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Board of Trustees Meeting Minutes
No. 27 (June 27, 2002) AGM
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Minutes of Board Meeting No. 27
17 Jun 2002, Arlington, VA, United States
Author(s): C. Huitema
Committee: BOT
Document: 00-27
Revision: 0
Supersedes:
Access: Unrestricted
Minutes taken by Christian Huitema.
The following members of the board of trustees attended the meeting in person:
Christine Maxwell
Barbara Fraser
Manuel Sanroma
Rosa Delgado
Brian Carpenter
Lynn St-Amour
Kees Neggers
Latif Ladid
Don Heath
Martin Burack
George Sadowsky
John Gage
Wawa Ngenge and Tarek Kamel attended by telephone.
Srisakdi Charmonman was excused.
Brian Carpenter welcomes the participants, and recalls our reliance on Robert's rules.
II. Approval of the minutes of the 25th meeting
The minutes of the 25th meeting were circulated to the board and reviewed by e-mail. The minutes are approved.
III. Confirmation of electronic votes
Eight resolutions were approved by electronic votes, and must be confirmed at this face to face meeting.
A block vote on the following resolution is approved by all trustees present:
Resolution 02-1 Congratulating Tomaz Kalin, George Sadowsky, and Mike Todd
RESOLVED that The Board expresses its appreciation for their service as Vice Presidents to Tomaz Kalin (Chapters), George Sadowsky (Education), and Mike Todd (Individual Membership).
Resolution 02-3 Defining membership of the Elections Committee
RESOLVED that Don Heath and George Sadowsky be approved as members of the 2002 elections committee.
Resolution 02-4 Confirmation of nominations of IAB members
RESOLVED, that the Board of Trustees confirms the appointment of the following individuals to serve on the IAB, as advised by the IETF Nominations Committee: Leslie Daigle, Ted Hardie, Charlie Kaufman, James Kempf, Mike St. Johns, and Eric Rescorla.
Resolution 02-5 Nomination of Jim Galvin as VP for chapters and IM
RESOLVED, that the Board of Trustees ratifies the appointment of Jim Galvin to the position of VP – Chapters and Individual Membership
Resolution 02-6 Procedures for the IAB/IETF selection of Trustees for the Board
RESOLVED, that the Board of Trustees ratifies the following procedures for the IAB/IETF selection of Trustees for the Board (the dates in parenthesis are those for the 2002 process):
There will be an open call to the IETF community mailing list requesting nominations (March 12-April 1);
The IAB will select Trustee(s) from the pool of nominees (no later than May 13);
The IESG will confirm the selection(s) (no later than May 20);
ISOC will be notified of the selection(s) (no later than May 28).
Resolution 02-9 Nomination of Philippe Courtot to the Board of Trustees
RESOLVED, that the ISOC Board of Trustees appoints Philippe Courtot as a Trustee for a nominal term of one year, commencing at the adjournment of the next regularly scheduled Board meeting following the completion of the 2002 Election process and ending at the adjournment of the equivalent meeting in 2003.
Resolution 02-2 is put to a separate vote. Voting for are Christine Maxwell, Barbara Fraser, Manuel Sanroma, Rosa Delgado, Brian Carpenter, Kees Neggers, Latif Ladid, Don Heath, Martin Burack, John Gage, Alan Greenberg, George Sadowsky and Tarek Kamel. Wawa Ngenge vote against. The amended resolution is approved.
Resolution 02-2 Adopting the draft governance procedures
RESOLVED that the revised draft governance procedures circulated to the Board by Alan Greenberg on 16 February 2002 be adopted as the basis for this year's Trustee elections and appointments, subject to revision and ratification in the June 2002 Board meeting.
Resolution 02-8 is put to a separate vote. Voting for are Christine Maxwell, Barbara Fraser, Manuel Sanroma, Rosa Delgado, Brian Carpenter, Kees Neggers, Latif Ladid, John Gage, Don Heath and Tarek Kamel. Voting against are Martin Burack, Alan Greenberg, George Sadowsky and Wawa Ngenge. The resolution is approved.
Resolution 02-8 Clarification of individual membership issues
RESOLVED, that in addition to Global membership offered free of charge, the Internet Society will continue to offer individual memberships in the $75-$500 range. Annual reminders will be sent to these members asking them to continue their support at their existing or higher level. However, since no additional services are attached to these higher levels, the payments are treated as donations and not dues payments.
As a consequence of the vote of resolutions 02-5 and 02-9, Brian welcomes Jim Galvin as VP of chapters, and Phillipe Courtot as a member of the new board.
IV.Resolution of a conflict of interest allegation
There was a point raised during the previous meeting of the Board that George's participation to another non-profit organization, GIPI, might be a conflict of interest. Inquiry with our lawyers showed that such participation was not in fact a conflict of interest. George wanted that the board confirms the absence of conflict of interest. A motion was proposed by George and seconded by Latif. The motion was approved by 13 votes; Christine Maxwell abstains.
Resolution 02-10, Dismissal of accusation against George Sadowsky.
RESOLVED, that the charges expressed at the December 2001 Board meeting regarding possible conflict of interest or abrogation of fiduciary responsibility with respect to ISOC on the part of George Sadowsky are without merit.
Brian suggests that any further accusation of conflict of interest should be presented in advance, to allow time for a proper defense, and that the matter should be treated in an executive session.
V. Financial report.
Mike Conn, treasurer, presents the financial report. The auditors found ISOC financial procedures and records satisfactory, which for Mike speaks to the credit of Lynn St.Amour's hard work, despite severe budget constraints. The certification of the December 31 2001 financial statement was delayed until resolution of a dispute. The auditors found that the Internet Society was still in a critical condition, with liabilities exceeding assets by $269,575. However, there was a sizeable surplus in 2001, and the financial status of the society has improved markedly. The clear recommendation is to continue to manage to annual financial surplus.
The history of ISOC shows that there were slight losses in 1995, 1996, 1997 when assets became negative for the first time, back to positive in 1998, and a large deficit in 1999 caused by the losses of the INET conference in San Jose plus investments in a strategic program, causing the net assets to drop negative by over $1M. There has been constant recovery since, but it will still be at least two years, maybe three, until the balance becomes positive again.
Following this presentation, Brian asserts that our goal should be to build assets of at least $1M.
VI.Approval of election procedures
Alan Greenberg, chair of the election committee, presents the procedures approved in February, and a set of urgent decisions made on the fly by the executive committee: prolongation of nomination period by 5 days, prolongation of petition period 2d, delay of final slate release 1d. We assigned a weight of 1 to start-up members. We also realized that there was a possibility of a tie, and the election chair wanted a procedure to deal with a tie, i.e. to use a random draw in case of a tie. Alan proposes that we approve these changes, George approves. Brian comments that approving these changes effectively is an approval of this year's election process; however, it is clear that we need to take into account this year's observation into design procedures for the next years. 12 vote for, Wawa Ngenge and Tarek Kamel abstain.
Resolution 02-11 Approving Adjustments to the Elections Procedures
RESOLVED that the Board of Trustees approved the adjustments to the 2002 elections procedures extending the nomination period by 5 days and the petition period by 2 days, delaying the of final slate release by 1 day, assigning a weight of 1 to start-up members, and using a random draw in case of a tie
VII. Nomination committee report
The nomination committee had a tough job this year, as it was handling three selections: candidates for the chapter slate, the organization members slate, and also suggestion of nominations by the board. The nomination committee worked hard; the result of the election shows a good balance between candidates proposed by the nomination committee and nominations by petition.
Brian proposes a motion, that the Board thanks the committee for its work; Rosa seconds it; the motion is approved unanimously:
Resolution 02-12 Congratulating the nomination committee and its chair
RESOLVED that The Board expresses its appreciation for their service to the members of the nomination committee, Vint Cerf, Leslie Daigle, Jose Luis Pardos, Wawa Ngenge, Amy Weisenberg and Ron Weissman; and to its chair, Christine Maxwell.
VIII. Governance procedures and elections
During the December 2001 meeting, the board set up a "governance committee", chaired by Alan Greenberg, to propose processes and transition processes for the establishment of trustees. Alan reports that the committee worked on a tight schedule, resulting in a start of the election procedure by March 5. The election process was conducted according to the following schedule:
Announce Election Tue 05-Mar-02
Stop accepting nominations Tue 09-Apr-02
Announce initial slate Fri 12-Apr-02
End accepting petitions Sun 21-Apr-02
Final slate to Elections Committee Mon 22 -Apr-02
Mail ballots Sun 28-Apr-02
Election day Tue 28-May-02
Announce results Fri 31-May-02
End receiving challenges Mon 10-Jun-02
Reply to challenges Mon 17-Jun-02
Annual General Meeting Mon 17-Jun-02
For the chapters election, 50 ballots were distributed, and 27 ballots cast, 24 by e-mail, 2 on paper, and 1 both on paper and via e-mail; 2 additional ballots were received after the deadline. For the organization members election, 175 ballots were sent to 117 members, some of which have several representative; each organization could cast only one ballot. There were 71 ballots cast, including 39 by e-mail, 27 on papers, and 5 cast both on paper and by e-mail. Chapters tended to wait the end of the month to vote, while the org votes kept at about the same rate through period.
There were a few problem and glitches in the implementation of the elections, notably:
Confusion over parallel nominations and petition processes
Setup problems with discussion lists (omitting some candidates and Elections Committee)
E-mail voting lists set-up problems (not affecting electorate or voting)
No initial provision for involvement of chapter members in discussion lists
Perceived irregularities in nominations process
Different perceptions of the role of Trustees and Election officials with regard to their participation in election discussion lists
Issues regarding eligibility of Organization Members and Chapters to participate in the election
Questions of whether ballots were received
During and after the election, several protests were lodged by candidates. None resulted in formal challenges. All raised at least some valid issues that need to be addressed in the formal election procedures and Election Committee practices. We had 2 formal challenges from Stefan Probst, both of which were in fact technically invalid because he challenged under the old rules, but Lynn processed them nevertheless, and eventually responded negatively to both. Various other comments from candidates and some electors also raised valid issues that need to be addressed.
Rosa remarks that the amount of e-mail was so large that the important message may have been drowned in the volume.
Brian proposes a motion, that the Board thanks the committee for its work; Christine seconds it; the motion is approved by all trustees, except Alan who abstains:
Resolution 02-13 Congratulating the election committee and its chair
RESOLVED that The Board expresses its appreciation for their service to the members of the election committee, Don Heath and George Sadowsky, and to its chair, Alan Greenberg.
IX. President & CEO's report
Lynn starts her report by an analysis of the evolution of ISOC's revenues over the last 6 years, following on from Mike Conn's earlier presentation. She comments that the revenue decreases from 1999 to 2001 reflects the evolution of our outsourcing of INET, as we gradually stopped collecting registrations and later revenues internally. 2001 results were good and beat budget. The revenues were 100K less than expected, but the expenses were cut by 195K. However, cash was extremely tight throughout the year.
The revenues per pillar show unrestricted surpluses of $169K for standards, $125K for educ, $84K for public policy, $48K for membership, for a total unrestricted surplus of $428K.
Org. Member Revenue trends: the revenues peaked in 2000 with Platinum membership and dropped slightly in 2001, following the general problems in the industry. Lynn projects a further slight decrease of revenues in 2002 but believes that this will be minimized given new member benefits we expect to introduce. INET 2001 eventually generated a surplus of $60,635; this is slightly better than break-even if we take into account indirect costs, e.g. staff time. NDSS produces a direct surplus of $20K.
At the end of 2001, the EOY cash was $419K. The unrestricted fund balance improved to -$380K representing excellent progress.
The critical period lies ahead as the seasonal nature of expenses and revenues always leaves us extremely tight over the summer.
Lynn recalls the history of ISOC since its foundation in 1992. We had some great successes, but also some significant problems: a sizeable turnover of individual members (40% per year), increasing competition from other orgs with overlapping missions, and recently the dot com bust. The governance was reformed in 1997, when the founding members gave up their board seat and their veto rights; however, there still was no representation of the org members in ISOC's governance structure. The organization of ISOC's activities into 4 pillars was adopted in June 2000 when the board also imposed strict financial imperatives. Reforms were clearly needed, with the goal of correcting the imbalances in our governance model, strengthening the chapters, and increasing linkages to our technical roots, as this is the basis of our organization and our purpose. The reform process started during the June 2001 meeting of the BoT in Stockholm, and was continued with decisions adopted in December 2001 in SLC. It continues today and you'll hear a lot more about this over the course of the Board meeting.
Summary of Resolutions
Resolution 2002-1: Congratulating Tomaz Kalin, George Sadowsky, and Mike Todd
Resolution 2002-2: Resolution 02-2 Adopting the draft governance procedures
Resolution 2002-3: Defining membership of the Elections Committee
Resolution 2002-4: Confirmation of nominations of IAB members
RESOLVED, that the Board of Trustees confirms the appointment of the following individuals to serve on the IAB, as advised by the IETF Nominations Committee: Leslie Daigle, Ted Hardie, Charlie Kaufman, James Kempf, Mike St. Johns, Eric Rescorla
Resolution 2002-5: Nomination of Jim Galvin as VP for chapters and IM
RESOLVED, that the Board of Trustees ratifies the appointment of Jim Galvin to the position of VP – Chapters and Individual Membership.
Resolution 2002-6: Procedures for the IAB/IETF selection of Trustees for the Board
Resolution 2002-7: Clarification of individual membership issues
Resolution 2002-8: Nomination of Philippe Courtot to the Board of Trustees
Resolution 2002-9: Dismissal of accusation against George Sadowsky.
Resolution 2002-10: Approving Adjustments to the Elections Procedures
Resolution 2002-11: Congratulating the nomination committee and its chair
Resolution 2002-12: Congratulating the election committee and its chair
Resolution 2002-13: Congratulating Mike Conn:
RESOLVED that the Board expresses its appreciation to Mike Conn for his services as Treasurer.


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Shortly before arriving in Banff I read a post on NPR's jazz blog that asked, "What's the first John Coltrane album you fell in love with?" Now Coltrane's status, by this point, is so indisputably canonic that it's kind of funny we have to ask this question. We could ask it regarding Miles or anyone else with a big varied discography, but if you read the post, the implication is different here. There is this idea that you probably had to hear more than one Coltrane record in order to fall in love with him; the music isn't easy, you need an entry point. That's what the author says, anyway -- that he heard the usual starter albums, the famous titles like Blue Train and Giant Steps and A Love Supreme, but it wasn't until he heard Live at Birdland that he was truly hooked.
This is also my experience. I have had the classic Coltrane albums for a long time, but have never fallen in love with any of them--despite having done so with a couple later albums by McCoy Tyner which, I now see, were clearly (heavily) influenced by close connection to Coltrane's ideas. Interesting, I thought. I got Live at Birdland and liked it a lot. Particularly "Alabama" made a strong impression -- the NPR post embeds a video of the tune that is stunning to watch.
It occurred to me that maybe I'd found my way into the Coltrane repertoire with this disc -- but I remained relatively unaffected.
I remain caught between bitterness at the universe for not exposing me to this incredible piece of music earlier and gratefulness for receiving it now, during this specific chapter in my life.
Obviously, it happened. This was the album that made me love Coltrane's music. Now I've returned to the others that have floated in my iTunes ever since I've had iTunes and heard them differently as well. Crescent is an absolute masterpiece of musical atmosphere. I've rarely heard any piece that so personally and vulnerably explores such dark and moody territory while maintaining such steely, hair-raising strength. The whole band seems to have come through the same journey; each one is featured and each speaks with the same voice.
Reading a review of Live at Birdland I encountered this fairly common accusation--original author unknown--that Coltrane is perhaps "jazz's most boring genius." I nodded and entertained the thought for some time. It resonated with my experience; I had been impressed by his music, I recognized its technical greatness and influence, but it never found a place in me until Crescent. I feel immensely grateful.
I just finished a fairly average book about Coltrane. The author, who was around during the sixties, seemed preoccupied with dragging through the mud any critic who ever said something nasty about Coltrane, in spite of the decades gone by and the sax man's now unshakeable stature. But the book did offer a few genuine and touching revelations about Coltrane's musical conception, his studies, and his personality. Most memorably, the author mentions photos of Coltrane--in which he always wears an intense and dour expression--and suggests that they don't represent his personality. Actually, he was an introspective, soft-spoken and unassuming guy. Supposedly the reason he never smiled in pictures is because he was self-conscious about his bad teeth. (He had a lifelong addiction to sweets, especially sweet potato pie.) Doesn't that just break your heart?
"There is never any end. There are always new sounds to imagine, new feelings to get at. And always, there is the need to keep purifying these feelings and sounds so that we can really see what we discovered in its pure state. So we can see more clearly what we are. In that way we can give to those who listen the essence, the best of who we are. But to do that at each stage, we have to keep cleaning the mirror."
The last section of the book is a typical lament on the state of jazz since the late '60s, cataloging the shortcomings of fusion and lambasting the conservatism of everything that came after, using Wynton Marsalis as the scapegoat. I'm normally dismissive of anyone who fails to look deeper and find the interesting music occurring (in any place, at any time, in any genre) below the surface; but I actually found this narrative of '70s and '80s jazz a bit convincing and at least touching, worth consideration. Luckily I also, at around the same time, ran across this list of favorite jazz records from 1973-1990 by Ethan Iverson, pianist of the Bad Plus, an excellent corrective to anyone claiming nothing worthy was going on during those years.


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Stellar Nursery NGC 6357: Image of the Month
Published by Armagh Observatory and Planetarium on February 21, 2013 February 21, 2013
A new image from the European southern Observatory's Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA) telescope reveals the glowing clouds of gas and filaments of dust surrounding hot young stars in the stellar nursery known as NGC 6357. Infrared observations like this can reveal features that cannot be seen in visible-light pictures, in this case because infrared radiation can penetrate much of the covering of dust that shrouds the object.
NGC 6357's inner star forming region glows with the emission of ionized hydrogen gas. (Image credit: ESO/VVV Survey/D. Minniti. Acknowledgement: Ignacio Toledo)
Located around 8000 light years away in the constellation of Scorpius , NGC 6357 (sometimes called the Lobster Nebula ) is a typical stellar nursery, filled with vast clouds of gas and tendrils of dark dust. Clouds like these are where stars are formed. Many of these new stars are gigantic hot stars which blaze a brilliant blue-white. One such bright young star in NGC 6357, known as Pismis 24-1, was thought to be the most massive star known but has turned out to be at least three huge bright stars, each with a mass approaching 100 times that of our Sun. Even so, these stars are still extraordinarily large, in fact they are still some of the most massive in our galaxy.
This beautiful image was taken as part of a VISTA survey that is currently charting the central bulge and some of the plane of the Milky Way in an effort to map our galaxy's structure and explain its formation.
(Article by Colin Johnston, Science Communicator)
Categories: Nebulae
Tags: ESOinfraredScorpiusNGC 6357stellar nursery
63d32030bbc8f
Prospecting for Interstellar Oil
Burcu Gunay, Ege University, Turkey We have developed a new method to look for carbon compounds in space, akin to prospecting for oil on Earth. Between the stars lie vast amounts of interstellar gas and Read more…
5 Interesting NGC Objects!
NGC stands for the New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, which is an astronomical catalogue of deep sky objects and was compiled in 1888 by the 4th director of the Armagh Observatory John Dreyer. To this day the NGC catalogue is still used by Read more…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Computed Tomography (CT Scan)
Bone Mineral Densitometry (BMD)
X-ray (Digital)
Others (MRI Ultrasound Fusion Biopsy)
Radionuclide Therapy
RIS, Worklist and DICOM Solutions
Reporting and Coverage
RadLink wins Healthcare Asia's Diagnostics Provider of the Year 2021
June 21, 2021 /in Uncategorized /by Radlink
by Health Care Asia Magazine
RadLink Asia Pte Ltd demonstrated excellence and innovativeness in leading Singapore's private diagnostic and molecular imaging services.
When it comes to raising the standards in the area of diagnostic imaging services, RadLink takes pride in many firsts: They were the first to offer the first-ever fully digital PET and CT scanner, Discovery MI, in the ASEAN Region. They were also the pioneers to use the first-ever SIGNA Explorer MRI in the same region, which provides maximum patient comfort through Silent Scan, a noise reduction feature that scans at less than 3 decibels above ambient and enhanced motion-free imaging.
Their dedication to providing consistent, quality outpatient imaging services has paid off in their 21 years of serving their patients. Today, the healthcare company is Singapore's leading private diagnostic and molecular imaging service provider, comprising six Diagnostic Imaging centres, one PET centre, and a Cyclotron facility. RadLink is also the country's largest provider of multi-service radiology and teleradiology services.
They are the recipients of the Healthcare Asia's Diagnostics Provider of the Year (Singapore) award this 2021.
Founded in 2000, RadLink provides radiology services to its referring doctors and patients with the highest quality of care, using state-of-the-art equipment in a comfortable setting. It focuses on providing compassionate and personalised care to every patient while minimising the anxiety one often encounters when visiting a medical facility.
RadLink believes that quality and compassionate care should go hand-in-hand. Together with a team of professional Radiologists, highly-trained Nurses and Radiographers, they aim to provide the utmost patient comfort. As a dedicated outpatient center, RadLink offers affordable pricing on imaging examinations.
RadLink's diagnostic imaging services include X-ray, Ultrasound, Mammography, Fluoroscopy, Bone Mineral Densitometry, Magnetic Resonance Imaging ("MRI"), and Computed Tomography ("CT") scans. RadLink also provides molecular imaging services such as Positron Emission Tomography ("PET") and radionuclide therapy for oncology and bone diseases.
The team of radiologists at RadLink are board-certified, fellowship-trained in subspecialties including oncology, neuroradiology (adult & pediatric), breast radiology, musculoskeletal, women, and body imaging. RadLink's advanced IT workflow management system supports multi-site worklist and reporting integration to allow maximum productivity by providing greater workflow efficiency.
RadLink partners with world-renowned diagnostic equipment manufacturers to launch cutting-edge and advanced diagnostic technology, such as the Vizamyl scan, a breakthrough making it possible for early detection of Alzheimer's Disease, cementing RadLink as a leader in Singapore's radiopharmaceutical and molecular imaging sector.
https://radlink.com.sg/portal/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/img_1072.jpg 485 728 Radlink https://radlink.com.sg/portal/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/logo-highres-2.png Radlink2021-06-21 17:44:572021-06-28 18:19:09RadLink wins Healthcare Asia's Diagnostics Provider of the Year 2021
RadLink, Singapore's Leading Imaging Center, Adapts Lunit AI to Analyze Chest X-rays and Mammograms
Contrast-Enhanced Mammogram: A New Game-Changer in Breast Imaging. Indications with Case-Based Experience
Role of mammogram and ultrasound imaging in predicting breast cancer subtypes in screening and symptomatic patients
RadLink Asia's Singapore Radiopharmaceuticals Becomes The Exclusive Manufacturer And Supplier Of Vizamyl Molecular Imaging Agent On Behalf Of GE Healthcare In Singapore
Overcoming Mammogram Fears Together – A Singaporean Family's Experience
RADLINK ASIA UNVEILS UPGRADED FACILITY FEATURING NEW FULLY-DIGITAL, PET/CT SCANNER
Discovery™ MI – ASEAN's First Fully-Digital PET/CT Scanner
Flutemetamol F18 Injection – For early onset of Alzheimer PET scan
Revolution CT – the first in Singapore
Signa Explorer – the first in S.E.A
Makeover of RadLink
Winner of Frost & Sullivan Company of the year award
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RadLink Asia's Singapore Radiopharmaceuticals Becomes The Exclusive Manufacturer... Role of mammogram and ultrasound imaging in predicting breast cancer subtypes...


October 22, 2018 — WAREHAM (CBS) – A Taunton postal worker is accused of stealing money from a woman at a Cumberland Farms while in his work uniform.
An investigation found that the suspect was an employee of the U.S. Postal Service assigned to the Taunton area.
ALWAYS assume someone is watching!!!
USPS Audit Ask: How Can USPS Improve Delivery of Packages on the First Attempt?
Lisa on Is a package deliverer required to knock?


Shortness of breath is not a symptom of getting older. People sometimes blame it on age when it actually is due to a medical condition that can be treated. Most cases of shortness of breath are due to heart or lung conditions. Your heart and lungs are involved in transporting oxygen to your tissues and removing carbon dioxide, so problems with either of these organs can impact your breathing.
Walking up a flight of stairs. Everyone occasionally gets shortness of breath after walking up a flight of stairs. Are you are consistently out of breath, more out of breath that you think you should be or has it progressively gotten worse?
Walking a moderate distance. Do you need to rest after walking around the block or across a large parking lot? Compare this distance to what you could walk six or 12 months ago.
Wheezing during exercise. Wheezing is a high-pitched whistling sound made while you breathe. Regular wheezing during exercise should be discussed with your provider.
Persistent coughing. An ongoing cough that leaves you gasping for breath can be a sign of a medical problem.
There are many things you can do to improve your lung heath, including getting regular exercise, not smoking and getting prescription medication from your primary care provider.
Always call 911 if you experience severe shortness of breath that comes on suddenly and affects your ability to function.


Samsung has priced out its full range of 2019 sound bars, including the Q-series which includes Dolby Atmos and future Amazon Alexa compatibility.
Samsung has announced pricing for its 2019 range of sound bars, which include the Dolby Atmos compatible Q-series, developed in collaboration between Samsung Audio Lab and Harman Kardon.
The Q90, Q80 and Q70 offer Dolby Atmos and DTS:X playback, which enables surround and height effects from compatible Blu-ray discs and streaming services. Even though the Q70 speaker is only 2.3 inches high, it also includes up-firing speakers.
The Q-series range (which includes the Q60) offers wireless subwoofers and Acoustic Beam technology that "uses an array of holes in the speaker to create a more dynamic, panoramic soundscape." The models also include Adaptive Sound technology, which is designed to tailor the sound to the content playing on your TV.
The Q90 is a 5.1.4 Dolby Atmos system for $1,700.
Samsung once touted Wi-Fi music on its midlevel sound bars, but the Bluetooth-only Q60 misses out, and instead the three higher models include Smart Things compatibility. Samsung says these sound bars will be able to be controlled via Alexa with an update later in 2019. In comparison, models from rivals Klipsch and LG not only offer Chromecast compatibility but also Google Assistant onboard, which gives them an edge, especially at the $500 point.
Meanwhile the R-series sound bars feature 6.5-inch wireless subwoofers and Bluetooth streaming. The R-series offers a number of different sound modes, including Smart Sound, which optimizes the audio according to the content, and Game Mode, which "delivers a highly directional sound as if gamers are wearing a headset."
In an unusual move, Samsung didn't announce any new speakers at CES in January, focusing instead on its 2019 TV range.
Updates, March 28: Samsung initially claimed that the HW-Q70R doesn't include Dolby Atmos height speakers, but later clarified that it does. Also adds that the HW-Q70R will do Wi-Fi streaming; April 9: Adds pricing and model numbers for the entire 2019 range.


Those of us who have family members diagnosed with schizophrenia know that this is a brain illness and not a behavioral disorder. We know this because we've already tried everything we're told to do and nothing helps. Except meds. Meds can help. Meds don't manage behaviors, though. Meds can help the underlying brain disorder that causes what appears to be behaviors. We all know that schizophrenia is not a behavioral disorder.
Yet we must send our loved ones to treatment at 'behavioral health' centers. The clinicians try to modify our loved ones' behaviors with punishment and reward (sadly, more punishment than reward). Parents are often still to blame and are left out of our loved ones' care. We're told we need to let go and let them fail. To me, that is unbelievable. If my family member had cancer, would I be told to let go? Would it be practical to let him fail? Of course not. The current system of care needs to change, drastically.
Or maybe not so drastically. The current system seems to be fine for some mental illnesses. Those disorders that are personality based, and not brain-based, are fine to be treated in the behavioral health system. People with mild depression or anxiety can benefit from therapy or art classes. People with chronic psychosis won't like benefit from these programs, yet funding for people with schizophrenia and similar brain illnesses often goes to yoga, gardening, and parties.
The people I know who have schizophrenia struggle with socializing. Sending them to groups isn't practical unless their illness is well-controlled. When groups were recommended for my family member, I'd tell them he already has a group in his head. So why should he go?
I have this belief that stigma would be eradicated if we move brain-based illness like schizophrenia into medicine and out of behavioral health. Stigma is the fear of being thought of as crazy. People tend to fear people with psychosis. When they see a homeless person talking to no one there, they cross to the other side of the street. People believe stigma is the cause of people not seeking treatment. That may be true. People don't want to admit they have a mental illness for fear of being thought of as they think of the person on the street corner communicating with voices.
The term 'mental illness' can mean so many things. It can include anything from stress to schizophrenia. There is recent talk of making obsessive video game playing a mental disorder. Basically, anything and everything can be a mental disorder. No wonder the system is so poor at helping people. They have such an array of things to deal with. It's like a restaurant that specializes in Mexican, Italian, Chinese, American and Indian food. When you have too broad a specialty, you can't do well on any one of those things. It's the same with mental illness treatment. Breaking up these disorders/illnesses would improve care on both sides.
If we move psychotic disorders into medicine, and leave all other mental illness in behavioral health, then eventually stigma will leave. If people with psychosis see a neurobiologist, and not a psychiatrist, then where is the joke? If you tell someone you have to see your psychiatrist, they may secretly (or openly) think you're crazy. But if you tell someone you need to see your neuropsychologist, you'll get concern. No stigma.
Why not? Alzheimer's is in medicine. Parkinson's is in medicine. Autism is in medicine. Why not schizophrenia? There have been recent discoveries of the areas of the brain effected by schizophrenia. There are 108 genetic markers for schizophrenia. No one asks for this illness. No one causes this illness. Yet, most are blamed for the illness and discriminated against. If we treated the psychosis of schizophrenia like we treat the psychosis of other illnesses (such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease, and Parkinson's), then why don't we also treat schizophrenia as a medical illness?
Why don't we treat schizophrenia as a medical illness?
The simple is answer is fear. We don't know enough about schizophrenia. Most of what we know terrifies us (the general population). What we see in movies adds to that fear. Norman Bates likely suffered from schizophrenia. Psycho was one of the most terrifying movies of all time. When we hear about school shootings, there is always speculation that the shooter has schizophrenia. (That may be true in fewer than 40% of school shootings.) One of the first questions I'm often asked when I mention my family member has schizophrenia is, "Aren't you afraid of him?". No, I'm not. He's not dangerous. He's sick. Very sick. There is so much ignorance, compounded by misinformation.
Reclassification will lead to patients who are properly educated, protected, and comprehensively assessed and treated (medically, neurologically and psychiatrically). This will not only lessen the long-term chronic burden on society and families, but restore the lives of some creative, gifted and highly intelligent human beings. Holding off on reclassification because neurology and psychiatry aren't ready to merge and the "timing isn't right" would be a very poor excuse considering the millions of patients abused, left homeless and punished within our judicial system. It's time.
It is time. It's time to move schizophrenia and all brain-based illnesses into medicine. No more stigma. No more discrimination. Actual brain illness treatment instead of behavioral modification and punishment. No more incarceration due to the way illness expresses itself.


As I am writing this, it is a week before the holiday of Thanksgiving, meaning that Winter Solstice is just around the corner. Here in the northeast section of the United States, the weather has begun to get quite chilly and we have had the first tiniest taste of snow, while in other parts of this country, the ice and wind chill has already begun to wreak havoc.
So, I thought this would be the perfect time to write about just a few of the many Winter Goddesses that abound throughout the world.
Colleda is the Goddess of Winter in Serbia.
Angerona is the Roman Goddess of the Winter Solstice. Her feast in held on December 21st, just as the sun energy begins to increase; but just before the balance tips, Angerona reminds her worshippers of how frail the natural balance of the world truly is. She is most often portrayed with her finger to her lips for silence.
Befana is called "the lady of twelfth night" in Italy. Many places in Italy still follow the Befana tradition of hanging a lady dressed in rages outside the home on January 5th. Befana delivers gifts to the children and, it is said, she will sweep up before she leaves. Many of us still have representations of Befana in our home without even being aware of who she really is. I have a small statue of her in my kitchen, which is there year-round. She is the proverbial kitchen witch.
Cailleach is the gloomy old woman, also called the winter hag. She is known at Cailleach Bheur in Scotland and Cailleach Bhera in Southern Ireland. She is also known as Baira, The Queen of Winter. She is said to rule winter between Samhain and Beltaine. She is capable of ruling the weather, as the staff that she carries freezes the ground. Before there was the groundhog, there was Cailleach. It is said that on Feburary 1st, if it is sunny and bright, the winter will be longer and that She is gathering firewood to keep herself warm for the prolonged winter.
Wah-Kah-Nee is "the drifting maiden" of the Chinook Tribe on the Pacific Coast of the United States. Her tribe was struck by a never-ending winter. The ice blocked the rivers from flowing; the cold winds killed the crops. They feared for the survival. It was said that the winter was caused by someone killing birds, but all who were questioned denied it, but a young girl was blamed. The tribe dressed her and exposed her on a block of ice as an offering to the Winter spirits. The ice broke and summer returned. Months later, a block of ice containing the girl, Wah-Kah-Nee, was found. She survived and was then treated as a sacred being by the Tribe. She could could walk unprotected through the winter months and communicate with the spirits.
Frau Holle is known throughout Germany, Austria and the surrounding countries. Snow covered the earth when she shook out a feather comforter. She rode in a wagon, on the wind and rewarded good people with gold; she invented spinning. Between December 25th and January 5th, the 12 days of Xmas, she traveled the world. She is associated with many of the evergreen plants used around Yule, such as holly and mistletoe.
These are just a few of the many Winter Goddess from around the world. I hope you have enjoyed reading about them.
I wish you all a blessed Holiday season, filled with happiness, love and joy. Keep the light burning in your heart all year long.


The Trump presidency united far-right extremists and led to a proliferation of Twitter users who self-identify as "alt-right," according to a new study.
Microsoft has given the alt-right Twitter alternative 48 hours to delete two offending posts before it shuts down the company's cloud server account.
A close reading of Kanye West's tabs reveals more than you'd expect.


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Besides exceling in top quality, bed mattress from Puffy are delivered complimentary to your door. Thus, you will be able to conserve a significant amount of loan by buying their products directly. The Puffy is a web based shop, and that is why their products come with an affordable rate. The lack of 3rd events, shops, suppliers, etc. supplies them with excellent margins which they share with their clients. Buying a Puffy Mattress is as easy as sending an e-mail. Open their site as well as there, you will certainly be able to purchase by providing three clicks or so.
The Puffy Mattress is made to do its task no matter its host surface area. Speaking you consider anything like level frames, box springtimes, flexible frames, slats or also the floor. Your cushion is mosting likely to generate same outcomes until and unless you will not decide ahead up with something from regimens like yards or open areas.
Puffy insurance claims that their bed mattress has some distinct functions which maintain sleepers back lined up while managing the pressure points by eliminating them. It refers that far better and also sound sleep can bring a really positive effect on your overall psychological and also physical health and wellness and health and wellbeing.
Another interesting aspect of Puffy, worthy to be mentioned below is that life time guarantee they are using. It is not similar to the various other standard warranties being offered these days. The bears assure for their bed mattress as long as a customer has it. Well, Puffy' s we could rule out it comparable to an orthopedic cushion but still, it has the tendency to assist you to cope with stress factor related issues as well as unnecessary discomforts.
Just like numerous various other services the Puffy is running with a very well designed CSR job. Therefore, choosing Puffy while looking for a spending plan cushion can make you join a very honorable cause.
Puffy Mattress is a prominent supplier and vendor of memory foam mattresses. The Puffy is an USA-based company, and also all of their products are made right here. Whereas, the foam which they make use of in their items is certified by CertiPUR-US. Those who are not willing to acquire and after that try can choose Puffy' s FREE 101 NIGHT SLEEP TRIAL. Under this promotional offer, consumers are permitted to take the bed mattress house for a 101 night long FREE test. As the test duration runs out unhappy customers will certainly have the ability to return their cushion for a complete return.
Apart from being good in quality, bed mattress from Puffy are delivered free to your door. The Puffy is an internet based shop, as well as that is why their products come at an affordable price. Purchasing a Puffy Mattress is as easy as sending an e-mail.
The Puffy as its stated on their site is supplying handmade bed mattress. Well, in this age of automation it is quite hard to discover real hand-made mattresses, and also that is why we think Puffy is an excellent choice. The feature-rich handmade cushions they are offering come with remarkable advantages and also a certain side over other mattresses which are produced via automated procedures.
The Puffy Mattress is made to do its work no matter of its host surface. Talking you take into consideration anything like flat frames, box springtimes, flexible structures, slats and even the floor. Your bed mattress is going to create same outcomes up until as well as unless you will not make a decision ahead up with something out of regimens like gardens or open spaces.
Another terrific feature of their products is the incorporation of that company core assistance as well as cooling cloud which makes the bed mattress capable for adjusting each factor of your body completely, allowing you forget you assume that you get on a bed mattress. Regarding the cooling system of Puffy' s bed mattress is worried, they have their own patented innovation known as the air conditioning cloud( tm). The air conditioning cloud works especially. On the one hand, it presses warm out of your mattress while on the various other hand, its cloud gel layer helps you in preserving your body temperature at an optimum degree.
Puffy cases that their bed mattress has some unique functions which maintain sleepers back lined up while taking care of the pressure factors by removing them. It is a matter of the reality that far better as well as sound sleep could bring a very favorable effect on your total psychological and also physical wellness as well as well-being.
The bears ensure for their mattress as long as a customer possesses it. Well, Puffy' s we could not consider it as good as an orthopedic cushion but still, it tends to help you to deal with stress point associated concerns and undue discomforts.
Simply like lots of various other services the Puffy is running with a quite possibly made CSR job. Yearly the business invests a particular share of its income to purchase beds for the children in requirement. They, do it by donating to a number of children shelters. Hence, choosing Puffy while seeking a budget mattress can make you sign up with an extremely worthy reason.
Believe it or not, acquiring puffy is as easy as sending out an e-mail. Go to to their site, pick a bed mattress dimension, pay online and that's all. The procedure of ordering a cushion is not that simple on numerous other on-line shops. Actually, they have assimilation with mostly all the considerable monetary instruments for settlement handling.
Puffy is a self-adjusting cushion, as well as it will obtain accustomed to your requirements within a hr or two – this includes it an excellent selection for customers from various backgrounds as well as age.
The Puffy have a strong team of professionals hectic in study and development tasks. Possibly this is the factor behind that steep understanding curve this cushion maker is adhering to.
Puffy is a self-adjusting cushion, and also it will get accustomed to your needs within an hour or so – this includes it an exceptional choice for consumers from numerous backgrounds as well as age.
The Puffy have a strong group of specialists active in study and growth tasks. Probably this is the reason behind that high learning curve this cushion manufacturer is following.
Apart from being excellent in high quality, mattresses from Puffy are delivered free to your door. The Puffy is a net based shop, and that is why their products come at a sensible cost. Acquiring a Puffy Mattress is as simple as sending out an e-mail.
The Puffy Mattress is developed to do its task regardless of its host surface. Talking you think about anything like flat structures, box springtimes, flexible frames, slats and even the flooring. Your bed mattress is going to create exact same outcomes until and unless you will not determine to find up with something out of routines like yards or open spaces.
Puffy claims that their cushion has some distinct functions which maintain sleepers spinal column aligned while handling the stress factors by eliminating them. It refers that far better as well as audio sleep could bring a very favorable influence on your total psychological and physical wellness and also wellbeing.
The bears ensure for their bed mattress as long as a customer has it. Well, Puffy' s we could not consider it as excellent as an orthopedic mattress yet still, it has a tendency to assist you to deal with stress point associated problems and also excessive discomforts.
Much like several other organisations the Puffy is operating with an extremely well created CSR job. Annually the business spends a certain share of its earnings to get beds for the youngsters in requirement. They, do it by giving away to a number of youngsters sanctuaries. Thus, preferring Puffy while looking for a budget plan bed mattress can make you sign up with a very honorable cause.
Puffy Mattress is a renowned vendor and vendor of memory foam cushions. The Puffy is an USA-based company, and all of their items are made right here. Whereas, the foam which they utilize in their items is certified by CertiPUR-US. Those who are not happy to get as well as after that try can opt for Puffy' s FREE 101 NIGHT SLEEP TRIAL. Under this promotional offer, consumers are permitted to take the mattress residence for a 101 evening long FREE test. As the test period runs out unhappy consumers will have the ability to return their bed mattress for a full return.
Apart from being great in quality, mattresses from Puffy are delivered free to your door. The Puffy is a net based store, and that is why their items come at a reasonable rate. Getting a Puffy Mattress is as simple as sending an e-mail.
The Puffy as its pointed out on their internet site is supplying handcrafted cushions. Well, in this age of automation it is quite hard to find real hand-crafted bed mattress, as well as that is why our company believe Puffy is an excellent option. The feature-rich handmade mattresses they are offering featured significant advantages and also a certain edge over various other bed mattress which are made with automated procedures.
The Puffy Mattress is developed to do its work no matter its host surface area. Talking you think about anything like flat structures, box springs, flexible frames, slats or perhaps the floor. Your cushion is mosting likely to produce very same results until as well as unless you won't choose ahead up with something from routines like yards or open spaces.
An additional terrific feature of their items is the unification of that company core assistance and cooling cloud makings the bed mattress qualified for adapting each factor of your body flawlessly, letting you forget you assume that you are on a bed mattress. As much as the cooling system of Puffy' s bed mattress is concerned, they have their very own trademarked technology called the cooling cloud( tm). The air conditioning cloud works specifically. On the one hand, it presses heat out of your bed mattress while on the other hand, its cloud gel layer assists you in maintaining your body temperature at an optimal degree.
Puffy claims that their cushion has some one-of-a-kind attributes which maintain sleepers spinal column lined up while handling the stress factors by eliminating them. It is a matter of the truth that better as well as audio sleep could bring a very positive influence on your total psychological and also physiological wellness and health and wellbeing.
An additional fascinating point regarding Puffy, worthwhile to be stated below is that lifetime guarantee they are supplying. It is not similar to the other common guarantees being supplied these days. The bears guarantee for their cushion as long as a customer possesses it. Well, Puffy' s we could not consider it comparable to an orthopedic mattress but still, it has the tendency to assist you to deal with stress point related problems as well as excessive pains.
Much like numerous other services the Puffy is operating with an extremely well created CSR job. Yearly the company spends a certain share of its earnings to get beds for the youngsters in need. They, do it by donating to a number of youngsters sanctuaries. Hence, choosing Puffy while seeking a spending plan mattress can make you join an extremely noble reason.
Log on to their web site, choose a mattress dimension, pay online as well as that's all. The procedure of buying a cushion is not that easy on numerous other on-line stores.
Puffy is a self-adjusting bed mattress, as well as it will certainly get accustomed to your needs within an hour approximately – this features it an excellent option for customers from various histories as well as age teams.
The Puffy have a solid group of professionals hectic in r & d tasks. Probably this is the reason behind that high learning contour this mattress maker is adhering to.
Puffy is a self-adjusting bed mattress, and also it will certainly obtain accustomed to your needs within a hr or so – this includes it an outstanding option for consumers from different histories and age groups.
The Puffy have a solid team of experts active in r & d activities. Perhaps this is the factor behind that steep knowing contour this bed mattress manufacturer is complying with.
Besides readying in high quality, cushions from Puffy are shipped free to your door. Hence, you will be able to save a considerable quantity of loan by getting their items straight. The Puffy is a net based shop, which is why their products come at a sensible cost. The absence of 3rd parties, stores, dealers, and so on provides them with excellent margins which they share with their consumers. Buying a Puffy Mattress is as easy as sending out an email. Open their internet site as well as there, you will have the ability to purchase by issuing 3 clicks or two.
The Puffy Mattress is made to do its job regardless of its host surface area. Talking you think about anything like flat frames, box springs, flexible frameworks, slats and even the floor. Your cushion is mosting likely to produce same results until as well as unless you won't decide to come up with something out of routines like yards or open spaces.
Puffy cases that their bed mattress has some one-of-a-kind attributes which keep sleepers spinal column aligned while handling the stress points by removing them. It is an issue of the reality that far better and sound sleep can bring an extremely positive effect on your overall psychological and physiological wellness and also wellbeing.
The bears ensure for their bed mattress as long as a consumer has it. Well, Puffy' s we could not consider it as good as an orthopedic bed mattress yet still, it often tends to assist you to deal with pressure point relevant concerns and also excessive pains.
Simply like lots of other organisations the Puffy is running with a very well made CSR project. Hence, liking Puffy while looking for a budget plan bed mattress can make you join a very noble cause.
Puffy Mattress is a prominent supplier and also vendor of memory foam bed mattress. The Puffy is an USA-based company, as well as all of their items are manufactured here. Whereas, the foam which they make use of in their items is accredited by CertiPUR-US. Those that are not happy to get and afterwards attempt can go with Puffy' s FREE 101 NIGHT SLEEP TRIAL. Under this promotional offer, customers are enabled to take the mattress residence for a 101 evening long FREE test. As the trial period ends disappointed consumers will have the ability to return their cushion for a complete return.
Apart from being good in high quality, bed mattress from Puffy are shipped complimentary to your door. The Puffy is an internet based store, and that is why their items come at a practical cost. Buying a Puffy Mattress is as simple as sending out an email.
The Puffy as its discussed on their internet site is using handmade bed mattress. Well, in this age of automation it is fairly tough to find genuine hand-made mattresses, which is why we think Puffy is a great selection. The feature-rich handmade bed mattress they are supplying featured tremendous benefits as well as a guaranteed edge over various other cushions which are made with automated procedures.
The Puffy Mattress is designed to do its job no matter its host surface. Talking you take into consideration anything like flat frames, box springs, adjustable structures, slats and even the floor. Your bed mattress is mosting likely to generate same results up until as well as unless you won't determine ahead up with something out of routines like gardens or open areas.
Another wonderful function of their products is the consolidation of that firm core support as well as cooling cloud which makes the cushion qualified for adjusting each factor of your body perfectly, letting you forget you think that you are on a bed mattress. As much as the cooling device of Puffy' s cushions is concerned, they have their very own patented technology understood as the air conditioning cloud( tm).
Puffy cases that their mattress has some special attributes which keep sleepers back straightened while handling the pressure points by eliminating them. It refers that far better and also audio rest could bring a really favorable influence on your general mental as well as physiological health and wellness and wellbeing.
The bears ensure for their mattress as long as a consumer owns it. Well, Puffy' s we can not consider it as excellent as an orthopedic cushion however still, it often tends to aid you to deal with pressure point relevant problems and also excessive pains.
Simply like several other services the Puffy is running with a very well developed CSR project. Thus, favoring Puffy while looking for a budget plan cushion can make you join a very noble reason.
Log on to their internet site, select a mattress dimension, pay online and also that's all. The procedure of ordering a bed mattress is not that straightforward on different other on-line shops.
Puffy is a self-adjusting bed mattress, as well as it will certainly get accustomed to your demands within an hour or so – this showcases it an exceptional choice for consumers from different histories and age.
The Puffy have a strong group of professionals busy in r & d tasks. Possibly this is the factor behind that high understanding curve this bed mattress maker is complying with.
Puffy is a self-adjusting mattress, and it will certainly obtain accustomed to your needs within an hour approximately – this features it an outstanding selection for consumers from various histories and age.
The Puffy have a strong group of specialists hectic in r & d activities. Perhaps this is the factor behind that high discovering contour this mattress maker is adhering to.


text:
Perspective > Medscape > Impact Factor with F. Perry Wilson
Vitamin D for COVID? We've Been Burned Before
F. Perry Wilson, MD, MSCE
Find the latest COVID-19 news and guidance in Medscape's Coronavirus Resource Center.
This transcript has been edited for clarity.
Welcome to Impact Factor, your weekly dose of commentary on a new medical study. I'm Dr F. Perry Wilson from the Yale School of Medicine.
I have a bit of a love-hate relationship with vitamin D.
A brief search of my blog will show how I have questioned the links between vitamin D and multiple sclerosis, kidney disease, schizophrenia, falls, and childhood educational attainment.
So it's no surprise, in the COVID era, that vitamin D comes up again. I was intrigued when Dr Anthony Fauci, a sober and responsible voice if ever there was one during this pandemic, reported his personal use of vitamin D. Vitamin D was also part of the presidential cocktail that Trump received during his stay at Walter Reed.
I decided to dig into the data here. But before we do, I want to tell you why I am inherently skeptical of vitamin D studies. There are two main issues:
Low vitamin D levels have been linked to so many things. Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy — fine. But low vitamin D has been linked to everything from Alzheimer's to whooping cough. It's either the most important vitamin in the world or it's a stand-in for some other important thing.
When we've tested all of these intriguing links via randomized trials, giving some people vitamin D and some placebo, they almost always showed no effect.
I feel a bit like Charlie Brown with the football here. Vitamin D has burned us before. A couple of examples:
Multiple observational studies found that people with low levels of vitamin D were more likely to develop cancer and cardiovascular disease. These were good studies, adjusting for appropriate confounders — the whole deal.
Then we got a 26,000-patient randomized clinical trial. No effect on either outcome.
Observational studies suggested that low vitamin D levels were linked to the development of diabetes. Then we got a trial of 2400 patients with prediabetes. Vitamin D supplementation had no effect.
Observational studies have found that low vitamin D levels are linked to falls. The randomized trial found no such effect. (Exercise did prevent falls, though.)
Does vitamin D save lives in general? Not really. The Women's Health Initiative Trial randomized 36,000 postmenopausal women to vitamin D vs placebo and saw no survival benefit.
Look, I'm not saying that vitamin D doesn't have its uses or that it may have some limited benefit. Randomized trials are rarely as dramatic as observational data promise. But I can't think of another exposure that has such a wide disconnect between observational and randomized data.
Because your vitamin D level is a marker of the type of life you live, and it's really, really hard to adjust for that. Sure, you can ask people how much sun and exercise they get, how varied their diet is, how much money they make — but these are pretty blunt tools.
Okay. Keeping all of that in mind, what do we know about vitamin D in COVID?
Just this week, in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, we got this study out of Spain that found that of 216 hospitalized patients with COVID-19, 80% were vitamin D deficient. Only 40% of controls were deficient. Of course, the controls weren't hospitalized. Or sick, actually.
Hernandez JL, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020.
But okay, better study. Back in September, which as of this recording was like 10 years ago, we got this study out of Chicago showing that of 489 patients with prior vitamin D testing, those who were vitamin D deficient had a 1.77 times higher risk of contracting COVID-19.
This study in PLOS One found that among 235 hospitalized patients, those with vitamin D levels less than 30 ng/mL had a 20% death rate compared with 9.7% in those with higher levels. I should point out that this article was flagged with an "expression of concern" for some data weirdness.
Okay, so we have multiple observational studies — and Anthony Fauci, for crying out loud — saying we should consider vitamin D.
And why not, really? It's cheap. It's got a pretty benign side-effect profile (though the nephrologist in me worries about kidney stones).
But when it comes to COVID, multiple factors associated with low vitamin D levels are also associated with COVID-19 infection and severity: older age, BMI, Black race, poverty, comorbidities. It's just really hard to appropriately account for all of this stuff statistically.
So I'm gun shy on vitamin D. I'd love a randomized trial. Right now, we have one. Two, if you squint.
The one randomized trial is this one, out of Spain.
A small study, 76 patients hospitalized with COVID-19, were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to vitamin D + azithromycin + hydroxychloroquine (don't get me started) vs azithromycin + hydroxychloroquine alone. Of the 50 people in the vitamin D group, just one went to the ICU. Compare that with 13 of the 26 in the non-vitamin D group.
There were zero deaths in the vitamin D group and two in the non–vitamin D group. I should note that the non–vitamin D group was a bit higher-risk at baseline, with more individuals with diabetes and hypertension. But honestly, it's the effect size that surprises me here. I mean, reducing the risk for ICU admission from 50% to 2%? That's just a staggering amount. So we're in the space of: Is this a miracle drug or is there a problem with the study we don't know about? And miracles are in short supply these days.
Just to throw some cold water on that study, we have this one, still in preprint, which used Mendelian randomization to look at whether vitamin D might have a causal link with COVID severity in over 400,000 individuals.
In this study design, you compare people who are genetically predisposed to lower vitamin D levels with those who are not. That takes lifestyle stuff out of the equation. Interestingly, people genetically destined to have low vitamin D levels were less likely to be hospitalized with COVID-19 or to develop severe disease. Not peer-reviewed yet, grain of salt, etc.
Butler-Laporte G, et al. doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.08.20190975
Bottom line? We know that people with low vitamin D levels are at higher risk for bad outcomes in COVID-19. We still don't know whether vitamin D supplementation will change that risk. There is some promise here, but the lifestyle vitamin has burned us before, so proceed with 400 international units of caution.
F. Perry Wilson, MD, MSCE, is an associate professor of medicine and director of Yale's Program of Applied Translational Research. His science communication work can be found in the Huffington Post, on NPR, and here on Medscape. He tweets @methodsmanmd and hosts a repository of his communication work at www.methodsman.com.
Medscape © 2020 WebMD, LLC
Cite this: F. Perry Wilson. Vitamin D for COVID? We've Been Burned Before - Medscape - Oct 28, 2020.
Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine; Director, Clinical and Translational Research Accelerator, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Disclosure: F. Perry Wilson, MD, MSCE, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
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text:
Tax proceedings
Income tax on legal persons
Capital companies
Merging and transforming companies
Fiscal penal law
Administrative law regulates the contacts of citizens with the state.
+48 784 ... Show the number
A characteristic element of these relations is the disproportion of strength between the citizen and the state. In such a confrontation, the citizen is in a losing position. One of the functions of administrative law is to create conditions in which the citizen and state may conduct a dispute on equal terms.
We encounter administrative law in every situation in which the decision of public administration is required. When we pay any kind of tax or local administrative fee we enter the realm of administrative law. Issues related to construction law, such as the issuance of building permits or the demarcation of access roads, are all a part of administrative law. Everyday affairs which we conduct in county and city offices are administrative affairs in which the citizen is a party. The parties to administrative proceedings are awarded an entire range of rights. As administrative proceedings conducted by public administration to a certain degree resemble court proceedings, the skillful use of these rights may have a decisive impact on the result of the proceedings. In particular, it is important to remember that generally public administration is obliged to act in the interest of citizens. This primarily means that the administration must take the interests of citizens into account. Public administration should strive to resolve issues in a way which convinces the citizen that the administration has their case properly. It is unacceptable for public authorities to issue a decision which is unfavorable for the citizen without adequate justification. Administrative law requires the authority issuing the decision to take into account relevant legislation as well as the public interest and private interest of the citizen whose case is under consideration.
This takes on particular significance in dealings with the inland revenue. Decisions made regarding tax obligations rarely meet with the approval or understanding of the citizen. Nonetheless, it is desirable for the organ to convince the citizen of the fairness of its decision, and to persuade the citizen to voluntarily execute the decision without the need to make use of administrative execution. Tax law is the largest and most important subset of administrative law.
One tangible effect of contact with the world of administrative law, as compared to other branches of the law, is that cases are tried in administrative courts and not in common courts. Administrative courts operate in a slightly different way than common courts; specifically, they may not change administrative decisions and decide cases based on merit. They only check whether public administration have acted in a given case in accordance with the law. Although this sometimes means that individuals whose cases have been heard in an administrative court feel unsatisfied after a decision is made, these courts play an unusually important role. They are safeguards of the principles of administrative procedure and take care to ensure that public administration acts in accordance with the law.
Administrative law on the one hand must ensure order and stability in the functioning of the state, and on the other hand must ensure that the authorities of the state do not exploit their dominant position against the interests of citizens.
Adam Pakulski
Attorney-at-law (LL.M)
Jakub Kilarski
Attorney-at-law
Królowej Jadwigi 237,


text:
First Presbyterian Church of Oakland
View Edit
CC SA-BY Our Oakland
The First Presbyterian Church of Oakland is a large Presbyterian Church on Broadway between 26th and 27th Streets. The adjacent offices are home to Habitat for Humanity East Bay - Silicon Valley.
The building is a large English Gothic structure designed by William C. Hays and completed in 1914. Its huge organ has over 4,000 pipes, the largest of which are 32 feet tall.
First Presbyterian Church (1892) 1First Presbyterian was the first congregation in Oakland in 1853, and started small, meeting in a tent near the waterfront. Later that year they met in a schoolhouse owned by Horace Carpentier, and the Rev. Samuel B. Bell conducted the first communion service to a congregation of 13 people. The church was organized by Rev. Edward B. Walsworth. The first church building was at 6th and Harrison. Circa 1876 the church was at 14th and Franklin.
The Rev. Laurentine Hamilton was pastor from 1865-1869, when he was forced to resign his ordination for heresy. Much of the congregation left with him to form the First Independent Presbyterian Church, later the First Unitarian Church of Oakland.
The Rev. Daniel Poor was pastor from 1869-1873.
The Rev. James Eells, D.D. was pastor from 1873-at least 1884. In 1884 the church was at Broadway and 13th Street.
Rev. Francis A. Horton was the pastor in 1887; he lived at 1357 Franklin Street.
They moved a number of times before constructing the present building on Broadway, which was completed in 1914. The original plans for the building included a taller steeple, but some members of the congregation felt they were spending too much on the building and not enough on their missions, so a smaller steeple was built instead.
Commemorative plate honoring First Presbyterian as the first church in Oakland (source: Etsy listing)
Source: Facebook Detail of First Presbyterian commemorative plate (source: Etsy listing)
When the current building was originally constructed, 27th Street did not connect between Broadway and Telegraph Avenue, so the church was usually described as being at the intersection of 26th and Broadway. Note the house that formerly existed north of the church, as shown in the circa 1940s photo posted in the Oakland History group on Facebook.
Oakland Connections
Members of the congregation have included:
Robert Smilie and family
interior and pipe organ
CC SA-BY Our Oakland stained glass window
CC SA-BY Our Oakland stained glass with history
First Presbyterian Church of Oakland website
about the organ, Rosales Organ Builders website
100 Years of Achievement and Challenge: A Brief History of the First Presbyterian Church of Oakland, California, Ben F. Edwards 1953
Oakland Public Library, Oakland History Room and Maps Division
notable building
pill hill
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text:
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act: translation
(1930) U.S. legislation that raised import duties by as much as 50%, adding considerable strain to the worldwide economic climate of the Great Depression.
Despite a petition from 1,000 economists urging Pres. Herbert Hoover to veto the act, it was passed as a protective measure for domestic industries. It contributed to the early loss of confidence on Wall Street and signaled U.S. isolationism. Other countries retaliated with similarly high protective tariffs, and overseas banks began to collapse. In 1934 Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Trade Agreements Act, which reduced such tariffs.
▪ United States [1930]
formally United States Tariff Act of 1930 , also called Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act
U.S. legislation (June 17, 1930) that raised import duties to protect American businesses and farmers, adding considerable strain to the international economic climate of the Great Depression. The act takes its name from its chief sponsors, Senator Reed Smoot of Utah, chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, and Representative Willis Hawley of Oregon, chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. It was the last legislation under which the U.S. Congress set actual tariff rates.
The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act raised the United States's already high tariff rates. In 1922 Congress had enacted the Fordney-McCumber Act, which was among the most punitive protectionist tariffs passed in the country's history, raising the average import tax to some 40 percent. The Fordney-McCumber tariff prompted retaliation from European governments but did little to dampen U.S. prosperity. Throughout the 1920s, however, as European farmers recovered from World War I and their American counterparts faced intense competition and declining prices because of overproduction, U.S. agricultural interests lobbied the federal government for protection against agricultural imports. In his 1928 campaign for the presidency, Republican candidate Herbert Hoover (Hoover, Herbert) promised to increase tariffs on agricultural goods, but after he took office lobbyists from other economic sectors encouraged him to support a broader increase. Although an increase in tariffs was supported by most Republicans, an effort to raise import duties failed in 1929, largely because of opposition from centrist Republicans in the U.S. Senate. In response to the stock market crash of 1929, however, protectionism gained strength, and, though the tariff legislation subsequently passed only by a narrow margin (44–42) in the Senate, it passed easily in the House of Representatives. Despite a petition from more than 1,000 economists urging him to veto the legislation, Hoover signed the bill into law on June 17, 1930.
Smoot-Hawley contributed to the early loss of confidence on Wall Street and signaled U.S. isolationism. By raising the average tariff by some 20 percent, it also prompted retaliation from foreign governments, and many overseas banks began to fail. (Because the legislation set both specific and ad valorem tariff rates [i.e., rates based on the value of the product], determining the precise percentage increase in tariff levels is difficult and a subject of debate among economists.) Within two years some two dozen countries adopted similar "beggar-thy-neighbour" duties, making worse an already beleaguered world economy and reducing global trade. U.S. imports from and exports to Europe fell by some two-thirds between 1929 and 1932, while overall global trade declined by similar levels in the four years that the legislation was in effect.
In 1934 President Franklin D. Roosevelt (Roosevelt, Franklin D.) signed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, reducing tariff levels and promoting trade liberalization and cooperation with foreign governments. Some observers have argued that by deepening the Great Depression the tariff may have contributed to the rise of political extremism, enabling leaders such as Adolf Hitler (Hitler, Adolf) to improve their political strength and gain power.
Smollett, Tobias (George)
Smrti
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act — The Smoot Hawley Tariff Act (sometimes known as the Hawley Smoot Tariff Act) [ch. 497, USStat|46|590, June 17, 1930, see usc|19|1654] was an act signed into law on June 17 1930, that raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record… … Wikipedia
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act — Die Initiatoren Willis C. Hawley (links) und Reed Smoot im April 1929, kurz bevor der Smoot Hawley Tariff Act das Repräsentantenhaus passierte. Der Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act war ein am 17. Juni 1930 erlassenes Gesetz in den USA, mit dem die US… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act — U.S. law enacted in June 1930 which caused an increase in import duties by as much as 50%. The Smoot Hawley Tariff Act goal was to increase U.S. farmer protection against agricultural imports. Once other sectors caught wind of these changes, a… … Investment dictionary
Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act — The Payne Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909 (ch. 6, 36 Stat. 11), named for Representative Sereno E. Payne (R NY) and Senator Nelson W. Aldrich (R RI), began in the United States House of Representatives as a bill lowering certain tariffs on goods… … Wikipedia
Reciprocal Tariff Act — The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (enacted June 12, 1934, ch. 474, USStat|48|943, usc|19|1351) provided for the negotiation of tariff agreements between the united States and separate nations, particularly Latin American countries. [ The… … Wikipedia
Hawley-Smoot — Loi Hawley Smoot La loi Hawley Smoot (en anglais Hawley Smoot Tariff ou Smoot Hawley Tariff Act), promulguée aux États Unis en 1930, a augmenté les droits de douane à l importation de plus de 20 000 types de biens. De nombreux pays, par… … Wikipédia en Français
Tariff — For other uses, see Tariff (disambiguation). Taxation An aspect of fiscal policy … Wikipedia
act — /akt/, n. 1. anything done, being done, or to be done; deed; performance: a heroic act. 2. the process of doing: caught in the act. 3. a formal decision, law, or the like, by a legislature, ruler, court, or other authority; decree or edict;… … Universalium
ACT — 1. American College Test. 2. Association of Classroom Teachers. 3. Australian Capital Territory. * * * (as used in expressions) sacramental act Ballot Act British North America Act Canada Act Constitution Act Civil Rights Act of 1964… … Universalium
Tariff of 1833 — Speaker of the House Henry Clay Vice … Wikipedia


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Q: get value from a array stored in database I have a value stored in database from which i want to get value of a key of that array using mysql query . The value is
{"key":"754rtgsdsds?clientAccnum=940122","clientSubacc":"0005","eventType":"NewSaleSuccess","eventGroupType":"Subscription","accountingCurrency":"USD","accountingCurrencyCode":"840","accountingInitialPrice":"29.95","accountingRecurringPrice":"24.95","address1":"321 Hurley Street","billedCurrency":"USD","billedCurrencyCode":"840","billedInitialPrice":"29.95","billedRecurringPrice":"24.95","cardType":"MASTERCARD","city":"Cambridge","clientAccnum":"98989","country":"US","email":"sd","firstName":"David","formName":"201cc","initialPeriod":"30","ipAddress":"65.96.161.24","lastName":"Pendleton","nextRenewalDate":"2014-12-02","password":"mark3mark","paymentType":"CREDIT","postalCode":"02141","priceDescription":"29.95(USD) for 30 days then 24.95(USD) recurring every 30 days","rebills":"99","recurringPeriod":"30","referringUrl":"","reservationId":"02143067100090003425","state":"MA","subscriptionCurrency":"USD","subscriptionCurrencyCode":"840","subscriptionId":"021430670100000601309","subscriptionInitialPrice":"29.95","subscriptionRecurringPrice":"24.95","subscriptionTypeId":"00000001870","timestamp":"2014-11-02 10:46:09","transactionId":"0214306701000006013","username":"figofani","X-variableToPassNamesAsString":"clientAccnum:clientSubacc:formName:regionalPricingProfileId:regionalPricingList:","X-session":"fromBillingCascade","X-x_enc":"74d5d917b514206d3be4e000d9a5bee1","X-clientCascadeConfigurationId":"17159","X-region-option":"on","X-externalCascadeFlowId":"13967","X-previousCascadeProcessorId":"1","X-payment-option2":"on","X-previousCascadeProcessorName":"CCBill","X-billingCascade":"1","X-cascadeProcessorId":"1","X-emailConfirmationSessionId":"74d5d917b514206d3be4e000d9a5bee1","X-join":"JOIN","X-checkAns":"true","X-cascadeProcessorName":"CCBill","X-cascadeProcessorRoleId":"1","X-stage":"1","X-enc":"74d5d917b514206d3be4e000d9a5bee1","X-isRedirected":"false"}

and the value of key which i wanted is subscriptionId . Can this be done in mysql itself ? or do we need php for it ?

A: That is a JSON string representaion of an object, you will have to read the whole column and then decode the json string so you can process it easily in PHP
So assuming you read that column from the database and into a variable called $json_string;
$obj = json_decode($json_string);

echo $obj->subscriptionId;

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