text:
Q: Performance issues when using plt.hist() for array with 2500 rows I am using pandas, numpy and matplotlib.pyplot to create a histogram. I have a bottleneck when using the command plt.hist() (NB I have done import matplotlib.pyplot as plt)
The data (called data) is a DataFrame that is 2501 rows long and its .head() looks like this:
>>> print data.head()

  Step                     X
0    0  2.16261125638519e+01
1  100  2.05988670714102e+01
2  200  2.04719904741260e+01
3  300  2.02079668696942e+01
4  400  1.98093907227472e+01

I then use .values to return an array that looks like this:
>>> h = data['X'].values
>>> print h

['2.16261125638519e+01' '2.05988670714102e+01' '2.04719904741260e+01' ...
'1.90247338878272e+01' '1.90866656009559e+01' '1.91424583903948e+01']

Finally, where I am having problems, I call plt.hist(h) and this was still running after waiting for 10 minutes. (NB I have not performed this to completion)
Is there anyway to speed this up as I would have thought that a length of order 10^3 would not take this long to run?
UPDATE: The values of the array h were strings so I have changed them to floats but am having the same problem as described:
>>> h = h.astype(float)
>>> print h
[21.62611256 20.59886707 20.47199047 ... 19.02473389 19.0866656
 19.14245839]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Check out samples of book covers Anthony has designed!
For all those sci-fi fans out there, Anthony Rotolo (designer, publisher, podcaster, sci-fi fan) found a book that was out of print, researched how to get the rights to re-publish it and used his design and publishing skills to bring it back to life.
Anthony is a production manager for the Department of Defense by day and works on publishing projects on the side. His version of the "Who Goes There?" novel is offered in both paperback and an audio version through Amazon.com and Audible.com. He generates purchases through these websites, RocketRide Books and through word of mouth. In other words, through no additional effort on his own.
We'll hear from Anthony again because he also has another skillset – expertise in design across web and print media.
Take look at the trailer he created for the book on YouTube as well as the links to his sites. You'll get some great ideas about leveraging online tools and may even want to read the book!


text:
Le viaduc de Kerlosquer a été construit par Louis Auguste Harel de La Noë pour les Chemins de Fer des Côtes-du-Nord. Il est situé sur les communes de Ploumagoar et de Coadout. Ce viaduc a été construit pour la ligne Guingamp - Saint-Nicolas-du-Pélem afin de franchir la vallée du Trieux.

Ses principales caractéristiques sont :
 5 travées de 12 m entourant un arc central de 26 m
 longueur totale : 133 m
 hauteur : 16,5 m

Le viaduc est actuellement en très mauvais état avec des éléments de sa structure qui se décrochent.

Liens internes
 Liste de ponts des Côtes-d'Armor
 Chemins de Fer des Côtes-du-Nord
 Ouvrages d'art des chemins de fer des Côtes-du-Nord

Liens externes
 Viaduc de Kerlosquer sur Structurae

Kerlosquer
Kerlosquer
Kerlosquer
Kerlosquer
Pont ferroviaire en Bretagne

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Retail boom buoys shop owners
"It's buzzing" .. Jannz Craft Shop owner Janne Clare says the support has been "awesome". PHOTO: DAVID HILL
By DAVID HILL
Retailers are feeling the love as the North Canterbury town has become a destination again after Covid-19 restrictions were eased.
Jannz Craft Shop owner Janne Clare says the town is "buzzing", especially during weekends, with visitors coming from Amberley, Nelson, Blenheim, Rolleston, Ashburton, Hokitika and Christchurch.
"It's absolutely an awesome time. The are getting a lot of out-of-towners.
"Oxford is very much a destination at the moment and we are feeling well supported."
Arts in Oxford is running an "Open House Project" until September 13, with seven North Canterbury artists in residence. Word is getting out, local artist Jo Ernsten says.
"We've had tonnes of visitors. It's really good. A lot of people from all over Canterbury are coming to see what the buzz is about after seeing it on Facebook."
She says the project means people can pop in and talk to the artists and see what they are doing.
"We had one elderly woman who came and sat down to do her knitting and talk to us. It's all about connecting."
Emma's at Oxford store owner Emma Gillard says there has been "incredible support from the whole community".
"People are making a definite effort to shop small and shop local. There has been a big mind shift. People who would normally go overseas are holidaying locally and people are driving around and spending in little shops.
"We still don't know what the future holds or whether this is the new normal. But I'm standing here and moving forward."
Nzulu store owner Shirley White says she has had visitors from as far afield as Dunedin and online customers in Sydney and Melbourne.
"It's been going really well. I've had a steady flow of visitors, with a lot of locals and people from Rangiora and Ohoka coming in, so it's really positive.
"I think the community as a whole has observed the fact that local businesses need their support and Oxford is becoming a destination again."
Shirley says Oxford is "a beautiful place" with the scenery, walking tracks, museum and the farmers' market being among the attractions.Nike SneakersNike News
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A life of adrenaline and adventure

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Due to circumstances beyond our control, the Dec. 10th B-Connected Live Event and our follow-up talk in west Beverly Hills is cancelled. Representatives of the CLL Society were scheduled to speak after the B-Connected meeting on the importance of belonging to a CLL support and education group, but since the foundational event is cancelled, our follow-up is cancelled also.
We hope to schedule our own meeting early in 2017 with the goal of launching a CLL Society support and education group in west Los Angeles.


text:
#ifndef BOOST_NUMERIC_UBLAS_OPERATION_NUM_ROWS_HPP
#define BOOST_NUMERIC_UBLAS_OPERATION_NUM_ROWS_HPP

#include <lslboost/numeric/ublas/detail/config.hpp>

namespace lslboost { namespace numeric { namespace ublas {

    /**
     * \brief Return the number of rows.
     * \tparam MatrixExprT A type which models the matrix expression concept.
     * \param m A matrix expression.
     * \return The number of rows.
     */
    template <typename MatrixExprT>
    BOOST_UBLAS_INLINE
    typename MatrixExprT::size_type num_rows(MatrixExprT const& m)
    {
        return m.size1();
    }

}}} // Namespace lslboost::numeric::ublas

#endif // BOOST_NUMERIC_UBLAS_OPERATION_NUM_ROWS_HPP

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Phua's Tips From the Top
Daniel Cates
Paul Phua
Phil Ivey
(Photo: Paulphuapoker.com)
If we could have the world's best pros sitting on our shoulder handing out tips and advice, there's little doubt our game would improve immensely, and that's exactly what Paul Phua has planned for us with the first in his 'Tips from the Pros' videos, featuring Phil Ivey, Daniel 'Jungleman' Cates and Daniel Colman!
Phua has been a poker fanatic his entire life and his slick new website, Paul Phua Poker (you can subscribe to their channel for more videos here), is a goldmine of information for the beginner to intermediate level player (which is most of us to be honest!) and pulling in the biggest of the big names during the Triton Super High Roller Series in Manila. to teach us is a major coup for the multi-billionaire businessman, who by the way is no mean player himself at the table.
First up we have Phil Ivey, one of the best-known and most-successful players of all time – and a regular in the Macau nosebleed games which Phua frequents and runs.
Ivey's fearless approach at the table and insane ability to avoid bad spots has brought him hero status and tens of millions of dollars, but here we see him advising the less-experienced player, and his 1,2,3 is well-worthy of note.
Take notes from the hands you play – try to remember what you were thinking about during the hand.
Manage your money - you don't want to be in situations where you end up losing more than you can afford to lose.
Try not to play when you're tired. "I think that's super important," says Phil, and he should know given that he's one of the most jet-setting pros in the world!
Next up in the short introductory video is Daniel 'Jungleman' Cates, a fierce contender for GOAT in the high-stakes games, having ripped Tom 'durrrr' Dwan a new one in his highly-publicised 'Durrrr Challenge' some years ago.
Cates remembers his own beginnings in the game and has some excellent advice – and not just the usual ABC we get from many pros.
Play tighter than you think you are
Try to win pots when you and your opponent have nothing
Think of an overall plan to the game rather than an 'at that very moment' approach. "Basically focus on the bigger picture rather than each individual hand," says Cates, and you know it makes sense when a man of Cates' calibre says it is important.
Phua also pinned down the '$15million' man Dan Colman to pick his brains as to how beginners can improve and step up a level. Colman's huge win in 2014 cemented his status as one of the most exciting and feared players of the new generation in poker. Colman also remembers how his own improvement came about in the early days, telling Phua…
Try to remove yourself from the result. "Whether you won the hand or lost, be very critical of it," says Colman, and Phua agrees, recalling how he "always ate and slept poker" in his early days.
Get out of your comfort zone. "Play in difficult games, play a spot you would normally pass up," advises Colman, exhorting players to follow tip number 3…
Always challenge yourself!
As a part one, it's an excellent little reminder from the very best that we can always find new and different ways to improve our game and results – and kudos to Paul Phua Poker for adding this series to an already interesting site – one well worth subscribing to (and it's free!) if this latest video is anything to go by. Bring on part 2!
JamiePTon 20/4/17
Pretty cool to see the legends condense their poker tips into such a short video. Stuff like this is really gold!👍🚀💯
Priest Charged with Stealing $500K for GamblingPoker Gossip & Opinion


text:
APP_NAME="{{ project_name }}"                                         # Application Name

PROJECT_PATH=/home/victor/Proyectos/python/{{ project_name }}         # Project path
PROJECT_DJANGO=$PROJECT_PATH/app
PYTHON_ENV=$PROJECT_PATH/env                           # Virtual environment path

SOCKET_PATH=/tmp                                       # Root socket path
SOCKET_FILE=$SOCKET_PATH/{{ project_name }}.socket                    # Socket file path

USER=victor                                            # Application user
GROUP=victor
NUM_WORKERS=3                                          # workers CPUs*2+1

DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=settings.production             # Settings to production mode
DJANGO_WSGI_MODULE=wsgi                                # WSGI Module
BIND=unix:$SOCKET_FILE                                 # Socket to binding

echo "Starting $NAME as `whoami`"

cd $PROJECT_PATH
source env/bin/activate
cd $PROJECT_DJANGO

export DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=$DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE
export PYTHONPATH=$PROJECT_DJANGO:$PYTHONPATH

# Crea el directorio para el socket si no existe
test -d $SOCKET_PATH || mkdir -p $SOCKET_PATH

# Ejecuta la aplicación Django
# Los programas que se ejecutaran bajo **supervisor** no deben demonizarse a si mismas (no usar --daemon)
exec $PYTHON_ENV/bin/gunicorn wsgi:application \
  --name=$APP_NAME \
  --workers $NUM_WORKERS \
  --user=$USER --group=$GROUP \
  --bind=$BIND \
  --log-file=-
  # --log-level=debug \


Aklatan, the All-Filipino Book Festival, will be held this Saturday at Alphaland Southgate (you can find a map here), and we'll have a Rocket Kapre table set up there to sell all available issues of Mythspace. That means if you're missing Humanity, Black Mark, Devourers of Light, or parts 1 or 2 of Mythspace (or, hey, if you'd just like to buy 'em again), then we have a date on Saturday.
If you want to see what Mythspace is about before buying, our primer/preview issue, Mythspace #0, is still available for free until September 6, so download away.
I'll also have a handful of Kwentillion issues for sale as well.


text:
Cutts S, Gangoo S, Modi N, et al. Tennis elbow: a clinical review article. J Orthop. 2019;17:203-207.
Santiago AO, Rios-Russo JL, Baerga L, et al. Evidenced-based management of tennis elbow. Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep. 2021. [Epub ahead of print].
Sanders TL Jr, Maradit Kremers H, Bryan AJ, et al. The epidemiology and health care burden of tennis elbow: a population-based study. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(5):1066-1071.
Degen RM, Conti MS, Camp CL, et al. Epidemiology and disease burden of lateral epicondylitis in the USA: analysis of 85,318 patients. HSS J. 2018;14(1):9-14.
Vaquero-Picado A, Barco R, Antuña SA. Lateral epicondylitis of the elbow. EFORT Open Rev. 2017;1(11):391-397.
Ahmad Z, Siddiqui N, Malik SS, et al. Lateral epicondylitis: a review of pathology and management. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B(9):1158-1164.
Ma KL, Wang HQ. Management of lateral epicondylitis: a narrative literature review. Pain Res Manag. 2020;2020:6965381.
Shahabi S, Bagheri Lankarani K, Heydari ST, et al. The effects of counterforce brace on pain in subjects with lateral elbow tendinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2020;44(5):341-354.
Pattanittum P, Turner T, Green S, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treating lateral elbow pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(5):CD003686.
Yalvaç B, Mesci N, Geler Külcü D, et al. Comparison of ultrasound and extracorporeal shock wave therapy in lateral epicondylosis. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2018;52(5):357-362.
Coombes BK, Bisset L, Vicenzino B. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2010;376(9754):1751-1767.
Coombes BK, Bisset L, Brooks P, et al. Effect of corticosteroid injection, physiotherapy, or both on clinical outcomes in patients with unilateral lateral epicondylalgia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2013;309(5):461-469.
Sun JQ, Stillson QA, Strelzow JA, et al. Trends in corticosteroid injections for treatment of lateral epicondylitis: an analysis of 80,169 patients. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2021;5(9):e21.00186.
Keijsers R, de Vos RJ, Kuijer PPF, et al. Tennis elbow. Shoulder Elbow. 2019;11(5):384-392.
Shillito M, Soong M, Martin N. Radiographic and clinical analysis of lateral epicondylitis. J Hand Surg Am. 2017;42(6):436-442.
Fogel N, Zhuang T, Shapiro LM, et al. Utilization of MRI in diagnosis and treatment of tennis elbow in the United States. Presented at: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) Annual Meeting; August 31-September 4, 2021; San Diego, CA. Abstract 144.
Dones VC 3rd, Grimmer K, Thoirs K, et al. The diagnostic validity of musculoskeletal ultrasound in lateral epicondylalgia: a systematic review. BMC Med Imaging. 2014;14:10.
du Toit C, Stieler M, Saunders R, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of power Doppler ultrasound in patients with chronic tennis elbow. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42(11):872-876.
Keijsers R, Koenraadt KLM, Turkenburg JL, et al. Ultrasound measurements of the ECRB tendon shows remarkable variations in patients with lateral epicondylitis. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2020;8(2):168-172.
Krogh TP, Fredberg U, Ammitzbøll C, et al. Clinical value of ultrasonographic assessment in lateral epicondylitis versus asymptomatic healthy controls. Am J Sports Med. 2020;48(8):1873-1883.
Miller TT, Shapiro MA, Schultz E, et al. Comparison of sonography and MRI for diagnosing epicondylitis. J Clin Ultrasound. 2002;30(4):193-202.
Savnik A, Jensen B, Nørregaard J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of treatment response of lateral epicondylitis of the elbow. Eur Radiol. 2004;14(6):964-969.
Cha YK, Kim SJ, Park NH, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of patients with lateral epicondylitis: relationship between pain and severity of imaging features in elbow joints. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2019;53(5):366-371.
Personal communications, David Ruch, MD, 2021.
Disclosure Policy:
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Off-label/unapproved drug uses or products are mentioned within this activity.
The content of this activity has been peer reviewed and has been approved for compliance. The faculty and contributors have indicated the following financial relationships, which have been mitigated through an established COI mitigation process, and have stated that these reported relationships will not have any impact on their ability to give an unbiased presentation.
Statement of Evidenced-Based Content:
Educational activities that assist physicians in carrying out their professional responsibilities more effectively and efficiently are consistent with the ACCME definition of continuing medical education (CME). As an ACCME-accredited provider of CME, Med-IQ has a policy to review and ensure that all the content and any recommendations, treatments, and manners of practicing medicine in CME activities are scientifically based, valid, and relevant to the practice of medicine. Med-IQ is responsible for validating the content of the CME activities it provides. Specifically, (1) all recommendations addressing the medical care of patients must be based on evidence that is scientifically sound and recognized as such within the profession; (2) all scientific research referred to, reported, or used in CME in support or justification of a patient care recommendation must conform to generally accepted standards of experimental design, data collection, and analysis.
Med-IQ is not liable for any decision made or action taken in reliance upon the information provided through this activity.
David Ruch, MD
Professor, Chief of Division of Hand Surgery
Hand Surgeon, Microvascular Surgeon, Orthopaedic Surgeon
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
David Ruch, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Royalty: Acumed.
Consulting fees/advisory boards: Acumed, Arthrosurface, Field Orthopaedics.
Fees received for promotional/non-CME activities: Acumed.
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The writer, peer reviewers, and activity planners have no financial relationships to disclose.
Examining the Value of Imaging in the Management of Tennis Elbow
Authors: David Ruch, MD
CME Released: 2/1/2022
Valid for credit through: 2/1/2023
This activity is intended for orthopaedic surgeons, primary care providers, sports medicine physicians, physical therapists, and hand surgeons.
Statement of Need
Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) affects up to 3% of adults in the United States. Most cases of lateral epicondylitis are self-limiting, with 90% of patients recovering within 1 year. Imaging, such as radiography, ultrasonography, and MRI, is frequently used to evaluate lateral epicondylitis; however, the role of imaging studies in managing patients with this condition is unclear. For instance, a recent study that evaluated MRI use in patients with lateral epicondylitis found that one-third of MRIs occurred within 90 days of initial diagnosis despite the known lengthy history of the disease process and the high likelihood that the condition would self-resolve. Furthermore, the study found that MRI use is associated with increased use of surgical and nonsurgical interventions and increased healthcare costs. Given that most lateral epicondylitis cases resolve within 1 year and that imaging has not been found to influence treatment plans for patients, decreasing the use of unnecessary imaging could help decrease costs without adversely affecting evidence-based care.
Discuss the value of imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of lateral epicondylitis
Med-IQ is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
Med-IQ designates this enduring material for a maximum of 0.25 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Contact Med-IQ at (toll-free) 866 858 7434 or email [email protected].
This activity is designed to be completed within the time designated on the title page; physicians should claim only those credits that reflect the time actually spent in the activity. To successfully earn credit, participants must complete the activity online during the valid credit period that is noted on the title page. To receive AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™, you must receive a minimum score of 100% on the post-test.
Authors: David Ruch, MDFaculty and Disclosures
Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) is an overuse injury that arises from activities or tasks that involve repetitive gripping or wrist extension, forearm supination, or radial deviation.[1] Lateral epicondylitis is one of the most common upper extremity disorders, affecting up to 3% of adults in the United States (US).[2,3] According to national insurance claims data, the incidence of lateral epicondylitis remained steady between 2007 and 2014 in the US, as did the rate of surgical intervention to treat this disorder.[4] Total annual healthcare costs associated with lateral epicondylitis, however, increased significantly during the same time period (P = .006), suggesting a growing burden on the US healthcare system.[4]
Lateral epicondylitis is diagnosed more frequently in people older than 40 years and occurs in men and women equally.[4] Any activity (eg, forced wrist extension involved in the backhand stroke in tennis) involving the repeated use of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) muscle, or other supinator or wrist extensor muscles, can cause lateral epicondylitis.[1,5] Originally described as an inflammatory condition, lateral epicondylitis is now more widely recognized as a degenerative process, in part because of the lack of inflammatory cells present on histologic examination.[5] The complete pathophysiology of lateral epicondylitis remains poorly understood but is believed to originate with microtrauma caused by repetitive mechanical stress, leading to chronic degenerative tendinopathy.[6] This brief publication includes a review of initial approaches for diagnosing and managing lateral epicondylitis, with a focus on the typical imaging methods used during diagnosis and the value of this imaging in the routine care of patients.
INITIAL DIAGNOSTIC AND MANAGEMENT APPROACHES
The diagnosis of lateral epicondylitis is typically based on clinical history and physical examination. Characteristic features include a history of lateral elbow pain that worsens with use, focal tenderness over the bony prominence of the lateral epicondyle, and pain with resisted wrist extension.[1] At present, no consensus exists regarding optimal management.[1] The primary goals of treatment are to control pain, preserve function, and facilitate healing.[2] Initial management involves a "watch-and-wait" strategy that includes a combination of:
Rest. Resting from the aggravating activity, modifying the activity, and avoiding overuse are the cornerstones of care.[7] The combined use of RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation) can provide pain relief, particularly during early management.[7]
Bracing. Wrist splints can prevent overuse during activities of daily living.[7] Counterforce braces such as forearm straps and sleeve orthoses can reduce tension in the forearm extensor muscles, thereby relieving pain and improving grip strength.[8]
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Given that the pathophysiology of lateral epicondylitis is largely degenerative rather than inflammatory, NSAIDs are not expected to have a disease-modifying effect. Instead, oral and topical NSAIDs are used for their analgesic properties. Evidence supports the use of topical NSAIDs, in particular, for up to 4 weeks of pain relief.[9]
Physical therapy. Options range from stretching and strengthening exercises to extracorporeal shock wave therapy and therapeutic ultrasonography.[7,10]
Local corticosteroid injections are also used to alleviate acute symptoms.[7] However, some studies have challenged their utility, suggesting that these injections provide short-term relief but worsen long-term outcomes; these findings may have contributed to a decrease in their use.[11-13] Indeed, the annual rate of corticosteroid injections used to treat lateral epicondylitis fell from 23.3% in 2010 to 18.8% in 2017.[13]
Most cases of lateral epicondylitis are self-limiting; in fact, 80% of cases resolve within 6 months, and 90% of patients recover within 1 year.[14] Patients with persistent or severe symptoms that do not resolve with nonoperative treatment can be considered for surgery.[5] Several surgical approaches are used to treat this condition, most of which involve debriding the abnormal fibrotic tissue of the ECRB.[1] Each year, approximately 2% of patients with lateral epicondylitis undergo surgery.[4]
ROLE OF IMAGING IN DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT PLANNING
Ultrasonography, radiography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been explored as potential tools to enhance the diagnostic evaluation of lateral epicondylitis and thereby guide treatment decisions.[15-17] However, their role in patient management has been unclear.
Ultrasonography is a widely available, inexpensive, and reliable option for visualizing soft-tissue involvement when a diagnosis of lateral epicondylitis is unclear.[2,17] In particular, the absence of grayscale ultrasonography changes and neovascularity, as assessed by color Doppler, is helpful in ruling out lateral epicondylitis.[18] Given the wide degree of anatomic variability in the ECRB tendon in affected patients, ultrasonography is also used to support the accuracy of needle positioning in patients receiving corticosteroid injections.[19]
Beyond these uses, however, ultrasonography appears to play a limited role in patient management.[20] For instance, in a study of 60 patients with chronic lateral epicondylitis, the 3 ultrasonography measurements assessed—tendon thickness, color Doppler activity, and presence or absence of bone spur—had no correlation with pain, disability, Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation score, or disease duration, which are important considerations for individualized treatment planning.[20]
Radiography is less costly than other imaging modalities at most institutions and reveals the distinctive abnormalities associated with lateral epicondylitis, such as calcification at the lateral epicondyle. In one study of 245 patients with lateral epicondylitis, 115 (47%) were found to have lateral epicondyle calcifications using standard digital radiography.[15] Imaging also revealed 113 additional radiographic findings in 85 patients (35%), most commonly olecranon enthesophytes (21%), medial epicondylar enthesophytes (13%), and coronoid osteophytes (9%).
Of note, patients had similar clinical features regardless of the presence or absence of calcifications or size of the calcified lesions (Table 1).[15] These clinical features included pain levels, assessed by the visual analog scale (VAS); symptom duration; functional impairment, determined by the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) outcome measure; and history of steroid injection. Moreover, radiographic findings did not influence the treatment plan for any patient, suggesting that this imaging modality does not have a role in patient evaluation or treatment decision making. All patients were managed with a mix of activity modification, bracing, NSAIDs, physical therapy, and steroid injections, and no patients underwent surgery.[15]
Table 1. Characteristics of Patients With and Without Radiographic Calcificationsa
Patients With Calcifications
Patients Without Calcifications
Age, years
Male sex, %
Right laterality, %
Dominant side affected, %
Symptom duration, months
Pain VAS scoreb
QuickDASH scorec
Prior corticosteroid injection, %
aData derived from Shillito M, Soong M, Martin N. Radiographic and clinical analysis of lateral epicondylitis. J Hand Surg Am. 2017;42(6):436-442.
bVAS scores range from 0 (no pain) to 10 (severe pain).
c QuickDASH scores range from 0 (no disability) to 100 (severe disability).
MRI helps differentiate the morphologic changes of lateral epicondylitis, with similar diagnostic specificity to but greater sensitivity than ultrasonography.[21] In clinical trials, MRI has been used to evaluate responses to treatments for lateral epicondylitis. For example, in a trial of 30 patients randomly assigned to undergo corticosteroid injection or immobilization, MRI detected persistent degenerative changes at the 6-week follow-up visit in 66% of patients who had achieved clinical remission.[22] MRI findings may also correlate with clinical symptoms: in a recent study of 51 patients with lateral epicondylitis, MRI findings were significantly associated with the pain VAS scores reported by patients (P = .03).[23]
For the routine care of lateral epicondylitis, the role of MRI in patient evaluation and treatment decision making has been less clear. Broadly, an imaging study should provide data to make a diagnosis or direct treatment. However, lateral epicondylitis is a clinical diagnosis and, to date, MRI has not been useful in directing treatment modalities.[24] In fact, using MRI increases healthcare costs and does not affect diagnosis or surgical/nonsurgical management.[24] Substantial cost savings would occur if MRI were not used in the routine management of this condition.
Findings from a recent observational study of 44,471 patients enrolled in a national insurance claims database show the complex relationship between MRI use and treatment choices.[16] The study included records from patients who were diagnosed with lateral epicondylitis between 2008 and 2016 and examined national and regional patterns in MRI use and rates of surgical treatment, corticosteroid injections, and physical/occupational therapy.[16]
In total, only 998 (2.2%) of the 44,471 patients included in the study underwent MRI. Longitudinal trends, however, showed a steady increase in MRI use.[16] Nationwide, the annual rate of MRI use for lateral epicondylitis increased by 65% between 2008 and 2016. MRI use was more common in the South, where patients were 36% more likely to undergo MRI than patients in the Midwest (odds ratio [OR], 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-1.59; P < .001). Although regional variations exist, they cannot be necessarily explained by a single factor. Moreover, despite the lengthy and self-limiting natural history of lateral epicondylitis, many clinicians chose to use MRI early in the disease course. In fact, nearly one-third of MRI scans occurred within 90 days of the initial diagnosis.[16]
This study also found that MRI use was associated with the increased use of surgical and nonsurgical interventions (Table 2).[16] Among patients who underwent MRI, 20.3% received surgical treatment, compared with 2.1% of patients who did not undergo MRI. This represents an 11-fold increase in the likelihood of surgical treatment after MRI (OR, 11.0; 95% CI, 9.3-13.0; P < .0001). In addition, patients who underwent MRI were nearly twice as likely to receive a steroid injection (OR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.65-2.20; P < .0001) and twice as likely to receive physical/occupational therapy (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.70-2.41; P < .0001).[16]
MRI use was also associated with increased healthcare costs in this study. The average total reimbursement for lateral epicondylitis treatment was $1,824 for patients who underwent MRI and $103 for patients who did not undergo MRI (P < .0001).[16]
Table 2. Treatment and Reimbursement for Lateral Epicondylitis by MRI Statusa
Underwent MRI
Did Not Undergo MRI
(n = 43,473)
OR (95% CI)
Surgery, %
11.0 (9.3-13.0)
< .0001
Corticosteroid injection
1.90 (1.65-2.20)
PT/OT
Mean reimbursement, $
NA = not available; PT/OT = physical or occupational therapy.
aData derived from Fogel N, Zhuang T, Shapiro LM, et al. Utilization of MRI in diagnosis and treatment of tennis elbow in the United States. Presented at: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) Annual Meeting; August 31-September 4, 2021; San Diego, CA. Abstract 144.
To date, evidence does not support the use of imaging to guide treatment decisions in the routine care of lateral epicondylitis. Ultrasonography appears useful only in supporting a differential diagnosis when clinical diagnosis is challenging and in improving the accuracy of needle positioning for corticosteroid injections. Radiographic images do not provide any additional insight, beyond what can be determined clinically, to inform diagnosis or treatment decisions. The increasing use of MRI, particularly in the acute setting, appears to contribute to the possible overuse of surgical treatment while increasing healthcare expenses. Decreasing the use of unnecessary imaging can help decrease costs without adversely affecting evidence-based care for patients with lateral epicondylitis.
Earn Credit CME Information
© 2022 Duke University Health System


The trial of two foreign nationals accused of smuggling 2.9 kilograms of cocaine into the Kingdom for an international drug-trafficking ring began in the capital.
Corro Zuzunaga Enrique Bruno, 54, a Peruvian citizen, and Promkhot Phattarawadee, 31, a Thai national, are on trial for drug trafficking under Article 40 of Cambodia's Anti-Drug Law.
"Corro Zuzunaga Enrique Bruno brought the cocaine from Venezuela through the Singapore airport en route to Phnom Penh," municipal court judge Kor Vandy said during the trial.
Vandy added that Bruno had been picked up by police after arriving at Phnom Penh International Airport on May 7, carrying 10 metal tubes filled with cocaine.
Taking the stand, Bruno admitted receiving $4,000 from an unidentified man in Venezuela to deliver the drugs to an anonymous woman in Phnom Penh.
"This is my fourth time delivering drugs from Venezuela to Cambodia. The reason why I did this is because my family is very poor and has no money," Bruno said, adding that his 83-year-old mother was ill in Peru and he could not afford to cover her treatment.
Promkhot was arrested two days later at Lucky Guesthouse in Tuol Kork district after anti-drug police had Bruno call his employer in Thailand to arrange the delivery of the drugs.
Both suspects are cogs in an international drug-trafficking ring, Colonel Yeng Bunna, chief of the Anti-Drug Police Office, said.
"They were hired by a group of drug traffickers operating in Thailand and Venezuela. The [suspects] planned to import the cocaine from Venezuela to Thailand by transferring it through the Cambodian-Thai border," Bunna said.
Promkhot flatly denied the accusations lodged against her during the trial yesterday, claiming she was unable to even identify the drug in question.
Verdicts are due on December 26.


text:
Q: Run pdb whenever a variale is accessed in python? I'm trying to debug some code that creates an error dictionary and returns it (rather than return an error as soon as something occurs).
To do this, it would be useful to track:

*

*When a particular key in a dictionary is accessed and

*When this variable is accessed.

Is there a way of starting pdb whenever this happens.
In other language there is the concept of starting the debug whenever memory is accessed, this doesn't really apply to python.
I have found and used huntrace before for tracing. I think this could be adapted to start pdb (and there is some code for spying on variables).
I hacked up the following:
class PdbDict(Mapping):
    def __init__(self, d):
        self.d = d

    def __getitem__(self, k):
        if k == "_id":
            import pdb

            pdb.set_trace()  # XXX
        return self.d[k]

    def __setitem__(self, k, v):
        import pdb

        pdb.set_trace()  # XXX
        self.d[k] = v

    def keys(self):
        return self.d.keys()

    def values(self):
        return self.d.values()

    def items(self):
        import pdb

        pdb.set_trace()  # XXX
        return self.d.items()

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.d)

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self.d.keys())


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text:
West Hartford, Connecticut facts for kids
"West Hartford" redirects here. For the unincorporated community in Missouri, see West Hartford, Missouri. For the community in Vermont, see West Hartford, Vermont.
West Hartford in August 2008
Motto: Where City Style meets Village Charm
Location within Hartford County, Connecticut
Capitol Region
Eastern (UTC-5)
06107, 06117, 06119, 06110
www.westhartfordct.gov
West Hartford is a separate town located in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. Located 5 miles (8.0 km) west of downtown Hartford, is an upmarket inner-ring suburb located in Greater Hartford. The population was 63,268 at the 2010 census.
The town is known for its popular downtown area colloquially known as "West Hartford Center," or simply "The Center," which is centered on Farmington Avenue and South/North Main Street. West Hartford Center has been the community's main hub since the late 17th century. In 2008, Blue Back Square opened as a new addition to the central area. Blue Back includes a bookstore, a movie theater, two parking garages, various physician and medical offices, and several restaurants.
Incorporated as a town in 1854, the town was previously a parish of Hartford, founded in 1672. Among the southernmost of the communities encompassed within the Hartford-Springfield Knowledge Corridor metropolitan region, West Hartford is home to University of Hartford and the University of Saint Joseph.
In 2010, Kiplinger's Personal Finance magazine listed West Hartford as one of the nation's "10 Great Cities for Raising Families." In 2010, Kiplinger's ranked West Hartford #9 on its "10 Best Cities for the Next Decade" list. In 2010, CNN Money ranked West Hartford as the 55th best small city in America. In 2010, the national online magazine Travelandleisure.com cited West Hartford as one of 10 "coolest" suburbs in the nation. The magazine called the West Hartford Reservoir off Farmington Avenue "West Hartford's version of Central Park," and it also noted the town's "vacation-worthy hot spots, with cutting-edge restaurants, great shopping, and plenty of parking."
Coming of industry
A new town
Emergence as a streetcar suburb
Images for kids
According to new archaeological evidence, the Wampanoag people used West Hartford as one of their winter camps. Fishing and hunting along the Connecticut River, the area of West Hartford offered the Wampanoag people a refuge from the cold winter wind and the river's severe spring flooding. In 1636 Reverend Thomas Hooker led a group of followers from what is now Cambridge, Massachusetts to the "Great River" and eventually established the Hartford Colony. As the colony grew, additional land was needed. In 1672 the Proprietors of Hartford ordered that a Division be created to the West. A total of "72 Long Lots" were laid out between today's Quaker Lane in the East and Mountain Road in the West. The northern boundary was Bloomfield, and the Southern, present day New Britain Avenue. (The western boundary was extended in 1830 to include part of Farmington). In the 1670s the area was referred to as the "West Division" of Hartford. This remained the official name until 1806 when Connecticut General Assembly started referring to it as "the Society of West Hartford."
It is believed that the first homesteader to West Hartford was Stephen Hosmer whose father was in Hooker's first group of Hartford settlers and who later owned 300 acres (1,200,000 m2) just north of the present day Center. In 1679, Stephen Hosmer's father sent him to establish a sawmill on the property. Young Hosmer would eventually go back to live in Hartford, but in his 1693 estate inventory, 310 acres (1,300,000 m2) in West Hartford along with a house and a sawmill are listed. For nearly a century the property would be handed down throughout the family. Evidence still remains of the Town's first industry, as Stephen Hosmer's mill pond and dam can still be found today on the westernmost side of North Main Street.
By the time of the American Revolution, the once rugged wilderness had been largely clear and a new agricultural-based community had developed with a population of just over 1,000 residents and 3,000 sheep. At its core was the parish meeting house. The First Congregational Meeting House was built around 1712 and still stands proudly today at what is now the northwest corner of Main Street and Farmington Avenue. As the focus of early religious, political, and social life, the meeting house helped to provide this area with a name, a title that it still holds today – "The Center."
Evidence in the Hartford Courant and in the 1790s census show that some of the more prosperous households relied on laborers and slaves for fieldwork and domestic help. The Sarah Whitman Hooker House was one such residence and still stands on New Britain Avenue. Evidence shows that the Hookers owned several slaves. One such slave, Bristow, bought his freedom in 1775 to fight in the Revolutionary War. slave for whom one of West Hartford's middle schools is named, Bristow bought his freedom from Thomas Hart Hooker in April 1775 as Hooker set off to fight in the Revolutionary War. Bristow continued to live with the family after Thomas Hart Hooker was killed in the war. Bristow became an agricultural expert and left his property to the Hookers' two children when he died. He is the only known African American to be buried in West Hartford's Old Center Burial Yard.
Noah Webster House (West Hartford, CT) - front facade
One of the first major industries to arise centered on the pottery and brick works. Extending from Hartford to Berlin is a sizable deposit of fine clay. In 1770, Ebenezer Faxon came from Massachusetts and settled in what would become the Elmwood section of West Hartford. There he established a pottery on South Road (what is today New Britain Avenue) which took advantage of the local geological landscape. It was Seth Goodwin, however, who helped to establish a pottery dynasty. Goodwin started his pottery works around 1798. For over a hundred years, the Goodwin name would be associated with West Hartford pottery. Producing utilitarian items such as jugs for the gin manufactured in local distilleries, to terra cotta designs and fine china, the Goodwin Company employed up to 75 people in its heyday. The Goodwin Brothers Pottery Company (as it came to be known) burned for the third time in 1908 and never recovered.
Sarah Whitman Hooker House in West Hartford, August 22, 2008
In 1879 Edwin Arnold established the Trout Brook Ice & Feed Company. Ice from Trout Brook, a stream that runs through the middle of West Hartford, was harvested in the winter, sawn into blocks, and placed into a series of ice houses through an escalator system. Insulated in sawdust, the blocks of ice were used as refrigeration locally and shipped as far away as New York City. By the late 19th century, the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad ran through part of Elmwood in the southeast corner of town. A variety of companies cropped up in this area including Whitlock Coil Pipe Company in 1891, and later Royal Typewriter, Wiremold, Abbot Ball, Colt's Manufacturing and Uncle Bill's Silver Grippers (producer of tweezers). The largest of West Hartford manufacturers was Pratt & Whitney. In 1940 it built a plant on 20 acres (81,000 m2) and at the height of World War II it employed over 7,000 people. It would stand until 1991, when Pratt & Whitney was acquired and operations were relocated to Plainville.
In 1792 a committee of residents was appointed to ask permission from Hartford to secede, and were denied. Five years later they petitioned again and again were denied. In the spring of 1854, the Connecticut General Assembly was meeting in New Haven (co-capitol with Hartford at the time). Most likely taking advantage of the distance from Hartford, a petition dated March 21 was delivered to the General Assembly by delegates from West Hartford. Signed by 153 residents, the petition claimed that residences were "subjected to many inconveniences on account of their present connection with the town and city of Hartford and that their convenience and prosperity would be essentially promoted by being set off as a separate town." On April 26, about 100 residents from West Hartford presented their own case against secession. After review and an opportunity for Hartford to make an argument for keeping West Hartford, the General Assembly voted on May 3 for West Hartford's independence.
The 1854 vote was not however the end of the debate. In 1895 wealthy residents from the "East Side" of West Hartford petitioned Hartford for annexation. Their call was rebuffed by other West Hartford residents. Then in 1923 and 1924 Hartford wanted to annex West Hartford back so that it could achieve a "Greater Hartford Plan." Town residents rallied in opposition and the plan was defeated by a vote of 2,100 to 6137.
It is transportation that has had the biggest impact on West Hartford and its evolution from sleepy crossroads to modern suburb. In the late 18th and early 19th century three turnpikes ran through West Hartford. Around these roads, taverns, blacksmith and wheelwright shops, general stores and many other places of businesses sprang up. Early maps provide a sense of how important these byways were in the development of commerce and industry. Then came the trolleys – starting in 1845, Fred Brace began running a horse-drawn omnibus from his home on the corner of Farmington Avenue and Dale Street into downtown Hartford. Even more significant were the horse-drawn trolley lines and later electric trolleys that in 1889 began to weave their way from the inner city of Hartford to the countryside of West Hartford. Trolley lines opened up a land that had been inaccessible to many, and made it possible for professionals and their families to settle along Prospect Avenue, then north of Farmington Avenue.
By the 1880s, Hartford began to experience an economic boom. As such Hartford's business leaders began building their mansions along Prospect Avenue. Prospect Hill, situated on a mile-long ridge boasting impressive views of the burgeoning city, became the area's most prestigious address. Homes are characteristic of the architectural styles popular in that period are represented, particularly Late 19th and 20th Century Revivals. Many homes in the area on the National Register of Historic Places, including the Connecticut Governor's Residence, built in 1908. Prospect Avenue is adjacent to Hartford, designed by acclaimed landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted in 1896 and named for the wife of Governor Charles H. Pond, who bequeathed the land to the City of Hartford. In 1900, the Hartford Golf Club opened its links on the other side of Asylum Avenue just west of Prospect Avenue, adding to the area's ideal suburban sensibility.
In 1895, Wood, Harmon and Company created one of the town's first subdivisions on property known as Stanley Farm, a tract sloping upward from the trolley line that then ran along Farmington Avenue, across from Reservoir No. 1. Called Buena Vista, it was promoted it "Hartford's New and Handsome Suburb." Their literature highlighted "splendid suburban electric car service" and proximity to Reservoir No. 1.
West Hill Historic District in West Hartford 2
Other developments followed including "Elmhurst" in Elmwood (1901), and Sunset Farm (1917). One of the most exclusive of these early developments was West Hill. Located on the former estate of Cornelius Vanderbilt, son of the famous financier and transportation magnet, it was the brainchild of Horace R. Grant. Designed by some of Hartford's best architects in the 1920s, West Hill is significant historically because it is an excellent example of a planned real estate development of the early 1920s that proceeded under specific design restrictions to achieve outstanding success as a well-crafted and prestigious neighborhood. The architecture is characteristic of the Colonial Revival and Tudor Revival styles popular in the period. It was declared a National Historic District in 1996.
Old Noah Webster Memorial Library building, August 14, 2008
By the 1920s and 30s the impact of the automobile was felt in West Hartford as the town became more accessible to Hartford's middle and working class citizens. Between 1910 and 1930 the population of West Hartford grew from 4,808 to 24,941 residents. Then with the end of the Great Depression, World War II, and the exodus from urban centers, West Hartford witnessed a tremendous influx of people as its population swelled from 33,776 in 1940 to 62,382 people by 1960. This era ushered in major housing developments and retail spaces throughout the community.
In the 50s, the primary avenues — Albany, Asylum and Farmington — became important arteries for commuters, and the access made West Hartford attractive to middle-class families. During the decade, the town built one new elementary school each year to accommodate the growing population. In the 1960s, construction began on Interstate 84, completed in 1969. The interstate had many ramifications on the community, the most visible was that it bisected the town, isolating the more industrial and ethnically diverse neighborhood of Elmwood with a physical barrier from the rest of West Hartford. Furthermore, The interstate allowed for increased accessibility as the population increased with the Baby Boom and development, and recalibrated the traditional retail sites.
Subsequent residential development continued on through the late '70s, particularly in the town's northern, western and far southwestern fringes, as evidenced by the many large ranch, colonial and split level-style homes in these areas. In 1971, the Bishops Corner development was inaugurated. Housing tenants such as Lord & Taylor, F.W. Woolworth, and Doubleday Book Shop drew shoppers from across the region; the Center with its largely independently owned stores, were negatively impacted by the new retail traffic patterns.
Towards the town's southwest fringe lies Westfarms Mall. Opened in 1974 with original anchors JC Penney, G. Fox & Co., and Sage-Allen, the mall further recalibrated retail in West Hartford. It became well known for its lavish ceilings and waterfall-style fountain. Sitting astride I-84, conveniently connected to the town's main internal arteries, and comprising more than 1,300,000 square feet (120,000 m2) of stores and restaurants, it is the third largest indoor mall in Connecticut.
Outside the library at Blue Back Square in West Hartford, Connecticut, August 10, 2008
In recent years, large areas of the community have gone through significant transformations. Opening in 2007, Blue Back Square was a pioneer mixed-use development in the Center that blended retail and residential living space on a large scale. The five-building complex contains 220,000 square feet (20,000 m2) of ground floor retail space and 120 luxury space. Medical office space encompasses 137,000 square feet (12,700 m2), and other professional offices will total another 62,500 square feet (5,810 m2) square feet. A six-screen movie theatre as well as two 500-space parking garages were also built. Named after Noah Webster's popular spelling book, Blue-Back Speller, the development has significantly altered the Center and furthered West Hartford's status as a regional dining and shopping destination.
American Beech Tree, West Hartford, CT
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 22.3 square miles (57.7 km2), of which 21.9 square miles (56.6 km2) is land and 0.42 square miles (1.1 km2), or 1.91%, is water.
The west side of West Hartford is flanked by the Metacomet Ridge, a mountainous trap rock ridgeline that stretches from Long Island Sound to nearly the Vermont border. Notable features of the Metacomet Ridge in West Hartford include Talcott Mountain and a number of highland water reservoirs belonging to the Metropolitan District, which maintains watershed and recreation resources on the property. The 51-mile-long (82 km) Metacomet Trail traverses the ridge. The town's web site indicates that the highest point in town is 778 feet (237 m) above sea level on Talcott (Avon) Mountain. The altitude at Town Hall is 120 feet (37 m).
West Hartford is adjacent to and west of Hartford, the state capital, and borders Bloomfield, Newington, New Britain, Farmington, and Avon. West Hartford is approximately 100 miles (160 km) southwest of Boston and 120 miles (190 km) northeast of New York City. Interstate 84 runs through West Hartford.
1850 4,411 —
1860 1,296 −70.6%
1870 1,533 18.3%
1890 1,930 5.6%
1930 24,941 181.7%
Est. 2014 63,324 0.1%
U.S. Decennial Census
1850 census is the
parish of Hartford.
See also: List of Connecticut locations by per capita income
As of the 2010 Census, there were 63,268 people, 25,258 households, and 16,139 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,888.9 people per square mile (1,117.0/km²). There were 25,332 housing units at an average density of 1,152.3/square mile (445.0/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 79.6% White, 6.3% African American, 0.2% Native American, 7.4% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 3.8% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.8% of the population.
Of West Hartford residents, 49.85% are religious. Out of all residents, 31.74% are Catholic, 3.29% are Presbyterian, 2.19% are Baptist, 2.19% are Methodist, 1.59% are Jewish, 1.39% are Lutheran, 1.31% are Episcopalian, 1.19% are Pentecostal, .4% are Mormon, 3.38% are another Christian denomination, and .34% are Muslim.
There were 25,258 households out of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.7% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.1% were non-families. 29.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.06.
In the town, the population was spread out with 23.3% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.5 years. For every 100 females there were 86.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.2 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $80,061, and the median income for a family was $106,089 as of a 2011 estimate. Males had a median income of $69,888 versus $56,162 for females. The per capita income for the town was $45,453. About 3.7% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.3% of those under the age of 18 and 9.6% ages 65 or older.
According to the town's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:
1 Town of West Hartford 1,000–2,000
2 University of Hartford 1,000–2,000
3 Hebrew Health Care 500–999
4 Wiremold 500–999
5 Goodrich 250–499
6 University of Connecticut 250–499
7 American Medical Response 250–499
8 The Cheesecake Factory 250–499
9 Saint Mary Home 250–499
10 Colt's Manufacturing Company 250–499
Elizabeth Park
Noah Webster House
Park Road
West Hartford Center
Westfarms Mall
Westmoor Park
Avon Bloomfield
Farmington Hartford
New Britain Newington
The American School for the Deaf
Noah Webster statue by West Hartford sculptor Korczak Ziółkowski
West Hartford, Connecticut Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.


text:
CDC announces new US$18.4m commitment to Atlantic Coast Regional Fund
Participation in new rights issue takes total commitment to US$33.4m
CDC has announced a $18.4m commitment to a new rights issue in the Atlantic Coast Regional Fund ('ACRF'), taking its overall commitment to the fund to $33.4m. The rights issue will provide the fund with an additional $50m of capital, enabling it to make a number of new investments in the coming years, having originally closed at US$72m in 2008.
Based in Dakar, Senegal, ACRF is an African mid-market generalist fund that invests primarily in west and central Africa; a region which includes less developed markets such as Côte d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Senegal, Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It is managed by the Advanced Finance and Investment Group (AFIG), one of the few managers (outside of the mining sector) with the ability and appetite to invest in many of these frontier markets.
ACRF's target countries include those in the UEMOA (West African Economic and Monetary Union) which share French as a common language (except for Guinea-Bissau), and those in the CEMAC (Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa). These countries have many characteristics of a single market with one currency (the West Africa CFA Franc which is pegged to the Euro), a common central bank (BCEAO), a single stock market (BVRM), and the same financial sector regulators.
Target geographies
While many of the fund's target geographies are experiencing encouraging economic growth, all are afflicted by poverty and a difficult business environment. For example:
Côte d'Ivoire has a growth forecast of 6.5% to 2015, but has GNI per capita of US$1,079 and is ranked 177 out of 185 on the IFC's Doing Business Index.
Senegal has a growth forecast of 4.9% to 2015, but has GNI per capita of US$1,028 and is ranked 166 out of 185 on the IFC's Doing Business Index.
Cameroon has a growth forecast of 4.7% to 2015, but has GNI per capita of US$1,190 and is ranked 161 out of 185 on the IFC's Doing Business Index.
ACRF targets strong minority positions in SMEs and mid-sized companies that are well positioned for local or regional growth. It avoids early-stage deals or later stage buyouts and has a target deal size of around USD 10m, generally investing through a mixture of equity and structured debt. The manager is well-differentiated from other players in the market by virtue of their strong networks and the experience of their senior team members.
Current investments
Since its first close in 2008, ACRF has made investments in Chad, Rwanda, Liberia, Ghana, Senegal, Mauritania and The Gambia. These include:
Ecobank – an investment into three Ecobank subsidiaries in Liberia, Rwanda, and Chad.
RMG Concept – a distributor of inputs for agricultural crops, operating in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire.
Deep Drilling Company – a contractor providing mining drilling services in Mauritania.
Elton International – a downstream oil distribution company, primarily operating petrol retailer businesses.
SenBus – an automotive assembly operation building buses sold for the Senegalese market.
Following the new rights issue, ACRF will remain sector agnostic, but particular attention will be paid to four sectors:
Agribusiness: food imports dominate the regional market, indicating that local manufacturers are unable to meet current demand. ACRF will focus on businesses that process and distribute local or imported agricultural products.
Financial services: the manager will focus on existing institutions looking to expand into regional markets or consolidate within an existing market.
Light manufacturing: there is strong potential for local manufacturers to compete on the basis of quasi-import substitution across a range of sectors.
Logistics: existing transportation and distribution systems are insufficient to satisfy the current needs of the continent's growing economies and must be significantly expanded to support regional growth.
Commenting on the transaction, CDC Investment Manager Jonny Gill said:
"The rights issue secured strong support from existing investors and will enable the fund to make further significant investments in the coming years. ACRF transacts in challenging countries where entrepreneurs are often less familiar with the concept of private equity and where PE funds are in short supply. The fund thus plays a critical role in increasing access to equity financing and in contributing to the development of the private equity asset class across the target region."
Papa Madiaw Ndiaye, CEO of AFIG Funds, added:
"We are delighted by this strong backing from CDC and our other investors. This innovative funding demonstrates their continued commitment to African PE and to our investment strategy across the 29 countries we cover. The additional capital will allow us to step up our roll-out into Africa's frontier countries as well as its larger economies. In this manner, we can contribute to reducing the economic marginalization of many frontier markets."


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text:
You are here: Home / City & Culture / Dining: Sabores Auténticos de México black-tie gala
Dining: Sabores Auténticos de México black-tie gala
September 23, 2010 By Richard Arebalo
On the main stage of the Long Center, 38 tables were adorned with towers of white lilies, calla lilies and white roses that played backdrop to a succession of beautiful and flavorful courses.
Austin played host to one of only a handful of Sabores Auténticos de México black-tie galas. This year being the Bicentennial of Mexico's independence from Spain, the Authentic Flavors of Mexico tour features the best of Mexican cooking, past and present. The food incorporates pre-Colombian (Mayan and Aztec elements), Spanish colonial and modern interpretations of traditional foods.
With the sponsorship of the nonprofit MexNet Alliance under President Monica Peraza, the Honorable Rosalba Ojeda, Consul General of Mexico in Austin, and Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long, Austin rose to the occasion with a host of master chefs presenting the flavors of Mexico.
The evening began with a reception in the Long Center's Kodosky Lounge, where guests could meet celebrated cookbook author Diana Kennedy. Kennedy has been a tireless supporter of the beauty and richness of Mexican Cuisine for 30 years and has written eight books on the subject, her latest being Oaxaca al Gusto: An Infinite Gastronomy.
The opening course was a ceviche of snapper, and the fact that nearly 400 martini glasses filled with lime-scented snapper, tomatoes, onions, avocado and cilantro could be served that fresh seemed just short of a magic trick. I was embarrassed to finish just as someone was about to ask if I liked it.
The ceviche was served with a crisp 2009 Chenin Blanc from L.A. Cetto. The wine had just the perfect amount of acid and a bit of smokiness to enhance the fish.
After a short break that allowed the elegant crowd to socialize, an army of wait staff brought out plates with an array of meats, each topped with a traditional mole (sauce).
The grilled venison was topped with a mole amarillo and the tender pan seared duck breast had a coastal version of traditional mole with red coastal chilies, pasilla chilies, guajillos, oja santa and Oaxacan chocolate. The quail breast was paired with a bright green mole verde, traditionally made with green tomatoes, scallions, and parsley. As with the other moles, there's a multitude of herbs and spices complimenting the ingredients.
In addition to the meats, our plates were graced with a tamal that had been elevated to fine cuisine by the addition of huitlacoche. A mushroom-like growth found on corn, huitlacoche has a woody, savory quality that, paired with the corn masa and spices, was delicious.
The huitlacoche elevates a dish in such a way that, in the 1980's, pioneer foodie James Beard called it the "Mexican truffle." The entrée was overseen by chefs Miguel Ravago and Jeff Martinez, of Fonda San Miguel fame, and Chef David Garrido, known from his stewardship at Jefferies and Garrido's. The entrée was paired with a 2005 Cabernet Sauvignon, again by L.A. Cetto. It was smooth and elegant and a great pairing to the complex flavors on the various meats.
Our meal ended with a selection of delectable desserts, including a rich, traditional vanilla crème brulée from David Cabrera of Fonda San Miguel, and a spicy, silky chocolate cinnamon crunch cake from Rebecca Rather of The Pastry Queen book series.
The two sweet stand-outs for me were the picture-perfect little pies made with a guava filling and a smooth base of cream cheese, based on a family recipe from Karla Hermida, who is opening her own company, Mondragon's Pies, and a delicious cinnamon-scented polvorone (Mexican wedding cookie) wrapped in delicate paper, like old fashioned candies made by Lydia Hock of Lydia Hock-Catering & Affairs.
With a beautifully orchestrated evening, Sabores Auténticos de México successfully highlighted the sophistication and depth of Mexican cuisine and culture behind it.
Whether reminiscent of meals of homemade moles at abuelita's table or memories of fine meals from exotic vacations, all present could appreciate the artistry, excellence of skill and most of all history that went into our meal.
Richard Arebalo
Born in Alice, Texas, Richard Arebalo has lived in Austin for 29 years. He attended the University of Texas' School of Architecture and Business School, graduating with a Bachelors in Business Administration in Finance. Richard has traveled extensively in North America, Europe and Asia and considers food to be a great common language. "Food lovers everywhere always enjoy sharing their favorite places." He has studied food and wine through his many travels with cooking courses, wine tastings and dinners and has completed the first 2 of 3 courses of The International Sommelier Guild training program. He enjoys cooking and is an avid collector of vintage Ocean Liner menus and vintage travel and cooking memorabilia.
Filed Under: City & Culture


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text:
Neriglissar (Babylonian cuneiform: Nergal-šar-uṣur or Nergal-šarra-uṣur, meaning "Nergal, protect the king") was the fourth king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, ruling from his usurpation of the throne in 560 BC to his death in 556 BC. Though unrelated to previous Babylonian kings, possibly being of Aramean ancestry, Neriglissar was a prominent official and general in the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BC) and became even more influential through marrying one of Nebuchadnezzar's daughters, possibly Kashshaya.

Nebuchadnezzar was initially succeeded by his son, Amel-Marduk, but Amel-Marduk's reign only lasted for two years before Neriglissar usurped the Babylonian throne and put him to death. Through his marriage to Nebuchadnezzar's daughter, possibly significantly older than any of the old king's sons, Neriglissar might have represented a less legitimate but more wealthy and well-established faction of the royal family, even if he himself was not part of this family.

The most well documented event of Neriglissar's reign is his successful 557–556 BC campaign in Anatolia against Appuwashu, king of a small kingdom in Cilicia. Neriglissar successfully captured Appuwashu's capital, Ura, as well as another city, Kirshu, before conducting an amphibious attack against a nearby island and then laying waste to mountain passes on the western border to Lydia. Shortly after returning home to Babylonia victorious, Neriglissar died in April 556 BC. He was succeeded as king by his son, Labashi-Marduk, whose reign would only last for two or three months before being deposed and killed in favour of Nabonidus.

Background

Reign of Nebuchadnezzar

The Neo-Babylonian Empire reached the apex of its power during the reign of its second king, Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BC). During his rule, the empire consolidated its territories and army and established its hegemony over territories that had once belonged to the Neo-Assyrian Empire, defeated and destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar's father Nabopolassar (626–605 BC). Throughout his reign, Nebuchadnezzar spent much time and many resources on extensive building projects throughout Babylonia, mostly focusing on his capital, Babylon. As the royal treasury became more and more strained under the weight of the expenditures, local businessmen would come to grow wealthier and, as a consequence, more influential in political matters.

According to Neriglissar's own inscriptions, he was the son of a man by the name Bel-shum-ishkun (Bêl-šum-iškun). This is probably the same person as Bel-shum-ishkun, son of Nabu-epir-la'a (Nabû-ēpir-la'î), whose income is listed in a Babylonian economic document alongside the incomes of Nebuchadnezzar and one of the king's daughters, Kashshaya. Both Neriglissar and Bel-shum-ishkun are also listed in another royal document that records various officials of the empire, wherein Neriglissar is recorded as a Simmagir official and Bel-shum-ishkun is recorded as originating in the province Puqudu. Both Neriglissar and his father might have been from the Aramean clan of the Puqudu (same name as the province from which Bel-shum-ishkun originated).

Neriglissar was an active businessman and landowner during Nebuchadnezzar's reign. He is recorded as having purchased properties from a bankrupt man by the name Nabu-ahhe-iddina and from a wealthy banker by the name Iddina-Marduk, both in Sippar. In addition to Sippar, Neriglissar also owned estates in Uruk. Due to his presence at Sippar, and due to him being recorded as present at Opis in 565/564 BC, it is possible that Neriglissar was involved in the construction of Nebuchadnezzar's Median Wall, meant to protect Babylon from attacks from the north. In addition to being a wealthy landowner, Neriglissar was also one of Nebuchadnezzar's leading officials as a Simmagir. During Nebuchadnezzar's military campaigns, Neriglissar served as an officer of the rank rab māg. He might be identical to a "Nergalšareṣer" which the Bible describes as present at Nebuchadnezzar's siege of Jerusalem in 597 BC (Jeremiah 39:13).

Rise to the throne

Neriglissar's influence was further increased through his marriage to one of Nebuchadnezzar's daughters. Historian David B. Weisberg proposed in 1974 that the daughter in question was Kashshaya, since her name appears together with the name of Nebuchadnezzar, Neriglissar and Bel-shum-ishkun in economic documents. Although there is no concrete evidence that Kashshaya, instead of one of Nebuchadnezzar's other daughters, was the wife of Neriglissar, subsequent historians, such as Donald Wiseman and Jona Lendering, have accepted the assumption that Neriglissar married Kashshaya.

According to the later Hellenistic-era Babylonian writer and astronomer Berossus, Naboukhodonosoros (Nebuchadnezzar) died of sickness after a reign of 43 years and was succeeded by his son Euilmaradokhos (Amel-Marduk), who "ruled capriciously and had no regard for the laws". After ruling two years, Neriglassaros (Neriglissar) plotted against Amel-Marduk and had him deposed and killed. If Berossus is to be believed, Neriglissar was the leader of this conspiracy. It is likely that the conflict between Amel-Marduk and Neriglissar was a case of inter-family discord rather than some other form of rivalry.

Neriglissar's marriage to Kashshaya (or another of Nebuchadnezzar's daughters) is probably what made usurping the throne possible. A factor which might have significantly improved Neriglissar's chances of becoming king was the position of Kashshaya relative to Nebuchadnezzar's other children. Kashshaya might have been the oldest of all of Nebuchadnezzar's children as she is attested as being active significantly earlier in his reign (5th year) than most of his sons (most attested in Nebuchadnezzar's 39th–41st years). Although the sons only being referenced this late could also be coincidental or accidental, the significant gap in time could even be interpreted as an indication that the sons were the product of a second marriage. It is thus possible that the usurpation was the result of infighting between an older, wealthier and more influential branch of the royal family (represented by Nebuchadnezzar's daughters, Kashshaya in particular) and a less well established and younger, though more legitimate, branch (represented by Nebuchadnezzar's sons, such as Amel-Marduk). Kashshaya is, like Neriglissar, attested as a wealthy landowner in Uruk during her father's reign.

Reign

Early activities
There are only a small number of cuneiform sources for the period between 594 BC and 557 BC, covering much of the later reign of Nebuchadnezzar as well as the reigns of Amel-Marduk, Neriglissar and Neriglissar's son and successor Labashi-Marduk. Historical reconstructions of this period as such generally follow secondary sources in Hebrew, Greek and Latin to determine what events transpired at the time, in addition to contract tablets from Babylonia. The last document dated to the reign of Amel-Marduk is a contract dated to 7 August 560 BC, written in Babylon. Four days later, documents instead dated to Neriglissar are known from both Babylon and Uruk. Judging by increased economic activity attributed to him in the capital, Neriglissar was at Babylon at the time of the usurpation.

After becoming king, Neriglissar increased his hold on the throne through marrying his daughter, Gigitum (Gigītu), to Nabu-shuma-ukin, the administrator of the Ezida temple in Borsippa and an influential religious leader. Not much is otherwise documented from Neriglissar's first two years as king. He is known to have continued construction and repair work on the Esagila, the main temple in Babylon, as well as repaired the royal palace and the eastern bank of the Euphrates river after its annual flooding.

Campaign in Anatolia
In Neriglissar's third year as king, 557 BC, he led a successful military campaign into Anatolia, an expedition chronicled in contemporary annals (chiefly the 'ABC 6' chronicle). The campaign was in response to rumours that Appuwashu (Appuašu), king of Piriddu or Pirindu, was planning a raid into Syria. To counter this raid, Neriglissar marched his army into Hume (eastern Cilicia, under Babylonian control ever since the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire). Although Appuwashu, who ruled a portion of territory west of Hume, had prepared ambushes and attacks to halt the Babylonian advance, he was defeated and pursued by Neriglissar for more than  of mountainous terrain along the Cilician coast until he reached his capital, Ura, which was taken and sacked by Neriglissar. Where Ura was located is unclear today, but it must have been somewhere in the vicinity of the modern city Silifke. After this victory, Neriglissar continued his campaign, marching another 65 kilometres to the north along the Göksu river to attack and destroy the city Kirshu (rebuilt centuries later as Claudiopolis).

After having taken Kirshu, Neriglissar undertook an amphibious attack against the island Pitusu, two miles off-shore, and then laid waste to the mountain passes that led to the settlement Sallune at the border of Lydia. Though Appuwashu escaped Neriglissar's onslaught, the campaign was successful in asserting Babylonian control of Piriddu and turned the small kingdom into a buffer state between the Babylonian, Lydian and Median empires.

The account of the campaign presented in the ABC 6 chronicle reads:

In February 556 BC, Neriglissar turned home, a journey which probably would have taken him about fifty days. That his campaign had been conducted so far from Babylonia's core territory could mean that he was aided by the Median Empire, or that the campaign was partially intended to counteract the growing influence of the Medes in Anatolia.

Death and succession
Neriglissar did not rule for long. The last known documents dated to Neriglissar's reign are a contract from 12 April 556 BC at Babylon and a contract from 16 April that same year at Uruk. The Uruk King List (IM 65066, also known as King List 5), a record of rulers of Babylon from Shamash-shum-ukin (668–648 BC) to the Seleucid king Seleucus II Callinicus (246–225 BC), accords Neriglissar a reign of three years and eight months, consistent with the possibility that Neriglissar died in April.

Berossus writes that Neriglissar ruled four years before dying and being succeeded by his son Laborosoardokhos (Labashi-Marduk). Berossus erroneously gives Labashi-Marduk's reign as nine months (though it is possible that this is a scribal error) and states that Labashi-Marduk's "evil ways" led to his friends plotting against him, eventually resulting in the child king being beaten to death. The plotters then agreed that Nabonnedos (Nabonidus), one of the plotters, should rule. The Uruk King List only gives Labashi-Marduk a reign of three months and contract tablets from Babylonia suggest that he might have ruled as briefly as just two months. Although Berossus refers to Labashi-Marduk as a child, it possible that he became king as an adult since commercial texts from two years earlier indicate that Labashi-Marduk was in charge of his own affairs at that time.

Why Labashi-Marduk was deposed and killed in a coup (led by Nabonidus's son, Belshazzar) is unclear. It is possible that the reason was that although Labashi-Marduk and his father before him were well-connected and rich, they were ultimately seen as commoners, lacking noble blood. Additionally, it is possible that while Neriglissar was seen as legitimate due to his connection to Nebuchadnezzar through his wife, Labashi-Marduk might have been the son of another wife of Neriglissar and thus completely unconnected to the royal dynasty. Despite this, and despite his brief reign, Neriglissar was remembered favourably by later Babylonians. In his inscriptions, Nabonidus specifically mentions Nebuchadnezzar and Neriglissar as good kings with whom he had been associated.

Titles

From one of his inscriptions commemorating his restoration of the Esagila at Babylon, Neriglissar's titles read as follows:

In another inscription, commemorating other building projects at Babylon, the titles used are the following:

Notes

References

Bibliography

Web sources

556 BC deaths
6th-century BC Babylonian kings
6th-century BC rulers
Neo-Babylonian kings
Aramean kings
Book of Jeremiah
Year of birth unknown
Chaldean dynasty


text:
package org.apache.spark.sql.redis.stream

import com.redislabs.provider.redis.RedisConfig
import com.redislabs.provider.redis.util.CollectionUtils.RichCollection
import com.redislabs.provider.redis.util.ConnectionUtils.{JedisExt, XINFO, withConnection}
import com.redislabs.provider.redis.util.StreamUtils.{createConsumerGroupIfNotExist, resetConsumerGroup}
import com.redislabs.provider.redis.util.{Logging, ParseUtils}
import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.InternalRow
import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.streaming.{Offset, Source}
import org.apache.spark.sql.redis.stream.RedisSource._
import org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructType
import org.apache.spark.sql.{DataFrame, SQLContext}
import org.apache.spark.unsafe.types.UTF8String
import redis.clients.jedis.{StreamEntryID, Jedis}

import scala.collection.JavaConverters._
import scala.util.Try

/**
  * @author The Viet Nguyen
  */
class RedisSource(sqlContext: SQLContext, metadataPath: String,
                  userDefinedSchema: Option[StructType], parameters: Map[String, String])
  extends Source with Logging {

  private val sc = sqlContext.sparkContext

  implicit private val redisConfig: RedisConfig = RedisConfig.fromSparkConfAndParameters(sc.getConf, parameters)

  private val sourceConfig = RedisSourceConfig.fromMap(parameters)

  private val currentSchema = userDefinedSchema.getOrElse {
    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Please specify schema")
  }

  /**
    * Called once on the source startup. Creates consumer groups and resets their offsets if needed.
    */
  def start(): Unit = {
    sourceConfig.consumerConfigs.foreach { consumerConfig =>
      val offsetsByStreamKey = sourceConfig.start.map(_.offsets).getOrElse(Map())
      val streamKey = consumerConfig.streamKey
      val groupName = consumerConfig.groupName
      val configOffsetOption = offsetsByStreamKey.get(streamKey).map(_.offset).map(new StreamEntryID(_))
      withConnection(streamKey) { conn =>
        createConsumerGroupIfNotExist(conn, streamKey, groupName, configOffsetOption.getOrElse(StreamEntryID.LAST_ENTRY))
        // if config offset is defined, reset to its value
        configOffsetOption.foreach { offset =>
          resetConsumerGroup(conn, streamKey, groupName, offset)
        }
      }
    }
  }

  override def schema: StructType = currentSchema

  /**
    * Returns the maximum available offset for this source.
    * Returns `None` if this source has never received any data.
    */
  override def getOffset: Option[Offset] = {
    val initialOffset = RedisSourceOffset(Map())
    val sourceOffset = sourceConfig.consumerConfigs.foldLeft(initialOffset) { case (acc, e) =>
      val streamKey = e.streamKey
      withConnection(streamKey) { conn =>
        Try {
          // try to read last stream id, it will fail if doesn't exist
          val offsetId = streamLastId(conn, streamKey)
          val streamOffset = streamKey -> RedisConsumerOffset(e.groupName, offsetId)
          acc.copy(acc.offsets + streamOffset)
        } getOrElse {
          // stream key doesn't exist
          acc
        }
      }
    }
    if (sourceOffset.offsets.isEmpty) {
      None
    } else {
      Some(sourceOffset)
    }
  }

  override def getBatch(start: Option[Offset], end: Offset): DataFrame = {
    logInfo {
      s"""Getting batch...
         |  start: $start
         |  end: $end
      """.stripMargin
    }
    val localSchema = currentSchema
    val offsetRanges = getOffsetRanges(start, end, sourceConfig.consumerConfigs)

    // if 'start' is set, reset consumer group offset to read this batch
    resetConsumerGroupsIfHasOffset(offsetRanges)

    // read data
    val internalRdd = new RedisSourceRdd(sc, redisConfig, offsetRanges)
      .map { case (id, fields) =>
        val fieldMap = fields.asScala.toMap + ("_id" -> id.toString)
        val values = ParseUtils.parseFields(fieldMap, localSchema)
          .map {
            case str: String => UTF8String.fromString(str)
            case other: Any => other
          }
        InternalRow(values: _*)
      }
    sqlContext.internalCreateDataFrame(internalRdd, schema, isStreaming = true)
  }

  override def commit(end: Offset): Unit = {
    logInfo(
      s"""Committing offset..
         |  end: ${end.json()}
         |""".stripMargin)
  }

  override def stop(): Unit = {
  }

  private def resetConsumerGroupsIfHasOffset(offsetRanges: Seq[RedisSourceOffsetRange]): Unit = {
    forEachOffsetRangeWithStreamConnection(offsetRanges) { case (conn, offsetRange) =>
      offsetRange.start.map(new StreamEntryID(_)).foreach { start =>
        val config = offsetRange.config
        resetConsumerGroup(conn, config.streamKey, config.groupName, start)
      }
    }
  }

  private def forEachOffsetRangeWithStreamConnection(offsetRanges: Seq[RedisSourceOffsetRange])
                                                    (op: (Jedis, RedisSourceOffsetRange) => Unit): Unit = {
    offsetRanges.groupBy(_.config.streamKey).foreach { case (streamKey, subRanges) =>
      withConnection(streamKey) { conn =>
        subRanges.distinctBy(_.config.groupName).foreach { offsetRange =>
          op(conn, offsetRange)
        }
      }
    }
  }

}

object RedisSource {

  def getOffsetRanges(start: Option[Offset], end: Offset,
                      consumerConfigs: Seq[RedisConsumerConfig]): Seq[RedisSourceOffsetRange] = {

    val offsetStarts = start.map(RedisSourceOffset.fromOffset).map(_.offsets).getOrElse(Map())
    val offsetEnds = RedisSourceOffset.fromOffset(end)
    val configsByStreamKey = consumerConfigs.groupBy(_.streamKey)

    offsetEnds.offsets.flatMap { case (streamKey, offsetEnd) =>
      val offsetStart = offsetStarts.get(streamKey).map(_.offset)
      val configs = configsByStreamKey(streamKey)
      configs.map { c => RedisSourceOffsetRange(offsetStart, offsetEnd.offset, c) }
    }.toSeq
  }

  def streamLastId(conn: Jedis, streamKey: String): String = {
    val infoMap = conn.xinfo(XINFO.SubCommandStream, streamKey)
    String.valueOf(infoMap(XINFO.LastGeneratedId))
  }

}


In my more than 30 years in the prison service, I have been a witness to the dynamics of life in the prison community. There were dramatic occasions and there were lots of tragic ones too.
Incarceration is a test of will, of perseverance, of resolve and determination. Here is when relationships are subjected to extreme ordeal, to unmitigated hardship, to unqualified adversity. In other words, imprisonment is suffering for those whose ties were severed by penal prescription.
For the married prisoners, the trial of separation exacts a heavy toll. The man is helpless to assist his spouse and maintain his household. The family he left would have to fend for themselves and as it were, exposed to the elements. It is the initiative and creativity of the spouse to sustain what has been left and if possible, in the name of love or whatever has been forged during cohabitation, to conduct regular visitation. There were instances when there is a triumph over adversities. When after a period, the man is released and goes back to hearth and home, scars of imprisonment and pain written on his spirit, and fades away with his loved ones on the background. This is however is one dream a married prisoner idealize. Only a fraction meets this kind of scenario. The rest have broken homes, oftentimes the man perishes as a consequence of violence or illness, or as it has often been reported, the family has gone on separate ways.
The other half of the population are those who are not married, and those carrying common law relationship which among the majority of prisoners have this kind of status. Their visitors are a mixture. They are the choice subject of romantic flirtations. They are up for negotiation through pen pal (and recently through texting). They sustain quite a number of relationship at a time when prison administration has lowered the restriction on visitation rules. These visitors, mostly those infatuated with machismo projections, are easily cajoled and wheedled into a whirlwind relationship. Prison talk is sweet talk for those seeking romantic overtures. Imprisonment connotes limitation and in a homogenous setting, the entry of the opposite is gender is a welcome invitation. It is not a secret when one discovers a former nun doing errands for her imprisoned lover, and also a wife whose husband is abroad, a desperate professional in need of a companion, so on and so forth. The list is almost endless.
Once a relationship is forged, romance is almost instant. The visitor becomes dreamy, optimistic and whose head is in the clouds. The prisoner, the one visited, finally gets a respite, a connection to the outside world, and a runner at that.
This is where love is trivialized. This is where relationship is toyed. This is where bonding becomes brittle. For those starry eyed visitors wishing for a lifetime of a relationship would discover that after the person they would constantly care would be released, they would find themselves holding an empty bag. A released prisoner knows full well that any relationship is a baggage to be discarded at all costs, this notwithstanding the fact that he benefited from it for a considerable period of time in the penal facility.
What happens to the visitor is a repeat of past performance. The one who stayed behind, the friend, inherits the visitor and so with a new relationship would progress until finally, age catches up and poor visitor, she would never get a chance to recover her dream until insanity catches up on the person.
Wonderful blog you have here but I was wanting to know if you knew of any discussion boards that cover the same topics talked about here? I'd really like to be a part of online community where I can get feed-back from other experienced individuals that share the same interest in different topics like health treatments. If you have any suggestions, please let me know. Many thanks!


In Phase One, you can expect fairly wide-ranging discussions and ideas formulation. The aim at this stage is to encourage as much detailed thought as possible about the scope and aims of the long term project so that we can move on to Phase 2 with a concrete and well considered "wish list" and therefore a definitive brief.
At this stage, Design Specifics Ltd always carry out a measured survey of any existing property so that there are accurate plans and elevations for moving forward. These will also be used in any planning or listed building consent applications.
Following the definition of the project and the measured survey, we then work on the initial design phase. Design Specifics Ltd work up design ideas/concepts with our clients to arrive at a preferred option. This will not be a detailed design package at this stage, but will give definition to the scale, design and overall scope of the project. We will then do the necessary work to be able to put the proposal forward for planning.
Copyright © 2010 Design Specifics. All Rights Reserved.


Kannapolis Police Communications is staffed with 16 full time telecommunicators who have a passion to help the community and have dedicated their lives in assisting others in their time of need. The Communications center houses some of the most hard working, dedicated and professional communicators that I have ever had the privilege of working with. Here in Kannapolis they do it all – there is no one communicator dedicated to one specific task. TEAMWORK at its best can be seen on any given day at any given time. The telecommunicators here at Kannapolis Police Department are not only co-workers and friends they are FAMILY! These individuals work hard everyday to ensure that the citizens of the city receive the upmost respect when calling in and treat each and every caller as if it was one of their own family members. KPD telecommunicators deserve to be recognized for the great job they do all day, everyday!