Male cinnamon teal have a cinnamon-red head, neck, breast and belly. They have an iridescent green speculum, which is separated from a bluish shoulder patch by a white stripe. The back, rump, uppertail coverts and tail are a dull brown and the undertail coverts are black. They have a distinctive red eye, a black bill and yellow legs and feet. The male gives a thin whistled "peep" or "peer." Female cinnamon teal are often confused with female blue-winged teal. They have a duller blue shoulder patch, an overall rustier color and are more heavily streaked. Female cinnamon teal have a somewhat more guttural quacking than female blue-winged teal.
The majority of cinnamon teal breed in the western United States near the Great Salt Lake, Malheur Basin, San Luis Valley and Cariboo-Chilcotin parklands. They prefer small, shallow alkaline wetlands surrounded by low herbaceous cover. Nests are often located in grassy areas and island nesting is common. Female cinnamon teal lay an average of 8-10 eggs.
Nearly all cinnamon teal winter in Mexico and Central America. During migration the Great Salt Lake marshes and the Central Valley of California are important staging areas. Cinnamon teal are commonly sighted in the Midwest and eastern United States, and are often associated with a flock of blue-winged teal, most likely attaching themselves to the flock on their mutual breeding grounds. Cinnamon teal are common winter visitors to Central America; resident (two endemic subspecies) and occasional winter visitors in Colombia and Venezuela. They are common and widespread in the Andes from central Peru southwards, and in southern Chile and most of Argentina (Scott and Carbonell, 1986).
A. c. cyanoptera (SE Neotropics) 25,000-100,000; A. c. orinomus (SW Neotropics) 10,000-100,000; A. c. septentrianalium (Central America) 300,000; A.c. tropica (Low Colombia) <10,000; A. c. borreroi (High Colombia) <250 (Rose and Scott, 1994). Hybridization with blue-winged teal has been recorded, and recent blue-winged teal population expansion into cinnamon teal breeding areas is cause for some concern.
Cinnamon teal dabble on aquatic plants in shallow water areas, especially rush seeds, pondweed seeds and leaves and salt grass seeds. They also feed on animal food, especially aquatic insects and mollusks.


Some games are amazing, some are horrible, but this game is neither! This was the most mediocre game I have ever played. At first glance Raiding Company has nicely done 2d art, however, when you start the game, the 3d art crashes and burns harder then the stock market on black Tuesday. Decent levels, with poorly done characters, it is a relief that the music is somewhat good, but I still turned the volume off after about 10 min of listening to it. To top it all off the game controls where frustrating, and the menu system had a mind of its own.
This game gives blocky characters a whole new definition. It's like taking a trip back to the N64 James Bond Goldeneye era. The only difference is, this game has worse graphics and James Bond Goldeneye was/is an amazing game. When you first launch the game, they show you a nicely done room, with their poorly done characters standing in it. The nice thing is, what you see on the launch screen is what you get throughout the game. They add a little bit of variety with the weapons, but nothing mind blowing.
The music in this game was ok and the sound effects were alright. Let's just say, I wouldn't rush out to try and buy it. With every sound effect there's an animation and when you play the game, you will see the lack of animations, or lack of sound effects (whichever comes first). The lack of animations can be attributed to the game controls: Yes this game follows a generic iPhone top down shooter setup. But unlike most iPhone shooters, the shooting control is frustrating, and you have little to no control of your aim. The game automatically selects what it wants you to shoot at and when you're being attacked, shooting a vase instead of an enemy is poor design.
When thinking of this game and poor design, one thing jumps to my mind, the menu system. When trying to navigate the menu system, the game takes you places you don't want to go, i.e. When selecting the home button from the in game pause screen, it will 50/50 take you the main screen (where you wanted to go), or it will take you to the character select screen (Why? Why, would it think you want to go there?). What is it with bribing people to complete your games today? Is this supposed to be a new industry standard? Beat our game, and you unlock this character, follow us on Facebook and unlock a new game mode. Why not make a game that is fun to play, and then have an unlock as a surprise.
Having said all that, the game wasn't the worst game I have ever played, but it was far from the best. Raiding Company does offer 2 player co-op, it is a neat idea, however the setup is awkward, the gameplay and graphics are the same as single player. With graphics that wouldn't win against a 1997 N64 game (James Bond Goldeneye). The main thing about the graphics is the consistency, you have nice levels, horrible looking good guys, and the bad guys are stuck somewhere between. The art's consistency is disappointing, now add that to the annoying controls and messed up menus system. This isn't that good of a game. The music is par, it loops well but like anything, when you listen to it enough, you get tired of it. Just like the music, I got tired of this game very fast.
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The Top BRAVO Real Housewives of All Time
Posted by swatms | Apr 17, 2019 | Entertainment | 0 |
BRAVO TV's "Real Housewives" franchise is one of BRAVO's most successful
Millions of viewers enjoy the shenanigans of these women each week. Part of the show's success comes from presenting the so-called housewives (many aren't actually married, and few could be labeled stay-at-home-moms) as aspirational and deplorable all at the same time. The typical BRAVO housewife is wealthy and beautiful, living a fabulous lifestyle that many would envy. At the same time, most are presented as unhappy, dishonest, conniving, or just plain stupid. But who are our very favorite housewives?
Vicki Gunvalson from the "Real Housewives of Orange County" has to top the list. The OG from the OC has been with the franchise since its inception. In spite of her beautiful home, designer clothes and professional success, Vicki seems to struggle with interpersonal relationships and comes off as lonely and just sad. And let's not forget that she was in complicit in her boyfriend Brooks' faking cancer. Yes, cancer. She also sided with Brooks over her own daughter Brianna, when Brianna claimed that Brooks had made inappropriate comments to and about Brianna. Vicki gets first prize.
Porsha Williams, a staple on the" Real Housewives of Atlanta," is best known for what we might call ignorance. Some might say it's plain stupidity. When visiting a historical site associated with the Underground Railroad, she asks, "So where's the train?" This is especially ironic given that her claim to fame is being the granddaughter of Hosea Williams, famed civil rights advocate, and friend of Martin Luther King Jr.
Luann de Lesseps, the Countess, gets our vote for her obvious lack of self-awareness. After multiple seasons on "The Real Housewives of New York," the Countess has recorded a pop single—"elegance is learned," she croaks—become an "Eskimo sister" with one of her costars, ultimately marrying the man involved, regardless of seemingly definitive proof that he had been unfaithful. Through it all, the Countess never seems to register that there may be a problem.
Kim Richards exhibits a similar lack of self-awareness, but hers seems to stem from substance abuse. Once a regular on the "Real Housewives of Beverly Hills," Kim has been demoted to the dreaded "friend of" status. Her alcoholism has consistently been her defining characteristic on the show. Many speculate that her substance abuse problems go beyond alcohol. Kim says she's clean and sober now, but some of her antics make viewers wonder if it's true.
HONORABLE MENTION: Slade Smiley from the "Real House Wives of Orange County." Slade is not a housewife, but he's been engaged to two of them: Jo de la Rosa and Gretchen Rossi. He maintains that he's loved both women and that it's somehow merely an odd coincidence that they both appeared on the same show. Both Jo and Gretchen are no longer cast members, and that means Slade is gone too. But when he was a regular, his hijinks certainly rivaled any of the women.
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A well overdue episode of the Bridechilla Podcast celebrating marriage equality and diversity of our community. I'm joined by Kirsten Palladino from Equallywed.com, a fantastic hub for modern LGBTQ weddings and equality-minded wedding pros. There has been a lot of progress in the industry especially recently with marriage equality passing in Australia (!). In this episode, we share the advantages of working with vendors who are pro-marriage equality and how that can progress the industry. We talk about being progressive with the terminology we use and working with the LGBTQ community to keep things moving in a more positive and open direction.


Generally speaking, there really is no correct way to throw Stiletto Darts. People adopt a throwing style based on what works for them. Techniques are derived from the various styles of shuriken (oriental spikes used in martial arts) and knife throws. There is certainly influence from the standard dart throw as well.
The typical stance involves placing your foot, on the side of your throwing hand, to the line, and in line with the direction of the dartboard. Your other foot is then placed in back, and slightly off to the side. Your back foot should be rotated 45 to 90 degrees off your front foot for a fairly natural stance.
Pinch the back of the dart between the thumb, and the first two fingers of your throwing hand. The shaft should rest in the crease of the first knuckle of the index and middle fingers, and the tip of your thumb should rest lightly on the grooves. The tip of the dart should point up, away from your hand.
Begin with your throwing arm and hand extended horizontally in the direction of the dartboard. Your shoulders should be turned 45 degrees away from the dartboard so that the shoulder of your throwing hand is closest to it. Keeping your wrist straight, bring your hand up alongside the ear. Then snap your forearm forward and release the dart as the arc of your hand comes in line with the target. Your hand will continue along this arc to allow for good follow through.
A successful Stiletto Dart throw should stick in the dartboard. Unlike standard darts, Stiletto darts are not designed to automatically orient themselves to point tip first toward the dartboard. Therefore, you must gauge how much to rotate the dart as it leaves your hand. This adds additional challenge and sport to the game. When using the standard grip noted above, the dart typically rotates 1 ¼ turns before hitting the dartboard. With some experience, you should be able to determine if your throws rotate too far, or not enough before striking the target. You can then adjust accordingly.


CAMEO members Pacific Community Ventures, CDC Small Business Finance, and Opportunity Finance Network are partnering with CNote on its Wisdom Fund for women-owned businesses.
SBA announced the launch of the 2019 Emerging Leaders Initiative for executives of small businesses poised for growth in emerging markets.
Beginning on January 1, 2019, the Employment Development Department (EDD) will be assessing penalties on businesses which do not electronically file certain tax forms.
Samaschool's 1-hour Gig Economy Essentials training is newly available on the web to anyone! It covers critical topics like freelancing vs. employment, where to find freelance work, and how to attract clients.
California State Treasurer John Chiang officially rolled out CBIG.ca.gov, the California Business Incentives Gateway. The online gateway connects business owners and entrepreneurs to incentives to help them grow and create jobs. The CBIG site makes it easy for businesses expanding or locating in California to find and apply for incentives as part of a strategic business plan.
Curious about the process to start a legal cannabis business in California? Learn about capital raising, entity formation and compliance for the California cannabis industry with Cutting Edge Capital's latest webinar and Part II: "Cannabis Business Structuring and Capital Raising Part II".
The Census Business Builder is an easy to use, mobile-optimized tool that provides access to selected demographic and economic data from the U.S. Census Bureau tailored to business owners and regional planners.
The LA Business Portal provides you with all of the information you need to plan, start, manage, and grow your business. Try our Start-Up Guide to quickly map out how to register your new business and be compliant. Explore a rich library of content and resources to help you manage and grow your business.
The SBA launched certify.sba.gov to assist small firms doing business with federal government; streamline applications and eliminate documentation obstacles. This new website starts with a focus on closing market gaps for women entrepreneurs in the federal marketplace by featuring the Women-Owned Small Business (WOSB) Program.
The California Labor Enforcement Task Force (LETF) has designed new mobile versions of fact sheets to help employers understand and follow labor, licensing and payroll tax laws. The fact sheets have been designed for employers in specific industries including: Agriculture, Automotive, Construction, Garment, Landscaping, and Restaurant.
OFN has a new small business borrower education platform – Venturize.
As of January 1, 2016, California employers are subject to nine new laws. Thanks to Cutting Edge for this post and keeping us all informed.


A million things go through Trey Daniels' head every time he plays saxophone.
Be ready for a melodic message on April 27 at the Davis Theatre in Montgomery.
With his own blend of jazz, R&B and a little hip-hop vibe, he's touring in support of his 2018 album Evolve. Backing him will be his Atlanta band, who perform on the album.
For a while now, Daniels has made a name with his alto sax by covering other people's songs. Things are a little different with Evolve. He's crossed into the world of all originals.
But that's not the album's longest song. "Rendevous" owns that with just over six minutes. It's really worth it, with the funky drum beats mixed in with Daniels' sax.
To hear the Tampa, Florida native play now, you'd never guess that Daniels ever had a lung problem. But as a premature 2 pound, 8 ounce baby, his lungs were severely underdeveloped when he was born. "The doctor said go ahead and plan the funeral arrangements," Daniels said.
He survived, though for the first 6 or 7 months Daniels couldn't breathe without a machine. He slowly grew and gained strength.
In the 6th grade, Daniels picked up a saxophone for the first time. A year later, he played his first sax gig for $200.
That was the turning point for Daniels to consciously put in the work to be the best saxophone player he could be. That includes picking his instrument. He plays an alto saxophone, and said he "flirts" with a tenor one a little bit.
Among his biggest musical influences are Kirk Wayland, Bob James, Sarah Vaughan, Billie Holiday and Dizzy Gillespie.
There's also R&B legend Anita Baker, who Daniels has performed with regularly. He recalled the first time they met at the Fox Theater in Atlanta.
Like Daniels said, he has a variety of things flowing through his head when he performs. He said part of the power of music is that people take it in and hear their own messages.
His last performance in the Montgomery area was in February for the Love Notes show at Davis Theatre with Tony Terry.
"The show went really well, and I got asked to come back to do my own show," Daniels said.
Tickets to the 7:30 p.m. show on April 27 are $25 for general admission, and $50 for VIP. They're available in Montgomery at Heritage Barber & Style Shop and JoZettie's Cupcakes. They're also online at markmywordsproductions.com.
"I can't wait to pack it out and hopefully put on a really good show for the people of Montgomery," Daniels said.
Follow him online at treydanielsmusic.com.


text:
Strada Pia es un Ensayo cinematográfico de 1983, en color, escrita y dirigida por Georg Brintrup, director alemán. Coproducida por la difusora Westdeutsche Rundfunk (WDR) (Colonia, Alemania) y la empresa Brintrup-Produktion (Roma, Italia), este ensayo cinematográfico recorre los lugares de esa calle histórica, la Via Pía, relacionados con la literatura y la arquitectura  italianas de los últimos cuatro siglos. Actualmente, la calle lleva los nombres de «Via del Quirinale», donde nace, luego «Via XX Settembre», para terminar en la sección llamada «Via Nomentana».
	Se trata de un document "infinito", nos dice el autor, en cuya construcción buscó hacer participar al público mismo. De Torquato Tasso a Pier Paolo Pasolini, doce escenas son presentadas. Invito al espectador a ver, a acoger y a sentir los lazos entre la literatura y la arquitectura, al decline de esta última y al ascenso de la primera.

Argumento
La película inicia en el centro de Roma y sigue la calle tal y como se presentaba (y se presenta aún) en el momento del rodaje, en 1983. Continúa así hasta barrios periféricos, ya alejados de las puertas y de las murallas de la ciudad. Durante el recorrido, la película presenta doce episodios, cada uno fundado en un texto sacado de una obra importante de la literatura italiana en algún momento de los cuatro últimos siglos. Cada texto es puesto en relación con un sitio arquitectónico con el fin de dar relieve, mediante una confrontación audiovisual directa, al progreso de la literatura y al decline de la arquitectura. Tomas de villas solariegas, palacios, iglesias, edificios de la época «Umbertina» y de viviendas populares dan el ritmo narrativo y, cada capítulo se relaciona con el anterior y con el posterior inmediato:

 Un extracto de la Jerusalén liberada, es recitado por su autor, Torquato Tasso, a lo largo de una rampa que da acceso al "Casino de la Aurora" Pallavicini - Palazzo del Quirinale.
 En el jardín de la Aurora (barroco), Giovan Battista Marino declama sus propios versos delante de una fuente decorada con «grotescos». - Iglesia de Sant'Andrea al Quirinale.
 Una escena teatral improvisada se actúa sobre un tema musical (Balli di Sfessania) Iglesia de San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane.
  Actores interpretan una escena sacada del libreto de la ópera Didone abbandonata de Pietro Metastasio, delante de la imitación del  de un «templecillo griego» de estilo jónico (clásico) -      Iglesia de Santa Susanna alle Terme di Diocleziano, Templo de Esculapio.
  En el marco neoclásico de Villa Albani, Vittorio Alfieri lee trozos de su obra Del principe e delle lettere. - Villa Albani.
 Giacomo Leopardi declama All'Italia (Cantos) ante el pórtico dórico del Casino Nobile, una construcción neoclásica,  en el parque de Villa Torlonia. - Villa Torlonia.
 Giuseppe Mazzini, con sus «I doveri dell'uomo» está situado en el marco de una curiosa arquitectura escenográfica de la «Casina delle Civette», también en el parque de Villa Torlonia. - Casina delle Civette.
  Giosuè Carducci hace escuchar su Canto dell'amore, en medio de la imitación romántica del  de una arquitectura antigua en ruinas. - Imitación del tTemplo de Antonino y Faustina.
 Gabriele D'Annunzio recita sus poesías en el marco de la arquitectura « post-umbertina » (neoclásica). - Quartiere Coppedè .
 Luigi Pirandello dirige la representación de una escena del drama "Enrico IV" (Pirandello), en el decorado de una instalación industrial abandonada. - Arquitectura fascista del viale XXI Aprile, que une via Nomentana con la piazza Bologna.
  Dos actores representan un fragmento de la novela Conversazione in Sicilia, de Elio Vittorini, en la   Catacumba de Sant'Agnese.
 Pier Paolo Pasolini concluye recitando algunos versos sacados de "La religione del mio tempo", enmedio de un cementerio de chatarra industrial en las cercanías de Via Nomentana. Construcción de cemento armado (años 1970).

Reparto
 Laura Betti: la "diva" del cine
 Renato Scarpa: Giambattista Marino
 Olimpia Carlisi: Dido
 Remo Girone: Pier Paolo Pasolini
 Michele Mancini: Giacomo Leopardi
 Bruno Mantura: Giuseppe Mazzini
 Stefano Oppedisano: Vittorio Alfieri
 Stefano Rulli: Giosuè Carducci
 Antonio Piovanelli: Enrico IV
 Luigi Antonuccio: Silvestro
 Mario Scaletta: Liborio
 Cesare Biarese: Torquato Tasso
 Flavio Albanese: Gabriele D'Annunzio
 Enzo Aronica: Enea
 Carla Scortichini: (confidente de Didone)
 Nestor Saied, Iannis Minuto, Mauro Russo, Enrico Gaspari
 Massimo Franceschi: (el director)

Banda sonora
Estas son las músicas, por orden de aparición en la película:

Título de la película
El título «Strada Pia» corresponde al nombre que se atribuyó a la calle, en 1565, cuando el Papa Pío IV la hizo ensanchar y solicitó a Miguel Ángel la construcción de una puerta de acuerdo al trazo de la muralla de Roma (la Puerta Pia). En todos los idiomas, se ha decidido mantener el mismo título: STRADA PIA.

Comentarios
Documental y al mismo tiempo película actuada sobre una calle histórica de Roma. En el momento en el que la película fue rodada, el género cinematográfico de « película-ensayo » era poco conocido en Italia. La idea directriz se funda en un fragmento de un texto de Victor Hugo, en el capítulo 2 del libro V de Nuestra Señora de París, que se refiere a la arquitectura y a la imprimería :

Recepción crítica
Giancarlo Ricco en "Il Tempo", del 28 de octubre de 1983 (original en italiano):

Estreno(s)
En Italia, la «Première» de la versión original de la película tuvo lugar en julio de 1983 en el Goethe-Institut de Roma.
	La primierea transmisión en televisión se llevó a cabo el 14 de agosto de 1983 a través del canal alemán de la WDR. En este mismo canal, una versión de 60 minutos fue transmitida el 4 de agosto de 1988.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio Oficial

Películas en italiano
Documentales de Italia
Películas de 1983
Películas ambientadas en Roma

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Logo lounge is a great site for logo inspiration.
Fabulous logo design, Karen. I really love it. Such a fresh and unique way in which to interpret the tradition of quilting – AND with the NC Lily.
Thanks Ellen ~ I had so much fun designing it.


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text:
Home Fraud & Crime Texan charged in $10 million oil and gas fraud
Fraud & Crime
Texan charged in $10 million oil and gas fraud
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Monday filed suit in federal court in Dallas, Texas alleging that Charles O. Couch of Irving, Texas and his company Couch Oil & Gas, Inc. used fraud to raise nearly $10 million from more than 200 investors in two unregistered offerings of oil and gas securities.
The SEC's complaint alleges that offering documents prepared and distributed by Crouch and his company from 2010 through 2012 falsely claimed that investors would receive working interests in oil and gas wells.
But in fact Couch and Couch Oil & Gas retained those working interests and never transferred them to investors.
The complaint also alleges that Couch falsely represented to investors that most or all of their funds would be used to drill and complete the wells.
But the investors weren't told that about 30% of their funds would be used to make sales commission payments to unregistered brokers.
The SEC complaint also alleges that the defendants made" unsubstantiated and highly inflated projections concerning potential oil and gas production."
Couch also "falsely portrayed to investors that [he] was experienced and successful at radial jet drilling technology."
The SEC is seeking permanent injunctions against Couch and Couch Oil, as well disgorgement of ill-gotten gains, and civil penalties.
Charles O. Couch
Couch Oil & Gas
disgorgement
jet drilling technology
securities offenses
unregistered offerings
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text:
Arrest, Search, and Investigation > Searches > Of Vehicles > Automobile Exception
Collins v. Virginia [Duplicated], 584 U.S. ___, 138 S. Ct. 1663 (May. 29, 2018)
Arrest, Search, and Investigation > Searches > Of Premises > Homes & Curtilage
The automobile exception to the Fourth Amendment does not permit an officer, uninvited and without a warrant, to enter the curtilage of a home to search a vehicle parked there. Officer McCall saw the driver of an orange and black motorcycle with an extended frame commit a traffic infraction. The driver eluded McCall's attempt to stop the motorcycle. A few weeks later, Officer Rhodes saw an orange and black motorcycle traveling well over the speed limit, but the driver got away from him, too. The officers compared notes, determined that the two incidents involved the same motorcyclist, and that the motorcycle likely was stolen and in the possession of Ryan Collins. After discovering photographs on Collins' Facebook page showing an orange and black motorcycle parked at the top of the driveway of a house, Rhodes tracked down the address of the house, drove there, and parked on the street. It was later established that Collins' girlfriend lived in the house and that Collins stayed there a few nights per week. From the street, Rhodes saw what appeared to be a motorcycle with an extended frame covered with a white tarp, parked at the same angle and in the same location on the driveway as in the Facebook photo. Rhodes, who did not have a warrant, walked toward the house. He stopped to take a photograph of the covered motorcycle from the sidewalk, and then walked onto the residential property and up to the top of the driveway to where the motorcycle was parked. Rhodes removed the tarp, revealing a motorcycle that looked like the one from the speeding incident. He ran a search of the license plate and vehicle identification numbers, which confirmed that the motorcycle was stolen. Rhodes photographed the uncovered motorcycle, put the tarp back on, left the property, and returned to his car to wait for Collins. When Collins returned, Rhodes approached the door and knocked. Collins answered, agreed to speak with Rhodes, and admitted that the motorcycle was his and that he had bought it without title. Collins was charged with receiving stolen property. He unsuccessfully sought to suppress the evidence that Rhodes obtained as a result of the warrantless search of the motorcycle. He was convicted and his conviction was affirmed on appeal. The U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari and reversed. The Court characterized the case as arising "at the intersection of two components of the Court's Fourth Amendment jurisprudence: the automobile exception to the warrant requirement and the protection extended to the curtilage of a home." After reviewing the law on these doctrines, the Court turned to whether the location in question is curtilage. It noted that according to photographs in the record, the driveway runs alongside the front lawn and up a few yards past the front perimeter of the house. The top portion of the driveway that sits behind the front perimeter of the house is enclosed on two sides by a brick wall about the height of a car and on a third side by the house. A side door provides direct access between this partially enclosed section of the driveway and the house. A visitor endeavoring to reach the front door would have to walk partway up the driveway, but would turn off before entering the enclosure and instead proceed up a set of steps leading to the front porch. When Rhodes searched the motorcycle, it was parked inside this partially enclosed top portion of the driveway that abuts the house. The Court concluded that the driveway enclosure here is properly considered curtilage. The Court continued, noting that by physically intruding on the curtilage, the officer not only invaded the defendant's fourth amendment interest in the item searched—the motorcycle—but also his fourth amendment interest in the curtilage of his home. Finding the case an "easy" one, the Court concluded that the automobile exception did not justify an invasion of the curtilage. It clarified: "the scope of the automobile exception extends no further than the automobile itself." The Court rejected Virginia's request that it expand the scope of the automobile exception to permit police to invade any space outside an automobile even if the Fourth Amendment protects that space. It continued:
Just as an officer must have a lawful right of access to any contraband he discovers in plain view in order to seize it without a warrant, and just as an officer must have a lawful right of access in order to arrest a person in his home, so, too, an officer must have a lawful right of access to a vehicle in order to search it pursuant to the automobile exception. The automobile exception does not afford the necessary lawful right of access to search a vehicle parked within a home or its curtilage because it does not justify an intrusion on a person's separate and substantial Fourth Amendment interest in his home and curtilage.
It also rejected Virginia's argument that the Court's precedent indicates that the automobile exception is a categorical one that permits the warrantless search of a vehicle anytime, anywhere, including in a home or curtilage. For these and other reasons discussed in the Court's opinion, the Court held that "the automobile exception does not permit an officer without a warrant to enter a home or its curtilage in order to search a vehicle therein." It left for resolution on remand whether Rhodes' warrantless intrusion on the curtilage may have been reasonable on a different basis, such as the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement.
State v. Degraphenreed [Duplicated], ___ N.C. App. ___, 820 S.E.2d 331 (Sept. 4, 2018)
Arrest, Search, and Investigation > Search Warrants > Executing > Search of Vehicle at Premises
In this case in which the defendant was convicted of drug trafficking and related charges, the court held that although the trial court erred by finding that a vehicle was within the curtilage of the defendant's residence, it properly found that officers had probable cause to search the vehicle. Officers conducted a drug investigation of the defendant, including surveillance of his residence. During the investigation, a confidential police informant arranged and engaged in a controlled purchase of heroin from the defendant's residence. A couple of months later the same confidential informant conducted another controlled purchase of heroin at the defendant's residence. Officers saw the confidential informant purchase the drugs from the defendant at the trunk of a black 1985 Mercury Grand Marquis parked on the other side of the road from the defendant's residence. Officers saw the vehicle regularly parked in this location during their investigation. As a result of the investigation, Officer Kimel got a search warrant for the defendant's residence; the warrant did not mention the Grand Marquis. When the officers arrived to execute the search warrant, Kimel saw the vehicle parked across the street. The back and sides of the residence were surrounded by a 7- or 8-foot-high chain link fence; a short wooden fence was in the front of the residence. Kimel asked another officer have his K-9 sniff the vehicle. The dog gave a positive alert for drugs. Kimel obtained the keys to the vehicle from the defendant's pocket and searched the car. In the trunk, officers found the defendant's wallet, guns, ammunition, a digital scale, and drugs. After the defendant unsuccessfully moved to suppress evidence obtained from the search of the vehicle, the defendant pled guilty to multiple drug charges, reserving the right to appeal the denial of his suppression motion. On appeal the defendant argued that the officers searched the vehicle without either a search warrant or probable cause.
The court began by holding that the trial court erred by concluding that the vehicle was within the curtilage of the residence while parked on the side of a public street opposite the home and outside the home's fenced-in area. The State had conceded this issue at oral argument.
The court went on to find however that the officers had probable cause to search the vehicle based on: the controlled purchases by the informant, during which times the Grand Marquis was always present; the officers' observation of a drug transaction taking place at the trunk of the Grand Marquis; the Grand Marquis parked on a public street near the defendant's residence during the officers' investigation; the defendant's possession of the keys to the Grand Marquis; and the K-9's positive alert outside of the vehicle for the potential presence of narcotics. It concluded: "Based upon the automobile being located on a public road exception to the Fourth Amendment warrant requirement, probable cause justified the officers in conducting the warrantless search of the Grand Marquis."
In so holding, the court declined to consider the defendant's argument, raised for the first time on appeal, that the reliability of the K-9 was not sufficiently established under Florida v. Harris, 568 U.S. 237 (2013), noting that a party may not assert on appeal a theory that was not raised at the trial court. It further noted that the K-9 sniff was not a search and the dog's positive alert provided support for the trial court's determination that officers had probable cause to conduct a warrantless search of the vehicle. The court did however note that officers had probable cause to search the vehicle even without the sniff.
State v. Burton, ___ N.C. App. ___, 796 S.E.2d. 65 (Jan. 17, 2017)
The court rejected the defendant's claim that counsel was ineffective by failing to object to the admission of cocaine found during an officer's warrantless search of the defendant's vehicle; the court rejected the defendant's argument that the State was required to prove that the defendant's car was "readily mobile" in order for the automobile exception to the warrant requirement to apply. An officer searched the vehicle after smelling a strong odor of marijuana and seeing an individual sitting in the passenger seat with marijuana on his lap. The cocaine was found during a subsequent search of the vehicle. The vehicle was parked on the street when the search occurred and no evidence suggested that it was incapable of movement.
State v. Armstrong, 236 N.C. App. 130 (Sept. 2, 2014)
Although a search of the defendant's vehicle was not proper under Gant, it was authorized under the automobile exception where officers had probable cause that the vehicle contained marijuana. After officers saw a vehicle execute a three-point turn in the middle of an intersection, strike a parked vehicle, and continue traveling on the left side of the road, they activated their blue lights to initiate a traffic stop. Before the vehicle stopped, they saw a brown beer bottle thrown from the driver's side window. After the driver and passenger exited the vehicle, the officers detected an odor of alcohol and marijuana from the inside of the car and discovered a partially consumed bottle of beer in the center console. The defendant was arrested for hit and run and possession of an open container, put in handcuffs, and placed in the back of the officers' cruiser. One of the officers searched the vehicle and retrieved the beer bottle from the center console, a grocery bag containing more beer, and a plastic baggie containing several white rocks, which turned out to be cocaine, in car's glove compartment. After the defendant was charged with possession of cocaine and other offenses, he moved to suppress the evidence found pursuant to the search of his car. The court concluded that although a search of the car was not proper under Gant, it was proper under the automobile exception. Specifically, the fact that the officers smelled a strong odor of marijuana inside the vehicle provided probable cause to search.
Arrest, Search, and Investigation > Searches > Of Vehicles > Gant Search Incident to Arrest
Davis v. United States, 564 U.S. 229 (June 16, 2011)
The exclusionary rule (a deterrent sanction baring the prosecution from introducing evidence obtained by way of a Fourth Amendment violation) does not apply when the police conduct a search in compliance with binding precedent that is later overruled. Alabama officers conducted a routine traffic stop that eventually resulted in the arrests of driver Stella Owens for driving while intoxicated and passenger Willie Davis for giving a false name to police. The police handcuffed both individuals and placed them in the back of separate patrol cars. The police then searched the passenger compartment of Owens's vehicle and found a revolver inside Davis's jacket pocket. The search was done in reliance on precedent in the jurisdiction that had interpreted New York v. Belton, 453 U.S. 454 (1981), to authorize automobile searches incident to arrests of recent occupants, regardless of whether the arrestee was within reaching distance of the vehicle at the time of the search. Davis was indicted on a weapons charge and unsuccessfully moved to suppress the revolver. He was convicted. While Davis's case was on appeal, the Court decided Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332 (2009), adopting a new, two-part rule under which an automobile search incident to a recent occupant's arrest is constitutional (1) if the arrestee is within reaching distance of the vehicle during the search, or (2) if the police have reason to believe that the vehicle contains evidence relevant to the crime of arrest. Analyzing whether to apply the exclusionary rule to the search at issue, the Court determined that "[the] acknowledged absence of police culpability dooms Davis's claim." Slip Op. at 10. It stated: "Because suppression would do nothing to deter police misconduct in these circumstances, and because it would come at a high cost to both the truth and the public safety, we hold that searches conducted in objectively reasonable reliance on binding appellate precedent are not subject to the exclusionary rule." Slip Op. at 1.
Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332 (Apr. 21, 2009)
Holding that officers may search a vehicle incident to arrest only if (1) the arrestee is unsecured and within reaching distance of the passenger compartment when the search is conducted; or (2) it is reasonable to believe that evidence relevant to the crime of arrest might be found in the vehicle. For more complete analysis of this ruling, see the online paper here.
State v. Mbacke, 365 N.C. 403 (Jan. 27, 2012)
The court reversed the court of appeals and determined that a search of the defendant's vehicle incident to his arrest for carrying a concealed gun did not violate the Fourth Amendment. The defendant was indicted for, among other things, trafficking in cocaine and carrying a concealed gun. Officers were dispatched to a specific street address in response to a 911 reporting that a black male armed with a black handgun, wearing a yellow shirt, and driving a red Ford Escape was parked in his driveway and that the male had "shot up" his house the previous night. Officers Walley and Horsley arrived at the scene less than six minutes after the 911 call. They observed a black male (later identified as the defendant) wearing a yellow shirt and backing a red or maroon Ford Escape out of the driveway. The officers exited their vehicles, drew their weapons, and moved toward the defendant while ordering him to stop and put his hands in the air. Officer Woods then arrived and blocked the driveway to prevent escape. The defendant initially rested his hands on his steering wheel, but then lowered them towards his waist. Officers then began shouting at the defendant to keep his hands in sight and to exit his vehicle. The defendant raised his hands and stepped out of his car, kicking or bumping the driver's door shut as he did so. Officers ordered the defendant to lie on the ground and handcuffed him, advising him that he was being detained because they had received a report that a person matching his description was carrying a weapon. After the defendant said that he had a gun in his waistband and officers found the gun, the defendant was arrested for carrying a concealed gun. The officers secured the defendant in the back of a patrol car, returned to his vehicle, and opened the driver's side door. Officer Horsley immediately saw a white brick wrapped in green plastic protruding from beneath the driver's seat. As Officer Horsley was showing this to Officer Walley, the defendant attempted to escape from the patrol car. After re-securing the defendant, the officers searched his vehicle incident to the arrest but found no other contraband. The white brick turned out to be 993.8 grams of cocaine. The court noted that the case required it to apply Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332 (2009) (officers may search a vehicle incident to arrest only if (1) the arrestee is unsecured and within reaching distance of the passenger compartment when the search is conducted; or (2) it is reasonable to believe that evidence relevant to the crime of arrest might be found in the vehicle). It began its analysis by concluding that as used in the second prong of the Gant test, the term "reasonable to believe" establishes a threshold lower than probable cause that "parallels the objective 'reasonable suspicion' standard sufficient to justify a Terry stop." Thus, it held that "when investigators have a reasonable and articulable basis to believe that evidence of the offense of arrest might be found in a suspect's vehicle after the occupants have been removed and secured, the investigators are permitted to conduct a search of that vehicle." Applying that standard, the court concluded:
[D]efendant was arrested for . . . carrying a concealed gun. The arrest was based upon defendant's disclosure that the weapon was under his shirt. Other circumstances . . . such as the report of defendant's actions the night before and defendant's furtive behavior when confronted by officers, support a finding that it was reasonable to believe additional evidence of the offense of arrest could be found in defendant's vehicle. Accordingly, the search was permissible under Gant . . . ."
The court ended by noting that it "[was] not holding that an arrest for carrying a concealed weapon is ipso facto an occasion that justifies the search of a vehicle." It expressed the belief that "the 'reasonable to believe' standard required by Gant will not routinely be based on the nature or type of the offense of arrest and that the circumstances of each case ordinarily will determine the propriety of any vehicular searches conducted incident to an arrest."
State v. Martinez, ___ N.C. App. ___, 795 S.E.2d 386 (Dec. 20, 2016)
After the defendant's arrest for impaired driving, officers properly searched his vehicle as a search incident to arrest. Applying Arizona v. Gant, the court found that the officer had a reasonable basis to believe that evidence of impaired driving might be found in the vehicle. The defendant denied ownership, possession, and operation of the vehicle to the officer both verbally and by throwing the car keys under the vehicle. Based on the totality of the circumstances, including the strong odor of alcohol on the defendant, the defendant's efforts to hide the keys and refusal to unlock the vehicle, and the officer's training and experience with regard to impaired driving investigations, the trial court properly concluded that the officer reasonably believed that the vehicle may contain evidence of the offense. In the factual discussion, the court noted that the officer had testified that he had conducted between 20-30 impaired driving investigations, that at least 50% of those cases involved discovery of evidence associated with impaired driving inside the vehicle, such as open containers of alcohol, and that he had been trained to search a vehicle under these circumstances.
State v. Fizovic, 240 N.C. App. 448 (Apr. 7, 2015)
A search of the defendant's vehicle was properly done incident to the defendant's arrest for an open container offense, where the officer had probable cause to arrest before the search even though the formal arrest did not occur until after the search was completed. The court noted that under Gant "[a]n officer may conduct a warrantless search of a suspect's vehicle incident to his arrest if he has a reasonable belief that evidence related to the offense of arrest may be found inside the vehicle." Here, the trial court's unchallenged findings of fact that it is common to find alcohol in vehicles of individuals stopped for alcohol violations; and that the center console in defendant's car was large enough to hold beer cans support the conclusion that the arresting officer had a reasonable belief that evidence related to the open container violation might be found in the defendant's vehicle. The court rejected the defendant's argument that the search was an unconstitutional "search incident to citation," noting that the defendant was arrested, not issued a citation.
State v. Watkins, 220 N.C. App. 384 (May. 1, 2012)
The search of a vehicle driven by the defendant was valid under Gant as incident to the arrest of the defendant's passenger for possession of drug paraphernalia. Officers had a reasonable belief that evidence relevant to the passenger's possession of drug paraphernalia might be found in the vehicle. Additionally, the objective circumstances provided the officers with probable cause for a warrantless search of the vehicle. The drug paraphernalia found on the passenger, an anonymous tip that the vehicle would be transporting drugs, the fact that there were outstanding arrest warrants for the car's owner, the defendant's nervous behavior while driving and upon exiting the vehicle, and an alert by a drug-sniffing dog provided probable cause for the warrantless search of the vehicle.
State v. Schiro, 219 N.C. App. 105 (Feb. 21, 2012)
Although the search of the defendant's vehicle was not valid as one incident to arrest under Gant, it was a valid consent search.
State v. Foy, 208 N.C. App. 562 (Dec. 21, 2010)
The trial court erred by suppressing evidence obtained pursuant to a search incident to arrest. After stopping the defendant's vehicle, an officer decided not to charge him with impaired driving but to allow the defendant to have someone pick him up. The defendant consented to the officer to retrieving a cell phone from the vehicle. While doing that, the officer saw a weapon and charged the defendant with carrying a concealed weapon. Following the arrest, officers searched the defendant's vehicle, finding addition contraband, which was suppressed by the trial court. The court noted that under Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332 (2009), officers may search a vehicle incident to arrest only if the arrestee is within reaching distance of the passenger compartment at the time of the search or if it is reasonable to believe the vehicle contains evidence of the offense of arrest. When these justifications are absent, a search of the vehicle will be unreasonable unless police obtain a warrant or show that another exception to the warrant requirement applies. Citing State v. Toledo, 204 N.C. App. 170 (2010), the court held that having arrested the defendant for carrying a concealed weapon, it was reasonable for the officer to believe that the vehicle contained additional offense-related contraband, within the meaning of the second Gant exception.
State v. Johnson, 204 N.C. App. 259 (June 1, 2010)
The defendant's Fourth Amendment rights were violated when the police searched his vehicle incident to his arrest for driving with a revoked driver's license. Under Gant (discussed above), the officers could not reasonably have believed that evidence of the defendant's driving while license suspended might have been found in the car. Additionally, because the defendant was in the police car when the officers conducted the search, he could not have accessed the vehicle's passenger compartment at the time of the searched.
State v. Toledo, 204 N.C. App. 170 (May. 18, 2010)
A search of a tire found in the undercarriage of the defendant's vehicle was proper. An officer stopped the defendant for following too closely. The officer asked for and received consent to search the vehicle. During the consent search, the officer performed a "ping test" on a tire found inside the vehicle. When the ping test revealed a strong odor of marijuana, the officer arrested the defendant and searched the rest of the vehicle. At that point, the officer found a second tire located in the vehicle's undercarriage, which also contained marijuana. The search was justified because (1) the discovery of marijuana in the first tire gave the officer probable cause to believe that the vehicle was being used to transport marijuana and therefore the officer had probable cause to search any part of the vehicle that may have contained marijuana and (2) it was reasonable to believe that the vehicle contained evidence of the crime of arrest under Gant.
State v. Carter, 200 N.C. App. 47 (Sept. 15, 2009)
Applying Gant (discussed immediately above) and holding that the trial court erred by denying the defendant's motion to suppress evidence (papers) obtained during a warrantless search of his vehicle subsequent to his arrest for driving with an expired registration and failing to notify the DMV of an address change. Because the defendant had been removed from the vehicle, handcuffed, and was sitting on a curb when the search occurred, there was no reason to believe that he was within reaching distance or otherwise able to access the passenger compartment of the vehicle. Additionally, there was no evidence that the arresting officer believed that the papers were related to the charged offenses and furthermore, it would be unreasonable to think that papers seen on the passenger seat of the car were related to those offenses.
Arrest, Search, and Investigation > Searches > Of Vehicles > Generally
Byrd v. United States, 584 U.S. ___, 138 S. Ct. 1518 (May. 14, 2018)
Pennsylvania State Troopers pulled over a car driven by Terrence Byrd. Byrd was the only person in the car. During the traffic stop the troopers learned that the car was rented and that Byrd was not listed on the rental agreement as an authorized driver. For this reason, the troopers told Byrd they did not need his consent to search the car, including its trunk where he had stored personal effects. A search of the trunk uncovered body armor and 49 bricks of heroin. The defendant was charged with federal drug crimes. He moved to suppress the evidence. The Federal District Court denied the motion and the Third Circuit affirmed. Both courts concluded that, because Byrd was not listed on the rental agreement, he lacked a reasonable expectation of privacy in the car. The Supreme Court granted certiorari to address the question whether a driver has a reasonable expectation of privacy in a rental car when he or she is not listed as an authorized driver on the rental agreement. The Government argued, in part, that drivers who are not listed on rental agreements always lack an expectation of privacy in the automobile based on the rental company's lack of authorization alone. The Court found that "[t]his per se rule rests on too restrictive a view of the Fourth Amendment's protections." It held, in part: "the mere fact that a driver in lawful possession or control of a rental car is not listed on the rental agreement will not defeat his or her otherwise reasonable expectation of privacy." The Court remanded on two arguments advanced by the Government: that one who intentionally uses a third party to procure a rental car by a fraudulent scheme for the purpose of committing a crime is no better situated than a car thief (who, the Court noted, would lack a legitimate expectation of privacy); and that probable cause justified the search in any event.
State v. Parker, ___ N.C. App. ___, 2021-NCCOA-217 (May. 18, 2021)
In this Cabarrus County case, the defendant was convicted of two counts of felony possession of Schedule I controlled substance and having attained habitual felon status. The charges arose from substances recovered from the vehicle defendant was driving when he was stopped for failing to wear his seatbelt. The officer who approached the car smelled the odor of burnt marijuana emanating from the car. The officer told the defendant and his passenger that if they handed over everything they had, he would simply cite them for possession of marijuana. The passenger in the car then admitted that he had smoked a marijuana joint earlier and retrieved a partially smoked marijuana cigarette from his sock. The officer then searched the car and discovered gray rock-like substances that when tested proved to be Cyclopropylfentanyl (a fentanyl derivative compound) and a pill that was N-ethylpentylone (a chemical compound similar to bath salts).
(1) At trial, the defendant moved to suppress evidence of the drugs recovered from his car. The trial court denied the motion. The defendant appealed, arguing that the trial court erred by failing to issue a written order and in finding that the search was supported by probable cause. The Court of Appeals determined that the trial court did not err by failing to enter a written order denying the defendant's motion to suppress as there was no material conflict in the evidence and the trial court's oral ruling explained its rationale. The Court further held that regardless of whether the scent of marijuana emanating from a vehicle continues to be sufficient to establish probable cause (now that hemp is legal and the smell of the two is indistinguishable), the officer in this case had probable cause based on additional factors, which included the passenger's admission that he had just smoked marijuana and the partially smoked marijuana cigarette he produced from his sock. The Court also considered the officer's subjective belief that the substance he smelled was marijuana to be additional evidence supporting probable cause, even if the officer's belief might have been mistaken. The Court rejected the defendant's contention that the probable cause had to be particularized to him, citing precedent establishing that if probable cause justifies the search of a vehicle, an officer may search every part of the vehicle and its contents that may conceal the object of the search.
(2) The defendant argued on appeal that the trial court erred by instructing the jury that Cyclopropylfentanyl and N-ethylpentylone were controlled substances since those substances are not specifically listed as named controlled substances under Schedule I in G.S. 90-89. The Court rejected the defendant's argument on the basis that the classification of these substances was a legal issue within the province of the trial court. Furthermore, the Court determined that even if the classification was a factual issue, the defendant was not prejudiced because the undisputed evidence demonstrated that the substances were controlled substances fitting within the catch-all provision of Schedule I.
(3) The defendant argued on appeal that because he denied knowing the identity of the substances found in his vehicle the trial court erred in denying his request to instruct the jury that he must have known that what he possessed was a controlled substance. The Court of Appeals found no error. The Court characterized the defendant's statements to the arresting officer as "amount[ing] to a denial of any knowledge whatsoever that the vehicle he was driving contained drugs" and noted that the defendant never specifically denied knowledge of the contents of the cloth in which the Cyclopropylfentanyl was wrapped, nor did he admit that the substances belonged to him while claiming not to know what they were. The Court concluded that these facts failed to establish the prerequisite circumstance for giving the instruction requested, namely that the defendant did not know the true identity of what he possessed. The Court further noted that defense counsel was allowed to explain to the jury during closing argument that knowing possession was a required element of the offense and the jury instructions required the State to prove that the defendant knowingly possessed the controlled substance and was aware of its presence.
A search of a tire found in the undercarriage of the defendant's vehicle was proper. An officer stopped the defendant for following too closely. The officer asked for and received consent to search the vehicle. During the consent search, the officer performed a "ping test" on a tire found inside the vehicle. When the ping test revealed a strong odor of marijuana, the officer arrested the defendant and searched the rest of the vehicle. At that point, the officer found a second tire located in the vehicle's undercarriage, which also contained marijuana. The search was justified because the discovery of marijuana in the first tire gave the officer probable cause to believe that the vehicle was being used to transport marijuana and therefore the officer had probable cause to search any part of the vehicle that may have contained marijuana.
State v. Simmons, 201 N.C. App. 698 (Jan. 5, 2010)
Standing alone, the defendant's statement that a plastic bag in his car contained "cigar guts" did not establish probable cause to search the defendant's vehicle. Although the officer testified that gutted cigars had become a popular means of consuming controlled substances, that evidence established a link between hollowed out cigars and marijuana, not between loose tobacco and marijuana. There was no evidence that the defendant was stopped in a drug-ridden area, at an unusual time of day, or that the officer had any basis, apart from the defendant's statements, for believing that the defendant possessed marijuana.
Arrest, Search, and Investigation > Searches > Of Vehicles > Pursuant to Search of Premises
State v. Lowe, 369 N.C. 360 (Dec. 21, 2016)
Reversing the Court of Appeals, the court held that a search of a vehicle located on the premises was within the scope of the warrant. The vehicle in question was parked in the curtilage of the residence and was a rental car of the defendant, an overnight guest at the house. If a search warrant validly describes the premises to be searched, a car on the premises may be searched even though the warrant contains no description of the car. In departing from this general rule, the Court of Appeals held that the search of the car was invalid because the officers knew that the vehicle in question did not belong to the suspect in the drug investigation. Noting that the record was unclear as to what the officers knew about ownership and control of the vehicle, the court concluded; "Nonetheless, regardless of whether the officers knew the car was a rental, we hold that the search was within the scope of the warrant."
Arrest, Search, and Investigation > Searches > Of Vehicles > With GPS Devices
United States v. Jones, 565 U.S. 400 (Jan. 23, 2012)
The government's installation of a GPS tracking device on a vehicle and its use of that device to monitor the vehicle's movements on public streets constitutes a "search" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. Suspecting that the defendant was involved in drug trafficking, the government obtained a search warrant for use of a GPS device on the defendant's vehicle; the warrant authorized officers to install the device in the District of Columbia within 10 days. Officers ended up installing the device on the undercarriage of the vehicle while it was parked in a public parking lot in Maryland, 11 days after the warrant was signed. Over the next 28 days, the government used the device to track the vehicle's movements, and once had to replace the device's battery when the vehicle was parked in a different public lot in Maryland. By means of signals from multiple satellites, the device established the vehicle's location within 50 to 100 feet, and communicated that location by cellular phone to a government computer. It relayed more than 2,000 pages of data over the 4-week period. The defendant was charged with several drug offenses. He unsuccessfully sought to suppress the evidence obtained through the GPS device. Before the U.S. Supreme Court the government conceded noncompliance with the warrant and argued only that a warrant was not required for the GPS device. Concluding that the evidence should have been suppressed, the Court characterized the government's conduct as having "physically occupied private property for the purpose of obtaining information." So characterized, the Court had "no doubt that such a physical intrusion would have been considered a 'search' within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment when it was adopted." The Court declined to address whether the defendant had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the undercarriage of his car and in the car's locations on the public roads, concluding that such an analysis was not required when the intrusion—as here—"encroached on a protected area."
State v. Lane, ___ N.C. App. ___, 2021-NCCOA-593 (Nov. 2, 2021)
In this Wake County case, evidence of the defendant's crimes was obtained using a GPS tracking device installed, pursuant to a court order, on a car owned by Sherry Harris and driven by Ronald Lee Evans. Evans was the target of the investigation. When officers intercepted the vehicle as it returned from a trip to New York, the defendant was driving and Evans was a passenger. After an initial mistrial, the defendant ultimately pled guilty to attempted trafficking heroin by possession and trafficking heroin by transportation, but preserved his right to appeal the trial court's denial of his motion to suppress evidence obtained as a result of the GPS device.
The Court of Appeals concluded that the defendant did not have standing to challenge use of the GPS device. Under the common law trespass theory of a search, a search happens when government agents intrude into a constitutionally protected area to obtain information. Here, the defendant offered no evidence that he possessed the car to which the GPS device was attached such that any trespass by the government violated his rights as opposed to the rights of the owner (Harris) or usual driver (Evans). Likewise under a reasonable expectation of privacy theory, the defendant could not show that he had a reasonable expectation of privacy in his movements in someone else's car on a public thoroughfare. To the contrary, the Court said, "[f]or the Defendant, the [car] was a vehicle for a trip to conduct a heroin transaction. Defendant did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy to confer standing to challenge the court order issue on probable cause." Slip op. ¶ 30.
Arrest, Search, and Investigation > Searches > Of Vehicles > Other Warrantless Searches of Vehicles
State v. Mitchell, 224 N.C. App. 171 (Dec. 4, 2012)
The discovery of marijuana on a passenger provided probable cause to search a vehicle. After stopping the defendant and determining that the defendant had a revoked license, the officer told the defendant that the officer's K-9 dog would walk around the vehicle. At that point, the defendant indicated that his passenger had a marijuana cigarette, which she removed from her pants. The officer then searched the car and found marijuana in the trunk.


text:
Das Wedge Tomb von Ballyganner South im gleichnamigen Townland () im Burren im County Clare in Irland ist das größte seiner Art im Burren. Es befindet sich etwa 1,5 km nordwestlich des Leamaneh Castle auf einem kleinen Hügel inmitten einer Feldmauer. Wedge Tombs  (), früher auch "wedge-shaped gallery grave" genannt, sind doppelwandige, ganglose, mehrheitlich ungegliederte Megalithbauten der späten Jungsteinzeit (etwa 3000 v. Chr.) und der frühen Bronzezeit in Irland.

Beschreibung
Ballyganner South hat etwa 5,5 m Länge und verjüngt sich in der Breite von etwa 3,0 m im Westen auf 2,4 m am östlichen Endstein. Es ist West-Ost orientiert und mit 2,4 m am westlichen Ende ungewöhnlich hoch. Die einst riesige Deckenplatte ist in vier Teile zerbrochen, die auf, in und neben der Kammer liegen. Die beiden seitlichen Tragsteine sind über 5 Meter lang und der obere Teil des südlichen ragt wie ein Bug nach vorne. Die Kammer wird von einer großen Platte verschlossen, die an der Nordseite einen Zugang frei lässt, in dem sich ein Schwellenstein befindet.

Siehe auch
 Megalithanlagen in Irland
 Liste von Wedge Tombs in Irland

Literatur
 George Cunningham: Burren Journey. Ballyvaughan; reprinted 1993

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Video
 Beschreibung engl. und Bilder
 Bilder
 Beschreibung engl. und Bild

Wedge Tomb
Kultbau
Megalithanlage in Irland
Archäologischer Fundplatz im County Clare


REDEMPTION Release Day is Here!
REDEMPTION is live on Amazon but the search engine on the site isn't picking it up. To buy a copy of REDEMPTION for Kindle go here.
It's finally here! The day I didn't anticipate when I wrote the first words to CHOSEN on a cold December day.
THE CHOSEN series has come to an end.
It's bittersweet. I love Emma, Will, and Jake and when I did a final full read through of REDEMPTION last week, I was melancholy, listening to the playlist for SACRIFICE like I'd just gone through a breakup.
But I'm ready to leave my beloved characters behind for awhile. I might pick up the series again at some point, but not in the foreseeable future. I think my characters and I need a little break.
Instead, I have some other projects in the works. I'm writing THERE, the conclusion to the On the Otherside series. I'll also be writing THIRTY AND A HALF EXCUSES, the third book in the Rose Gardner Mysteries series. But I'm really excited about my new urban fantasy series, THE CURSE KEEPERS, which I'll release in 2013.
If you read REDEMPTION, could you do me a favor and write a review? Reviews help readers decide whether to click buy or not. although by this point, I hope my readers are invested enough to buy REDEMPTION without a plethora of reviews. In any case, let me know what you think either in a review, a comment below, a Facebook status, or an email – denisegroverswank@gmail.com I really, really want to know what you think about this book.
And finally, thank you to my readers, who liked this series enough to stay with me to the end. What a ride.
So excited. I just bought it. Loved the series. Can't wait to see how it ends.
I happened apon The Chosen series while going thru the list i get emailed to me every day from Pixel Of Ink , a web site for free and discounted books that I can download on my Kindle.I had no problem buying the last three, because I was hooked! I love to read and find myself doing much of anything else! Which is why my house is in such a mess! I really enjoyed the series and plan to look for more of your work. Thanks so much for sharing your talent with us readers.
Wondering the same question, Still no Redemption on IBooks. Any idea when I'll be able to buy it on iTunes?
Hi there, You have done an excellent job. I will definitely digg it and individually recommend to my friends.


text:
package cucumber.runtime;

import org.junit.Test;

import java.io.File;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.Properties;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
import static junit.framework.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;

public class RuntimeOptionsTest {
    @Test
    public void has_version_from_properties_file() {
        assertTrue(RuntimeOptions.VERSION.startsWith("1.1"));
    }

    @Test
    public void has_usage() {
        assertTrue(RuntimeOptions.USAGE.startsWith("Usage"));
    }

    @Test
    public void assigns_feature_paths() {
        RuntimeOptions options = new RuntimeOptions(new Properties(), "--glue", "somewhere", "somewhere_else");
        assertEquals(asList("somewhere_else"), options.featurePaths);
    }

    @Test
    public void strips_options() {
        RuntimeOptions options = new RuntimeOptions(new Properties(), "  --glue ", "somewhere", "somewhere_else");
        assertEquals(asList("somewhere_else"), options.featurePaths);
    }

    @Test
    public void assigns_glue() {
        RuntimeOptions options = new RuntimeOptions(new Properties(), "--glue", "somewhere");
        assertEquals(asList("somewhere"), options.glue);
    }

    @Test
    public void assigns_dotcucumber() throws MalformedURLException {
        RuntimeOptions options = new RuntimeOptions(new Properties(), "--dotcucumber", "somewhere", "--glue", "somewhere");
        assertEquals(new URL("file:somewhere/"), options.dotCucumber);
    }

    @Test
    public void creates_formatter() {
        RuntimeOptions options = new RuntimeOptions(new Properties(), "--format", "html:some/dir", "--glue", "somewhere");
        assertEquals("cucumber.runtime.formatter.HTMLFormatter", options.formatters.get(0).getClass().getName());
    }

    @Test
    public void assigns_strict() {
        RuntimeOptions options = new RuntimeOptions(new Properties(), "--strict", "--glue", "somewhere");
        assertTrue(options.strict);
    }

    @Test
    public void assigns_strict_short() {
        RuntimeOptions options = new RuntimeOptions(new Properties(), "-s", "--glue", "somewhere");
        assertTrue(options.strict);
    }

    @Test
    public void default_strict() {
        RuntimeOptions options = new RuntimeOptions(new Properties(), "--glue", "somewhere");
        assertFalse(options.strict);
    }

    @Test
    public void name_without_spaces_is_preserved() {
        RuntimeOptions options = new RuntimeOptions(new Properties(), "--name", "someName");
        Pattern actualPattern = (Pattern) options.filters.iterator().next();
        assertEquals("someName", actualPattern.pattern());
    }

    @Test
    public void name_with_spaces_is_preserved() {
        RuntimeOptions options = new RuntimeOptions(new Properties(), "--name", "some Name");
        Pattern actualPattern = (Pattern) options.filters.iterator().next();
        assertEquals("some Name", actualPattern.pattern());
    }

    @Test
    public void ensure_name_with_spaces_works_with_cucumber_options() {
        Properties properties = new Properties();
        properties.setProperty("cucumber.options", "--name 'some Name'");
        RuntimeOptions options = new RuntimeOptions(properties);
        Pattern actualPattern = (Pattern) options.filters.iterator().next();
        assertEquals("some Name", actualPattern.pattern());
    }

    @Test
    public void ensure_multiple_cucumber_options_with_spaces_parse_correctly() throws MalformedURLException {
        Properties properties = new Properties();
        properties.setProperty("cucumber.options", "--name 'some Name' --dotcucumber 'some file\\path'");
        RuntimeOptions options = new RuntimeOptions(properties);
        Pattern actualPattern = (Pattern) options.filters.iterator().next();
        assertEquals("some Name", actualPattern.pattern());
        assertEquals(new URL("file:some file\\path/"), options.dotCucumber);
    }

    @Test
    public void overrides_options_with_system_properties_without_clobbering_non_overridden_ones() {
        Properties properties = new Properties();
        properties.setProperty("cucumber.options", "--glue lookatme andmememe");
        RuntimeOptions options = new RuntimeOptions(properties, "--strict", "--glue", "somewhere", "somewhere_else");
        assertEquals(asList("somewhere_else", "andmememe"), options.featurePaths);
        assertEquals(asList("somewhere", "lookatme"), options.glue);
        assertTrue(options.strict);
    }

    @Test
    public void ensure_cli_glue_is_preserved_when_cucumber_options_property_defined() {
        Properties properties = new Properties();
        properties.setProperty("cucumber.options", "--tags @foo");
        RuntimeOptions runtimeOptions = new RuntimeOptions(properties, "--glue", "somewhere");
        assertEquals(asList("somewhere"), runtimeOptions.glue);
    }

    @Test
    public void ensure_feature_paths_are_appended_to_when_cucumber_options_property_defined() {
        Properties properties = new Properties();
        properties.setProperty("cucumber.options", "somewhere_else");
        RuntimeOptions runtimeOptions = new RuntimeOptions(properties, "somewhere");
        assertEquals(asList("somewhere", "somewhere_else"), runtimeOptions.featurePaths);
    }

    @Test
    public void clobber_filters_from_cli_if_filters_specified_in_cucumber_options_property() {
        Properties properties = new Properties();
        properties.setProperty("cucumber.options", "--tags @clobber_with_this");
        RuntimeOptions runtimeOptions = new RuntimeOptions(properties, "--tags", "@should_be_clobbered");
        assertEquals(asList("@clobber_with_this"), runtimeOptions.filters);
    }

    @Test
    public void preserves_filters_from_cli_if_filters_not_specified_in_cucumber_options_property() {
        Properties properties = new Properties();
        properties.setProperty("cucumber.options", "--strict");
        RuntimeOptions runtimeOptions = new RuntimeOptions(properties, "--tags", "@keep_this");
        assertEquals(asList("@keep_this"), runtimeOptions.filters);
    }

    @Test
    public void allows_removal_of_strict_in_cucumber_options_property() {
        Properties properties = new Properties();
        properties.setProperty("cucumber.options", "--no-strict");
        RuntimeOptions runtimeOptions = new RuntimeOptions(properties, "--strict");
        assertFalse(runtimeOptions.strict);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Utilization of Data
Usage of Data Mining
Learning Techniques
Reading Techniques
Tutoring in college
The Stuff of the Universe Book Review
In that context, the book tends to discuss not only the visible aspects of the geography of the universe like the stars and the planets, but also delves exhaustively on the elusive ingredients of the universe like the dark matter which is predominant and all pervasive. The book under consideration furnishes a lucid understanding as to whether this universe is expanding or rather contracting. The overall objective of the book appears to be to give to the readers the necessary information that will go into achieving a relative perspective of the universe and the humanity's place in it. The essential theme of The Stuff of the Universe tends to delve on the predominant query as to what features of the universe as the humanity knows it were pivotal to the emergence of life on earth and whether it was merely a coincidence or some deeper reasons that led to such a propitious alignment of the cosmic elements and constituent. The humanity has always been curious about the fundamental questions surrounding the origins of the universe and life and this book caters to this curious and academic aspect of human interest. However, the lacuna rampant in this sphere of human interest has been that the science of cosmology has been to a great extent kept remote and away from the everyday concerns that engross the mankind. In that context, The Stuff of the Universe tends to bridge the gap between the mundane concerns of life and death engaging the humanity and how the cosmic elements tend to play a pivotal role in these concerns. In the book, Gribbin and Ress have tried to make the queries surrounding the origins of the universe an integral part of the mainstream life. They talk about varied stages of the origins of the universe as when it was just a second old, or its earlier stages. The book intends to bring the science of cosmology, out from the privileged scope of the cosmologists and astrophysicists to the realm of general public. The book comprises of three parts. The Part I, 'Cosmic Coincidences: How special is the Universe?' discusses the geography of the universe and two kinds of dark matter. However, in this part, the main forte of the authors lies in their ability to establish links between the cartography and constitution of the universe to the everyday human existence. For instance, it gets really enticing to learn that, We live in a galaxy. Galaxies contain stars, and stars are made of baryons- the same sort of stuff, to a physicist, as our own bodies are made of.1 Part II, 'The Stuff of the Universe: The Particle Zoo' is primarily about the essential constitution of the universe and the constituents affiliated to it. This part elaborates on the cosmic constituents and phenomenon like halo stuff, gravity's telescopes, cosmic string, core stuff, etc. in as lucid and simple a language as could be possible for a Cosmologist to interpret the cosmic facts to a layman. Part III, 'The Bespoke Universe: Tailor-Made for Man. or off the Peg? 'touches on the perpetually stimulating and ever poking questions as to whether the existence of life on earth was part of a great and ever unraveling plan or merely a prosaic coincidence. The book both ponders on the individual constituents of the universe like galaxies, stars, quasars and their constitution and evolution as well as links this knowledge to the philosophical and theological queries grappling the mankind since times immemorial, in as simple and precise language as
Ned M Turner
Pay For Homework Answer
(I dont know writer will firgure out the topic for me)
The role of technology
Effective Utilization of Data
Memory: How important it is to your studies?
MOTIVATION – "YOUR WILL TO DO" YOUR SURE BLUE PRINT FOR SUCCESS
Studying is Knowledge Creation – Your Winning Edge
Tutoring in college: a benefit for students


text:
Albert Thomas Daeger OFM (* 5. März 1872 in Saint Ann, Indiana, USA; † 2. Dezember 1932 in Santa Fe, New Mexico) war ein US-amerikanischer Ordensgeistlicher und Erzbischof von Santa Fe.

Leben
Albert Thomas Daeger trat der Ordensgemeinschaft der Franziskaner bei und empfing am 25. Juli 1896 das Sakrament der Priesterweihe. Daeger besaß einen Doktorgrad in Katholischer Theologie.

Am 10. März 1919 ernannte ihn Papst Pius XI. zum Erzbischof von Santa Fe. Der emeritierte Erzbischof von Santa Fe, John Baptist Pitaval, spendete ihm am 7. Mai desselben Jahres die Bischofsweihe; Mitkonsekratoren waren der Bischof von Denver, John Henry Tihen, und der Bischof von El Paso, Anthony Joseph Schuler SJ.

Albert Thomas Daeger wurde in der Saint Francis Cathedral in Santa Fe beigesetzt.

Weblinks

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (19. Jahrhundert)
Erzbischof von Santa Fe
Franziskaner (OFM)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1872
Gestorben 1932
Mann


When operations remains to be given the task of the monetary statements within the state, control suggests it includes used each of the suitable measures to guarantee exactness employing persistent auditor. Portion of the campaign managing is normally making sure a company shouldn't duplicate current strategies utilized by rivals. Featuring tactical advertising and marketing control may well generate extra prospects.
There are several forms of credit rating operations procedures. They can offer particular regulations in regards to the loan sums, sort of customers, debt-to-income ratios, assets needs, repayment terms plus interest levels. They will permit the credit rating department to work more proficiently.
Strategic operations can be described as effective program pertaining to better enterprise performance together with growth. This enables a good to produce unparalleled competencies for instance marketing and advertising, style and manufacturing. It isn't a type of reasonably competitive advantage, but it may also help create a reasonably competitive advantages. Strategic marketing operations accessories the institution's quest by means of focused functions to get the complete best of your respective current program.
From your organizational perspective, typically the training of economic operations relates to economic organizing and economic handle. Broadly speaking, it will require location located at two quantities. Invested it is simplest, fleet risk management will be the technique of ensuring really are carrying out whenever possible to ensure everyone with a corporation automobile in the corporation is usually insured, safe and even aware of any risks from to you.
Economic boss examines typically the available info to judge the functioning involving corporations. Strategic managers furthermore choose staff know-how will be stored electronically in the industry information basic, as an info technique. And so select your current manager properly using this unit correct vigilance. In addition , the particular director will need to show the particular condo properties to tenants together with loan provider rent to obtain the maximum hire intended for their. As a result, the house office manager or perhaps real estate administration provider must get yourself a comprehension of the objectives and even is designed belonging to the home owners.
Re-evaluate your company In order to just where you're, you need to re-evaluate your organization regularly. When you not necessarily certain of tips on how to systematize your company, seek advice from a specialist to aid you. If the business extends foreign, for example, you might mail your very best supervisor to control a new area grow. The business enterprise might obtain a brand new debit card in a lesser interest rate price to exchange the rest of the interests towards the fresh a person. Really concerning working together to obtain the most effective method for it to get their aims while keeping the particular delight associated with staff being a concern. The particular listing method tackles you see, the on-hand amounts of items together with components that this should buy and sell. The more you're free to deliver in the enterprise the particular significantly better prospects you will have, meaning more money in your pocket.


there seem to be a few of them in my kitchen.
and framed it with a shabby little frame.
Don't tell them, they think it's "outside".
they've just landed in my kitchen.
but they just don't actually "get there"?
just needed to stay home with me.
Love those cracks and crazing.
Some napkins with a hint of spring color.
that I didn't fall in love with!
And my ironstone Homer Laughlin pitcher.
Bunn-bunn joins in the fun, too.
I found this little white cookbook holder.
but for now, it's a "cookbook holder".
1930 Kelvinator Fridge companion cookbook.
Don't ya just love these graphics?
Thank you Kathleen at Faded Charm!
is up to for White Wednesday.
is just a week and a half away!
So many beautiful things you've shared today, Debra--love that cookbook!
What a terrific WW post!!! I loved all of the photos:)) Bunny love!!! Have a terrific week and thank you again for such a wonderful WW photo slide show.
I am drooling over your finds!! LOVE the concrete and iron birds, the book holder and your decked out tureens!...and that kelvinator cookbook!!! Girl, You had a great day out there!
Oh my goodness, Debra! So much beauty in one post. I love it all but my favorites are the sweet spring napkins and that cookbook. OMG what wonderful pictures. Thanks for letting me take a peek inside your lovely home. Have a blessed evening!
a wonderful collection of goodies! and did you see the size of the bow on the back of the apron on the girl in the kelvinator add?! cute! my fave is the tulips in the pitcher...happy spring!
Deb, you would not believe how much stuff I have bought with the intention of selling it and it ends up staying at my house, I'm running out of room!! I love all your goodies!
Beautiful whites Debra. Your kitchen is def welcoming of Spring. Love the bunny frame too.
I immediately spied the forsythia! I adore forsythia. It is memories of PA and my Dad loved it - so we had multiple plants everywhere. Seems we always had two huge bushes flanking the driveway no matter how many times we moved. Lucky you to be able to force those branches. I know it's supposed to be about the white, but for me it's all about the forsythia!
Oh how pretty Debra! I just LOVE the duckling!!So cute! now those yellow blooms in that tall white pitcher are wonderful too...Thanks for sharing it all with us!
Your kitchen looks very much ready for the new season! Enjoy it!!
Hi Debra, It's a very special kind of magnetism, that make some things just cling to you. No surgery or meds could help, so don't fight it ;-). I love your pretty new old ironstone bowl, the cookbook holder and the iron bird.
First of all Debra, I cannot tell you how much I love the pictures in this post. Beautiful! I love it when I get to glimpses into your beautiful home. And then all the white dishware...that old ironstone bowl nearly made me faint! You just have to keep that! The spring touches all over your home just made me smile.
I love the fact that you will soon be enjoying that sunroom with the kitties as well. You know how much I love your sunroom!
I loooove your cookbook holder. All of your treasures are wonderful.
Dee-White-Full! What pretty pottery and linens! ...and I'm crushing on that little glitter rabbit! Hope to see you at my place soon!
What wonderful, wonderful whites, and you take lovely photographs, too! The rabbits steal my heart.
It is definately beginning to feel like Spring!! It's nice to have the doors and windows open, isn't it? Love all the whites, my favorites are the old whites with the cracks and chips. Something about them just calls my name.
Great finds! And oh ya, know *all* about stuff *supposed* to be going to the shop and landing here:)...love the ironwork and chippy bowl...they would have definitely landed here! Happy WW!
Love that ironstone bowl. The cracks make it just perfect! Such beautiful goodies. And isn't it fun to keep things for awhile before we send them off to a new home!
Looks like Spring has sprung at your house. Thanks for being such a die hard WW fan and supporter. I truly believe it's lasted this long because of people like you. I appreciate your dedication.
Love you "finds". Also love white period! Also you header is so Spring-like. Very nice. Please stop by my blog when you get a chance, I have an urgent prayer request for a dear friend. Have a blessed day.
What a wonderful post!!! I truly believe it is my favorite one so far. The colors are wonderful. The flowers in the white pitchers are all I could ask for. You are amazing. Keep on posting so I can keep on watching what you do.


Small patio gazebo – Surely one of the most elegant and comfortable outdoor environments is the gazebo. A true emblem of outdoor relaxation and outdoor dining. Which you can express different styles and shapes depending on the taste of those who decorate it. Many times, however, there is no idea how to take advantage of this space and make it not only cozy and stylish. But also well protected and weather-resistant. There are some concepts that you should keep in mind when imagining a small patio gazebo in its finite form. To create not only a sensible but functional work as well as best available space.
First of all, you definitely have to decide both the style of furniture and the main activity to which it will be destined. For style you have endless options, from classic to modern, from vintage to ethnic, from natural wood to the most industrial wrought iron. It's the taste of the decorator the way to go. Instead, as far as activity is concerned, one can decide to use the small patio gazebo for pure relaxation, lunch or precise activities this choice will affect the type of furniture and furnishing accessories to be placed in the environment. Thus, they define the spaces in the living area.
And also move on to the choice of materials from various furniture and furnishing accessories. In fact, because of an external environment, account must be taken of the climate of your area of residence and of the protection offered by the small patio gazebo itself. The sure thing is that you will have to choose an exterior decor that requires the slightest and easier periodic maintenance. So you can give a longer life to the whole small patio gazebo environment. It can therefore be spaced from pvc and other polymers, virtually ethereal, to more elegant materials but require more maintenance, such as wood or iron.


2013 was a big year for Twitter, starting with its successful IPO. This year more than ever, people from all over the world took on the number 1 micro-blogging platform to share, inform and follow news. Over the past 12 months, there has been billions of conversation threads, mentions and retweets.
But what were the most popular trending topics over the past year?
Yahoo took a look at the top trending topics on Twitter in 2013, drilling down to each country to see what trended where.
Yahoo identified the top trending topics on Twitter in 2013 and in 17 different countries.
And as you can see, #royalbaby did not make it into the top list (despite what many would have thought).
Which topic marked your mind the most this year? Maybe you even remember the respective hashtag?


An excellent accompaniment to your room that brings a wonderful style and feel. The Alvar Bench offers you something extra. An easily moveable and yet substantial seat that gives you plenty of space to enjoy, especially where it is tight. A deeply padded and comfortable seating area ensures you are superbly comfortable. The tan beige velvet fabric gives you a very soft texture. With double crossed legs and a central bar that provides plenty of structure and stability. The studs add an extra level of décor yet appropriately hold the fabric in place. A stylish and sweet solution to any seating issues.


To honour William and Kathleen Troost's ongoing support of engineering leadership education, we are now the Troost Institute for Leadership Education. Read more.
Get out of the lab and join other students for field trips as well as personal and professional development workshops. Register now!
Take an engineering leadership course.
These aren't your typical electives. Wand to find out more about ILead's undergraduate and graduate leadership courses? Check out these video reviews on YouTube.
It's easy! Whether you're new to Engineering or just new to developing your leadership skills, there are many ways to get started! Find out more.
ILead is at the forefront of building a network of engineering leadership educators, researchers, and industry professionals. Find out more.
Thinking about electives? Check this out.
Troost ILead offers transformative learning opportunities so that engineering students and professionals can develop success skills. We empower the whole engineer to maximize their potential and contribution.


text:
First responders hard at work on holidays
Karin Johnson
Whether you work in a hospital or as a police officer, dispatcher or firefighter, working holidays is expected.
Whether you work in a hospital or as a police officer, dispatcher or firefighter, working holidays is expected.One thing making Thursday a little easier inside Fairfield Fire Station 31, is the cards that were handed out.Watch this story"Mine is from Will," Lt. Randy McCreadie said. "Thank you for helping us learn about fire safety."The handmade cards from Cincinnati Christian School Students brightened the firefighter's day and the appreciation goes a long way."This year's particularly tough because I lost my father this year, so my mom ya know she's at home," McCreadie said. "We've had three deaths in the immediate family in the past year, so it's kind of tough this Thanksgiving for my wife and kids.""We have some new grandkids in the family so I'm missing some time with them," Firefighter Ron Lang said.Others, like Scott Goller have a little ones of their own at home."You don't want to miss out on certain things but the thing is, it's one day," Goller said.In between runs, Goller has found a way to make it work with his wife Denise and 13-month-old Harper. He even brought a piece of home with him to the firehouse."I stole a slaw recipe from my mom," he said.As for the new guys at the house, they are off the hook for obvious reasons."They are not making me cook the turkey which is probably good so they'll actually eat the turkey," Thomas Frazier said."Actually my family has ravioli for every holiday." Jeremy Smith said.In between the laughs and the cooking, there's a bond that's being strengthened by another holiday together."You accept it, ya know we're glad to come in and do our duty for the city," Captain Jim Howell said.It is a job each one of the men are proud of even when they don't know what their next run will bring."Emergencies know no bounds, they know no hours, they come at all times of the day. People have to be there to answer those calls and that's what we do," McCreadie said.Thursday night, they shared what they cooked with the two other Fairfield firehouses and they let WLWT in on a secret recipe.McCreadie's said anyone can make his mashed potatoes. All you need to do is add water because they are instant.
One thing making Thursday a little easier inside Fairfield Fire Station 31, is the cards that were handed out.
Watch this story
"Mine is from Will," Lt. Randy McCreadie said. "Thank you for helping us learn about fire safety."
The handmade cards from Cincinnati Christian School Students brightened the firefighter's day and the appreciation goes a long way.
"This year's particularly tough because I lost my father this year, so my mom ya know she's at home," McCreadie said. "We've had three deaths in the immediate family in the past year, so it's kind of tough this Thanksgiving for my wife and kids."
"We have some new grandkids in the family so I'm missing some time with them," Firefighter Ron Lang said.
Others, like Scott Goller have a little ones of their own at home.
"You don't want to miss out on certain things but the thing is, it's one day," Goller said.
In between runs, Goller has found a way to make it work with his wife Denise and 13-month-old Harper. He even brought a piece of home with him to the firehouse.
"I stole a slaw recipe from my mom," he said.
As for the new guys at the house, they are off the hook for obvious reasons.
"They are not making me cook the turkey which is probably good so they'll actually eat the turkey," Thomas Frazier said.
"Actually my family has ravioli for every holiday." Jeremy Smith said.
In between the laughs and the cooking, there's a bond that's being strengthened by another holiday together.
"You accept it, ya know we're glad to come in and do our duty for the city," Captain Jim Howell said.
It is a job each one of the men are proud of even when they don't know what their next run will bring.
"Emergencies know no bounds, they know no hours, they come at all times of the day. People have to be there to answer those calls and that's what we do," McCreadie said.
Thursday night, they shared what they cooked with the two other Fairfield firehouses and they let WLWT in on a secret recipe.
McCreadie's said anyone can make his mashed potatoes. All you need to do is add water because they are instant.