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All the facts you need to know about Japan's national sport
With matches that rarely last more than a minute and its scantily-clad competitors sporting beer bellies, Sumo wrestling is foreign to most rugby and cricket-loving Aussies. However, Japan's national sport since ancient times is gaining popularity here and around the world as foreign competitors climb the Sumo ranks.
History of Sumo wrestling
Legend has it that a Sumo wrestling match sparked the modern Japanese dynasty. Two gods, Takemikazuchi and Takeminakata, did battle on the shore of the Sea of Japan, with Takemikazuchi killing his opponent and founding the dynasty.
Aside from legend, the sport traces its origins to the Shinto religion. Some 1500 years ago, matches were dedicated to the gods and staged near shrines in the hope of a good harvest. By the eighth century, the sport was introduced into Imperial Court ceremonies. Throughout this time, Sumo incorporated elements of boxing, and the sport was a lot more violent. Under the continued patronage of the Imperial Court, rules and techniques were modified to produce a sporting style similar to today's.
Matches are played out in a Sumo ring, called a dohyo, constructed from a special type of clay and covered in a thin layer of sand. Above the dohyo is a roof resembling a Shinto shrine. Four giant tassels hang from each corner to signify the seasons of the year. The actual bout takes place in an inner circle, about 4.5m across.
The aim is for each competitor, or rikishi, to force the other out of the inner circle or make them touch the ground with any part of their body except the soles of their feet. Hitting, pulling hair, eye-gouging, choking and kicking in the stomach or chest are not allowed. Unlike Western wrestling or boxing, there are no weight limits or categories. In Sumo, a wrestler can compete against someone twice their weight.
Diet and lifestyle
With no weight divisions, wrestlers gain as much weight as possible and this forms a large portion of their training. Typically, Sumo wrestlers weigh more than 150kg. The sport's heaviest wrestler, Sumo champion Rikishi Takamisugi, weighs in at 285kg. The Sumo diet differs greatly from that of an average person and it can take years for new recruits to reach an acceptable fighting weight.
Rikishi don't eat breakfast as they can't train on full stomachs. By midday they are extremely hungry and can eat a meal between 5 and 10 times larger than that of an average person. By eating later in the day, the metabolism drops and the body is encouraged to store the food as fat.
A Sumo wrestler's traditional meal is a stew called chanko-nabe. It consists of either fish, seafood or chicken and is served with either rice or vegetables. Although high in protein, the meal itself is not fattening. It is the sheer amount the wrestlers consume which leads to weight gain. After these large meals, Sumo wrestlers generally sleep for around three hours. Rikishi also have special massages to move the intestine, allowing them to eat more food.
Sumo wrestlers also consume a large amount of beer. A "beer belly" is desirable in Sumo wrestling as a large stomach makes competitors more stable in the ring.
"To presume that manga is simply the Eastern equivalent of American or British-style comics is a blunt and inappropriate association."
Throughout Japan there are six Grand Tournaments held annually; three in Tokyo and one each in Osaka, Nagoya and Kyushu. Each tournament lasts 15 days, with each rikishi fighting once a day against various opponents. The tournament winner - the rikishi with the best win-loss ratio - is awarded the Emperor's Cup. Additional prizes are given to the rikishi who upsets the most grand champions, as well as an award for technique and fighting spirit.
The Banduke
Given the popularity and history of the sport, professional rikishi are not allowed to compete at just any level. Instead, the 800 or so current wrestlers are ranked according to experience and ability. The Banduke is the official listing of Sumo wrestlers and ranges from the lowly trainee to the most superior rank possible, the Yokozuna. After each Grand Tournament the Banduke is updated, with rikishi either promoted or demoted depending on their performance. The highly ranked rikishi always feature at the end of the day's tournament to give spectators something to look forward to.
The position of Yokozuna is exceptionally unique, with only 63 rikishi having been honoured with the title since it was created some 300 years ago. One can never be demoted from the position, with a poorly performing Yokozuna expected to retire rather than continue competing. Yokozuna compete in the Makuuchi, the top division of professional Sumo wrestling in Japan. The division has just over 40 wrestlers.
One can identify the rank of a rikishi according to the way in which their hair is styled. A mage is the topknot worn by rikishi, and it has two variations. The first, the chon-mage, is a plain style tied with paper strings and worn by all rikishi. The o-icho, however, is only worn by members of the top two divisions in competition and on other formal occasions. The traditional styles have not only been kept because they were fashionable in the Edo period, but because they serve as head protection in the event of a fall.
Foreign competitors
While Sumo wrestling has been Japan's traditional sport since ancient times, the sport has experienced a recent influx of foreign competitors. Coming from around the world, including countries such as Russia, Mongolia, Bulgaria, Georgia, Estonia and South Korea, there are now a number of foreigners competing professionally in Japan.
The first foreign competitor to win the top division championship was 1970s rikishi Takamiyama Daigoro, from Hawaii. Konishiki Yasokichi was another Hawaiian wrestler who won the top division title on three occasions and was the first foreigner to reach the rank of Ozeki - the champion rank immediately below Yokozuna. In 1992, Hawaiian-born Akebono Taro became the first foreign-born Yokozuna.
Today, 26-year-old Mongolian Dolgorsuren Dagvadorj is considered one of the best Sumo wrestlers in Japan. He has experienced exceptional success and is now the only Yokozuna to be competing. Competing under the name of Asashoryu, which means Blue Dragon of the Morning, he weighs just 148kg and is 180cm tall. With 20 Makuuchi division championships to his credit, he has gained a large fan base in his home country and in Japan.
As the sport opens its doors to foreign competitors, Sumo is gaining notice around the world. But the high level of commitment, dedication and training required by wrestlers to reach the elite Sumo ranks, will ensure that only the best make it to the top and become true heroes in Japan's traditional national sport.
Sumo ritual and tradition
Sumo is not only a colossal sporting battle of strength and strategy, but a formalised ritual with its roots in ancient Japanese tradition.
Dohyo-iri
Every tournament day, just before the makuuchi matches occur, the dohyo-iri ceremony takes place. Wearing kesho-mawashi - the richly embroidered, handcrafted ceremonial aprons synonymous with Sumo - teams of makuuchi rikishi enter the arena. Graceful in spite of their size, each team of riskishi climb into the dohyo where they undertake a brief Shinto ritual.
It is the Yokozuna who is most revered in the dohyo-iri ceremony. He enters flanked by a senior gyoji and two sword-bearing makuuchi rikishi. After first clapping his hands together and revealing his palms, he lifts first one leg high into the air, followed by the other, bringing each down with a thunderous noise believed to drive evil spirits out of the dohyo.
Yumitori-shiki
The rite that concludes the day is the "bow dance". After the final match a specially picked makushita rikishi climbs into the dohyo and is handed a bow by the gyoji. He then performs the yumitori-shiki, a mesmerising routine featuring twirling bow and incredible dexterity.
Introduced during the Edo period, the yumitori-shiki was first performed by the winning rikishi as a sign of gratitude for receiving the bow. Today, it has become an expression of satisfaction on the part of the victorious rikishi.
Mawashi
A fundamental part of rikishi equipment, the mawashi is the silken loincloth worn by Sumo wrestlers during competition.
Made from heavy silk and measuring about 9m by 60cm, it features ornamental silk strands that hang from the front. It is folded in six then wrapped around the waist four to seven times, depending on the competitor's girth.
Most winning techniques in Sumo are achieved by maneuvering the opponent with a grip on the mawashi, making it more than a uniform.
Shikiri
After entering the dohyo and performing numerous symbolic gestures, including the famous scattering of salt to purify the ring, the rikishi squat and face each other. This part of the ritual is called shikiri. Supporting themselves on their fists, intense mental confrontation ensues. After staring each other down the rikishi break, go back to their corners for more salt, scatter it, then return and glare some more. The intensity of the contest builds, usually for the full four minutes allowed by the rules, until one of the rikishi initiates the match.
The Gyoji
Clad in a spectacularly colourful kimono patterned after samurai of the Kamakura period, the gyoji have the weighty responsibility of adjudicating Sumo matches.
Gyoji are graded and only a tate-gyoji or top-ranking referee can officiate at a bout involving a Yokozuna. The rank of a gyoji can be determined by the colour of the tassel on his fan as well as by his footwear; higher-ranked referees wear split-toe socks and straw sandals, lower-ranked officials go barefoot.
The gyoji enters the dohyo with the combatants, calling out the names of each. Then, when it's time for battle, the gyoji signals with his fan in a gesture globally synonymous with Sumo.
Mr John Traill (left) with Kiwi wrestlers
The 2008 Oceania Sumo Championships
Text courtesy of Katrina Watts President, Australian Sumo Federation
Australian Sumo Federation members crossed the Tasman in April to pit their skills in the Oceania Sumo Championships.
Against strong competition, Australian John Traill secured a silver medal in the men's middleweight division.
However the heavier Kiwi wrestlers dominated in the open division, where the Australians were only able to achieve fourth place.
The championships, hosted by the New Zealand Sumo Federation, were staged before an appreciative audience in the city of Lower Hutt, near Wellington.
The Australian Sumo Federation is looking forward to its next international challenge on November 17 and 18 in Lausanne, Switzerland, where the 15th World Sumo Championships, 8th Junior World Sumo Championships and 6th Shin Sumo (women's Sumo) Championships will be held.
Australian Sumo Federation
Interview: Peter Armstrong
Dr Peter Armstrong
Architect and senior lecturer
at the University of Sydney
Former president of the
Former Sumo coach
and competitor
How did you become involved in the Australian Sumo Federation?
I got involved through Ivor Endicott Davies, who was the president before me and he started back in 1992. I really got involved because of the First Oceania Championships in 1996. I saw the publicity for it and got in contact with Ivor. I was too old, so for me it was just an interest.
Had you been involved in Sumo beforehand?
No, mountaineering was actually my sport at university. My guidance professor wanted me to do a traditional Japanese sport, so I choose mountaineering. Suddenly the opportunity turned up to become involved with Sumo in 1996 and I did. I never really expected to wrestle. I started at 50! I wrestled once at a world tournament, because our heavyweight dropped out, so I competed in his place. I actually won my first bout.
What is participation like in the Australian Sumo Federation?
I don't really know where they are at, at the moment, but I think there are about half a dozen active people who train. We just have an annual tournament, a club one and a national one too. People come from all over the place to compete.
Copyright © 2006-2007 NICHIGO PRESS All rights reserved.


ARRIVALS OF TRAINS DURING THE WEEK.
On Wednesday the 24th ult, Capt. Homer Duncan's company of immigrating Saints arrived, as expected, being the first church company, so called, the teams of which were sent form the mountains last spring, and have been to the Missouri river and back with oxen, accomplishing the entire journey in one hundred and thirty days, and the return trip in sixty-four days as per report, including all delays and hindrances, which certainly must have been a few in number.
Kimball & Lawrence's freight train, so called, in which were about thirty wagons, including several loaded with merchandize for Mr. C. H. Bassett, R. C. Sharkey and others, came in on Thursday, and on Friday, Capt. [James] Wareham's independent company arrived.
The second church train, Capt. J[ohn]. R. Murdock, arrived on Saturday, the report of which, made by the clerk, Mr. Reid, is published in this number.
The teams in Captains Duncan's and Murdock's companies, which have been to Florence and back this season, have returned in excellent condition, and generally look better than those which were purchased on the frontiers, and have only been driven from there since the 1st of July.
There has been some sickness among the immigrants while crossing the plains, more than common, mostly mountain fever and diarrhea, and about fourteen deaths occurred in each of the church trains after leaving the Missouri river before arriving in this valley, principally children, as we are informed, which is certainly a very small per cent, considering all the exposures to which the immigrants, mostly direct from European countries, have been subject while traveling by land and sea nearly half the circuit of the globe.
Capt. [Joseph] Horne's company is expected to arrive some time do-day, and Capt. [Ansel P.] Harmon's in the course of a week.


WASHINGTON, D.C. — The Washington political situation will make the climate for general aviation ""uncertain"" this year.
That's according to James Coyne, president of the National Air Transportation Association (NATA), who stressed this at a recent meeting for the Washington, D.C., press.
Uncertainty brings with it many issues that can cause concern, he notes. However, despite the uncertainty of federal policy, Coyne stays optimistic about how aviation will fare in the future.
With both political parties jockeying for position and power, neither will take positions or back bills or appointments that it believes will give advantage to the other, he says. This includes the reauthorization of the FAA, which Coyne says might drag on until after the presidential election and into 2009.
Confirmation of Robert Sturgell to be the FAA administrator also could be in never-never land for many months, the NATA leader says. Sturgell is one of more than 75 nominations awaiting confirmation. Coyne sees this as ""a big chess game"" going on in the Senate, with each side trying to get its people approved while blocking the opposition appointees. Democrats do not want an FAA administrator, appointed by a Republican president, in the post for five years. They would rather wait until after the election, when they believe a member of their party will be in the White House.
If Coyne's analysis is correct, the uncertainty will mean little action from the FAA this year.
With the Very Light Jet out of its development stage, Coyne says he expects to see growth in that market. He also expects the Transportation Security Administration to issue its long-expected regulations, within a few weeks, for all general aviation aircraft weighing more than 12,500 pounds.
NATA represents air taxi operators and Coyne sees a major growth in this segment of the aviation industry.
""In the next 24 months I see two or three dozen entrants in the air taxi business,"" he says. The hassle of airline travel is moving more and more business executives to general aviation and the company that doesn't have enough travel to justify its own aircraft is taking advantage of air taxis, he notes.
The most worrisome issue for all aviation, Coyne believes, is the environment. Noise will continue to be an issue, but emissions are starting to take center stage with potentially-enormous costs to all aviation.
European countries already are moving on the issue. What is being proposed could cost the aviation community millions of dollars to meet the emissions tax requirements, he says, adding that, ironically, the attention to environmental issues could be a way to get the long-awaited modernization of the air traffic system.


When Sacramento's summer temps start to sizzle, it is time to adjust your workout routine in order to beat the heat. The best way to reach your fitness goals without frying like an egg on asphalt? Dive in to the nearest pool or lake and experience the incredible benefits of water workouts.
Anyone who has been through a Sacramento summer or two knows that access to a pool is a must all the way through to fall. Why just float in the cool, blue oasis when you can get a workout in at the same time? There is an aqua class available for every one of our California Family Fitness members, and to suit every fitness goal. Here's what an aqua class can do for you.
Aqua 101: A low-impact class safe for pregnant women, seniors, new participants, and anyone recovering from injury or surgery. Safely burn up to 250 calories per hour.
Aqua Zumba: Splash your way into shape with an invigorating low-impact aquatic exercise. Known as the Zumba "pool party," the Aqua Zumba program gives new meaning to the idea of a refreshing workout. Integrating the Zumba philosophy with traditional aquatic fitness disciplines, Aqua Zumba blends it all together into workout that's cardio-conditioning, body-toning, and most of all, exhilarating beyond belief.
Fusion: If you like variety in your workout, you are going to love Aqua Fusion. Mix up power, spin, sports, kickboxing, strength, walking, and running to improve cardiovascular performance, strengthen muscles, and burn up to 250 calories per hour.
Power: When you want to strengthen muscles in a fast-paced, intense class, Aqua Power will get your heart rate up while working all your large muscle groups. Strength training in the pool can burn up to 300 calories per hour.
Run: A challenging class that will improve your cardiovascular performance, strengthen muscles, and increase your land stamina and power through vertical running. Serious calorie burning that is safe and gentle on joints. Burns up to 500 calories per hour.
Cardio/ Strength: Take your cardio and strength routine to the water, and work your entire body in the pool. This whole body workout will improve cardiovascular performance and strengthen muscles while burning up to 250 calories per hour.
Treading: How long can you tread water? With this cardiovascular and strength increasing class, your feet will remain suspended above the bottom of the pool for as much as one-quarter to one-half of class time while you perform other familiar moves. Burn up to 300 calories per hour.
Intervals: High-intensity intervals done in a pool in ratios of 10 to 60 seconds. You can train your muscles to fatigue, but not failure. If you want to challenge yourself to new levels of fitness, Aqua Intervals is your ticket to improved cardiovascular performance and stronger muscles while you burn up to 300 calories per hour.
Performance Swim Training: Are you competing in a local triathlon in Sacramento this summer? Any time you need to get into competitive swimming shape, PST can help you prepare. Customized workouts and professional stroke evaluations can make you more efficient in your next competition.
Water fitness classes are great for people of all fitness levels and with a wide variety of fitness goals. Can't swim? No problem! Lessons are available to you at one of our Sacramento California Family Fitness pools, too.
You can survive the triple-digit temps this summer by taking advantage of the cool pools and amazing lakes that are available to you in Sacramento.


At Takapuna Normal Intermediate we believe in the value of Sport and the positive impact it has on learners during their two years they are at TNIS. At TNIS healthy competition is valued and promoted. Teachers believe that new skills, attitudes and character are built through these experiences.
TNIS offers a range of after-school sporting codes across a variety of different levels for both boys and girls. These competitions run through the week during specific terms.
With the support of our staff and the wider community, our aim is to provide students with an inclusive and unforgettable experience in all sporting areas.
Please click THIS LINK to view our TNIS Sports Prospectus.


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The Horse and His Boy: Full Color Edition by C.S. Lewis
A full-color paperback edition of The Horse and His Boy, book three in the classic fantasy series, The Chronicles of Narnia. This edition is complete with full-color cover and interior art by the original illustrator, Pauline Baynes.
On a desperate journey, two runaways meet and join forces. Though they are only looking to escape their harsh and narrow lives, they soon find themselves at the center of a terrible battle. It is a battle that will decide their fate and the fate of Narnia itself.
The Horse and His Boy is the third book in C. S. Lewis's classic fantasy series that has drawn readers of all ages into a magical land where horses talk and destiny awaits for over sixty years. This is a novel that stands on its own, but if you would like to return to Narnia, read Prince Caspian, the fourth book in The Chronicles of Narnia.
Review Citations:
School Library Journal 05/01/2003 (EAN 9780060510558, Analog Audio Cassette)
Wilson Children's Catalog 04/11/2019 (EAN 9780060234898, Library Binding)
Wilson Middle/Jr. High Catalog 04/11/2019 (EAN 9780060234898, Library Binding)
Clive Staples Lewis (1898-1963) was one of the intellectual giants of the twentieth century and arguably one of the most influential writers of his day. He was a Fellow and Tutor in English Literature at Oxford University until 1954, when he was unanimously elected to the Chair of Medieval and Renaissance Literature at Cambridge University, a position he held until his retirement. He wrote more than thirty books, allowing him to reach a vast audience, and his works continue to attract thousands of new readers every year. His most distinguished and popular accomplishments include Out of the Silent Planet, The Great Divorce, The Screwtape Letters, and the universally acknowledged classics The Chronicles of Narnia. To date, the Narnia books have sold over 100 million copies and have been transformed into three major motion pictures.
Pauline Baynes has produced hundreds of wonderful illustrations for the seven books in The Chronicles of Narnia. In 1968 she was awarded the prestigious Kate Greenaway Medal for her outstanding contribution to children's literature.
0.76" H x 7.62" L x 5.14" W

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home Staff
Pastor: The Rev. Sharon Kichline
pastorsharon@websterum.org
Possessing a degree in banking and finance from the University of Missouri-Columbia, she had been working as a commercial lender at a bank when her mother was diagnosed with cancer. Pastor Sharon and her husband Joel were expecting their first child and so she decided to take a leave of absence to care for her mother.
The experience changed the direction of her life. "I just couldn't go back to the bank after my mother's death," she said. "The bank no longer offered much meaning to me."
Instead, she focused on her new son, Glenn, who was a special-needs child. Learning how to engage him, and then "teach his teachers how to teach him," was a full-time job.
As Glenn and a second son, Sam, grew up, Pastor Sharon and her husband became more involved in their church and joined a mission trip to Haiti. She increasingly felt like God was calling her to make a difference, but how or where were still unclear to her. A part-time position at her church helped Pastor Sharon clarify her feelings, and she realized she wanted to go to the seminary—Eden Theological Seminary, which was conveniently located in her hometown of Webster Groves, Mo.
"Walking into the seminary was like breathing different air, like air in the mountains," she remembers. "It just felt right."
Four years later with a Master in Divinity degree, she asked God again where she should go, and once more, it was a convenient location for a wife and mother with children in school. Pastor Sharon served an urban church in St. Louis, Lafayette Park United Methodist Church, for five years, followed by a year in a rural church in Warren County, Mo. She was ordained an elder in the United Methodist Church Missouri Conference in 2010, and came to Webster United Methodist as pastor in 2011.
"I felt compelled to let God use me and be available wherever God needed me," said Pastor Sharon, in reflecting on her path after seminary. Ironically, God sent her to "the most convenient place ever," her hometown of Webster Groves. International missions remained close to her heart, however.
Passionate about mission work and committed to connecting persons to Christ, Pastor Sharon has led multiple mission teams internationally to Haiti, regionally in the Midwest, and locally in the St. Louis metropolitan area.
She continues to live in Webster Groves with her husband, an investment counselor, and a houseful of dogs, cats, a rabbit and two chinchilla. Both sons graduated from Webster Groves High School and are grown and working in the St. Louis area. In her spare time, she enjoys travel, hiking the national parks and reading historical fiction, theology and who-done-its.
assistantpastor@websterum.org
My faith connects with everything that I do." I received a call to ministry on a 2015 mission trip to Gatlinburg, TN. Since that call experience, I have striven to follow the John Wesley quote: "Do all the good you can, by all the means you can, in all the ways you can, in all the places you can, at all the times you can, to all the people you can, as long as ever you can."
I am leading a young adult ministry for people who want to grow in their faith. I also am serving as a United States Marine with 3/23 in Bridgeton, MO. These things and others are connected with my faith in ministry as Assistant Pastor of Webster United Methodist.
Josh Krakos
DirectorMusic@websterum.org
Lamar Fitzgerald is a 20-year veteran of music ministry, having worked with numerous adult and youth choirs throughout the St. Louis region. He honed his musical talent at Webster University. Since 2013, he has created beautiful music at Webster United Methodist, as choir director, pianist and by inviting special musical guests. Lamar leads the adult Chancel Choir, which performs during the Sunday worship service.
Lamar Fitzgerald
DirectorYouth@websterum.org
Paige is our Director of Youth Ministries and Student Pastor, and she is attending Eden Seminary
Paige Foster
Director of Youth Ministries and Student Pastor
DirectorChildren@websterum.org
Shaeleigh Parsons, our new Director of Children's Ministries, has a strong background in working with children that have a broad range of diverse backgrounds. She is currently a student at Webster University, working on a major in Human Rights with minors in both Graphic Design and Religious Studies. For the majority of her life, she attended Manchester UMC. Ever since 6th grade she knew she wanted to be involved in the life of the church, and has taken on many different leadership positions throughout the years. She has been involved in competitive Irish Dancing for the past 12 years and has taught it for about 4 years. Being involved in these activities showed her just how much she loved working with children and how much she loved spreading the good news of God!
Some random fun facts: Shaeleigh has one older sister and has a miniature pincher puppy named Ellie.
Shaeleigh Parsons
Director of Children's Ministry
admin.communications@websterum.org
Hannah is a senior at Saint Louis University, majoring in Marketing and French. She leads our communications and administration responsibilities. With previous marketing internship experience, she has a passion for communications, social media marketing and being creative every day.
Hannah Dippel
Communications and Administration Coordinator
Pastor: Pastor Sharon Kichline
Assistant Pastor: Josh Krakos
Music Director: Lamar Fitzgerald
Children's Director: Shaeleigh Parsons
Youth Director: Paige Foster
Communications and Administrative Coordinator


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'Old Highway 35' reopens in DeKalb County after more than 3 years
by: Zach Hester
Posted: Sep 7, 2022 / 12:00 PM CDT
Updated: Sep 6, 2022 / 06:20 PM CDT
FORT PAYNE, Ala. (WHNT) — After more than three years of work, a historic highway in Northeast Alabama is open to traffic.
According to a Facebook post from the DeKalb County Emergency Management Agency (EMA), County Road 835, known to local residents as "Old Highway 35," was reopened on Tuesday morning.
2 people swept away by floodwaters at Guntersville State Park
The road was closed in February 2019 after landslides made the highway impassable.
"The substructure of the highway just gave way and basically, the entire roadbed slid off the side of Sand Mountain," said Anthony Clifton, director of the DeKalb County Emergency Management Agency.
Clifton said the severe flooding in the spring of 2019 along with several years of deterioration, including "patch on top of patch," eventually caused the entire road to collapse. He explained what happened in the area to be a "wet weather spring," or water flowing down on the inside of the road until it failed.
Clifton said the road had to be completely dug out "all the way down to the base rock."
Happening at your North Alabama library!
It took around one year to completely dig out the road, then more time to fill it back – when the weather allowed for work to happen.
Clifton told News 19 that the county road department deserved thanks for creating a "long-term fix, not just a bandage."
He also thanked the residents for their patience over the last three-and-a-half years, as they have put up with the detour out to the new Highway 35 between Rainsville and Fort Payne.
Evening Headlines
Alabama News / 2 hours ago
Shoals / 1 hour ago
Tennessee News / 37 mins ago


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New Articles5
Cowboys Have Reportedly Already Decided On Play Caller For Next Season
1 Team Said To Have 'Significant Interest' In Kellen Moore
NFL World Reacts To Surprising Kellen Moore Decision
Football World Reacts To Empire State Building Announcement
Breaking: Cowboys Make Decision On Kellen Moore
Fans Furious With James Franklin Over 4th Down Play Call
COLLEGE PARK, MD - NOVEMBER 25: Head coach James Franklin of the Penn State Nittany Lions looks on against the Maryland Terrapins at Capital One Field on November 25, 2017 in College Park, Maryland. (Photo by Rob Carr/Getty Images)
Penn State was moving the chains with ease on its opening drive of the second half against Ohio State. However, the offense was unable to build its lead.
On fourth down from Ohio State's 19-yard line, Penn State decided to hand the ball to Nick Singleton with two lead blockers out in front of him.
Although the play may have looked great when the Nittany Lions were drawing it up, the execution was flat-out abysmal.
Singleton was ultimately stuffed by Ohio State's defense. This play could end up costing Penn State in the long run.
Penn State head coach James Franklin is receiving a lot of criticism from the fans for letting the offense run this play in such a critical situation.
"Great call to run it into 10 guys," one fan said.
"Horrible play call," another fan wrote.
"Didn't mind them going for it," a third fan tweeted. "The play is what I question."
The Nittany Lions are clinging to a 14-13 lead over the Buckeyes.
It's shaping up to be an exciting finish in Happy Valley.
NFL World Reacts To Jalen Hurts' Postgame Singing


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BooksPhilosophyA Modern...
A Modern Introduction to Indian Aesthetic Theory
From The Jacket The foundation of the Indian aesthetic theory can be traced to Bharatamuni's Natyasastra where he give his theory of beauty (theory of rasa) which was later elaborately developed by learned scholars. In this work, Prof. Barlingay examines the development of the rasa theory by various authorities on art and aesthetics and finally presents his own critical understanding of it. The volume begins with a survey of the history of Indian art by examining painstakingly t...
From The Jacket
The foundation of the Indian aesthetic theory can be traced to Bharatamuni's Natyasastra where he give his theory of beauty (theory of rasa) which was later elaborately developed by learned scholars. In this work, Prof. Barlingay examines the development of the rasa theory by various authorities on art and aesthetics and finally presents his own critical understanding of it.
The volume begins with a survey of the history of Indian art by examining painstakingly the relation between art and beauty, perception of time and space in art, and classification of arts. It then plunges into a detailed study of origin and development of rasa theory: from rasa in the Vedas and Upanisads to Bharata's rasa theory and perspectives of Abhinavagupta, Bhattatauta, Bhatta Lollata, Kuntaka, Dandin, Mammata, Vamana, Rudrata, Visvanatha, Bhamaha, Jagannatha and others who enriched it further with their own theories. It explains how principle were employed and re-employed by the masters to reveal various meanings, inter-relationships, symbols, and perceptions of art. It highlights the salient features of each master's unique manner of interpretation of art concepts.
The work is a must for scholars and students keen to study the fundamentals of concept and theory of Indian art, particularly with reference to drama and poetics.
Prof. S. S. Barlingay (1919-1997), a reputed name in teaching and research on philosophy, was founder-editor of several scholarly journals. He was a teacher of philosophy at prestigious universities within Indian including the universities of Delhi and Pune, and at the Perth University, Australia and Zagreb University, Croatia. He published numerous books on logic, ethics, epistemology, aesthetics and political philosophy. He was the chairman of the State Board of Literature and Culture of the Government of Maharashtra.
Tradition holds that all enlightened activities lead to ultimate liberation and enlightenment. The study of beauty and aesthetics is one such. There is beauty in art, sculpture and poetry but most of all in the participatory fine art of drama. In drama there are three components: the playwright, the actors and the audience.
It has long been held that the operative principle is rasa, the flow from the author via the dramatic personae to the audience. What is the nature of this rasa? Is it a fluid that originates in the author's work or is it generated only in the performance itself? These have occupied many scholars in the past and various theories have been advanced. Most notable amongst them are Bharata, Bhamaha, Abhinavagupta, and Jagannatha. Professor Barlingay's authoritative treatise surveys criticially the contributions of various authors and provides a basis for determining what is aesthetics in the Indian tradition.
Despite the advance of the social sciences, biology and the physical sciences, we continue to live in a familiar "realistic" world, and there are those who have been able to penetrated this veil and recognize a deeper reality. It is this realm in which rasa function.
We do have persistent distortions of reality: we know that matter is made of molecules which themselves can be composed of smaller sub-units in perpetual motion, and that we have to use the quantum physics laws to describe it properly. Studies in psychology have made us realize that there are periods of qualitatively different clear perceptions. Despite these, we cling to the traditional world-view.
This persistence of misperception is evident in everyday phenomena. We see the sunrise and the sunset and wax lyrical about their beauty. We see our image in a mirror and, knowing how the virtual image comes about, we "perceive" the image. On a hot day we see mirages on the city roads. Our perception of heat or cold is dependent upon what was the ambience in which our skin was earlier. The clear conviction that causality is fully operative in nature is not completely in accordance with our retrospective view; what appeared as accidental is recognized as inevitable in retrospect.
Spiritual disciplines are usually prescribed for going beyond appearances. The inadequacy of our "realistic" view is recognized when we have advanced in such disciplines.
But art in general and drama in particular show us a deeper reality beyond appearance. When Ophelia wanders the fields in desperation on seeing Hamlet fully preoccupied with the murder of his father, our eyes fill with unshed tears even a we recognize it is only a play. We see that Kanva Maharsi's sorrow at parting with his foster daughter Sakuntala is incongruous with his detached world-view but we feel it when we watch the play enacted. These are the plays of rasa and it is an experienced reality.
Barlingay also deals with the repeated participation in the play; but unlike the athlete running around a track, we gain each time and "see" the play: we "see" more than we did before. So each enactment of a play is a new experience and not merely a repetition. Familiarity with the story and the structure of the play only improves the enjoyment of the rasa.
In the present book the author presents carefully the spirit of the various authorities and clearly distinguishes their view from his own critical understanding. In the way we get the various streams of Indian thought. This authoritative treatise is thus scholarly and at the same time an initiation to elicit the reader's own personal experience.
The critic is often thought of as a secondary contributor to the art. But it may be that their view is mistaken: in science a deep understanding of what has been the crystallized views of various authors is an invitation for the individual scientist's own discovery and insight. And the moment of insight is an extraordinary yet familiar state of awareness filled with awe, joy and timelessness. I believe that to be equally true of literature and drama. We are not mere onlookers but participants who function in an altered state of awareness.
I knew Professor S. S. Barlingay only for a few short years but was profoundly grateful to be able to share ideas with him. I will miss him, like so many of you; but this excellent book will be with us for the present.
The basic unity of Natyasastra Text
In all probability, Bharata's Natyasastra is the first systematic work on drama and poetics in India. Of course, it might not be a work of a single author. It could be a compliation of works of Drhina, Vasuki, Bharata, etc., and Bharata himself might not have been one single person. It could be the name of a "tradition" and one could talk of Bharata as one talks of Vyasa. Some modern scholars have made some original observations in this regard and have come to the conclusion the Natyasastra has not been the work of one author. Late Narhar Kurundkar and Dadegaonkar have come to such conclusion. I appreciate the research, but for my purpose I regard the work or the compilation as one single unit, albeit with many interpolations and extrapolations. I take this view because when Natyasastra was composed or compiled, it aimed at giving one cogent, coherent theory of art in general and drama in particular. That is why the compilation was made. Since who composed the work ( the Natyasastra) does not affect my work, I take it as one unit, of course, after due selecting and editing.
The study , which I am presenting in this monograph, is of the nature of discussion of the language and parameters employed by those who developed our tradition in music, drama, dance and poetry on the one hand, and painting, sculpture and architecture on the other . The parameters used were basically regarding the subject matter and evaluation of the art objects. In the course of time, however, the parameters used in literary arts were also employed for evaluating painting and architecture. The keywords in regard to these art forms were rasa, saundarya and ananda. The word rasa was used, to begin with, for determining the status and standard of the subject matter of that art.1 But , while describing this concept (of that particular art) , foisted on rasa were layers of "evaluation (and satisfaction)," which follow the accomplishments of the art object. The object of art is to communicate, and for such communication two things are necessary. One is the medium and the other is the message conveyed through this medium. These two elements are evidently different, but many a time, they cannot be separated. They are like a copper wire (which is a conductor of electricity) and the electric current which flows through the wire. 2 This artistic communication is for understanding the message which one wants to convey to the other. It is hrdayasamvadi,3 that which is of the nature of blending two hearts, agreeable to two hearts . This communication stands for artistic beauty. All parameters of art are the parameters concerning the scale of beauty (and also communication). But, sometimes all such parameters used for measuring and evaluation breakdown when the audience or spectators or readers reach a state of "silence" or speechlessness. This is the state of affairs which cannot be describe at all and was, therefore, regarded as anirvacaniya. The highest type of daiviki siddhi which Bharata describes is of this type. Such a state of affairs was compared to Brahmasvada, the flavour arising from the experience of Brahman. Bhattanayaka and, following him, Visvanatha used this expression for describing the art–experience.
Dimensions of Dramatic Art
The history of the art of Indian origin shows that this theory came to light while developing the stage as performance. The stage drama has several dimensions: (1) first is the script, presented in the form of an imitation of life; (2) it requires the medium of expression or bhava and acting ; (3) this has to be done in a specific style; and (4) finally, it is to be evaluated in the form of the applause or otherwise from the audience . It has thus all the characteristics of any art, whether it is dance, music, painting, sculpture or architecture. Perhaps on this account, the theory of drama became a paradigm for all art-critics and the concepts in drama were employed and re-employed in different arts. They were, for example, employed in the criticism of poetry. Drama requires a continuum of time and deals with a medium. There is some media among a medium in different arts. For example, a medium in poetry and the medium of drama. The general characterstics of these media are also the characterstics of language whether they are of the nature of memory or concepts, or the material of which the art object is made. Bharata's treatise, Natyasastra, discusses this. But several refinements came from time to time in understanding and developing the art theory in general. We find six types of theories developed in the course of time. The theories of alamkara, riti, vakrokti, dhvani, rasa and aucitya can be mentioned in this context. As it appears to me, they are theories of poetry. But they can be used in all departments of arts, including music, painting, sculpture and architecture.
Foreword vii
Key to Transliteration x
Preface xi
1 Prologue 1
Different Arts - Their Interrelations 1
The Parameters - Art and Beauty 2
Cultural Traditions in Art - The Parameters of Appreciation 6
The Classification of Arts 9
Time, Music and Dance: Tala, Laya and Svara 16
Perception of Time and Space in Art 24
Milestones in the History of Dramaturgy and Poetics 29
2 Psychology of Bhavas 33
Bhavas: Meaning and Types 33
Sthayi Bhavas 34
Vyabhicari Bhavas 35
Sattvika Bhavas 37
Sthayi Bhavas and Rasa 41
Sthayi Bhavas and Mental States 42
Sthayi Bhavas and Artha 44
Vibhavas 46
Types of Vibhavas 46
Anubhavas 48
3 Theories of Poetry 50
The Basic Parameters of Literature 50
Natya or Drama 51
Rupaka 51
Contents of Natyasastra 52
Abhinaya and Poetry 52
Dance and Drama 53
The main Authors and their Theories 54
Drama vs. Literature 55
Bharata's Mode of Theorization 56
Bharata's Context: Stage Drama 57
Rupakas 58
Beautiful in the Text 60
Alamkara: A Parameter of Poetry 62
Rasavat Alamkara: Its Introduction and Elimination 70
Riti and similar Concepts 70
Vakrokti 73
Aucitya: A Constitutive and Evaluative Parameter of Beauty 76
Dhvani 77
Types of Meaning 79
Sphotavada: Abhihitanvayavada and Anvitabhidhanavada 80
Anandavardhana's View 81
Symbols and its Interpretation 82
4 Rasa Theory - Historical Survey 85
Rasa Theory - Historical Survey 85
Rasa in Vedas and Upanisads 86
Rasa in Ayurveda 86
Rasa in Different Philosophical Systems 86
Rasa in Natyasastra 87
The Purpose of Drama : Siddhis 91
The Process of Art-Creation 92
Rasa for Alamkarins 96
Transformation in the Meaning of Rasa 96
Focus on Appreciation 97
Views of Lollata, Sankuka and Bhattatauta 98
Abhinavagupta's View 100
Bhattanayaka's View 101
5 Bharata's Rasa Theory 103
Rasa Theory: Bharata and Abhinavagupta 103
Natya and Nataka 104
Stage Medium: An Aspect of Natya 105
The Samkhya Theory 106
Rasanirmiti and Rasasvada Prakriyas 107
Employment of Samkhya Theory 110
in the Indian Theory of Art
Natya and kavya 111
The meaning of Natya 111
Three Stages of an Art 113
Art as Communication 114
The Three Stages of Communication 115
The Language of Natya 117
Evidence from Natyasastra 123
Some confused Interpretations 126
Bharata on Bhavas 127
Sthayi Bhavas 130
6 Bharata's Rasa Theory (Continued)- Dharmi, Vrtti, Pravrti and Siddhi 133
The Element of Communication in Art 133
Imitation or Anukarana 136
Types of Vrtti and Pravrttis 139
Classification of Arts 143
Purpose of Art: Superworldly Happiness (The Siddhis) 144
Can Rasa and Siddhi be Identified? 146
Vagueness about Bhavas 149
Vagueness about Sthayi bhavas and their Meaning 150
7 Rasa Theory - Additional Evidence Continued 154
Communication Process: Rasanispatti and Rasasvada 154
Sources of the Concept of Rasa 157
Sthayi Bhavas as Kavyartha 158
The Concept of Nispatti 159
The Concept of Samyoga 161
Rasa - The Audio-Visual Language 163
Distinction between Sthayi Bhavas and Kaviantargata Bhavas 165
8 Rasa Theory - Bhattanayaka and Abhinavagupta 169
Rasa as Ananda 169
The Process of Appreciation 174
Bhattanayaka's View - Continuation 177
Rasa as a Norm 178
Experience vis-à-vis-Language 186
Sadharanikarana and Knowing 188
Knowing Qua Measuring 189
7 Post-Abhinavagupta Development of Rasa Theory 192
Meaning of Vijnanavada 192
Asvada and Asvadya 194
The Post-Abhinavagupta Period - The Period of Decadence 196
Post-Abhinavagupta Theories of Poetics 198
Pre-Jagannatha 200
Jagannatha 201
The world of Creation 204
Misinterpretation of Rasa-Theory in the Post-Jagannatha Period 205
Panditraj Jagannatha on Poetry 209
The Development of Rasa 211
10 Abhinaya 216
Bharata's Theory of Abhinaya 216
Acting as Pretending 220
Abhinaya and Communication 223
11 Medium, Language and Parameters 226
Experience, Thought, Language and Models 226
Language and Thought 228
Language and Dialogue 229
Language and Expression of Experience 232
Language and Expression of Self-Consciousness 234
Language as Human Activity 236
Para, Pasyanti, Madhyama and Vaikhari 245
Evaluation and Parameters 247
Reviews and Parameters 247
Naming, Describing and Explaining 249
Status of Parameters 250
Use of Language 252
The Meaning of Beauty 257
Relationship Between Sabda and Artha 262
Aesthetics: An Anthopocentric World 265
Relationship Between Mind and Body 268
Communication in Arts 272
Upama and Types of Parameter 273
12 Observations and Remarks: Distinction Between Rasa-dhvani and Rasa-siddhi 277
Nature and Kinds of Judgement 278
Nature of Art 286
Nature of Appreciation 292
Nature of Beautiful 294
Beauty and Artistic Communications 298
Beauty: Natural and Artistic 308
The Artist and the Appreciation 311
The Knowledge by Gestalt of Art Experience 316
Arts: Auditory, visual and Audio-Visual 323
Aesthetic Experience and the Nature of Originality 325
The Meaning of Beautiful 328
Describability of Beauty 329
Indescribability and Parameters of Art 332
An Epistemology of Art 333
13 Epilogue 340
Appendices 348
Appendix 1: About Classical Scholars 348
Appendix 2: Vamana's Philosophy of Poetry 351
Appendix 3: A Further Note On 'Para' 361
Appendix 4: 364
Item Code: IDI841 Author: S. S. Barlingay Cover: Paperback Edition: 2016 Publisher: D. K. Printworld Pvt. Ltd. ISBN: 8124603774 Size: 8.6" X 5.6 Pages: 400 Other Details: Weight of the Book: 648 gms
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The August newsletter of Friends of Silvermine Nature Area (FOSNA) includes news of latest improvements to Silvermine Reserve, news from the Riverine Rovers, reports on hiking the enticing Fynbos Trail near Stanford and Gansbaai and of caving in the Kalk Bay Mountains.
Winter is in full swing and while a few of the Thursday walks have been cancelled or shortened due to bad weather, when we do get out on a clear day it is absolutely beautiful. The other Thursday we did the river walk and although it was cold, and we had to negotiate some very slippery ice covered boardwalks, the reflections at the dam were absolutely fantastic and well worth the effort.
Since then we have offered to sponsor SANParks to put wire on the slippery parts of the boardwalk. They have agreed to try this. So let us hope this will be done soon.
Thanks to Gail Breslan's efforts the information centre at gate 1 is looking great. The FDP ladies also display an arrangement of flowers that are currently blooming. If you have a few moments to spare it is well worth a visit.
The newsletter is only as interesting as the contributions received, so if you experience or see anything of interest you would like to share, please write a little something and send it to me for inclusion in the next newsletter. The details for your contributions are at the end of the newsletter.
It is time for the August newsletter and I am wondering what has happened to the past seven months. It is such a common lament – I don't know where the time has gone – and no one has come up with a reasonable answer. So we will just have to persevere and make the most of our time as it slips through our fingers and becomes another part of history.
And on that merry note….
With our wonderful donations we were in a position to assist in the upgrade of the pedestrian path at Gate two at Silvermine.
The path was widened to make access to the toilet wheelchair-friendly. The rest of of the pedestrian path was upgraded and packed to ensure a good rain run-off and prevent erosion.
We will be supplying a dozen indigenous trees to be planted at the car park at the reservoir. These will provide shade and will beautify the area.
It has been suggested that we provide the car guard at the reservoir parking with a little wooden hut. This will provide protection when it rains and he will have a place to leave his personal possessions when on duty. We are awaiting Sanparks' go ahead with this idea.
The Lavender Tree (Heteropyxis natalensis) is the common tree.
The White ironwood (Vepris Lanceolata) is the rare tree.
The Lavender tree has its bark eaten by the black rhino and the leaves by kudu and grey duiker. The masses of small flowers attract many insects and they, in turn, attract many insect-eating birds. So if you have the odd rhino or kudu wandering round your garden, you know what to plant!
These trees are available from the Kirstenbosch Gardens nursery.
According to "Making the Most of Indigenous Trees" Fanie and Julye-ann Venter, the White Ironwood (Witysterhout) makes a 'good garden subject which can be pruned into any shape or it can be grown as a screen plant. A must for the bird garden, with its bunches of black berries. It makes a most successful container plant, flowering and fruiting without any problems. "when its leaves are crushed it emits a lemon scent. I hope that I have whetted your appetite to investigate this tree further.
Arbor week promotes a better knowledge of trees, particularly indigenous trees. It stresses the necessity for everyone to plant trees and care for them and it highlights the vital role trees play in our lives.
I have left this to the end. Not for any reason but that it is a tragedy and one cannot continue with everyday news once this has been digested.
We extend our sincere condolences to the daughters and friends of Henri La Cour, who was murdered on the Kalk Bay Mountain (Trappieskop) on Wednesday June the 25th. Trappieskop appears frequently on the Friends of Silvermine Nature Area Walks Programme. It is so sad to associate this beautiful space with such a dreadful incident. It is sometimes very difficult not to feel utter despair when faced with the bitter realities of our present society. We live in the most beautiful place in the world….. Let's hold fast onto that.
A few members of the hiking group, and friends, had the privilege of doing the Fynbos Trail in the Walker Bay area. I say privilege as the information we gleaned from this hike was more than one could ever retain in two days study!
We left the cave and walked along the pristine beach finally heading off inland through a dune field. Sean was able to introduce information and stories all along the way. The idea that dunes 'move' seems ridiculous but they do, leaving crusts of compressed sand in their wake and encroaching on the long ago planted dune stabilisers. We walked through a mass of flowering Erica irregularis endemic to the Stanford and De Kelders area, before being collected for a scrumptious lunch at Growing the Future sustainable agriculture and life skills training college on Grootbos Nature Reserve. This is a wonderful project growing vegetables and harvesting honey used by the two lodges on Grootbos Nature Reserve. This project provides work and life skills for the local people.
Billy Robertson now became our guide. This was a 6.5 kilometres walk to our overnight accommodation. We were guided into and through an ancient Milkwood forest. The Steynsbos Milkwood forest is one of the only eight Milkwood forests of its type in the world. These Milkwood trees are old, gnarled and weather beaten. Billy too had so much information to share. After lunch the mist had come down so we were unable to see the views over Walker Bay. However the mist made hiking pleasant and cool. We hiked through masses of pincushions all in flower. The Cape sugarbird and orange breasted sunbirds, among many others, were busy flitting between the plants exhibiting their pollination methods so delightfully described by both Sean and Billy.
Our final evening was spent in the company of our two guides and Michelle. We were treated to a wine tasting of Lomond wines and a delicious dinner. The accommodation was in large wooden chalets (originally from those taken down by SANParks at Agulhas) consisting of three rooms each with two beds, two bathrooms, a lounge and well equipped kitchen. The chalets were warm and very welcoming.
After approximately 6 kilometres our hike ended with a lunch at Grootbos Garden Lodge. My goodness, we were offered a wonderful spread to end our hike. After lunch we were transported back to our cars. We were replete but all very sad that our hike had come to an end.
We were left with a heightened awareness of the cycle of life and our unequivocal interdependence. The Fynbos Trail is not just a hike it is a life experience.
News from the Riverine Rovers.
"On a recent walk round the Wetlands, my husband and I came upon an Egyptian Goose and family walking along the path. We followed them slowly and watched while Dad at the back, fully aware of us, was keeping ten fluffy little goslings round Mum at the front. Mum and Dad were quietly muttering, and we could imagine them saying, "Now keep together children"! After a few minutes, the Goose family reached a spot where they could enter the water. Within the blink of an eye, they had all walked onto a gabion and plopped into the water. They all swam immediately towards some reeds.
During one of her bowls events Edwina mentioned to Ron Zeeman that she regularly walked in Silvermine with our group. Ron's eyes lit up as he offered to take the group to explore some of the caves in the area.
At the end of May Gail Breslan was to lead a hike from the S –bend on Boyes Drive, so it was decided to change this to a caving experience.
Our party of 8 ladies and Ron excitedly met in Godfrey road as this Thursday hike was to be one with a difference! We set off with great expectations!
''Boomslang'' was the first cave Ron led us to. Donning our old clothes and head torches we leopard crawled into the flat entrance and slowly wiggled our way through to the large main chamber. The quiet darkness of the space was an incredible experience, which not all the party enjoyed. Some felt claustrophobic.
We explored the little passageways and dead ends shining our torches onto the sparkling crystals formed on the roof.
Although we were below the surface of the earth for a relatively short time it was an adjustment to be back in the fresh air and light of upper earth.
After a short tea break our next cave exploration was ''Devils Pit''!
To enter this cave we had to pull in our tummies, twist and slide down the entrance with the help of a rope. We made our way to the main chamber, passing side passages with names like ''Creepy Corridor''. This was a fairly small cave but I found getting back up to the surface to be quite challenging. A bit like being inelegantly squeezed from a geological birth canal!
Once back on the surface Ron showed us the other entrance to Devil Pit which has been fenced off as there is a long sheer drop down a shaft to the bottom.
After that we went to the entrance of Robin Hood cave. You need to jump from one rock across a gulf to another rock to enter this cave. None of us was brave enough for that!
Ron then took us to the entrance of another cave where you needed to climb up a rock face to get to the opening.
Ron certainly knows his way around the caves and is passionate about caving. Apparently there are about eighty caves with many kilometres of underground passages just in the Silvermine area. Many of these caves were discovered, documented and named by John Meyer from 1923-1950. He painted the names of the caves on the rocks at the cave entrance. Quite a few of these names are still visible. There are some really interesting names to the caves like Treasure Chest, Blackbeard's cave, Egyptian cave and The Labyrinth.
All in all, it was a very interesting and enjoyable experience. Thank you Ron for exposing us to the underside of our mountain!


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San Francisco, California, U.S: Mercury House, 1990.
New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1991.
New York: Castle Books, 1969.
London: Cape May County Historical and Genealogical Society, 1992.
Random House Publishing Group, 2001.
New York: Henry Holt, 1953.
Bloomington, IN: Indiana Univ. Press, 1967.
New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1927.
The Foreign Legion: Photoplay Title of "The Red Mirage"
New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1919 (1928).
NY: William Morrow & Co, 1989.


text:
Hohe Börde – gmina samodzielna (niem. Einheitsgemeinde) w Niemczech, w kraju związkowym Saksonia-Anhalt, w powiecie Börde.

Dzielnice gminy
 Ackendorf
 Bebertal
 Brumby
 Bornstedt
 Eichenbarleben
 Glüsig
 Groß Santersleben
 Hermsdorf
 Hohenwarsleben
 Irxleben
 Mammendorf
 Niederndodeleben
 Nordgermersleben
 Ochtmersleben
 Rottmersleben
 Schackensleben
 Tundersleben
 Wellen

Zobacz też
 Börde

Bibliografia
 Statistische Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle (Saale), 2009

Powiat Börde
Gminy w Saksonii-Anhalcie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Conversion of WARC file to JSON or XML or CSV I am working with the WARC files and trying to access the complete file into some framework acceptable format (say elasticsearch, apache sparks or others). But these frameworks accept data in a format of JSON or other types apart from the WARC.
For this reason, I tried the Github program as a parser for the file. Here is the Github repository code link: https://github.com/eugeneware/warc
Now , when I have tried implementing it this program didn't work at all. I don't know what was the problem, but it didn't show up anything. Not an error or an output.
Now I am trying to figure out how I can accomplish my task? If anyone has any suggestions for this please share it with me.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
SteamDiego continues serving as authority in electric steam boilers, dry saunas
April 8, 2022 1:32 PM PT
SteamDiego has become one of the foremost experts in electric steam boilers and dry saunas, in addition to comprehensive manufacturer warranty services.
Steve Garber
(Jim Milner)
"I grew up in plumbing, I've been plumbing on and off starting when I was 13, and somewhere in my 20s I took the business over," said Steve Garber, whose father, Bernard Garber, moved to Southern California from Milwaukee in 1948 and established SteamDiego's parent company B. Garber Plumbing, Inc.
SteamDiego provides service for major manufacturers and suppliers of steam and sauna products throughout the United States. The company is also relied upon by manufacturers of steam and sauna equipment to serve as their expert in the field.
Garber has now been in the business for more than 30 years.
"Today all we do is steam and sauna work," said Garber, who earned a B.A. in biology from UC Santa Cruz and a master's degree in peace studies from University of San Diego. "I've really enjoyed working on steam units because it was extremely challenging in the beginning, and getting into sauna work also was very challenging. I built my first sauna many, many years ago for a client in Rancho Santa Fe who happened to be a contractor, the rest is history."
Garber had some preexisting plumbing clients he had worked with for a long time and did not want to leave unattended. Eventually, he found a plumber to refer them all to for all their plumbing needs.
"I felt an obligation to my longtime plumbing clients to take care of them, so I stuck with plumbing for quite some time," Garber said.
This is the type of approach that SteamDiego continues to take with all its clients.
"We develop good relationships with all of our clients," Garber said. "With steam work, our main thrust is communication, reliability, quick response and we are fortunate to have a great, caring and responsive team to accomplish this."
Garber also said his philosophy to customer service is that "the best response is a quick and fast response."
SteamDiego also provides a vast array of resources on its website for customers to answer the questions they typically have. The company also has a blog with posts that address topics such as health benefits of using a sauna regularly, benefits of having a steam room in your home, and benefits of heat therapy in steam and sauna rooms.
The SteamDiego team keeps up with the latest technological advances that continue to occur almost yearly.
"There are a lot of technical advances that have been unfolding in sauna and steam work," Garber said. "We've kept up to speed on all that, and we keep up to speed on infrared saunas and traditional saunas. Both saunas apparently have a plethora of different medical benefits."
Garber said that his goals include fostering team work and growing the company gradually, which helps maintain high levels of customer service.
"We're doing very well. We plan to expand but in a responsible and reasonable pace," he said. "Quality and customer service are our biggest concerns."
For more information about SteamDiego, visit steamdiego.com or call 619-295-2780.
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Jackson Design & Remodeling forecasts top home interior design trends for 2023
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This page displays sold house prices for Haste Hill Road in Maidstone.
Haste Hill Road in Boughton Monchelsea, Maidstone consists predominantly of semi-detached houses. Properties on Haste Hill Road typically have values around £350,000 - £450,000, but larger detached houses can command upwards of £500,000.
Map showing Haste Hill Road in Maidstone.


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Bordeaux » Rock » The Cascades - Rhythm Of The Rain
Scaricare album The Cascades - Rhythm Of The Rain
Interprete: The Cascades
Titolo: Rhythm Of The Rain
Stile: Pop Rock
Cat#: 6026
Paese: New Zealand
Etichetta: Warner Bros. Records
Genere: Rock / Pop
Cascades New Zealand Warner Bros Records Pop Rock 1963
1 Rhythm Of The Rain
Written-By – John Gummoe
2 Let Me Be
Written-By – DeVorzon, Chandler
6026 The Cascades Rhythm Of The Rain (7", Single, Bri) Valiant Records 6026 US 1962
WB. 6026 The Cascades Rhythm Of The Rain / Let Me Be (Shellac, 10") Warner Bros. Records WB. 6026 India 1962
A 6026 The Cascades Rhythm Of The Rain (7", Single) Warner Bros. Records A 6026 Sweden 1964
7WB-15.004, 7 WB 15004, 7 WB - 15.004 The Cascades O Ritmo Da Chuva (7", Single) Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros. Records 7WB-15.004, 7 WB 15004, 7 WB - 15.004 Brazil 1962
A 6026 The Cascades Rhythm Of The Rain (7", Single) Warner Bros. Records A 6026 Germany 1964
Arranged By – Perry Botkin Jr.
Codici a barre
Matrix / Runout (A side label and etched): 100096
Matrix / Runout (B side label and etched): 100097
Manufactured By – His Master's Voice (NZ) Limited
Published By – E. H. Morris & Co. Ltd.
Rhythm of the Rain - The Cascades. Лента с персональными рекомендациями и музыкальными новинками, радио, подборки на любой вкус, удобное управление своей коллекцией. The Cascades Rhythm of the Rain. Rhythm Of The Rain. SOLAR Music Rights Management, Warner Chappell, LatinAutor, PEDL, LatinAutor - Warner Chappell, UMPG Publishing, CMRRA и другие авторские общества 10. Angel on My Shoulder. The Cascades. Rhythm of the Rain is a song performed by The Cascades, released in November 1962. It was written by Cascades band member John Claude Gummoe. On March 9, 1963, it rose to number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100, and spent two weeks at number 1 on Billboard's Easy Listening chart. Billboard ranked the record as the number 4 song of 1963. In March, 1963, the song was a top 5 hit in the United Kingdom and, in May that same year, was a number 1 single in Ireland. In Canada, the song was on the CHUM Chart for. Watch the video for Rhythm of the Rain from The Cascades's The Ultimate Sixties Collection for free, and see the artwork, lyrics and similar artists. Rhythm of the Rain was issued in November 1962. It rose to 3 on the U. Billboard Hot 100 chart in early 1963, and became a major hit in over 80 countries. View wiki. Billboard Hot 100 chart in early 1963, and became a major hit i read more. From The Album. Play album. The Ultimate Sixties Collection. Album 1963 12 Songs. R&BSoul album. Songs in album The Cascades - Rhythm Of The Rain 2016. The Cascades - Rhythm Of The Rain. The Cascades - Shy Girl. The Cascades - Angel On My Shoulder. The Cascades - There's A Reason. The Cascades - Let Me Be. The Cascades - The Last Leaf. The Cascades - Punch And Judy. The Cascades - My First. This is an enjoyable sampler highlighting the Cascades' vocal hits from the early '60s for the Valiant label. This short collection provides a decent introduction to the group's best material, including the original versions of Shy Girl, The Last Leaf, and their only Top Ten hit from 1963, Rhythm of the Rain. This budget-priced compilation will please both the fan and novice
Album correlati a The Cascades - Rhythm Of The Rain:
Forbidden - Let It Rain
John Foxx - Europe After The Rain
The Cascades - Floatin Down River
Avventur, Bermudaa - Cascades
Various - Quadrophenia (Music From The Soundtrack Of The Who Film)
The Three Virtuosos - The Electric Piano / Cascades
Various - Love Moods
The Cascades - Shy Girl
Dorothy Morrison - Rain
Alphatown - Rain To Rain


text:
La Qudos Bank Arena, conosciuta dal 1999 al 2006 come Sydney Super Dome, dal 2006 al 2011 come Acer Arena e dal 2011 al 2016 come Allphones Arena, è un impianto polivalente coperto situato nella città Sydney, presso il Sydney Olympic Park.

Fa parte della lista delle 10 arene più conosciute al mondo. Grazie ad una capacità di oltre 21.000 posti, è l'impianto coperto più grande dell'Australia e anche la sede di celebri eventi sportivi o d'intrattenimento vario.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni


CONTENT AND OTHER INFORMATION APPEARING ON THE WEBSITE (INCLUDING ALL CONTENT AND FUNCTIONS MADE AVAILABLE ON OR ACCESSED THROUGH THE WEBSITE) ARE PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMISSIBLE BY LAW, WITH REGARD TO CONTENT AND OTHER INFORMATION APPEARING ON THE WEBSITE, THE COMPANY MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, OF ANY KIND WHATSOEVER FOR THE ACCURACY, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT OF ANY CONTENT PUBLISHED ON OR AVAILABLE THROUGH THE WEBSITE; Rights to the trademarks, logos, and product names appearing on the Website belong to the Company or to other entities.
Copyright© 2019 GINZZU. All rights reserved.


text:
caterpillar_mimics_snake_very_rare
caterpillar_ mimics_snake_very_rare
This is a very rare glimpse into the Elephant Hawk Moth (deilephila elpenor) caterpillar mimicking a snake. When startled, the caterpillar draws its trunk into its foremost body segment. This posture resembles a snake with a large head and four large eye-like patches.
Once it reaches adulthood, the caterpillar morphs into a colourful moth, and then most likely eaten by a bat.
लेबल: moth
incredibly rare flowers
When spring is in full swing, there is no denying how beautiful the world looks. The trees get new leaves and with them come an array of colorful flowers. Butterflies and hummingbirds are everywhere as the sombre winter mood lifts. It's my personal favorite time of the year. In this list we will take a look at some amazing flowers which, sadly, you probably won't see this coming spring. These are the rare, endangered and in some cases extinct in the wild flowers. The reason most of these carry the title of rare, is because humans do not have the ability to work in perfect harmony with nature. For example, Humans build a dam, the dam prevents a specific river from flowing freely, which prevents a specific frog or fish from breading, which results in a specific kind of bird not getting food, which results in a specific kind of flower not being pollinated, which can eventually lead to the extinction of that plant. In that one scenario of building a dam humans have basically killed off three species, and history is filled with hundreds of similar occurrences. Regardless of what drove them to become rarities, the following plants are far and few between, and having the opportunity to see one for yourself should be a celebrated occurrence.
Jade Vine
Strongylodon macrobotrys
The jade vine is a rare woody vine native to the tropical rainforests of the Philippines. It is a member of the pea and bean family and is closely related to kidney beans. The plant carries claw shaped flowers which grow from hanging trusses; they can reach up to three meters in length. The flower's color can vary from blue green to mint green. The species has proven extremely difficult to propagate, and is considered an endangered species due to the destruction of its habitat and a decrease in natural pollinators.
Rafflesia arnoldii
This fascinating flower is found mainly in low lying tropical rainforests of Indonesia. This is one of the world's rarest, most endangered and largest flowers and it can reach a total width of over a meter. The Rafflesia's survival is totally dependent on a specific vine called the Tetrastigma vine. As the Rafflesia is a bodiless, stemless, leafless, rootless parasite, it requires the vine for nourishment and support. It is also a carrion plant, which means that it releases a pungent rotten flesh smell when in bloom to attract flies and carrion beetles to aid in pollination. Once in bloom, the flower will only last about a week before dying.
Gibraltar Campion
Silene tomentosa
This species of Campion is particularly rare and is only found on the high cliffs of Gibraltar. This plant was believed extinct by the entire scientific community outside Gibraltar in the 1980s but the Gibraltar botanical section knew there were a few specimens left. Sadly, by 1992 all traces of the plant had vanished and it was declared extinct. In 1994 a single specimen was discovered by a climber on the inaccessible cliffs and the species came back to life. It was propagated at the millennium seed bank and specimens are grown at The Almeda Gibraltar Botanic Gardens as well as the Royal Botanic Gardens in London.
Franklin Tree
Franklinia alatamaha
This tree is a part of the tea family but is the sole species in its genus and a very rare flowering plant. The tree is native to the Altamaha river valley in Georgia, but has been extinct in the wild since the early 19th century. In fact this beautiful tree is only known today because of the Bartram family, who were avid horticulturists and propagated the tree before its extinction in the wild. The plant, which has fragrant white blooms and leaves that turn into a bright red color in fall, is now a popular ornamental plant. All the examples of this tree today stem from one of the trees propagated by the Bartram's.
Parrot's Beak
Lotus berthelotii
This is a beautiful flower that has been classed as exceedingly rare since 1884. It is believed to be completely extinct in the wild, but a few individuals might have survived. This stunning plant is endemic to the Canary Islands and is believed to have originally been pollinated by sunbirds, which have long since become extinct in the Canary Islands. This could help to explain the scarcity of the plant. Experiments have been undertaken to find new pollinators for the flowers, in hopes that they can successfully be reintroduced to the Islands, but as of 2008, no fruit had been successfully produced. The Parrot's beak is however cultivated in the horticulture trade, which can allow even you to own one!
Chocolate Cosmos
Cosmos atrosanguineus
This is a dark red to brown species of Cosmos, native to Mexico. Sadly it has been extinct in the wild for over a hundred years. The species survives today as a single non fertile clone, which was created in 1902 by vegetative propagation. The flowers which are produced by the plant are a rich deep red to brown color and grow to about 3-4 cm in diameter. The flowers have a lovely vanillin fragrance in the summer (also found in vanilla beans, some coffee beans and some cacao beans), which also makes it a wonderful ornamental plant.
Kokai cookei
This is an extremely rare tree, endemic to Hawaii. It was discovered in 1860, at which time only three specimens could be found. The tree proved difficult to propagate, and by 1950, after the last seedling died, it was deemed extinct. In 1970 a sole survivor was found, which was sadly destroyed in a fire in 1978. Luckily one of the branches of that last remaining tree was saved, and grafted into 23 trees that exist today, all of which are situated in various places in Hawaii. The Kokai is a small tree that grows to about 10-11 meters high. Their most striking feature has to be the hundreds of bright red flowers that mature trees produce annually. Sadly that is a rarity which few will be privileged to see.
Yellow and Purple Lady Slippers
This is an extremely rare type of wild orchid found across Europe. Britain's only example of this plant, which used to be more common and widespread, can be found on a golf course and has been under strict police protection since 1917. A single cutting can be sold for US$5000, which is shocking as the plant is very difficult to propagate. Its seeds bear no nourishment for the growing plant, so it lives in a symbiotic relationship with a specific type of fungus, which provides it with nourishment, until the adult leaves can produce enough nourishment for the plant, at which time the fungus will also live off it. There are many types of Lady slipper orchids, many of which are rare. This specific type, has dark purple to almost red brown tendrils with a bright yellow "slipper or moccasin."
Ghost Orchid
The Ghost orchid is a fascinating rare plant that was presumed extinct for almost 20 years, only recently did it rear its head again. The plant is so rare because it is basically impossible to propagate. It has no leaves, does not depend on photosynthesis and does not manufacture its own food. Like the Lady slipper, it needs a specific fungus in close contact with its root system, which feeds it. The Ghost orchid never grows leaves, and will therefore always depend on the fungus for its nourishment. The Ghost orchid can live underground for years, without showing any external signs and will only bloom when all conditions are optimum. This explains why some orchid enthusiasts search for years and years just to have a glimpse of this elusive flower.
Middlemist camellia
This is probably the rarest flowering plant in the world as there are only 2 known examples. One can be found in a garden in New Zealand and the other is situated in a greenhouse in Britain. The plant was originally brought to Britain from China by John Middlemist (after whom the plant was named) in 1804. It has since been completely wiped out in China. The plant in Britain remained barren for years and only started bearing flowers recently. The flowers are, contrary to its name, bright pink in color and look almost rose like. It is believed to be highly possible that more examples of this species has survived in people's gardens, unbeknown to them, as it was once sold directly to the public by John Middlemist.
some other rare flowers are -
Blue-Bell-Tunicate
Luscious Lotus
Orchid in the Blue
Purple Foxglove
लेबल: flowers
Adorably Cute Insects Strike a Pose
Cute Insects Strike a Pose
Despite perhaps not being the most adorable of creatures, these little guys certainly make for striking photographs… And it seems this weird and wonderful collection of insects from around the world had that in mind when they posed for these incredible photographs.
Amateur photographer Nicolas Reusens has taken hundreds of macro images of insects across the world over the past three years. Each shot takes him between 20 and a staggering 200 frames to compose through a complex process named stacking.
Nicolas has visited a host of countries in his quest to picture as many known species of insect as possible – taking in Peru, Costa Rica, Malaysia, the Amazon and South Africa.
लेबल: Insects
Negative Image Brain Melt
Who needs a double hit of acid and a gram of weed? The jiggly stuff inside your head is about to process a negative image without being under the influence of dope.
Stare at the colored dots on the girl's nose in the photo above for 30 seconds. Then look at a white surface and start blinking, You should see a non-negative image of the girl…. Now pick your jaw up off the floor.
लेबल: illusion
The Bridge of Love
Hohenzollernbruecke Bridge - The Bridge of Love
Thousands upon thousands of locked padlocks can be seen affixed to the fence across the unpronounceable Hohenzollernbruecke bridge in Cologne, Germany. The phenomenon called Love Locks (or Love Padlocks), which many believe to have originated from Italy, is a new kind of vandalism where lovebirds lock padlocks bearing their names against fences, gate, bridge or similar public place to symbolize their everlasting love.
According to Wikipedia, Love padlocks have existed for quite some time, though there are no certain sources for their origin. In Europe, love padlocks started appearing in the early 2000s. In Rome, the ritual of affixing love padlocks to the bridge Ponte Milvio can be attributed to the book I Want You by Italian author Federico Moccia, who later made it into the film-adaptation Ho voglia di te.
similar bridge in Serbia exist, where the practice of love locks can be traced to before World War I. The story goes as that there was a local schoolmistress named Nada, from Vrnjacka Banja, who fell in love with a Serbian officer named Relja. After they committed to each other Relja went to war in Greece where he fell in love with a local woman from Corfu. As a consequence, Relja and Nada broke up their engagement. Nada never recovered from that devastating blow, and after some time she died as a result of her unfortunate love. As young girls from Vrnjacka Banja wanted to protect their own loves, they started writing down their names, together with the names of their loved ones, on padlocks and affixing them to the railings of the bridge where Nada and Relja used to meet.
Love Locks are frowned upon by the local authorities and owners of various landmarks. Some years ago, Deutsche Bahn, the Hohenzollernbruecke bridge operator, threatened to have the locks removed from the bridge but in the end relented in the face of public opposition.
Love locks are a growing phenomenon in cities across Europe. They have even appeared along the Wild Pacific Trail in Ucluelet on Vancouver Island in Canada.
गणतंत्र दिवस की हार्दिक शुभकामनाएं
लेबल: republic day


A traditional, unspoilt neighbourhood pub, The Lake Inn is a real find! One of the original old cottages of Hoylake, the pub is located in a quiet back street, and worth a visit for a slice of real Hoylake life.
The pub interior is packed with traditional features, with a central bar and a front lounge. The back room has a pool table.
Why not pay a visit to The Lake Inn, for a quiet drink in friendly, homely surroundings.
Very nice old boozer but where is the pool table? If you're not in the click at the lounge bar you may not like this pub.
Where is the pool table?


What does F SUPP stand for?
Does not include Railroad (RR) program, Federal supplement compensation or Emergency Unemployment Compensation programs.
Families earning below $22,600 receive a federal supplement of about $125 a month for each child.


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Hughes County is a county located in south central U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,003. Its county seat is Holdenville. The county was named for W. C. Hughes, an Oklahoma City lawyer who was a member of the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention.

History
The area now occupied by Hughes County was part of Indian Territory in the 19th Century. The Creeks settled in the northern part, which fell within the Wewoka District of the Creek Nation, while the Choctaws settled in the southern, which fell within portions of Atoka County and Tobucksy County of the Choctaw Nation. In 1834, Camp Holmes was established and used as a base for the Dodge-Leavenworth Expedition. It was near Edwards' Store on Little River, one of the first settlements in this area. Also, following Quapaw removal in 1834, several small groups of Quapaw dispersed throughout Indian Territory. There were absentee groups of Quapaw living along the Red River and in Creek, Choctaw and Cherokee territory. There was a Quapaw settlement near camp Holmes in Hughes County.

When the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf Railroad built in 1895, the Edward's settlement was moved north for access to the railroad. The town established there was named Holden, for James Franklin Holder, a railroad official. However, the Post Office Department would not accept that name because it was too similar to the name Holder. The town was renamed Holdenville. The post office opened November 15, 1895. Holdenville incorporated in 1898.

Hughes County was created at statehood and named for W. C. Hughes, an Oklahoma City lawyer who was a member of the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (1.3%) is water. The county is located in the Sandstone Hills physiographic region. It is drained by the North Canadian River, Canadian River, and Little River.

The county includes Holdenville and Wetumka lakes.

Major highways
  U.S. Highway 75
  U.S. Highway 270
  State Highway 9
  State Highway 27
  State Highway 48

Adjacent counties
 Okfuskee County (north)
 McIntosh County (northeast)
 Pittsburg County (east)
 Coal County (south)
 Pontotoc County (southwest)
 Seminole County (west)

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 14,154 people, 5,319 households, and 3,675 families residing in the county.  The population density was 18 people per square mile (7/km2).  There were 6,237 housing units at an average density of 8 per square mile (3/km2).  The racial makeup of the county was 72.77% White, 4.48% Black or African American, 16.18% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.98% from other races, and 5.36% from two or more races.  2.49% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 94.3% spoke English, 2.6% Muskogee and 2.5% Spanish as their first language.

There were 5,319 households, out of which 28.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.50% were married couples living together, 11.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.90% were non-families. 28.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.20% under the age of 18, 8.00% from 18 to 24, 27.20% from 25 to 44, 23.20% from 45 to 64, and 18.60% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 105.80 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.50 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $22,621, and the median income for a family was $29,153. Males had a median income of $22,337 versus $18,029 for females. The per capita income for the county was $12,687.  About 16.70% of families and 21.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.40% of those under age 18 and 17.60% of those age 65 or over.

Politics
Despite the county being home to a significant Native American population and a wide Democratic registration advantage, the county has not voted that way in presidential elections in the 21st century. Following the lead of most rural counties nationwide, the Republican Party candidate has won at least 60% of the vote in the county since 2008, with Donald Trump topping out at 79.8% of the vote in 2020.

Economy
Agriculture and cattle raising have long been important to the county economy. Primary crops have been cotton, wheat, corn, oats, peanuts, and soybeans. The most important other employers in the county are: Davis Correctional Center (which is operated by Corrections Corporation of America), Tyson Foods, Wes Watkins Technology Center, and Aquafarms, which has since gone out of business.

Healthcare
Hughes County has one level 4 hospital, Holdenville General Hospital, a city-owned hospital (public trust) under the Holdenville Public Works Authority, opened in 1969 as a 55 licensed bed general medical-surgical hospital. The hospital experienced a fire on May 18, 2002.  On June 30, 2002, the renovated hospital reopened with 25 licensed beds, and on July 1, 2002, was re-designated by CMS as a Critical Access Hospital.  This designation effects the way Medicare reimburses the hospital.  In 1998, the city formed the Holdenville Hospital Authority. In July 2011, the hospital became a Tier 1 Affiliate with St. Anthony Hospital.  This allows collaboration between the hospitals to improve services and support for patient transfers to higher levels of care when needed.

In 1979 Hughes County Commissioners established a 522 Ambulance Service Board, and Opened Hughes County EMS.  Hughes County EMS is an ALS level service licensed by the State of Oklahoma, with Paramedics on every unit.  The system operates 4 units, 2 out of Holdenville (EMS 1 and EMS 3) and Horntown (EMS 2 and EMS 4) during certain times of the year, Horntown functions as a posting point with the crews in Calvin and Wetumka.

Communities

 Allen
 Atwood
 Calvin
 Carson
 Dustin
 Gerty
 Holdenville (county seat)
 Horntown
 Lamar
 Spaulding
 Stuart
 Wetumka
 Yeager

NRHP sites

The following sites are in Hughes County are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:
 Dustin Agricultural Building, Dustin
 Holdenville Armory, Holdenville
 Holdenville City Hall, Holdenville
 Levering Mission, Wetumka
 Moss School Gymnasium, Holdenville
 Spaulding School Gymnasium--Auditorium, Spaulding
 Stuart Hotel, Stuart
 John E. Turner House, Holdenville
 Wetumka Armory, Wetumka
 Wetumka Cemetery Pavilion and Fence, Wetumka

References

Further reading
 Womack, Craig, Rosemary McCombs Maxey, and Southern Spaces staff. "Fife Family Cemetery", Southern Spaces, September 15, 2008.

External links
 Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Hughes County
 Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory

1907 establishments in Oklahoma
Populated places established in 1907


We want your feedback on whether the proposed changes to telecommunications carrier powers and immunities should proceed, and if so, in what form.
You can have your say by providing a written submission by 11pm Friday 21 July 2017.
Your submission will help the Minister decide whether possible changes to carrier powers and immunities should proceed, and, if so, what any amendments should look like.
We need your feedback on proposals from telecommunications carriers to amend the Telecommunications (Low-impact Facilities) Determination 1997, the Telecommunications Code of Practice 1997 and potentially, Schedule 3 to the Telecommunications Act 1997 (the Act). The Government is seeking community feedback on the proposals to assist it in deciding on the way forward.
To help provide better telecommunications services more quickly and cost effectively, telecommunications carriers have powers and immunities under Schedule 3 to the Act. These powers and immunities help them install and maintain telecommunications network facilities.
Most aspects of carrier powers and immunities have been in place since 1997. Since then, communications technologies have evolved rapidly, and demand for services and data has increased dramatically.
Telecommunications carriers have proposed that powers and immunities should be amended to reflect new technologies and work practices and reduce regulatory costs. The proposed changes will ensure that carriers can better meet the needs of consumers at lower cost. They would clarify the operation of some existing powers and immunities, allow some new types of facilities, make changes to some existing facility types, and streamline land owner notification and objection rules.
Where carrier powers and immunities do not cover current technologies and work practices, carriers are typically required to seek planning approval for their activities under differing state and territory planning laws. These approval processes can significantly increase the time and costs for carriers to install facilities that are important for improving telecommunications services to the community and businesses.
This paper sets out possible amendments to the Telecommunications (Low-impact Facilities) Determination 1997, the Telecommunications Code of Practice 1997 and Schedule 3 of the Telecommunications Act 1997.
This document shows the Telecommunications (Low-impact Facilities) Determination 1997 if amended as proposed. This document does not meet WCAG 2.0 requirements. For an accessible copy please phone 02 6271 1569.
This document shows the Telecommunications Code of Practice 1997 if amended as proposed. This document does not meet WCAG 2.0 requirements. For an accessible copy please phone 02 6271 1569.
Please use this template when responding to this consultation. When you have completed this template, you can upload it through the 'Have your say now' button below.
We received 81 non-confidential submissions from a range of stakeholders which are available below.
After considering this feedback, the Minister for Communications agreed to remake the Low Impact Facilities Determination and the Telecommunications Code of Practice with nine of the 24 proposed changes. The remade instruments are now available on the Federal Register of Legislation and are referred to as the Telecommunications (Low-impact Facilities) Determination 2018 (LIFD) and the Telecommunications Code of Practice 2018 (Code). They will commence the day after they are registered. A summary of the nine amendments is available in the table below.
A further change to allow for temporary facilities in certain circumstances (item 22) is also supported. This will require an amendment to the Act and will be progressed subject to the usual requirements that apply to legislative changes.
We are discussing further with stakeholders the other amendments proposed as well as other issues raised in the consultation process.
The Government will provide a further update on developments in this area later this year.
1 Definition of co-located facilities: Clarifies that facilities are only 'co-located facilities' if they are installed on/in a telecommunications facility or public utility structure (as opposed to on/in another type of building).
3 Shrouds for radiocommunications facilities: Specifies that shrouds for radiocommunications facilities are ancillary facilities.
6 Omnidirectional antennas: Specifies omnidirectional radiocommunications antennas as low-impact facilities in residential and commercial areas, not just industrial and rural areas.
7 Radiocommunications facilities: Replaces the technology-specific term 'microcell' with general language to cover facilities with broader geographical coverage.
12 Solar panel size: Increases the maximum size of solar panels in rural areas used to power telecommunications facilities from 7.5 to 12.5 square metres.
13 Open trench length: Increases the length of trench that can be open at any time for the installation of conduit or cable from 100 to 200 metres.
16 Environmental legislation: Updates to reflect changes in environmental laws.
Updates to references: Updates to out-of-date wording and references in the Code.
The amendments do not affect rules relating to exposure to electromagnetic energy. All radiocommunications facilities must operate below the exposure limits set out in the Radiocommunications (Electromagnetic Radiation – Human Exposure) Standard 2014 and the Radiocommunications Licence Conditions (Apparatus Licence) Determination 2015. The limits are based on the Radiation Protection Standard – Maximum Exposure Levels to Radiofrequency Fields – 3 kHz to 300 GHz. Typically facilities operate at a small percentage of allowable exposure levels.