Trial-by-trial variability in perceptual performance on identical stimuli has been related to spontaneous fluctuations in ongoing activity of intrinsic functional connectivity networks (ICNs). In a paradigm requiring sustained vigilance for instance, we previously observed that higher prestimulus activity in a cingulo-insular-thalamic network facilitated subsequent perception. Here, we test our proposed interpretation that this network underpins maintenance of tonic alertness. We used simultaneous acquisition of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) in the absence of any paradigm to test an ensuing hypothesis, namely that spontaneous fluctuations in this ICN′s activity (as measured by fMRI) should show a positive correlation with the electrical signatures of tonic alertness (as recorded by concurrent EEG). We found in human subjects (19 male, 7 female) that activity in a network comprising dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, anterior prefrontal cortex and thalamus is positively correlated with global field power (GFP) of upper alpha band (10–12 Hz) oscillations, the most consistent electrical index of tonic alertness. Conversely, and in line with earlier findings, alpha band power was negatively correlated with activity in another ICN, the so-called dorsal attention network which is most prominently involved in selective spatial attention. We propose that the cingulo-insular-thalamic network serves maintaining tonic alertness through generalized expression of cortical alpha oscillations. Attention is mediated by activity in other systems, e.g., the dorsal attention network for space, selectively disrupts alertness-related suppression and hence manifests as local attenuation of alpha activity.
Recent functional neuroimaging studies have shown that evoked response variability correlates with ongoing activity fluctuations and that this variability transpires into perceptual variability (for review, see Sadaghiani et al., 2010). As a function of the paradigm, effects of ongoing activity on perceptual performance have been observed both locally in accordingly specialized areas (Hesselmann et al., 2008a,b; Sadaghiani et al., 2009) and in distributed spatial patterns that resemble resting-state or intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) (Boly et al., 2007; Sadaghiani et al., 2009). In some ICNs higher prestimulus activity facilitates and in others it deteriorates perceptual performance on upcoming stimuli. In a recent study using near-threshold acoustic stimuli (Sadaghiani et al., 2009), we found that prestimulus signal in frontoparietal regions including the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and frontal eye fields biased toward missing subsequent stimuli whereas signal in auditory cortex but also in a network comprising dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), anterior insula and thalamus facilitated their detection. The former network is well characterized but the latter has remained more elusive both in terms of topography and function. Several studies have defined largely similar networks with slightly varying numbers and locations of constituent elements (Vincent et al., 2008). And others have attempted to dissect it into subnetworks linked to executive control, task-set maintenance, or salience (Dosenbach et al., 2006, 2007; Seeley et al., 2007). Yet, our paradigm with simple detection of meaning-free sparse stimuli only required maintaining tonic alertness. In accord with this interpretation, several studies that explicitly probed tonic alertness found effects in similar brain structures as we did (Sturm and Willmes, 2001; Sturm et al., 2004).
Here, we sought to further corroborate this functional interpretation. We based our investigation on results from related settings used to characterize the electroencephalographic signatures of tonic alertness in ongoing activity (Gath et al., 1983; Makeig and Inlow, 1993; Haig and Gordon, 1998). We reasoned that if our functional interpretation was correct, in the absence of any paradigm fluctuations in vigilance as indicated in the electroencephalogram should be associated with fluctuations in activity of this putative alertness network and vice versa. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed findings from simultaneous EEG and fMRI recordings during prolonged task-free resting state sessions. Previous studies have established correlations between ongoing activity in resting state networks and the expression of oscillatory EEG activity in different frequency bands (Laufs et al., 2003, 2006; Scheeringa et al., 2008). Remarkably, however, not even the most comprehensive attempt so far (Mantini et al., 2007) has reported findings for the network that we postulate to be involved in maintaining tonic alertness. Here, we fill this gap by showing that activity in a cingulo-insular-thalamic network is positively correlated with the GFP of oscillations in the alpha (and to some extent beta) band of the simultaneously recorded EEG. This finding matches EEG signatures of tonic alertness (Gath et al., 1983; Makeig and Inlow, 1993; Makeig and Jung, 1995; Haig and Gordon, 1998; Lockley et al., 2006; Dockree et al., 2007) and hence corroborates our previous functional interpretation of at least one functional role of this brain network.
Twenty-seven healthy volunteers (ages: 19–29; 8 females; 5 left-handed; written informed consent) underwent simultaneous EEG and blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI. Data from one subject (female, right-handed) were excluded from analysis due to strong head motion. Subjects were requested to rest with eyes closed, stay awake, and avoid movement.
Three 10 min sessions yielded 300 echoplanar fMRI image volumes each (Tim-Trio; Siemens, 40 transverse slices, voxel size = 3 × 3 × 3 mm3; repetition time = 2000 ms; echo time = 50 ms, field of view = 192) and continuous EEG data recorded at 5 kHz from 62 scalp sites (Easycap electrode cap) using MR-compatible amplifiers (BrainAmp MR and Brain Vision Recorder software; Brain Products). Two additional electrodes (EOG and ECG) were placed under the right eye and on the collarbone. Impedances were kept under 10 kΩ and EEG was time-locked with the scanner clock. A 7 min anatomical T1-weighted magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo sequence (176 slices, field of view = 256, voxel size = 1 × 1 × 1 mm) was acquired at the end of scanning.
We used statistical parametric mapping (SPM5, Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, London, UK; www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk) for image preprocessing (realignment, coregistration with the structural image, segmentation and normalization to Montreal Neurological Institute stereotactic space and reslicing to 2 × 2 × 2 mm, spatial smoothing with a 6 mm full-width half-maximum isotropic Gaussian kernel for single subject as well as group analyses) and estimation of general linear models (GLMs).
For calculation of ICNs seed regions were defined as the (subject-specific) gray-matter voxels in a sphere of 10 mm radius around peaks extracted from previous studies; right intraparietal sulcus [27 −58 49] for the dorsal attention system (Fox et al., 2006) and dACC [0 15 40] for the intrinsic alertness system [centered between [6 15 42] and [−6 15 39] as found in intrinsic connectivity analysis by Sadaghiani et al. (2009)]. For each seed region the high-pass filtered (1/128 Hz) signal time course was averaged across all respective voxels and used as a regressor of interest in a separate GLM. Nuisance covariates of no interest included the global signal of three separate brain compartments (all white-matter voxels, all gray-matter voxels and all CSF voxels), all out-of-brain voxels as well as 6 head-motion parameters. Contrast images corresponding to the seed regressor were created for each subject and entered into a second level one-sample t test. Maps were rendered onto an inflated canonical average brain (FreeSurfer, CorTech, http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu).
For the tonic alertness and dorsal attention ICNs as well as their individual constituent regions, BOLD time courses were extracted (group-level contrast, p < 0.01 family-wise error (FWE)-corrected, extent >150 voxels) for regression analysis with spectrally resolved EEG power time courses (see below). Insula, thalamus and basal ganglia constituted a large cluster and were thus separated by masking with corresponding anatomical masks generated by PickAtlas (Wake Forest University School of Medicine, http://www.fmri.wfubmc.edu/cms/software). Cortical regions were further restricted to the subject-specific intrinsic connectivity maps (first-level, p < 0.005 uncorrected, extent >50 voxels) and gray-matter mask.
We used EEGlab v.7 (http://sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab) and the FMRIB plug-in (http://users.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/∼rami/fmribplugin) for gradient and pulse artifact subtraction. In two subjects, one of three rest sessions each was excluded due to insufficient EEG quality. The data were subsequently downsampled to 250 Hz and re-referenced to a common average reference. The original reference electrode was recalculated as FCz, yielding a total of 63 EEG channels.
Network-based correlation analysis with the EEG power spectrum.
Time-frequency analysis was computed in Fieldtrip (Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior; http://www.ru.nl/fcdonders/fieldtrip). The time-frequency analysis of power for the regression of regional fMRI signal onto EEG was performed for all the frequencies up to 30 Hz in steps of 0.5 Hz. For this we used a multitaper approach (Mitra and Pesaran, 1999) integrating the power between 1 Hz below and 1 Hz above the center frequency, and over a 2 s time-interval. This estimate was repeated for every 0.4 s. The power time courses were converted to z-scores. As artifact rejection strategy, z-scores larger than 4 were removed from the time-series. The remaining values were again z-transformed.
For each channel-frequency combination a separate design matrix was constructed, that included the hemodynamic response function (HRF)-convolved power time course for that specific channel-frequency combination. We included signal of three separate brain compartments (all white-matter voxels, all gray-matter voxels and all CSF voxels), of all out-of-brain voxels and of the motion parameters as nuisance covariates. This yielded for each frequency channel point a beta value for the EEG power regressor, which was tested at group level using a single sample t test against zero. This analysis was repeated for the fMRI time course of the tonic alertness and dorsal attention ICNs as well as each constituent region.
For the signals extracted from the entire ICNs, multiple-comparison correction was performed using a cluster-based randomization procedure (Maris and Oostenveld, 2007). This effectively controls the Type-1 error rate in a situation involving multiple comparisons. The procedure allows for the use of user defined test statistics tailored to the effect of interest within the framework of a cluster-based randomization test. Here, we used a single sample t test against zero, giving uncorrected p-values. All data points that did not exceed the preset significance level of p < 0.05 were zeroed. Clusters of adjacent non-zero channel-frequency points were computed, and for each cluster a cluster-level test statistic was calculated by taking the sum of all the individual t-statistics within that cluster. This statistic was entered in the cluster-based randomization procedure. For each randomization the lowest negative and highest positive cluster-sum entered a reference distribution. Clusters that fell within the extreme 2.5% of the negative and positive randomization distribution were labeled as significant. In this case, 1000 randomizations were used to compute the reference distribution. Channels separated by <4 cm were labeled as being adjacent channels. Channel positions were recorded for each subject. From these data the average distances over subjects between channel pairs were computed.
Whole-brain fMRI analysis using band-limited EEG-regressors.
Power estimation for the fMRI whole-brain analysis probing BOLD signal correlation with band-specific EEG power fluctuations was based on a Hanning tapered FFT on 2 s windows, resulting in a 0.5 Hz resolution in the power spectrum. Power for each time-point was subsequently averaged over all channels. Upper alpha band was defined using the physiological criterion of individual alpha peak frequency as an anchor and 2 Hz width as suggested by Klimesch (1999). The peak was determined as the peak power value between 8 and 12 Hz after removing a 1/frequency trend from the spectrum. The global power time course of upper alpha (from individual peak bin included to 1.5 Hz above peak) and beta (15–25 Hz excluding the main residual gradient artifact frequency of 20 Hz ± 0.5 Hz) were used for regression analyses.
The power time courses were converted to z-scores. As artifact rejection strategy, z-scores larger than 4 were removed from the time-series. The remaining values were again z-transformed.
The GFP time courses of upper alpha and beta bands were entered each into a separate GLM as a parametrically modulated regressor with stick functions modeling the event duration. Hereby, the power time courses were convolved with the canonical HRF function. Again, signal of three separate brain compartments (all white-matter voxels, all gray-matter voxels and all CSF voxels), of all out-of-brain voxels and of the motion parameters served as nuisance covariates. Contrast images corresponding to the parametric regressor were created for each subject and entered into a second level one-sample t test. An auxiliary uncorrected threshold of p < 0.005 and extent >100 voxels was used. Exceptions where a higher threshold was used for more fine-grained analysis are stated explicitly. Cluster-level corrected results are reported at p < 0.05 corrected threshold.
To define the intrinsic connectivity network putatively related to tonic alertness we applied a seed region in the dACC. As in earlier studies (Dosenbach et al., 2007; Seeley et al., 2007; Sadaghiani et al., 2009) this resting state functional connectivity network contained bilateral insula, dACC, anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC), thalamus and basal ganglia. We extracted the fMRI signal time course of this network as well as of its individual constituent regions and performed regression onto EEG power fluctuations across the spectrum of 1–30 Hz (Fig. 1). Positive correlations with the BOLD time course occurred rather selectively in the high alpha band (∼10 Hz and above; cf. individual alpha peak frequency ≈10 Hz) and more broadly in the beta band (∼17–24 Hz). This effect was expressed in the spectral patterns of all constituent regions (Fig. 1A) and was significant in the network (Fig. 1B). Conversely, these correlations did not appear to be constrained to subsets of electrodes but occurred rather globally across the majority of EEG-channels. This global character was further confirmed in distributed effects on topography maps (Fig. 1B). The channel-frequency spectra for the network are presented in supplemental Figure 1 (available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material) for all 26 individual subjects. The spectral distribution of correlation of ICN activity with EEG oscillations is in accord with previously described EEG signatures of alertness in the alpha and beta range (Townsend and Johnson, 1979; Gath et al., 1983; Belyavin and Wright, 1987; Makeig and Inlow, 1993; Makeig and Jung, 1995; Haig and Gordon, 1998; Lockley et al., 2006).
Channel-frequency spectra for the tonic alertness network. The tonic alertness ICN was defined by applying a seed in dACC (A). fMRI signal time courses extracted from this network were used for regression analyses with EEG power fluctuations across the spectrum of 1–30 Hz. For all spectra, the x-axis represents EEG frequency, and EEG-channels are organized on the y-axis from top to bottom in a posterior-to-anterior order. Consistent across all individual regions (A) and for the entire network (B), positive correlations arise rather selectively in the high alpha band and more broadly in the beta band. Effects occur rather globally across the majority of EEG-channels and are furthermore characterized by distributed topographies for the network (B). A, The ICN is defined at p < 0.01 FWE-corrected, extent >150 voxels, mapped on a canonical average inflated cortical surface and a coronal section [y = −12]. The individual cortical regions' spectra are numbered as depicted on the rendered ICN. Spectra for subcortical areas are titled respectively. B, The translucent mask represents significance after correction. Bold closed channels in the topographies are part of the significant cluster.
For comparison, we next mapped in our data set a different ICN, the dorsal attention system, by applying a seed in right IPS and confirmed it to contain bilateral IPS, frontal eye fields and middle temporal motion-sensitive cortex (MT+) (Fig. 2A). Again, the equivalent analysis was conducted by performing regression analyses with the spectral EEG data and the BOLD time course of the dorsal attention network and its individual constituent regions. This analysis revealed a selective negative correlation in the alpha and beta bands in all constituent regions (Fig. 2A) as well as the network (Fig. 2B). The negative correlations occurred in a broader frequency range and with a lower center frequency (∼7–10 Hz) compared with the positive correlations of high alpha observed in the intrinsic alertness network. The negative beta correlations occurred in a more confined and lower frequency band (∼15–18 Hz) compared with the broad positive beta correlations of the tonic alertness network.
Channel-frequency spectra for the dorsal attention network. Dorsal attention ICN was defined by applying a seed in right IPS (A). fMRI signal time courses extracted from this network were used for regression analyses with EEG power fluctuations across the spectrum of 1–30 Hz. Correlations arise exclusively negatively in lower alpha and beta bands consistently across all regions of the network (A) and for BOLD signal averaged across the entire network (B). Thresholding and visualization equivalent to Figure 1.
To address the topographic specificity of our network-based correlations with the EEG spectrum, we next used band-specific EEG regressors to map correlations with local fMRI signal across the whole-brain volume. The previously described spectral correlation with the tonic alertness system highlighted an effect in the so-called upper alpha band, a range that has also been linked to cognitive control and performance in previous EEG studies (Klimesch, 1999; Klimesch et al., 2007). We targeted for EEG-correlated fMRI analyses an upper 2 Hz band of alpha frequency with a lower-bound anchor on individually determined peak frequency (on average 9.77 Hz ± 0.74). We tested where in the brain GFP fluctuations in the upper alpha frequency correlate positively with neural activity fluctuations as measured by BOLD signal.
The results of the whole-brain correlation with GFP of upper alpha are shown in Figure 3A. Positive correlations with the BOLD signal displayed a spatial pattern that strongly overlaps with the separately defined tonic alertness network (cf. Fig. 1A). These effects reached significance (cluster-level corrected, auxiliary uncorrected p < 0.001) in dACC ([2, 22, 40], p < 0.001, z-score 3.96, 801 voxels), a subcortical cluster bilaterally including thalamus and caudate nucleus (p < 0.001, z-score up to 4.69, 1531 voxels; caudate: [6, 24, 4], [−20 −22 24]; thalamus: [−2 −8 12], [2 −14 12]), right anterior insula ([42, 8, 6], p = 0.003, z-score 4.36, 243 voxels) and right aPFC ([34, 42, 22], p = 0.004, z-score 4.09, 228 voxels). Further correlation with upper alpha band activity was observed in the cerebellum ([26, −38, −30], p = 0.028, z-score 4.58, 150 voxels; and [−24, −74, −24], p < 0.001, z-score 4.37, 2096 voxels). Given previous concurrent EEG and fMRI studies including our own that have emphasized interindividual variability (Gonçalves et al., 2006; Laufs et al., 2006), we illustrate the homogeneity of the established effect across subjects in supplemental Figure 2 (available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material).
Positive correlation of activity with the global field power of oscillations in the alpha and beta bands. A, Positive correlations with upper alpha band power arise selectively within regions of the tonic alertness network including dACC, right anterior insula, right aPFC, thalamus and basal ganglia. B, Positive correlations with beta band power occur in some regions of the intrinsic alertness network, notably dACC and subcortical areas. p < 0.005 uncorrected, extent >100 voxels, mapped on a canonical average inflated cortical surface and a coronal section [y = −12].
Given the aforementioned EEG studies also linking beta band oscillations to sustained performance (Townsend and Johnson, 1979; Belyavin and Wright, 1987) we next performed analogous analyses with EEG time courses from that frequency band. Global beta power (15–25 Hz) positively correlated with some areas of the intrinsic alertness network (Fig. 3B). These effects were weaker in size and extent than those observed for the correlations with upper alpha and achieved significance only in dACC ([−12, 22, 34], p < 0.001, z-score 3.68, 804 voxels) and a large bilateral subcortical cluster including thalamus and caudate (p < 0.001, z-score up to 4.05, 3342 voxels; caudate: [−20, −46, 18], [26 6 12]; thalamus [0 −16 16], [−2 −6 10]) as well as in the cerebellum (p < 0.001, z-score up to 4.97, 7340 voxels).
We also probed negative correlations with upper alpha band activity and obtained a spatial pattern of fMRI signal fluctuations that includes the dorsal attention system but also areas belonging to the visual system, especially dorsal areas (Fig. 4A). In accord with previous related studies (Goldman et al., 2002; Moosmann et al., 2003; Laufs et al., 2006), these effects reached significance (cluster-level corrected, auxiliary uncorrected p < 0.001) in right and left dorsal visual cortex ([38, −82, 16], p < 0.001, z-score 4.15, 752 voxels; and [−30, −88, 18], p = 0.02, z-score 3.54, 165 voxels), right superior parietal lobe ([46, −28, 58], p < 0.001, z-score 4.03, 409 voxels), left intraparietal sulcus (IPS; [−28, −64, 62], p = 0.02, z-score 3.67, 156 voxels) and extrastriate visual areas of bilateral lingual gyri ([22, −50, 0], p = 0.005, z-score 3.61, 218 voxels; and [−14, −62, 6], p = 0.037, z-score 3.44, 141 voxels). For the beta band, negative correlations were found in right, most dominantly dorsal, visual cortex ([36, −82, 14], p < 0.001, z-score 3.92, 2509 voxels), as well as in sensorimotor areas (Yuan et al., 2010) including bilateral mesial motor area ([−12, −10, 48], p < 0.001, z-score 4.19, 933 voxels) and right and left sensorimotor cortex ([50, −32, 58], p < 0.001, z-score 3.71, 2500 voxels; and [−46, −36, 62], p < 0.001, z-score 3.76, 864 voxels).
Negative correlation of activity with the global field power of oscillations in the alpha and beta bands. A, Negative correlations with upper alpha band power occur in the dorsal attention network and visual cortex, especially dorsal visual areas. B, Negative correlations with beta band power are observed in right extrafoveal and dorsal visual cortex as well as sensorimotor areas. Thresholding and visualization equivalent to Figure 3.
A comprehensive illustration of the effects in an individual representative subject is provided in Figure 5 by plotting for a single session time courses of upper alpha GFP and BOLD signal from different networks and regions. The HRF-convolved GFP time course in the upper alpha band shows similar fluctuations as the raw BOLD signal time course of the tonic alertness ICN as well as two of its constituent regions. Conversely, the BOLD signal time course of the dorsal attention ICN displays negative correspondence to the alpha GFP fluctuations (Fig. 5A). The first-level voxelwise mapping of the correlation between BOLD signal and upper alpha GFP delineates the anatomical pattern corresponding to the tonic alertness network (Fig. 5B).
Signal time courses and voxelwise mapping of the correlation to upper alpha power for an individual subject. A, Concurrent EEG and BOLD signal time courses for a session of 10 min. Red: The GFP time course of the individual upper alpha band after convolution with the canonical HRF. Black/gray, Raw BOLD signal time course for the tonic alertness ICN and two of its individual regions (aPFC and dACC) as well as the dorsal attention ICN as labeled. The global gray-matter BOLD signal was subtracted from these traces. The regions correspond to those visualized on the cortical surface in Figure 1A and Figure 2A, respectively. B, Voxelwise mapping of the correlation to upper alpha visualized on the subject's structural image. Positive correlations with upper alpha band power arise among others in dACC, right and left anterior insula, right and left aPFC, thalamus and caudate. This first-level effect corresponds to the group-level analysis in Figure 3A. White lines on the sagittal view indicate the position of the three coronal slices (y = −10, 16 and 56, respectively). p < 0.005 uncorrected, extent >100 voxels.
In summary, GFP in the alpha and beta EEG frequency bands showed anatomically selective correlation with fMRI signal fluctuations in the tonic alertness system. Finally, we sought to corroborate our functional interpretation of the cingulo-insular-thalamic network in a dataset acquired in an earlier paradigm setting (Sadaghiani et al., 2009). We used the network defined through positive correlation with alpha power (Fig. 3A) as a spatial mask to extract peristimulus time courses of the previous activation study. We hypothesized that if the system as defined here by EEG correlation underpinned tonic alertness then it should show the same prestimulus effects as previously found for the cingulo-insular-thalamic ICN. Indeed, successful detection of the auditory stimulus compared with misses was preceded by significantly higher prestimulus activity levels in those areas where activity correlates with upper alpha band power (Fig. 6A; at t = 0 s, t(1,10) = 3.37, p = 0.007, paired 2-tailed t test) and hence closely matched previous results for the related ICN (Fig. 6B, t(10) = 3.86, p < 0.005).
BOLD signal time courses of the tonic alertness system during an auditory detection task. Time courses correspond to successful detection (hit) or miss of repeated identical, near-threshold auditory stimuli (earlier study by Sadaghiani et al., 2009). A, B, Time courses were extracted from the network as defined by positive correlation to upper alpha band power in the current study (A) (cf. Fig. 3A) or by resting state functional connectivity in the subject group of the auditory experiment (B). The network defined by positive correlations to alpha shows the same effect as previously observed for the tonic alertness ICN; hits are preceded by significantly higher prestimulus baseline activity compared with miss trials. Note that the spatial pattern of the network as defined by positive alpha correlations was sufficiently robust to be applied as a mask in a different subject group. *p < 0.01; dashed line indicates stimulus onset.
Spontaneous fluctuations of ongoing brain activity can be observed across a wide range of states, from sleep and even sedation, anesthesia, and coma over resting wakefulness all the way to effortful mental activity (Fox and Raichle, 2007). The fluctuations are spatially organized into ICNs. Their spatial patterns remain qualitatively robust across the different states but show fine-grained quantitative changes of connectivity (Horovitz et al., 2009; Vanhaudenhuyse et al., 2010). EEG has a longstanding tradition in monitoring and actually defining different brain states but it has also recently been shown to reflect activity fluctuations occurring within a given state as resting wakefulness. Activity in different ICNs, as recorded for instance in resting state fMRI studies, has been tied to power in different EEG frequency bands or even patterns of power across the EEG spectrum (Mantini et al., 2007). Here, we have pursued a hypothesis derived from previous work and focused on slow activity fluctuations in an as of yet anatomically and functionally insufficiently characterized ICN comprising dACC, anterior insula, thalamus and aPFC (Dosenbach et al., 2007; Seeley et al., 2007). Due to typical coactivation of this network with lateral parietal and prefrontal control regions during paradigm settings, it has stayed elusive whether or not these systems form a unitary or rather two distinct functional networks (cf. Dosenbach et al., 2008 vs Vincent et al., 2008). We show that fluctuations in concurrently recorded electroencephalographic indices of tonic alertness are associated with slow activity fluctuations in the cingulo-insular-thalamic network. This result hence further supports a functional distinction of this network from other control regions.
The most consistent previously reported EEG-hallmark of sustained alertness is the power of alpha oscillations. In a series of experiments, Makeig and colleagues found that lapses in behavioral performance were accompanied by decreases in near 10 Hz ongoing alpha power (Makeig and Inlow, 1993; Makeig and Jung, 1995). Similarly, Dockree et al. (2007) found sustained levels of near 10 Hz alpha to reflect tonic maintenance of attentional resources associated with enhancement of phasic goal-directed processing. Likewise, increased alpha phase synchrony (Haig and Gordon, 1998) and power (Gath et al., 1983) have been associated with shorter reaction times in oddball tasks. And sustained increases in upper alpha power correlate with shorter reaction times, less lapses in stimulus detection, and negatively with subjective sleepiness ratings (Lockley et al., 2006). While some of the above findings were obtained in eyes open condition, others were established with closed eyes, indicating that the positive relation between enhanced alpha oscillations and performance is consistent across both conditions. In the present study, we found a positive correlation of GFP in the upper alpha (and to some extent beta) band with activity in the cingulo-insular-thalamic network.
Our findings are overall in accord with results across several previous studies although no single study has so far established the correlation that we show here, namely between alpha band power and an ICN. Positive correlation with alpha band activity has previously been reported for the thalamus (Goldman et al., 2002; Moosmann et al., 2003; de Munck et al., 2007; Ben-Simon et al., 2008; Difrancesco et al., 2008), insula (Goldman et al., 2002) and dACC (Difrancesco et al., 2008). Apart from higher power in our study due to a large study group, differences in the findings may be due to the fact that previous work focused on posterior rather than global alpha and collapsed over lower and upper alpha frequencies.
The correlation of activity in the cingulo-insular-thalamic system with upper alpha band oscillations as the most robust electroencephalographic marker of vigilance fluctuations suggests that this system could serve a role in maintaining tonic alertness. We found similar albeit weaker evidence for beta oscillations that have also been linked to performance in settings requiring sustained alertness (Townsend and Johnson, 1979; Belyavin and Wright, 1987).
As previous related studies discussed above, our analyses were conducted on data recorded during rest where no stimuli or task requirements interfere with the ongoing activity fluctuations that manifest in EEG and fMRI. This advantage for the purpose of our study comes at the price of including no direct measure of perceptual performance in the same dataset. However, the functional interpretation of our findings is supported by previous functional imaging studies that explicitly manipulated tonic alertness and found associated effects in an anatomically very similar network (Sturm and Willmes, 2001; Sturm et al., 2004). Despite qualitative similarity of those latter findings, the present ICN mapping and the network defined by alpha power correlation, this evidence remains indirect. To further validate our conclusions, we hence analyzed fMRI signal time courses in the EEG-defined network but in another subject group previously performing a perceptual experiment requiring tonic alertness (Sadaghiani et al., 2009). Notwithstanding structural intersubject variability between the two study groups, we found that activity in the network linked to upper alpha band power improved perceptual performance with higher prestimulus signal preceding hits compared with misses. This observation further corroborates a close functional correspondence between the cingulo-insular-thalamic ICN, upper alpha band power and tonic alertness.
Tonic alertness refers to a sustained function that is distinct from arousal on the one hand and selective attention on the other hand (Posner, 2008). While arousal (in the sense of wakefulness and responsiveness) is subject to very slow (e.g., circadian) and constitutive modulations and is controlled by the brainstem (Jones, 2008), attention transiently ensures selective local processing of specific features and is tightly linked to activity in dorsolateral parietofrontal cortices (Driver and Frackowiak, 2001). In contradistinction to these cognitive functions, tonic alertness refers to an intermediate capacity that expresses nonselective readiness for perception and action implemented by a cortico-subcortical system (Sturm and Willmes, 2001). The anatomy and function of the cingulo-insular-thalamic network is well suited to underpin this control process. The nonspecific thalamic nuclei project very broadly throughout the cortex, qualifying for general functions such as alerting (Scheibel and Scheibel, 1967). Among these, the anterior thalamic nucleus projects massively to the dACC, a major cognitive control region implementing performance monitoring and adaptive top-down control (MacDonald et al., 2000; Kerns et al., 2004). Anterior insula with its reciprocal connections to the limbic system and ACC constitutes an anatomical and functional connection hub between extended networks (Sporns et al., 2007; Sterzer and Kleinschmidt, 2010), and has been suggested to dynamically control the switching between internally and externally oriented mental activity (Sridharan et al., 2008).
But apart from the shared correlation with tonic alertness what is the relation between this network and global alpha band power? Note that our findings do not imply the cingulo-insular-thalamic network as a generator but rather as a modulator of power in alpha oscillations across the cortex such that this transpires into a GFP signal. Anatomically, thalamo-cortico-thalamic feedback connections are the basis by which the thalamic component of this network might provide an efficient way for controlling global cortical expression of alpha oscillations (Lopes da Silva et al., 1980). Alpha oscillations were the first distinct pattern of ongoing brain activity described in human EEG but their functional significance remains debated. Historically, the Berger effect of alpha disruption by eye opening (Berger, 1929) was taken as indication that this was an "idling" rhythm of the awake but unoccupied resting brain (Pfurtscheller et al., 1996). Apparently in line with this notion, the allocation of selective spatial attention is associated with reductions in alpha activity spatiotopically corresponding to attended locations and enhanced stimulus processing (Rihs et al., 2007). Indeed, we confirmed negative correlations of alpha power with activity in regions related to the control of selective attention, conforming to earlier studies (Laufs et al., 2003).
If interpreted in terms of tonic alertness, our data are nonetheless congruent with an active role for alpha oscillations. We propose that alertness involves a generalized 'windshield wiper' mechanism and that alpha oscillations serve this purpose by rhythmically and synchronously clearing the flood of sensory information on a rapid time scale to reduce distraction and hence enhance detection of novel and relevant sensory information. This proposed mechanism is compatible with evidence of alpha synchronization as an active mechanism for inhibitory top-down control (Klimesch et al., 2007). Enhanced alpha synchronization has been reported in active suppression of task-irrelevant cortical regions in diverse contexts including intermodal selective attention tasks (Foxe et al., 1998), retinotopically specific distractor suppression (Worden et al., 2000; Kelly et al., 2006), feature-selective visual working memory tasks (Jokisch and Jensen, 2007), lateralized somatosensory working memory tasks (Haegens et al., 2010) and go/no-go suppression of learned motor sequences (Hummel et al., 2002). In a hierarchical view of attentional function we therefore suggest that both alertness and selective attention serve increased sensitivity but deploy antagonistic mechanisms: Due to its nonselectivity alertness involves what amounts to a suppression and selective attention a specific and focal disruption of this global effect. This view is in accord with the interpretation of alpha desynchronization as a gradual release of inhibition (Klimesch et al., 2007).
The majority of experimental paradigms require the conjunction of alertness and selective attention due to the use of prespecified targets. These settings therefore do not permit to clearly disentangle the contributions from these two attentional functions. For instance, it is not clear whether the expression of alpha oscillations could also be selective and specifically target processes with a high potential for distracting from the task at hand. We propose that a global mechanism is ecologically more useful because not all functional contexts will permit to sharply tune prior assumptions in terms of what to expect as relevant and what as distracting. This question, however, will require future dedicated experiments that orthogonalize the requirements for alertness and selective attention. Some preliminary evidence can be seen in the fact that in our previous study with a nonspatial auditory detection task, there was an antagonistic influence of two usually conjointly task-positive systems on perceptual performance, facilitation by alertness and deterioration by selective spatial attention (Sadaghiani et al., 2009).
This work was funded by the Agence Nationale de le Recherche, France (ANR Grant SPONTACT). S.S. is supported by the Friedrich-Ebert Foundation (Germany). Data were acquired at the Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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While the dolphin bar is on have a look at the ir leds using your smartphone camera I think in video mode they should appear to be illuminated, there are five on each side that should tell you if it's the leds which have burned out.
(01-07-2017, 10:55 PM)chrissenn Wrote: While the dolphin bar is on have a look at the ir leds using your smartphone camera I think in video mode they should appear to be illuminated, there are five on each side that should tell you if it's the leds which have burned out.
Just checked, all five are lit on both sides and are equal in brightness.


text:
Men's Tennis hosts Bethel (MIAC Semifinal)
May 6, 2022 at 3:30 p.m. Calendar Icon
W 5-0 | Recap
TimeMay 6, 2022 at 3:30 p.m.
The Gustavus men's tennis team competes in the MIAC Playoffs from May 6-7.
Gift Icon Give a gift to Gustavus Tennis
ContactSkylar Abrego '20
CategoryAthletic Tennis
PostedJan 13, 2022
Apr 09 1:00 pm Men's Tennis vs. Macalester The Gustavus men's tennis team hosts Macalester on April 9th.
Apr 09 4:00 pm Men's Tennis vs. St. Scholastica The Gustavus men's tennis team hosts St. Scholastica on April 9th.
Apr 16 9:30 am Men's Tennis hosts UW-Eau Claire The Gustavus men's tennis team hosts UW-EauClaire on April 16th
Apr 23 3:00 pm Men's Tennis vs. Carleton The Gustavus men's tennis team hosts Carleton on April 23rd.
Apr 30 9:30 am Men's Tennis hosts Bethany Lutheran Gustavus men's tennis hosts Bethany Lutheran on April 30.
Apr 30 11:00 am Men's Tennis at Hamline The Gustavus men's tennis team travels to Hamline on April 30.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The motivation behind our expansion into New York? That's simple. We go where our Clients are. Opening a New York office allows us to offer the same quality and integrity our Clients have come to expect in a market where so many already operate.
We find the HITT Way translates well no matter which of our offices you're in, and that's no different at Americon HITT. Our team shares a dynamic drive to serve our Clients to the best of our ability. Above and beyond is how we operate, and we look forward to providing that level of service in our newest market.
As HITT celebrates 80 years in business, read about Americon HITT's place in our company's history.
We knew New York would be our next step, the question was only a matter of when. In the summer of 2016 we finalized our Big Apple debut, taking the HITT name northward for the first time when the owners of HITT acquired Manhattan-based general contractor Americon Construction Inc. Americon is now an affiliate of HITT, doing business as Americon HITT. Our experience in the city began long before this official entry though, working with national clients on projects in and around the greater New York area.
There is no limit to the number of industries operating in the 22.82 square miles that make up Manhattan. Our teams are equipped to tackle not only the multimillion dollar commercial projects, but also the smaller service, paint, and term contract work. What we do touches so many of the industries at play here in New York, providing construction services for corporate interiors, mission critical, law firms, hospitality, healthcare, higher education, Federal and commercial mixed-use projects. A union company, Americon HITT is affiliated with local 66 & 79.
"HITT's unwavering commitment to our valued Clients, proven over 80 years in business, will continue to fuel our growth in New York City and the Tristate areas."


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Home Article Peter King: Muslims Aren't Americans When It Comes To War.
Peter King: Muslims Aren't Americans When It Comes To War.
It's nice to see Rep. Peter King just come right out and say it. From Lee Fang:
Yeah, and Frank, this is very unusual for our country because despite a person's ethnic background or religious background, when a war begins, we're all Americans. But in this case, this is not the situation. And whether its pressure, whether it's cultural tradition, whatever, the fact is the Muslim community does not cooperate anywhere near to the extent that it should. The irony is that we're living in two different worlds. One is the real world that I find when I'm talking with police officers, talking with federal law enforcement authorities. And when I raise the question of Muslim cooperation, they look at me like 'oh of course not, no there's no cooperation, we don't anticipate that.' You know, 'We never expect cooperation.' They try but hardly ever get it.
As an empirical matter, American Muslims have provided assistance to law enforcement in almost 40 percent of domestic terror plots involving Islamic extremism. So it's just factually wrong to say "there's no cooperation."
Also, it's really hard to see how suggesting Muslims aren't Americans, and then holding hearings designed to single out American Muslims as particularly extreme or violent (when the opposite is true), fosters an atmosphere of cooperation, rather than one of persecution where cooperation actually becomes less likely because the authorities treat all Muslims as potential terrorists.
"Frank" is Frank Gaffney who believes the president "may still be a Muslim." King was appearing on his radio show.


Alexa Internet is an authoritative website that provides information on commercial web traffic and other Internet search data. The company tracks and records traffic data, global rankings, and general information about over 30 million website worldwide. The Alexa website itself is visited by approximately 6 million people every month where users can access data about any of the 30 million sites the company tracks. The site also offers several subscription-based premium services for site-owners that range from simple demographic and historical traffic data to advanced SEO auditing and keyword research. Many of the premium plans offer a seven-day free trial, so the user can try out the program before investing.


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Yetman is a hamlet in the New England region of northern New South Wales, Australia. At the , Yetman and the surrounding area had a population of 178. It is located on the Macintyre River about  south of the Queensland border and  north of Sydney. It is located at the intersection of the roads south to Tamworth, east to Tenterfield and north-west to Boggabilla.

History
The area was once occupied by the Bigambul, a sub-group of the Murri Aboriginal people who used to fish along the Macintyre River. Yetman Station was established in 1837 by the Dights, who followed Allan Cunningham's trail to the north.

The first two hotel licences were issued in 1866 at about same time as the first store was built - the Yetman Hotel first and then the Macintyre Hotel.  The Macintyre Hotel was built and first operated by William Watson Rainbow. Country hotels were often the social hub of the town and the Macintyre Hotel was no exception.  Its verandah served as a stand for the racing stewards at the Easter Races of 1870.  New Year and Easter Races saw the "squatters and gentry" mix with the selectors and station labourers - master and man united in their enthusiasm for racing, betting and celebratory dinners.  The latter were often hosted by the publican, who often put up a prize or two for the winners. The Macintyre Hotel is no more, while the Yetman Hotel became what is now the Codfish Hotel.

The first public school was established in 1867, following a letter from local people - William Watson Rainbow, Sidonia Hensler, William Playle, Jacob Miller, William Sleuk and George Kobs - to the Council of Education.  The Yetman Post Office opened on 1 September 1867. In applying for a post office the applicants claimed that the population was then about 100 but this was considered a considerable exaggeration.  The publican of the Yetman Hotel, Richard Holmes, became the first Postmaster. The first police station was built in 1874. St Andrews Church was built in the 1870s for use by both Presbyterian and Anglican congregations.

The town has always been associated with beef cattle and horses, with the sheep, wool and timber industries developing only slightly later. The thick rabbit and prickly-pear-ridden scrub of the brigalow and belah country was reclaimed from expiring leases in the 1920s and the back-breaking work of rendering it fit for agriculture did not bear fruit until the 1950s when wheat-growing became and remains a highly successful enterprise. Some crops are also grown on the fecund black soils of the river flats.

References

Towns in New England (New South Wales)
Inverell Shire

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Animal Welfare League Queensland and Lockyer Valley Council are launching a Cooperative Desexing Program to assist Lockyer Valley residents in need to desex their cats before the spring breeding season.
Lockyer Valley City Council is contributing funding towards the 2017-2018 Cooperative Desexing Program, which will be managed by AWLQ's National Desexing Network free of charge.
"As a Council and as responsible pet owners ourselves, we are pleased to be providing funding for this desexing program which I am sure will go a long way in preventing unwanted kittens. As an added bonus to helping community members who otherwise couldn't afford to have their cats desexed, the program benefits the wider community with Council avoiding collection, holding, rehoming or euthanasia costs of abandoned cats and kittens," said Lockyer Valley Mayor, Cr Tanya Milligan.
Lockyer Valley residents in need call the AWLQ's National Desexing Network to determine eligibility to receive a desexing voucher. They pay only $35 to desex a male cat and $55 a female cat, with any additional female cats just $35, with the voucher at participating vet clinics, while funds last.
Participating Lockyer Valley veterinary clinics are Gatton Veterinary Surgery and Laidley Vet Clinic.
"We applaud Lockyer Valley Council for supporting the benefits of desexing and providing funds for the Cooperative Desexing Program. AWLQ also sincerely thanks clinics who have agreed to provide this community service," said Dr Joy Verrinder, AWLQ Strategic Director.
"We urge everyone to desex their cats before they can become pregnant at four months of age. Kittens can be safely desexed from two months and one kilogram in weight. Desexing pets also has positive advantages for its behaviour," said AWLQ veterinarian Dean Tait.
"AWLQ encourages desexing both female and male cats. Un-desexed male cats are more likely to receive serious wounds in fights or be hit by a car if out roaming to mate. Desexed animals are generally less likely to go wandering, mark their territory by spraying, or be aggressive," Dr Tait continued.


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Revoke Cardinal George Pell's Australian Honours
Damien MacRae started this petition to Council for the Order of Australia
We, the undersigned, call on the Council for the Order of Australia under section 25 of the Constitution of the Order of Australia as amended made under Letters Patent and the Terminations and Cancellations Ordinance as amended made under section 30 of the Constitution of the Order of Australia to:
terminate Cardinal George Pell's appointment as a Companion of the Order of Australia in 2005; and
cancel his award of a Centenary Medal in 2001.
What is the Order of Australia?
The Order of Australia ("the Order") is Australia's version of the British Honours system (the naming of Knights and Dames etc). It is the primary way that Australia recognises outstanding community members.
The Order has four levels, the highest of which being Companions of the Order. Appointments as Companions of the Order are made for eminent achievement and merit of the highest degree in service to Australia or to humanity at large. Well-known Companions include Professor Peter Doherty AC, tennis legend Roy Emerson AC, actor Cate Blanchett AC, businessman Dick Smith AC, and former NSW Governor Professor Marie Bashir AC.
Cardinal George Pell is a Companion of the Order of Australia
Cardinal George Pell was appointed a Companion of the Order in 2005.
He also received a Centenary Medal in 2001, an award established to commemorate the Centenary of Federation of Australia, honouring people who have made a contribution to Australian society or government.
Why Cardinal Pell's Australian Honours should be revoked
In December 2018, Cardinal Pell was convicted of sexually abusing two choirboys while he was archbishop of Melbourne. Carinal Pell was found guilty of sexually penetrating a child under the age of 16, as well as four charges of an indecent act with a child under the age of 16. The offences occurred in December 1996 and early 1997 at St Patrick's Cathedral, months after Pell was inaugurated as archbishop of Melbourne. You can read more about these here and here.
Cardinal Pell's fitness as a member of the Order of Australia must also be re-examined in light of the findings of the 2013–2017 Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse ("the Royal Commission").
According to the final submissions of Counsel Assisting, Gail Furness SC, to the Royal Commission, Cardinal Pell failed to exercise proper care for children in Melbourne and Ballarat by not acting on information of sexual misconduct by a paedophile priest. The Counsel Assisting also called for key evidence provided by Cardinal Pell to the Royal Commission be rejected. You can read the Final Report of the Royal Commission here. You can also read a brief article by the ABC's Louise Milligan on the allegations made against Cardinal Pell at the Royal Commission here.
There is precedent for termination and cancellation
There have been numerous people who have been stripped of their Australian Honours in the past, such as Roque Charles "China" Hammal in 2003, former Federal Court Judge Marcus Einfeld in 2009, and gold medal-winning paralympian Daniel Bell in 2013. You can read about these and other examples here.
The reputation and prestige of the Order of Australia and all those who have received Honours from the Council for the Order of Australia is paramount and must be protected. We believe that the actions of Cardinal George Pell have brought disrepute on the Order.
We therefore respectfully call on the Council for the Order of Australia to terminate Cardinal George Pell's appointment as a Companion to the Order of Australia and cancel his Centenary Medal.
Picture credit: Kerry Myers https://www.flickr.com/photos/36583158@N06/6933059295/


text:
Home> Silicon Motion
Silicon Motion
Storage-to-go
Kingston XS2000 Portable SSDs Review: USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 Goes Mainstream
by Ganesh T S 19 comments
Flash-based portable drives have become popular fast storage options for both content creators and backups-seeking consumers. The advent of high-speed interfaces such as USB 3.2 Gen 2 (10 Gbps) and USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 (20 Gbps) along with Thunderbolt 3 (up to 40 Gbps) have enabled rapid improvements in performance of such portable SSDs over the last few years. While the higher-speed variants have traditionally been premium devices, a push towards lower priced drives was kickstarted by the introduction of native USB flash drive (UFD) controllers. Today, we are taking a look at the performance and value proposition of the complete Kingston XS2000 portable SSD lineup based on the Silicon Motion SM2320 controller.
The Intel SSD 760p 512GB Review: Mainstream NVMe Done Right
Intel's third generation consumer NVMe SSD is here. After the big expensive drive based on their enterprise SSDs and the affordable M.2 drive that was barely an upgrade over...
ADATA at CES 2018: Incoming XPG SX8200 SSDs, From 240 GB to 1.92 TB in M.2
LAS VEGAS, NV — At CES 2018, ADATA demonstrated its new high-end XPG SX8200 SSDs. The new drives use Silicon Motion's SM2262 controller as well as 3D TLC NAND...
6 by Anton Shilov on 1/18/2018
Mushkin at CES 2018: CarbonEXT 1 TB USB 3.0 SSD, Swap USB Type-A & Type-C Drive
LAS VEGAS, NV — In addition to a host of new M.2 SSDs, Mushkin introduced two new USB-based products at CES 2018: the CarbonEXT new external SSD as well...
Mushkin Unveils New Pilot & Helix-L M.2 SSDs at CES 2018: Up to 3.5 GB/s, Up to 2 TB
LAS VEGAS, NV — Mushkin on Wednesday formally announced its lineup of M.2 SSDs that it will be offering this year. All the drives are based on various controllers...
10 by Anton Shilov on 1/11/2018
The Crucial MX500 1TB SSD Review: Breaking The SATA Mold
The Crucial MX500 is the next generation SATA SSD from Micron's consumer division. As the latest MX series drive, the MX500 is positioned to be a mainstream product with...
The ADATA XPG GAMMIX S10 (512GB) SSD Review: Entry-Level NVMe With Style
The ADATA XPG GAMMIX S10 is a fresh take on the same controller and NAND flash combination used by the Intel SSD 600p. ADATA has added a flashy heatspreader...
The ADATA XPG SX950 480GB SSD Review: In Search of Premium
ADATA likes to produce a broad range of SSDs, sampling from all the controller and NAND manufacturers. To that end, they have wholeheartedly embraced the use of 3D MLC...
The HP S700 And S700 Pro SSD Review
HP is not a well-known name in the retail SSD market, but as a major PC OEM it's not too surprising to see them producing their own SSD models...
The Crucial BX300 (480GB) SSD Review: Back To MLC
The Crucial MX300 has done well over the past year covering a wide segment of the consumer SSD market for Micron, with entry-level pricing but mainstream performance. Micron is...
Silicon Motion Roadmap: Lots Of NVMe SSD Controllers
At Flash Memory Summit (FMS) this month, Silicon Motion demonstrated several of their upcoming NVMe SSD controllers and engineers presented several of the technologies Silicon Motion has developed for...
ADATA Announces XPG Gammix S10: 3D TLC, SM2260, 1.7 GB/s Seq. Read, Radiator
ADATA this week launched yet another family of midrange SSDs aimed at gamers. The XPG Gammix S10 products are based on a well-known controller from Silicon Motion and resemble...
ADATA SD700 512GB External SSD Capsule Review
Flash-based external direct-attached storage (DAS) devices have been rapidly evolving over the last few years. The USB Type-C interface standard has prompted vendors to release updates to their lineup...
10 by Ganesh T S on 6/8/2017
ADATA Announces The XPG SX7000 Series SSDs: Up to 1 TB, M.2, PCIe 3.0 x4
ADATA has announced its new lineup of SSDs designed to combine high-performance with 3D TLC flash memory. The new XPG SX7000 is positioned below ADATA's flagship XPG SX8000 series...
Transcend Launches New PCIe M.2 SSDs: The MTE850 Series
Transcend has announced its first SSDs based on 3D MLC NAND flash memory. The MTE850-series drives are aimed at the higher-end of the market and promise up to 2.5...
24 by Anton Shilov on 4/4/2017
Previewing Silicon Motion SM2260 NVMe Controller With 3D MLC NAND (512GB)
Silicon Motion's SM2260 is their first NVMe PCIe SSD controller. We've already reviewed the Intel SSD 600p using this controller and 3D TLC NAND. This review tests an engineering...
ADATA's XPG SX950 SATA SSDs: Up to 960GB, 3D MLC NAND, Six Year Warranty
ADATA has launched a new lineup of its XPG-series SSDs, with the new models featuring 3D MLC NAND flash and targeted at gaming PCs. The new XPG SX950 family...
The ADATA Ultimate SU800 SSD Review (128GB, 256GB, 512GB)
ADATA's Ultimate SU800 is their first SSD to use 3D NAND and the first 3D NAND SSD from a company that doesn't manufacture their own NAND flash memory. The...
Mushkin Announces Helix SSDs: 2.5 GB/s, 3D MLC NAND, SM2260, 2 TB Capacity
Mushkin introduced its new lineup of high-performance SSDs at CES. The Helix drives use 3D MLC NAND flash memory as well as Silicon Motion's SM2260 controller. The M.2 SSDs...
ADATA Announces Ultimate SU900: 3D MLC NAND, SMI Controller, SATA
ADATA has introduced its second family of consumer SSDs featuring 3D MLC NAND memory. The Ultimate SU900 drive is claimed to be designed for users who value extended reliability...
12 by Anton Shilov on 12/16/2016


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text:
Q: Thread safety read InterlockedIncremented value In my application several threads increment some counter and only one reads this value (main thread). As far I know, reading 32-bit value is thread-safe if it is aligned by double word, so I use such code:
{$A8}
TMyStat = class
private
  FCounter: Integer;
public
  procedure IncCounter;
  property Counter: Integer read FCounter;
...

procedure TMyStat.IncCounter;
begin
  InterlockedIncrement(FCounter);
end;

But I'm not sure that it's safe to mix Interlocked functions and direct access to value.
Should I use InterlockedCompareExchange instead?
function TMyStat.GetCounter: Integer;
begin
  Result := InterlockedCompareExchange(FCounter, 0, 0);
end;

A: You can use a normal read. As FCounter is 4-aligned, reading and writing is guaranteed to be atomic.
[This holds for Intel platforms, though. I really don't know how ARM behaves. I would guess that the behaviour is the same (reading of aligned value is atomic).]
Actually, if you only increment a counter and read it, you don't even need InterlockedIncrement. When you read the value you'll always get either the pre-increment or post-increment value. There's no way you get a mix of both.

A: Reading an aligned 32-bit value is atomic (i.e. all 32 bits are guaranteed to be consistent). But the read is not synchronized. You may not read the "current" value; but instead a value from the caches.
For example:
FCounter := 1; //number of threads running
FResult  := 0; //the answer to everything

And then your thread:
procedure ThreadProc;
begin
   FResult := 42; //set the answer before we indicate we're done
   InterlockedDecrement(FCounter);
end;

And then your code checks that the thread is done:
if (FCounter <= 0) then
begin
   //Thread is done; read the answer
   ShowMessage('The answer is: '+IntToStr(FResult));
   Exit;
end;

The answer is: 0

Even though your flag said the thread set the result, you read the result value out of your local cache.

*

*Even though the read of FCounter and FResult is atomic

*they aren't synchronized
If you are only using FCounter then you are fine. But as soon as you use anything else and expect them to be consistent, then you need to also use something to enforce synchronization.

The strict answer to your question is that reading a 32-bit aligned value is already an atomic operation.
But it's entirely possible that people coming here to read this question might forget that the read being atomic is a small part of your worries.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Tequila flavored lollipop! This amazingly sweet tequila flavored lollipop also contains a worm inside. A very unique type of lollipop you will ever taste. Try this very lollipop and see if you could dare yourself to eat the worm as well.


Amazing Vintage 90s puffer jacket by Armani Jeans. Made in Italy. In Excellent Vintage Condition. Size on label I38 / GB 8. Modelled by Roberta who is size 8/10 uk and 5ft 8 tall. Todays sizing often differs from vintage garments, so please check carefully the Sizing & Care tab above for full measurements. All items are authentic vintage gems and are one offs, some sign of wear and age are to be expected! Follow our boutique on Instagram and Twitter as new items are added daily. Any question? drop us an message!


select distinct artists from songs where compilation=0 union select "Various Artists"
That one would be easy to fix up.
That would take some uglier fixups. It would be doable, though. It might in fact be worth doing. I might play with that.


text:
Whittle Packboat collapsible dinghy – BC37
27.04.16 – By: Lauren Hogan – In: Boats, National Small Boat Collection
There is nothing new about the idea of a folding boat.
Some of the Titanic's lifeboats were folding boats and were successfully launched before the ship sank, but any lifeboat associated with the Titanic probably would not have received rave reviews so not many were built. Folding boats present all sorts of challenges to their designers, not least of which is trying to make the whole craft watertight without collapsing at the wrong time.
One alternative to the folding boat concept is a nesting boat – the boat, usually between 12 and 16ft in length, is bolted together in 2 or 3 sections which nest inside each other when taken apart. The result is a boat half or one third of its assembled length.
The advent of modern materials, such as GRP and neoprene, has enabled designers to largely overcome the main problem of getting a watertight joint between the assembled sections. It was not so easy in the days of the Packboat. Thomas Whittle started in 1829 in Warrington, Cheshire, as a currier and leather merchant. By the 1930s Thomas Whittle and Sons was best known for the manufacture of fan belts. Quite why it was felt necessary to diversify into boat building isn't known, but by 1958 the Packboat was being produced. By this time the company was carrying out work on power transmissions and manufacturing belting, employing 200 people.
The 12ft (3.7m) long boat, designed for rowing or motoring, is constructed from thin plywood which is bent into a compound curve to form the bow section, the shape then flattens out to form the next 2 sections, and all three are bolted together with soft rubber gaskets between sections to help make a watertight joint. Once disassembled the boat can be carried in the boot of a car or on the deck of a larger boat.
It's not known how many Packboats were built, but ours has come to us in very good condition, so there may be others in existence.
Rob Roy Canoe – BAE0114
Slipper launch "Merk" – BAE0058


Tailor Made Packages, Customise your Golf holiday with a package to suit your budget. Pamper yourself or stay in a great value hotel. Depending on your choice of accommodation and number of people sharing a room, your package price could be less than the price above. For individuals or customised group travel for companies, schools or groups of friends travelling together. Contact us for a quotation for a customized package based on your requirements.


The work is based on a wonderful conversation I was having with a group of very intelligent women while I was throwing horn shapes on the wheel. I imagined the old myth that wheel thrown clay could record the sounds playing at the time the pots are created. I fired the horns in a way to make them look more archaic and re-created and recorded the conversation. One horn plays a conversation while the second records it. The second horn will then play back what it had just recorded while the first horn records. The horns also pick up any background conversations and add them to the mix. Over time the sound of the conversation degrades and sounds like a soft wind.


Sun., Nov. 13, 2016, 6:15 a.m.
Tue., Nov. 1, 2016, 9:17 p.m.
All 33 coal miners trapped underground in a gas explosion earlier this week have been found dead, state media reported Wednesday, as work safety officials vowed to punish those responsible.
Mon., Oct. 24, 2016, 5 a.m.
Sat., Oct. 22, 2016, 7:08 a.m.
Thu., Oct. 20, 2016, 3:35 p.m.
Thu., Oct. 20, 2016, 2:50 p.m.
Wed., Oct. 19, 2016, 12:26 p.m.
Sun., Oct. 16, 2016, 6:08 p.m.
Fri., Oct. 7, 2016, 6 a.m.
Tue., Oct. 4, 2016, 3:23 p.m.
Fri., Sept. 30, 2016, 3:06 p.m.
Sun., Sept. 25, 2016, 7:36 p.m.
Mon., Sept. 19, 2016, 1:35 p.m.
Thu., Sept. 15, 2016, 10:53 a.m.
China has launched its second space station in a sign of the growing sophistication of its military-backed program that intends to send a mission to Mars in the coming years.
Mon., Sept. 5, 2016, 3:31 p.m.
Mon., Sept. 5, 2016, 1:37 p.m.
Mon., Sept. 5, 2016, 12:07 p.m.
Sun., Sept. 4, 2016, 10:25 p.m.
Sun., Sept. 4, 2016, 6:43 a.m.
Fri., Sept. 2, 2016, 5:22 p.m.
Yum Brands says it will sell a stake in its China unit, which the parent company of KFC and Pizza Hut is spinning off later this year.
Fri., Sept. 2, 2016, 5:15 p.m.
Wed., Aug. 31, 2016, 10:13 a.m.
Wed., Aug. 31, 2016, 6:03 a.m.
Sat., Aug. 27, 2016, 8:21 p.m.
Tue., Aug. 23, 2016, 2:21 p.m.
Chilean authorities are issuing a health alert, saying they distributed more than 712,000 defective condoms.


Frequently Asked Questions about nostalgic (old-time, 'golden age') radio programs.
This FAQ about nostalgic (old-time, 'golden age') radio programs was compiled and written by Lou Genco webmaster@old-time.com with numerous contributions by others.
Copyright (c) Lou Genco. All rights reserved. Not-for-profit distribution encouraged as long as this document is reproduced in its entirety, unedited, and with this copyright notice intact.
02. You haven't mentioned OTR music, why not?
03. Where can I buy recordings of old radio shows?
05. Are OTR shows rebroadcast? If so, where and when?
07. Are there any books about OTR?
08. Does anybody trade tapes of OTR shows?
10. How can I get my local radio or TV station to broadcast OTR programming?
12. Are there any OTR clubs near me?
13. I have some OTR tapes of the same program, but their dates are different. Why?
15. Is there any place where I can get a written synopsis of the plots or themes of OTR programs?
17. Is there an email newsletter on OTR? How do I subscribe to it?
19. What is the best way to archive OTR programs?
21. Where can I find more information about antique radios?
22. What is the best radio / antenna to get distant OTR stations?
23. Is there a group for modern radio drama ("new-time radio")?
25. I have never heard "Old Time Radio". Can I get an audio sample via Internet?
26. I have lots of loose OTR cassettes filling my drawers. Is there a better way to store these things?
28. I am interested in re-creating some OTR drama. Where can I get scripts?
29. I can hear what sounds like another program playing in the background on many of my OTR tapes. Is this due to the tuning on the old radio or to the tape recorder that recorded the program?
30. Can I chat with other OTR fans on the internet?
32. Is there an internet news group for old time radio?
33. OTR network shows were usually heard at the same local time, no matter what the time zone. How did they do this?
34. I'd like all the information there is about [insert name of OTR show]. Is there a FAQ that covers all the shows ever on the radio?
35. Is there any information on OTR conventions?
36. Are there any WWW Bulletin Boards where I can post OTR questions and read OTR information?
37. I would like to find recordings of [fill in rare OTR show name]. I have seen the show mentioned in Jay Hickerson's book, but haven't seen the show in any of the paper or on-line catalogs. How do I get this show?
38. I see a lot of OTR MP3s on the WWW. Are these worth collecting? How about the OTR CD-ROMs being offered on the WWW, are they worth the money?
39. Were any of the old-time radio personalities interviewed recently? Where can I find these interviews?
40. What MP3 player is best for OTR?
41. I keep reading/hearing about the LOC hoarding a bunch of unreleased OTR episodes. Is this true? How can I get them?
42. Where can I find OTR to download?
43. I bought some CDs with OTR MP3s. Some of the programs sound pretty bad. Why is this, and how can I make them sound better? If I make an audio CD from the MP3s, will it be better?


We've gotten off pretty easy on the East coast so far this winter.
Just a couple little dustings of snow. No major storms our way yet.
Nevertheless, I love using snowflakes in design during these long winter months. I found a bunch of great ideas last year when I made a decorating with snowflakes roundup. But I was missing gift wrap ideas!
So I just made my own quilled snowflake gift tags this week.
I wanted to make these tags extra special.
So I designed some simple hexagon shapes to use as my tag templates. And, good news… I'm sharing them with you too!
Click on the photo below and print your own hexagon tags. You could print directly on thick card stock, or use the template to trace the shapes on the paper that works for you. Maybe mix up the colors too!
For my snowflakes, I wanted to work with a icy, frozen color scheme.
I chose pale blue, ivory and silver quilling paper.
The snowflakes themselves are a fairly simple design. There's only 3 shapes!
The center of the snowflake is a coil rolled from a 3″ strip. Next, form 6 teardrops from 4″ strips. Attach these all around the center coil.
To finish, roll 6 2″ strips into tight coils for the ends of the teardrops.
These snowflakes are a perfect beginner project, but you can always make them a little more advanced!
While your snowflakes are drying, punch a hole in each hexagon tag.
It's definitely easier to do your hole-punching before you attach your quillings.
After a little experiment, I decided that I liked the hole punched in one of the corners, instead of along the side.
The snowflake fits both ways, so choose what works for you!
Add a little length of the string of your choice, and BINGO!
You've got yourself some handmade gift tags to pretty-up your winter gifts!
I hope you'll give these quilled snowflake gift tags a try!
You can always change them up and make them unique. Remember, every snowflake is special!
These are so lovely and great for all abilities. I used to do quilling as a lunch time club at school and haven't tried it since. This would be a nice thing to do next Christmas. I've pinned this post so I remember!
Thanks so much! I'm sure if you decide to give it a try, it will all come right back to you. Thanks for stopping by!


text:
tricot potage / On the boom
Select an option... Cream and Yellow Aside/Bside 7" vinyl (Out of 300) - £8.00 (Out of Stock) Green w/ White, Blue and Yellow Splatter (Out of 300) - £8.00
A potage
B On the boom
With the release of their new album, 3, and recent reissues of their back catalog for the first time in North America, The Kyoto, Japan three-piece take a victory lap with a new AA side 7-inch. Started in 2010, tricot have developed a unique sound that utilizes captivating guitar interplay and stop-and-start percussion over complex polyrhythms while harnessing the emotional vocals of singer Ikkyu Nakajima. The end result is somehow neatly packaged and delivered as dense, and invigorating pop songs.
TSR191. Released May 19, 2018 Tweet
tricot merch:
A N D Shirt
T H E Shirt
T H E


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C Varley Pencil Drawings - August 28, 2018 by sabil.
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text:
Imaging insects using robots
Researchers at the SR2 Group (Laurel, MD, USA) have been awarded a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant from the National Science Foundation to enable them to develop a robotic system to automate the capture of 3-D images of insects.
A proposed robotic system will automate the capture of 3-D images of insects.
Many insects have been preserved on pins in museum drawers and cabinets, with the ten largest collections housing over 100 million insects. But while the scope of these collections is immense, the expertise needed to identify insects is in decline as taxonomists retire and university positions close. For some insect groups, few or no experts remain capable of identifying species.
The robotic handling system proposed by the researchers at the SR2 Group aims to improve the rate at which images of pinned insects could be captured and digitized from museum specimens to aid those involved in computer-automated insect identification.
Potential customers for the system include not only museums but environmental monitoring agencies as well.
-- By Dave Wilson, Senior Editor, Vision Systems Design
Epson premiering new additions to two robot series at Automate 2019


text:
Assistant Professor of Computer Science
Internal Title:
Tenure-track
School/Area:
School of Sciences and Mathematics
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science
The Computer Science Department at the College of Charleston invites applications for 1 tenure-track Assistant Professor position starting Fall 2021.
The rapidly-growing Computer Science department (http://cs.cofc.edu) has over 540 students who are enrolled in five undergraduate degree programs and two master's programs.
Preference for this positionwill be given to candidates with expertise in distributed systems, cyber security, networking, databases, and algorithms.
The successful applicant will demonstrate excellent communication skills, collegiality, and a passion for teaching. For an assistant professor appointment, the successful candidate must demonstrate promise to maintain an active research program and mentor undergraduate and graduate students. Candidates with expertise in all areas of computer science are sought to support our undergraduate and graduate programs in Computer Science, Computing in the Arts, Computer Information Systems, and Data Science. An earned Ph.D. degree in Computer Science or closely related field is required before August 15, 2021.
Apply online at https://jobs.cofc.edu. Applications must include a cover letter (at most three pages in length) which describes teaching and research fit at the College of Charleston, a CV, unofficial undergraduate and graduate transcripts, and contact information for three references who may be contacted to submit reference letters online. Review of applications begins on October 30, 2020, but applications received by November 15, 2020 will receive full consideration. Application review will continue until the position is filled. Please direct questions to Professor RoxAnn Stalvey, chair of the search committee, [email protected]
The College of Charleston / University of Charleston is a nationally recognized public liberal arts and sciences university located in the heart of historic Charleston, SC. Since our founding in 1770, we have maintained a strong liberal arts curriculum. The university encompasses the unusual combination of an exceptional faculty, historic campus, coastal location, modern facilities and cutting-edge programs. The student body numbers approximately 10,400 in undergraduate and graduate program combined.
Open Until Filled?:
Posting Number:
F2016207P
EEO Statement:
The College of Charleston is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity employer and does not discriminate against any individual or group on the basis of gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, age, race, color, religion, national origin, veteran status, genetic information, or disability.
Quicklink for Posting:
http://jobs.cofc.edu/postings/10050
Job No:
Science & Technology, Computer Science & Information Technology


BASSETERRE, St. Kitts — Three persons are in custody following the largest ammunition and second largest firearm find in the Federation.
Police conducted an operation in Keys Village this morning. While approaching premises in the area they saw four males in a yard. The men began running when they saw the Royal St. Christopher and Nevis Police approaching. The police pursued the men.
While chasing the suspects, one individual threw what appeared to be a bag over a wall. Upon inspection, the bag contained what appeared to be pistols and a large quantity of ammunition.
While chasing another individual, officers discovered another bag. Upon inspection, the bag contained what also appeared to be pistols, a quantity of marijuana and a large amount of assorted ammunition.
In total, six firearms – two .45 calibre pistols, two .40 calibre pistols, one 9mm pistol and one .38 calibre revolver were confiscated. More than 250 rounds of assorted ammunition were found.
The weapons and ammunition and a rental vehicle were taken into police custody. Three of the four men were caught and one managed to escape. The police are looking for the fourth man.
Technicians from the Forensic Department visited and processed the scene. Police investigations into the matter are ongoing.


Nigerian film actor, producer, director and script writer, Ali Nuhu also referred to as the "King of Kannywood" by the media, has paid a visit to Ahmed Musa to console him over the death of his mother.
The Hausa actor took it upon himself to pay the Super Eagles footballer a condolence visit on Monday, January 28, 2019.
A photo shared via Ali Nuhu's page shows both stars in their own fields, posing together at Musa's home.
Recall that a few weeks ago, Musa took to his social media pages to announce the passing on of his mother at a hospital in Abuja follwing a brief illness.