The Downers Grove Police Department is participating in a year-long initiative that focuses on impaired driving and seat belt enforcement on specific holidays, including the July 4th holiday. Officers will be working saturation patrols that target impaired drivers and seat belt enforcement zones. While celebrating during July 4th weekend, please use caution when you are on the road.
The July 4th holiday period is one of the deadliest times for traffic crashes due to a rise in impaired driving. Last year during this period,540 people were killed in traffic crashes; in addition, there were 58,000 injuries associated with traffic crashes during the same time. Drinking and driving played a major role in these crashes. While these fatalities are devastating, they are fully preventable.
Plan a safe way home before the fun begins; ̧ Before drinking, designate a sober driver.
If you see a drunk driver on the road, call 9-1-1 and report their location immediately.
Wear safety belts – every trip, every seat location, every time – it's the best defense against a drunk driver.
Finally, remember – Buzzed Driving IS Drunk Driving.


Ever since using Ubuntu as my primary OS I've missed many of the command line tools when using Windows. However I just discovered Windows has it's own version of the grep command called findstr.
I'm probably a bit behind the eight ball here but despite it's awful name, mangled switches and other Microsoftisms findstr seems to behave in quite a similar fashion to good old grep, enough for basic commands at least.


text:
Featured >>
Indian Burning Myth and Realities
By George Wuerthner
Featured Image: Burn mosaic in Gallatin Range, Yellowstone NP (c) George Wuerthner
There has been a spate of articles this year in various newspapers and magazines asserting that if the Forest Service were following burning practices of Indigenous people, the large wildfires we have seen around the West would be tamed.
Here are some examples of articles suggesting Indian burning can save the forest.
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/23/karuk-tribe-california-slater-fire-insurance
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/24/us/native-american-controlled-burns-california-wildfires.html
https://www.vox.com/first-person/21517619/california-wildfires-indigenous-controlled-burns
https://www.wweek.com/news/2020/10/07/oregons-indigenous-communities-know-how-to-stop-megafires-will-the-state-let-them/?utm_campaign=2020-10-07+WildNews&utm_medium=email&utm_source=Pew
The October 7th, 2020 article "Wildfires have ravaged the Western United States this year, sending firefighting experts to Indigenous communities for guidance", by Jim Cowan in the New York Times, is typical of articles making erroneous assertions about Native American burning and its influence on large wildfires. Cowan writes:
"Long before California was California, Native Americans used fire to keep the lands where they lived healthy. That meant intentionally burning excess vegetation at regular intervals, during times of the year when the weather would keep blazes smaller and cooler than the destructive wildfires burning today."
And the Guardian article, like most of the articles cited above, implies that the loss of native burning is contributing to large blazes: "a century of practicing fire suppression over traditional tribal land stewardship, has led to larger, more destructive wildfires."
The idea that tribal burning impacted the broad landscape is also asserted by some scholars (e.g. Williams, G.W. 2004), but often with scant evidence to back up these claims except for "oral traditions" of Native people.
The claim that Indian burning precludes large fires feeds into the "fuels is the problem" narrative, which is increasingly discredited, as large wildfires in fact are driven by extreme climate weather.
All large fires are driven by climate and weather conditions which include drought, low humidity, high temperatures, and high winds.
These conditions have always existed, and large blazes have always occurred despite Indigenous burning. However, they are being exacerbated today by human-caused climate warming.
Indigenous burning resulted primarily in localized fuel reductions but seldom affected the larger landscape.
There is historic, scientific, ecological, and evolutionary evidence that challenges the Indian burning narrative.
Large high severity fires are not "destructive" but essential to many healthy forest ecosystems.
Implementation of a significant prescribed burning program has many obstacles.
The way to protect homes is to start from the home outward, not to "treat" forests at the landscape scale.
MYTH OF INDIAN LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT
As Barrett et al. 2005 noted: "For many years, the importance of fire use by American Indians in altering North American ecosystems was underappreciated or ignored. Now, there seems to be an opposite trend…. It is common now to read or hear statements to the effect that American Indians fired landscapes everywhere and all the time, so there is no such thing as a "natural" ecosystem. A myth of human manipulation everywhere in pre-Columbus America is replacing the equally erroneous myth of a totally pristine wilderness.
We believe that it is time to deflate the rapidly spreading myth that American Indians altered all landscapes by means of fire. In short, we believe that the case for landscape-level fire use by American Indians has been dramatically overstated and overextrapolated."
Noss, et al. 2014 assert: "Despite ample evidence that lightning fire was a primary ecological driver in the NACP [North American Coastal Plain], the myth persists that most fires before the arrival of Europeans were set by Native Americans. For example, Mann (2005; 361) provides a map that shows essentially the entire pre-Columbian NACP, including the lightning-riddled Gulf Coast and Florida peninsula, as 'dominated by anthropogenic fire' or with 'widespread forest clearing for agriculture'. No evidence is offered to support these claims."
Most "evidence" for the widespread influence of indigenous burning is based on oral tradition which is notoriously subject to variation of interpretation and misinterpretation.
DID INDIGENOUS BURNING PRECLUDE LARGE BLAZES?
The question is not whether Indian burning occurred, but rather to what extent it influenced the landscape as a whole and precluded the occurrence of large mixed to high severity blazes or what some people term "mega" fires. Is traditional management a panacea for problems associated with large blazes, as implied? Furthermore, we should question the notion that high severity blazes are somehow "unnatural" and ecologically "destructive" (Hutto et al. 2016).
The idea that modern fire suppression has led to unnatural fuel build up is true in some plant communities; but again, fuel build up is not the primary cause of large high severity fires. Most of these blazes are burning in plant communities like lodgepole pine, spruce/fir, juniper, west slope Cascades Douglas fir, and other plant communities that naturally had long intervals between fire events and naturally accumulate fuels. In other words, fuel build up in these plant communities is completely natural.
There is ample evidence that Indian burning had little effect upon the occurrence of large fires on the landscape. Except for some high use areas, Indian management did not significantly alter fuel levels; more importantly, it did not preclude larger blazes across the landscape. Indeed, notwithstanding global influences like climate change, even today with much higher human population, the human footprint and "management" across much of the land is geographically limited.
So-called "mega" fires have occurred for thousands of years, and Indigenous burning did not preclude them.
Plus, the idea that low severity fires dominated western landscapes ignores the fact that numerous species from bluebirds to nuthatches are found in greater numbers among the snag forests that result from large high severity blazes. The second highest biodiversity, after old-growth forests, is found in the snag forests with down wood that results from these blazes. These high severity habitats would not exist if such Indigenous burning were as widespread as advocates suggest.
Indeed, the effectiveness of "fire suppression" can be questioned. For evidence, in the early part of the 20th Century, as much as 50 million acres burned annually in the United States during several drought decades.
https://www.nifc.gov/fireInfo/fireInfo_stats_totalFires.html
https://www.nifc.gov/fireInfo/fireInfo_statistics.html
LIVING WITH FIRE
Fire hazard around home by Lake Tahoe, California (c) George Wuerthner
In the past even more than today (with fire crews and insurance), wildfire was a natural force that influenced where people lived. One of the ways tribal people "lived with" fire was to locally reduce fuels so as to safeguard their villages, trading centers, and traditional gathering areas from large dangerous blazes.
This is the model that we should be promoting today—working from the home outward to reduce the flammability of homes and local communities.
Since most tribal people lived in lower elevation landscapes like valley bottoms with grasslands or dry ponderosa pine forests where wildfire was naturally more frequent, Indigenous burning likely favored the continued existence and even expansion of these short-cycle plant communities.
It is important to note that these community types are often a small percentage of the landscape. For instance, dry montane forests (largely ponderosa pine) make up only 4% of western Montana and northern Idaho.
Cultural burning was generally limited in extent but commonly done, for a variety of purposes, such as to create favorable conditions for the growth of specific plant foods that might be favored by fire, and to create fresh new growth of grasses and other plants favored by wildlife that Indians hunted, like deer, elk, or bison. Fires were also used in warfare to burn out enemies that might be hiding in dense brush.
However, the question remains as to whether this cultural burning was sufficient to change fire regimes across the landscape to the point it precluded larger wildfires.
While there is no doubt that Indigenous burning was widely practiced, the idea that cultural burning was a major influence on landscape-scale fire influences is questionable.
There are multiple lines of evidence to suggest that Indian burning was mostly local in nature and did not greatly affect the larger landscape.
FUELS DON'T DRIVE LARGE FIRES
Perhaps the biggest problem with the "Indigenous burning will preclude large blazes" argument is that it feeds into the narrative that "fuels" are driving the large fires we see around the West. To reiterate, large fires are and have always been primarily climate-weather driven events. There is a strong correlation between extensive drought and large landscape fires. Conversely, during periods of wet, cool climate, there are fewer large blazes (Whitlock, C. et al. 2008).
If you have severe drought, low humidity, high temperatures, and most importantly wind, you get large, landscape-level fires. If you do not have these weather/climate conditions, you get fewer ignitions and smaller fires that mostly self-extinguish.
While Indian burning likely did influence fuel loading in some localized areas, it did not change the basic weather/climate ingredients that drive all large blazes (Whitlock, C. et al. 2010).
CLIMATE/WEATHER DRIVES LARGE BLAZES
Most cultural burning, like the prescribed fires set today by state and federal agencies, was practiced in the spring and fall when fire spread was limited by moist fuels, high humidity, cool temperatures, and when winds are calm. High fuel moisture and cool temperatures limit fire spread. In spring or autumn, you will generally not burn very much acreage. Under cool moist conditions typical of spring and fall, most fires simply self-extinguish.
Despite the implied charge in some of the above-cited articles that the Forest Service is ignorant of burning practices, this is the same reason federal and state agencies usually do prescribed burning during the "shoulder" seasons, not during summer, when wildfires tend to grow large.
Most large, landscape-level fires occur during extreme fire weather conditions, which are typically in the summer and early fall months. Again, these inflammatory conditions include drought, low humidity, high temperatures, and most importantly wind.
Why is this important? Because most fires, even natural fires, are small. Unless you have these extreme fire weather conditions, 97-99% of all fires will burn 1-5 acres even if you don't suppress them. Whether the ignitions are from lightning or humans, if you don't have the right weather conditions, you will not burn a significant amount of the landscape.
To illustrate, a total of 56,320 fires burned over 9 million acres in the Rocky Mountains between 1980-2003; 98% of these fires (55,220) burned less than 500 acres and accounted for 4% of the area burned. By contrast, only 2% of all fires accounted for 96% the acreage burned. And 0.1% (50) of blazes were responsible for half of the acres charred. (Baker 2009 Fire Ecology in Rocky Mountain Landscapes).
In another example, between 1972 and 1987 Yellowstone National Park managers did not suppress backcountry fires. During this period, there were 235 blazes. Of these 222 charred less than 5 acres each, and most burned less than 1 acre. All 235 blazes self-extinguished.
Then in 1988 more than a million acres burned in Yellowstone. Did fuels suddenly balloon overnight to sustain large high severity blazes? The reason Yellowstone burned in 1988 was because it was the driest year on record since the park was established, with humidity as low as 1-2% and winds exceeding 50 mph.
Thus, it would require setting thousands of these small fires when the climate/weather is not conducive for fire spread to burn any substantial amount of the landscape. So, the idea that Indian burning—which can be characterized as primarily low severity frequent fires—was sufficient in size and scale to affect larger landscapes is questionable just based on the timing of such ignitions.
Native people were wise enough not to purposely set fires in the middle of extreme fire weather. Setting a blaze under conditions with variable high winds and during a drought would be a recipe for disaster because it would lead to uncontrollable fires that would threaten villages and life.
Air view of how winds drove Y'stone fires and spotting. Yellowstone Lake in background. (c) George Wuerthner
ECOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
Most plant communities in the West, and this is even more true in the eastern US, naturally have long to very long fire rotations, of many decades to hundreds of years in length. This includes forests and shrub-lands characterized by aspen, most fir species, mountain hemlock, western hemlock, west-side Douglas-fir, chaparral, sagebrush, juniper-pinyon, lodgepole pine, western white pine, western larch, and various spruce species.
This means wildfire historically did not burn in these communities except at infrequent intervals almost always dictated by climate/weather.
"During extreme weather conditions, the relative importance of fuels diminishes since all stands achieve the threshold required to permit crown fire development. This is important since most of the area burned in subalpine forests has historically occurred during very extreme weather (i.e., drought coupled to high winds). The fire behavior relationships predicted in the models support the concept that forest fire behavior is determined primarily by weather variation among years rather than fuel variation associated with stand age" (Bessie and Johnson 1995).
Many of these species have few adaptations to withstand frequent fires and would simply not exist if tribal burning affected them.
HISTORIC EVIDENCE FOR LARGE BLAZES
Though most fire ecologists concede that native burning likely declined after European American settlement due to native population decline resulting from disease, warfare, and displacement, there is plenty of evidence for large fires before large-scale Euro-American occupation.
For instance, in Oregon's Willamette Valley most large trees were established after large, high severity fires that occurred long before Euro-American influences on native populations. The 1865 Silverton Fire burned more than a million acres of the western Cascades. The 1853 Yaquina Fire burned nearly a half-million acres. Recent records from Washington estimate that a series of large fires in 1701 may have burned between 3 and 10 million acres in a single summer. To quote from a recent article on fires in Washington state: "1701 is given as the best estimate for the last devastating fire that occurred throughout Western Washington, a fire that burned an estimated 3 million to 10 million acres. At the upper end of that range, the area is roughly equal to 10 Olympic National Parks" (Puget Sound Institute).
Although individual accounts vary, the detail of the observer can provide some hint of the accuracy of early accounts. For instance, David Douglas, (for whom Douglas Fir is named) traveled down the Willamette Valley in 1826 carefully noting the vegetation from the Hudson Bay Post at Fort Vancouver across from present-day Portland. Douglas reported seeing burnt patches but noted that most were small (Knox and Whitlock 2002).
Peter Skene Ogden noted extensive areas of burns in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon and attributed it to natives. But there is no way for Ogden to know whether the fires were human ignitions or due to lightning (Whitlock and Knox 2002).
On the other hand, numerous travelers who kept meticulous notes, like Lewis and Clark and John Fremont, seldom mention encountering Indian burning. The absence of contrary evidence is not the same as no evidence; nevertheless, when someone like Lewis and Clark or John Fremont fail to report extensive Indian burning, it does raise a cautionary note about how to interpret historic accounts.
The other consideration is that Douglas, like most people traveling through the landscape, used the Indian trails and natural travel routes, and since human occupation is greatest in such areas, chosen travel routes may provide a biased view of the occurrence of human ignitions. Even today the majority of wildfires occur near roads. Also, since most of these areas were dominated by grasslands and low elevation dry pines where fire is more frequent even today, modern interpretation does not provide support for wider influence of human burning on the landscape.
FIRE STUDY TECHNIQUES GIVE A BETTER LANDSCAPE SCALE PICTURE OF FIRE
Beyond just historic accounts of fires, there is proxy evidence for past fire occurrence. Scientists use various methods to determine the "fire history" of any location. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages (Whitlock et al. 2004).
The most common method for reconstructing fire history is analyzing fire scars, but other methods, including use of charcoal and pollen, give different perspectives.
When a fire burns through an area at low severity (i.e. does not kill many mature trees), it can leave a scar in the surviving trees. The scar eventually heals and is "recorded" in the tree rings. By examining tree rings, one can count the years between fires, and in some cases even determine the season of the burn. This is the most popular method of determining fire histories.
Fire scared ponderosa pine, Metolius River, Deschutes NF, Oregon (c) George Wuerthner
There are, however, some problems with fire scar methods, which some researchers believe result in overestimation of fire frequency and influence (see Baker and Ehle 2001). For more detail on the problems of fire scar historical reconstructions see "Fire Scar Historical Reconstructions: Accurate or Flawed."
Ecologically speaking, from a landscape perspective, it is the larger fires that significantly influence both vegetative communities and the "fuels" available for future fires.
Numerous studies have looked at Indian burning and its influence on fire regimes. Most work done by fire ecologists who focus on large landscape fires do not find any additive influence from Indigenous burning. Rather climate/weather appears to control periods of significant wildfire activity (Baker W.L. 2002).
In other words, they find evidence for more frequent fires during major droughts and in the immediate area of villages, along major travel corridors, trading centers, and other high use areas; but across the landscape as a whole, they do not find evidence that human ignitions were additive to total landscape acreage charred by wildfire.
The best way, in my view, to document whether human ignitions were an important influence for landscape-scale fires is to use charcoal or pollen studies. But other techniques such as air photo, General Land Office (GLO) surveys, and even historic accounts of early Euro-Americans can also provide insights.
Charcoal studies are a proxy for wildfires that rely on examination of core drillings in lakes and ponds to extract sediments where charcoal from major wildfires are recorded. By examining such cores, researchers can document the larger wildfires in a landscape going back thousands of years.
Pollen from the same core samples also documents the major vegetation present in surrounding lands.
For instance, Vachula et al. (2019) did a study of what is now Yosemite National Park where, historically, large Indigenous communities resided. Their research found a direct correlation between climate and the amount of burning on the landscape.
"We analyzed charcoal preserved in lake sediments from Yosemite National Park and spanning the last 1400 years to reconstruct local and regional area burned. Warm and dry climates promoted burning at both local and regional scales…
Regional area burned peaked during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and declined during the last millennium, as climate became cooler and wetter and Native American burning declined.
Our record indicates that (1) climate changes influenced burning at all spatial scales, (2) Native American influences appear to have been limited to local scales, but (3) high Miwok populations resulted in fire even during periods of climate conditions unfavorable to fires. However, at the regional scale (< 150 km from the lake), fire was generally controlled by the top-down influence of climate." (Vachula et al. 2019)
Another study found that the mean fire interval in Oregon's Coast Range was 230 years and the presence of fire-sensitive species like Sitka spruce indicates a lack of frequent fire (Knox and Whitlock 2002).
Regarding Indigenous ignitions in the Willamette Valley, Whitlock notes: "The idea that Native Americans burned from one end of the valley to the other is not supported by our data … Most fires seem to have been fairly localized, and broad changes in fire activity seem to track large-scale variations in climate" (Fire Science 2010).
In a charcoal study of Washington's Battle Ground Lake, Megan Walsh (Walsh et al. 2008) concluded that fire frequency was highest during the middle Holocene when oak savanna and prairie were widespread near Battle Ground Lake. She suggests: "The vegetation and fire conditions were most likely the result of warmer and drier conditions compared with the present, not from human use of fire" (Fire Science 2010).
To give another example, one can show that Indian burning was frequent in the Yosemite Valley where native people resided much of the year, but no evidence for wide-spread human burning in most of what is now Yosemite Park or the Sierra Nevada Mountains as a whole (Vale 1998).
Hoffman et al. (2016) looked at Indian burning influence in coastal British Columbia and concluded: "At the decadal scale, fires were more likely to occur after positive El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation phases and exhibited 30-year periods of synchrony with the negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation. Fire frequency was significantly inversely correlated with the distance from former Indigenous habitation sites."
Colombaroil and Gavin (2002) documented that large fires always occurred in the Siskiyou Mountains of northern California and southern Oregon, primarily due to climate/weather, even during the pre-European period. "Fire is a primary mode of natural disturbance in the forests of the Pacific Northwest. Increased fuel loads following fire suppression and the occurrence of several large and severe fires have led to the perception that in many areas there is a greatly increased risk of high-severity fire compared with presettlement forests. To reconstruct the variability of the fire regime in the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon, we analyzed a 10-m, 2,000-y sediment core for charcoal, pollen, and sedimentological data. The record reveals a highly episodic pattern of fire in which 77% of the 68 charcoal peaks were before Euro-American settlement…"
Odion et al. (2004) (Conservation Biology) studied a 98,814-hectare area burned in 1987 in the California Klamath region, and found that the most fire-suppressed forests in this area (areas that had not burned since at least 1920) burned at significantly lower severity levels, likely due to a reduction in combustible native shrubs as forests mature and canopy cover increases: "The hypothesis that fire severity is greater where previous fire has been long absent was refuted by our study…The amount of high-severity fire in long-unburned closed forests was the lowest of any proportion of the landscape and differed from that in the landscape as a whole (Z = -2.62, n = 66, p = 0.004)."
Early timber surveys also record large high severity fires (Leiberg, J. B. 1903).
Live trees beyond ruins, Camp Fire Paradise, CA (c) George Wuerthner
Contrary studies that presume to substantiate a major influence of Indian burning tend to focus on major village sites, foraging areas, and other areas of high human use where no doubt Indigenous burning was "additive" to the background fire regime.
Unfortunately, this evidence of increased burning is then extrapolated to the larger landscape where human activities were less frequent. A good example is a study by Klimaszewski-Patterson (2019) who looked at Indian burning in a meadow of the southern Sierra Nevada, and then inferred this represented the fire regime of the southern Sierra Nevada.
This is the same error made by William Cronon in his book Changes in the Land (Cronon 1983) about Indian burning in New England. Cronon's conclusions were challenged by Parshall and Forester (2002). "The major factor influencing the distribution of fire across New England is climate, which has a direct effect on the physical conditions conducive to fire ignition and spread and an indirect effect on fire through its control on the distribution of vegetation at this spatial scale. We find evidence that other factors exert some control over local fire regimes as well including landforms and their impact on vegetation composition, firebreaks and prevailing winds. Native Americans likely influenced the local occurrence of fire, but their impact on regional fire regimes in New England is not apparent from this or other studies…."
A more recent review of the evidence by David Foster of the Harvard Experimental Forest came to the deduction that Native American burning was localized (Oswald et al. 2020). The researchers conclude: "Our new research, published in the journal Nature Sustainability, tests this human-centric view of the past using interdisciplinary, retrospective science. The data we collected suggest, in New England, this assumption is erroneous….
Our study contradicts the theory that people had significant ecological impacts in southern New England before European arrival. Instead, it reveals that old forests, shaped by climate change and natural processes, prevailed across the region for thousands of years…."
Matlack (2013) wrote: "Prescribed burning is increasingly being used in the deciduous forests of eastern North America. Recent work suggests that historical fire frequency has been overestimated east of the prairie–woodland transition zone, and its introduction could potentially reduce forest herb and shrub diversity…. Thus, it appears that the majority of forests of the eastern United States were little affected by burning before European settlement."
Russell (1983) also challenges the notion that Indian burning influenced large landscapes: "The historical evidence for the Indians burning the forests of the northeastern United States is reevaluated. Of 35 documents that describe vegetation or Indian life in the 16th or 17th centuries, only half mention any use of fire except for cooking. Only six purportedly first-hand accounts might refer to purposeful, widespread, and frequent use of fire. These six are all consistent with use of fire only locally near camps or villages, or with accidentally escaped fires. It is concluded that the frequent use of fires by the Indians to burn the forests was probably at most a local occurrence. The Indians' presence in the region and their use of fire for many purposes did, however, increase the frequency of fires above the low levels caused by lightning, and thus had some effect on the vegetation: for example, grasses characterized the ground cover at small, local, frequently burned sites."
Although in some specific areas of particularly high human populations such as the southern California coastal areas, Indian burning may have expanded natural grasslands at the expense of natural chaparral vegetation (Keeley 2008). However, this must be considered the exception more than the rule given the extremely high human populations and the generally dry Mediterranean climate.
Benix (2002) writing about the southern California chaparral region concluded: "It would be reasonable to summarize the impact of native Californian fire in the following terms: a variety of Native cultures made sophisticated use of fire, both to favor edible species and to facilitate (directly or indirectly) hunting. The scale of fire use was so limited, however, that the bulk of the chaparral as we know it evolved under a natural, lightning-dependent fire regime. Undoubtedly, anthropogenic fire did have some ecological impacts, but those impacts were spatially limited to the immediate surroundings of population centers and to the preexisting (i.e., quasinatural) ecotones. Because of the limited spatial extent of anthropogenic burning, the overall chaparral environment was unchanged by the cessation of native burning, as evidenced by the static nature of the stratigraphic record."
The conclusion from nearly all of these charcoal/pollen studies is also supported by a 14,000-year study from western Washington which covers the entire time of Indigenous occupation. Given the abundance of food resources (like salmon) and mild climate, western Washington supported some of the densest native populations in western North America. If native burning were a major influence on the landscape, this is where one would expect to document it.
The authors (Walsh et al. 2008) concluded that wildfires were: "mostly large or high-severity fire episodes. The fire history at Battle Ground Lake was apparently driven by climate, directly through the length and severity of the fire season, and indirectly through climate-driven vegetation shifts, which affected available fuel biomass."
The pollen record is also of importance. If Indigenous burning was so widespread as to influence landscape-scale vegetation, we would expect to find abundance pollen from species favored by frequent, low severity fires. For the most part, except in the immediate area around villages, this evidence does not exist.
Thomas Fire burns across Hwy 101 right to Pacific Ocean, CA (c) George Wuerthner
OTHER EVIDENCE FOR MIXED TO HIGH SEVERITY BLAZES
Along with tree-ring, carbon, and pollen studies, another line of evidence is the use of General Land Office land surveys. These surveys were done often in advance of major settlement—in other words, before there was significant logging, livestock grazing, fire suppression, or any other factor commonly used to "explain" why "fuels" built up during the 20th century.
When doing a GLO survey, notes were made of all vegetation encountered along the line of the survey. This included notations on tree species, size, and condition (e.g. a major patch of burnt timber would be noted). In addition, at every mile of these surveys, a "corner" was located. As part of this corner marking, "bearing trees" were noted, recording the species, size, and distance to the corner.
An advantage of land surveys is that they are linear, random surveys of the vegetation at that point in time. We don't have to "interpret" the vegetation, density of vegetation or lack thereof, as is done by people using fire scars.
Analysis of these land surveys tends to draw different conclusions about historic vegetation and fire influence than do fire scar studies. They tend to document denser forests and plant species that are favored by larger, high severity blazes as opposed to low severity, frequent fires.
The idea that most wildfires in all plant communities were low severity is inaccurate. Mixed-intensity fire, including patches of high-intensity fire, is natural: Mixed-intensity fire is not limited to true fir and lodgepole pine; mixed-intensity fire, including a significant proportion of high-intensity fire and occasional large high-intensity fire patches hundreds or thousands of acres in size, is also a natural condition in ponderosa-pine/Jeffrey-pine and mixed-conifer forest, and it generally dominated pre-suppression fire regimes historically in these forest types.
For example, using GLO records, Baker (2012) found that in dry mixed-conifer forests of the eastside of the southern Cascades, historic fire was 24% low-intensity, 50% mixed-intensity, and 26% high-intensity.
Similarly, Hessburg et al. (2007) using air photo interpretation came to similar conclusions: "Historical mixed-conifer forests of eastern Oregon Cascades were … dominated by dense, early- and mid-successional forests regenerating from past higher-intensity fire, rather than by open and park-like old-growth forests."
And these results were found in a wide variety of geographical locations and forest types, including ponderosa pine forests.
Shinneman, D.J. and W.L. Baker (1997) looked at ponderosa pine forests in the Black Hills of South Dakota and concluded that high-intensity fire patches many thousands of acres in size occurred prior to fire suppression and logging.
Sherriff and Veblen (2007) as well as Williams and Baker (2012) both documented high severity blazes were common in the ponderosa pine forest of the Colorado Front Range.
Ponderosa pine prescribed burn, Deschutes NF, Oregon (c) George Wuerthner
ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY EVIDENCE
Another line of evidence that frequent, low severity blazes were not the rule in most plant communities comes from evolutionary studies.
For instance, sagebrush ecosystems once covered 150 million areas of the American West—much of this geography utilized by numerous tribal groups. Because sagebrush was so prevalent, numerous species are sagebrush obligates, including ferruginous hawks, burrowing owls, loggerhead shrikes, sage sparrows, Brewer's sparrows, sage thrashers, greater sage grouse, long-billed curlews, sagebrush voles, Merriam's shrews, pygmy rabbits, Washington ground squirrels, black-tailed jackrabbits, sagebrush lizards, striped whipsnakes, and many plant species (Rowland 2011). More than 350 associated plant and animal species are at risk of local or regional extinction due to the decline of sagebrush (Thompson 2007).
Most sagebrush species have no adaptations to fire. Indeed, the fire rotation for sagebrush species varies from 50 to more than 400 years (Baker 2006). If Indian burning were occurring annually or at least every few years, sagebrush would not survive. Therefore, we would not have sagebrush and there certainly would not have been the evolution of species like sage grouse.
More direct evolutionary evidence for the occurrence of large, stand replacement blazes, in spite of Indigenous burning, also exists. Hutto reports numerous bird species that are most abundant in areas that get high severity fires. The black-backed woodpecker is perhaps the best-known of the large-fire obligates (Hutto 2007, Hutto 2008). Among other species that thrive after an intense fire are morel mushrooms, a culinary treat (Fire Science Brief 2009).
PROBLEMS WITH IMPLEMENTATION OF PRESCRIBED BURNING
There is no doubt that there were extensive wildfires in prehistory. It is estimated that wildfire (of all severity) charred between 4 and 12 million acres of California annually.
More specifically, Stephens et al. (2007) estimated that approximately 1.8 million hectares (about 4.5 million acres) burned annually in California prehistorically (pre-1800). Stephens suggested: "Our estimate of prehistoric annual area burned in California is 88% of the total annual wildfire area in the entire US during a decade (1994–2004) characterized as ''extreme'' regarding wildfires. Skies were likely smoky much of the summer and fall in California during the prehistoric period."
Whether today we even have fewer human ignitions may also be questioned. Approximately 84% of all ignitions nowadays are human.
Even if prescribed burning could reduce large blazes (which would not be good for forest ecosystem health), multiple problems would result if prescribed burning were to ramp up significantly.
First, we would still have smoke in the summer months, but a significant increase in prescribed burning could generate almost year-round smoke. Furthermore, since agencies usually prescribe burns when fuels are moist, and most smoke is water vapor, on a per-acre-of-fire basis, extensive prescribed burns would mean more smoke which can violate air quality regulations and harm human (and wildlife?) health.
There is also the potential for prescribed burns to escape control. Perhaps the most notable of such incidents was the 2000 Cerro Grande Fire, which began in early May as a prescribed fire at Bandolier National Monument in New Mexico but escaped to become a 19,000 ha wildfire. The Cerro Grande Fire consumed 235 homes (Ribe 2010) and subsequently shut down nearly all federal prescribed burning in the US for several months.
Again, as shown by numerous long-term studies, large blazes have always occurred despite Indigenous burning. As Reinhardt et al. (2008) concluded: "The majority of acreage burned by wildfire in the US occurs in a very few wildfires under extreme conditions (Strauss et al., 1989; Brookings Institution, 2005). Under these extreme conditions suppression efforts are largely ineffective."
Furthermore, Reinhardt goes on to determine: "Extreme environmental conditions, overwhelmed most fuel treatment effects. . . This included almost all treatment methods including prescribed burning and thinning… Suppression efforts had little benefit from fuel modifications."
Recently more than 200 preeminent scientists signed a letter to Congress stating that proposed solutions to wildfire like thinning forests are ineffective and short-lived.
To quote from the scientists' letter: "Thinning is most often proposed to reduce fire risk and lower fire intensity…However, as the climate changes, most of our fires will occur during extreme fire-weather (high winds and temperatures, low humidity, low vegetation moisture). These fires, like the ones burning in the West this summer, will affect large landscapes, regardless of thinning, and, in some cases, burn hundreds or thousands of acres in just a few days."
Plus, the likelihood that a natural fire will encounter a prescribed burn during the period when the management fire might be effective at slowing the wildfire is extremely small (Rhodes and Baker 2008).
Prescribed burning can increase flammable materials by favoring regrowth of grasses, shrubs, and other fine fuels. Thus maintenance burning must be done on a regular basis to reduce fuels, and to do this over any significant acreage is problematic. Doing this on a local level, to safeguard homes and communities, may make sense. Doing this at a landscape-scale, such as across whole National Forests, would be economically and ecologically ruinous.
Prescribed burning, even if it were increased by a hundred times, will not preclude large blazes when there is extreme fire weather. Prescribed burning, whether done by Indigenous people or any other group, makes sense only at the local scale. Fuels do not drive large blazes. Climate/weather does. It is time to give up our delusional thinking about managing fires at a landscape-scale and instead focus on protecting homes and communities while letting wider forests do what they evolved to do.
Snags from 88 fires, Cache Creek, Yellowstone NP, Wyoming (c) George Wuerthner
Baker and Ehle. 2001. Uncertainty in Fire History and Restoration of Ponderosa Pine Forests in the Western United States USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-29. 2003.
Baker, W.L. 2002. Indians and fire in the U.S. Rocky Mountains: the wilderness hypothesis renewed. In Fire, Native Peoples, and the Natural Landscape, ed. T.R. Vale. pp. 41–76. Covelo, CA: Island Press.
Baker, William. 2006. Fire and Restoration of Sagebrush Ecosystems. WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN 34(1):177–185;
Baker, William. 2009. Fire in Rocky Mountain Landscapes. Island Press.
Baker, W.L. 2012. Implications of spatially extensive historical data from surveys for restoring dry forests of Oregon's eastern Cascades. Ecosphere 3(3): article 23.
Barrett, Stephen, Thomas W. Swetnam, and William L. Baker. 2005. Indian Fire Use: Deflating the Legend. Fire Management Today, v. 65, no. 3, p. 31-34. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228116861_Indian_fire_use_deflating_the_legend
Benix, Jacob. 2002. PreEuropean Fire in the California Chaparral. T.R. Vale (ed.) Fire, Native Peoples, and the Natural Landscape. Island Press. Washington DC
Bessie, W.C. and E.A. Johnson. 1995. The Relative Importance of Fuels and Weather on Fire Behavior in Subalpine Forests. Published in Ecology, Vol. 76, No. 3 (Apr., 1995) pp. 747-762. http://www.jstor.org/pss/1939341
Colombaroli, Daniele, and Daniel G. Gavin. 2002. Highly episodic fire and erosion regime over the past 2,000 y in the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Nov 2010, 107 (44) 18909-18914; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1007692107
Cronon, William. 1983. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. Hill and Wang.
Fire Science. 2009. Listening to the Message of the Black-backed Woodpecker, a Hot Fire Specialist Fire Science Brief. Issue 39. February 2009. Page 2. www.firescience.gov.
Fire Science. 2010. Fire Science Brief. Issue 98. March 2010. www.firescience.gov
Hessburg, P. F., R. B. Salter, and K. M. James. 2007. Re-examining fire severity relations in pre-management era mixed conifer forests: inferences from landscape patterns of forest structure. Landscape Ecology 22:5-24.
Hoffman, KM; Gavin, DG; Starzomski, BM. 2016. Seven hundred years of human-driven and climate-influenced fire activity in a British Columbia coastal temperate rainforest. R. Soc. open sci. 3: 160608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160608
Hutto, Richard L. 2007. "Understanding the influence of local and landscape conditions on the occurrence and abundance of Black-backed Woodpeckers in burned forest patches." Final Report – Joint Fire Science Program, 30 October 2007. http://avianscience.dbs. umt.edu/documents/fi nalreport2007_000.pdf
Hutto, R. L. 2008. The ecological importance of severe wildfires: Some like it hot. Ecological Applications 18:1827–1834. (Black-backed woodpeckers strongly select high-intensity fire areas, and post-fire occupancy is greatly reduced by pre-fire mechanical thinning).
Hutto, R. L., R. E. Keane, R. L. Sherriff, C. T. Rota, L. A. Eby, and V. A. Saab. 2016. Toward a more ecologically informed view of severe forest fires. Ecosphere 7:Article e01255.
Keeley, Jon E. 2002. Native American impacts on fire regimes of California Coastal Ranges. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 3030-320.
Klimaszewski-Patterson, Anna, Peter J. Weisberg, Scott A. Mensing & Robert M. Scheller. 2018. Using Paleolandscape Modeling to Investigate the Impact of Native American–Set Fires on Pre-Columbian Forests in the Southern Sierra Nevada, California, USA, Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 108:6, 1635-1654, DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1470922
Knox, M. A. and C. Whitlock. 2002. Prehistoric Burning in the Pacific Northwest: Human versus Climatic Influences. T.R. Vale (ed.) Fire, Native Peoples, and the Natural Landscape. Island Press. Washington DC
Leiberg, J. B. 1903. Southern part of Cascade Range Forest Reserve. Pages 229–289 in H. D. Langille, F. G. Plummer, A. Dodwell, T. F. Rixon, and J. B. Leiberg, editors. Forest conditions in the Cascade Range Forest Reserve, Oregon. Professional Paper No. 9. U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., USA.
Matlack, Glenn. 2013. Reassessment of the Use of Fire as a Management Tool in Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America. Conservation Biology 27:916–926. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12121/abstract
Noss, Reed F.; William J. Platt; Bruce A. Sorrie; Alan S. Weakley; D. Bruce Means; Jennifer Costanza; and Robert K. Peet. 2014. How Global Biodiversity Hotspots May Go Unrecognized: Lessons from the North American Coastal Plain. Diversity and Distributions, (Diversity Distrib.) (2015) 21, 236–244 https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12278
Odion et al. 2004. Patterns of fire severity and forest conditions in the Western Klamath Mountains, CA. Conservation Biology page 927-936 Vol. 18, No 4.
Oswald, Wyant, David R. Foster, Bryan N. Shuman, Elizabeth S. Chilton. 2020. Conservation implications of limited Native American impacts in pre-contact New England. Nature Sustainability https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0466-0
Parshall, Tim and David R. Foster. 2002. Fire on the New England Landscape: Regional and Temporal Variation, Cultural and Environmental Controls. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 1305–1317. http://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/sites/harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/files/publications/pdfs/Parshall_JBiogeography_2002.pdf
Reinhardt, Elizabeth D.; Keane, Robert E.; Calkin, David E.; Cohen, Jack D. 2008. Objectives and considerations for wildland fuel treatment in forested ecosystems of the interior western United States. Forest Ecology and Management. 256: 1997-2006.
Rhodes, J. and W. Baker. 2008. Fire Probability, Fuel Treatment Effectiveness and Ecological Tradeoffs in Western U.S. Public Forests The Open Forest Science Journal, 2008, 1, 1-7
Ribe, Thomas. 2010. Inferno by Committee: A History of the Cerro Grande (Los Alamos) Fire, America's Worst Prescribed Fire Disaster
Rowland, Mary et al. 2011. Sagebrush Ecosystem Conservation and Management: 46–68, 2011 Chapter 2: Sagebrush-Associated Species of Conservation Concern. https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/pnw_2011_rowland001.pdf
Russell. Emily. 1983. Indian-set Fires on the Forests of the Northeastern United States. Ecology Vol. 64, No. 1. pp. 78-88. DOI: 10.2307/1937331. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1937331
Sherriff, R. L., and T. T. Veblen. 2007. A spatially explicit reconstruction of historical fire occurrence in the Ponderosa pine zone of the Colorado Front Range. Ecosystems 9:1342- 1347.
Shinneman, D.J. and W.L. Baker. 1997. Non-equilibrium dynamics between catastrophic disturbances and old-growth forests in ponderosa pine landscapes of the Black Hills. Conservation Biology11: 1276-1288.
Stephens, Scott L., Robert Martin, and Nicholas Clinton. 2007. Prehistoric fire area and emissions from California's forests, woodlands, shrublands, and grasslands. Forest Ecology and Management xxx (2007) xxx–xxx
Thompson, Jonathan. 2007. Sagebrush in western North America habitats and species in Jeopardy. issue ninety-one / march 2007 Pacific Northwest Research Station USDA Forest Service P.O. Box 3890 Portland, Oregon 97208
Vachula et al. 2019. Climate exceeded human management as the dominant control of fire at the regional scale in California's Sierra Nevada. Environ. Res. Lett. 14 104011
Vale, Thomas. 1998. The Myth of the Humanized Landscape: An Example from Yosemite National Park Natural Areas Journal Vol. 18, No. 3 (July 1998), pp. 231-236 (6 pages) Published By: Natural Areas Association https://www.jstor.org/stable/43911767
Walsh, Megan.K., Cathy Whitlock, Patrick J. Bartlein. 2008. A 14,300-year-long record of fire–vegetation–climate linkages at Battle Ground Lake, southwestern Washington. Quaternary Research 70 (2008) 251–264
Whitlock et al. 2004. Comparison of charcoal and tree-ring records of recent fires in the eastern Klamath Mountains, California, USA. Can. J. For. Res. 34: 2110–2121 (2004)
Whitlock, C., J. Marlon, C. Briles, A. Brunelle, C. Long and P. Bartlein, 2008. Long-term relations among fire, fuel, and climate in the north-western US based on lake-sediment studies. International Journal of Wildland Fire17: 72-83.
Whitlock, C., P.E. Higuera, D.B. McWethy, and C.E. Briles. 2010. Paleoecological perspectives on fire ecology: revisiting the fire-regime concept. The Open Ecology Journal 3: 6-23.
Williams, G.W. 2004. American Indian fire use in the arid West. Fire Management. Today. 64(3): 10–14.
Williams, M.A., W.L. Baker. 2012. Comparison of the higher-severity fire regime in historical (A.D. 1800s) and modern (A.D. 1984-2009) montane forests across 624,156 ha of the Colorado Front Range. Ecosystems 15: 832-847.
George Wuerthner
George Wuerthner is a professional photographer, writer and ecologist. He has written more than two dozen books on natural history and other environmental topics. He is currently the ED of Public Lands Media, a project of Earth Island Institute. Wuerthner has visited hundreds of mountain ranges around the West, more than 380 wilderness areas, more than 180 national park units, and every national forest west of the Mississippi.
George's Books: On Amazon
George's interview on Public Lands Grazing on Rewilding Earth podcast.
Posted by George Wuerthner
November 27, 2020 in Featured , Wildlands Defense
Christopher Spatz - December 4, 2020
Great aricle. Now please stop referring to Myths as a synonym for bullshit so favored by "scientists." Myths are the archetypal, poetic, story-telling foundation of the sapien imagination.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Metal suppressor with standard 14mm Anti-Clockwise Thread. Made of aluminum. Length: 85mm, Diameter: 35mm. There is adaptor included. It´s posible instal the silencer on VZ.61 Scorpion (Well, Marui, JG) with this adaptor.


Located in New Hartford, Connecticut, Camp Workcoeman is the place for all Cub Scouts to have fun and adventure! Below are the various programs that are scheduled throughout the summer.
Day Camp features all the fun and excitement of summer camp without the overnight element. Scouts are introduced to the Cub Scout summer camp program and will come away with a great experience that will include fun, excitement, and some advancement.
This program is for all Cub Scouts and their families. This allows Scouts to get a taste of what summer camp is like without the worries of being away for too long. It features an "open program" that allows for the Scouts to pick what activities they would like to do.
This is a shorter overnight experience for Cubs and their adult partners. Cub Scouts will get a taste of those great summer camp programs. This opportunity will allow for some advancement but the main emphasis is fun!
This action-packed 6 day, 5 night resident camp is designed for Cubs entering first through third grades. Activities are planned for each den so you know the program is always age-appropriate.
An action packed week for 4th and 5th graders who are ready for a week-long camp experience. The program focuses on the Adventure of Scouting where Scouts can earn activity pins and other advancement opportunities. Webelos also get the opportunity to see what awaits them in the Boy Scout program.


The MoFonics will be performing at Sound Check 2006, a fundraising concert at The Independent, 628 Divisadero Street in San Francisco on Sunday, October 22, 2006. The MoFonics are the official rock band of Morrison & Foerster. The band members performing at this event are Doug Hendricks, Paul Flum, Margaret Wu, Bill Veatch, Ruth Borenstein, James Schurz and Bradley Brownlow. The Independent is one of San Francisco's most storied music venues. In addition to the MoFonics, the program will feature Blind Justice & David Miller Trio (Hanson Bridgett), Polkanomics (Lieff Cabraser), Ruby Chevrolet (Lockton Insurance Brokers) and others.
Leadership San Francisco (LSF) is sponsoring Sound Check 2006, a benefit concert designed to bring attention and funding to worthy Bay Area organizations or activities. The inaugural nonprofit partner is the Women's Reentry Center, a facility that will provide transition services to women released from San Francisco jail. Rather than just coldly turning out onto the streets a population of women who have typically endured poverty, abuse and lack of education, when completed at 850 Bryant the Women's Reentry center will provide them with vocational and soft-skill training, childcare, counseling services and a host of other services that will give them a fighting chance to stay out of lock-up for the rest of their lives. In addition patrons of the event may win door prizes and will have the opportunity to bid on great silent-auction bid items.


text:
Andrzej Juliusz Sarwa (Sandomierz, 12 d'abril de 1953) és un escriptor polonès, membre de l'Associació d'escriptors polonesos, de l'Associació de periodistes polonesos, honrat amb el "Merit per a la cultura polonesa", autor de més de 200 llibres i alguns centenars d'articles de diferents dominis, incloent treballs de teologia del domini d'escatologia i demonologia, Alguns d'aquests treballs constitueixen la lectura per als estudiants de ciència de les religions i teologia a més d'una desena de les universitats poloneses més prestigioses (entre d'altres la Universitat Jagellon a Cracòvia, la Universitat de Łódź, la Universitat Catòlica de Lublin, i la Universitat de Stefan Wyszyńesquí a Varsòvia).

Obres

Novel·les
 Opowieść o Halinie, córce Piotra z Krępy (1991)
 Cień Władcy Sabatu (1993)
 Pąsowy liść klonu (2012)
 Uwikłany (2013)
 Szepty i cienie (2013)
 Ziarna ocalenia (2013)
 Wieszczba krwawej głowy (2017)

Reculls de novel·les curtes
 Gałązka rajskiej jabłoni, (1991)
 Tam Lin i królowa elfów, (2008)
 Tajemnica Wysp Koralowych, (2013)
 Strzyga, (2006, rééd. 2008, 2014)
 W stronę horyzontu Opowieści niezwykłe, (2017); edició ucraïnesa: В бік виднокраю. Оповідки незвичайні, (2017)

Poesia
 Tarnina, (1991)
 Pochody (1991); edició anglesa : The marchers (2000)
 Poezje zebrane (2015); edició italiana: Poesia di Andrzej Juliusz Sarwa (2017)

Ciències de les religions
 Herezjarchowie i schizmatycy, (1991)
 Rzeczy ostateczne człowieka i świata Eschatologia Kościoła Wschodniego (2003)
 Rzeczy ostateczne człowieka i świata Eschatologia islamu (2003)
 Rzeczy ostateczne człowieka i świata Eschatologia zaratusztrianizmu (2005)
 ycie przed życiem, życie po życiu? Rzeczy ostateczne człowieka i świata w tradycjach niebiblijnych (2010)

Bibliografia
 Dr Małgorzata Ogorzałek, Andrzej Sarwa. Twórczość i dokonania w 60. rocznicę urodzin, Sandomierz 2013
 Andrzej Cebula – redaktor, Dr Alfred Palla – teolog i biblista, Piotr Pawłowski – archiwista, Dr hab Piotr Sobolewski – lekarz, Dariusz Fugiel – społecznik, Bogusław Kędziora – bibliofil, biznesmen, Szczepan Siudak – artysta rzeźbiarz, Dr Piotr Sławińesquí – historyk: O Andrzeju Sarwie z okazji 60. rocznicy urodzin:
 Dr Małgorzata Ogorzałek, Andrzej Sarwa – dorobek i osiągnięcia w 40. rocznicę pracy twórczej, Sandomierz 2015,Katalog Biblioteki Narodowej (dostęp: 24 lipca 2016)
 Justyna Nowosielecka, Twórczość niebanalna i eksperymentalna Andrzeja Sarwy, praca magisterska napisana pod kierunkiem dr hab. professor. UR Kazimierza Maciąga, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski Wydział Filologiczny Instytut Filologii Polskiej, Rzeszów 2013
 Minister Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiei, Legitymacja nr 9338, Warszawa, dnia 28 Maja 2015: Pan Andrzej Juliusz Sarwa otrzymuje odznakę honorową "Zasłużony dla Kultury Polskiej"
 Szef Urzędel do Spraw Kombatantów i Osób Represjonowanych decyzją Nr 992/SU/17 z dnia 17.01.2017 r. wyróżnił Andrzeja Sarwę Medalem "Pro Patria", Legitymacja Nr 5988/17

Referències

Periodistes polonesos
Traductors polonesos
Poetes polonesos
Escriptors polonesos del segle XXI
Persones del voivodat de la Santa Creu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: php function with 2 arguments I have a function with 2 arguments. Here it is
function listBoats($con,$table){
    //get record set for all boats sort them by their "sort" number
    $queryBoat = "SELECT * FROM " .$table. " WHERE `id` <> 'mainPage' ORDER BY `sort` LIMIT 0, 1000";
    $result = mysqli_query($con,$queryBoat);
    return $result;
}

here is how I'm calling it
$result = listBoats($con,"CSINSTOCK"); //run query to list all the boats in the CSINSTOCK table

I can't get it to work. But If I add the variable $table = "CSINSTOCK" inside the function it does work. Why wont the function pass the "CSINSTOCK" variable through?

A: I would suggest that you use PDO. Here is an example
EXAMPLE.
This is your dbc class (dbc.php)
<?php

class dbc {

    public $dbserver = 'server';
    public $dbusername = 'user';
    public $dbpassword = 'pass';
    public $dbname = 'db';

    function openDb() {
        try {
            $db = new PDO('mysql:host=' . $this->dbserver . ';dbname=' . $this->dbname . ';charset=utf8', '' . $this->dbusername . '', '' . $this->dbpassword . '');
        } catch (PDOException $e) {
            die("error, please try again");
        }
        return $db;
    }

    function getAllData($qty) {
        //prepared query to prevent SQL injections
        $query = "select * from TABLE where qty = ?";
        $stmt = $this->openDb()->prepare($query);
        $stmt->bindValue(1, $qty, PDO::PARAM_INT);
        $stmt->execute();
        $rows = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
        return $rows;
    }
?>

your PHP page:
<?php
require "dbc.php";

$getList = $db->getAllData(25);

foreach ($getList as $key=> $row) {
         echo $row['columnName'] .' key: '. $key;
    }

If you have the access to your database you should be able to perform your required operations.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Remembering the early years of the Nintendo Game Boy
Nintendo's breakthrough portable games console, the humble Game Boy, celebrates its 30th birthday this year. We reflect on its launch and impact.
The anniversary reminds me that since the day I received a Game Boy in late 1990, I have never been without a Nintendo portable at my side. In truth, I can take this story back even further. In the mid-1980s my family had at least three Game & Watch titles. They were rudimentary variations of Donkey Kong and Mario Bros but they nonetheless kept me occupied for hours and hours. It was a game and a watch. What was not to love?
Until the arrival of the Game Boy, portable gaming did not stand comparison with the pleasures offered by home computers and consoles. The arrival of a handheld system that used individual game cartridges changed everything.
Remembering those days reminds me that some things never change. Just as proponents of modern consoles continue to wage war, my friends and I displayed the same fanboy behaviours towards the first wave of portable gaming systems. As Christmas 1990 approached, we all faced a choice. Should we go for the sturdy but lo-fi Nintendo Game Boy or hold out for the prospect of Sega's full-colour Game Gear portable?
In the UK of the late 80s, Sega certainly felt like the hardware maker in ascendance. Video games were chiefly played on ZX Spectrums, Commodore 64s or Amigas and among my friends, the Master System was the only games console of note. Sega somehow managed to make Alex Kidd and Wonderboy our heroes and there wasn't an Italian plumber or elven adventurer in sight. The Sega Game Gear, with its cross-console compatibility, colour display and TV tuner was the obvious choice for us switched-on 12-year-olds.
However, that Christmas, I received a Nintendo Game Boy – bundled with Tetris – from my parents. It was an unexpected gift but one that shows they really did know what was best for me. For the duration of that holiday the entire family attempted to get the highest Tetris score. I vividly recall lying in bed, waiting for the sun to rise so I could have another go and I'm certain I had my first block falling dream. The Tetris effect got me early.
The only thing that stopped us playing was the eventual consumption of every AA battery in the house. Nonetheless, I was hooked and the Game Boy became a permanent fixture in my life.
Months later my friend Adam finally purchased a Game Gear. I couldn't help but feel a pang of envy as Sonic the Hedgehog blazed across the screen in vivid colour. The backlit screen made us Game Boy owners weep and if you held the system at the correct angle, with the TV tuner antenna pointing at a full moon, it was just about possible to watch fuzzy episodes of Top of the Pops or The Krypton Factor.
To improve my Game Boy experience I had to indulge in a variety of magnifiers, lights and grips. I can only assume that Nintendo made as much money on these accessories as they did on the system itself. No stone was left unturned in my efforts to brighten the muted tones of the screen or make it possible to play the Game Boy in bed. But what is true now was just as true then. It was the games that made the difference. And the Game Boy had loads of them.
Over time my modest library expanded to include the likes of Super Mario Land, Balloon Kid, Golf, Teenage Mutant 'Hero' Turtles, Qix and Batman. These games were played, replayed, swapped and played again. The Game Boy lived in my bag, gradually becoming scuffed and scratched but always reliable and always ready to entertain me. The satisfying 'ping' as the system booted up promised adventure and excitement, albeit on a modest 160 x 144-pixel screen.
The Game Boy's durability was one of the secrets to its success. It was pretty much indestructible, a perfect fit for kids, school bags and meddlesome sisters. I have no idea what happened to Adam's Game Gear but my Game Boy led a long life until it was left behind on a train in one of the most genuinely heart-wrenching moments of my youth.
Even when it was time to move on, Nintendo had various upgrades ready. So ahead of a six-month backpacking trip I bought a Game Boy Color. Armed with Link's Awakening, Metal Gear Solid, Pokémon Silver and, erm, David O'Leary's Total Football I set off for far-flung shores.
The Game Boy Color was a constant companion on every flight, train journey and bus trip. My memories of Koholint Island are just as vivid as those of Australia's Blue Mountains. Booting up that old copy of Pokemon Silver is all kinds of nostalgic. It's a time capsule of those travels with each pocket monster named after a friend I met along the way. A HootHoot called Meg, a Vulpix called Geri and my roommate Suneel preserved as a level 20 Bayleef. I don't know where these people are now but they are saved – along with my memories – on that little game cartridge.
In the years that followed I have owned a Game Boy Advance, a GBA SP, a Game Boy Mini, four flavours of Nintendo DS, a 3DS, a 3DS XL and now a Switch. I owe it all to the brilliance of that original, indestructible brick.
A few years ago I was at work on my birthday when a group of colleagues gathered around. I was presented with a mint-condition Game Boy console, complete with a wonderfully hefty carry-case. The excitement around the office was a testament to the impact of Nintendo's revolutionary handheld. Everyone recalled their own childhood experiences and wanted to have "one last go" of Tetris.
So thank you, Game Boy. Thank you for Super Mario Land and Metroid II and Warioland and Link's Awakening. Thank you for making me sit outside to play games. Thank you for having the definitive version of Tetris. Thank you for proving that reliability and software quality matter. And Happy Birthday.
From the archive: Features we love given new life. Dan's piece, celebrating the Game Boy's 30th birthday, was first published on October 17, 2019.
The Popeye cartoon that inspired Nintendo's Donkey Kong
The fascinating connections between Nintendo's Donkey Kong and the classic cartoon character Popeye the Sailor Man.
The 3D Super Mario games ranked, from worst to best
As Super Mario 3D All-Stars comes to the Nintendo Switch, we take a look back at the long and varied history of Mario's adventures in three dimensions.
The 10 greatest Nintendo references in The Simpsons
Here's a list of the 10 most perfectly cromulent Nintendo references In The Simpsons. We hope it embiggens your spirit in these dark times.
10 websites every Nintendo fan should bookmark
Read our round-up of the best ten websites that are informative, useful, and entertaining for all Nintendo fans.


A laid-back youth hostel where guests can feel at home. Leisurely enjoy a traveler's spirit feeling the breeze on the cape.
Omaezaki is a cape projecting out to sea. In summer, you can enjoy some activities, for example, beach with water of 'AAA' credit rating in Japan, surfing and watching turtle laying eggs. From autumn to spring, we cann see sunset into the ocean and the red sky colored by sunrise. When you go up to the top of the lighthouse, you will see that the earth is round and in spring and autumn, there are migratory birds resting their wings.


Do I need a license or permit to operate a trackless train business?
In most states there are requirements to register your business with some type of regulatory agency. We strongly recommend that you make an inquiry before getting started.
What type of insurance would I need for my new business?
We do provide a list of insurance companies that specialize in providing coverage for the special events and amusement industry.
You may call or email us with any questions on ordering. Please have things like your color choices, optional accessories, graphics, and number of coaches picked out prior to ordering. A 50% deposit is due with the order. Deposit payment can be made by cashiers check, money order, credit card, cash or check. If final payment is to be made by check, we require receipt of check 10 working days prior to shipment of machine.
Can a train be decorated with lights/garland/banners?
Yes, we use gel coat not paint which makes our product very durable and decorating for the holidays and parties easy.
Can the LED light colors be changed? Do they have programming options?
Yes LED lights can be changed to prefer color as well as programmable we will supply you with a set of instructions to operate LED lights.
What events can a trackless train be rented out for?
Birthday Parties, Block Parties, Private Parties, Corporate Parties, Outdoor Festival Events, Parades, School and Church Events, Indoor Conventions, Grand Opening Events, Holiday Events, Sporting Events, Zoos, Museums, Etc.
What type of terrain will the train operate on?
Pavement, Concrete, Grass provided the surface is firm and dry , hard packed dirt or gravel, indoors on smooth hard surfaces. The train is not able to jump curbs. The trackless train cannot run on muddy or soft surfaces nor can it run up and down hills.
See our contact us page for mailing address.
"After my first completed party with the Royal Express Jr., I knew I had made a good decision."


April 15th in Philadelphia, the Flyers' home-game playoff debut was received with an awe-inspired hush as the arena went dark for an instant, then exploded into ambient white light, as the custom-designed lighting system sprung to life! Integrating a series of automated lighting trusses, multiple center-hung video boards and LED displays with state-of-the art projectors, Philadelphia-themed rink projections were perfectly synched to upbeat hip-hop music, creating an energetic hum throughout the arena. The six-minute show kept fans engaged and enthralled, as they actively participated in the light show from their seats with LED wristband integration provided by PixMob.
The pre-game introduction, developed as a custom concept by Quince Imaging, was a combination of the Flyers' existing permanently installed projection system, integrated with lighting system enhancements provided by Light Action Production. The advanced technology, along with the 3D animations designed by Quince Imaging, resulted in a never-before-seen level of immersive projection and lighting design. View the Flyers' opening night debut HERE.


One of the fastest growing aspects of analysis used by coaches around the world at ever lower levels (see the slate of apps available for your phone) statistics and analytics are changing both how we watch and coach the game.
If you're looking for a place to start Richard Whittal's Counter Attack blog over at the Score is as good a place as any. Providing a great overview of the analytics scene his weekly articles range pulling topics from the headlines and pointing in the direction of a number sources for even more in depth reading. His take on the Ronaldo vs Messi debate- "The Ballon D'Or and why objective player rankings are pointless – The State of Analytics" – a perfect example of what to expect.
StatsBomb is a site designed to mix good writing about sports with smart analytics, for the benefit of all mankind. Founded by Ted Knutson and Benjamin Pugsley, the idea was to provide a home to all the wayward analytic writing orphans, and give them three square meals a day and a roof over their heads.
Lofty goals but their handy guide to the multitude of acronyms used by the these number crunchers is most welcome.
The name may be simple and direct James' Blog but the depth of analysis is anything but. James is grad student in glorious British Columbia and the one who brought TSR and PDO to football or soccer…. James focuses on "Predictiing Future Performance" especially of teams in the EPL and he seems to know of what he speaks certainly being among the most referenced analytics sites I've found.
11tegen11 takes an in depth look and promises to take us from watching a football match to seeing a football match. In English although the site does focus on the Dutch league articles no matter the subject have great depth and wide application. A perfect example the current – "How to scout goal scoring talent?" is Ere Division focused but the principles could be applied to any league.
The guys over at American Soccer Analysis don't seem to take themselves too seriously to wit: Harrison Crow, Matthias Kullowatz along with Drew Olsen, banter weekly on our podcast about a sport played with a ball and mostly with peoples' feet, cleverly called "football." We focus on MLS and the US National Team, and how to apply statistics to a game that is so fluid. "Possession With Purpose" an excellent example of their focus on MLS.
Some other worth delving into: Soccermetrics Research a bold attempt to take analytics beyond the passionate hobbyist and monetize things and the Power of Goals an English based blog focusing on the EPL.


text:
OECD.org
OECD Forum Network
OECD Legal Instruments
OECD Development Centre
FATF - Financial Action Task Force
IEA – International Energy Agency
ITF – International Transport Forum
NEA – Nuclear Energy Agency
SWAC – Sahel and West Africa Club
OECD Home
Chinese Taipei^Taipei
China (People's Republic of)
Serbia and Montenegro (pre-June 2006)
Chemical safety and biosafety
Corruption and integrity
Green growth and sustainable development
Industry and entrepreneurship
Insurance and pensions
Regional, rural and urban development
Social and welfare issues
OECD Home Development CentreInclusive societies and developmentSocial Protection System Review (SPSR) of Indonesia... in 60 seconds
Inclusive societies and development
Social Protection System Review (SPSR) of Indonesia... in 60 seconds
What is the Social Protection System Review of Indonesia?
The Social Protection System Review (SPSR) of Indonesia assesses the current state of Indonesia's social protection system, highlights current and future challenges, and suggests a number of options for addressing them.
In the report, you will find:
analysis of the national context, focusing on poverty,
inequality and lifecycle risks
a mapping of the social protection system
assessment of its impact on poverty and inequality
analysis of its financial sustainability
recommendations for strengthening the system
The review is part of the EU Social Protection Systems Programme (EU-SPS), co-financed by the European Union, the OECD and the Government of Finland. Other country reviews are available from the project's website http://www.oe.cd/social-protection
What are Indonesia's social protection needs?
Indonesia's economic development has not benefited the entire population
Indonesia's recovery from the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis has led to an impressive reduction in poverty and a significant improvement in living standards. However, the decline in poverty slowed significantly after 2010, with 38.2% of the population remaining poor or vulnerable. At the same time, inequality rose strongly until recently.
Social protection is at the centre of Indonesia's inclusive growth strategy
Since 2000, Indonesia has made great progress towards establishing a social protection system that covers a wide range of risks as part of its strategy to promote inclusive growth as a critical enabler of the country's continued economic and social development. Yet it is not operating at its full potential.
Households eligible for PKH are also entitled to complementary initiatives to promote their sustainable exit from poverty, including scholarships, free health insurance and subsidised rice. However, it is rare that poor individuals benefit from all these programmes, due to institutional fragmentation and uneven use of the Unified Database (UDB), which has been developed since 2005 as a common targeting mechanism for social assistance.
Indonesia's social insurance programmes, such as retirement pensions and health insurance, are well established, and the government is taking steps towards reducing coverage gaps. The national health insurance system, JKN, is making extraordinary progress towards universal health coverage, covering three quarters of the population as of October 2018. However, there are concerns regarding its long-term sustainability. At the same time, a new pension system is struggling to increase coverage amongst Indonesia's large informal sector.
Active labour-market policies are required to enhance the skills and productivity of poor, vulnerable and marginalised workers, but these are currently implemented at a relatively small scale. Meanwhile, passive labour policies, such as minimum wages and severance pay, risk distorting the labour market and compliance is low. Severance pay is considered a constraint to hiring and firing workers, while minimum wages are high relative to the median wage.
Over the coming decades, Indonesia's elderly population is expected to grow rapidly. This means that the focus on alleviating child poverty will shift over time to programmes for older people. Increasing coverage of contributory pensions is a policy priority of Indonesia but will be difficult to achieve, especially for individuals closer to retirement today. Demand for alternative approaches to ensuring welfare in old age is likely to intensify.
Strengthening the social protection system
Indonesia is realising its commitment to establish a social protection system. Important progress has been made in strengthening coherence and coordination across a number of dimensions, including legislation, policies and institutions. However, financing for social protection is low by international standards, reflecting the country's weak domestic resource mobilisation.
Policies to expand social insurance coverage, enhance tax compliance and promote formalisation should work hand-in-hand to increase the resources available to social protection while ensuring Indonesians have access to better jobs.
The challenge of reducing poverty is in part a result of the major economic disparities across the country: in 2018, the poverty rate in Jakarta was below 4% but exceeded 20% in a number of eastern provinces.
The majority of the Indonesian workforce is informally employed: in 2016, the informality rate stood at 57%. Informal workers (and their families) often find themselves in the "missing middle" of social protection coverage, whereby they are ineligible for poverty-targeted social assistance but excluded from employment-based contributory arrangements.
What can the government do?
Strengthen social insurance coverage of the "missing middle"
Adopt a dual approach to include employees and own-account workers in the informal sector.
Subsidise social security contributions of informal workers by covering the cost of employment injury arrangements.
Leverage JKN enrolment and awareness raising efforts to increase pensions coverage.
Strengthen the information architecture for social protection
Continue to develop and coordinate mechanisms for regular updating and verification of the UDB, for example through one-stop shops and on-demand application.
Use UDB as a basis for disaster response mechanisms to protect the most vulnerable as part of integration of social protection into disaster risk management strategies.
Improve the reach of civil registration services to increase the proportion of individuals (especially in poor remote areas) with identification documents.
Regularise and strengthen social services
Implement the legislative framework for the provision of social services according to a guaranteed minimum level of services for specified vulnerable groups.
Decentralise training for social workers to ensure they are able to deliver services during periods of change in social policy.
Prioritise provision of early childhood development infrastructure and services, including family visits to PKH recipients.
Leverage social protection to offset gender disparities
Design specific active labour market policies for women not in education, employment or training.
Consider incorporating care credits in the pension system.
Consider earlier eligibility age for elderly social assistance for women.
Reconfigure labour market interventions to meet the needs of Indonesia today
Revise severance pay while enforcing pension contributions, especially among SMEs.
Consider the establishment of an unemployment insurance fund.
Invest in active labour-market policies to promote productivity among vulnerable workers.
MyOECD
© Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development


text:
Správní obvod obce s rozšířenou působností Vsetín je od 1. ledna 2003 jedním ze tří správních obvodů rozšířené působnosti obcí v okrese Vsetín ve Zlínském kraji. Čítá 32 obcí.

Města Vsetín, Karolinka a obec Horní Lideč jsou obcemi s pověřeným obecním úřadem.

Seznam obcí
Poznámka: Města jsou vyznačena tučně, městyse kurzívou.
 Bystřička
 Francova Lhota
 Halenkov
 Horní Lideč
 Hošťálková
 Hovězí
 Huslenky
 Jablůnka
 Janová
 Karolinka
 Kateřinice
 Lačnov
 Leskovec
 Lhota u Vsetína
 Lidečko
 Liptál
 Lužná
 Malá Bystřice
 Nový Hrozenkov
 Pozděchov
 Prlov
 Pržno
 Ratiboř
 Růžďka
 Seninka
 Střelná
 Ústí
 Valašská Polanka
 Valašská Senice
 Velké Karlovice
 Vsetín
 Zděchov

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy
 ORP Vsetín, Veřejný dálkový přístup do Registru územní identifikace, adres a nemovitostí
 SO ORP Vsetín, Český statistický úřad

Vsetín
Geografie okresu Vsetín
Vsetín


Whether you're tasting your buddy's home-brew or trying out the latest release from your favorite meadery, look for the following characteristics of a great mead.
1. Balance - Meads can be made with a wide range of alcohol content, sweetness levels, acidity and tannins. Regardless of the level of any of those, a great mead must have balance across all components. No single element should be overly conspicuous or dominate the flavor profile.
2. Aroma - you should find a pleasant and inviting aroma that is not dominated by an overly strong alcohol smell.
3. Sense Transition - The mead should have sufficient complexity to guide your sense of smell and taste. Similar to balance above, the transition must be continuous and smooth with the aromas providing a roadmap to the flavors inside.
4. Drinkability - Whether seeking out a refreshing draft or a complex and rich still, a great mead will leave you wanting another glass after you finish.
5. Enjoyment - whatever mead you try tonight, it can only be great if it leaves you with a smile on your face.


Following a long and active career in tile conservation we are now pleased to offer our advisory and consultancy service.
If the answer is not obviously available then do not hesitate to contact us and we will most likely be able to answer your query freely and easily.
If your project is large scale with a local authority or commercial origin or your tiles are Listed and of historic importance then you may need more detailed help and support in the form of a consultancy report. We will be pleased to help with Listed Building planning applications. Please contact us for initial advice at the email address.
The Jackfield Conservation Studio is an advisory service with a wide range of skills, expertise and experience. Senior conservator, Lesley Durbin, began working in conservation in 1983 with the Ironbridge Gorge Museum's ceramics conservation programme.
The Jackfield Conservation Studio was formed in 1990 eventually establishing itself as a leading company in the field of tile conservation and restoration, covering architectural tile schemes from the Medieval through to Art Deco and Modern.
The first major commission undertaken by Lesley was the successful completion of the Royal Doulton Frieze, "Pottery through the Ages" by Gilbert Bayes. This is the largest piece of polychromatic ceramic sculpture in the world and is now on permanent display at the Victoria & Albert Museum, London. It subsequently won the National Art Collection Fund Prize.
The Studio has wide experience of the correct approach to any conservation problem, holding Accredited Membership of the Institute for Conservation (ACR), and acts as Conservation Advisor Tile and Architectural Ceramics Society.
Lesley Durbin is author of 'Architectural Tiles – conservation and restoration' published by Routledge, has reviewed for the Getty Institute in Los Angeles, and lectures on conservation of architectural ceramics for a variety different institutes and societies.
Our long and varied experience in the field of architectural ceramics also allows us to benefit our clients in the role of consultants for large or complex projects. Detailed reports and surveys concerning the condition and treatment of historic schemes are regularly undertaken whatever the scale of the project.
and the Telecom Murals by Dorothy Annan for City of London and Goldman Sachs.
The Jackfield Conservation Studio has undertaken work for Historic England, The National Trust, The Railway Heritage Trust, The Churches Conservation Trust as well as many local authorities, museums and architects.
The Jackfield Conservation Studio was pleased to work with bespoke tile manufacturers on the restoration of one of the 1930's Boots & Co. factory buildings in Beeston, Nottingham, the refurbishment of two large tiled garden pavilions in Worcestershire, as well as the conservation and recreation of Pugin's original tiling schemes in both houses of the Palace of Westminster.
The company has also worked at The Royal Courts of Justice, London, which involved the re-manufacture of textured glazed encaustic slip tiles along with consolidation and conservation of original tiling, as well as the splendidly frivolous gentleman's lavatories on the Isle of Bute.
Among our most demanding challenges was completing specifications for the tile refurbishment of Cardiff Central Station also involving re-manufacture and on- site conservation in time for the Rugby World Cup of 1999.
A programme of new colour development, conservation and conservation training with the officers of Osgoode Hall, State Courthouse, Toronto, Canada also began in 1999 and continued until 2004. The interior restoration and conservation of Harrogate Turkish baths was completed in 2004 combining on-site conservation and restoration with manufacture of new tile for the refurbishment of the plunge pool. We have also worked as a successful team with manufacturers in the conservation, remanufacture and reinstatement of the flamboyant interior of Number 1, Botchergate, Carlisle and the Victorian Waiting Rooms at Worcester Shrub Hill Station, 2008. More recently we conserved and restored the interior of the traditional fish and chip shop at the Black Country Museum, Dudley.
Users of this web site will sometimes decide to send written or photographic information regarding historic tiles, their location and condition. In doing so users agree that photographs and relevant information may be sent on to other experts in the field for confirmation and assurance that the correct advice, so far as is possible, is being given in good faith as a result of the enquiry.
Three of the twelve restored panel in The Fish and Chip Shop, Black Country Museum, Dudley.
Detail of the Pugin tiles in the Terrace Restaurant, formerly the Strangers Smoking Room, House of Commons, London.
Atrium floor, Osgoode Hall, Toronto.


These are some lies we made up about Littleton.
A space man from another part of the galaxy was distinguished at night rushing after a passing Ford on a shadowy road close to Littleton.
A giant hyena came into view in the rear seat of a pickup by the driver witnessing the phantom in her rear view mirror in the early morning hours.
A colossal ox was made out struggling to hide a dead body in Browns Swamp at night.
An ET has often been perceived raking leaves in the back yard of an apartment in Littleton.
A gargantuan zebu is often perceived by a guy fishing by a lake close to Littleton.
The spirit of a critically scorched woman is known to have been distinguished on many occasions having a seat on a couch in a flat in Littleton. If you listen to what the residents allege, this ghost is the undeceased soul of a long gone Littleton person who lived here.
The martian commander of an extraterrestrial spacecraft can frequently be distinguished struggling to state something beneath a streetlight in Littleton.


Neighborhood names are a funny thing. They can give an area a sense of identity and unity; even the most seemingly unflattering names can become a marker of pride (witness Pigtown's annual piglet races). So of course, now that Baltimore's Downtown Partnership is pushing hard to get people to move downtown, they're working to rehab the city map — by giving downtown neighborhoods new names.
+Bromo – An uninspired, but solid, choice for the streets surrounding the eponymous tower. Has a hint of "bro" to it, which sounds about right. 7/10.
+Cathedral Hill – An elegant name for an area surrounding the Baltimore Basilica. I gotta say, though, I'm suspicious — it's got a whiff of the real estate developer about it, and also has way too many syllables. I'm going to keep calling this "Mt. Vernon." 5/10.
+Preston Gardens – You know that spot where St. Paul Street splits, and I always go the wrong way, and there's that inexplicable grassy expanse across the street from Mercy Medical Center? Yeah, that's the "garden." Not buying it. 2/10.
+Government Square – I guess this is a better name for the area around City Hall than "Block-adjacent." Has a ring of respectability to it. 6/10.
+Charles Center – This is the proposed new name for what Kelly calls "middle downtown." I can't even call this neighborhood to mind, which means it could use a little identity branding. Unfortunately, there are too many things already named "Charles" in Baltimore. C'mon, Downtown Partnership– you can do better. 3/10.
Ohh, I kind of love Cathedral Hill. Makes me think of a quaint, tree-lined neighborhood. Maybe with a college nearby.
I like Preston Gardens, it's been the name of that median park since the 1920s. Unfortunately, the city has really cut it off by widening St. Paul St in the past. Luckily, Downtown Partnership's plan is to restore the upper park by changing the northbound traffic lane there. Should make it nicer!
I dislike Government Square, it sounds like an unoriginal knockoff of Government Center in DC. Maybe call it Courthouse Square or Monument Square, which are both historic names for the space where the Battle Monument is located.


text:
Gustavo Milano, (born 11 February 1961 in Rosario) is a former Argentine rugby union footballer, coach and sports agent. He played as lock and was an international for Argentina and for Italy.

Career
Hailing from Jockey Club Rosario, he played in the club and in the Argentina as lock: debuting for the Pumas in 1982, during the End of the year test against France, at Toulouse.
He played and won the South America Rugby Championship in 1985 and 1987, as well, he took part at the 1987 Rugby World Cup, playing only the match against Fiji.
In 1989, Milano moved to Italy, playing for San Donà and the UAR excluded him from the national team, as usual with the players who moved abroad at the time.
Moving to Milan, he won three scudetti and -as coach- he qualified to the 1994 final lost against L'Aquila: unusually, the following season he returned in the field as player-coach.
Retiring definitively in 1996, he remained in rugby as coach, then as agent for Argentinian rugby players in the European market; since 2002 he is the director in charge of the training skills for the UAR.

Notes

External links

1961 births
Living people
Argentine rugby union players
Rugby union locks
Sportspeople from Santa Fe Province
Argentina international rugby union players
Italy international rugby union players
Argentine people of Italian descent


Pete Wahl and his siblings started out as ranchers. Today, they run a salad bar. It started when they sold the tractor two years ago. With it went the tillage equipment and the seed drill. You can't very well farm without those. At least that's what they thought.
Pete and the rest of the Wahl family have embraced a soil-centric idea. Sheep don't need more acres to graze, they need more and better food on the acres they've got. The realization has led to major changes on the operation.


text:
Placerville is the name of several places in the United States:

 Placerville, California
 Placerville, Colorado
 Placerville, Idaho


Made with only the best ingredients to help deliver one of the most powerful training experiences ever, EndoRush by BSN was designed to help you train without limits.
EndoRush is a pre-workout made to fuel the internal drive of performance athletes, pushing them to the next level. BSN's EndoRush contains 3g Creatine Monohydrate, 1g Creatine Nitrate, 1.6g of Beta-Alanine, Longan "Euphoria" Extract and VELOX™, as well as 300mg of caffeine to help increase your energy and performance.
Mix 1 scoop with 150 - 175ml of water and consume 15 - 30 minutes prior to workout.


Lesson 1Building Background Knowledge: What are Animal Defense Mechanisms?
A.Accountable Research Reading. Select a prompt to respond to in the front of your independent reading journal.
A. Vocabulary Work from your homework resources for this unit.
B. For ELLs: Complete the Language Dive Part 1 Practice in your Unit 2 Homework.
A. Choose one of the Affixes Practice sheets from the homework resources for this unit.
A. Use the Summary Writing organizer in the homework resources for this unit to write a summary of your research reading.
A. Review notes for the Science Talk.


This is the emerald theme goes with default GTK theme comes with Aqualooks.
I think that this is really great.
What font in terminal do you use?
The dock seems to be KXDocker, isn't it?
Can you describe all your look??
How did you get that OSX bar of the top?
How did you get the curvature on the scroll bar? I installed the theme but did not get that.
I can see you are all for the mac OSx look. That's fine. I just have a couple questions. Where did you get the icon for the trash and which file in the icon themes needs replaceing to add that specific icon--since i just can't change the icon properties and switch icons like a normal program?
Also, is there a way to modify some of these beryl emerald themes? Some of them I like alot except the author put them in the wrong spots for my tastes or they made the theme I like too dark or light.
Try the "Edit Themes" tab in emerald-theme-manager.
THAT is one of the sexiest themes I have seen. Could you upload the full monty (icons, wallpaper, etc.)? I'd be really keen to have it on my desktop. It's exquisite!
whats the name of the startarbar at the bottom ?
Cool wallpaper -- where'd you find it?
Aqualook Emerald looks really awesome on my Kubuntu 6.10 desktop!
Thank you Zammi for sharing.
It's a windows vista wallpaper I got from google search.
Well, which site? I just tried the first one, which is VistaWallpaper.com and couldn't find it there.


Love an outdoor setting with fantastic food and just a short walk away from the beach? Casey's Place is your place then! Located on the corner of Cardinal Drive and Azalea Lane in beautiful Vero Beach, it is a local favorite. Some regular customers drive from as far away as West Palm Beach just to get a taste of Casey's! The trademark market umbrellas create a comfortable shaded setting at the large classic wooden tables.


LukasAdams LuxuryKleo jasmin. Oshun23. NikolleQueen. TeacherIsHere.
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eatmyASS20SexyPetterHotNicolePixyNicoleLex .DeyanarisSugarnannySexyILLUMINATIblondesexyass .IwantYouMoreCreamyCUMDOLLManuElaJoySexyPetterHot .FrenchViagraBustyCara69bigass4u1ArielMaks .GorgeousSerenaLauraMarinFabianRosalesTheBedShakerTs .blondesexyassmarcuspaisaJuicyBerryCreamyCUMDOLL .xxBrownSugarxxxNicoleLexDiamondMariaSugarnanny .MistressSERONAxDomCataleyaAngelaSpikehornymcali .AngelaSpikeJuicyBerryIwantYouMoreAndrewNJessica .SexyILLUMINATIJuicyBerrySUBMISSIONXSARAJuicyBerry .privatedesireKarenPlaynicollsexytsDiamondMaria .


text:
Larry Wilcox Stadium is a sport stadium in Atchison, Kansas, United States.  The facility is primarily used by Benedictine College for college football, track and field.  It is also host to other university and city athletic and non-athletic events including local high school football games.

The stadium was named for current Benedictine football coach and athletic director Larry Wilcox.  The facility has hosted multiple National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics football playoff games during its use.

References

External links

College football venues
Benedictine Ravens football
American football venues in Kansas
Buildings and structures in Atchison County, Kansas


text:
Q: CSS textbox width inherit from parent container with max width I have the styling for my textboxes:
input[type=text] {
   width: 300px !important;
   line-height: 25px;
}

I need to change it that if the container width is smaller than 300px it must inherit the width from the parent container else the width must be 300px.

A: input {
   max-width: 300px;
   width:100%;
   line-height: 25px;
}


text:
Q: ASP.NET Core HttpContext is null outside controller in case of Batch request In my ASP.NET Core OData service, when we make a batch request and try to access HttpContext outside the controller, it is null. In the case of not batch request HttpContext is populated correctly.
I am using IHttpContextAccessor to get the httpContext:
public static class AspnetcoreHttpContext
{
    public static IHttpContextAccessor contextAccessor;

    public static void SetContextAccessor(IHttpContextAccessor accessor)
    {
        contextAccessor = accessor;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets the current HTTP Context. This may be null!!!
    /// </summary>
    public static HttpContext Current
    {
            get
            {
                return contextAccessor?.HttpContext;
            }
    }
}

In starup I have configured batch as below;
app.UseODataBatching();
app.UseMvc(routeBuilder =>
            {
                var conventions = ODataRoutingConventions.CreateDefault();
                ODataBatchHandler odataBatchHandler = new CustomODataBatchHandler();
                ApiVersion version = new ApiVersion(1, 0);
                string routeName = string.Format("odata-bypath{0}", version.MajorVersion.Value);
                routeBuilder.MapVersionedODataRoute(routeName, "odata/v{version:apiVersion}",
                    EdmModel, version, new DefaultODataPathHandler(), conventions, batchHandler: odataBatchHandler);
            });

Any pointers? please suggest.