IS SPINAL CORD STIMULATION (SCS) RIGHT FOR ME?
HOW DOES SPINAL CORD STIMULATION (Neuromodulation) WORK TO CONTROL MY PAIN?
The electrical current interrupts the pain signal from reaching your brain. Since we actually feel pain in our brain, if the spinal cord stimulator can reduce or eliminate the transmission of pain signals to the brain, you will feel less pain. This will usually allow you to increase your activity levels and may allow you to decrease your dependence on pain medications. Some examples of types of SCS are traditional, Burst DR stimulation, high-frequency stimulation (HF-10), Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) stimulation, and Illumina 3D stimulation. Your doctor will work with you to determine which neuromodulation treatment will work best to treat your condition and pain level.
A spinal cord stimulator has 2 parts, the electrodes that deliver the current to the nerve (sometimes called leads) and the pulse generator (sometime called the battery).
The best thing about spinal cord stimulation is that there is a non-implanted trial period to determine if spinal cord stimulation therapy will be successful for you. During the trial phase, the stimulation electrodes are temporarily placed (much like an IV) and are left in place for 3-7 days. During this time, the system will work exactly like an implanted system, but without any incisions or surgery. At the end of the trial period, the temporary leads are easily removed. If the temporary trial relieved your pain and helped improve your activity levels, then you would be a good candidate for implantation of a spinal cord stimulator.
The actual implant is performed as outpatient surgery. The leads are placed the same way they are placed during the trial phase. Then, a small incision (less than 1 inch) is made so that the leads can be placed under the skin. A second, 1.5 inch incision is made below the waistline and a pocket is made beneath the skin for the battery. The leads are then connected to the battery and then the incisions are closed. Once the surgery is complete, the entire spinal cord stimulation system is under the skin and usually not noticeable.
The goal for spinal cord stimulation is a 50-70% reduction in pain. However, any amount of pain reduction can be significant if it helps you to perform your daily activities with less pain and/or reduces the amount of pain medication you need to take. The recovery period after implantation is fairly short. Most patients can shower within 48 hours and can return to work in 3-5 days. The incisions fully heal within 2 weeks. We ask our patients to limit bending and twisting for 4-6 weeks and then return to full activity by 8 weeks after surgery.


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Worldwide tributes to former Oldham teacher John Grant
Tony Bugby April 5, 2021	No Comments correspodenntcromptondeathjohn grantobitoldhamoldham celticsoldham teacherRoyton and Crompton NewsRoyton newspaperrunningshawtributes
TRIBUTES have been paid to former Oldham teacher and accomplished sportsman John Grant who has died suddenly aged 66.
John, who had returned to live in his native Scotland, collapsed and died of a heart attack while out on a ride with a Dundee cycling club.
During 13 years in Oldham, John, who was a junior Scotland international middle-distance runner, left an indelible mark in the town.
Alison and John Grant
He took up a post as a sports teacher at Royton and Crompton School and later became head of PE at Radclyffe School as he and wife Alison lived in Oldham between 1978-91.
John, who had homes in Royton and Shaw during his time in the town, was involved with Oldham and Royton Harriers.
But it was as a respected basketball coach that John would become an influential figure, winning an array of silverware in both England and later Scotland.
It began when he coached the Oldham schools' U15 boys' team and soon North of England and England at the same age category.
John helped launch Oldham Celtics' junior programme of which he was head coach and he also became an assistant coach to the men's team in the National League.
When Celtics were admitted to the National League, John and Don Errock took over the running of their amateur club which was based at Breeze Hill School.
After moving back to Scotland, John, who had played football for Oldham Teachers, coached Scotland U16 schoolboys and the junior men's international team.
John took up a position at Arbroath High School, which had no basketball programme, but he made them one of the country's leading teams.
He also formed the Arbroath Musketeers and coached their cadet, junior and U23 teams to great successes.
Jon Alston left and John Grant
In the six years since he retired from teaching, John worked part time with student exchange company Foreign Links Around the Globe (FLAG) which arranged for children aged between 16 and 18 to spend a year at school in America, including some of his basketball players.
John also coached at top basketball camps in the United States and Europe along with his friend Laszlo Nemeth, the former England senior men's coach.
Pat O'Donnell, who co-founded Oldham Celtics, said: "My memory of John was of a kind, fun loving friend, teacher and coach who gave so much to children and adults alike.
"I will treasure the memories and his legacy is huge."
Jon Alston, a former pupil at Royton and Crompton School, described John as being a father-like figure.
He said: "I was training at Oldham and Royton Harriers aged 10 when I was a pupil at High Barn.
"John got to hear I was going to his school and said 'come training with me' and I thought 'wow' as he had been an international middle-distance runner.
John Grant front right
"He helped me become Oldham schools' cross country and 800m champion and also introduced me to basketball."
Jon, Mark Skeete and Adrian Liquorice, all pupils of John, went on to play for Oldham Celtics in the National League and BBL.
He continued: "I was mortified when John left to become head of PE at Radclyffe School, but he insisted we kept in touch.
"When we left Royton and Crompton, the three of us would go down to Radclyffe at 7am two or three days a week when John would work with us in the old domed sports hall before he began lessons.
"John was someone who affected me not only as an athlete but as a person and for a period of between 10 and 15 years he was like a second father to me.
"I kept in contact with John and still find it surreal I will never see him again."
Alison added she had been "overwhelmed" by the messages she has received, and which have provided comfort.
"They have come from all over the world from people who as kids told me John was their mentor, coach and second father and they were devastated to hear the news. The messages have given me a lot of strength," she said.
John's funeral is on Tuesday, April 6 (1.30pm) and can be viewed on the Obitus website. Log in using the username rubi2345 and password 042513 and it can be seen for a further 28 days.
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HomeGermanyHow we estimated the number of unauthorized immigrants in Europe
How we estimated the number of unauthorized immigrants in Europe
November 20, 2019 imhub Germany 0
Europe is one of the world's top destinations for immigrants, and in recent years it has seen new waves of people arrive on its shores seeking asylum. The number of unauthorized immigrants living in Europe has grown, though it has leveled off more recently. In 2017, 3.9 million to 4.8 million unauthorized immigrants lived in Europe, according to new Pew Research Center estimates.
Senior Researcher Phillip Connor and Senior Demographer Jeffrey S. Passel developed the Center's estimates of the unauthorized immigrant population in Europe. In this Q&A, they explain the variety of methods and data sources they used, as well as the challenges they faced. You can also watch the video above for a summary of how they arrived at their estimates.
Who is defined as an unauthorized immigrant in your new study of Europe?
Jeffrey S. Passel
Senior Demographer
Passel: In general, unauthorized immigrants in Europe are defined as those who are not citizens of a European country and do not have valid residency permits. Some entered their country of residence without authorization, while others became unauthorized immigrants after entering on a visa and staying past its expiration date. Our estimates include some people who have temporary permission to stay in a country but face an uncertain legal future – for example, those whose deportation has been deferred. We also included individuals who applied for asylum but are still waiting for a final decision on their application. (Note: In the Center's new study, Europe includes countries in the European Union, including the United Kingdom, and the European Free Trade Association countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.)
Are unauthorized immigrants the same as illegal or irregular immigrants?
Phillip Connor
Connor: No. There is no universal definition for any of these terms. The inclusion of some groups over others in an unauthorized immigrant population estimate is a point of debate. Under our definition, some immigrants who are legally in their countries of residence, such as those waiting on an asylum case and those who have had their deportation deferred, are included as unauthorized immigrants. In deciding which groups of immigrants to include or not include in this population, we've considered factors such as how people entered the country and the uncertainty of their future legal status. We've used the term "unauthorized immigrant" for many years to describe this population in the United States. In a European context, the unauthorized immigrant population generally consists of the same groups of immigrants as in the U.S.
Why did you include waiting asylum seekers in your unauthorized immigrant estimates?
Connor: In the case of asylum seekers waiting for a decision on their cases, we included them in our estimate because many entered Europe without permission during the most recent asylum seeker surge. It's also worth noting that rejection rates on asylum cases are high in many European countries, though this wasn't a primary factor in our decision to include this group in our estimates. We take a similar approach to our estimates in the U.S.
Some do not consider asylum seekers to be unauthorized immigrants because they have a legal right to live in Europe while they wait for a decision on their asylum application. So we also prepared unauthorized immigrant estimates without the roughly 1 million asylum seekers awaiting a decision. Even without this group in the total, we found an apparent increase in the unauthorized immigrant population from before the asylum seeker surge – from a range of 2.4 million to 3.2 million in 2014 to a range of 2.9 million to 3.8 million in 2017.
How did you estimate the number of unauthorized immigrants living in Europe?
Connor: Developing an estimate of the number of immigrants living in a country without authorization is difficult because many in this population prefer to remain hidden. To produce estimates of unauthorized immigrants in each country, and for Europe as a whole, required a thorough assessment of the data available. Depending on the comprehensiveness, recency and completeness of verifiable data sources for each country, we used one of four estimation methods.
The first is referred to as the residual method, which we have successfully used in the United States for more than a decade. In terms of mechanics, the residual method is straightforward: We first determine the total number of noncitizens living in a particular country – in this case, residents who are not citizens of an EU or European Free Trade Association country – and then subtract the number of noncitizens who are authorized to be there. The remainder is the estimate of unauthorized immigrants. We used this technique for 11 countries that were home to 60% of unauthorized immigrants in Europe in 2017.
Estimates of the total number of noncitizens usually come from a national survey (such as a census), a population register (a government database of current residents) or a combination of sources. Since we know not all unauthorized immigrants are included in these data sources, we adjust our estimates in some countries to account for those omitted from the census or population register based on factors like survey quality and previous estimates from other researchers. These slight upward adjustments are consistent with what we do in the United States and have been used previously in the UK.
We used other methods in countries that did not have the data needed for the residual method. In Italy and Greece, we used a second method known as the demographic components method. We started with estimates from 2008, the most recent available. We then updated them by adding information on subsequent births, deaths and new migration, including asylum seekers.
In Spain, we used a third approach, the regularization method, to estimate the size of the country's unauthorized immigrant population. This involved using data from a Spanish government program that provides unauthorized immigrants in Spain the opportunity to acquire regular immigration status. We used data on the number of immigrants who regularized to project the unauthorized population in Spain into later years. This approach provided a minimum number of people who were at one time living in Spain without authorization; we also added asylum seekers with pending applications to this estimate.
For countries where available data would not allow us to use the first three approaches, we used a proportional ratio method. Often the countries in question had smaller immigrant populations. For each of these countries, we identified another country with similar migration patterns for which we already had an estimate of its unauthorized immigrant population. We took that country's ratio of unauthorized-to-authorized immigrants and applied it to the noncitizen population of the country for which we didn't have an estimate. In most countries, we then added the number of waiting asylum seekers to the unauthorized immigrant totals.
How did you determine the demographic characteristics of Europe's unauthorized immigrant population?
Passel: Our report includes demographic characteristics like nationality, time living in a country, age and sex for unauthorized immigrants in Europe and select countries. We found that these immigrants are from a diverse set of countries, have generally been in Europe for a relatively short period of time, are majority male, and are mostly under the age of 35. This is the first time such detailed characteristics for all of Europe have been published. To do this, we employed methods similar to those we have used to determine characteristics of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S.
We used social, economic and household characteristics found in each country's labor force survey – a government survey carried out in most European countries – to identify individual immigrants who were most likely to be authorized. For example, we know an immigrant in a government job, or one married to a citizen of the country where the immigrant lives, is likely authorized to be in the country. Once we identified the immigrants to likely be authorized, we considered the remaining immigrants in the survey to be potentially unauthorized. We then randomly sampled a portion of this group of potentially unauthorized immigrants, based on the estimated size of the unauthorized immigrant population. This provided us a dataset of likely unauthorized immigrants that included demographic characteristics for each individual.
This approach to identifying unauthorized immigrants and assessing their characteristics can be applied when the underlying survey data is representative of the entire population and can be demonstrated to include unauthorized immigrants. Surveys that use an address-based sample tend to include housing units where unauthorized immigrants reside and are nationally representative. (Surveys based exclusively on population registers are unlikely to include unauthorized immigrants, as this population is generally not part of population registers.)
We used two types of data to determine the characteristics of unauthorized immigrants – national labor force surveys and administrative data on asylum seekers. We know that unauthorized immigrants are included in the national labor force surveys of 18 countries, including the two with the largest unauthorized immigrant populations – Germany and the UK. For these 18 countries, the number of potentially unauthorized immigrants in the survey exceeds our estimate of unauthorized residents. We then added administrative data on asylum seekers waiting for a decision on their cases from all 32 European countries. Together, this permitted us to provide demographic characteristics for 84% of Europe's estimated unauthorized immigrant population in 2017. One of the largest groups not included is unauthorized immigrants in Italy who do not have a pending asylum claim.
What were the challenges of producing these estimates?
Connor: The Center has 15 years of experience in estimating the size of the unauthorized immigrant population in the U.S., but this is the first time we have estimated the size of this population in Europe. Developing estimates for Europe presented unique challenges, particularly with data.
Our primary data sources were provided by Eurostat, the European Union's statistical agency. Since data collection practices vary from one nation to the next, we had to determine the best method to use in each country, given the available data. For example, some of the data on noncitizens is based on censuses and surveys while others are based on population registers. Also, some include asylum seekers with pending applications and others do not. Meanwhile, data on unauthorized immigrants may be included in censuses and surveys, but not population registers. To determine the best method, we consulted with data experts, compared various data sources and tried multiple approaches to estimating the unauthorized immigrant population. We also turned to other data sources when Eurostat data didn't allow us to use our estimation methods.
Why do your estimates only go back to 2014? And why end at 2017?
Connor: The Eurostat data sources we used to estimate the unauthorized immigrant population are available back to 2014. Data from the end of 2017 was the most recent available. Also, it's common for estimates like these to lag a year or two because it takes time for population data to become available and for researchers to analyze the data to prepare estimates.
Note: For a more detailed explanation of how we estimated the unauthorized immigrant population in Europe, read the report methodology.
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