text:
Q: Tem como colocar uma imagem em cima de um botão ou na background? <!DOCTYPE html>
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        <title>Page Title</title>
    </head>
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        <button id="bcen" onclick="if(--this.textContent<=0) alert('You\'ve won!');"  value="10">10</button>
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document.getElementById('bcen').style.fontSize="200px";   //size

document.getElementById('bcen').style.color = 'red'

document.getElementById('bcen').style.backgroundColor='blue';

document.getElementById('bcen').style.borderRadius = "50%";

document.getElementById('bcen').style.outline = "none";
      </script/>
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A: Basta setar a propriedade backgroundImage, não esqueça que seu valor deve ser sempre 'url(exemplo.png)'

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    document.getElementById("bcen").style.width = "300px"; //Size
    document.getElementById("bcen").style.height = "300px"; //Size
    document.getElementById('bcen').style.fontSize = "200px"; //size
    document.getElementById('bcen').style.color = 'red'
    document.getElementById('bcen').style.backgroundImage = 'url(https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQxcBMtRs4ePVWb1m3pTBeALxaO_jIDZMMeTccOW-F7rCN4krU)';    document.getElementById('bcen').style.backgroundColor = 'transparent';
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Uma observação, como você está fazendo várias alterações no mesmo elemento é aconselhável a guardar a referência para esse elemento numa variável, veja como o código fica menor, mais limpo e mais simples de entender:

<!DOCTYPE html>
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      <title>Page Title</title>
    </head>

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        body.style.backgroundImage = 'url(https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTNylMnVaVWb0dAzVvBOxf8BiyTGlS8WK_3UZ1l2G0Ut0WfFb_Y)';

        let btn = document.getElementById('bcen');
        btn.style.width = "300px"; //Size
        btn.style.height = "300px"; //Size
        btn.style.fontSize = "200px"; //size
        btn.style.color = 'red'
        btn.style.backgroundImage = 'url(https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQxcBMtRs4ePVWb1m3pTBeALxaO_jIDZMMeTccOW-F7rCN4krU)';
        btn.style.backgroundColor = 'transparent';
        btn.style.borderRadius = "50%";
        btn.style.outline = "none";
      </script>
    </body>
    </html>

A: Puro CSS inline - style="background-image:url('endereçoImagem');

 <button style="background-image:url('https://i.stack.imgur.com/A8KVP.png'); width:250px; height:250px; font-size: 200px; color:red; background-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; outline:none" id="bcen" onclick="if(--this.textContent<=0) alert('You\'ve won!');" value="10">10</button>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


CHAIRMAN TUNHEIM: Next we're going to ask David Belin to come forward please for testimony. Mr. Belin is the Former Assistant Counsel to the Warren Commission. He's also the author of two books on the assassination. One is entitled November 22, 1963: You Are the Jury, the other is entitled Final Disclosure, the Full Truth About the Assassination of President Kennedy. Mr. Belin also served as Executive Director in the Rockefeller Commission of 1975 which investigated CIA involvement of assassinations of foreign leaders. Mr. Belin, welcome.
MR. BELIN: Thank you, Judge. I have a formal nine-page typewritten statement with a couple of exhibits attached, which I'm going to leave with you when I am finished. It has some interlineations because I was out of the office yesterday. I did not have the time to get the final changes made.
I want to summarize, highlight, a portion of what my formal statement includes. A vocal group of assassination revisionists are poised like scavengers to attach the Assassination Records Review Board. They will play to the grandstand when the Board has completed its work crying out "If you would have released everything we would have finally found the truth about the assassination." Leading this group will be individuals associated with JFK, the greatest electronic coverup fraud ever perpetrated on America's movie screens. Jack Filente, President of the Motion Picture Association of America, has denounced JFK, and these are his words, "A hoax, a smear and pure fiction that rivals the Nazi propaganda films of Lenny Reiffensthahl. In Filente's words, and I'm quoting, "In scene after scene Mr. Stone plasters together the half true and the totally false and from that he manufacturers a plausible in much the same way young German boys and girls in 1941 were mesmerized by Lenny Reiffensthahl's Triumph of the Will in which Adolph Hitler was depicted as a new born god. Both JFK and Triumph of the Will are equally both a propaganda masterpiece and equally a hoax." Unfortunately the standards of JFK are also incorporated in another widely seen electronic misrepresentation of the truth, the five hour Arts and Entertainment cable network series, The Men Who Killed Kennedy, which also covers up the truth about the assassination.
The challenge this Assassination Records Review Board faces is how to best discharge its duties in the face of a torrential downpour of disinformation that has dominated the media world and will continue after the work of this Board is completed. It is in this context that I have come to Los Angeles to share my prospectus with the Board. And so there's no misunderstanding of the dangers that you face, you've just heard Mr. Hamburg, co-producer of the film Nixon with Mr. Stone, say, Remember, if you don't release everything, remember, there's going to be a legacy of doubt, distrust, unanswered questions in which he aligned the Warren Commission as well as the House Select Committee on Assassinations. And that's the challenge that you face.
Now, in addressing the challenge you face I'm going to have two alternative recommendations, but in order to get these in perspective I want to first start with a frame of reference to understand how I approach this issue. First, as you know I served as Counsel to the Warren Commission in 1964. I was one of the two lawyers concentrating on what we called Area Two, the determination of who killed President Kennedy, which was expanded to who killed Officer Tippett.
We interviewed the witnesses at the time shortly after the event when their recollections were the freshest, and therefore the best. In undertaking our investigation we followed but one standard, a standard that was established by Chief Justice Earl Warren in our very first meeting. "Truth is our only goal." It was the standard Lee Rankin followed. It was the standard that Professor Liebeler followed. It was a standard that all of us followed.
In 1975 President Ford appointed me as the Executive Director of the Commission on CIA activities within the United States. It became known as the Rockefeller Commission because Vice President Rockefeller served as its chairman. By the way, another member of the Commission was Ronald Reagan. In my investigation I was the first outside person to uncover the fact that the CIA had been engaged in assassination plots directed against foreign leaders. Information that had been wrongfully held from the Warren Commission. So what did I do? Well, in the fall of 1975 after I returned to my law practice in Des Moine, I filed Freedom of Information Act requests from the unique perspective of having had access to all of the CIA files concerning the assassination of President Kennedy, having had access to the Warren Commission files, and so I filed these requests asking that all of the documents be released from the CIA files concerning the assassination and the remaining two or three percent of the Warren Commission files that hadn't been released. Now having interviewed the key witnesses I already knew what the facts were, I can say absolute certainty Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone gunman that killed President Kennedy, wounded Governor Connally and killed Dallas Police Office J.D. Tippett on November 22, 1963. Neither the CIA or any other governmental agency was in any way directly or indirectly involved, nor any so called rogue elements directly involved. The evidence beyond a reasonable doubt was Oswald was the lone gunman. Jack Ruby was in no way conspiratorially involved. As a matter of fact, unbeknownst to most people he offered to take lie detector tests which confirmed that everything he told the Warren Commission was true.
In an effort to help the public understand the truth about the assassination, I have written two books. Royalties of both books have been donated to charity, as well as all of my speaking engagements, writing fees of anything connected with the assassination.
Now with this background as to what my perspective is, I want to contrast this with what I call "the assassination revisionists and their coverup of the truth" because it's important that although you're not here to determine whether the Warren Commission was right or wrong, I think it's important for you to understand the nature of what takes place because it's going to better help you to discharge your responsibilities as you seek to complete the record of your work.
Let me use two examples from JFK one of which involves a murder which I call "the Rosetta Stone" to understand the truth about the assassination. Officer Tippett, J.D. Tippett, was killed by Lee Harvey Oswald 45 minutes after the assassination. The Tippett murder is such an open and shut case that one wonders how the American public could be so readily deceived by assassination revisionists. William Scoggins the cab driver who was parked in his cab, whose testimony I took in the spring of 1964 in Dallas, told how he heard shots. He looked up and saw the policeman fall, saw the gunman come as close to him as 10 or 12 feet muttering either "poor damn cop" or "poor dumb cop." Scoggins identified Oswald as the gunman. So did five other witnesses, Barbara Davis, Virginia Davis, Sam Guinyard, Ted Callaway, Helen Markham. Not only do you have sid eyewitnesses who identified Oswald as the gunman, but you found cartridge cases at the scene of the Tippett murder, which Barbara Davis, Virginia Davis, and a witness by the name of Domingo Benavides, turned over to the police. Those cartridge cases came from Oswald's revolver that he pulled out in the Texas theater as the police approached.
The bullets in Tippett's body, according to the FBI ballistic experts, were too mutilated to be ballistically identifiable. An independent expert, Mr. Joseph D. Nicol, said one of them could be identified as coming from Oswald's revolver.
Now, in the face of these facts, showing Oswald's guilt, JFK and a host of revisionist books portrays the Tippett murder as having been committed by two people, neither one of whom was Oswald. Common sense would say to anyone that the Dallas Police Department would have moved heaven and earth to try and find who killed one of their police officers if it wasn't Lee Harvey Oswald. By the way, common sense would also say that if Oswald was not the lone gunman who killed President Kennedy, nearly killed Texas Governor John Connally, Jacqueline Kennedy, Robert Kennedy and Governor Connally, would have left no stone unturned to find out who the gunman was. Now that's one example of the Tippett film.
The other thing that I'm going to talk about is perhaps the most flagrant lie of JFK because it occurs at the very end of the film after the movie action is over. In essence the lie is in two parts and it is a permanent indictment of Hollywood in general, and Warner Brothers and Oliver Stone in particular. Here is what viewers see on movie screens on an video tapes on a film that has been distributed to classrooms across the country with a JFK study guide finance in part by Warner Brothers. Here's what it says in print after the movie is over, "A Congressional investigation from 1976 to 1979 found a probable conspiracy in the assassination of John F. Kennedy and recommended the Justice Department investigate further." Now here is what they say. "As of 1991 the Justice Department has done nothing." What the movie did in a single paragraph was to state two lies, one by omission and one by commission. And then put this in a cosmetic framework because the movie at the end is dedicated to the young and whose spirit the search for the truth marches on.
First the lie of omission. The movie viewers have just seen Oswald depicted as an innocent patsy and Earl Warren depicted as a coverup participant. Now, the findings of that 1976 to '79 investigation, as everyone knows who knows the findings, were that Oswald fired all of the shots that struck President Kennedy and Governor Connally. That the single-bullet theory of the Warren Commission is correct. That Oswald was the lone gunman who killed Officer Tippett. All of this is directly contrary to JFK and Jim Garrison's theory, that was just enunciated here by Mr. Hamburg, of triangulation. The fact that Oliver Stone and Warner Brothers mentions a Congressional investigation without mentioning the conclusion that Oswald was the one who killed President Kennedy and Officer Tippett, is one major lie by omission.
Related to this lie of omission is another key related fact. The last minute switch of a majority of the Congressional Committee believing in probable conspiracy that was based on reported acoustical evidence, which in 1982 was scientifically disproved by the Committee on Ballistic Acoustics. Professor Liebeler has just talked about that. It was not the whole Committee who fell victim to this. It was a Committee majority. There were dissenting reports filed as you know.
But as bad as these lies of omission were, the big lie of commission is even worse, and that's what you people face as consider what you're going to do toward the end of your review. The allegation that as of 1991 the Justice Department has done nothing, is not some actor making a statement as part of a movie plot, it is Warner Brothers and Mr. Stone telling the American public, indeed the entire world, that there was a recommendation for the Justice Department to investigate further, and that as of 1991 the Justice Department has said nothing. How could Hollywood, how could Warner Brothers, how could Oliver Stone dare to make such a false statement when the truth was so readily ascertainable. Here are the facts: A majority of the House Select Committee on Assassinations on the basis of acoustical evidence, concluded there was a fourth shot fired from the grassy knoll that missed everything. One hundred twenty five feet fired down hill did not only miss the limousine -- the occupants in the limousine. But because the minority disagreed there was a recommendation that the Justice Department investigate further. What happened next was that the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which is part of the Department of Justice, undertook further investigation and prepared a report on November 19, 1980, concluding the acoustical evidence findings were not valid. However, there was substantial question whether or not that FBI investigation was scientifically sound. Therefore, the Justice Department requested in the fall of 1980 that the National Research Council establish the Committee on Ballistic Acoustics. It was comprised of outstanding scientists from across the country, was chaired by Doctor Norman Ramsey a Nobel Professor of Physics from Harvard. As of May 17, 1982, the Committee on Ballistic Acoustics published a 96 page report. The introduction on page three completely disproved the lies of the JFK script that said as of 1991 the Justice Department had done nothing because here's what it said, "The Committee on Ballistic Acoustics was established by the National Research Council in the fall of 1980 in response to the requests from the Department of Justice for a review of the methodology employed in the evaluations of the recorded acoustic data out of the conclusions about the existence of a shot from the grassy knoll." Now in my written statement I include highlights from the conclusions of that Committee. They found out, number one, there was no scientific basis for the purported acoustical evidence conclusions. Number two, they found there was independent evidence that showed that the so-called electronic impulses took place a minute after the assassination. And, number three, they pointed out, as Professor Liebeler has said, that the dictabelt was not evidently in the motorcade -- or not on a motorcycle -- or not recorded from a stuck microphone in a motorcycle in the motorcade because it didn't pick up the sounds of sirens as the motorcade sped from the assassination scene. There was no sound of revving up of motorcycle engines. There were sounds of chimes but there were no chimes in Dealey Plaza.
Officer McClane, by the way, who was the driver of the motorcycle that the House Committee experts said had the stuck microphone said, "My microphone wasn't stuck."
Now we've heard a lot about the dangers of Hollywood and violence, but as bad as all of Hollywood's violence is, the deliberate dissemination of lies attacking our government and governmental institutions is even worse. Trust is the mortar that holds the structure of our government together, and when a Hollywood film dedicated to the young and whose spirit the search for truth marches on lies to the young as everyone else that the assassination of a president was a coup d'etat undertaken by agencies of the United States Government and covered up by the Chief Justice of the United States, it's a terrible attack on citizen trust. When the truth is submerged in survival of a free society and civilization is threatened and from a long range standpoint nothing could be worse than this electronic downpour of lies.
Now with the foregoing as a frame of reference, I make these two alternative recommendations to this Board. First alternative, this is the one that I prefer, I would urge that the Assassination Reviews Board release every single document in CIA files concerning the assassination of President Kennedy and also all the remaining Warren Commission files, about two percent of those files, that have not previously been released. Having had access to all of this information, I know that it will not in any way diminish the validity of the determination by the Warren Commission and the determination of the House Select Committee on Assassinations that Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone gunman that killed President Kennedy, wounded Governor Connally and killed Officer Tippett on November 22, 1963. And it would not in any way diminish the findings of the Warren Commission at the House Select Committee on Assassinations, that all of the shots that struck President Kennedy and Governor Connally were fired by Lee Harvey Oswald from the southeast corner sixth floor window of the Texas School Depository Building. Although I am well aware of the arguments that the CIA and the National Archives may make concerning personal privacy and protection of sources and methods. I believe that the CIA is precluded from raising these kinds of issues because it does not have what in the law is called "clean hands." The reason is that the CIA improperly withheld from the Warren Commission evidence of CIA assassination plots against Fidel Castro. Evidence that was very important for the Warren Commission to have in light of its investigation into the possibilities of foreign conspiracy and counter-conspiracy. The public in the long run will be far better served to have this information released, not just because it will reconfirm the findings of the Warren Commission, but because it will also destroy whatever remaining arguments there are by assassination revisionists like the JFK crowd who falsely assert that the withholding of these files is part of a continuing coverup when in fact it is they who are the ones who cover up the truth about the assassination. That alternate number one basically conforms to what I did personally in 1975 when I called in the National Archives and the CIA to release everything.
Now if you choose not to do this, and I know thus far you are not released everything, but you always have the opportunity to change your minds before your charter is over. If you choose not to do this then at the second best alternative, I would suggest the following: I believe this Assassination Records Review Board should affirmatively state in its final report the following: A) There is no document that has not been released that in any way whatsoever diminishes the determination of both the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee on Assassinations that all of the shots that struck President Kennedy and John Connally on November 22, 1963, were fired by Lee Harvey Oswald from the southeast corner sixth floor window of the School Book Depository Building.
B) There's no document that has not been released that in any way whatsoever that diminishes the determination of both the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee on Assassinations that Lee Harvey Oswald killed Officer J. D. Tippett.
C) There's no document that has not been released that in any way whatsoever diminishes the determination of the findings of the Committee on Ballistic Acoustics, which concluded there was no scientific validity to the erroneous acoustical evidence which persuaded a majority of the House Select Committee on Assassinations to conclude there was a fourth shot fired from the grassy knoll by an unseen gunman who missed not only hitting the occupants of the presidential limousine but the limousine itself.
D) There is no document that has not been released that in any way whatsoever shows that Jack Ruby, who volunteered to take the lie detector test, a test which confirmed that everything he told the Warren Commission was true, was in any way conspiratorially involved in the assassination.
E) If the Board is unwilling to make the foregoing statements, which having had access to all of these documents I know to be true, then the Board at the very least should release to the public any document which the Board feels precludes it from making the foregoing affirmative statements. Otherwise assassination revisionists will falsely accuse the Board of a coverup just as they have falsely accused Earl Warren. And I wrote these words before I heard what Mr. Hamburg said because that was a threat that he's made to you. Anyone who has had access to the Warren Commission files and the CIA assassination files as I have had, knows that these are the facts. Moreover I not only have the knowledge of the files, but I also have the knowledge of having interviewed the key witnesses to the assassination of President Kennedy and the murder of Officer Tippett in 1964 shortly after the events occurred when the memory of these witnesses were the freshest and best.
I am attaching to my formal statement and incorporated by referenced copies of March 17, 1992 and June 25, 1993, pieces that I wrote for the New York Times. The fee for these pieces, like the royalties for my books about the Kennedy assassination, I have previously said have been turned over to charity. I have no financial interest in the outcome of what this Assassination Records Review Board does. However, what I do have is a deep concern about the electronic dissemination of lies about the assassination and movies like JFK and cable television programs like the five hour A and E entertainment series The Men Who Killed Kennedy. And it is for this reason that I have flown to California to make this presentation before this Assassination Review Board and because I care for the truth and I care for my country.
In closing I want you to know that for me as I speak today, the ultimate issue is not who killed President Kennedy, wounded Governor Connally and killed Officer Tippett. I already know the answer to that, it was Lee Harvey Oswald. For me the ultimate issue is whether there will be any change in the present course and direction of the electronic media as profit seeking corporations and individuals if priority to misrepresentations and deceit over truth going so far as to infiltrate our school system with the virus of lies, the present course of the electronic media poses a clear and present danger for the future of democracy in America. If I leave any legacy on this earth, beyond my five wonderful children, it will not be that historians will ever remember the name of David Belin, but what I have done for more than 25 years in standing up for the truth, and defending Earl Warren might in some small way be a tiny beacon of light that will point the way to people of vision and idealism who will recognize that truth is the foundation of civilization. They will understand how important it is for Americans to understand the truth about the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. They will understand how important it is to expose the misrepresentations of assassination revisionists and the electronic downpour of deceit in movies like JFK and television programs like The Men Who Killed Kennedy. They will help resurrect the reputation of Earl Warren, who has been the victim of libel and slander of which perhaps the worst was the false testimony by Oliver Stone before a Congressional Committee in April, 1962 that Earl Warren was partially senile. And above all, they will help restore trust and confidence in government, the mortar which binds a free society.
Thank you very much. I'd be happy to answer any question you want. There isn't any question that anyone can ask about who was the government that killed President Kennedy and Officer Tippett that I can't answer if you give me a chance. Of course 30 second television bites doesn't do that, but I am at your will.
DR. JOYCE: Mr. Belin, your work both with the Warren Commission and the Rockefeller Commission, exposed you to a great many records. I'm wondering if either in your own case or in those of your colleagues if you're aware of any records still in private hands as an outcome of that work that we might be interested in pursuing?
MR. BELIN: These are documents that I think are the most important documents in private hands, and I'll tell you a story about it. It's the original copy of the Zapruder film. It's the best copy. It's the easiest one to see as Professor Liebeler said, that from frame 312 to 313 there was movement of the President's head forward. By the way, it was not just his head that moved backward after frame 313, it's his head and his body. And experts from both the Rockefeller Commission and the House Select Committee on Assassinations, showed that it was a mass of neurological damage which caused this extremity body movement backwards. In 1975 Time Magazine was deciding what to do with this original film. I wrote to the chief executive officer, or one of the officers of Time and I said, you know, this is a national treasure. If you're going to sell it I have a private foundation that would like to get a copy of it, pay for it and turn it over to the National Archives because that's where it belongs. Instead what they did, is they either sold it for a nominal sum or gave it back to the Zapruder family. I really think the Zapruder family has a moral obligation to turn that Zapruder film, and whatever original copies of slides was made from that -- we sent a set of the slides over to the National Archives. And I would really urge this Assassination Records Review Board to ask the Zapruder family to do that. Mr. Zapruder got a lot of money for that film. Newspapers reports purported to say that he turned over $25,000 to Officer Tippett's widow replying that that's all he got. From Life I think the family got about $150,000. Today that's worth like close to a million dollars. But I really think that's the one thing that could be turned over.
The only other thing that I think -- I think you've seen everything in the -- or are getting access to see everything in the CIA files, and I just don't -- I would urge that you not let them stonewall you with this protection of sources and methods. The CIA really has unclean hands and they will learn something by not being able to protect this. So learn this so that the next time there's any kind of a presidential commission which says that agencies will cooperate and do everything possible, they will do it. They will say, remember what happened to us when we didn't do it with the Warren Commission. We eventually, because of the Assassination Records Review Board, had to disclose everything. So that would be my advice to you people. But you're the final judges.
DR. NELSON: Well as you know, Mr. Belin, we've made great effort to do what you're asking us. We are opening very many documents that have been opened and we are not very protective as far as the agency is concerned.
One of the things I wanted to ask you though, I was reminded as you were talking, it has been suggested that it wasn't so much that the Warren Commission was subject to disbelief but that after the Warren Commission the documents were withheld and that it was the withholding of documents for almost 30 years that actually stimulated the suspicions surrounding the Warren Commission. Do you think that was possible? Do you think -- we will hopefully not have to face that. But has it ever entered into your thinking about this?
MR. BELIN: Well, Doctor Nelson, I have been very candid in saying that the Warren Commission made a major mistake in one particular area of documents. And by the way, this is probably initial response to Doctor Joyce. The Warren Commission at the request of the Kennedy family, Robert Kennedy, determined not to release the Kennedy autopsy photographs and x-rays. And Professor Liebeler is absolutely right, we should have had access to the original autopsy photographs and x-rays. The rationale was that whatever exhibits we had would be turned over to the public. Earl Warren basically was persuaded by Robert Kennedy not to have these released. I think the Kennedy family felt as a matter of privacy -- perhaps they didn't want magazines to publish as the last pictures of President Kennedy these horrible photographs and x-rays. I never saw them myself until the Rockefeller investigation when we had a panel of experts because charges were made that the CIA was involved in the assassination and the shots came from the front. So we had an independent panel of experts to review this.
Now I believe that you are absolutely correct that one of the reasons that there was misbelief in the Warren Commission findings was that these autopsy photographs and x-rays were not released. And as soon as you have anything not released, people say what else haven't you released. The fact is that 19 of 20 doctors on four different medical panels, including the House Select Committee, Rockefeller Commission, the Ramsey Collect Panel and the original autopsy panel, say that all the shots came from the rear. But more important than that, ballistically you have the bullets. The nearly whole bullet taken off Governor Connally, and the ballistically identifiable portions of the bullet that struck President Kennedy's head. Those were shown to have come from the rifle found in the School Book Depository Building. The cartridge cases found in the window, Howard Brennan saw the gunman fire, came from that rifle. Now what can you do about the people that say, well what about the rest of the exhibits? The problem you'll face is that you have some issues involving sources and methods on privacy. And the other part of the problem is what I was trying to illustrate in giving the two key examples, and there are hundreds of others, of lies, when people basically -- every document involved in the Tippett murder has been released. And this is something you ought to consider in your final report. Every document involving the Tippett murder has been released. You have six eye witnesses identifying Oswald. You've got the identifying evidence. And yet these people say that Oswald didn't kill Tippett, what can you do about that? What can you do when the end of the film JFK after all the plot is over, they say something in words and black and white that says the Justice Department has done nothing, when the Justice Department basically specifically asked the National Research Council to do something which they did when they formed the Committee on Ballistic Acoustics.
And therefore I'm going to say that it's up to you to consider including in your report examples of this, and that's what I say is the alternative, if you don't want to release everything I think you five good people, who have no connection with the Warren Commission, no connection with the House Select Committee, no connection with the Rockefeller Committee, can honestly say, well, if we've chosen not to release anything or redact anything it's not because it in anyway suggests that Oswald is not the lone gunman who killed Kennedy and wounded Connally. It does not suggest that Oswald was the gunman who killed Tippett. It does not suggest that the ballistic -- that the Commission on Ballistic Acoustics was inaccurate. It does not suggest that Jack Ruby didn't tell the truth when he testified for the Warren Commission. It's because we really think that this is the particular source and method, or this is a particular matter of privacy that we could not disclose. And that's why I'm here today.
CHAIRMAN TUNHEIM: Thank you very much, Mr. Belin, for your testimony today.
MR. BELIN: I have copies of my written statement, which I will give to each one of you.
MR. BELIN: And I'll give typed copies which will take care of the final drafts which will take care of the interlineations.
CHAIRMAN TUNHEIM: Thank you very much, we appreciate it.


text:
Exon selection in α-tropomyosin mRNA is regulated by the antagonistic action of RBM4 and PTB
Jung Chun Lin, Woan Yuh Tarn
RNA-binding motif protein 4 (RBM4) has been implicated in the regulation of precursor mRNA splicing. Using differential display analysis, we identified mRNAs that associate with RBM4-containing messenger RNPs in vivo. Among these mRNAs, α-tropomyosin (α-TM) is known to exhibit a muscle cell type-specific splicing pattern. The level of the skeletal muscle-specific α-TM mRNA isoform partially correlated with that of RBM4 in human tissues examined and could be modulated by ectopic overexpression or suppression of RBM4. These results indicated that RBM4 directly influences the expression of the skeletal muscle-specific α-TM isoform. Using minigenes, we demonstrated that RBM4 can activate the selection of skeletal muscle-specific exons, possibly via binding to intronic pyrimidine-rich elements. By contrast, the splicing regulator polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) excluded these exons; moreover, RBM4 antagonized this PTB-mediated exon exclusion likely by competing with PTB for binding to a CU-rich element. This study suggests a possible mechanism underlying the regulated alternative splicing of α-TM by the antagonistic splicing regulators RBM4 and PTB.
https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.25.22.10111-10121.2005
Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein
Tropomyosin
RNA-Binding Proteins
Exons
RNA Isoforms
RNA Precursors
RNA-Binding Motifs
Lin, J. C., & Tarn, W. Y. (2005). Exon selection in α-tropomyosin mRNA is regulated by the antagonistic action of RBM4 and PTB. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 25(22), 10111-10121. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.25.22.10111-10121.2005
Exon selection in α-tropomyosin mRNA is regulated by the antagonistic action of RBM4 and PTB. / Lin, Jung Chun; Tarn, Woan Yuh.
In: Molecular and Cellular Biology, Vol. 25, No. 22, 11.2005, p. 10111-10121.
Lin, JC & Tarn, WY 2005, 'Exon selection in α-tropomyosin mRNA is regulated by the antagonistic action of RBM4 and PTB', Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 25, no. 22, pp. 10111-10121. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.25.22.10111-10121.2005
Lin JC, Tarn WY. Exon selection in α-tropomyosin mRNA is regulated by the antagonistic action of RBM4 and PTB. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2005 Nov;25(22):10111-10121. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.25.22.10111-10121.2005
Lin, Jung Chun ; Tarn, Woan Yuh. / Exon selection in α-tropomyosin mRNA is regulated by the antagonistic action of RBM4 and PTB. In: Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2005 ; Vol. 25, No. 22. pp. 10111-10121.
@article{18f32c3d8c3a4433952c708b420c7bfa,
title = "Exon selection in α-tropomyosin mRNA is regulated by the antagonistic action of RBM4 and PTB",
abstract = "RNA-binding motif protein 4 (RBM4) has been implicated in the regulation of precursor mRNA splicing. Using differential display analysis, we identified mRNAs that associate with RBM4-containing messenger RNPs in vivo. Among these mRNAs, α-tropomyosin (α-TM) is known to exhibit a muscle cell type-specific splicing pattern. The level of the skeletal muscle-specific α-TM mRNA isoform partially correlated with that of RBM4 in human tissues examined and could be modulated by ectopic overexpression or suppression of RBM4. These results indicated that RBM4 directly influences the expression of the skeletal muscle-specific α-TM isoform. Using minigenes, we demonstrated that RBM4 can activate the selection of skeletal muscle-specific exons, possibly via binding to intronic pyrimidine-rich elements. By contrast, the splicing regulator polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) excluded these exons; moreover, RBM4 antagonized this PTB-mediated exon exclusion likely by competing with PTB for binding to a CU-rich element. This study suggests a possible mechanism underlying the regulated alternative splicing of α-TM by the antagonistic splicing regulators RBM4 and PTB.",
author = "Lin, {Jung Chun} and Tarn, {Woan Yuh}",
doi = "10.1128/MCB.25.22.10111-10121.2005",
journal = "Molecular and Cellular Biology",
T1 - Exon selection in α-tropomyosin mRNA is regulated by the antagonistic action of RBM4 and PTB
AU - Lin, Jung Chun
AU - Tarn, Woan Yuh
N2 - RNA-binding motif protein 4 (RBM4) has been implicated in the regulation of precursor mRNA splicing. Using differential display analysis, we identified mRNAs that associate with RBM4-containing messenger RNPs in vivo. Among these mRNAs, α-tropomyosin (α-TM) is known to exhibit a muscle cell type-specific splicing pattern. The level of the skeletal muscle-specific α-TM mRNA isoform partially correlated with that of RBM4 in human tissues examined and could be modulated by ectopic overexpression or suppression of RBM4. These results indicated that RBM4 directly influences the expression of the skeletal muscle-specific α-TM isoform. Using minigenes, we demonstrated that RBM4 can activate the selection of skeletal muscle-specific exons, possibly via binding to intronic pyrimidine-rich elements. By contrast, the splicing regulator polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) excluded these exons; moreover, RBM4 antagonized this PTB-mediated exon exclusion likely by competing with PTB for binding to a CU-rich element. This study suggests a possible mechanism underlying the regulated alternative splicing of α-TM by the antagonistic splicing regulators RBM4 and PTB.
AB - RNA-binding motif protein 4 (RBM4) has been implicated in the regulation of precursor mRNA splicing. Using differential display analysis, we identified mRNAs that associate with RBM4-containing messenger RNPs in vivo. Among these mRNAs, α-tropomyosin (α-TM) is known to exhibit a muscle cell type-specific splicing pattern. The level of the skeletal muscle-specific α-TM mRNA isoform partially correlated with that of RBM4 in human tissues examined and could be modulated by ectopic overexpression or suppression of RBM4. These results indicated that RBM4 directly influences the expression of the skeletal muscle-specific α-TM isoform. Using minigenes, we demonstrated that RBM4 can activate the selection of skeletal muscle-specific exons, possibly via binding to intronic pyrimidine-rich elements. By contrast, the splicing regulator polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) excluded these exons; moreover, RBM4 antagonized this PTB-mediated exon exclusion likely by competing with PTB for binding to a CU-rich element. This study suggests a possible mechanism underlying the regulated alternative splicing of α-TM by the antagonistic splicing regulators RBM4 and PTB.
U2 - 10.1128/MCB.25.22.10111-10121.2005
DO - 10.1128/MCB.25.22.10111-10121.2005
JO - Molecular and Cellular Biology
JF - Molecular and Cellular Biology
10.1128/MCB.25.22.10111-10121.2005

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text:
\section{Introduction}

Hadronic condensates play an important role in quantum chromodynamics.  Two
important examples are $\langle \bar q q \rangle \ \equiv \ \langle
\sum_{a=1}^{N_c} \bar q_a q^a \rangle$ and $\langle G_{\mu\nu}G^{\mu\nu}
\rangle \ \equiv \ \langle \sum_{a=1}^{N_c^2-1} G^a_{\mu \nu} G^{a \, \mu\nu}
\rangle$, where $q$ is a light quark (i.e., a quark with current-quark mass
small compared with the QCD scale $\Lambda_{QCD}$), $G^a_{\mu\nu} =
\partial_\mu A^a_\nu - \partial_\nu A^a_\mu + g_s c_{abc} A_\mu^b A_\nu^c$,
$a,b,c$ are color indices, and $N_c=3$.  (For most of the paper we focus on QCD
at zero temperature and chemical potential, $T==\mu=0$.)  For QCD with $N_f$
light quarks, the $\langle \bar q q \rangle = \langle \bar q_{_L} q_{_R} + \bar
q_{_R} q_{_L} \rangle$ condensate spontaneously breaks the global chiral
symmetry ${\rm SU}(N_f)_L \times {\rm SU}(N_f)_R$ down to the diagonal,
vectorial subgroup ${\rm SU}(N_F)_{diag}$, where $N_f=2$ (or $N_f=3$ since $s$
is a moderately light quark).  Thus in the usual description, one identifies
$\langle \bar q q \rangle \sim \Lambda_{QCD}^3$ and $\langle
G_{\mu\nu}G^{\mu\nu} \rangle \sim \Lambda_{QCD}^4$, where $\Lambda_{QCD} \simeq
300$ MeV.  These condensates are conventionally considered to be properties of
the QCD vacuum and hence to be constant throughout spacetime.  A consequence of
the existence of such vacuum condensates is contributions to the cosmological
constant from these condensates that are $10^{45}$ times larger than the
observed value.  If this disagreement were really true, it would be an
extraordinary conflict between experiment and the Standard Model.

A very different perspective on QCD condensates was first presented in a
seminal paper by Casher and Susskind~\cite{cs} published in 1974. These authors
argued that ``spontaneous symmetry breaking must be attributed to the
properties of the hadron's wavefunction and not to the vacuum''~\cite{cs}. The
Casher-Susskind argument is based on the Weinberg's
infinite-momentum-frame~\cite{Weinberg:1966jm} Hamiltonian formalism of QCD,
which is equivalent to light-front (LF) quantization and Dirac's front
form~\cite{Dirac:1949cp} rather than the usual instant form.  Casher and
Susskind also presented a specific model in which spontaneous chiral symmetry
breaking occurs within the confines of the hadron wavefunction due to a phase
change supported by the infinite number of quark and quark pairs in the
light-front wavefunction.  In fact, the Regge behavior of hadronic
structure functions requires that LF Fock states of hadron have Fock states
with an infinite number of quark and gluon partons~\cite{Mueller:1993rr,
Antonuccio:1997tw,Motyka:2009gi}.  Thus, in contrast to formal discussions in statistical
mechanics, infinite volume is not required for a phase transition in
relativistic quantum field theories.

Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in QCD is often analyzed by means of an
approximate solution of the Schwinger-Dyson equation for a massless quark
propagator; if the running coupling $\alpha_s=g_s^2/(4\pi)$ exceeds a value of
order 1, this yields a nonzero dynamical (constituent) quark mass
$\Sigma$~\cite{sd}. Since in the path integral, $\Sigma$ is formally a source
for the operator $\bar qq$, one associates $\Sigma \ne 0$ with a nonzero quark
condensate.  However, the Dyson-Schwinger equation, by itself, does not
incorporate confinement and the resultant property that quarks and gluons have
maximum wavelengths~\cite{lmax}; further, it does not actually determine where
this condensate has spatial support or imply that it is a spacetime constant.

In contrast, let us consider a meson consisting of a light quark $q$ bound to a
heavy antiquark, such as a $B$ meson.  One can analyze the propagation of the
light quark $q$ in the background field of the heavy $\bar b$ quark.  Solving
the Dyson-Schwinger equation for the light quark, one obtains a nonzero
dynamical mass and thus a nonzero value of the condensate $\langle \bar q q
\rangle$.  But this is not a true vacuum expectation value; instead, it is the
matrix element of the operator $\bar q q$ in the background field of the $\bar
b$ quark; i.e., one obtains an {\it ``in-hadron"} condensate.

The concept of ``in-hadron condensates" was in fact established in a series of
pioneering papers by Roberts et
al.~\cite{Maris:1997hd,Maris:1997tm,Langfeld:2003ye} using the
Bethe-Salpeter/Dyson-Schwinger analysis for bound states in QCD in conjunction
with the Banks-Casher relation $-\langle \bar q q \rangle = \pi \rho(0)$, where
$\rho(\lambda)$ denotes the density of eigenvalues $\pm i\lambda$ of the
(antihermitian) Euclidean Dirac operator \cite{bcrel}.  These authors
reproduced the usual features of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking using
hadronic matrix elements of the Bethe-Salpeter eigensolution.
For example, as shown by Maris, Roberts and Tandy,\cite{Maris:1997hd}
the Gell Mann-Oakes-Renner relation~\cite{gmor}  for a pseudoscalar hadron in the Bethe-Salpeter analysis is
$f_H m^2_H = - \rho^H_\zeta {\cal M}_H,$
where ${\cal M}_H$    is the  sum of current quark masses and $ f_H$ is  the meson decay constant:
\begin{equation}
f_H P^\mu = Z_2 \int^\Lambda \frac{d^4q}{(2\pi)^4}
 ~{1\over 2} \big[ T_H \gamma_5 \gamma^\mu {\cal S}({1\over 2}P+q))\Gamma_H(q; P) {\cal S}({1\over 2}P-q)) \big]
\label{fh}
\end{equation}
The essential quantity is the hadronic matrix element:
\begin{equation}
 i \rho^H_\zeta \equiv {- {\langle q \bar q \rangle}^H_\zeta\over f_H} = Z_4 \int^\Lambda \frac{d^4q}{(2\pi)^4} ~
{1\over 2} \big[ T_H\gamma_5  {\cal S}({1\over 2}P+q))\Gamma_H(q; P) {\cal S}({1\over 2}P-q)) \big]
 \label{rhoh}
 \end{equation}
which takes the place of the usual vacuum expectation value.
Here $T_H$ is a flavor projection operator, $Z_2(\Lambda)$ and $Z_4(\Lambda)$ are renormalization constants, $S(p)$ is the dressed quark propagator, and  $\Gamma_H(q; P)= F.T. \langle H| \psi(x_a) \bar \psi(x_b)|0 \rangle $  is the Bethe-Salpeter bound-state vertex amplitude.
The notation $\langle q \bar q \rangle^H_\zeta$ in the
Bethe-Salpeter analysis thus refers to  a hadronic matrix element, not a vacuum expectation value.
The Bethe-Salpeter analysis of Roberts et al. reproduces the essential features of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking,  including $m^2_\pi \propto {(m_q +m_{\bar q})/ f_\pi }$ as well as  a finite value for $f_\pi$ at $m_q \to 0.$

One can recast the Bethe Salpeter
formalism into the LF Fock state picture by
time-ordering the coupled BS equation in $\tau = t + z/c$ or by integrating over $dk^-$ where $k^- = k^0 -k^3$ and using
the Wick analysis.  This procedure generates a set of equations which couple
the infinite set of Fock states at fixed $\tau.$ Thus the Casher-Susskind and Bethe-Salpeter
descriptions of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking and in-hadron condensates and are complementary.

In this paper we show from several physical perspectives that, because of color
confinement, quark and gluon QCD condensates can be regarded as being
associated with the dynamics of hadron wavefunctions, rather than the vacuum
itself.  Thus we analyze the condensates $\langle \bar q q \rangle$ and
$\langle G_{\mu\nu}G^{\mu\nu}\rangle$ and address the question of where they
have spatial (and temporal) support. We argue, in agreement with the original
work of Casher and Susskind~\cite{cs}, that these condensates have spatial
support restricted to the interiors of hadrons, as a consequence of the fact
that they are due to quark and gluon interactions, and these particles are
confined within hadrons.  Higher-order in-hadron condensates such as $\langle
(\bar q q)^2\rangle$, $\langle (\bar q q) G_{\mu\nu}G^{\mu\nu}\rangle$,
etc. are also present, and our discussion implicitly also applies to
these. (The fact that QCD experimentally conserves $P$ and $T$ shows that $P$-
and $T$-noninvariant condensates such as $\langle G_{\mu\nu}\tilde
G^{\mu\nu}\rangle$, where $\tilde G_{\mu\nu} =
(1/2)\epsilon_{\mu\nu\alpha\beta}G^{\alpha\beta}$, are negligible; explaining
this is part of the strong CP problem.) Our analysis includes consideration of
condensed matter analogs, the AdS/CFT correspondence, and the
Bethe-Salpeter/Dyson-Schwinger approach for bound states.  Our analysis
highlights the difference between chiral models where mesons are treated as
elementary fields, and QCD in which all hadrons are composite systems.  We note
that an important consequence of the ``in-hadron'' nature of QCD condensates is
that QCD gives {\it zero} contribution to the cosmological constant, since all
of the gravitational effects of the in-hadron condensate are already included
in the normal contribution from hadron masses.

We emphasize the subtlety in characterizing the formal quantity $\langle 0 |
{\cal O} | 0 \rangle$ in the usual instant form, where ${\cal O}$ is a product
of quantum field operators, by recalling that one can render this automatically
zero by normal-ordering ${\cal O}$ since one has to divide $S$-matrix elements
by vacuum expectation values.  It should be noted that perturbative
contributions to the vacuum in the instant form are not frame independent as
can be seen by computing any bubble diagram -- e.g. in $\phi^3$ theory.  As
shown by Weinberg~\cite{Weinberg:1966jm}, these contributions are suppressed
by powers of $1\over P$ for an observer moving at high momentum $P$.  However,
such contributions are removed by normal-ordering, thus restoring Lorentz
invariance of the instant form vacuum.  Such subtleties are especially delicate
in a confining theory, since the vacuum state in such a theory is not defined
relative to the fields in the Lagrangian, quarks and gluons, but instead
relative to the actual physical, color-singlet, states.

In the front form, the
analysis is simpler, since the physical vacuum is automatically trivial, up to
zero modes.  There are no perturbative bubble diagrams in the LF formalism, so the front-form vacuum is Lorentz invariant from the start.
The light-front method provides a completely consistent formalism
for quantum field theory.  For example, it is straightforward to calculate the
coupling of gravitons to physical particles using the light-front formalism;
in particular, one can prove that the anomalous gravitational magnetic moment
vanishes, Fock state by Fock state~\cite{Brodsky:2000ii}, in agreement with the
equivalence principle~\cite{Teryaev:1999su}. Furthermore, the light-front
method reproduces quantum corrections to the gravitational form factors
computed in perturbation theory~\cite{Berends:1975ah}.

\section{A Condensed Matter Analogy}

 A formulation of quantum field theory using a Euclidean path-integral
(vacuum-to-vacuum amplitude), $Z$, provides a precise meaning for $\langle
{\cal O}\rangle$ as
\begin{equation}
\langle {\cal O}\rangle = \lim_{J \to 0} \, \frac{\delta \ln Z}{\delta J} \ ,
\label{oave}
\end{equation}
where $J$ is a source for ${\cal O}$.  The path integral for QCD, integrated
over quark fields and gauge links using the gauge-invariant lattice
discretization exhibits a formal analogy with the partition function for a
statistical mechanical system.  In this correspondence, a condensate such as
$\langle \bar q q \rangle$ or $\langle G_{\mu\nu}G^{\mu\nu}\rangle$ is
analogous to an ensemble average in statistical mechanics.  To develop a
physical picture of the QCD condensates, we pursue this analogy.  In a
superconductor, the electron-phonon interaction produces a pairing of two
electrons with opposite spins and 3-momenta at the Fermi surface, and, for $T <
T_c$, an associated nonzero Cooper pair condensate $\langle e e
\rangle_T$~\cite{fw}, (here $\langle ... \rangle_T$ means thermal average).
Since this condensate has a phase, the phenomenological Ginzburg-Landau free
energy function
\begin{equation}
F = |\nabla \Phi|^2 + c_2 (\Phi^* \Phi) + c_4 (\Phi^* \Phi)^2
\label{flg}
\end{equation}
uses a complex scalar field $\Phi$ to represent it.  The formal treatment of a
phase transition such as that in a superconductor begins with a partition
function calculated for a finite $d$-dimensional lattice, and then takes the
thermodynamic (infinite-volume) limit.  The non-analytic behavior associated
with the superconducting phase transition only occurs in this infinite-volume
limit; for $T < T_c$, the (infinite-volume) system develops a nonzero value of
the order parameter, namely $\langle \Phi \rangle_T$, in the phenomenological
Ginzburg-Landau model, or $\langle e e \rangle_T$, in the microscopic
Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory. In the formal statistical mechanics context,
the minimization of the $|{\mathbf \nabla} \Phi|^2$ term implies that the order
parameter is a constant throughout the infinite spatial volume.

However, the infinite-volume limit is an idealization; in reality,
superconductivity is experimentally observed to occur in finite samples of
material, such as Sn, Nb, etc., and the condensate clearly has spatial support
only in the volume of these samples.  This is evident from either of two basic
properties of a superconducting substance, namely, (i) zero-resistance flow of
electric current, and (ii) the Meissner effect, that
\begin{equation}
|{\bf B}(z)| \sim |{\bf B}(0)|e^{-z/\lambda_L}
\label{bz}
\end{equation}
for a magnetic field ${\bf B}(z)$ a distance $z$ inside the superconducting
sample, where the London penetration depth $\lambda_L$ is given by
$\lambda_L^2=m_e c^2/(4\pi n e^2)$, where $n=$ electron concentration; both of
these properties clearly hold only within the sample.  The same statement
applies to other phase transitions such as liquid-gas or ferromagnetic; again,
in the formal statistical mechanics framework, the phase transition and
associated symmetry breaking by a nonzero order parameter at low $T$ occur only
in the thermodynamic limit, but experimentally, one observes the phase
transition to occur effectively in a finite volume of matter, and the order
parameter (e.g., magnetization $M$) has support only in this finite volume,
rather than the infinite volume considered in the formal treatment.  Similarly,
the Goldstone modes that result from the spontaneous breaking of a continuous
symmetry (e.g., spin waves in a Heisenberg ferromagnet) are experimentally
observed in finite-volume samples.  There is, of course, no conflict between
the experimental measurements and the abstract theorems; the key point is that
these samples are large enough for the infinite-volume limit to be a useful
idealization.  Finite-size scaling methods that make this connection precise
are standard tools in studies of phase transitions and critical
phenomena~\cite{finitesize}.

There is another important distinction between condensed matter physics and
relativistic quantum field theories.  The proton eigenstate in QCD is a
summation over Fock states
\begin{equation}
\vert P \rangle = \sum_{n=3}^\infty \Psi_{n/P}(x_i, k_{\perp i}, \lambda_i)
\vert n \rangle
\label{LF}
\end{equation}
where $x_i$ denotes the fraction of the total proton momentum carried by the
parton $i$, $k_{\perp,i}$ denotes the transverse momentum, $\lambda_i$ denotes
the helicity, and the summation extends over states with an unlimited number of
gluons and sea quarks and antiquarks.  In fact, the Regge behavior, $F_2(x,Q^2)
\sim \sum_R \beta_R x^{1-\alpha_R}$, of hadronic structure functions
at small $x$ requires that the hadronic wavefunction has Fock states $\vert n
\rangle$ with an infinite number of quark and gluon partons.  (Here, in
standard notation, $x = -q^2/(2M_N\nu)$, where $\nu$ denotes the energy
transfer; $\beta_R$ denotes the amplitude with which a Regge trajectory
contributes to the scattering, and $\alpha_R$ denotes the intercept of this
trajectory.) This relation applies in the Regge region, $s >> \Lambda_{QCD}^2$
with $t=-q^2$ fixed, i.e., small $x$. For example,
Mueller~\cite{Mueller:1993rr} has shown that the BFKL
(Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov) behavior of the structure functions at $x \to
0$ is a result of the infinite range of gluonic Fock states. The relation
between Fock states of different $n$ is given by an infinite tower of ladder
operators~\cite{Antonuccio:1997tw}.  In the analysis by Casher and
Susskind~\cite{cs}, spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking occurs within the
confines of the hadron wavefunction due to a phase change supported by the
infinite number of quark and quark pairs in the light-front wavefunction. Thus,
as noted above, unlike the usual discussion in condensed matter physics,
infinite volume is not required for a phase transition in relativistic quantum
field theories.

\section{A Picture of QCD Condensates}

The condensed-matter physics discussion above helps to motivate our analysis
for QCD.  The spatial support for QCD condensates should be where the particles
are whose interactions give rise to them, just as the spatial support of a
magnetization $M$, say, is inside, not outside, of a piece of iron.  The
physical origin of the $\langle \bar q q \rangle$ condensate in QCD can be
argued to be due to the reversal of helicity (chirality) of a massless quark as
it moves outward and reverses its three-momentum at the boundary of a hadron
due to confinement \cite{casher}.  This argument suggests that the condensate
has support only within the spatial extent where the quark is confined; i.e.,
the physical size of a hadron.  Another way to motivate this is to note that in
the light-front Fock state picture of hadron
wavefunctions~\cite{cs,bpprev,bs94}, a valence quark can flip its chirality
when it interacts or interchanges with the sea quarks of multiquark Fock
states, thus providing a dynamical origin for the quark running mass.  In this
description, the $\langle \bar q q \rangle$ and $\langle
G_{\mu\nu}G^{\mu\nu}\rangle$ condensates are effective quantities which
originate from $q \bar q$ and gluon contributions to the higher Fock state
light-front wavefunctions of the hadron and hence are localized within the
hadron.  There is a natural relation with the nucleon sigma term, $\sigma_{\pi
N} = (1/2)(m_u+m_d)\langle N | \bar q q | N \rangle$ (where here the nucleon
states are normalized as $\langle N(p')|N(p)\rangle = (2\pi)^3\delta^3({\mathbf
p} -{\mathbf p}')$). As discussed in the introduction, the vacuum condensate appearing in the
Gell Mann-Oakes-Renner relation~\cite{gmor}
\begin{equation}
m_\pi^2 = -\frac{(m_u+m_d)}{f_\pi^2} \, \langle \bar q q \rangle
\label{gmor}
\end{equation}
is replaced by the in-hadron condensate, as defined in Eq. (\ref{rhoh}).

\section{Chiral Symmetry Breaking in the AdS/CFT Model}

The Anti-De Sitter/conformal field theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence between
string theory in AdS space and CFT's in physical spacetime has been used to
obtain an analytic, semi-classical model for strongly-coupled QCD which has
scale invariance and dimensional counting at short distances and color
confinement at large distances~\cite{lightfront}.  Color confinement can be
imposed by introducing hard-wall boundary conditions at $z={1/ \Lambda_{QCD}}$
($z=$ AdS fifth dimension) or by modification of the AdS metric.  This AdS/QCD
model gives a good representation of the mass spectrum of light-quark mesons
and baryons as well as the hadronic wavefunctions~\cite{lightfront}.  One can
also study the propagation of a scalar field $X(z)$ as a model for the
dynamical running quark mass~\cite{lightfront}. The AdS solution has the
form~\cite{xz}
\begin{equation}
X(z) = a_1 z+ a_2 z^3 \ ,
\label{xz}
\end{equation}
where $a_1$ is proportional to the current-quark mass. The coefficient $a_2$
scales as $\Lambda^3_{QCD}$ and is the analog of $\langle \bar q q \rangle$;
however, since the quark is a color nonsinglet, the propagation of $X(z),$ and
thus the domain of the quark condensate, is limited to the region of color
confinement.  The AdS/QCD picture of effective confined condensates is in
agreement with results from chiral bag models~\cite{chibag}, which modify the
original MIT bag by coupling a pion field to the surface of the bag in a
chirally invariant manner. Since the effect of $a_2$ depends on $z$, the AdS
picture is inconsistent with the usual picture of a constant condensate.

\section{Empirical Determinations of the Gluon Condensate}

The renormalization-invariant quantity $\langle (\alpha_s/\pi)
G_{\mu\nu}G^{\mu\nu} \rangle$, where
\begin{equation}
G_{\mu\nu}G^{\mu\nu} = 2\sum_a (|{\bf B}^a|^2 - |{\bf E}^a|^2)) \ ,
\label{gbe}
\end{equation}
can be determined empirically by analyzing vacuum-to-vacuum current correlators
constrained by data for $e^+e^- \to$ charmonium and hadronic $\tau$
decays~\cite{svz}-\cite{ggval}. (Here we use units where $\hbar=c=1$, and our
flat-space metric is $\eta_{\mu\nu}={\rm diag}(1,-1,-1,-1)$).  Some recent
values (in GeV$^4$) include $0.006 \pm 0.012$~\cite{ggval}(a), $0.009\pm
0.007$~\cite{ggval}(b), and $-0.015 \pm 0.008$~\cite{ggval}(c).  These values
show significant scatter and even differences in sign. These are consistent
with the picture in which the vacuum gluon condensate vanishes; it is confined
within hadrons, rather than extending throughout all of space, as would be true
of a vacuum condensate.

\section{Some Other Features of QCD Condensates}

In the picture discussed here, QCD condensates would be considered as
contributing to the masses of the hadrons where they are located.  This is
clear, since, e.g., a proton subjected to a constant electric field will
accelerate and, since the condensates move with it, they comprise part of its
mass. Similarly, when a hadron decays to a non-hadronic final state, such as
$\pi^0 \to \gamma\gamma$, the condensates in this hadron contribute their
energy to the final-state photons. Thus, over long times, the dominant regions
of support for these condensates would be within nucleons, since the proton is
effectively stable (with lifetime $\tau_p >> \tau_{univ} \simeq 1.4 \times
10^{10}$ yr.), and the neutron can be stable when bound in a nucleus.  In a
process like $e^+e^- \to$ hadrons, the formation of the condensates occurs on
the same time scale as hadronization.  In accord with the Heisenberg
uncertainty principle, these QCD condensates also affect virtual processes
occurring over times $t \lsim 1/\Lambda_{QCD}$.

Moreover, in our picture, condensates $\langle \bar q q \rangle$ in different
hadrons may be chirally rotated with respect to each other, somewhat analogous
to disoriented chiral condensates in heavy-ion collisions~\cite{dcc}.  This
picture of condensates can, in principle, be verified by careful lattice gauge
theory measurements.  Note that the lattice measurements that have inferred
nonzero values of $\langle \bar q q \rangle$ were performed in finite volumes,
although these were usually considered as approximations to the infinite-volume
limit (for an early review of $\langle \bar q q \rangle$ lattice measurements,
see \cite{kogut}; recent reviews are in \cite{lat08}).

\section{Application to Other Asymptotically Free Gauge Theories}

Having discussed QCD, we next consider, as an exercise, how this approach to
condensates would apply to several hypothetical asymptotically free gauge
theories.  We begin with a vectorial gauge theory with the gauge group
SU($N_c$), allowing $N_c$ to be generalized to values $N_c \ge 3$.  First,
consider a theory of this type with no fermions, so that only $\langle
G_{\mu\nu}G^{\mu\nu} \rangle$ need be considered.  This condensate would then
have support within the interior of the glueballs. Second, consider a theory
with $N_f=1$ massless or light fermion transforming according to some
nonsinglet representation $R$ of SU($N_c$).  The $\langle \bar q q \rangle$ and
$\langle G_{\mu\nu}G^{\mu\nu}\rangle$ condensates in this theory would have
support in the interior of the mesons, baryons, and glueballs (or mass
eigenstates formed from glueballs and mesons).  Here, the condensate $\langle
\bar q q \rangle$ does not break any non-anomalous global chiral symmetry, so
there would not be any Nambu-Goldstone boson (NGB).  In both of these theories,
the sizes of the mesons, baryons, and glueballs are $\simeq 1/\Lambda$, where
$\Lambda$ is the confinement scale.  Another application would be to a strongly
coupled vectorial gauge interaction that could possibly play a role in
dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking \cite{tc}.

We next consider asymptotically free chiral gauge theories (which are free of
gauge and global anomalies) with massless fermions transforming as
representations $\{R_i\}$ of the gauge group. The properties of strongly
coupled theories of this type are not as well understood as those of vectorial
gauge theories \cite{thooft}-\cite{tum}.  One possibility is that, as the
energy scale decreases from large values and the associated running coupling
$g$ increases, it eventually becomes large enough to produce a (bilinear)
fermion condensate, which thus breaks the initial gauge symmetry
\cite{tum}. This is expected to form in the most attractive channel (MAC) $R_1
\times R_2 \to R_{cond.}$, which maximizes the quantity $\Delta C_2 =
C_2(R_1)+C_2(R_2) - C_2(R_{cond.})$, where $C_2(R)$ is the quadratic Casimir
invariant.  Depending on the theory, several stages of self-breaking may occur
\cite{tum,ckm}.  Let us consider an explicit model of this type, with gauge
group SU(5) and massless left-handed fermion content consisting of an
antisymmetric rank-2 tensor representation, $\psi^{ij}_L$, and a conjugate
fundamental representation, $\chi_{i,L}$.  This theory is asymptotically free
and has a formal ${\rm U}(1)_\psi \times {\rm U}(1)_\chi$ global chiral
symmetry; both U(1)'s are broken by SU(5) instantons, but the linear
combination U(1)$^\prime$ generated by $Q = Q_\psi -3Q_\chi$ is preserved.  The
MAC for condensation is
\begin{equation}
10 \times 10 \to \bar 5
\label{10105bar}
\end{equation}
with $\Delta C_2=24/5$, and
the associated condensate is
\begin{equation}
\langle \epsilon_{ijk\ell n}\psi^{jk \ T}_L C \psi^{\ell n}_L \rangle \ ,
\label{cond10105bar}
\end{equation}
which breaks SU(5) to SU(4).  Thus, as the energy scale decreases and the
running $\alpha=g^2/(4\pi)$ grows, at a scale $\Lambda$ at which $\alpha \Delta
C_2 \sim O(1)$, this condensate is expected to form. Without loss of
generality, we take $i=1$, and note
\begin{equation}
\langle \epsilon_{1jk\ell n}\psi^{jk \ T}_L C \psi^{\ell n}_L \rangle
\propto
\langle \psi^{23 \ T}_L C \psi^{45}_L - \psi^{24 \ T}_L C \psi^{35}_L
 + \psi^{25 \ T}_L C \psi^{34}_L \rangle
\label{1010condensate}
\end{equation}
The nine gauge bosons in the coset SU(5)/SU(4) gain masses of order
$\Lambda$. The six components of $\psi^{ij}_L$ involved in the condensate
(\ref{1010condensate}) also gain dynamical masses of order $\Lambda$. These
components bind to form an SU(4)-singlet meson whose wavefunction is given by
the operator in (\ref{1010condensate}).  This binding involves the exchange of
the various (perturbatively massless) gauge bosons of SU(4).  The condensate
(\ref{1010condensate}) breaks the global U(1)$^\prime$, but the would-be
resultant NGB is absorbed by the gauge boson corresponding to the diagonal
generator in SU(5)/SU(4).  According to the picture discussed here, the
condensate (\ref{1010condensate}) would have spatial support in the meson with
the same wavefunction.  Aside from the SU(4)-singlet $\chi_{1,L}$, the
remaining massless fermion content of the SU(4) theory is vectorial, consisting
of a 4, $\psi^{1j}_L$, and a $\bar 4$, $\chi_{j,L}$, $j=2...4$.  The formal
global flavor symmetry of this effective SU(4) theory at energy scales below
$\Lambda$ is
\begin{equation}
{\rm U}(1)_L \times {\rm U}(1)_R = {\rm U}(1)_V \times {\rm U}(1)_A \ ,
\label{chirsym}
\end{equation}
and the U(1)$_A$ is broken by SU(4) instantons.  This low-energy
effective field theory is asymptotically free, so that at lower energy scales,
the coupling $\alpha$ that it inherits from the SU(5) theory continues to
increase, and the theory confines and produces the condensate $\langle \psi^{1j
\ T}_L C \chi_{j,L} \rangle$, which preserves the gauged SU(4) and global
U(1)$_V$.  We infer that $\langle \psi^{1j \ T}_L C \chi_{j,L} \rangle$ and the
SU(4) gluon condensate $\langle G_{\mu\nu}G^{\mu\nu}\rangle$ have spatial
support in the SU(4)-singlet baryon, meson, and glueball states of this theory.

Although the present picture associates condensates in a confining gauge theory
$G$ with $G$-singlet hadrons, these condensates can affect properties of
$G$-singlet particles if they both couple to a common set of fields.  For
example, the $\langle \bar F F \rangle$ condensate and the corresponding
dynamical mass $\Sigma_F$ of technifermions in a technicolor (TC) theory give
rise to the masses of the (TC-singlet) quarks and leptons via diagrams
involving exchanges of virtual extended technicolor gauge bosons. Our analysis
could also be extended to supersymmetric gauge theories, but we shall not
pursue this here.

\section{The Case of an Infrared-Free Gauge Theory}

Our discussion is only intended to apply to asymptotically free gauge theories.
However, we offer some remarks on the situation for a particular infrared-free
theory here, namely a U(1) gauge theory with gauge coupling $e$ and some set of
fermions $\psi_i$ with charges $q_i$. Here there are several important
differences with respect to an asymptotically free non-Abelian gauge theory.
First, while the chiral limit of QCD, i.e., quarks with zero current-quark
masses, is well-defined because of quark confinement, a U(1) theory with
massless charged particles is unstable, owing to the well-known fact that these
would give rise to a divergent Bethe-Heitler pair production cross section.  It
is therefore necessary to break the chiral symmetry explicitly with bare
fermion mass terms $m_i$.  If the running coupling $\alpha_1=e^2/(4\pi)$ at a
given energy scale $\mu$ were sufficiently large, $\alpha_1(\mu) \gsim O(1)$,
an approximate solution to the Schwinger-Dyson equation for the propagator of a
fermion $\psi_i$ with $m_i << \mu$ would suggest that this fermion gains a
nonzero dynamical mass $\Sigma_i$ \cite{sd} and hence, presumably, there would
be an associated condensate $\langle \bar \psi_i \psi_i\rangle$ (no sum on
$i$).  However, in analyzing S$\chi$SB, it is important to minimize the effects
of explicit chiral symmetry breaking due to the bare masses $m_i$. The
infrared-free nature of this theory means that for any given value of
$\alpha_1$ at a scale $\mu$, as one decreases $m_i/\mu$ to reduce explicit
breaking of chiral symmetry, $\alpha_1(m_i)$ also decreases, approaching zero
as $m_i/\mu \to 0$.  Since $\alpha_1(m_i)$ should be the relevant coupling to
use in the Schwinger-Dyson equation, it may in fact be impossible to realize a
situation in this theory in which one has small explicit breaking of chiral
symmetry and a large enough value of $\alpha_1(m_i)$ to induce spontaneous
chiral symmetry breaking.  A full analysis would require knowledge of the bound
state spectrum of the hypothetical strongly coupled U(1) theory, but this
spectrum is not reliably known.

\section{Finite Temperature QCD}

So far, we have discussed QCD and other theories at zero temperature (and
chemical potential or equivalently here, baryon density).  For QCD in thermal
equilibrium at a finite temperature $T$, as $T$ increases above the
deconfinement temperature $T_{dec}$, both the hadrons and the associated
condensates eventually disappear, although experiments at CERN and BNL-RHIC
show that the situation for $T \gsim T_{dec}$ is more complicated than a weakly
coupled quark-gluon plasma.  The picture of the QCD condensates here is
especially close to experiment, since, although finite-temperature QCD makes
use of the formal thermodynamic, infinite-volume limit, actual heavy ion
experiments and resultant transitions from confined to deconfined quarks and
gluons take place in the finite volume and time interval provided by colliding
heavy ions.  Indeed, one of the models that has been used to analyze such
experiments involves the notion of a color-glass condensate \cite{cgc}.

\section{QCD and the Cosmological Constant}

One of the most challenging problems in physics is that of the cosmological
constant $\Lambda$ (recent reviews include \cite{peeblesratra}-\cite{detf}).
This enters in the Einstein gravitational field equations as \cite{bks}
\begin{equation}
R_{\mu\nu}-\frac{1}{2}g_{\mu\nu}R-\Lambda g_{\mu\nu} = (8\pi G_N)T_{\mu\nu},
\label{einsteineq}
\end{equation}
where $R_{\mu\nu}$, $R$, $g_{\mu\nu}$, $T_{\mu\nu}$, and $G_N$ are the Ricci
curvature tensor, the scalar curvature, the metric tensor, the stress-energy
tensor, and Newton's constant. One defines
\begin{equation}
\rho_\Lambda = \frac{\Lambda}{8 \pi G_N}
\label{rholambda}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
\Omega_\Lambda = \frac{\Lambda}{3H_0^2} = \frac{\rho_\Lambda}{\rho_c}~,
\label{omegalambda}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\rho_c = \frac{3H_0^2}{8\pi G_N} \ ,
\label{rhoc}
\end{equation}
and $H_0=(\dot a/a)_0$ is the Hubble constant in the present era, with $a(t)$
being the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker scale parameter \cite{bks}.  The field
equations imply $(\dot a/a)^2 = H^2 = (8\pi G_N/3)\rho + \Lambda/3 - k/a^2$ and
$\ddot a/a = -4\pi G_N (\rho+3p)+\Lambda/3$, where $\rho=$ total mass/energy
density, $p=$ pressure, and $k$ is the curvature parameter; equivalently, $1 =
\Omega_m + \Omega_\gamma + \Omega_\Lambda + \Omega_k$, where $\Omega_m = 8\pi
G_N \rho_m/H_0^2$, $\Omega_\gamma = 8\pi G_N \rho_\gamma/H_0^2$, and $\Omega_k
= -k/(H_0^2 a^2)$.  Long before the current period of precision cosmology, it
was known that $\Omega_\Lambda$ could not be larger than O(1). In the context
of quantum field theory, this was very difficult to understand, because
estimates of the contributions to $\rho_\Lambda$ from (i) vacuum condensates of
quark and gluon fields in QCD and the vacuum expectation value of the Higgs
field hypothesized in the Standard Model (SM) to be responsible for electroweak
symmetry breaking, and from (ii) zero-point energies of quantum fields appear
to be too large by many orders of magnitude.  Observations of supernovae showed
the accelerated expansion of the universe and are consistent with the
hypothesis that this is due to a cosmological constant, $\Omega_\Lambda \simeq
0.76$ \cite{hzst,scp}.  The supernovae data \cite{hzst,scp}, together with
measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation, galaxy clusters, and
other inputs, e.g., primordial element abundances, have led to a consistent
determination of the cosmological parameters \cite{wmap}-\cite{pdg}.  These
include $H_0 = 73 \pm 3$ km/s/Mpc, $\rho_c = 0.56 \times 10^{-5}$ GeV/cm$^3$ $=
(2.6 \times 10^{-3} \ {\rm eV} \,)^4$, total $\Omega_m \simeq 0.24$ with baryon
term $\Omega_b \simeq 0.042$, so that the dark matter term is $\Omega_{dm}
\simeq 0.20$.  In the equation of state $p=w\rho$ for the ``dark energy'', $w$
is consistent with being equal to $-1$, the value if the accelerated expansion
is due to a cosmological constant.  (Other suggestions for the source of the
accelerated expansion include modifications of general relativity and
time-dependent $w(t)$, as reviewed in \cite{peeblesratra}-\cite{detf}.)

Here, using our observations concerning QCD condensates, we propose a solution
to problem (i) of the contributions by these condensates to $\rho_\Lambda$,
which, in the conventional approach, are much too large. The QCD
condensates form at times of order $10^{-5}$ sec. in the early universe, as the
temperature $T$ decreases below the confinement-deconfinement temperature
$T_{dec} \simeq 200$ MeV.  As noted above, for $T << T_{dec}$, in the
conventional quantum field theory view, these condensates are considered to be
constants throughout space.  If one accepts this conventional view, then these
condensates would contribute $(\delta \rho_\Lambda)_{QCD} \sim
\Lambda_{QCD}^4$, so that $(\delta \Omega_\Lambda)_{QCD} \simeq 10^{45}$. On
the contrary, if one accepts the argument that these condensates (and also
higher-order ones such as $\langle (\bar q q)^2\rangle$ and $\langle (\bar q q)
G_{\mu\nu}G^{\mu\nu}\rangle$) have spatial support within hadrons, not
extending throughout all of space, then one makes considerable progress in
solving the above problem, since the effect of these condensates on gravity is
already included in the baryon term $\Omega_b$ in $\Omega_m$ and, as such, they
do not contribute to $\Omega_\Lambda$.

Another excessive type-(i) contribution to $\rho_\Lambda$ is conventionally
viewed as arising from the vacuum expectation value of the Standard-Model Higgs
field, $v_{EW} = 2^{-1/4}G_F^{-1/2} = 246$ GeV, giving $(\delta
\rho_\Lambda)_{EW} \sim v_{EW}^4$ and hence $(\delta \Omega_\Lambda)_{EW} \sim
10^{56}$.  Similar numbers are obtained from Higgs vacuum expectation values in
supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model (recalling that the
supersymmetry breaking scale is expected to be the TeV scale).  However, it is
possible that electroweak symmetry breaking is dynamical; for example, it may
result from the formation of a bilinear condensate of fermions $F$ (called
technifermions) subject to an asymptotically free, vectorial, confining gauge
interaction, commonly called technicolor (TC), that gets strong on the TeV
scale \cite{tc}. In such theories there is no fundamental Higgs field.
Technicolor theories are challenged by, but may be able to survive, constraints
from precision electroweak data.  By our arguments above, in a
technicolor theory, the technifermion and technigluon condensates would have
spatial support in the technihadrons and techniglueballs and would contribute
to the masses of these states.  We stress that, just as was true for the QCD
condensates, these technifermion and technigluon condensates would not
contribute to $\rho_\Lambda$.  Hence, if a technicolor-type mechanism should
turn out to be responsible for electroweak symmetry breaking, then there would
not be any problem with a supposedly excessive contribution to $\rho_\Lambda$
for a Higgs vacuum expectation value.  Indeed, stable technihadrons in certain
technicolor theories may be viable dark-matter candidates.

We next comment briefly on type-(ii) contributions. The formal expression for
the energy density $E/V$ due to zero-point energies of a quantum field
corresponding to a particle of mass $m$ is
\begin{equation}
E/V = \int \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3} \frac{\omega(k)}{2} \ ,
\label{zeropoint}
\end{equation}
where the energy is $\omega(k) = \sqrt{{\bf k}^2 + m^2}$.  However, first, this
expression is unsatisfactory, because it is (quadratically) divergent.  In
modern particle physics one would tend to regard this divergence as indicating
that one is using an low-energy effective field theory, and one would impose an
ultraviolet cutoff $M_{UV}$ on the momentum integration, reflecting the upper
range of validity of this low-energy theory.  Since neither the left- nor
right-hand side of eq. (\ref{zeropoint}) is Lorentz-invariant, this cutoff
procedure is more dubious than the analogous procedure for Feynman integrals of
the form $\int d^4k \, I(k,p)$ in quantum field theory, where
$I(k,p_1,...,p_n)$ is a Lorentz-invariant integrand function depending on some
set of 4-momenta $p_1,...,p_n$.  If, nevertheless, one proceeds to use such a
cutoff, then, since a mass scale characterizing quantum gravity (QG) is
$M_{Pl}=G_N^{-1/2}=1.2 \times 10^{19}$ GeV, one would infer that $(\delta
\rho_\Lambda)_{QG} \sim M_{Pl}^4/(16\pi^2)$, and hence $(\delta
\Omega_\Lambda)_{QG} \sim 10^{120}$.  With the various mass scales
characterizing the electroweak symmetry breaking and particle masses in the
Standard Model, one similarly would obtain $(\delta \Omega_\Lambda)_{SM} \sim
10^{56}$.  Given the fact that eq. (\ref{zeropoint}) is not Lorentz-invariant,
one may well question the logic of considering it as a contribution to the
Lorentz-invariant quantity $\rho_\Lambda$. (This criticism of the conventional
lore has also been made in \cite{peeblesratra} and \cite{jaffe05}.) Indeed, one
could plausibly argue that, as an energy density, it should instead be part of
$T_{00}$ in the energy-momentum tensor $T_{\mu\nu}$.  Phrased in a different
way, if one argues that it should be associated with the $\Lambda g_{\mu \nu}$
term, then there must be a negative corresponding zero-point pressure
satisfying $p=-\rho$, but the source for such a negative pressure is not
evident in eq. (\ref{zeropoint}).  The light-front approach to the construction
of a quantum field theory, in particular, the Standard
Model, provides another perspective to this issue \cite{lf}-\cite{scottish}.

\section{Concluding Remarks}

We have argued from several physical perspectives that, because of color
confinement, quark and gluon QCD condensates are localized within the interiors
of hadrons. Our analysis is in agreement with the Casher and Susskind model and
the explicit demonstration of ``in-hadron condensates" by Roberts et al., using
the Bethe-Salpeter/Dyson-Schwinger formalism for QCD bound states.  We also
discussed this physics using condensed matter analogues, the AdS/CFT
correspondence, and the Bethe-Salpeter/Dyson-Schwinger approach for
bound states.

In-hadron condensates provide a  solution to what has hitherto commonly been
regarded as an excessively large contribution to the cosmological constant by
QCD condensates. We have argued that these condensates do not, in fact,
contribute to $\Omega_\Lambda$; instead, they have spatial support within
hadrons and, as such, should really be considered as contributing to the masses
of these hadrons and hence to $\Omega_b$. We have also suggested a possible
solution to what would be an excessive contribution to $\Omega_\Lambda$ from a
hypothetical Higgs vacuum expectation value; the solution would be applicable
if electroweak symmetry breaking occurs via a technicolor-type mechanism.

\bigskip
\bigskip

We thank R. Alkofer, A. Casher, C. Fischer, M. E. Fisher, F. Llanes-Estrada,
C. Roberts, L. Susskind, P. Tandy, and G. F. de T\'eramond for helpful
conversations. This research was partially supported by grants
DE-AC02-76SF00515 (SJB) and NSF-PHY-06-53342 (RS).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


easily be the hardest part of getting your new dog. When you get your new dog, you obviously want to teach it to be well behaved so it can be both outside and inside without causing a huge mess, as well as behave around other dogs and people.
If you live in a home without a yard, this can become even harder for you, as potty training is more than just letting the dog know they can only go outside on the grass. Often the best thing to do is to get an indoor training toilet for the dog.
A lot of people question the point of getting one, so here are six reasons that you may want to consider getting a dog toilet.
acting out. By having one in your home, it gives your pet a place to go when they have no other options.
2. Less Paper – A lot of people will just say that they can use leftover newspaper. And although it is an option, it doesn't work all the time. Sometimes the paper leaks or tears, making cleanup nearly impossible without getting it everywhere.
3. Less Worry v- Now you can go out for far more time leaving your dog alone. By leaving your dog alone without one, you will be out worrying if your dog is making your home dirty. Now when you go out, if you trained your dog correctly then you can be carefree knowing that there won't be a giant mess waiting for you to clean up.
4. Re-usable – One great advantage that it has is that it can be used over and over again. This is great so now you don't have to keep changing it every time the animal uses it, reducing your waste.
5. Helps train your dog- Some indoor toilets are made with synthetic grass. By doing this, you are training your dog to only go on the grass. So if you take your dog out for a walk through the city you won't have to worry about them stopping in the middle of the sidewalk.
6. No Smell – Some indoor training toilets are made in a way to trap smells inside of them, so now when you go home you won't walk into the offensive odor, leaving you in a much happier state.
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Luckily you can pick up some great deals & support. Don't Forget to Move at the Same Time!


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Dulce de Leche Blondies are an easy way to impress when you don't have access to a mixer or other fancy equipment or ingredients; just pack the jar of dulce de leche and you are ready to go! Keep reading to check out what everyone else made for Creative Cookie Exchange this month.
Things are also kind of crazy because I am still trying to figure out my "photo shoot" spot. The best spot is in the living room, and in addition to avoiding dogs and boxes, I cannot decide if the carpet looks weird in the background. And I also cannot decide where to keep all of the photography equipment, since I want the living room to look nice. The kitchen and breakfast (soon to be coffee-I am having a coffee center made!) room would be great, except the previous owners put a very low hanging awning on that side–I suspect because they got tired of the west sun in their faces in the evening. The end result however is that very little light comes in those windows. Alas. So everything is still a work in progress. Big shock, right?
About these Dulce de Leche Blondies. They are perfect for the beach house because any blondies are perfect for the beach house really. They do not require a mixer and can be done entirely by hand. But if you want to really impress people? Pack a jar of dulce de leche (in my family we always pack a lot of food–it costs too much at the beach anyway and the selection is much poorer there) and you have the means to wow people at the beach! Don't be intimidated by the caffe sport extract. It is optional–I threw it in on a whim because I had just picked some up in the Strip District and thought it would go well (it has a coffee flavor). At the beach or in the heat I might be tempted to refrigerate these Dulce de Leche Blondies to help firm up the lush, caramel filling.
Preheat the oven to 350 F. Layer a 9x13 pan with parchment paper (if you cannot get parchment paper because you are at the beach, used lightly buttered foil). Set aside.
Melt the butter in the microwave on medium-low power bursts. When it is melted, whisk in the oil. Whisk in the espresso powder.
Add the sugars and extracts and whisk in. Whisk quite briskly to emulsify the sugars into the fat.
Switch to a rubber spatula and stir in 2/3 of the flour mixture. Stir the remaining third in, but before it is completely incorporated, add the chocolate chips. Mix the chips in evenly, until all flour is incorporated.
Scrape 2/3 of the cookie dough into the prepared baking pan. Smooth the dough evenly into pan.
If your dulce de leche is in a glass jar, you can briefly heat it to make spreading it easier. Dollop it in blobs over the cookie dough and spread it evenly over the dough. Scrape the remaining cookie dough over the dulce de leche and spread it out. Do not worry if some dulce de leche seeps through.
Sprinkle the top evenly with a good quality coarse or flaky sea salt--or just use kosher salt if that is all you can get!
Place in the oven and reduce the heat to 330 F. Bake for 30 minutes, or until set and beginning to crack.
Summer means long lazy days, vacations, and if you are lucky, somewhere relaxing where you can put your feet up and and tune out for a while. Cookies can be the perfect snack any time of the day – yes, cookies for breakfast are a thing. Whether you bake up a quick batch whilst on vacation or decide to bring the dough with you ready-made, we've got a great list for you to choose from!
I need these in my life. I think they look great to share at a beach vacation– they would disappear quickly!
Oh the problems of food bloggers chasing the light!! These bas sound amazing. So glad you joined us this month!
I feel your pain about packing and unpacking. I am so glad that you joined in and I would be very happy to have some of these blondies to munch on right now. Hope you can find the perfect spot for taking your photos.


text:
South Africa Has Banned The Giving Of Work Permit To Foreigners Who Are Religious Workers
By Reginald September 22, 2022 No Comments2 Mins Read
Home Affairs Minister Dr Aaron Motsoaledi's announcement on work permits and permanent resident status for foreign nationals who are religious workers has been met with criticism from some religious quarters.
Freedom of Religion South Africa says a blanket ban on foreign nationals would arguably be unconstitutional.
Motsoaledi announced before parliament's portfolio committee that foreign national religious workers will no longer be eligible for work permits or permanent residency in the country.
An announcement that has been received with mixed emotions. But to many, accountability is key.
"It's a matter of discussions as to how best we can protect the system and also make sure that religion is not used as a tool for criminal activities or for robbing people of their hard earned cash."
"This is caused by charlatans and some false prophets who come to SA masquerading as men of God, took advantage of people in the name of religion and the Church. Yes definitely they need to get some part of the blame but it's really unfortunate that the Home Affairs took that decision", says Solomon Izang Ashoms of Movement Against Abuse in Churches
Some organisations have cautioned the department against painting all foreign national as religious workers with the same brush, but others say the decision won't also harm missionary work in the country.
The exponential growth of a number of churches in the country over the years has came with challenges to an extent that the Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities had to intervene.
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