text:
Health • Pandemics
World Tuberculosis Day 2022: WHO sounds the alarm
by Newslinkin staff
World Tuberculosis Day is an opportunity for the WHO, governments and others to raise awareness about TB. While TB is curable and preventable, it still kills 1.4 million people each year.
Every year, March 24 is World Tuberculosis Day. This date marks the day in 1882 when Dr. Robert Koch announced that he had discovered the mycobacterium that causes tuberculosis, thus paving the way for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. According to World Health Organization (WHO) figures, 66 million lives have been saved since 2000 as a result of global efforts to eradicate Tuberculosis; while this progress has been steady, the COVID-19 pandemic has reversed years of global progress in the fight against Tuberculosis: this is the first time since 2005 that a year-on-year increase in the number of Tuberculosis deaths has been observed (WHO Global Report 2021). In 2020, 9.9 million people contracted the disease and 1.5 million people died from it.
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Tuberculosis remains the leading cause of death among people living with HIV and is at the heart of the threat posed by antimicrobial resistance.
What is tuberculosis? Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease. There are two types:
On the one hand, the tuberculosis bacterium can remain in a resting state in the body, in which case it does not cause any disease. This is called latent tuberculosis infection. The bacteria are alive in the infected person, but they do not cause disease or symptoms and are not contagious. Latent TB infection can last for years or decades.
On the other hand, the bacteria can infest the body and tuberculosis then becomes contagious. It is transmitted through the airways and is manifested by :
A cough with sputum sometimes containing blood
From the fièvre
General fatigue
There is an efficacious treatment for tuberculosis. When taken correctly, it cures the majority of cases. Without treatment, mortality from the disease is estimated at 50% of cases. The treatment consists of a combination of antibiotics to be taken over the long term (for at least 6 months).
The COVID-19 pandemic has reversed years of progress in Tuberculosis control and disease burden reduction.
Coronavirus (COVID-19) The largest pandemic in history
Much work remains to be done to better understand and effectively manage this disease. In all disciplines, from basic research to human and social sciences, progress is needed to understand the persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the body, to develop new therapeutic approaches and more effective vaccination, or to improve surveillance by taking into account potential animal reservoirs in a One Health approach, for example.
At the agency's Scientific Days, which took place on March 15 and 16, 2022, Claudia Denkinger (Heidelberg University Hospital) emphasized the need for sensitive, specific, easy-to-use and inexpensive diagnostic tools. This is indeed the first step to identify infected people and allow them to start treatment. She presented the avenues being developed to diversify the samples that can be analyzed (blood, stool, urine, etc.) in order to target the affected populations more effectively, particularly children. Alain Baulard (Inserm, Institut Pasteur, CIIL), for his part, addressed the phenomenon of resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs, one of the major current research challenges. In particular, he presented innovative work that makes it possible to circumvent the resistance mechanisms developed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis against certain treatments.
Tuberculosis A deteriorated situation since the Covid-19 pandemic
While diagnostic and treatment strategies have saved 66 million lives since the 2000s, the Covid-19 pandemic has halted this progress. According to the WHO, for the first time in 10 years, the number of deaths due to tuberculosis is on the rise worldwide. In addition, it warns of the devastating effect of the current conflicts in Eastern Europe, Africa and the middle east.
The situation has deteriorated significantly, particularly for children and young adolescents. According to WHO estimates, in 2020, 63% of sick children and adolescents under 15 years of age did not benefit from diagnostic services or treatment. The situation is even more alarming for children under the age of 5. Indeed, 72% of them would not have benefited from diagnosis or treatment in 2020. In addition, two-thirds of those who qualify have not received preventive treatment for TB and thus remain at risk of contracting the disease. These alarming conditions are due to lack of access to care and reduced access to health follow-ups during the Covid-19 pandemic.
WHO recommendations in the face of this emergency situation
On World Tuberculosis Day, WHO is sounding the alarm for countries to restore access to Tuberculosis services for all patients, especially children and adolescents, as soon as possible. In response to this alarming situation, it is issuing guidelines for the management of the disease in children and adolescents. They include:
Expansion of diagnostic tests with the inclusion of non-invasive tests
The use of rapid molecular diagnosis as an initial test in children and adolescents
The treatment of benign forms was reduced from 6 to 4 months. The treatment of tuberculous meningitis is reduced from 12 to 6 months
Recommending the use of the two newest medications for the management of children and adolescents. This will allow a shift to an oral-only regimen
Decentralization of care models afin order to increase access to preventive care and treatment.
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Juliet says:
Hello everyone I'm here to share my testimony on how I get cured from tuberculosis, I have been passing through this disease for year's and I have try all I can to get rid of this disease, not till one day I read about a herbal doctor called Stephen on social media and I also saw his contact there, I then contact him and explain all I have been passing through to him and he told me to stop worrying myself that my solution has come, he also told me to promise him that once he treats me and I totally become heal from tuberculosis that I will share my testimony of his good works. and I promise him that if he can treat me and I totally become heal from tuberculosis I will share my testimony, after Three days later doctor Stephen send some of his herbal medicine for me and gave me instructions on how to use them for Seven days, and I use the medicine as I was instructed by him and at the fourth day of me using doctor Stephen herbal medicine I began to feel better and after the Seven days completed I feel nothing again now I'm totally okay and strong, now I can do what I can't do before
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We get a large number of positive feedback from the visiting schools. Have a look at some of the comments left from staff and children.
The exhibition was most informative with both the visuals and oral presentations being engaging and attractive to young people. I'm sure our students will have benefitted from such a comprehensive illustration of bible content. It was absolutely fantastic and the students definitely seemed to enjoy it.
An interactive exhibition geared perfectly for primary school children. They enjoyed learning from and listening to their guides. The question sheet provided focus for the children.
Thank you so much for making the Bible interesting and accessible to the children. The exhibition is very easy to understand and they have really enjoyed it. The adults involved were friendly and enthusiastic. The organisation was very good and we have had a great morning. It has been lovely to see the children enthused by the Bible.
The children thoroughly enjoyed their visit. It was very interesting and brought the bible to life for them. It gave them a brilliant first hand experience of happenings from Bible time.
The energy and enthusiasm displayed by the guides spilled over to the children and they were thoroughly engaged for the whole time we were at the exhibition – NO MEAN FEAT! Excellent, Thank you.


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There are so many great effects to choose from - this is a list of some of my personal favorites.
If nothing else is mentioned, all plugins are available as both 32/64 bit VST.
From the menu at the top of the page you can navigate to pages with different kinds of effects.


DemoCurmudgeon: More Common Core support in Wisconsin: "Marshfield is not an island, and is operating in a global marketplace."
More Common Core support in Wisconsin: "Marshfield is not an island, and is operating in a global marketplace."
I have rarely seen a negative article about Common Core in Wisconsin, besides the occasional story about the tea party's opposition.
MARSHFIELDNewsHarold: Despite the controversy surrounding Common Core, Marshfield School Board's Curriculum and Instruction Committee doesn't foresee the district doing anything to distance itself from the set of standards Wisconsin adopted in 2010, according to committee members. "If you listen to the (Professional Learning Community) committees, or how we develop curriculum, that's not what drives the development. It's so much more than that," said Dorothy Chaney, who sits on the committee. "Common Core is not what drives our curriculum development, period," Chaney said.
"My opinion is I don't think it would rise to the level of a high priority," Committee member Randell Kruger said. "Given that there are a lot of standards that we have to abide by … (like) the standards to teach Advanced Placement, Project Lead the Way, or transcripted credit courses through local institutions of higher learning.
Common Core critics say schools are losing local control over curriculum choices, however, Kruger said people have to realize Marshfield is not an island, and is operating in a global marketplace.


text:
Q: GridView is not visible in the output Okay!
I am trying to merge 4 Tables which i have aliased in SelectCommand.
Problem--> The GridView is not visible in the final output
Guesswork--> I even tried without alias (Didn't work still). So i am kinda lost as where i am going wrong
Tell me if any more information that i can provide?
    <asp:HiddenField runat="server" ID="FirstName_HiddenField" Value="s"/>

            Student Details

            <asp:SqlDataSource runat="server"
                 ID="SqlDataSource_FirstName"
                 ConnectionString="Data Source=NIRMIT-PC\SQLEXPRESS;Initial Catalog=KohinoorDatabaseTrial3;Integrated Security=True"
                 SelectCommand="SELECT SD.enq_id, SD.reg_id, SD.first_name, SD.middle_name, SD.last_name, SED.enq_date, POD.name, SD.DOB, SD.contact_no1, SCD.course, SD.admission_type
                                    FROM StudentDetails AS SD
                                    LEFT OUTER JOIN StudentEnquiryDetails AS SED
                                    ON SD.enq_id = SED.enq_id
                                    LEFT OUTER JOIN StudentCourseDetails AS SCD
                                    ON SD.enq_id = SCD.enq_id
                                    LEFT OUTER JOIN ParentOccupationDetails AS POD
                                    ON SD.enq_id = POD.enq_id
                                    WHERE SD.first_name LIKE '%@FirstName%'">
                <SelectParameters>
                    <asp:ControlParameter ControlID="FirstName_HiddenField" Name="FirstName" />
                </SelectParameters>
            </asp:SqlDataSource>
            <asp:GridView runat="server"
                ID="StudentDetailsGridView"
                OnSelectedIndexChanged="StudentDetailsGridView_SelectedIndexChanged"
                AutoGenerateColumns="false"
                Width="100%"
                AllowPaging="true"
                PageSize="10"
                CssClass="GridViewTable" ViewStateMode="Enabled" Visible="true">

                <Columns>
                    <asp:BoundField DataField="SD.enq_id" HeaderText="Enq No" />
                    <asp:BoundField DataField="SD.reg_id" HeaderText="Reg No" />
                    <asp:TemplateField>
                        <ItemTemplate>
                            <asp:Label runat="server" ID="Name" Text='<%# Bind("SD.first_name") + " " + Bind("SD.middle_name") + " " + Bind("SD.last_name") %>'></asp:Label>
                        </ItemTemplate>
                    </asp:TemplateField>
                    <asp:BoundField DataField="SED.enq_date" HeaderText="Enq Date" />
                    <asp:BoundField DataField="POD.name" HeaderText="Guardian" />
                    <asp:BoundField DataField="SD.DOB" HeaderText="Date of Birth" />
                    <asp:BoundField DataField="SDcontact_no1" HeaderText="Contact No" />
                    <asp:BoundField DataField="SCD.course" HeaderText="Course" />
                    <asp:BoundField DataField="SD.admission_type" HeaderText="Admission Type" />
                </Columns>
                <HeaderStyle CssClass="TableHeadingRow" />
                <RowStyle CssClass="TableRow" />
            </asp:GridView>

CODE BEHIND:
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    StudentDetailsGridView.DataSourceID = SqlDataSource_FirstName.ID;
    StudentDetailsGridView.DataBind();
}

A: Should it not be
StudentDetailsGridView.DataSource = SqlDataSource_FirstName;

??
in the code behind? I think that you are not binding your SqlDataSource to your gridview correctly and that's your problem...

A: Woah!! Got it !!
Mistake 1) Dont use Alias in DataField property (My Theory- DataField uses column name of final result table which is void of alias)
Mistake 2) '%' + @FirstName + '%' instead of %@FirstName%
So just to get the overview and let this question be helpful to others
<asp:HiddenField runat="server" ID="FirstName_HiddenField" Value="s"/>
    <asp:HiddenField runat="server"/>

            Student Details

            <asp:SqlDataSource runat="server"
                 ID="SqlDataSource_FirstName"
                 ConnectionString="Data Source=NIRMIT-PC\SQLEXPRESS;Initial Catalog=KohinoorDatabaseTrial3;Integrated Security=True"
                 SelectCommand="SELECT SD.enq_id, SD.reg_id, SD.first_name, SD.middle_name, SD.last_name, SED.enq_date, POD.name, SD.DOB, SD.contact_no1, SCD.course, SD.admission_type
                                    FROM StudentDetails AS SD
                                    LEFT OUTER JOIN StudentEnquiryDetails AS SED
                                    ON SD.enq_id = SED.enq_id
                                    LEFT OUTER JOIN StudentCourseDetails AS SCD
                                    ON SD.enq_id = SCD.enq_id
                                    LEFT OUTER JOIN ParentOccupationDetails AS POD
                                    ON SD.enq_id = POD.enq_id
                                    WHERE SD.first_name LIKE '%' + @FirstName + '%'" >
                <SelectParameters>
                    <asp:ControlParameter ControlID="FirstName_HiddenField"  Name="FirstName" />
                </SelectParameters>
            </asp:SqlDataSource>
            <asp:GridView runat="server"
                ID="StudentDetailsGridView"
                OnSelectedIndexChanged="StudentDetailsGridView_SelectedIndexChanged"
                AutoGenerateColumns="false"
                Width="100%"
                AllowPaging="true"
                PageSize="10"
                CssClass="GridViewTable" ViewStateMode="Enabled" Visible="true" EmptyDataText="No Result Found">

                <Columns>
                    <asp:BoundField DataField="enq_id" HeaderText="Enq No" />
                    <asp:BoundField DataField="reg_id" HeaderText="Reg No" />
                    <asp:TemplateField HeaderText="Name">
                        <ItemTemplate>
                            <asp:Label runat="server" ID="Name" Text='<%# Bind("first_name") + " " + Bind("middle_name") + " " + Bind("last_name") %>'></asp:Label>
                        </ItemTemplate>
                    </asp:TemplateField>
                    <asp:BoundField DataField="enq_date" HeaderText="Enq Date" />
                    <asp:BoundField DataField="name" HeaderText="Guardian" />
                    <asp:BoundField DataField="DOB" HeaderText="Date of Birth" />
                    <asp:BoundField DataField="contact_no1" HeaderText="Contact No" />
                    <asp:BoundField DataField="course" HeaderText="Course" />
                    <asp:BoundField DataField="admission_type" HeaderText="Admission Type" />
                </Columns>
                <HeaderStyle CssClass="TableHeadingRow" />
                <RowStyle CssClass="TableRow" />
            </asp:GridView>

Cheers guys :)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Below is the list of Best Amusement Parks in Colorado. The number one amusement park is Water World in Denver. The next few amusement parks in the top 5 are Six Flags Elitch Gardens in Denver, Lakeside Amusment Park in Denver, Royal Gorge Bridge and Park in Cañon City and Glenwood Caverns Adventure Park in Glenwood Springs. Worth mentioning is Lakeside Amusement Park. For more amusement parks in Colorado see the city links below including Denver.


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Monterey wants you to ride your bike to work this week
Updated: 4:54 PM PDT May 10, 2016
The city of Monterey is expecting a traffic backup on Lighthouse Avenue this summer and is hoping people will consider alternative modes of transportation.Construction on the Holman Highway Roundabout project is expected to begin in June. The project, up at the intersection of 17-Mile Drive and state Route 68, will likely push a lot more vehicle traffic onto Lighthouse Avenue, a Monterey artery that is already frequently clogged."Come 3 p.m., 3:30 p.m., it starts to back up, and from that point until about 7 p.m., it's pretty slow here," said Jason Costanza, who owns Monterey Seibuken Academy, on Lighthouse Avenue.Monterey is hoping rather than getting frustrated with even more traffic this summer, people will take a new route to work."We want to get people to walk, and we want to get people to bike," said Andrea Renny, with the city's traffic and engineering department.The city was originally thinking of changing the lanes on Lighthouse during the construction. The plan was to make it three one-way lanes towards the tunnel and one lane going towards Pacific Grove. Citizens shot that idea down, and now the city says the best way to prevent traffic jams is alternative transportation.Renny said people don't even have to get all the way from point A to point B, because even just going halfway helps relieve traffic."You might not be able to bike all the way to work, but you can park in a downtown garage and bike part of the way on the rec trail, so that contributes to getting less traffic," she said.Renny said employers like Monterey Bay Aquarium and hotels on Cannery Row are helping with this push, encouraging their employees to take advantage of the rec trail and bike to work, which, in some cases, is a faster commute."If you're driving during the peak morning hours and peak afternoon hours, it is definitely faster to use your bike, and probably walking, too," she said.According to the aquarium, 30 percent of its staff gets to work using alternative transportation, including, walking, biking, van-pooling, carpooling and riding the bus. The organization provides its staff with Monterey Salinas Transit passes, and there are incentives for bike riding as well as MBA-owned loaner bikes.Renny said employers also help to track how many people are riding their bikes. She said they will also use rec trail counts to measure success this summer.May is bicycle safety awareness month. The city won a grant and is using it to educate children, and on Sunday, May 15, the city will be giving 500 bike helmets to children. For more information click here.The Transportation Agency for Monterey County is also helping to make biking happen. It's arranged for Monterey Peninsula College to become a park-and-ride destination, allowing people to park for free at MPC and ride their bike to work from there.TAMC has also produced a bike map for Monterey County. You can find it here here.
MONTEREY, Calif. —
The city of Monterey is expecting a traffic backup on Lighthouse Avenue this summer and is hoping people will consider alternative modes of transportation.
Construction on the Holman Highway Roundabout project is expected to begin in June. The project, up at the intersection of 17-Mile Drive and state Route 68, will likely push a lot more vehicle traffic onto Lighthouse Avenue, a Monterey artery that is already frequently clogged.
"Come 3 p.m., 3:30 p.m., it starts to back up, and from that point until about 7 p.m., it's pretty slow here," said Jason Costanza, who owns Monterey Seibuken Academy, on Lighthouse Avenue.
Monterey is hoping rather than getting frustrated with even more traffic this summer, people will take a new route to work.
"We want to get people to walk, and we want to get people to bike," said Andrea Renny, with the city's traffic and engineering department.
The city was originally thinking of changing the lanes on Lighthouse during the construction. The plan was to make it three one-way lanes towards the tunnel and one lane going towards Pacific Grove. Citizens shot that idea down, and now the city says the best way to prevent traffic jams is alternative transportation.
Renny said people don't even have to get all the way from point A to point B, because even just going halfway helps relieve traffic.
"You might not be able to bike all the way to work, but you can park in a downtown garage and bike part of the way on the rec trail, so that contributes to getting less traffic," she said.
Renny said employers like Monterey Bay Aquarium and hotels on Cannery Row are helping with this push, encouraging their employees to take advantage of the rec trail and bike to work, which, in some cases, is a faster commute.
"If you're driving during the peak morning hours and peak afternoon hours, it is definitely faster to use your bike, and probably walking, too," she said.
According to the aquarium, 30 percent of its staff gets to work using alternative transportation, including, walking, biking, van-pooling, carpooling and riding the bus. The organization provides its staff with Monterey Salinas Transit passes, and there are incentives for bike riding as well as MBA-owned loaner bikes.
Renny said employers also help to track how many people are riding their bikes. She said they will also use rec trail counts to measure success this summer.
May is bicycle safety awareness month. The city won a grant and is using it to educate children, and on Sunday, May 15, the city will be giving 500 bike helmets to children. For more information click here.
The Transportation Agency for Monterey County is also helping to make biking happen. It's arranged for Monterey Peninsula College to become a park-and-ride destination, allowing people to park for free at MPC and ride their bike to work from there.
TAMC has also produced a bike map for Monterey County. You can find it here here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Instead of handling the day-to-day banking for individuals, central banks are public institutions that control the money supply of a country.
The central bank of the USA is the Federal Reserve, in the UK it's the Bank of England, and in Australia it's the Reserve Bank of Australia. European Union countries that have adopted the euro have the European Central Bank (ECB) together with their national central banks, making up the Eurosystem.
Responsibilities of a central bank vary by country but the main job is typically to maintain price stability. In most countries, this means keeping inflation or the rise in prices of goods and services, to a target rate of around two percent a year.
Central banks mainly do this through changes to their policy rate. This is the interest rate at which a central bank lends money to commercial banks, usually in the form of short-term loans. If inflation rates are below target, the central bank will lower interest rates.
If it costs less for banks to borrow, they can offer cheaper loans and mortgages to customers, to encourage people to spend and businesses to invest. If inflation rates rise above the target, the central bank will increase interest rates to rein in the economy by making it more expensive to borrow.
The [central bank's] main job is typically to maintain price stability.
Central banks can also stimulate the economy by purchasing assets such as bonds, in what is known as quantitative easing. This involves creating money electronically to buy these from private-sector organisations such as banks or pension funds. Pumping money into the financial system encourages financial institutions to lend more to businesses and individuals.
Central banks also usually issue the banknotes and coins in circulation within a country. And in some countries, the central bank regulates financial services firms. The Bank of England's Prudential Regulation Authority, for example, supervises around 1,500 banks, building societies, credit unions, insurers and major investment firms. It makes sure they hold enough capital and are run in a safe and sound way.
Central banks in some countries may be owned by governments but remain free to set monetary policy without day-to-day political interference.


These estimated prices are for the Base Set and all accompanying stretch goals. Expansions and any larger add-ons will raise costs accordingly.
Is there any official news about this project? Backers are becoming relentless in the KS comments as the last update is more than 2 months old as well as the last comment from Ulisses US.
I will post something in the comments. Unfortunately I don't have enough for a full update, but I can do that at least.
The short answer is - some but not all of the products have been printed. We have been trying for weeks to get more definitive scheduling, and we just don't have them yet.
Great, but what are you basing this on?
The 24. Update on the Kickstarter page.
I like how Ulisses handle themselves during their Kickstarters and am looking forward to the game. I would love to hear about what went wrong and what they changed for the future but I understand that lessons learned need sometimes stay behind closed doors lest the ever negative internet pundits get given a target for their anger and negativety.
Anyway ... Bring on mid June.
P.S.: I am using the android Kickstarter app and it's not always the best at informing you about updates.
Lambert wrote: Great, but what are you basing this on?
Also their last youtube video talks about the freshly arrived reprint of the German version of the game. They also mention the English version there as well. So the game is finished and currently in the Ulisses warehouse.


We are getting ready to makeover my daughter's nursery into a big girl room. I am so hesitant to move her out of a crib, so I have just slowly been doing little DIY projects around her room. One of my favorite updates I did, was to add O'verlays to her plain white Ikea Hemnes dresser.
Here are some other furniture makeovers using Overlays. Pretty amazing transformations, right?
Overlays also has kits to customize Ikea shelving and corners for Ikea tables. The options are endless!!
Genius idea, right?? I have some greek key trim I ordered from O'verlays that I am going to use on another project, so stay tuned.
Have you ever used O'verlays or DIY'd your own decorative panels? Please share in the comments!
The cabinet looks amazing! I love how it turned out. Great idea and so inexpensive to make these pieces stand out. Thank you for sharing!
Thank you so much! It makes it look like a much higher end piece. I am tempted to update all of my dressers! Thanks for stopping by and for the sweet shout out on twitter!


text:
The Cranberries to reunite
Dolores O'Riordan has confirmed that the Cranberries are to get back together in the near future.
MIKE FARRAGHER
Dolores O'Riordan has confirmed that Irish rock band The Cranberries are to get back together in the near future.
She was chatting with the Limerick Leader newspaper in advance of the release of her solo album, "No Baggage," and she revealed that she got together with her former band members as recently as last week.
"It was great, I saw them last week when I was down in Limerick," she said. "We all got together with all of our kids and had a nice time hanging out."
The band is one of the most successful groups in Irish history, having sold more than 40 million albums worldwide before going on "hiatus" in 2003. O'Riordan would like to see her old band return to both the stage and the recording studio in the near future.
"Oh yeah, I would see it on the cards in the future," she said. "With this (solo album) being out I will probably do a tour and in the next year or two it would be a really nice thing to do.
"I think creatively we would have to write some amazing music and go where we haven't gone before and make an album that is totally different to what we have done before. For so long there was so much pressure. When you are 20 years old and that many people are looking at you, of course you are going to screw up; every mistake that you make is publicized.
"But when you move away and get away from it all and start to have kids -- suddenly it is not all about me, it is about life and you have this real love and this reality that perhaps is something that I craved for so long."


Tom Rinaldi is my hero today, and apparently Giants pitcher Jonathan Sanchez's hero also.
Rinaldi, the winemaker from Provenance Vineyards, made my second-favorite wine at the Rutherford Dust Society tasting on Wednesday. This was a very serious group of wines, including some of the most famous luxury wines in Napa. A group of sommeliers chose 19 wines they thought best represented Rutherford's 2006 vintage.
Why do I love Tom Rinaldi? Because his wine stood out among this rarified group -- and it was both the cheapest and the largest-production wine.
Granted, at $45 the Provenance Cab isn't a weekday burger wine. But 8 of the other 18 wines sell for more than $100. Moreover, Provenance was up against wines of which less than 100 total cases were made, meaning each grape cluster could be lavished with attention, but only the well-connected will ever see it. With 22,000 cases of Provenance available, you don't have to sigh that you'll never taste this exotic nectar.
Rinaldi is a self-effacing guy who was a winemaker at Duckhorn from 1978 to 1999, so he knows how to make larger-production luxury wines. He credited grapegrower Andy Beckstoffer, whose vineyards provided about 2/3 of the grapes in the Provenance Cab. He also mentioned long sorting tables where bad-looking grapes and non-grape material could be plucked out.
But the main data I extracted from Rinaldi was that Sanchez visited Provenance with his father on Tuesday, the day of the All-Star Game, just four days after pitching a no-hitter. According to Rinaldi, Provenance was the only winery stop on Sanchez's Napa visit. I have to give Sanchez credit: In a single week, he discovered control for his slider and a superb value in Napa Cabernet. The San Francisco Giants can really teach a guy how to live.
What's great about the Provenance? It's a satisfying two-level punch of bright fruit up top with a firm tannic backbone. It's complex and seems age-worthy, yet I could have drained a bottle of it this week without difficulty.
I mentioned that it was my 2nd favorite wine. Credit Staglin Family Vineyard for making a wine worthy of the $175 price tag in 2006; their '06 Estate Cab is complex and elegant, with healthy acidity that bodes well for the long term. It's not easy to be impressive in this group, but the Staglin stood out from the first whiff.
Overall, one surprise was the near-absence of monolithic fruit bombs. Napa Cabernet gets caricatured all the time, but at the top level these are wines of elegance and complexity. I don't know that I actually tasted the famous "Rutherford Dust," but these wines were, as a group, more the product of vineyards than of hang time, and more of grapes than oak barrels.
Thanks for the thoughtful comments. I may just have to up my price point for a few special bottles. For a larger production effort, I like their efforts to perfect the product. I remember a friend who used to be among their team sharing bottles of single barrel test efforts. They had tried over 100 different barrel types and toasts to see which matched best with the fruit. We got to try the same vinification aged in hungarian, several french and american barrels. A nice education from a very nice team of people. My father, who has pretty good taste and does not spend much on wine bought a case recently. Thanks again for the comments.
Correction to comment. I deleted what I was talking about in my editing. The effort I was praising was the BV LaTour.


Word cloud featuring top 75 words emerging from initial SEAD network meetings.
Artists and scientists looking to bridge the gap between their disciplines in a National Science Foundation-funded effort headed by Carol LaFayette, associate professor of visualization at Texas A&M, touted the benefits of interdisciplinary collaboration in newly released position paper.
Participants in the effort have established SEAD, the Sciences, Engineering, Arts and Design Network, and published their plans for facilitating further interdisciplinary exchanges, which they said will point the way to the development of new, sustainable economies and harmonious, cooperating societies.
The world's economy, culture and learning environments are being transformed through the development of products and ideas that are fundamentally hybrid, said the group, such as software, hardware designed with a nod to aesthetic elegance, or new means of interpretation and expression of scientific and cultural information.
Identifying potential SEAD partners such as The American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, College Art Association, International Graphic Association for Computing Machinery, American Institute of Graphic Arts, and others.
The network has spawned two groups: NSEAD, to connect and support the artistic and scientific research communities in academia, nonprofit organizations and industry, and XSEAD, which is performing a needs assessment for a digital archive and resource for stakeholder researchers and educators.
Gunalan Nadarajan, dean and professor at the University of Michigan's School of Art and Design and Carol Strohecker, director at the University of North Carolina System's Center for Design Innovation, are the project's co-principal investigators.


Google You Owe Us hopes to secure compensation for 4.4m iPhone users in the UK. If successful, Google could have to pay £3.3bn (£750/affected user). In 2012 Google paid a fine of $22.5m (£14.4m) to the US Federal Trade Commission on similar grounds.
However, yesterday Mr Justice Warby stopped the claim from proceeding, because it had not been established that Google's actions had caused "damage" and due to the difficulties involved with reliably calculating the number of iPhone users in the UK who might have been affected.
Richard Lloyd, a former director of the consumer group Which? is leading this litigation for the campaign group. Commenting on the High Court's ruling, Mr Lloyd said "closing this route to redress puts consumers in the UK at risk and sends a signal to the world's largest tech companies that they can continue to get away with treating our information irresponsibly".
An appeal is planned. Watch this space.


text:
EP2119279B1 - A method and apparatus for selecting a service area identifier for a user equipment in a wireless system - Google Patents
A method and apparatus for selecting a service area identifier for a user equipment in a wireless system Download PDF
EP2119279B1 EP08712772.6A EP08712772A EP2119279B1 EP 2119279 B1 EP2119279 B1 EP 2119279B1 EP 08712772 A EP08712772 A EP 08712772A EP 2119279 B1 EP2119279 B1 EP 2119279B1
femto
EP08712772.6A
Thomas Lindqvist
Tomas Nylander
Jari Vikberg
Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB
2008-02-01 Application filed by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB filed Critical Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB
2008-02-01 Priority to PCT/SE2008/050132 priority patent/WO2008108717A1/en
H04W8/00—Network data management
H04W8/26—Network addressing or numbering for mobility support
H04W4/029—Location-based management or tracking services
H04W16/00—Network planning, e.g. coverage or traffic planning tools; Network deployment, e.g. resource partitioning or cells structures
H04W16/24—Cell structures
H04W16/32—Hierarchical cell structures
H04W84/00—Network topologies
H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
H04W84/04—Large scale networks; Deep hierarchical networks
H04W84/042—Public Land Mobile systems, e.g. cellular systems
H04W84/045—Public Land Mobile systems, e.g. cellular systems using private Base Stations, e.g. femto Base Stations, home Node B
The present invention relates generally to the field of wireless or mobile communications network systems, and, more specifically, to a method and an apparatus for selecting a service area identifier for a user equipment in the wireless system.
Wireless access networks have become a key element of a variety of telecommunications network environments. As to enterprise network environments, they provide convenient wireless access to network resources for employees or customers carrying laptops and/or mobile handheld devices. In addition, wireless access points operable with diverse communication devices, such as laptops, mobile phones, etc., are broadly used in public environment such as e.g., hotels, train stations, airports, restaurants, schools, universities and homes, and are mostly used to offer high-speed internet access.
The telecommunication industries and operators are currently investigating the possibility to further increase the coverage area offered by cellular communications network systems to home or small areas. Examples of cellular communication network system are: the Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) network, also known as third generation (3G) cellular network system or wideband code division multiplexing access (WCDMA) network; the Global System for Mobile telecommunications (GSM) network; the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) network that utilizes the infrastructure of a GSM system; Two further examples of cellular access networks are EDGE and EGPRS which are further enhancements to GSM and GPRS. EDGE refers to enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution, and EGPRS refers to Enhanced GPRS.
According to such investigation, a limited number of users (e.g. a user equipment (UE)) may be provided with e.g. WCDMA or 3G coverage using a small radio base stations (RBS) also called a "femto RBS" that would be connected to a radio network controller (RNC) of the 3G network using some kind of internet protocol (IP) based transmission. The coverage area so provided is called a "femto cell" to indicate that the coverage area is relatively small compared with an area of a macro cell of a public land mobile network (PLMN). Other terminology for a femto RBS includes a "Home RBS" and/or a "home 3G access point (H3GAP)" and/or a "home access point (HAP)" and/or a "home Node B (HNB)". It should be mentioned that small cells known as picocells may serve small areas such as part of a building, a street corner or a airplane cabin and are usually smaller than microcells, which in turn is smaller than a macrocell. The picocells are traditionally provided as coverage or capacity extensions and do not include an access control mechanism. This means that all users that are allowed to access macrocells of a PLMN are also allowed to access microcells and picocells of the same PLMN.
One alternative for the IP based transmission is to use fixed broadband access (like xDSL, Cable, etc.) to connect the femto RBS to the RNC. Another alternative would be to use mobile broadband access e.g. some WiMAX technologies or HSDPA and enhanced uplink also known as HSPA.
Figure 1 illustrates an example of a WCDMA network 1 built with a traditional architecture including one or several RNCs 20 and femto RBSs 40 working as H3GAP. However the RBS's and RNC's may as well be collapsed and form a single node in a so called flat architecture. As shown in figure 1, the network 1 comprises a core network (CN) 80 connected to a RNC 20 that controls all radio base stations connected to it, i.e. macro RBS 30 and femto RBSs 40. The macro RBS 30 serves a macro cell 31 whereas a femto RBS 40 serves a femto cell 41. As illustrated, each femto RBS 40 serves its dedicated femto cell 41. As well known in the art, a RBS is typically situated at an interior (e.g. centre) of the respective cell which the RBS serves, but for the sake of clarity, the macro RBS 30 and the femto RBSs 40 of Figure 1 are shown instead as being associated by double headed arrows to their respective cells. At least some of the femto cells 41 are geographically overlayed or overlapped by the macro cell 31.
A user equipment (UE) 50 communicates with one or more cells or one or more RBSs over a radio interface. The UE 50 can be a mobile phone (or "cellular phone"), a laptop with mobile termination and thus can be e.g. portable, pocket, handheld, computer-included, or car-mounted mobile device which can communicate voice and/or data with a radio access network. The UE 50 may further communicate with the radio access network via a femto RBS 40 through an internet protocol (IP) based transmission network 60 which, as described earlier, can be either broadband fixed IP based transmission (e.g. xDSL) or broadband mobile IP based transmission (e.g. WiMAX or HSPA) or any other suitable IP based transmission.
In the wireless communications network system depicted in Figure 1, the interface between the each femto RBS 40 and the RNC 20 can be called the extended Iub interface "Iub+" which is usually formed by an IP connection over the IP based transmission network 60. In some implementations, the Iub+ resembles the Iub interface between the macro RBS 30 and the RNC 20, but the Iub+ interface is modified for conveying additional information such as the identity of the femto RBS 40 e.g. during the initial power-on procedure of the femto RBS 40.
Also illustrated in Figure 1, is the Iu interface used between the RNC 20 and the CN 80. Note that in a flat architecture there would not necessarily exist any Iub(+) interface because, as described above, in such flat architecture the RBS and the RNC can form a single node.
In order to limit the users of UEs 50 of the femto cell 41 to the ones that are allowed, an access control feature can be implemented in the system. This way, at any UE attempt to camp on the femto cell, it is checked if the user is an allowed user. The international subscriber mobile identity (IMSI) of allowed users (or UEs) per femto RBS are stored in a database 70, known as an access control database (ACDB), to which the stand-alone or integrated RNC has access. This approach is described in the international patent application with publication number WO 2007/136339 .
In prior art WCDMA networks that are based on macro/micro/pico cells of a PLMN i.e. WCDMA networks that do not include femto cells, a service area identifier (SAI) is used to identify an area consisting of one or more cells belonging to the same location area (LA). Such an area is called a service area and can be used for indicating the location of a UE to the core network (CN). A SAI of a current cell is indicated by the RNC to the CN when a signalling connection is established for a UE. The CN can use the SAI for the purposes of routing and charging as well as different location based services i.e. services that are based on the current location of the UE. Examples of such services:
Emergency call routing (e.g. to route a call to the correct emergency center)
Location calling services (e.g. to route a call to e.g. the closest taxi)
Legal intercept (to find out UE location on service area basis).
Charging indication (e.g. as charging areas).
The CN can also be informed about SAI changes for a UE using standard mechanisms in the Iu-interface and in a so called RANAP (Radio Access Network Application Part) protocol signalling over the Iu-interface. In the 3GPP standard (Third Generation Partnership Project), the SAI is defined as consisting of a service area code (SAC) together with the PLMN-id (consisting of a mobile country code (MCC), a mobile network code (MNC)) and the location area code (LAC)). The SAI can be defined according to the following: SAI = PLMN-id ‖ LAC ‖ SAC
The LAI is also defined as consisting of PLMN-id and LAC and therefore SAI can be also defined as follows: SAI = LAI ‖ SAC
The SAC is usually defined by the operator of the network and is normally configured in the RNC via O&M (operation and maintenance). The SAI is further set for a macro/micro/pico cell depending on the location of the macro/micro/pico cell. The SAI values are further coordinated between the radio access network and the CN so that e.g. the relevant location based services in the CN can be configured with this information. The RNC includes separately both the LAI and SAI for the current macro/micro/pico cell towards the CN. The LAI is used by the CN for e.g. mobility management (MM purposes) and the SAI can be used for e.g. location based services as previously described.
As described above, a SAI of a macro/micro/pico cell in the network is indicated by the RNC to the CN when a signalling connection is established for a UE. If femto cells are introduced in the network, a SAI for each such femto cell needs to be indicated by the RNC and mapped to, for example, a location information in the CN. With manual (or semi-manual) configuration, a femto cell could be given one or more SAIs and a mapping of these SAI(s) to, for example, a location information in the CN could be performed in a similar way as for the pico, micro and macro cells. However manual (or semi-manual) configuration both in the RNC and in the CN, of a huge number of femto cells e.g. hundred of thousands or even millions of femto cells is not considered a feasible solution especially since SAIs are not broadcasted in the network. In addition, it is normally the end users that install the femto cells on their own, without any intervention from the operator personnel. This means that the femto cell installation, including the selection of one or more SAIs, needs to happen automatically. In such a scenario with the huge number of femto cells, the RNC further needs to indicate all the SAIs to the CN which leads to excessive configuration load in the CN because the CN would be involved in all location based services. In addition to location based services, other services such as differentiated charging may also be offered to different UEs that are allowed to access a femto cell, which require additional identifiers to be defined in the CN. This would increase further the configuration load in the CN as well as in the RNC. In the light of the above problems related to the number of the femto cells, different types of UEs accessing a femto cell and the automatic nature of the installation procedure, a solution is needed that automatically selects the correct SAI for a UE accessing a specific femto cell.
WO 01/52569 A1 discloses a telecommunications system and a method for use in a telecommunications system. The telecommunications system comprises a plurality of service areas, each of the service areas being identified by a service area identifier. In accordance with the method a service area identifier is requested that associates with a mobile station. Upon receipt of the request, one service area identifier is selected from a plurality of possible service area identifiers. A predefined rule for the selection of the service area identifier is used for the selection. Location information that associates with the mobile station is then provided based on the selected service area identifier.
An object of the present invention is thus to obviate at least some of the above disadvantages by providing a method and an apparatus for automatic selection of a SAI that can support both location based services and differentiated charging, for a UE that is allowed to access a femto cell (the femto RBS of a femto cell) without increasing the configuration load in the core network or in the RNC.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, the above stated problem is solved by means of a method of selecting a SAI for a UE in a femto cell that is being served by a femto RBS. The femto RBS is connected to a wireless communications network. The method comprises: acquiring information identifying the UE that is allowed to access the femto RBS; requesting a database for information on a user type of the UE. The request being based on the acquired information identifying the UE and on an information identifying the femto RBS to which the UE is allowed to access. The method further comprises: selecting a SAI based on the information on the user type of the UE received/retrieved from the database.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, the above stated problem is solved by means of an apparatus for selecting a SAI for a UE in a femto cell that is being served by a femto RBS that is connected to a wireless communications network. The apparatus comprises: receiver means configured to acquire information identifying the UE that is allowed to access the femto RBS; transmitting means configured to transmit, to a database, a request for information on a user type of the UE. The request including the information identifying the UE and information identifying the femto RBS to which the UE is allowed to access. The apparatus further comprises selecting means configured to select a SAI for the UE based on the information on user type that is received from the database.
An advantage with the present invention is that the selected SAI can support both location based services and differentiated charging, depending on the user type of the UE and on the femto cell wherein the UE is located. The user type of the UE can for example indicate that the UE is a home user or a visiting user or a roaming user. A home user refers in this context to a subscriber/owner of the femto RBS while a visiting user is here considered to be a user that is allowed by the femto RBS subscriber/owner to use the femto RBS and is a subscriber in the operator's network. A roaming user is considered to be a user that is allowed by the femto RBS subscriber/owner to use the femto RBS but is not a subscriber in the operator's network.
The present invention will now be described in more details by means of several embodiments and with reference to the accompanying drawings, attention to be called to the fact, however, that the following drawings are illustrative only, and that various modifications and changes may be made in the specific embodiments illustrated as described within the scope of the appended claims.
Figure 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary WCDMA wireless communications network including femto radio base stations in which the present invention may be used.
Figure 2 illustrates a simplified block diagram illustrating another exemplary wireless communications network in which the present invention may be used.
Figure 3 is a table illustrating an example of a table that may be included in a database in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 4 illustrates a signalling diagram illustrating the flow of messages in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 5 illustrates an apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular architectures, scenarios, techniques, etc. in order to provide thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent from the person skilled in the art that the present invention and its embodiments may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details.
The present invention is described herein by way of reference to particular example scenarios. In particular the invention is described in a non-limiting general context in relation to a WCDMA wireless communications network including femto radio base stations that are connected to a radio network control node i.e. a radio network controller (RNC) of the WCDMA wireless network via a fixed IP based broadband access network in a traditional architecture as shown in figure 1. It should be noted that the present invention and it embodiments may also be applied to other types of radio technologies and architectures such as flat architecture for WCDMA, GSM, LTE (long term evolution), WiMAX etc.
In Figure 2 and for sake of simplicity only a single femto RBS 210 is illustrated connected to a communications network 2 comprising an IP based network 260, an RNC 271, a database (DB) 272 and a CN 273. The CN 273 may comprise many elements such as MSC, SGSN, GGSN etc. A femto cell (e.g. home/office) 200 is served by the femto RBS 210. The femto RBS 210 is aimed to be used by allowed users of the home or enterprise/office where it is located. The femto RBS 210 is further integrated into the wireless network 2 and may thus share the radio frequency spectrum (or part of it) allocated to the wireless WCDMA network. A user equipment (UE) 230 can thus roam from the femto cell 200 to another macro radio cell (not shown) when leaving the coverage of the femto RBS 210, or can roam to the femto cell 200 from another macro cell (not shown) when located in the vicinity of the femto RBS 210. The femto RBS 210 may further be equipped with a connection for an Ethernet local area network within the home/enterprise and can therefore connect to one or several personal computers 220 over the Ethernet. A personal computer 220 that is equipped with a WCDMA (3G) UE functionality can connect to the femto RBS 210 and is thus, in this context, also referred to as a UE 220. The femto RBS 210 may further be equipped with or is connected, to an xDSL (e.g. ADSL, VDSL, ADSL2+, etc.) customer premises equipment (CPE) (not shown) which may have the function of a multi-mode modem, thus enabling it to provide IP connection over an IP network 260, to the wireless network using e.g. a digital subscriber line (DSL). As known, a femto cell 200 differs from a macro cell in that the location of a macro cell is known and planned by the operator of the network, whereas a femto cell can be dynamically installed/created in any place by the owner of the femto RBS without any operator intervention.
Referring to Figure 2, as UE 230 is camping or accessing the femto cell 200 that is being served by the femto RBS 210, it is checked whether the UE is allowed to access the femto cell i.e. if the user of the UE is an allowed user. The information identifying allowed users (UEs) per femto RBS are stored in the database 272 to which an apparatus according to the present invention has access. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, such apparatus can be configured as radio network control node such as the RNC 271 depicted in Figure 2. According to another embodiment of the present invention, such apparatus can be configured as a radio network control node incorporating the femto RBS 210. According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, such apparatus can be configured as a femto RBS such as the femto RBS 210. In such case, the femto RBS 210 communicates directly with the database 272 via the IP network 260. Such a scenario can be applicable in e.g. LTE.
As mentioned above, the database 272 stores information regarding the femto RBS 210 and which UEs that are allowed/authorized to access the femto RBS 210. Each UE, 230 can be identified using an information such as the international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) or by some other permanent mobile identity, and the femto RBS 210 is identified using, for example, a preconfigured femto RBS identity (femto RBS-ID) such as a hardware identity. The database 272 is shown in Figure 2 as a standalone unit. However, it is a functional entity that alternatively may be incorporated in the RNC 271, in the femto RBS 210 or any other node that is accessible by e.g. the femto RBS 210 (in for example a flat architecture). Furthermore, the database 272 can store information regarding a plurality of femto RBSs and which UEs that are allowed to access each femto RBS. In other words, the database 272 is not necessarily restricted to a single femto RBS 210. The database 272 is thus organised such that it can be queried using the femto RBS-ID as a search criteria to retrieve the allowed IMSIs or the allowed permanent mobile identities. The information concerning allowed IMSIs (or permanent mobile identities) is administered by the owner/subscriber of the femto RBS 210. A network operator may also administer the information concerning allowed IMSIs.
According to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the information in the database is extended with the user type of the UE (UEs) accessing the femto cell 200. The user type can for example indicate if a UE is a home user, a visiting, a roaming user etc. as will be described in greater details below. As mentioned earlier, a home user refers in this context to a subscriber/owner of the femto RBS while a visiting user is here considered to be a user that is allowed by the femto RBS subscriber/owner to use the femto RBS and a subscriber in the operator's network. A roaming user is considered to be a user that is allowed by the femto RBS subscriber/owner to use the femto RBS but is not a subscriber in the operator's network.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the user type of each UE can be stored in the database together with the IMSI or the permanent mobile identity of the UE and the femto RBS-ID to which the UE is allowed to access.
Referring to Figure 3 there is illustrated an example of a table that can be included in the database 272, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Each row in the table represents the relation between a femto RBS-ID, a permanent mobile identity (or IMSI) and a user type.
In the example shown in Figure 3, information for two different femto cells (or femto RBSs) identified as RBS-1 and RBS-2 are included in the table. The information on these cells is further shown for three different users (or UEs) identified as IMSI-1, IMSI-2 and IMSI-3. The information in the table of Figure 3 can be read as follows:
When UE-1 with IMSI-1 is accessing RBS-1, then the user type of UE-1 is "home user".
When UE-2 with IMSI-2 is accessing RBS-1, then the user type of UE-2 is "visiting user".
When UE-3 with IMSI-3 is accessing RBS-1, then the user type of UE-3 is "roaming user".
As will be described later, the user type of a UE is further used to indicate a charging tariff for the user of the UE when selecting a SAI for the UE.
Referring to Figure 4 there is illustrated a signalling diagram illustrating the flow of messages in an exemplary embodiment of the method of selecting a SAI for a UE 10 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The UE 10 is here considered to be allowed to access the femto RBS 11 of the femto cell. The UE 10 is initially camped (1) on a femto cell that is served by a femto RBS 11 which in this exemplary embodiment is connected to an apparatus represented here by a radio network control node (RNC) 12. The UE 10 performs in (2) a connection establishment e.g. a radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment indicating the reason of the establishment. This could be because of Location Update, Mobile Originated Call, SMS, a response to a Paging or for any other reason. The RRC layer in the UE 10 triggers RRC connection establishment by sending a RRC CONNECTION REQUEST message (2) to the RNC 12. The RRC connection establishment may be established using existing principles as defined in 3GPP TS 25.331. In (3) the first Layer 3 message is sent from the UE on the established RRC connection. The message could be for example a CM (connection management) SERVICE REQUEST message or a LOCATION UPDATING REQUEST message or a PAGING RESPONSE message. The message from the UE 10 comprises a mobile identity identifying the UE 10. The mobile identity may be a temporary mobile identity such as a temporary mobile subscriber identity (TMSI) or a packet TMSI (P-TMSI). The mobile identity may also be a permanent mobile identity such as the international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI).
When the RNC 12 receives in (3) the Layer 3 message from the UE 10, it stores the message. The RNC 12 already knows from which femto cell or from which femto RBS 11 the RRC connection was established i.e. it already knows the information identifying the femto RBS 11 (femto RBS-ID). The femto RBS-ID was e.g. provided to the RNC 12 as part of the Iub+ interface during the initial femto RBS start-up procedure.
If the TMSI or the P-TMSI was used as the mobile identity in the Layer 3 message (e.g. the LOCATION UPDATING REQUEST message) from the UE 10, the RNC 12 triggers an identification procedure towards the UE 10 by sending an identity request message (4) to the UE 10. The identity type requested by the RNC 12 indicates "IMSI" or some other permanent mobile identity of the UE 10. The messages and information elements are as defined in 3GPP TS 24.008 with the main exception that the procedure is performed from the RNC 12 towards the UE 10 rather than from the CN 14.
In (5) the UE 10 responds with the IMSI (or some other permanent mobile identity). The RNC 12 thus now holds both the IMSI of UE 10 and the femto RBS-ID of femto RBS 11. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the RNC 12 requests in (6) the database 13 for information on a user type of the UE 10. In the request, both the IMSI of UE 10 and the femto RBS-ID are included. As previously described in conjunction with Figure 3, the database (DB) 13 holds in its table information on the femto RBS (RBS-ID) and information identifying the UE 10 (i.e. IMSI). In addition and according to an embodiment of the present invention, DB 13 also holds information on the user type of UE 10. Therefore, as the RNC 12 queries in (6) the DB with RBS-ID and IMSI, the user type configured for this association in DB 13 is retrieved/returned to the RNC 12. As described earlier, the user type indicates if UE 10 is a home user, a visiting user or a roaming user.
When RNC 12 received the information of the user type, the RNC 12, according to an embodiment of the present invention, selects a service area identifier (SAI) for the UE 10. The selection of a SAI for UE 10 is thus dependent on the user type retrieved from DB 13. In addition, the selection of the SAI is also dependent on the femto cell wherein the UE 10 is located.
As previously mentioned, the user type of a UE also indicates a charging tariff for the user of the UE when selecting a SAI for the UE. If for example UE 10 is a home user, the charging tariff may indicate a low tariff to charged user by UE 10 (e.g. free tariff). If the UE 10 is a visiting user the charging tariff may indicate a medium tariff. If the UE 10 is a roaming user, the charging tariff may indicate a higher tariff. Thus according to the present invention, the selection of the SAI not only depends on femto cell where the UE is located but also depends on the user type of the UE.
Referring back to Figure 4, after the RNC 12 has selected the correct SAI for the UE 10, the RNC 12 triggers in (8) the establishment of a Iu signalling connection by sending a INITIAL UE MESSAGE to the CN 14. This message contains the Layer 3 message previously stored in (3). According to an embodiment of the present invention, the selected SAI is also included in the message together with other information. The Iu signalling connection may be established using existing principles defined in 3GPP TS 25.413 and in other relevant 3GPP specifications.
In the above description, it was assumed that the Layer 3 message sent from the UE 10 to the RNC 12 in (3) included the TMSI or the P-TMSI as mobile identity identifying UE 10. However, if the permanent mobile identity or the IMSI of UE 10 is included in the Layer 3 message instead of the TMSI (or the P-TMSI), then signalling messages (4) and (5) may be skipped. In this case, the RNC 12 queries in (6) the DB 13 with femto RBS-ID and IMSI of UE 10, and the user type configured for this association in DB 13 is retrieved/returned to the RNC 12. The RNC 12 then selects a SAI based on the user type of UE 10 and based on the femto cell (or femto RBS 11) where UE 10 is located. Following the selection of the SAI, the RNC 12 includes the selected SAI in a message to CN 14 upon triggering an establishment of a signalling connection towards CN 14 as previously described.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the RNC 12 can create an association between the temporary mobile identity of UE 10 and the permanent mobile identity of UE 10 and stores the association DB 13 during the access control. In such case the table of the database shown in Figure 3 is extended with an additional field, namely the temporary mobile identity of UE 10. It should be noted that the DB 13 may store the association or associations between a temporary mobile identity and a permanent mobile identity for each allowed UE in a new table.
In this exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the UE 10 transmits to the RNC 12, the Layer 3 message containing the temporary mobile identity (e.g. TMSI or P-TMSI) of the UE 10. The RNC 12 then indicates in the request to DB 13, the TMSI or P-TMSI of UE 10 and the information identifying the femto RBS, i.e. femto RBS-ID. Since DB 13 has in its table the created association between the mobile identities of UE 10 i.e. IMSI and TMSI (or P-TMSI) in addition to the femto RBS-ID, it can inform the RNC 12 of the IMSI of the UE 10 and check the user type of UE 10. The user type of UE 10 is thereafter sent to the RNC 12 which, as previously described, selects a SAI based on the user type and on the femto cell (or femto RBS) where the UE 10 is located. Again, the charging tariff for the user of UE 10 is dependent on the user type retrieved from DB 13. Similarly to the previously described exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the RNC 12 includes the selected SAI in a message to CN 14 upon triggering an establishment of a signalling connection towards the CN 14.
However in this exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the RNC 12 is configured to intercept Layer 3 messages and to check these messages in the downlink (initially only the downlink direction from the CN to the UE). If e.g. protocol discriminator of the Layer 3 messages indicate e.g. MM (mobility management), then the RNC 12 is further configured to analyse the message type and to check whether the message is either TMSI (or P-TMSI) REALLOCATION COMMAND or a LOCATION UPDATING ACCEPT message. If also this is the case, then the RNC 12 analyses whether a new TMSI (or P-TMSI) is included in the message. The RNC 12 is further configured to store any new TMSI (or P-TMSI).
If all the above conditions are fulfilled, the RNC 12 then enables the interception and the checking of Layer 3 messages in the uplink direction also (i.e. from the UE to the CN). In case any of these indicate e.g. MM and the message type is TMSI (or P-TMSI) REALLOCATION COMPLETE, then the RNC 12 updates the association in the DB 13 regarding the UE 10 with the new TMSI (or P-TMSI) previously stored in the RNC 12.
It should be noted that if the current femto cell for the UE changes, the RNC 12 may select another SAI for the user of UE 10 depending on the request received at the DB 13 from RNC 12. As an example if UE 10 moves to another femto cell served by another femto RBS to which UE 10 is allowed to have access, then the association in the DB 13 for the UE 10 may indicate that the UE 10 is a visiting user in this femto cell which means that the correct SAI is selected based on the new femto cell where the UE 10 is located and based on the charging tariff which now is dependent on that the UE 10 is now a visiting user and not a home user. Therefore, the present invention allows the selection of different SAIs for different allowed users in the femto cells. In addition, each selected SAI, according to embodiments of the present invention, can support both the existing location based services and the above mentioned differentiated charging feature which is dependent on the user type of the UE.
It should be noted that no hardware changes are required in the UE, the femto RBS or the CN. In addition, no functional changes are needed in the UE or in the femto RBS and only minor functional changes are required in the CN. Although described in terms of an embodiment in a WCDMA network, the invention and its different exemplary embodiments may also be applied to other types of radio technologies such as LTE, GSM, WiMAX networks etc. It should also be contemplated that the selection of the SAI described above is not necessarily performed in the RNC i.e. it could be performed in an apparatus that comprises a RNC or in an apparatus that comprises a RNC and a femto RBS (i.e. an apparatus comprising a combination of the RNC and the femto RBS) or in an apparatus that comprises a femto RBS (for example in a LTE network).
Figure 5 illustrates an example of an apparatus for selecting a SAI for a UE in a femto cell, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
As shown, apparatus 100 comprises receiver means 110 (RX MEANS) configured to acquire information identifying the UE as previously described. Apparatus 100 further comprises transmitting means 120 (TX MEANS) for transmitting to a database, a request for information on a user type of the UE. In the request, the acquired information indentifying the UE is included together with information identifying a femto RBS that is serving the femto cell. Apparatus 100 further comprises selection means 130 for selecting a SAI for the UE based on the information received from the database (i.e. the user type). Note that apparatus 100 may comprise other elements not illustrated in Figure 5. Furthermore, the different blocks of apparatus 100 are not necessarily separated but could be included in a single block.
The present invention and its embodiments can be realised in many ways. For example, one embodiment of the present invention includes a computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon that are executable by a computer system located in one or several network nodes (apparatus) of the communication system, for selecting a SAI for a UE. The instructions executable by the computing system and stored on the computer-readable medium perform the method steps of the present invention as set forth in the claims.
A method of selecting a service area identifier, SAI, for a user equipment (10, 220, 230), UE, in a femto cell (41, 200) that is served by a femto radio base station, RBS, (11, 40, 210) said femto RBS being connected to a wireless communications network, the method characterized in that it comprises the following steps performed in a network apparatus:
- acquiring information identifying said UE (10, 220, 230), being allowed to access the femto RBS (11, 40, 210);
- requesting, using said information identifying the UE (10, 220, 230) and an information identifying the femto RBS (11, 40, 210), a database (13, 272) for an information on a user type of the UE (10, 220, 230);
- selecting a SAI based on the information on the user type of the UE (10, 220, 230) received from the database (13, 272).
The method according to claim 1 wherein the step of acquiring comprises receiving a message from the UE (10, 220, 230), said message comprising a mobile identity identifying the UE (10, 220, 230).
The method according to claim 2 comprises indicating in said message from the UE (10, 220, 230), a temporary mobile identity as the mobile identity identifying the UE (10, 220, 230).
The method according to claim 3 further comprises requesting said UE (10, 220, 230) of it's permanent mobile identity and acquiring said permanent mobile identity.
The method according to claim 2 comprises indicating in said message from the UE (10, 220, 230), a permanent mobile identity of the UE as the mobile identity identifying the UE.
The method according to claims 1-5 wherein the step of requesting a database (13, 272) comprises indicating in the request information identifying the femto RBS (11, 40, 210), and the permanent mobile identity of the UE (10, 220, 230) and retrieving from the database (13, 272) said information on a user type of the UE, said user type indicating for example that the user of the UE (10, 220, 230) is a home user or a visiting user or a roaming user in the femto cell served by the femto RBS (11, 40, 210).
The method according to claim 6 further comprises selecting a SAI for the UE (10, 220, 230) based on a charging tariff for the user of the UE (10, 220, 230), said charging tariff being dependent on the information on the user type retrieved from the database (13, 272).
The method according to claim 7 wherein the selected SAI is further dependent on the femto cell (41, 200) wherein the UE (10, 220, 230) is located.
The method according to claim 8 further comprises including the selected SAI in a message to a core network, CN, (14, 80, 273), of the wireless communications network (1, 2) upon triggering an establishment of a signalling connection towards the CN (14, 80, 273).
The method according to any one of claims 4-9 wherein the temporary mobile identity comprises a temporary mobile subscriber identity, TMSI or a packet temporary mobile subscriber identity, P-TMSI, and the permanent mobile identity comprises an international subscriber mobile identity, IMSI.
An apparatus (100) for selecting a service area identifier, SAI, for a user equipment, UE, (10, 220, 230) in a femto cell (41, 200) that is served by a femto radio base station, RBS, (11, 40, 210), said femto RBS (11, 40, 210) being connected to a wireless communications network, the apparatus (100) characterized in that it comprises:
- receiver means (110) for acquiring information identifying said UE (10, 220, 230) being allowed to access the femto RBS (11, 40, 210);
- transmitting means (120) for transmitting, to a database, (13, 272) a request for an information on a user type of the UE (10, 220, 230), said request including the information identifying the UE (10, 220, 230) and an information identifying the femto RBS (11, 40, 210);
- selecting means (130) for selecting a SAI for the UE (10, 220, 230) based on the information on the user type that is received from the database (13, 272).
The apparatus (100) according to claim 11 wherein the receiver means (110) is configured to receive, a message from the UE (10, 220, 230), said message comprising a mobile identity identifying the UE (10, 220, 230).
The apparatus (100) according to claim 12 wherein the message indicates a temporary mobile identity as the mobile identity identifying the UE (10, 220, 230).
The apparatus (100) according to claim 13 wherein the transmitting means (120) is further configured to transmit to the UE (10, 220, 230) a message requesting the UE (10, 220, 230) of it's permanent mobile identity and the receiving means (110) is configured to acquire the permanent mobile identity of the UE (10, 220, 230).
The apparatus (100) according to claim 11-14 wherein the transmitting means (120) is configured to indicate the permanent mobile identity of the UE (10, 220, 230) in said request to the database (13, 272) and the receiving means (110) of the apparatus (100) is configured to retrieve said information on the user type based on the request, said user type indicating for example that the user of the UE (10, 220, 230) is a home user or a visiting user or a roaming user in the femto cell (41, 200) served by the femto RBS (11, 40, 210).
The apparatus (100) according to claim 15 wherein the selecting means (130) is configured to select a SAI based on a charging tariff for the user of the UE (10, 220, 230), said charging tariff being dependent on the information on the user type retrieved from the database (13, 272) and the selected SAI is further dependent on the femto cell (41, 200) wherein the UE (10, 220, 230) is located.
The apparatus (100) according to claim 16 wherein the transmitting means (120) is further configured to include the selected SAI in a message to a core network, CN, (14, 80, 273) of the wireless communications network (1, 2) upon triggering an establishment of a signalling connection towards the CN (14, 80, 273).
The apparatus (100) according to any one of claims 13-17 wherein the temporary mobile identity comprises a temporary mobile subscriber identity, TMSI or a packet temporary mobile subscriber identity, P-TMSI, and the permanent mobile identity comprises an international subscriber mobile identity, IMSI.
The apparatus (100) according to any one of claims 11-18 comprising a radio network control node in the wireless communications network.
The apparatus (100) according to any one of claims 11-18 comprising a radio network control node and a femto RBS.
The apparatus (100) according to any one of claims 11-18 comprising a femto RBS.
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text:
Dallas Baptist Announces deal, Legend Boats and Mercury Marine
Bass Fishing Industry News/	by Mike Cork/ August 17, 2011/ No Comments/
DALLAS – Dallas Baptist University is honored to announce a three-year, exclusive sponsorship agreement with Legend Boats and Mercury Marine. Ryan Erwin, DBU's Director of Athletics shared, "We are very blessed and excited about the partnership with Legend Boats and Mercury Marine. Both of these companies are considered to be one of the best in the industry and we are honored to have the Patriot Bass Fishing Team using their equipment."
With this agreement, DBU's student-anglers will have access to two, fully-equipped, 20 foot Legend bass fishing boats, powered by Mercury engines for intercollegiate competition. "At DBU, we feel that under the direction of Connor Smith and support from former professional champion angler Scott Darragh, along with our top of the line equipment, the Patriot Anglers will be able to be competitive in all areas of the collegiate bass fishing arena. We have no doubt that we are setting up the DBU student-anglers to be successful and 'Champions for Christ'," Erwin stated.
Randy Qualls, President of Legend Boats said, "I am very impressed with the vision and direction of the DBU Bass Fishing program. Legend Boats is excited to be involved with a program that is on the cutting edge of competitive collegiate fishing. Being involved with the DBU program at such an early stage will allow the partnership to grow together."
Dean Smith, CEO of Legend Boats said, "We see Dallas Baptist University's Bass Fishing Team as a pioneer program of collegiate bass fishing. After seeing DBU's vision and direction, we wanted to be involved with the program from the very start."
"Mercury Marine has supported collegiate fishing for years. However, the goals and direction that DBU is taking with their program is quite impressive. We expect the partnership between DBU and Mercury Marine to grow in the coming years," said Michelle Kilburn, Manager of Tournaments and Endorsements for Mercury Marine. Dallas Baptist University will support and allow for the Patriot Bass Fishing Team to compete at the local, regional, and national levels. The Patriot Bass Fishing Team will compete on all existing major collegiate bass fishing circuits.
High school or college students interested in Patriot Bass Fishing should visit DBU's athletic website at www.dbupatriots.com and click on "Join the Team" to fill out the bass fishing recruiting questionnaire.
For more information on Dallas Baptist University's Patriot Bass Fishing Team, contact DBU's Assistant Director of Athletics, Connor Smith at 214-333-5324, or via email at connors@dbu.edu.
ABOUT DALLAS BAPTIST UNIVERSITY
Dallas Baptist University is a comprehensive Christ-centered university dedicated to producing servant leaders through the integration of faith and learning. With an enrollment of 5,470 students and its main campus located in the foothills of southwest Dallas, and academic centers located in Plano, the Hurst-Colleyville area, and in Mansfield, DBU offers 67 undergraduate majors, 22 graduate degrees in a variety of fields, 38 dual-degree programs, and two doctoral programs—a Ph.D. in Leadership Studies and Ed.D. in Educational Leadership. DBU provides nationally recognized programs in adult education and online education. More information about Dallas Baptist University can be found at www.dbu.edu or by calling 800-460-1DBU or 214-333-5360.
LBAA Begins Second Year Partnering with Legend Boats
TABC Top Six Championship
by Laurie Cork/
2006 Louisiana Oilman's Classic
Legend Boats, My Buying Experience
Top 24 Advance to Semifinals
Are You in Fish Fighting Shape?
Spring Bass Fishing Highs and Lows
Schmitt wins FLW Tour on Mississippi River
FLW Outdoors Inducted into Hall Of Fame


text:
layout: archive
title: August | 2011
permalink: /2011/08/
archive-name: August 2011
archive-type: Monthly
---

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Алекса́ндр Фёдорович Тито́в: Титов, Александр Фёдорович (1870 — ?) — капитан 1-го ранга (1912) русского флота.
 Титов, Александр Фёдорович (род. 1949) — советский и российский биолог, член-корреспондент РАН.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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