainly go back for it, from which it follows that one should also go back in order to fulfill the mitzvah of birkat ha-mazon in the proper manner. Bet Hillel utilize the example of a worker who eats high up in a tree or down below in a pit, who is certainly not obligated to return to the place where he ate, and from this it follows that we should also not obligate him to return in the ordinary case.
12 The connection between the candle and the soul is clear and evident, anchored in the verse, "The soul of man is the candle of God" (Prov. 20:27). The Gemara also notes the connection between smell and the soul: "From where do we learn that a blessing should be recited over sweet smells? For it says: 'Let every soul praise the Lord' (Ps. 150:6). What is that which gives enjoyment to the soul and not to the body? Say this refers to fragrant smell" (Berakhot 43b). See also: Avraham Ofir Shemesh, "Me-Rei'ah Besamim le-Olam ha-Neshamot ve-Gan Eden," Da'at 47, 5761, pp. 54ff.
13 See the scholars cited above regarding the nature and background of hand-washing and the sources regarding communal meals brought in lecture no. 7.
14 R. Joseph B. Soloveitchik, Festival of Freedom, pp. 4-15. The Rav also deals with these ideas from a slightly different perspective in The Emergence of Ethical Man, pp. 76ff.
15 It should be noted that not everybody in the Greek and Hellenistic world agreed with the Stoa and the Cynics. The Greek "symposium" combined the physical pleasures of a meal with the spiritual pleasure of a philosophical discussion, and thus turned an act of eating and drinking into a meaningful human act. Nevertheless, even this approach is significantly different than the halakhic approach presented by Rabbi Soloveitchik in the continuation.
16 To be precise, R. Soloveitchik relates here to "cleanness and uncleanness" in the sense of kosher and non-kosher foods, as the terms are used in Lev. chap. 11. Nevertheless, the moral-conceptual foundation regarding kashrut and the requirement to purify oneself before eating seems to be one and the same. For the Torah discusses the mitzvot connected to the purity of food together in the same chapter with the mitzvot that distinguish between animals that may be eaten and those that may not be eaten.
18 We shall deal with the nature of these beliefs in the lecture on unit 3 of this chapter.
21 Hillulim (Lev. 19:24) – this teaches that it requires a blessing before and after. From here Rabbi Akiva said: One must not taste anything before he recites a blessing.
נטילת הידיים של מ"ב באה סמוך לפני מזיגת הכוס (ב"ש) או סמוך אחריה (ב"ה), ומכל מקום היא קודמת לברכות היין והיום של הקידוש במ"א.
הברכות על היין ועל המזון במ"ח קודמות למקרה של 'אכל ושכח ולא ברך' שבמ"ז.
במקרה שלפנינו התבנית הספרותית מייצגת יפה את המציאות, שכן הכיאסמוס הספרותי-הטקסטואלי משקף את המבנה הכיאסטי של הברכות הממסגרות את הסעודה, כפי שראינו לעיל: יום – יין / יין – מזון (ב"ש), יין – יום / מזון – יין (ב"ה) .6 הכיאסמוס הזה הוא מפתיע – מה גורם לב"ה וב"ש להפוך בסוף הפרק את דעתם מתחילת הפרק? האין זה הגיוני שמי שמקדים את היין ליום אף יקדים את היין למזון, ולהיפך? אך הקישור הכיאסטי בין פתיחת הפרק לחתימתו עשוי ללמד כי סוגיית הקדמתה או איחורה של ברכת היין איננה שאלה עצמאית, והיא תלויה – כמו כל ההלכות בסדרת משניות זו – בזיקה בין שתי הברכות גם יחד למסגרת שאליה מוקדש הפרק: הסעודה. ב"ה מבקשים למסגר את הסעודה בברכות על היין, ואילו ב"ש מעדיפים למסגר את הסעודה בברכות ה'תוכן'.
הנקודה השניה הבולטת במבנה הפרק היא החלוקה הברורה של הפרק לשני חלקים. אחרי משנת הפתיחה, העוסקת בקידוש הפותח את הסעודה, עוסקות שלוש המשניות הבאות במחלוקות הקשורות לנטילת ידים – מ"ב ומ"ג עוסקות בנטילת ידים בתחילת הסעודה ומ"ד בנטילת ידים שבסוף הסעודה, לפני ברכת המזון. לעומת ארבע המשניות האלה, העוסקות בתחילת הסעודה (מ"א-מ"ג) ובהכנות לקראת ברכת המזון (מ"ד), מ"ה-מ"ח עוסקות כולן בברכת המזון עצמה ובברכות נוספות המצטרפות אליה: ההבדלה והברכות הקשורות אליה (מ"ה-מ"ו) וברכת היין (מ"ח1). מ"ד משמשת כמשנת 'גשר' בין שני חלקי הפרק: כמו רוב המשניות שבמחצית הראשונה של הפרק, היא עוסקת בנטילת ידים, אך כמו המחצית השניה של הפרק מ"ד עוסקת בסוף הסעודה: כיבוד הבית ונטילת ידים הם ההכנה לקראת המצווה שנדונת לאורך כל המחצית השניה – ברכת המזון.
הסימטריה הבבואתית בין שני חלקי הפרק בולטת במשניות הפתיחה והסיום של הפרק, כפי שראינו לעיל, אך גם בנקודה נוספת: כשהמשנה דנה בפתיחת הפרק בהלכות הקשורות לפתיחת הסעודה, היא מתייחסת לסעודת ליל שבת, הפותחת את השבת עם אמירת הקידוש; לעומת זאת, המחצית השניה של הפרק דנה בסיומה של הסעודה המסיימת את השבת, סעודה שבסופה אומרים את ההבדלה ומצרפים אותה לברכת המזון. ה'חתימה מעין פתיחה' של הפרק ממסגרת לא רק את הפרק ולא רק את הסעודה, אלא גם את השבת.
תניא, אמרו עליו על שמאי הזקן, כל ימיו היה אוכל לכבוד שבת. מצא בהמה נאה אומר: זו לשבת. מצא אחרת נאה הימנה – מניח את השניה ואוכל את הראשונה. אבל הלל הזקן מדה אחרת היתה לו, שכל מעשיו לשם שמים. שנאמר 'ברוך ה' יום יום'. תניא נמי הכי: בית שמאי אומרים: מחד שביך לשבתיך, ובית הלל אומרים: ברוך ה' יום יום.
על כן בסעודת השבת החגיגית מדגישים בית הלל את המצווה לשתות יין ורואים בה ובסעודה החומרית את עיקר המצווה. ובית שמאי רואים בקדושת החג והשבת את העיקר, והיין והסעודה הם רק כלי עזר לחג.
מ"ד – גם במשנה זו (= מ"ג בדפוסים) ייתכן שהמחלוקת בין הבתים חוזרת לשאלה העקרונית יותר של טיב נטילת ידים. לבית שמאי יש להניח את המפה על השלחן בשל חשש שמא הכסת טמאה, ומתוך מגע של הנוטל עם הכסת ייטמאו ידיו שוב. זהירות היתר שבית שמאי דורשים מהנוטל/האוכל מפני טומאה העלולה להימצא בכל דבר שאיננו מונח על שלחן האוכל איננה נדרשת על ידי בית הלל, שכן לדעתם לא נועדה נטילת ידים לטהר את הידים מטומאה, וזה נתפס אצלם ככניסה לתוך סעודה מתוך נקיות וקדושה.
מ"ה (לגבי המחלוקת אם מברכים 'שברא מאור האש' או 'בורא מאורי האש') – המחלוקת חוזרת לשאלה שבשתי משניות הראשונות. האם יש לברך על מעשי ה' שבכל יום ויום, בבחינת "ברוך ה' יום יום" (בית הלל). או שמא היום יום אינו משמעותי ורק בריאת העולם כולו זוקקת ברכה (בית שמאי).
הבאורים שהציע ספראי למחלוקות שבפרקנו דורשים עיון מעמיק ופרטני שאין כאן מקומו. אך בין אם נקבל את דבריו במלואם, בין אם נסכים אתם רק באופן חלקי, קו החשיבה שמציע ספראי פותח פתח להבנת מ"ח1 ואת זיקתה הבבואתית למ"א. לדעת בית הלל, פותחים וחותמים את הסעודה עם ברכת היין, להטעים שהיין תוחם את הסעודה משני הצדדים. 'אין שירה אלא על היין', והיין הממסגר את הסעודה מעניק לסעודה את חגיגיותו. הברכות על היין מעניקות משמעות וקדושה לעצם הנאת החולין שבשתיית היין, וכל מצוות הסעודה שואבות את קדושתן ומשמעותן מכך. מברכים על ההנאה והשמחה המיוחדות לשתיית היין, ובכך נוצרת ההזדמנות לקדש את השבת. בית שמאי, לעומת זאת, סוברים שהיין שואב את משמעותו וקדושתו מהברכות הממסגרות את הסעודה לפי שיטתם: ברכת 'קדושת היום' מכאן וברכת המזון מכאן. הברכות האלה יוצרות מסגרת של סעודת מצווה, סעודה של שבת, ומתוך המסגרת הזאת שתיית היין – המלווה בברכת הנהנין המתאימה – מקבלת ממד של משמעות וקדושה. כלומר, הקידוש וברכת המזון מקדשות את סעודת השבת, ובכך מתקדשות ברכות היין ושתייתו. נסכם באופן סכימטי: לבית הלל היין מקדש את השבת ואת הסעודות הנאכלות לכבודה; לבית שמאי השבת מקדשת את הסעודה ואת היין ששותים בתחילתה ובסופה.
"והתקדשתם" – אלו מים ראשונים, "והייתם קדשים" – אלו מים אחרונים, "כי קדוש" – זה שמן, "אני ה' אלהיכם" – זו ברכה.
מסגרת הפרק, הקושרת בין ברכת הקידוש לברכת המזון לגבי זיקתן לברכת היין.
מעשה ההקרבה הראשון ההופך את האוכל ללחם של הקב"ה הוא מתן ביטוי להכרה שה' הוא האדון הזן את עולמו, אשר אנחנו אסירי תודה על חסדיו. רעיון זה מתבטא במלואו בברכה שלפני הסעודה ובמיוחד בברכת המזון… [וכן] במישור הריטואלי… הבהמה איננה מבחינה בין מאכלים טהורים וטמאים… אם האדם רוצה לאכול באופן השונה מהבהמה ולהפוך את מזונו ללחם של הקב"ה, שומה עליו לבצע את תנועת הרתיעה.
הרב סולובייצי'ק מתייחס כאן לשנים מהנושאים המרכזיים בפרקנו: ברכות הנהנין והמזון ועניין הטומאה והטהרה.16 הן בית הלל הן בית שמאי שואפים, כדברי הרב סולובייצ'יק, לגאול את מעשה האכילה ולקדשו, אך הם עושים זאת מתוך שתי גישות השונות זו מזו. לבית שמאי הקידוש וברכת המזון, יחד עם מצוות ההיטהרות/ההתקדשות יוצרות את מסגרת הקדושה ההופכת את המזון ל'לחם של הקב"ה וגואלת את האכילה מחילוניותה. לעומת זאת, בית הלל סבורים שהכוונת האכילה והשתייה לשם ה' באמצעות ברכת הנהנין הופכת את הסעודה עצמה ל'לחם של הקב"ה' ומקדשת אותה, וקדושה זו היא המחייבת את מצוות ההיטהרות.
מיקומה בסוף פרקנו של מ"ח2 הוא תעלומה גדולה. אין כאן לא בית הלל ובית שמאי ולא ענייני סעודה – משנה זו דנה בשאלה אם ניתן לענות על ברכה שלא שמעו את כולה, נושא השייך לכל הברכות, ולאו דווקא לברכות הקשורות לסעודה. גם בפרק ו ובפרק ז ראינו שהמשנה הביאה בסוף הפרק משנה שלכאורה אין שם מקומה, ואפשר שלפנינו תופעה של 'נספחים' שעורך המשנה מוסיף בסופי פרקים.17 במקרה שלפנינו קשה למצוא קשר בין הנספח לבין משניות הפרק, ואפשר שכאן אין הנספח מתייחס לפרקנו, אלא לחטיבה של פרקים ו-ח בכללותה – אפשרות זו תידון בשעור על חטיבה ג של מסכת ברכות.
אך שמא אפשר למצוא קשר כלשהו בין הנספח במ"ח2 לבין משנה אחת בפרקנו. מ"ח2 קובעת שעונים 'אמן' על ברכתו של ישראל גם כשלא שומעים את כל הברכה, בעוד שעל ברכתו של כותי (שומרוני) מברכים רק אם שמעו את כל הברכה. הסיבה להבחנה בין ברכתו של ישראל לברכתו של כותי היא אמונית: לשומע את ברכתו של ישראל אין ספק שהברכה כללה אך ורק תכנים 'מאושרים' ותקינים, המקובלים על קהילת היהודים הנאמנים לחז"ל, מתקני הברכות; לעומת זאת, מי שלא שמע מההתחלה ועד הסוף את הברכה של הכותי אינו יכול להיות בטוח שהכותי לא הגניב לתוך הברכה אמונות פסולות אשר אפיינו את קהילת השומרונים.18 והנה יש משנה נוספת בפרקנו העוסקת בקשר בין הברכה לבין תקינות האמונה – ואף היא משנה 'נספחת', שאיננה אורגנית לפרקנו: מ"ו, האוסרת לברך 'על הנר ועל הבשמים שלפני עבודה זרה'. שמא ביקשה המשנה, בשתי ההוספות האלו לרשימת מחלוקות בית הלל ובית שמאי, לרמוז לכך שהעיקר בברכה היא האמונה ותפיסת העולם שהברכה נועדה לבטא. על-אף כל ההבדלים בין בית הלל ובית שמאי, המשקפים תפיסות הלכתיות שונות וככל הנראה גם השקפות תאולוגיות-דתיות שונות, אין ביניהם הבדלים באשר לעקרונות האמונה שעליהם מושתתת מערכת הברכות. לעומת זאת מערכת הברכות שוללת באופן מוחלט כל דבר הנושק לעבודה זרה, והיא מתייחסת בחשדנות לברכות העלולות לשקף אמונות של הכותים.
מהלך כזה הוא אפשרי, לדעתי, אך רחוק מלהיות מבוסס כל צרכו, שכן הקשר בין כותים לבין עבודה זרה איננו מובהק ואיננו הדוק במיוחד. לפי רוב המקורות לא נחשדו הכותים בעבודה זרה, כי אם באמונות פסולות מתוך תפיסה של אמונה בא-ל אחד ובתורתו. אין זה מן הנמנע שיבקש עורך המשנה לכרוך ביחד בפרקנו פסולי אמונה שונים מדרגות שונות, אך לפי מיטב ידיעתי לא מצאנו במקומות אחרים את הכותים כנציגים מובהקים של אמונות תאולוגיות פסולות. והדבר צריך עדיין תלמוד.
התוספתא פ"ה הכ"ה מציעה שני הסברים לשיטותיהם של בית שמאי ושל בית הלל במ"א.
בית שמיי או' מברך על היום ואחר כך מברך על היין שהיום גורם ליין שיבא וכבר קדש היום ועדיין יין לא בא ובית הלל אומ' מברך על היין ואחר כך מברך על היום שהיין גורם לקדושת היום שתאמר דבר אחר ברכת היין תדירה וברכת היום אינה תדירה והלכה כדברי בית הלל האם אחד ההסברים האלה קרוב לאופן שהסברנו את המחלוקת בשעור, על פי דרכו של זאב ספראי? באר/י את דבריך.
בתוספתא שם הכ"ו, מוסברת שיטת ב"ש במ"ב בשיקולים הקשורים לטומאה (חשש שמא משקים ייטמאו, ע"ש), ומוצעות שתי דרכים להבין את שיטת בית הלל – (א) משיקולים של טומאה (אין לחשוש לטומאת משקים מסיבות המפורטות בתוספתא), או (ב) "אין נטילת ידים אלא סמוך לסעודה" – האם אחד הנימוקים לבית הלל קרוב לדרכו של ספראי? באר/י את דבריך.
הבבלי נב ע"ב מסביר את מחלוקת בית הלל ובית שמאי במ"ה2 בעניין 'בורא מאור/י האש' כך: בית שמאי סוברים אור אחד יש בנר, ובית הלל סוברים הרבה אורות יש בנר. האם יש קשר בין ההסבר הזה למחלוקת זו לבין דרכו של ספראי? באר/י את דבריך.
עיון במחלוקות השונות העוסקות בשאלת סדרי העדיפויות מראה כי קיימת התפלגות ברורה בין שני הבתים: נטית ב"ש היא להקדים את הדבר שיש לו חשיבות סמלית וערכית גבוהה (להלן "החשוב"), בעוד נטיית ב"ה להקדים את הדבר שעיקר חשיבותו היא משום היותו האלמנטרי יותר (להלן "האלמנטרי").
א.	האם הסברו לשתי המשניות הללו משכנע? נמק/י את תשובתך.
ב.	התוכל על פי דרכו של חיון להציע הסברים למחלוקות נוספות בפרקנו? באר/י את דבריך.
בשאלות לעיון לפ"ו הבאנו מקורות שונים מהספרות התנאית לחובה לברך על האוכל, וביניהם התוספתא20 והספרא21 האם אחד מהמקורות האלו קרוב לגישתו של הרב סולובייצ'יק שהובאה בשעור? איזה וכיצד?
א.	באר/י את ההבדל בין הגישה השניה לבין גישתו של הרב סולובייצ'יק.
1 יש חריגות בפרקנו מכלל זה: (א) מחלוקת בית הלל ובית שמאי במ"ה2 איננה עוסקת בסעודה, אלא בברכות הקשורות להבדלה בלבד, ובמ"ו אין סעודה ואין מחלוקת ב"ה וב"ש. על פניו נראה שמ"ה2 מובאת אגב המחלוקת שבמ"ה1, העוסקת בזיקה בין הבדלה לברכת המזון, ומ"ו – הממשיכה לדון בברכות הנר והבשמים – היא מעין 'נספח' למחלוקות ב"ה וב"ש בברכות הקשורות להבדלה; (ב) מ"ח2 דנה בעניית אמן לברכת הכותי, נושא שאין לו כל קשר גלוי עם נושא פרקנו ועם כותרתו, ונדון במיקומה של משנה זו בסוף עיוננו.
•	ביצה פ"א פותחת עם סדרה של מחלוקות בית הלל ובית שמאי, שרובן עוסקות בנושאים הקשורים לשמחת יום טוב ו/או לענייני 'מוקצה' ביום טוב, ואף כאן יש שילוב של דמיון צורני ונושא משותף.
•	שבת פ"א מ"ז-מי"א מביאה סדרה של מחלוקות בית הלל ובית שמאי הקשורות למלאכה שאדם מתחיל בערב שבת והיא נמשכת לתוך השבת.
•	נזיר פ"ה מ"א-מ"ה מביאה סדרה של מחלוקות בית הלל ובית שמאי הקשורות לתוקף של נדרי 'טעות' ותנאי.
•	דוגמה מעט פחות בולטת – פאה פ"ו מ"א-מ"ה מביאה שלוש מחלוקות בין בית הלל ובית שמאי הקשורות להפקר לעניים ולשכחה. ראה על כך פירושו של ספראי לפאה פ"ו מ"ח.
אך רק בפרקנו מצאנו יחידה שלמה הבנויה על שני היסודות והמצהירה על כך בגלוי בכותרת של הפרק.
3 כך הסדר במשניות שלפנינו, וכך הוא גם סדר הפסקאות בתוספתא ובבבלי. בעדי הנוסח הטובים של המשנה ובסדר הפסקאות בירושלמי, הוקדמה מ"ד למ"ג, ויש כאן אפוא חריגה מהסדר הכרונולוגי. כפי שנראה בסמוך יש בפרקנו חריגות נוספות מהסדר הכרונולוגי.
5 כפי שראינו, ההעמדה בראש הפרק ובסופו את שתי המשניות הבבואתיות זו לזו איננה פרי מקרה, שכן מ"א ומ"ח חורגות שתיהן מהסדר הכרונולוגי של הסעודה. טביעות אצבעותיו של העורך ביצירת ה'חתימה מעין פתיחה' ניכרות גם בעצם צירופן של מ"ז-מ"ח לסוף פרקנו, שכן: (א) בדרך כלל אין שאלה אם יש להקדים את ברכת היין לברכת המזון, או להיפך, ובמ"ח בעל המשנה צריך לייצר תרחיש מיוחד שבו שאלה זו תתעורר. לדברי הבבלי נב ע"א, סלע המחלוקת בין ב"ה לב"ש הוא אם ברהמ"ז זקוק בכלל לכוס של יין, כך שהאופן שהמשנה מציגה את המחלוקת נראה מלאכותי ותמוה. (ב) בקובץ בתוספתא המקביל לפרקנו (פ"ה הכ"ה – הל"ב) יש הקבלות והסברים למ"א-מ"ו בפרקנו; אין בתוספתא הקבלה למ"ז או למ"ח. בנוסף על כך – (ג) הניסוח של מ"א-מ"ו הוא ניסוח 'אפודיקטי' (חובה מוחלטת המוצגת באופן כללי), בעוד מ"ז-מ"ח נוקטות בסגנון 'קאזואיסטי' (חובה מקומית המתייחסת לתרחיש מסוים: 'מי שאכל ושכח ולא בירך' [מ"], 'בא להם יין בתוך המזון' [מ"ח]. הרושם המתקבל אפוא הוא שהקובץ המקורי של מחלוקות ב"ה וב"ש בענייני הסעודה לא כלל את שתי המשניות הללו, והעורך של פרקנו צירף אותם – למרות סגנונם השונה – בסוף הקובץ המקורי.
6 הירושלמי פ"ח ה"א, יא ע"ד, קושר במפורש בין המחלוקת בתחילת הפרק למחלוקת בסוף הפרק ע"ש .
7 אין זה מענייננו כאן לדון בשאלה, אם ההסברים למחלוקות בתוספתא הם אמנם הסברים מקוריים שנמסרו בשם בית שמאי ובית הלל עצמם או שמא מדובר בהסברים מאוחרים שהציעו התנאים המאוחרים לדבריהם של שני הבתים, ועיין בזה אצל ש' פרידמן, תוספתא עתיקתא, @419-417, הטוען שכאן – בניגוד למקומות רבים אחרים – מדובר (לפחות בחלק מהמקרים) בהסברים מקוריים. גם לא נעסוק כאן בשאלה מדוע השמיטה המשנה מחלוקות נוספות בין ב"ה לב"ש בסעודה המובאות בתוספתא, ועיין תוספתא כפשוטה, עמ' 94 ופירושו של זאב ספראי (בהכנה), עמ' 198 והערה 103 שם.
8 לדוגמה, לוי גינצבורג הציע שחלק מהמחלוקות מעוגנות בהבדלים בין סעודתם של עשירים (בית שמאי) לסעודתם של עניים (בית הלל) וי' זונה (I. Sonne) טען שפסיקותיהם של בית שמאי מעוגנת בנטייתם לראות דברים כמכלול בעוד שבית הלל נוטים לראייה אטומיסטית. על שתי הגישות הללו ראו: י' תבורי, פסח דורות, עמ' 143. על גישתו של ד"ר אריה חיון עיין ב'שאלות לעיון'.
9 השאלה אם התקנה של נטילת ידים לסעודה מושרשת בדיני טומאה וטהרה או שהיא מצווה של נקיות ו/או התקדשות נדונה בהרחבה, מתקופת הראשונים ועד לחוקרי זמננו, ראו בין השאר: פסחים קטו ע"א תד"ה כל שטיבולו במשקה, חולין קו ע"א תד"ה מצוה לשמע דברי חכמים; א' אדרת, מחורבן לתקומה, עמ' 210 ואילך; י' תבורי, פסח דורות, עמ' 206-198; John C. Poirier, "Why did the Pharisees Wash their Hands?", JJS 47, 1996, pp. 217-233; Chaim Milikowsky, "Hand-Washing, Hand-Purity and Holy Scripture", Purity and Holiness ; H.Harrington, "Did the Pharisees eat Ordinary Food in a State of Ritual Purity?"JSJ 26, 1995, pp. 53-54; E. Regev, "Non-Priestly Purity and its Religious Aspects According to Historical Sources and Archaeological Findings", Purity and Holiness .
11 הסברו של ספראי למחלוקת זו נשענת על באור שתי הדעות בתלמודים (אמוראים בירושלמי יב ע"ג; ברייתא בבבלי נג ע"ב): בית שמאי משווים את המקרה לאדם ששכח כיס אבנים טובות ומרגליות, שודאי היה חוזר, ומכאן שיש לחזור גם כדי לקיים את מצוות ברכת המזון באופן הראוי; בית הלל נוקטים בדוגמה של פועל שאכל בראש הדקל או בתוך בור, שודאי אין לחייבו לשוב למקום האכילה, ומכאן שאין לחייב זאת גם במקרה רגיל.
12 הקשר בין הנר לנשמה ברור וידוע, והוא מעוגן בפסוק 'נר ה' נשמת אדם' (משלי כ, כז). הגמרא עומדת גם על הזיקה של הריח לנשמה: "מנין שמברכין על הריח? שנאמר: 'כל הנשמה תהלל יה' (תהלים קנ, ו) – איזהו דבר שהנשמה נהנית ממנו ואין הגוף נהנה ממנו? הוי אומר זה הריח" (בבלי ברכות מג ע"ב), ועוד עיין: אברהם אופיר שמש, "מריח בשמים לעולם הנשמות וגן עדן", דעת 47, תשס"א, עמ' 54 ואילך.
15 יש לציין שלא כולם בעולם היווני וההלניסטי סברו כמו הסטואיקנים והציניקנים. ה'סימפוזיון' היווני שילב בין הנאות הגוף של הסעודה לבין ההנאה הרוחנית של הדיון הפילוסופי, ובכך הפך את מעשה האכילה והשתייה למעשה אנושי בעל משמעות. מכל מקום גם גישה זו שונה באופן משמעותי מהגישה ההלכתית שהוצגה על ידי הרב בהמשך דבריו.
16 למען הדיוק יש לציין שהרב סולובייצ'יק מתייחס כאן ל'טומאה וטהרה' במובן של מאכלים כשרים ולא-כשרים, כמו בויקרא פרק יא. מכל מקום נראה שהיסוד הרעיוני- הערכי הן של ענייני הכשרות הן של הדרישה להיטהר לפני שאוכלים הוא אחד, שכן כבר באותו פרק בתורה מצורפות ביחד המצוות הקשורות לטהרת האוכלים למצוות המבחינות בין חיות נאכלות לחיות שאסור לאכלן.
20 לא יטעום אדם כלום עד שיברך, שנאמר: "לה' הארץ ומלואה תבל ויושבי בה" (תהלים כד:א).
21 הילולים – מלמד שהוא טעון ברכה לפניו ולאחריו, מיכן היה רבי עקיבא אומר לא יטעום אדם כלום קודם שיברך.
Neither over the flame nor over the spices of idolaters.
Neither over the flame nor over the spices of the dead.
Neither over the flame nor over the spices in front of an idol.
We do not bless over the flame until its light is usable.
The school of Shammai says, he returns to his place and blesses.
The school of Hillel says, he blesses in the place where he remembered.
Until when may he bless?
Until the food in his bowels is digested.
ח,ז מי שאכל ושכח ולא בירך–בית שמאי אומרין, יחזור למקומו ויברך; ובית הלל אומרין, יברך במקום שנזכר. עד אימתיי הוא מברך, עד כדי שיתאכל המזון במעיו.
ח,ח בא להם יין לאחר המזון, ואין שם אלא אותו הכוס–בית שמאי אומרין, מברך על היין ואחר כך מברך על המזון; בית הלל אומרין, מברך על המזון ואחר כך מברך על היין. עונין אמן אחר ישראל המברך; ואין עונין אמן אחר הכותי המברך, עד שישמע כל הברכה.


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text:
Way to go Ed
By papasmurfbell
December 28, 2022 in Baltimore Ravens
papasmurfbell
https://www.yahoo.com/sports/ex-ravens-star-ed-reed-set-to-become-new-bethune-cookman-football-coach-232820122.html
Ex-Ravens star Ed Reed set to become new Bethune-Cookman football coach
Very nice, their field is about 20 minutes away from me.
tsylvester
So much for that...
ESPN: Ed Reed won't coach Bethune-Cookman as negotiations fail.
https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/35496576/ed-reed-coach-bethune-cookman-negotiations-fail
Ed Reed, a Super Bowl champion and nine-time Pro Bowl selection with the Baltimore Ravens, announced Saturday he will no longer be the head coach at Bethune-Cookman.
Reed was tearful during a 15-minute goodbye in front of players and parents.
"We've been around here trying to change things," Reed said. "My vision for change, probably moving too fast for a lot of people. I'm not withdrawing my name, as they said. They don't want me here. They do not want me here because I tell the truth."
Reed also tweeted an announcement that detailed, "After weeks of negotiations I've been informed that the University won't be ratifying my contract and won't make good on the agreement we had in principle, which had provisions and resources best needed to support the student athletes.
"I was committed to coaching and cultivating a relationship with the University, Players, Community and the Fans. It's extremely disappointing this won't be happening," Reed said.
Yeah I dont understand what went wrong.
deeshopper
Location:Columbia, MD
1 hour ago, papasmurfbell said:
I havent read up on all of it. But he was critical of how the school was resourcing from what I heard.
He was overly critical, rightfully so, that place it horrible from reports. Still, there was a better way of going about it...
GrubberRaven
Location:Frederick, MD
Interests:My Family, Ravens, Orioles, Exercise/Biking, and the stage...
On 1/22/2023 at 4:38 PM, tsylvester said:
He used social media and blasted the school.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Carriera

Club
Ha giocato nel campionato francese, portoghese e greco.

Nazionale
Ha esordito con la maglia della Nazionale camerunese nel 2011, venendo convocato per la Coppa d'Africa 2017.

Palmarès

Nazionale

Gabon 2017

Collegamenti esterni

Calciatori della Nazionale camerunese
Calciatori campioni d'Africa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Arnold Group
Methods in Protein Engineering
Frances H Arnold
Protein Structures
Photos from Nobel Ceremony
"Chemistry Nobel winners harnessed evolution to teach old proteins new tricks" by Johanna L. Miller. Physics Today, December 1, 2018.
"Evolved enzymes serve up diverse cyclopropanes" by Carmen Drahl. C&EN News, February 28, 2018.
Our work in forming C-Si bonds was featured in the most read story of 2017 in Astrobiology Magazine!
"Using Synthetic Biology to Engineer Membrane Proteins." Twist Bioscience Blog, March 6, 2017.
"Engineering Green Biocatalysts for Chemical Reactions Not Known in Biology," K.E. Hernandez, ACS Green Chemistry: The Nexus Blog (2017)
Frances Arnold is the recipient of the 2017 Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research. NAS News, January 24, 2017.
Engineering Green Biocatalysts for Chemical Reactions Not Known in Biology. ACS Green Chemistry: The Nexus Blog, January 17, 2017.
Shortcut leads to branched tryptophans, by Louisa Dalton. C&EN, July 25, 2016.
Frances Arnold to receive honorary degree from the University of Chicago, University Chicago News, June 3, 2016.
Frances Arnold wins 2016 Millennium Technology Prize, Technology Academy of Finland, March 24, 2016.
"Researchers take small step toward silicon-based life," by Robert Service, Science News, March 18, 2016.
10 Start-ups to watch: Provivi—making pest control sustainable with synthetic biology. C&EN cover stories, November 2, 2015.
Engineering the P450 enzyme to perform new reactions, Phys.org, April 22, 2015.
Frances Arnold elected to National Academy of Inventors, NAI Breaking News, December 16, 2014.
Frances Arnold now chairs the Packard Fellows Advisory Panel, Packard Foundation News, December 15, 2014.
"Enzymes and metals enable regiodivergent organic reactions," by Stephen K. Ritter, C&EN, November 3, 2014.
"Evolution gets an assist," by Mark F. Bernstein, Princeton Alumni Weekly, October 22, 2014 issue.
Former postdoc Murat Acar (Yale) wins NIH New Innovator Award, Yale News, October 6, 2014.
"Sensing neuronal activity with light," Caltech News, September 18, 2014.
Our new P450 carbenoid/nitrenoid transfer biocatalysts to be distributed by Strem
"15 people, including 3 women, inducted into 2014 Inventors Hall of Fame," by Susanna Kim, ABC News, May 13, 2014.
"Caltech bioengineer inducted into Inventors Hall of Fame," by Adam Poulisse, Pasadena Star-News, March 5, 2014.
" Sex in the test tube," M – The Explorer Magazine, September 16, 2013.
" Arnold appointed new director of Rosen Bioengineering Center," Caltech News, August 8, 2013.
" Frances Arnold wins ENI award for renewable-energy work," Caltech News, June 3, 2013. WebWire, June 27, 2013.
"Frances Arnold awarded 2013 Emanuel Merck lectureship," Merck Press Release, May 14, 2013.
"Dr. Frances H. Arnold joins Genomatica's scientific advisory board," Genomatica Press Release, May 3, 2013.
"The director of evolution: how Frances Arnold mutates DNA and breeds strange, new, and useful creatures," by Jennifer Ouellette, Slate Magazine, March 8, 2013.
"State legislators honor Frances Arnold," Caltech News and Events, March 3, 2013.
"Directed evolution pioneer Frances Arnold opens up about sustainable biofuels (video)," by Cara Santa-Maria, Huffington Post Science, February 25, 2013.
"President Obama honors the country's top innovators and scientists of 2011," White House, February 1, 2013.
"Caltech chemical engineer Frances Arnold awarded National Medal of Technology and Innovation," by Kimm Fesenmaier, Caltech News & Events, December 22, 2012.
"Frances Arnold's directed evolution," by Colleen Shalby, American Association for the Advancement of Science, August 31, 2012.
"Heat beaters: Scientists seek enzymes that don't mind working at high temperatures," by Rebecca Cheung, Science News, August 11, 2012.
NAE member Frances Arnold to judge inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize in Engineering NAE News, June 6, 2012.
"Frances Arnold's directed evolution," by Olga Kharif, Bloomberg Businessweek Technology, March 15, 2012.
"American Academy of Arts and Sciences to induct 231st Class of Members," PR Newswire, Cambridge, MA, September 28, 2011.
"Protein engineering: navigating between chance and reason," Technology Feature in Nature Methods 8, 623-626, August 2011.
"Frances Arnold: Careerpath of a Caltech scientist," by Walter Hamilton, Los Angeles Times, July 3, 2011.
"Protein evolution: On the origin of proteins," Chemistry World, pp. 42-45, March 2011.
"Mother Nature is her lab partner," by Joe Piasecki, La Canada Valley Sun, March 9, 2011.
"Frances Arnold accepts the 2011 Draper Prize," Washington D.C., February 22, 2011.
"Caltech's Frances Arnold wins Draper Prize for biofuels-related research," by Margot Roosevelt, Los Angeles Times, January 30, 2011.
"Directed evolution battles protein ignorance," by Andrew S. Wiecek, BioTechniques, September 2010.
"Enzyme research speeds cellulosic ethanol development," by Bryan Sims, Biomass Magazine, June 2009.
"Team spirit," by Susan Gaidos, Science News, January 17th, 2009, pg. 20.
"Engineering an ecosystem," by Erin Fults, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, Computing Life, July 9, 2008.
"Hyrdoxylation reactions with P450 enzymes," by Martin Mayhew, Spiros Kambourakis, and David Rozzell of Codexis, Biocatalysis, May 2008.
"Newsmakers." Science, Volume 320, Number 5878, Issue of 16 May 2008.
"TR10: Cellulolytic Enzymes,"by Alexandra M. Goho, MIT Technology Review, March/April 2008.
"Codexis launches CodexTM MicroCyp platform to produce drug metabolites and novel lead compounds." Introduced at Informex 2008.
"Artificial P450 enzymes created: Computational method leads to library of enzymes that fold and function," by Celia Arnaud, Chemical & Engineering News, April 17, 2006.
"A smart mutation scheme produces hundreds of functional proteins," by Richard Robinson, PLoS Biology April 11, 2006.
"Custom-made microbes, at your service," by Andrew Pollack, The New York Times, January 17, 2006.
"Sense and sensitivity," Nature Research Highlights, October 6, 2005.
"Highly goes slowly," Journal of Cell Biology: Research Roundup, October, 2005.
"Scientists uncover rules that govern the rate of protein evolution," Caltech Today, September 21, 2005.
"Synthetic life," Scientific American, April 26, 2004.
"A quorum can kill," Science Now Magazine, April 5, 2004.
"Researchers coax bacteria to produce powerful, elusive catalyst," National Science Foundation Office of Legislative and Public Affairs News, January 15, 2004.
"Microbes made to order," Science vol. 303, January 9, 2004.
"New carotenoid has implications for evolution, bioengineering," ASM News, August 2003.
"Protein sex provides a prescription for power," by Tom Siegfried, Dallas Morning News, March 17, 2003.
"Prospecting for proteins," by Elizabeth K. Wilson, Chemical & Engineering News, pp. 49-51, December 17, 2001.
"Biotech speeds its evolution," by Kathryn Brown, Technology Review, November/December 2000.
"Selling evolution in ways Darwin never imagined," by Andrew Pollack, The New York Times, October 28, 2000.
"Sexual chemistry in the lab causes bacteria to turn red," by Tom Siegfried, The Dallas Morning News, July 10, 2000.
"Color me red," commentary by Tracy Smith, Nature Structural Biology, 7:536, July, 2000.
"'Directed evolution' creates unusual carotenoid-producing bacteria," Bioresearch Online, July 3, 2000.
"Caltech researchers breed new genes to make natural products in bacteria," June 27, 2000.
"Caltech Professor Frances Arnold elected to membership in the National Academy of Engineering," May 10, 2000.
"Sorting on silicon," Science 286: 2293-2294, December 17, 1999.
"Caltech scientists develop new cell sorter," November 8, 1999.
"Evolution on fast-forward," Business Week, September 27, 1999.
"Sex in a bottle," The Economist, June 26, 1999.
"Caltech researchers use the 'unnatural selection' of directed evolution to alter a bacterial enzyme," June 19, 1999.
"Picking a winner," commentary by Roger Sheldon, Nature, 399, 636-637, June 17, 1999.
"Made-to-order enzymes," Bioresearch Online, June 17, 1999.
"The well-bred molecule: Scientists find ways to improve upon nature by directing evolution," by Glennda Chui, San Jose Mercury News, May 11, 1999.
"Maxygen licenses directed evolution technology from Caltech," Discovery Online, May 7, 1999.
"Taking a clue from biology," by Rebecca L. Rawls, Chemical & Engineering News, pp. 38-43, April 12, 1999.
"Evolution's test tube revolution," by Paul Jacobs, The Los Angeles Times, April 6, 1999.
"Touched by nature," by Charles W. Petit, U.S. News & World Report, pp. 43-45, July 27, 1998.
"Hot-blooded proteins," by Corinna Wu, Science News, 153, 296-298 (1998).
"Acid test turns out sweet," by Andy Coghlan, New Scientist, p. 22, 12 April 1997.
"New glucose test on the way for diabetes," by Janet Raloff, Science News, 151, p. 190, March 29, 1997.
"Caltech scientists invent polymer for detecting blood glucose," March 24, 1997.
"Going places: Forced and natural molecular evolution," by M. K.Winson and D. B. Kell, Trends in Biotechnology 14, 323-325 (1996) .
"Protein crystallization method may have broad applications," by Elizabeth Wilson, Chemical & Engineering News, pp. 6-7, May 6, 1996.
"Engineers demonstrate technique for crystallizing proteins," April 29, 1996.
"Extreme enzymes," by Neil Gross, Business Week, pp. 84-86, April 1, 1996.
"Chemical engineers show that directed evolution can be useful," March 27, 1996.
"Young engineers air hot topics at first frontiers in engineering symposium," by Elizabeth K. Wilson, Chemical & Engineering News, pp. 22-27, Oct. 16, 1995.
"Co-opting a blind watchmaker," by Faye Flam, Science, 265, 1032-1033 (1994).
"Molecular imprints make a mark," by Faye Flam, Science, 263, 1221-1222 (1994).
"Evolution in a test tube," by Karen F. Schmidt, Science News, 144, 90-92 (1993).
"Test-tube survival of the molecularly fit," by Stephen Hart, BioScience, 43 (11), 738-741 (1993).
"Polymers recognize protein analogs," Chemical & Engineering News, p. 22, September 16, 1991.
© 2023 Arnold Group.


text:
Orrin James Olsen (born July 7, 1953) is a former American football center in the National Football League for the Kansas City Chiefs. Olsen played one season with the Chiefs in 1976, which was notable because two of his brothers, Merlin and Phil, were also playing in the league at the time. Prior to that, Olsen played college football for Brigham Young University.

Early years

Olsen was born in Logan, Utah and is the youngest of Lynn and Merle Olsen's nine children. He attended Orem High School in Orem, Utah. An all-around athlete, Olsen was named All-American in football his senior year and set a state record in discus while competing on the track team.

College career

Olsen attended Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, where he majored in business management and was a three-year letterman for the football team. He was coached by LaVell Edwards. His junior year, he was named pre-season All-American and first-team all-conference. BYU won the Western Athletic Conference championship that season and played in the Fiesta Bowl. In 1975, his senior season, Olsen was again named first-team all-conference. He was recognized for academic excellence by the NCAA, which awarded him a postgraduate scholarship. Olsen was also invited to participate in the Blue-Gray all-star game held in Montgomery, Alabama and the Coaches All-America Game in Lubbock, Texas.

In addition to his contributions to the football team, Olsen competed as a discus thrower on the BYU track team and participated in the NCAA championships.

Professional career

Olsen was selected by the Chiefs in the eighth round of the 1976 NFL draft. His lone season with the Chiefs was unique because his brothers Merlin and Phil were also playing in the league, marking one of the rare times in NFL history that three brothers have played at the same time.
Since 1985, Olsen has worked for LDS Philanthropies as a Donor Liaison.

Personal

Olsen currently lives in Alpine, Utah. He is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He and his wife, Sandy, are the parents of seven children. Olsen is a skilled woodworker and has made hundreds of custom canes, including canes made for prominent Utah leaders such as Gordon B. Hinckley and Mike Leavitt.

Olsen was a member of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir from 1973–74.

References

1953 births
Living people
Players of American football from Utah
Sportspeople from Logan, Utah
BYU Cougars football players
BYU Cougars men's track and field athletes
Kansas City Chiefs players
People from Alpine, Utah
Tabernacle Choir members
American football centers


text:
Fantasy football injury update Week 12: Daniel Jones, Dalvin Cook
Samantha Previte
Social Links for Samantha Previte
More On: fantasy football
Fantasy football: Cheap Rams RB could be DFS steal
Fantasy football: Value dictates which players to hold in keeper leagues
Look at track record to identify potential fantasy football busts
The Post's 2021 fantasy football awards come with unlikely MVP
Week 12 of the NFL season dealt injuries to a number of fantasy-relevant players across the league.
Dalvin Cook suffered an injury scare, while Daniel Jones and D.J. Moore may have sustained more serious injuries.
Here's a recap of the biggest injuries to players across the league and how it could impact fantasy football:
Daniel Jones, QB, New York Giants (hamstring)
Giants incredibly in first place after Daniel Jones scare
Jones suffered an injury to his right hamstring during the third quarter of Sunday's game in Cincinnati. He was replaced by backup Colt McCoy and finished the day completing 16 of 27 attempts for 213 yards, zero touchdowns and zero interceptions.
McCoy came through and led the Giants to their third straight win, tying the team for first place in the NFC East.
A source told ESPN after the game that the initial belief is the injury is "pretty bad," but head coach Joe Judge said he was "optimistic" about Jones' status. Further imaging on Monday will be needed to determine the severity of the issue.
It's been a disappointing year for Jones in terms of fantasy. He likely is not starting in one quarterback leagues, but his absence would hurt the Giants' pass catchers, including Sterling Shepard, Evan Engram, Golden Tate and Darius Slayton, who was catchless in Week 12.
Dalvin Cook, RB, Minnesota Vikings (ankle)
Cook gave fantasy managers a mini scare early in the second half of Sunday's game against the Panthers. He required assistance and needed to be helped off the field into the medical tent with what appeared to be an ankle injury. He surprisingly returned to the game two drives later and finished with 18 carries for 61 yards, four catches for 21 yards and a fumble. It's a great sign he was able to return without issue, but given his high-profile status, the injury is worth monitoring. Alexander Mattison would be next up and highly valuable if Cook were to miss time.
New York Giants quarterback Daniel Jones and Minnesota Vikings running back Dalvin CookGetty Images
Josh Jacobs, RB, Las Vegas Raiders (ankle)
Jacobs appeared to have tweaked his ankle late in Sunday's blowout loss to the Falcons. He was slow to get up and was in visible pain, but it's unclear at this time if the injury was serious. He finished the game with a season-low seven carries for 27 yards, three catches for 17 yards and a fumble. The Raiders have the Jets on deck in Week 13, so if Jacobs were to miss time, Devontae Booker would be a very attractive handcuff to roster for the final week of the fantasy regular season.
D.J. Moore, WR, Carolina Panthers (leg)
Moore was injured late in Sunday's heartbreaking loss to the Vikings. The injury to his right leg occurred on a non-contact play in the end zone and he required assistance off the field. He would not return and finished with four catches on nine targets for 61 yards.
The prognosis is unclear at this time, but it doesn't look particularly great for Moore, who has been up and down all year. His absence could elevate Curtis Samuel (5-5-71-0) and Robby Anderson (7-4-94-1) moving forward.
Broncos having terrible time without an actual quarterback
Phillip Lindsay, RB, Denver Broncos (knee)
The flailing Broncos offense suffered another blow in Sunday's game with Lindsay exiting early with a knee injury. He finished with nine carries for 20 yards.
"Phil tweaked his knee a little bit. That's all I know at this point," head coach Vic Fangio said after the game.
There is a legitimate chance Lindsay misses at least Week 13 against the Chiefs, which would elevate both Melvin Gordon and Royce Freeman. Gordon saw 12 carries for 31 yards and Freeman saw eight carries for 50 yards in the Broncos' anemic offense led by Kendall Hinton.
josh jacobs
Read Next Broncos receiver had 'most eventful 24 hours' after shock ...
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Meet the Stars
★Onsite★
Acadian Ambulance Service
Acadian Ambulance Paramedic Emily Wright found a career in EMS through an unconventional path that previously saw her performing with a comedy show on cruises. Emily met her future husband on the cruise and relocated to Lafayette, Louisiana, to be with him.
"I'm a native of England, and I have traveled the world, singing in various places in France, the United States and the Caribbean. I even once performed alongside Patti Smith!" says Emily.
After settling in Lafayette, Emily enrolled in Acadian's National EMS Academy to pursue her EMT certification. Emily joined the company in July 2016 and was assigned to their Houston service area. It didn't take long before Emily enrolled in an accelerated Paramedic program in Houston to earn that certification and advance her career.
Emily is one of the Houston area's top preceptors for new hires. In addition to these roles, she serves as an associate quality improvement coordinator and is president of the area's safety, health and wellness team. Emily is a recipient of Acadian's President's Performance Award.
Acadian Operations Manager Adam Fitzhenry describes Emily as, "dedicated, determined and possessing a very strong work ethic."
Emily is working to earn her Critical Care Transport Paramedic certification and aspires one day to join Acadian Air Med as a Flight Paramedic.
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Shopping for home insurance in Pocahontas, MS doesn't have to be difficult. Simply enter your Zip Code at the top of this page and you will be presented with the list of the top recommended insurance companies in your area. Compare quotes from these carriers and you will be on your way to saving on your homeowners coverage premium.
When it comes to homeowner's insurance in Pocahontas, MS, there are quite a few different factors that can affect how much you have to pay. Understanding what these factors are can give you a better idea of how Mississippi insurance companies come up with the quotes that they give you.
Most Pocahontas homeowner's insurance policies also cover the value of the belongings inside the home. If you need additional coverage for expensive items that you have on the premises, you may have to pay more for your insurance. If you aren't sure whether or not you need additional coverage for items inside your home, be sure to check the amount of coverage that is available for personal belongings with your existing homeowner's insurance policy.
All of these factors come into play when getting Pocahontas, MS homeowner's insurance quotes. If you want to keep your costs as low as possible, consider choosing a policy with less coverage or with a higher deductible. Just make sure that you fully understand how these decisions will affect you if you ever need to file a claim. You may find it more beneficial to go for a policy that offers more coverage or a lower deductible so that you don't have to come up with a lot of money on your own if something does eventually happen to your home.
To get the best savings on your Pocahontas, Mississippi coverage for your home, make sure to use our comparison tool. Enter your Zip Code below and get the list of the best Mississippi insurers.
A house is a large degree of accountability, so you should have the right insurance policies. But, if you are unfamiliar with property owner's insurance coverage, there might be some issues you do not understand. As you evaluate insurers, guidelines and packages, bear in mind these basic suggestions.
Don't just believe about getting insurance for your home go ahead and do it! If you do not have homeowner's insurance, you will be out of luck if you are robbed, natural disaster strikes or your residence burns down. With a mortgage, you are more than most likely essential to have homeowner's insurance policy.
Homeowner's insurance coverage should not be up for thing to consider, you should go out and purchase it. You could get rid of every little thing, in the event of an unexpected emergency, with no this insurance. Insurance policies could be a prerequisite if you are mortgaging your house.
To preserve cash when getting house owners insurance policy, contemplate placing an alarm program in. Most significant underwriters will give a low cost for a residence that has a monitored alarm mounted. Several times the discount you get will insert up to far more than what you pay out for the regular monthly checking cost.
To reduced your homeowners insurance, you must have a stability system mounted. A safety technique ought to be joined to central station or a police station. To have your insurance policies priced lowered, you will, most most likely, have to supply proof that your technique is up and operating. This could lower your annual premium by five percent.
Insuring a vacant residence is quite high-priced, as a vacant property is a magnet for vandals. Vacant house insurance policies can expense much more in a thirty day period than typical house owners insurance coverage costs for a calendar year. If a loved ones member can not stay at the property, contemplate leasing the house out, or trade free hire for residence sitting services to steer clear of possessing a house sit idle.
House owners insurance coverage is a quite large requirement in life. Maintain in thoughts that some house loan organizations will not even make the financial loan unless of course a man or woman can offer proof of coverage for truthful or full price of the home. It can be very expensive so be sure to study the diverse businesses and compare their insurance policies so that you can uncover the very best rate and protection.
If you have large-value products, they could not be coated fully by normal homeowner's insurance policy. For illustration, costly jewellery may possibly require to be appraised, and then the insurance provider will issue a rider to cover the merchandise in case it really is stolen or damaged. Make positive to mention high-benefit things to your agent, to make the process of filing a claim easier, must you need to do so.
Hold your property owners insurance policy policy up to day. If it is been a few many years given that you obtained your plan, you may possibly be below insured. If you've produced advancements to your house, your coverage may well not reflect the increased benefit. Constructing expenses have gone up as well, so assessment your plan annually, and if required, make modifications to be sufficiently protected.
You may possibly be tempted to pick the most low-cost plan. This is probably a error. As you look for to update a coverage or acquire 1 for the very first time, these guidelines need to be really helpful. Do not skimp on the coverage for your property.


Travel Trailers For Sale In Wa Fly Fishing – A Useful and Relaxing Hobby, Pre-Flight Planning- First and foremost you want to know that your flight and accommodations are appropriately setup as a way to provide you with the smoothest transitions. In order to make this possible you should spend sometime on the web looking for deals on airline, car, and hotel packages. Keep in mind when you are conducting this that the earlier you setup your arrangements better deals you can find. Remember most of the time discounted tickets will likely be announced during the week. If your thinking about traversing to a popular destination or somewhere that you believe is going to have heavy travel I would suggest trying to setup your flight a few months ahead of time and when this is not possible ensure you do manage it immediately in any other case the flights could fill or perhaps the expense of the tickets could exceed that which you were seeking to spend on your flight. If you are planning a global flight you should try and either purchase travel cheques or make sure which you have the proper currency for your destination this can help save a lot of time as soon as you reach your destination. I would also suggest that you just spend time researching your destination like that when you arrive you never come off completely as a tourist. Things to think of when you are conducting this add the countries etiquette so that you do not upset a nearby people without knowing that which you did to see several places you want to go examine a guide and look how your getting there as well as the most beneficial method of transportation.
San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest city in California. The city is located on the coast from the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, immediately alongside the Mexican border. The birthplace of California,2 San Diego is known for its mild year-round climate, its natural deep-water harbor, and its long association with the U.S. Navy. The population was 1,307,402 on the 2010 census.
Stage one astral travel involves what is known since the astral body moving slightly out of the physical body in order for the physical body to rest properly. The times you might notice this is where your physical body is more tired than the human brain. You can feel it happening because the thoughts are still conscious and it has rid yourself of one's body. This is the heavy feeling described above.
Tourists could get here by plane with the Wellington International Airport. The airport is a major traveling point for domestic Wellington flyers that could fly with other major cities of the united states. Ferries and boats can also be a significant commute means to and from Wellington. International cruise liners also drop by in Wellington on the regular trips. There may also be two major inland roads into Wellington that you can use if you continue a long drive across the city.
Due to the intensified security scanning at many air-ports, such as the Sacramento International Airport, you need to arrive at the airport a long time before your holiday is scheduled to go away. The Sacramento International Airport suggests that you arrive in the airport at the least one and half hours early; nevertheless, they have more recommendations. For international flights, along with other flights inside day, it is recommended that you show up to two hours early. The later you will get there, the larger the chance you might have of missing your airfare, which, based on your destination, might be tough to reschedule.


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Celebrity, Music November 8, 2015 June 20, 2016
Lauryn Hill performs live in Austin for Austin City Limits
by Kim Jarrett
Ms. Lauryn Hill graced the Moody Theater stage for Austin City Limits Saturday night. Austin City Limits, the PBS program that local KLRU television station has produced since 1974, recorded Ms. Hill's performance for broadcast on PBS stations around the U.S.
Dressed in a long, yellow floral skirt, sheer black tights and broad-shouldered white blouse, Ms. Hill was adorned like a pioneer woman or Disney princess, with a bit of Flamenco thrown in. Things got lively after Cory "DJ Rampage Global" Hinks opened, making sure that everyone was on their feet and grooving, informing the crowd that we weren't at a church service and we definitely weren't at a political convention. Ms. Hill took the stage only after Hinks transformed the stiff, awkward crowd into a loose musical congregation.
Ms. Hill's performance featured a variety of musical styles. During the first half, she sat by candlelight as she and her impressive lead guitarist, Jordan Peters, played rock jams. During the second half, R&B crescendoed into rap and Ms. Hill enthusiastically delivered classic songs, full of multiple personae, after cajoling the studio's lighting team into creating more ambience by dimming the lights (even though more light would be ideal for television). Ms. Hill persuaded the team by telling them she loved them and singing bits of Bob Marley's "Turn Your Lights Down Low."
Originally showcasing only Texas music, Austin City Limits expanded to showcase diverse talents, like Ms. Hill, and it helped Austin to become known as The Live Music Capital of the World. The annual ACL Music Festival grew out of the television show, and the festival now brings world-renowned musical artists to perform at Zilker Parker for about 450,000 people during two weekends each September.
With the slogan "Great Music. No Limits" and audiences limited to about 800, Austin City Limits features artists with big followings in a more intimate setting. The show was originally filmed in one of two buildings that housed the University of Texas at Austin College of Communications, and since 2011 has been filmed in the Moody Theater at Block 21, the 300-million-dollar mixed used development on Second Street that houses the W Austin Hotel and its Trace restaurant.
After co-forming the hip-hop band the Fugees, Ms. Hill broke onto the world scene as an individual in 1998 with the release of her solo album, for which she is best known, The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill. Saturday's performance featured songs from the album, including "Final Hour" and a jazzy rendition of "Lost Ones."
In 1999, Ms. Hill became the first woman to be nominated for 10 Grammy Awards in a single year. In the years that followed, she's become known for her life, as much as for her professional work as a singer, producer, and actress. She's produced only one studio-recorded album and reportedly turned down acting parts in Charlie's Angels, The Bourne Identity, The Mexican and The Matrix series. She's reared six children, criticized social institutions, spoken out against 'isms (racism, sexism, and ageism) and performed only when it's made sense to her, rejecting industry standards of when to make music and star in films. Hailing from South Orange, New Jersey, Ms. Hill is symbolic of the experience of American women at the turn of the century.
In March, The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill entered the Library of Congress, the world's largest library and the oldest cultural institution in the U.S.
Ms. Hill is scheduled to perform in Austin again tonight, Sunday, Nov. 8, at Fun Fun Fun Fest at Auditorium Shores.
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What's better than one super food for breakfast? You got it! Many superfoods for breakfast in one beautiful bowl. Several years ago when I first tried Chia I didn't really like it, I realized later after talking to several Chia enthusiasts that I was not soaking my Chia long enough for it to absorb all the moisture and flavor. If you love tapioca, you will love Chia for sure.
Chia seeds have become a highly sought-after and coveted superfood, and it is no surprise why. The super-seed is extremely high in omega-3 fatty acids (aka the "good fats"). Foods high in omega-3 promote heart & joint health as well as help maintain brain health and memory. Chia has a ton of fiber which helps keep you full longer – especially since, when combined with liquid, they expand and form a gel-like consistency (as seen here in our Golden Milk Chia Pudding!). In addition to the above, chia seeds are an excellent source of phosphorus, protein, iron, calcium & manganese.
This Golden Milk Chia Pudding is a great way to capture all of the above benefits of chia seed, in addition to those of our favorite super-spice turmeric! Enjoy this chia pudding in the morning for a satisfying, and energy-rich breakfast, or as an afternoon snack for a little extra fuel to get you through till dinner. It also keeps well so feel free to make the night before indulging!
Warming, superfood loaded breakfast or snack. Loaded with superfoods like Chia, Turmeric, ginger and berries.
3/4 cup cashew milk ( I use home made, it takes only 5 minutes to make. Add ½ cup raw cashews and 1 cup water to a high power blender like Vitamix and blend it is smooth like milk (2-3 minutes). Add water based on your personal preference.
Strain the tea in a bowl and add chia and cashew milk.
Garnish with your favorite berries and/or nuts. I love adding almonds and raisins.


Jasmine thinks she's lucky to have three dads--a stepfather, her natural father, and his lover. However, her schoolmates and even teachers find this hard to accept. Jasmine's brother is subjected to name-calling and almost ends up in a fight over his father's lifestyle. At home, the two dads are supportive and understanding, and the children's natural father contacts the principal about it. A special assembly is the result, with a children's counselor discussing different kinds of families. A subplot, featuring a lesbian and her son, speaks nonjudgmentally to the issue of the sexual preferences among the offspring of homosexual parents. This book with a purpose does a good job of raising the issues sensitively and answering the questions reasonably. Scratchy ink drawings depict an African-American family living in an average neighborhood, with the children attending a racially balanced school.
Heron, Ann, "How Would You Feel If Your Dad Was Gay?" (1994). DIVerse Families. 135.


You've really inspired me to try my free samples. I have a draw full of them but I never reach for them!
The Dior Skin is on my wish list because of Sunny as well. I tried a sample of the YSL Fusion Ink and it was pretty awesome. Very light weight as you say and about medium coverage for me. I've not felt anything quite like it though the Perricone No Foundation Serum is close in terms of feel on the skin.
Haha thanks for the shout-out, Gyudy! I'm so glad to hear you love Diorskin Star! It has definitely become my holy grail. Every time I put it on, I feel so safe because I know my skin will look awesome for hours!
Hey Gyudy! I want to try everything you mentioned starting with Dior Star of course. You know none of the foundations have hit Indian markets yet!
This makes me want to try the Diorskin Star as well! Hope I could get the sample too before buying the full size version.
I agree...the Diorskin Star Foundation is definitely "The Perfect One." Lovely review!


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Roger Moore | NCAA.com | May 30, 2014
Moore: Making championships special
Fans negotiate the maze of the Capital One Cup Fan Zone in between sessions on Thursday at the WCWS.
OKLAHOMA CITY – Those who follow college athletics, especially the championships from sport to sport, have probably heard of the Capital One Cup. Go to www.capitalonecup.com and an explanation gives the details of an award given annually to the top men's and women's programs in Division I where points are earned and tracked throughout the year based on final standings of NCAA championships.
Throughout the fall and spring and into the early summer, the competitions travel across the United States. At every championship venue, Capital One and the NCAA work together to provide an enhanced environment for fans outside the stadiums, fields, and arenas.
There are tents. There are games. There are small inflatable batting cages. There are vendors hawking sporting goods. In other words, there is something for everyone.
Who puts it all together? The small village outside the stadiums does not just magically appear. It requires staff.
They might be compared to a traveling circus or a group of wanderers slowly moving across the country. There is a forensic science major from Virginia; a member of the Navy and his wife, a graduate of Richmond in Virginia; and Brandi Moral and Austin Zamarripa.
Spencer Keil, a member of the Navy who is stationed at Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma City and his wife Mallory are working the Women's College World Series this week, her first foray into this traveling band.
"I thought it might be a lot of sitting around, but you stay busy most of the time. It's been really fun to be a part of something like this," said Mallory in between watching kids attempt to shoot with a lacrosse stick and thirty-somethings trying to hit 100 miles per hour on the speed gun with a bright yellow softball.
This bunch is led by Dave Mathey, founder of KD, a company that specializes in event production and staffing.
"I guess you could compare it to being a circus carney," Mathey said outside Hall of Fame Stadium and the WCWS.
Working as an emcee around the maze of entertainment options, Mathey, a veteran for 20 years, has the process down to a well-oiled machine. Fans arrive at venues where NCAA championships are held across the country, partake in the fun activities and never really think about who and when all this was put together.
There is a very quick turnover, especially this time of year.
On Monday, most of the group tore down their equipment following the men's lacrosse championships in Baltimore. A flight to Oklahoma City on Tuesday and immediately back to work, re-building the same Capital One Cup apparatus that was taken apart less than 48 hours earlier.
A little rain on Tuesday night slowed things down, but by the time the WCWS kicked off at 11 a.m. (CT) Thursday, everything was ready to go.
Part of the Baltimore to OKC group was Moral, a graduate of Barclay College in Haviland, Kan. She has been involved in the "traveling circus" for four years. Moral saw an advertisement on Facebook four years ago looking for workers for the WCWS. Since, she's traveled the country.
"I really enjoyed it and thought my boyfriend at the time might like it," Moral said during a short break on Thursday.
That boyfriend at the time is Austin Zamarripa, now the fiancé. After joining Brandi in OKC, the two worked the College World Series in Omaha that same year and since, as they might say in Hollywood one day, everything's been great. The two will be married in Great Bend on Aug. 9 of this year.
Moral, Zamarripa, and Mathey work more than just NCAA championships; the trio has started KTD, another event staffing company that, as you might expect, takes them around the country.
"I really enjoy this," Moral said. "The travel is great and it really is a cool brand to represent because of all the things Capital One does; there is a great scholarship program and working with the NCAA and the championships … it's just fun."
Fun also can be work.
For Zamarripa, since January he's been to the Capital One Bowl in Florida, the NCAA Wrestling Championships in Oklahoma City, the Final Four in Dallas, the Frozen Four in Philadelphia, this week in OKC for softball, and will be heading to Omaha for baseball a few days after softball ends.
Following the exchange of vows, there will be no immediate honeymoon.
"I think I'm back on the road the 12th [of August]," Austin said. "It's great being able to travel with Brandi, but with what we do, there are plenty of times when we are at different events."
Jessie Harper, Mia Davidson, Bailey Hemphill and Morganne Flores are some of the top home run hitters in the country, and they are returning for this 2020 college softball season.
Alyssa Nakken has made history. The former three-time all-conference player for Sacramento State softball will become the first full-time female assistant coach in MLB history, as she joins the San Francisco Giants staff.
2020 DII softball rankings: Preseason Power 10
There hasn't been a repeat national champion in DII softball in two decades, but Augustana (SD) returns plenty to give them a chance for back-to-back titles. The Vikings top the first Power 10 DII softball rankings of 2020.


Main opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) revealed Sunday its manifesto for Turkey's local elections slated for March 31 with an emphasis on social and economic policies to be implemented by municipalities.
The 12-point manifesto was announced by Chairman Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu before party administration, candidates, their supporters and party members gathered in Ankara Sports Hall in the center of the Turkish capital. CHP's candidates in Turkey's three largest cities of Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir, namely Ekrem Imamoğlu, Mansur Yavaş and Tunç Soyer, accompanied Kılıçdaroğlu in the event.
Kılıçdaroğlu's speech was mainly focused on the economy and rising food prices, which is expected to be the soft spot of the ruling Justice and Development Party (AK Party) in the elections.
The CHP chairman argued that Turkey's economic independence is at stake now, and criticized the government for policies leading to high interest rates and payments, increasing public debt and decrease in production, especially in agriculture.
Kılıçdaroğlu blamed "mismanagement" for the problems in Turkey.
"The current political power cannot come up with solutions, but complains to citizens. If you're complaining, then you should leave your seat and people who [can] solve problems will take it. Those who have been in power for the last 17 years don't have the right to complain," he said.
At the core of CHP's election promises is to implement 2,200 Turkish lira ($418) minimum wage in all CHP-run municipalities, which is higher than the TL 2,020 minimum wage determined by the government and trade unions in late December. The party started implementing this policy as of January 2019 and emphasizes this point under the poverty title in its manifesto.
The center-left CHP is cooperating with the right-wing Good Party (IP) in most municipalities as the continuation of the Nation Alliance formed for the June 24, 2018 presidential and parliamentary elections. The alliance also included the conservative Felicity Party (SP), and the CHP and the IP are currently in talks with the SP to extend their cooperation in local elections on a similar scale.
Their main rivals are the People's Alliance of the conservative AK Party and the right-wing Nationalist Movement Party (MHP).
In his speech, Kılıçdaroğlu extended his greetings to IP Chairwoman Meral Akşener, SP Chairman Temel Karamollaoğlu and their fellow party members.
The pro-PKK Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) and its voter base is expected to support CHP-IP candidates in many areas by not nominating any candidates or low-profile campaigns, although the two groups refrain from talks on an official platform due to a possible backlash from their voter bases.
However, the CHP, already plagued by intraparty divisions due to the leadership race between Kılıçdaroğlu and intra-party opposition headed by CHP's June 24 presidential candidate Muharrem Ince, underwent a difficult and prolonged process for determining its candidates.
The CHP administration and Kılıçdaroğlu, who failed to emerge victorious in four parliamentary, two presidential and one local election in addition to a crucial system change referendum, were blamed for nominating figures closer to their line at the expense of popular and experienced candidates with independent stances or ties to the intra-party opposition. This, along with concessions to the IP for their cooperation, led to mass resignations on a local scale, while many prominent party members also left their positions. Pundits have claimed that the CHP might find it hard to attract its voters to the ballots on the election day.


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Main-
M&A-
M&A Trends 2022 Overview and 2023 Outlook
Erik Mills
#M&A Update: Jan 13, 2023
In comparison to 2021 — a record-breaking year, when the total value of global mergers and acquisition deals reached $5.7 trillion — 2022 has shown a much slower pace. Rising interest rates, economic uncertainty, and geopolitical turmoil were the main factors that significantly affected global M&A activity in 2022.
Keep reading to find out the key strategic trends that impacted the global M&A environment in 2022 and explore the M&A outlook for 2023.
M&A activity 2022: General overview
Judging from the success of 2021, many of the M&A market insiders were confident that 2022 will be at least just as good. However, the end of the year has shown a 37% drop in the M&A deal volume — $3.6 trillion by December 2022. This is the biggest year-over-year decline since 2001.
Among the main reasons for such a fall-off, M&A experts and investment bankers define the following:
Growing interest rates. Central banks have been raising interest rates to resist inflation. Such actions have resulted in equity market volatility and increased cost of acquisition financing
Geopolitical uncertainty. Russia's invasion of Ukraine has created a lot of economic obstacles to merger and acquisition deals. The war in Ukraine has resulted in supply chain disruptions as well as hesitation in company purchases. Both an acquiring company and a target company have to do much more thorough research and financial modeling before the actual merger occurs.
Unfavorable economic environment. When the economy is unstable, merging companies have to be more confident about the benefits and the competitive advantage a potential deal might bring. 2022 had most business executives hesitant about entering into large deals in M&A due to the difficult operating environment.
Key 2022 M&A trends
Among the main tendencies of M&A activity in 2022, industry experts define the following:
M&A deals 2022 were less appealing for many private equity firms. This is because the debt had a higher cost, and it made it harder to reach return hurdles by means of leverage. Despite this, financial markets experts believe that 2023 might bring positive changes, as the private equity industry has a lot of dry powder in reserve and will seek opportunities to use it.
The number of large transformational transactions was reduced. Corporate buyers that wanted to choose large deals as a part of their development corporate strategy faced more strict regulatory scrutiny in 2022. Naturally, this led to a drop in the number of mega deals.
ESG and digitization were in focus. The specific areas of ESG and digitization remained the priority in mergers and acquisitions across all sectors, bringing businesses on the path of more resourceful and sustainable growth.
Industrial deals were the most common. Among the other most popular industries for M&A deals in 2022 were information technology, real estate, and consumer discretionary. The number of transactions in each specific sector ranged from 5,000 to more than 8,000.
The healthcare industry has experienced a dramatic drop down in the deals volume. The number of deals conducted in 2022 is about 30% lower than in the same period a year ago.
Virtual dealmaking was on the rise. Considering the fact that conducting deals virtually opens even more doors to decision-makers across all geographies and markets, such type of dealmaking was popular in 2022.
Virtual deal room services and M&A in 2022
Virtual communication gifted M&A experts everywhere with the most valuable asset — time. By eliminating the need to travel and allowing the ability to process due diligence remotely, virtual data rooms established a platform for faster, more equipped decision-making. The demand for virtual data room services in dealmaking is proved by numbers. The market share of virtual data rooms was $1.58 billion in 2019. It's forecasted to reach $4.12 billion by the end of 2027.
While the high-profile meetings still happened in person in 2022, for the most part, a lot of collaborations remained in the virtual space — the M&A data room. Most boards also adopted a hybrid model, reserving the physical interactions for a minimal amount of cases.
2023 M&A outlook
Although 2022 was a tough year for M&A activity, insiders believe 2023 might bring a slow recovery for the industry.
Among the main forecasted M&A tendencies for 2023 are the following:
The focus will keep transferring from mega deals to smaller deals. The growing number of large deals is not expected in 2023. Due to global economic uncertainty, strategic buyers will more likely prefer less expensive deals with lower risk.
The technological sector will be in demand. Due to rapid technological development, digital transformation is what most businesses will need. Machine learning and artificial intelligence markets are forecasted to be especially popular for M&A deal-making.
The geopolitical tension's impact will remain strong. If Russia's war in Ukraine continues, companies will remain cautious about entering into large deals, and cross-border M&A activity will keep decreasing. Insiders believe that this might result in a growing number of deals among trusted partners instead, as companies will seek stability and predictability.
ESG deals will remain in focus. Environmental, social, and government issues will be the drivers for the financial success and an M&A dealmaking in 2023.
The M&A deal volumes have significantly declined in 2022 compared to the previous record-breaking year. Among the main grounds for such a fall-off, industry experts see geopolitical tension, economic uncertainty, and growing interest rates.
However, insiders believe that 2023 might become "a year of a slow recovery," and deal activity is expected to be at least not lower than in 2022. Technological businesses and ESG deals of small to medium scale are expected to remain in focus and drive the market in 2023.
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William Jackson III heads 'up and down' year for Bengals corners
The Bengals cornerbacks are without an interception this year and that's only the tip of the frustration.
William Jackson III heads 'up and down' year for Bengals corners The Bengals cornerbacks are without an interception this year and that's only the tip of the frustration. Check out this story on cincinnati.com: https://www.cincinnati.com/story/sports/nfl/bengals/2018/12/07/william-jackson-iii-heads-frustrating-year-bengals-corners-cincinnati-bengals/2239272002/
Paul Dehner Jr., Cincinnati Enquirer Published 12:39 p.m. ET Dec. 7, 2018 | Updated 12:44 p.m. ET Dec. 7, 2018
The Bengals beat writers sit down with Andrew Billings this week on Beyond the Stripes. Cincinnati Enquirer
Cincinnati Bengals cornerback William Jackson (22) walks off the field after Kansas City Chiefs wide receiver Tyreek Hill (10) scores a touchdown in the fourth quarter of the NFL Week 7 game between the Kansas City Chiefs and the Cincinnati Bengals at Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City, Mo., on Tuesday, Oct. 16, 2018. The Bengals lost 45-10, falling to 4-3 on the season.(Photo: Sam Greene)
William Jackson III sums up his first full season as a starter simply.
"Up and down," he said.
For the cornerbacks, in particular, the roller coaster of this season left everyone a little nauseous. None more than the 2016 first-round pick from Houston with the astronomical expectations.
He came off his first year in 2017 with Marvin Lewis using the phrase "potential future All-Pro" and Pro Football Focus calling it one of the best seasons in coverage in their grading era, even if a small sample size.
Instead of taking off, Jackson III admittedly sputtered at times. He says a new system installed by Teryl Austin left him unsure too often and now he's having to recalibrate to the old defensive system on the fly with Lewis taking over as coordinator.
"New system, then back to the old system," Jackson III said. "It's just going back out there and knowing I'm comfortable like I was last year. I wouldn't say I don't feel comfortable, I just second guess a lot of things rather than just go out there and play."
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Nobody looks comfortable, for multiple reasons. First off, none of the Bengals cornerbacks have recorded an interception this season. Not one.
That has left everyone uneasy.
"Definitely, it's frustrating just knowing the type of talent we have as a group, as a whole," said Darqueze Dennard, who missed four games with a sternoclavicular injury.
The same reaction comes across the face of Dre Kirkpatrick when reminded of the stat. The Bengals are one of two teams without a cornerback interception this year, San Francisco the other.
The Bears have 11. Detroit is the only other team besides the 49ers that doesn't have multiple cornerbacks grabbing at least one pick.
"I dropped one against the Ravens," Kirkpatrick said. "I dropped another one Colts week, pick-6. So, I feel like I get another opportunity I can bring them in. I don't really have the answer for it. It's weird."
He plans to address it by spending more time this offseason working on his hands. In the past, most offseason workouts were directional and movement related. The Juggs machine will now be a regular part of the routine.
This anomaly has been about more than drops, or even cornerback play. The Bengals are tied for 11th in the league with 11 interceptions overall. Safeties Shawn Williams (4) and Jessie Bates III (3) combined for seven.
Early in the season, teams went after the Bengals starting corners. The first five weeks of the year Jackson, Dennard and Kirkpatrick all ranked among the top 20 targeted corners, according to Pro Football Focus. Over the last six weeks, Jackson and Kirkpatrick both have been targeted 24 times – that ranks 67th in the league over that span.
The lack of attention comes because teams have so much ease throwing inside and at the Bengals' struggling linebackers, there's little reason to go outside.
"You got to look at everything," Kirkpatrick said. "The first four or five games of the season, I had 14 PBUS with two drop picks. I think we showed up and they started going elsewhere."
Jackson, however, too often when targeted he wasn't able to show the same stickiness illustrated a year ago when he shut down Antonio Brown and other premiere receivers on a weekly basis.
There's no running from the fact struggling to master Austin's system affected his game.
"Probably the mental side of it," Jackson said.
Learning not to second guess stands as the current obstacle lodged between good and great in the career of Jackson III.
He says he has a better feel for the old system Lewis revived when taking over as coordinator three games ago. Certainly, Jackson's played with more consistency.
Either way, he's battling the learning curve in his first season as a full-time starter. He'd love to live in a world where all he has to do is cover his guy and keep the ball out of the receiver's hands. While that's part of it, understanding the rest game needs perfecting.
A perfect example came on third-and-14 in the fourth quarter Sunday. While running behind Courtland Sutton, Jackson allows the receiver to stop and push Jackson past him then haul in the pass thrown back shoulder. Understanding what Sutton is attempting to do and the objective of the opponent in that situation should have made the play easier to predict.
"We have to understand the situation and have to play strong in those things," Lewis said. "That's an opportunity for him as he goes forward — to understand a situation like that. It's something we hadn't seen from that positioning, but yet it can happen, so you have to be at your best all the time."
Fully understanding the nuances of the game situation and awareness are part of the maturation from good to great for William Jackson III. Seeing the throw and making this third-down play is a prime example.
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The positioning was part of the problem. While most will focus on the end of the route, the first step of the day caused the entire issue through the eyes of cornerback coach Daronte Jones.
"We talked about that, Will understands, admitted it," Jones said. "He could have cleaned up his technique at the beginning and it wouldn't have got to that point. Clean up some things at the line of scrimmage and that prevents him from being in the tail, chase mode."
This is one play in a season where Jackson spent 468 in coverage. It sums up the year in a nutshell, though: never felt right from the beginning and you spend the rest of the way in frustrating chase mode.
"I'm trying to figure it out week by week," Jackson said. "I'm getting back to play like I was."
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