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Q: Присваивание переменным в Python значения None Является ли хорошим тоном присваивание переменным в Python значения None? Допустим, у меня есть переменная n, в которую я хочу занести какое-то значение из списка k, путём перебора циклом и проверки условия. Но я хочу и дальше использовать переменную n в своей программе. Как я знаю, в Python при объявлении переменной обязательна инициализация, но я не знаю каким значением её инициализировать. Правильна ли такая практика?

A: Решил написать ответ, потому что все-таки есть случаи, когда инициализация переменных значением None имеет смысл.

Как я знаю, в Python при объявлении переменной обязательна инициализация...

Начиная с Python 3.6 можно объявлять переменные с аннотацией типа без инициализации:
some_var: SomeType

Но тогда для проверки "инициализированности" переменной (для локальной или глобальной переменной, не поля класса) придется использовать конструкцию 'some_var' in locals() или 'some_var' in globals(), что не очень красиво, ИМХО (вообще практически никогда не стоит использовать locals() и globals()). Если проверять заполненность переменной не нужно, то это неплохой вариант (но объявление с инициализацией лучше).
Для проверки полей класса можно использовать hasattr, что на мой взгляд вполне допустимо (см. п.3 ниже).
В целом нет никаких правил, запрещающих инициализировать переменную значением None. Типичные варианты использования:

*

*Начальное значение переменной в которую будет будет записано одно из значений из последовательности при проходе по ней циклом. Типичный пример - начальное значение для максимума/минимума последовательности по какому-то критерию (можно конечно брать значение первого элемента за минимум/максимум, но тогда сначала нужно проверить, что последовательность не пустая)

*Начальное/неопределенное состояние для конечного автомата

*Начальные значения при "объявлении" полей объекта внутри метода __init__. Например PyCharm фактически требует, чтобы все поля объекта были инициализированы внутри __init__ (попытку записи в поле не объявленное внутри __init__ PyCharm выделяет как предупреждение). Можно было бы на это правило и забить (отключить в настройках), но в этом есть смысл - удобно, когда все поля объекта объявлены в одном месте.
В этом случае также имеет смысл аннотацией показывать предполагаемый
тип поля:
class SomeClass:
    def __init__(self):
        # >= Python 3.6
        self.a: int = None

        # < Python 3.6
        self.b = None  # type: int

Также начиная с Python 3.6 поля можно объявлять с аннотацией типа просто как self.a: int без инициализации, инициализированность поля в этом случае можно проверять с помощью hasattr(self, 'a') (не факт что это хороший вариант, я бы все-таки использовал вариант с инициализацией None).
Думаю, это не все варианты, возможно что-то забыл.
Также нужно понимать, что инициализация переменной значением None "на всякий случай" не убережет вас от невнимательности, и вместо падения программы с исключением NameError или AttributeError у вас может вылезти значение None там где оно совсем не ожидалось, и возможно будет сложнее отловить откуда оно взялось, чем в случае выбрасывания исключения (см. принцип Fail Fast). Я бы рекомендовал по возможности инициализировать переменные вменяемыми значениями, а не None.


What Went On at What's In Your Glass? – Newcastle's 'real' Wine Fair!
7 days to go, and it's looking pretty bleak. The response has been less than impressive in the opening few weeks of ticket sales, but people keep telling me – "don't worry, it's Newcastle, the Hunter Valley, and they always buy at the last minute". My partner in all of this, Patrick Haddock – aka, … Continue reading What Went On at What's In Your Glass? – Newcastle's 'real' Wine Fair!
The idea was simple. An informal degustation dinner to recognise four organic wineries in the Hunter Valley, and showcase their wines alongside a simple fair of food and good company. I wanted to promote the idea of wine idealism – wines that recognise their sense of time and place (terroir) in an authentic and honest … Continue reading What's In Your Glass? – Newcastle's First 'Real Wine' Event.


Blackstar's original HT Venue range of guitar amps won a lot of praise for its working-musician practicality and tonal bang-for-buck (not least from us), but the company has reworked the line for 2017 with the new MkII range.
The five-strong line-up comprises the HT Club 40 MkII, HT Stage 60 112 MkII, HT Stage 60 212 MkII, HT Club 50 MkII head and HT Stage 100 MkII head.
There are a wealth of tweaks onboard: clean channels now have bass and treble controls, plus a voice switch, while overdrive channels promise to be more responsive, each with their own voice switch.
All modes are now footswitchable (including a new boost), and a power reduction circuit allows for reduction down to 10% of the amp's wattage.
USB and XLR recording outputs are also onboard, while the whole range is more compact and lightweight, and features a newly designed "studio-quality" reverb.
Each amp is fuelled by ECC83 and EL34 valves, and offers Celestion speakers, either in combo formats or in their accompanying cabs.
We'll have verdicts on the revamped range soon, but until then, visit Blackstar Amps for more info and see below for UK RRPs.


AUSTIN, Texas — The locomotive was painted to resemble Air Force One, but George H.W. Bush joked that if it had been around during his presidency, he may have preferred to ride the rails rather than take to the skies. On Thursday, that same 4,300-horsepower machine will carry Bush's casket, along with relatives and close friends, for around 70 miles (113 kilometers). The journey through five small Texas towns was expected to take about two and a half hours. It will deliver the casket from suburban Houston to College Station.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


As one of the largest volunteer fire departments in Montgomery County and the State of Maryland, KVFD answers approximately 21,000 calls for emergency service a year. With a "first due" area of approximately 43 square miles, KVFD protects a population of 305,074 citizens out of four fire stations. Below are links to each individual station which details their location, call load, and apparatuses.


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Biografia
Kürsteiner divenne esperantista nel 1908. Successivamente fondò un gruppo di esperantisti a San Gallo e fu il segretario della Società esperantista svizzera. Dal 1934 al 1936 fu delegato dell'UEA e collaboratore dell'Enciklopedio de Esperanto.

Dal 1940 al 1947 fu presidente della Ĝeneva UEA, che, dopo lo scisma del 1936, sopravvisse accanto all'Internacia Esperanto-Ligo. Nel 1947 divenne, insieme al presidente dell'Internacia Esperanto-Ligo Louis Bastien, presidente onorario dell'UEA.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


If you have the travel bug, don't pick up any bugs while traveling.
International travelers — working or vacationing — need to be careful to avoid illnesses common in other parts of the world.
Malaria, cholera, hepatitis, yellow fever, typhus, tuberculosis, and Dengue fever are just some of the illnesses you might be exposed to in certain overseas locations. Mountain sickness is a potentially fatal risk for workers at high altitudes such as mining camps.
Keep your routine immunizations up to date. Try to anticipate travel well in advance so you can get any additional immunizations needed. Keep your own records of immunizations in addition to those filed by your doctor or company. To find out which immunizations you need, call the Center for Disease Control International Traveler's Hotline at 404-322-4559.
Be aware of the health risks where you are traveling, and how you can avoid and treat these illnesses. Pay attention to your company's briefings and printed information. Learn all you can on your own, with sources such as your local community health unit, the Internet and travel information centers.
Carry a first aid kit containing over-the-counter remedies for common illnesses. These may include a mild pain killer, something to lower fever, medicine to treat diarrhea, a sleeping aid, decongestant, ointments to treat fungal and bacterial infections, and others. Your doctor may also supply prescription medicines for preventing and treating malaria, diarrhea and infections.
Do not drink local water in areas where it may be contaminated. Also avoid fresh produce which may have been rinsed in local water, as well as ice cubes and beverages made with untreated water. Don't bathe or swim in questionable water either.
Maintain good health habits at home and abroad to keep your immune system strong. A healthy balanced diet, regular exercise and sufficient sleep and rest can give you ammunition to fight off disease.
Try not to leave home with your health already compromised. Have a medical and dental evaluation and have problems corrected before you go.
Exhaustion is a risk for those working abroad, as they try to cram more work into less time. Fatigue can lower resistance to disease — as well as increase the chances of accidents.
To maintain good health when you travel, maintain good health at home to keep your immune system strong enough to fight off disease. Start planning well in advance of the trip so you will have time for immunizations and other preparations.


Title speaks for itself. With added music from Falcon 4.0 The flying beast equipped with the newest aeronautic technologies as well as aveonics.enjoy.
My video tribute to Sukhoi Su-37 "Flanker-F".One of the best fighters in the world.


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Theatre, Cabaret & Spoken Word
Dance & Physical Theatre
Musicals & Opera
Comedy review: Jo Caulfield: Killing Time, The Stand 3 and 4
Martín Gray
Published: 15:15 Updated: 16:18 Monday 20 August 2018
Women are all about emotion. Men only communicate in facts. Well, so says Jo Caulfield, so here are a few facts about the comedian courtesy of Killing Time.
Jo Caulfield: Killing Time, The Stand 3 and 4 (Venue 12) ****
Her latest Fringe show has a title, but no overarching theme, it's just what's happened to her in the last year and random observations about life. She gets a lot of comic mileage out of her Aberdonian husband. She really doesn't think much of men who sport Peaky Blinders caps. She and the husband went to New York to celebrate their anniversary and condescension ensued. She judges you...
... And the packed house at The Stand judged her observations pretty damn funny. Caulfield is whip-smart, her stories as insightful as they are hilarious, her wicked barbs towards others balanced by a tendency to be as honest about her own failings. Of course, every comic is presenting a version of themselves, the one that will get the most laughs, but the on-stage Caulfield always rings true.
• READ MORE: The 10 best jokes of the Edinburgh Fringe 2018
With her hair newly piled atop her head, and a casual elegance, she has a look of the great Katharine Hepburn, but while Hepburn could be brilliantly waspish on screen, she didn't write her own material.
Caulfield's areas of interest this year include the wisdom of inciting foreign folk to drop by if they're ever in Scotland, the trouble with New Town bars and kiddies who expect to be worshipped. And as ever with Caulfield, there's plenty of bouncing off the audience, not literally, of course (though that might be fun). Caulfield has few peers in this area.
If you've never seen Jo Caulfield live, I could list plenty of reasons why you should. Or have I done that already?
• Until 26 August, 7:45pm
Night walk video will show viewers 'dream' Edinburgh
Want to join the conversation? Please register or log in to comment on this article.
9 lesser-known Scottish towns and villages that are worth a visit
Theme park ride snaps in half killing two people in front of horrified onlookers
21 words you'll know if your granny is from Scotland
33 of the best pubs in Scotland - according to the AA Good Pub Guide 2020
These are the 38 worst roads in Scotland for fatal vehicle accidents
Future Scotland
More from The Scotsman
Edinburgh Evening News

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Menneval est une commune française située dans le département de l'Eure, en région Normandie.

Géographie
Menneval est située à la limite entre les régions naturelles du Lieuvin et du pays d'Ouche.

Elle occupe l'extrémité d'un vaste plateau entaillé par la vallée de la Charentonne.

Le centre originel groupé autour de l'église est situé à la limite de la forêt. Il contribue à créer avec la vallée un site remarquablement préservé.

Menneval est traversée par deux axes de communication majeurs : la RN 2138 et la RD 133.

Géographiquement, Menneval fait partie de l'unité urbaine de Bernay ; administrativement, elle est incluse dans le canton de Bernay-Est.

Climat
Le climat qui caractérise la commune est qualifié, en 2010, de « climat océanique dégradé des plaines du Centre et du Nord », selon la typologie des climats de la France qui compte alors huit grands types de climats en métropole. En 2020, la commune ressort du type « climat océanique altéré » dans la classification établie par Météo-France, qui ne compte désormais, en première approche, que cinq grands types de climats en métropole. Il s'agit d'une zone de transition entre le climat océanique, le climat de montagne et le climat semi-continental. Les écarts de température entre hiver et été augmentent avec l'éloignement de la mer. La pluviométrie est plus faible qu'en bord de mer, sauf aux abords des reliefs.

Les paramètres climatiques qui ont permis d'établir la typologie de 2010 comportent six variables pour les températures et huit pour les précipitations, dont les valeurs correspondent à la normale 1971-2000. Les sept principales variables caractérisant la commune sont présentées dans l'encadré ci-après.

Avec le changement climatique, ces variables ont évolué. Une étude réalisée en 2014 par la Direction générale de l'Énergie et du Climat complétée par des études régionales prévoit en effet que la  température moyenne devrait croître et la pluviométrie moyenne baisser, avec toutefois de fortes variations régionales. La station météorologique de Météo-France installée sur la commune et mise en service en 1962 permet de connaître l'évolution des indicateurs météorologiques. Le tableau détaillé pour la période 1981-2010 est présenté ci-après.

Urbanisme

Typologie
Menneval est une commune urbaine, car elle fait partie des communes denses ou de densité intermédiaire, au sens de la grille communale de densité de l'Insee.
Elle appartient à l'unité urbaine de Bernay, une agglomération intra-départementale regroupant  et  en 2017, dont elle est une commune de la banlieue.

Par ailleurs la commune fait partie de l'aire d'attraction de Bernay, dont elle est une commune du pôle principal. Cette aire, qui regroupe , est catégorisée dans les aires de moins de .

Occupation des sols

L'occupation des sols de la commune, telle qu'elle ressort de la base de données européenne d'occupation biophysique des sols Corine Land Cover (CLC), est marquée par l'importance des territoires agricoles (40,6 % en 2018), néanmoins en diminution par rapport à 1990 (48,8 %). La répartition détaillée en 2018 est la suivante :
forêts (30,3 %), terres arables (27,7 %), zones urbanisées (18,7 %), prairies (12,9 %), zones industrielles ou commerciales et réseaux de communication (10,4 %).

L'IGN met par ailleurs à disposition un outil en ligne permettant de comparer l'évolution dans le temps de l'occupation des sols de la commune (ou de territoires à des échelles différentes). Plusieurs époques sont accessibles sous forme de cartes ou photos aériennes : la carte de Cassini (), la carte d'état-major (1820-1866) et la période actuelle (1950 à aujourd'hui).

Toponymie
Le nom de la localité est attesté en tant que Manneval vers l'an 1000 (dotalit. de Judith, Fauroux 11), Maneval en 1205 (archives de l'Eure), Saint Pierre de Meneval en 1450 (aveu de l'abbé de Bernay), Manneval en 1828 (Louis Du Bois).

Il s'agit d'une formation médiévale en -val, précédé de l'ancien adjectif main(e) « grand(e) », terme issu du gallo-roman MAGNU (lui-même du latin magnus « grand »), d'où le sens global de « grande vallée » ou de « grand vallon ». En Normandie, la forme prise par MAGNU en toponymie est le plus souvent Manne- (cf. les  et la Manneporte à Étretat), dans le Sud de l'Eure, une mutation ultérieure a affecté cet élément, d'où les . On note que l'adjectif roman maine est utilisé au féminin, en effet, -val pouvait être féminin en ancien français, comme en témoignent ,  ou Parfondeval (val profond).

Histoire

Sous le règne de Richard II, premier des chefs de la Normandie à s'intituler duc, un document qui se rapporte à un don par Judith de Bretagne (982-1017) à Notre-Dame de Bernay mentionne « Manneval ». Sous le règne de Louis IX, le commerce et l'industrie se développèrent beaucoup à Menneval où furent créées des fabriques d'étoffes et de laine. Menneval était un centre drapier réputé dans toute la France.

Au , après la mort de Mathieu de Varennes, la famille de Bréauté accède à la possession du village par mariage. Roger III de Bréauté, seigneur de Néville et de Menneval, châtelain de Bernay, était chambellan de Charles VI (1368-1422) et de Charles VII (1403-1461). Le siège d'Harfleur le mit en difficulté financière, puisqu'il dut payer une rançon aux Anglais. Aussi dut-il vendre Menneval en 1413, ses possessions à Bernay et dans d'autres villes de la région, au comte Jean VII d'Harcourt. Il se réserva cependant le droit de rachat. Deux ans plus tard, le roi clama la terre sur la vente : Menneval faisait partie du domaine royal. Henry V (1387-1422) s'appropria Menneval par son invasion de la Normandie.

En 1548, Adrien de Bréauté vendit son droit de rachat au sieur de Mainteterne, dont la famille conserva Menneval au . Henri II (1519-1559) racheta Menneval.

En 1648, Claude d'Erneville était seigneur de Menneval. Le propriétaire suivant, Louis-Jacques Grossin de Bouville (1759-1838), vécut dans son château de Rouen et donna Menneval à sa sœur, qui avait épousé en 1781 Pierre-Alexandre Dauger. Dauger était à l'époque de la Restauration président du conseil général de l'Eure.

Avant la Révolution française, Menneval était le siège d'une cour seigneuriale qui avait le droit de haute justice et pouvait décréter la peine de mort. En 1793, Menneval reçut, dans le sillage de la Révolution française, le statut de municipalité et, en 1801, le droit à l'autonomie locale.

Politique et administration

Démographie

Culture locale et patrimoine

Lieux et monuments
Cinq châteaux furent édifiés à Menneval (Menneval, Mont du Gord, Montval…)

L'église Saint-Pierre fait l'objet d'une inscription au titre des monuments historiques depuis 1927.

Château de Menneval
Le château actuel fut construit sur une terrasse dominant la vallée de la Charentonne vers 1660 par la famille de Mainteterne. En 1711, il est acquis par Louis Grossin de Saint-Thurien et échoit, par alliance, en 1781, au comte Pierre-Alexandre Dauger qui le mit au goût du jour.

En 1820, il est agrandi avec la construction d'une troisième aile et d'un grand corps de dépendances. Remanié vers 1860, il est pourvu d'une chapelle néogothique. Le comte Aldonce Dauger fut l'un des premiers à pratiquer l'élevage de pur-sang en Normandie. L'architecte Henri Jacquelin (1872-1940) est attributaire du réaménagement des pièces de réception.

Héraldique

Personnalités liées à la commune

 Gabriel Du Moulin (1575?-1660), historien, prêtre. Natif de Bernay et maître ès arts de l'université de Caen, il est ordonné prêtre en 1604. Il est curé de la commune (anciennement Maneval) et vicaire général du diocèse de Lisieux. Auteur d'une « Histoire générale de Normandie… » (Rouen, 1631) et de « Les Conquestes et trophées des Norman-François aux royaumes de Naples et de Sicile... et autres principautez d'Italie et d'Orient… » (Rouen, 1658).
 Pierre-Victorien Lottin (1810-1903), peintre orientaliste et archéologue, y a vécu de 1852 à sa mort.

Voir aussi
 Liste des communes de l'Eure

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

 Menneval sur le site de l'Institut géographique national
 Fiche héraldique de Menneval sur le site du conseil français d'héraldique

Commune dans l'Eure
Aire urbaine de Bernay
Aire d'attraction de Bernay


My first mobile post (posting from the phone, that is!). So I have moved back; bag & baggage to the gaon ( villlage) of the Gurus.
Gurgaon has been home to me on and off. However this time the husband has promised it will be different. We have moved out of our original to a spacious apartment that opens into a beautiful balcony, overlooking a park.
Welcome to GURUGRAM. I am sure you will settle down happily and spread happiness to all. Any help needed for settling down?
You are also Gurugram wasi? Waah!
Next door to you, in Dwarka. Will ultimately move to GURUGRAM. I do visit there often. I am in touch with some bloggers in your place. Please do contact on my id given in profile, if you feel comfortable.
Awesomeness! Maybe we should have a mini blogger meet and all over coffee someday soon?


text:
The Retail Renaissance: A Crash Course on Retail's Great Bifurcation
by Lindsey Peacock
Retail Tips & Trends
At this point, the "retail apocalypse" has proven to be a lingering myth. After all, the industry just finished a year with strong sales and in 2017, retail sales outpaced the growth in the U.S. GDP.
But 2018 didn't end happily ever after for every retail brand. In spite of healthy overall holiday sales, some brands like J.Crew, Sears, Macy's, and J.C. Penney announced plans to shutter hundreds of stores.
So, why do these headlines tell such disparate stories?
As many retailers reading right now can likely attest, the sector is shifting in seismic ways. Some brands are going bust while others are blossoming. That's because, rather than undergoing an apocalypse, the industry is experiencing a renaissance.
The Harvard Business Review points out that retail has reinvented itself multiple times over the last couple of centuries. Railroads and the rise of cities spawned department stores, and later the invention of automobiles led to sprawling shopping malls, pushing the likes of Woolworths and Marshall Field's into extinction. And a similar shift is happening now.
"Every 50 years or so, retailing undergoes this kind of disruption. Retailers relying on earlier formats either adapt or die out as the new ones pull volume from their stores and make the remaining volume less profitable." —HBR
Luxury retailers and budget brands are seeing encouraging growth while stores in the middle are closing by the dozens. But what's behind this bifurcation, and which brands are adapting well?
Socioeconomic realities: The dwindling middle class
As we explored in our last issue, modern shoppers are more empowered than ever; technology has put a wealth of product information and data in their immediate grasp. Shoppers are also more discerning—not just because they can be, but because the economic realities of the last decade have forced many consumers to be more conscious about how they spend their disposable dollars.
"The industry is showing weakness in some areas while demonstrating strength in others. This divergence is what we refer to as the great retail bifurcation, and we view the change as highly related to changing consumer economics." —Deloitte Insights
According to data from Deloitte Insights, the last decade was rough on 80% of U.S. consumers. The lower 40% income group struggled to keep up with expenses while the middle 40% saw its income shrink. And while incomes stagnated or decreased, the costs for many necessities now gobble up a bigger portion of the average paycheck. For example, health care costs shot up 62% while food spiked 17%.
As a result, the retail industry is mirroring this shrink in the middle class. With fewer discretionary dollars, the competition between retail brands is fierce and the need to differentiate is stronger than ever.
Amazon eats up vanilla retail brands competing on "convenience"
When attempting to understand the "why" behind this divergence in retail, you can't discount Amazon's relentless growth. According to recent data from eMarketer, Amazon was predicted to close 49.1% of all ecommerce sales in 2018 and 5% of all retail sales.
With this growing loss in market share, big-box brands that previously competed on convenience in the mid-priced tier have lost many of their sales to Amazon. Three of these traditional retailers (Sears, Radio Shack, and Payless) accounted for 6,985 of the stores that closed down in 2017.
But the growth of online shopping (and the magnetic draw of Amazon Prime) is only part of the story here. When you scratch the surface, you'll realize mid-tier retailers were already vulnerable because of their lack of differentiation and refusal to adapt. Sure, the age of Amazon has forced the industry to pay attention to ecommerce, but more brick-and-mortar stores are opening than closing and the majority of sales still happen in-person.
"...the stores that are swimming in a sea of sameness—mediocre service, over-distributed and uninspiring merchandise, one-size-fits-all marketing, look-alike sales promotions and relentlessly dull store environments—are getting crushed."
—Steve Dennis, Retail Consultant and President of SageBerry Consulting
Two roads diverged: Premium versus discount brands
As a consequence of those increasingly tightened budgets and more discerning tastes, consumers are passing over middle-of-the-road retailers that provide mid-tier products and shopping experiences.
Instead, they're opting for premium retailers peddling quality products and memorable experiences, or budget-conscious brands that offer economical shopping experiences with low prices to match.
As illustrated in the chart below by Deloitte Insights, most of the growth is concentrated at the opposite ends of the spectrum—leaving brands in the middle to adapt or die off.
Image caption: As Deloitte Insights revealed in their now seminal study on "The great retail bifurcation," both premier and price-based retailers have seen exponential growth compared to their "balanced" retail counterparts.
High-end brands, notably those with equally high-end experiences, saw their revenue grow 81%, or 40-times more than mid-tier retailers. Premium retailers that emphasize memorable in-store experiences are thriving (see Allbirds, AdoreMe, and The Sill, among many others).
On the other end of the spectrum, cost-conscious brands opened 2.5 new stores for every shop that balanced retailers opened and also saw their revenues spike by 37%. Drugstores, convenience stores, and dollar stores made up the top segments of retailers opening new locations. Off-price retailers are also seeing sales shoot up: Discount retail chain Ross saw a 7.8% revenue spike.
"Retailers should be mindful of these industry-wide trends. We see a divergence happening where consumers are choosing very low-priced items or premium items, with less consideration for products that fall in the middle."
—Arpan Podduturi, Shopify's Director of Product, Retail
Bridging the great divide
As this bifurcation continues to divide brands into two distinct categories, many retailers are staring down two divergent paths: competing on price or offering a premium experience.
While "value" stores serve a strong purpose (who doesn't love bargain hunting?), high-touch experiences offer retailers a number of benefits. While online shopping is efficient, experience-driven retail's hands-on, personalized experiences are ideal for shoppers who want something more than "click, cart, checkout."
While this may not be the right path for every retailer, picking a lane and being deliberate about your strategy can help keep your retail brand out of the barren middle.
This was originally published as the first edition of the retail newsletter. To get industry updates and analysis delivered to your inbox, subscribe today.
Lindsey Peacock
Lindsey Peacock is a writer, editor, and American expat invading the Great White North. When she isn't helping entrepreneurs build their businesses, you'll find her at the nearest dog park with Charlie, her ginger husky pup.


GIGABYTE Thin-Mini-ITX motherboards are the ideal platform for today's All-in-One, small form factor and slim profile PCs. Offering a full featured PC experience in a minimal device footprint, GIGABYTE Thin Mini-ITX motherboards are 43% thinner than traditional Mini-ITX designs. Complying with the latest Thin Mini-ITX guidelines, GIGABYTE Thin Mini-ITX motherboards offer additional flexibility making them suited to broad range of innovative PC designs.
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Notre Dame des Cryptos is a community initiative to gather crypto funds to help to rebuild Notre Dame de Paris and show the the positive social impact of the cryptocurrencies. Many people around the world are willing to fund the rebuild of Notre Dame. Bitcoin is a global and universal cross-borders solutions, reliable against censorship. This makes BTC the ideal tool to raise fund for a global cause around the world.
For security and transparency our multisignatures a wallet has been created and secured by Le Cercle du Coin, a French cryptocurrency association.
All the funds will be transfered in euros on May 20th 2019 to the Fondation du Patrimoine, the official community initiative that is in charge of Notre Dame de Paris restoration.


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text:
Q: CAML get child folders count I want to query all folders from a document library and I am using following query
<Where>
<Eq>
    <FieldRef Name="ContentType" />
    <Value Type="Text">Folder</Value>
</Eq>
</Where>

I get 2 root folders, folder 1 has a child folder and 2 files and folder 2 has no folder but 1 file, Can I get the number of child folders and files with each folder with a CAML query? for example folder 1 should give me 3 and folder 2 should give me 1 and if there is no child file or folder it should give me 0.

A: Written a console for you. You can use it as per your need
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        using (SPSite site = new SPSite("http://spserver:1111/"))
        {
            using (SPWeb web = site.OpenWeb())
            {
                SPList lib = web.Lists.TryGetList("TestLibrary");

                SPQuery query = new SPQuery();
                query.Query = "<Where><Eq><FieldRef Name='ContentType' /><Value Type='Text'>Folder</Value></Eq></Where>";
                SPListItemCollection coll = lib.GetItems(query);
                if (coll != null && coll.Count > 0)
                {
                    foreach (SPListItem item in coll)
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("Parent Folder : " + item.Folder.Name);
                        getChildFolder(web, item);

                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    static void getChildFolder(SPWeb web, SPListItem item)
    {
        SPQuery query = new SPQuery();
        query.Query = "<Where><Eq><FieldRef Name='ContentType' /><Value Type='Text'>Folder</Value></Eq></Where>";
        query.Folder = item.Folder;
        SPListItemCollection coll = item.ParentList.GetItems(query);
        if (coll != null)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("\tChild Folder : " + coll.Count);
            //foreach (SPListItem folderItem in coll)
            //{
            //    Console.WriteLine("\tChild Folder : " + folderItem.Folder.Name);
            //}
        }
    }

This will give you count for each parent folder.
Folder Structure in my library:

Output:

A: <View Scope="RecursiveAll">
<ViewFields>
    <FieldRef Name="FileLeafRef" />
    <FieldRef Name="FileDirRef" />
    <FieldRef Name="ItemChildCount" />
</ViewFields>
<Query>
    <Where>
        <Eq>
            <FieldRef Name="FileDirRef" />
            <Value Type="Text">/sites/devsite/Shared Documents</Value>
        </Eq>
    </Where>
</Query>
</View>

<FieldRef Name="ItemChildCount" /> is what I was looking for.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


HAPPY ELEPHANTS! Watching elephants bathe in the Maya Oya River is a great experience. Most of all I love to watch the juveniles who are just like any other young creatures. So eager to get into the river, they rush through the village with the rest of the herd, jostling each other to get ahead and be the first in the water. At first they seem to just adore to be surrounded by water thoroughly loving this twice daily ritual, continually taking water up their trunks and swishing it back over their bodies. What a great feeling that must be?
Catch up with my blog & find out more about elephants!
The Sri Lankan elephant (Elephas Maximus Maximus) is a subspecies of the Asian Elephant.
symbols of wisdom, power and wealth.
in brightly coloured cloth decorated with light bulbs. When a much loved Maligawa Tusker named Raja died in 1998, the government declared a national day of mourning. His stuffed remains are kept in a special museum within the grounds of the Temple of the Tooth.
Today there are a few thousand elephants in the wild and several hundred in captivity.
Pinnawela Elephant Orphanage has the largest herd of captive elephants in the world. It cares for more than 80 elephants, from majestic old tuskers to playful newborns. Most of the elephants who live at Pinnawela have been orphaned or injured in the wild.
Visitors are welcome to watch their bathing routine (after which the elephants cover themselves with dust to prevent insect bites). Elephants are so important in Sri Lankan culture that local schoolchildren are taken along to learn about how the elephants are cared for. There are also daily feeding sessions when the baby elephants are fed from oversized babies' milk bottles - and visitors are allowed to help.
As animal lovers, seeing the importance of elephants in Sri Lankan culture inspired us to dedicate our brand to these magnificent creatures.
The elephant has the longest gestation period of any mammal - up to 660 days or nearly 22 months.
Ganesha is a Hindu God, instantly recognisable by his elephant head. He is the Lord of success and destroyer of evils and vanity, selfishness and pride. He is also worshipped as the god of education, knowledge, wisdom and wealth. Ganesha's elephantine head symbolizes the soul, which is the ultimate supreme reality of human existence, and his human body signifies the earthly existence of human beings. The elephant head denotes wisdom and its trunk represents Om, the sound symbol of cosmic reality.
having his nose pulled by the crocodile.
The day 'celebrates the earth's largest, most interesting and most noble endangered land animal'. We at Kandula Tea agree that 'the elephant deserves to be appreciated and upheld as an example of courage, strength, self-reliance, patience, persistence, and general high quality of being'.


Jugra is one of those names that does not roll off the tongue easily. That being said, it has a great historical importance attached to it as it was, once upon a time, the royal seat of the state of Selangor during the reigns of the 4th Sultan of Selangor, His Majesty Sultan Abdul Samad (1857-1898) as well as the 5th Sultan of Selangor, His Majesty Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah (1989-1938).
Today, Jugra is famous for being one of the best locations for para- and hang-gliding enthusiasts, with the base of the Bukit Jugra lighthouse as the take-off point.
In addition, the Sultan Abdul Samad Royal Mausoleum also provides history buffs a reason to visit Jugra as are the Istana Bandar (the royal residence of Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah) and Bukit Melawati (the royal residence of Sultan Abdul Samad).
Worth a visit, if you are into history.


text:
The Three Walls Behind the Wall
The Myth of Vietnam Veteran Suicide
by Michael Kelley
The principal difference between a cat and a lie is that a cat has only nine lives.
- Mark Twain
The origins of a myth are often rooted in fact and tangible experience. Over time, embellishment and exaggeration give life and color to a fact's humble beginnings, and before you know it, Big Foot is roaming the woods of the Northwest, the neighbors are being harvested by bug-eyed, gray-skinned aliens who haven't the sense to wear warm clothing and Elvis is frequenting Wyoming coffee shops.
Over the last three decades, a host of unscrupulous minstrels have danced heavily upon the reputation of the veterans of the American War in Vietnam, sowing rumor into fact on the fertile fields of an all too willing, gullible and complicit American press.
Saddest of all perhaps is the fact the many Vietnam veterans themselves have been duped into embracing the same folklore as if it were Gospel, tricked into believing the worst in themselves against all instinct and evidence to the contrary. Beginning in 1980, Vietnam veterans first fell victim to a particularly pernicious fable, one that has grown to startling proportions.
A typical example can be found in an article entitled Healing My Own Wounds, an article published in a 1996 issue of The California Zephyr. Among its otherwise thoughtful observations is a statement emblematic of a general misrepresentation now the cause of severe heartburn among many of us whom it colors. Without attribution of any sort, the author emphasizes our war's tragic legacy by informing us that "Since the end of the Vietnam War, approximately 150,000 veterans have taken their own lives."1
Although it has been widely reported since 1980 that over 50,000 Vietnam veterans have died by their own hand, the 150,000 figure is a substantial, though logical, extrapolation of those early estimates.
Certainly an apparent suicide rate among the survivors of a war three times higher than the war's death rate would constitute a health crisis of staggering proportions. But while it is likely the author was simply passing on a restatement of popular speculation about that war's long-term effects, that otherwise unsupported assertion serves to perpetuate perhaps the most tenacious and destructive myth to emerge from the Vietnam experience.
The simple truth is that no factual basis for either estimate (or anything in between) has ever been printed. None whatsoever.
But if the rumored figures have no factual basis, then just where did they come from in the first place and, more importantly, is there any substance to those origins? Fortunately, the primary research in that regard was published in a 1990 issue of the American Journal of Psychiatry:
"Reports of large numbers of suicides among Vietnam veterans began to appear in 1980. In that year, a manual on the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder included a statement that more Vietnam combat veterans had committed suicide than were killed in Vietnam. In 1981, [the March 18, issue of the Seattle Times reported] that since their return from Vietnam more than 50,000 veterans had committed suicide. The reported number in [the June, 1985, issue of Discover magazine] was 58,000, and it was 60,000 or more in books published in 1986 [Spencer, D., Facing The Wall] and 1987 [Williams, R., Introduction in Unwinding the Vietnam War: From War Into Peace], In 1987...[CBS 60 Minutes, Vietnam 101, 4 Oct 86] broadcast that more than 100,000 Vietnam veterans had committed suicide. In 1988, a network news anchor [CBS Reports: The Wall Within, 2 Jun 88] asserted that between 26,000 and 100,000 suicides had occurred among Vietnam veterans 'depending on which reputable source you believe..'" 2 and 3
The original 50,000+ figure appears to have drawn its first breath on the pages of a 1980 text used widely throughout the US Department of Veterans Affairs Veterans Outreach Center Program (the Vet Center Program), a text regarded as the first primary reference to the treatment of PTSD.
In that first edition of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders of the Vietnam Veteran appears the following statement: "...the possibility of suicide is always present. More Vietnam combat veterans have died since the war by their own hands than were actually killed in Vietnam (Williams, 79)." 4
That otherwise unsubstantiated claim is credited to an unpublished, 1979 paper entitled Vietnam Veterans, written by one T. Williams, and presumably presented at the University of Denver, School of Professional Psychology, April 1979. What makes that citation of special interest is that a Tom Williams also happens to be the editor of the PTSD text in which it appears. Moreover, the statement and its citation were removed from subsequent editions of that DAV publication.
The credibility of that statement is further tarnished by the fact that in 1983, Dr. John P. Wilson, Professor of Psychology at Cleveland State University (and one of the foremost authorities on PTSD), presented a report to a House Veteran Affairs Sub-committee which included this statement: "For many years [we] have been greatly alarmed by the seemingly large incidence of suicide among Vietnam veterans. Unfortunately, there does not exist, at present, a comprehensive study to document the prevalence of suicide among Vietnam veterans. " [emphasis added] (Wilson, 1983).
If as Dr. Wilson claimed in 1983 there existed no comprehensive study on the incidence of suicide among Vietnam veterans, then what crystal ball gave T. Williams that answer in 1979?
Consider also the staggering implication of Williams' claim. If 58,000 veteran suicides had taken place between 1968 and 1979, that would indicate a rate 5,800 suicides per year or almost 16 Vietnam vet suicides every day for ten solid years! That fact alone should have sparked a serious inquiry, but silence and heads nodding in passive agreement were all it seemed to have evoked.
It is quite possible that Mr. Williams' deceivingly authoritative observation may have kindled what has become a myth unrelenting in its grip on the American psyche. But whatever their actual source, it is time these alleged facts were subjected to some long overdue scrutiny and a few simple tests of logic and probability.
The Anecdotal Evidence
Apart from the accuracy or inaccuracy of the statistical manipulations which follow later in this monograph, there is one thing that clearly should warn us all that there is something seriously wrong with either of the estimates in question. That one thing is common sense.
Actual experience offers an appropriate example of that point.
Some 45 men of the author's Infantry unit were killed in action during its more than four years in Vietnam. If either the 50,000 or 150,000 figure were accurate, then it would seem reasonable to expect that between 45 and 135 of that company's survivors should also have committed suicide since coming home. However, as far its Association can determine, not a single former member of that Company (in excess of 700 men) has committed suicide. 5
Most Vietnam veterans know intimately at least several names now etched on the walls of our memorials, yet of the hundreds this author has surveyed informally, few can give name to even a single comrade taken by suicide. How could triple the number of our comrades lost in combat go unnoticed by so many?
During seven years with the California Vietnam Veterans Memorial Commission, the author recalls that perhaps only five families of suicide victims made inquires about the possibility of their son's name becoming part of the Memorial; an exceedingly small percentage of the 5,700 Californians killed in Vietnam.
Although the author's own significant experience in Vietnam veteran related projects suggests to him that the popular numbers are greatly exaggerated, there is also substantial statistical and scientific evidence to throw a cloud on the mythical reports as well.
The Direct Evidence
Without exception, the conclusions of published medical and psychiatric studies on the subject of Vietnam veteran mortality all contrast sharply with the rates under scrutiny.
In a 1987 report notable for its complexity, the National Center for Disease Control concluded that mortality in Vietnam veterans was 17% higher than for Vietnam-era veterans (i.e., those in the military who did not serve in Vietnam) during the first five years following discharge. Thereafter, mortality among Vietnam veterans fell to levels equivalent to that of era veterans. 6
In an article published in the Journal of the American Medical Association immediately following the release of the CDC study, it was suggested the CDC data showed that Vietnam veterans were about 65% more likely to die from suicide than non-veterans of the same age group, for the first five years following discharge but thereafter falling to that of the non-veteran population. 7
While the predicted 65% higher risk might at first seem a stunning variance, comparing projected suicide totals based on that difference provides a much less dramatic portrait.
On average, the annual suicide rate among US. males approximates 1.11% of death from all causes. A 65% higher rate translates to only 1.83% of death from all causes (simply 1.11% multiplied by the factor 1.65). In other words, where 1.11 of every 100 US. male deaths were the result of suicide in 1987, the projected rate for Vietnam vets would only be 1.83 out of one every 100 Vietnam veteran deaths. From that perspective, the difference in rates was actually very small.
By that, I mean the following: Over the 30 years since veterans first began returning from Vietnam in significant numbers, the overall rate predicted by the CDC/AMA article should be the weighted average of a 1.83% suicide rate for five years and a 1.11% rate for 25 years. That weighted average is 1.23%. In other words, the data shows that only an average of 1.23% of all Vietnam veteran deaths between 1967 and 1997 were likely the result of suicide.
Although those initial studies form the nucleus of documented Vietnam veteran mortality studies, there is other hard evidence we can review. Shelby Stanton's Vietnam Order of Battle indicates that US Army lost 37,895 dead from all causes and, of that total, 354 dead were reported as suicides. 9 Additionally, a search of the CACF (the Department of Defense Combat Area Casualty File) database reveals that the combined suicide total for all branches of the military in Vietnam is reported to be only 382 deaths. 10
It would seem reasonable to presume that stress levels within a combat zone would likely equal, if not surpass, those of civilian life, and yet less than one percent of all Vietnam Army deaths during the war were attributed to suicide?
There is little doubt that for compassionate reasons combat zone suicides are often under-reported by the military (though the same is likely true of the civilian world as well). If the in-country rate had been identical to CDC/AMA's 1.23% predicted rate, its total would have been closer to 713 deaths, or almost double the reported total. That figure may more accurately reflect reality than the CACF's number does. Still, the adjusted rate is simply dwarfed by those of popular folklore.
The 1997 Australian Study: Mortality of Vietnam Veterans - The Veteran Cohort Study
In 1997, the Australian Department of Veteran's Affairs published a comprehensive report on Vietnam veteran mortality covering all Australian Vietnam veteran deaths from the start of the war until December 31, 1994. 11 This study ranks as perhaps the most important study of Vietnam veteran mortality to date.
Among its four conclusions was this observation: "4. Although the estimated excess risk is statistically not significant, this study does not preclude an excess risk of death from suicide."12 In other words, this exhaustive study found nothing to suggest that the risk of suicide was higher among its war veterans than among the general population!
Of particular importance is the fact Australian researchers were able to identify their entire Vietnam veteran population (59,036) and to verify the status of 57, 231 of those veterans as of the date of the study. Of that 57,231 total, 3,840 died during or after the Vietnam War. Those figures are of great significance because they show the total mortality of that veteran population between 1965 and December 1994 was about 6.71% (simply 3,840 divided by 57,231); our first, clear and direct look at an actual Vietnam veteran population's overall total mortality.
Applied to our own 3.1 million total Vietnam veterans, the Australian data suggests US mortality as of January 1, 1995 (including KIA) should have been about 208,010.13 Subtract our 58,000 KIA and the remainder suggests only 150,010 of us have died since returning from Vietnam.
If the Australian experience reasonably mirrors our own (and it's difficult to imagine why it would not) and the 150,000 suicide myth were fact, then apparently 100% of all US Vietnam Veterans deaths are the result of suicide. If the 50,000 suicide myth were fact, then roughly 33% of all US Vietnam veterans deaths should be the result of suicide.
Absent other published data, we can also test the claims indirectly.
The Indirect Evidence
Over 58,000 US soldiers died within the Vietnam combat zone or as a direct result of wounds and disease incurred within the combat zone, while an estimated 3.1 million men and women served in the South East Asian Theater between 1964 and 1975.14
Citing National Center for Health statistics, the 1994 World Almanac reports that of a total U.S. population of 252 million in 1992, there were 24,260 male suicides and 2,177,000 deaths from all causes in the United States. Total male suicides then were about 1.11% of all deaths that year.15
Presuming the suicide rate matched the population growth curve between 1967 and 1992, then on average, the annual US. male suicide rate was about 20,500 male suicides per year. If we expand that per year average to account for population growth over the years between 1992 and 1996, the annual average increases to about 20,800. In other words, roughly 603,200 male suicides were reported in the US between 1967 and 1996.
If those calculations are reasonably accurate and the 150,000 suicide figure is fact, then about 24.9% of all male suicides in the US. since 1967 have been committed by Vietnam veterans, even though they constitute a mere 2% of total US. male population. Does that seem plausible?
Males suicides constitute approximately of 85.1%16 of all US suicides; therefore, if we divide the 603,200 male suicide total by .851, we should derive an indicator of the combined male and female total for the same period. That total is 708,813. Our analysis then suggests that if the 150,000 myth were fact, then 21.2% of all suicides in the US. since 1967 have been committed by 1% of the total US. population.
According to the Summer, 1996 VANTAGE, the Oakland VA's Regional Newsletter: "More than 9.2 million military personnel served on active duty during the Vietnam era [including in-country vets], a period of 11 years from August 5, 1964 and May 5, 1975. Over 8.3 million are alive today; their median age is 48. An estimated 3.1 million served in the Southeast Asian Theater [Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and South China Sea], [and] an estimated 2.6 million served within the borders of Vietnam and its adjacent waters."17
In other words, total combined Era and Theater veteran mortality to date is estimated to be 900,000 deaths (9.2 minus 8.3), including those who were killed in Vietnam.18 If we remove the 58,000 who died in Vietnam from the 9.2 million total, we're left with 9.142 million.
Presuming that the mortality rate has been the same for both Era and Theater vets (a presumption supported by the CDC study), then 33.9% (3.1 million divided 9.142 million) of that mortality was suffered by Theater veterans. That suggests the total mortality among all Theater veteran survivors has been about 305,100, or 10.16% of the Theater vet population.
If 150,000 are now suicides, then about 50% of all Vietnam veteran mortality has been the result of suicide. That is 44 times the national male suicide rate (49.18% v. 1.11%)!
If 58,000 are now suicides, then roughly 20% of all Vietnam Veteran mortality would be suicide. That's almost one of every four and still a staggering 17 times higher than the national male suicide rate (19.02% v.1.11%)!
The Vet Center Experience
The historical experience of the U. S. Department of Veterans Affairs' Vietnam Veterans Outreach Program also provides an important perspective. Vet Centers funded by that program provide psychological counseling for Vietnam and era veterans, many of whom suffer moderate to severe PTSD.
During the Sacramento Vet Center's first eleven years, Dr. Michael Cohen and Office Manager John Middlesworth report that only two patients (both inactive clients) have committed suicide. A former patient is rumored to have provoked a gun battle with the police, so to err on the side of caution let's stipulate that during that period, the Sacramento Vet Center suffered three, inactive-client suicides.
Of the approximate 4,400 different patients the Sacramento Vet Center counseled during that period, patients who presumably represent a cross section of the most psychologically damaged segment of the Vietnam Vet population, only three have committed suicide. 19
If we apply the VA-derived overall mortality rate (10.12% overall mortality over 29 years prorated for 11 years) to Sacramento's 4,400 patients, it suggests that a total of 3.83% should have died from all causes between 1988 and 1996. That total would be 168 predicted deaths from all causes. The mythical suicide rates suggest that of those 168 predicted patient deaths, somewhere between 20% and 50% should have been the result of suicide. In other words, the predicted suicide totals for the Sacramento Vet Center should have fallen somewhere between 33 and 84 of its predicted patient deaths, and yet the actual total was only three.
IIf we apply the Australian study's overall mortality of 6.71% using the same line of reasoning, the predicted overall mortality (all causes) falls to 2.54%, or 111 patients. The myth-based predicted suicide totals then fall in a range of between 22 and 55 clients as compared to three actual suicides.
It should come as no surprise that when we apply the national average male suicide rate of 1.11% to either VA or Australian predicted overall mortality (111 patients or 168 patient), the predicted range falls between 1.2 and 1.86 predicted suicides, much more closely matching the actual Vet Center experience. 20
It is the author's opinion that to accept the mythical rates is to abandon intellect and common sense altogether.
Of no small significance in that regard is the fact that high-rate claims remain completely without substantiation of any sort. In all the exhaustive research and reading that went into the preparation of this monograph, not so much as a single shred of verifiable data was ever unearthed that would even remotely suggest Vietnam veterans were killing themselves in greater numbers than our enemy could.
Absent evidence to the contrary, it is impossible to conclude other than that the popularly reported rates of suicide among Vietnam veterans form an urban myth of colossal dimensions. And yet underlying question remains unanswered for us: just how many Vietnam veterans have committed suicide since coming home?
For the sake of argument, presume that one third of all Vietnam veterans are now deceased (a number far above the actual total). If 1,000,000 Vietnam veterans were now dead from all causes, then the AMA/CDC 1.23% overall rate suggests that only 12,300 of those deaths would be the result of suicide.
One VA study indicates that as of 1983 there were fewer than 9,000 Vietnam veteran suicides, and that "... no more than 20,000 Vietnam veterans died from suicide from discharge through 1993" (emphasis added). It goes on to say that even if all Vietnam veteran reported accidental death (only 5% of all veteran deaths, including single-driver car accidents) were presumed to be suicide and included in the suicide total, that total could not exceed 24,000 through the year 1993. 1
Based on the 1997 Australian mortality study and our own VA's 1996 mortality statistics, the actual total mortality of Vietnam veterans (including KIA) as of January 1996 appears to lay in a range of from 208,010 to 363,100. Net of KIA, the range is 150,010 to 305,100. When we apply the overall average suicide rate of 1.23% predicted by the CDC/AMA studies to those totals, we see the following predicted suicide totals for the period ending January 1, 1995:
Total predicted suicides based on US VA data - 1.23% of 305,100, or 3,752
Total predicted suicides based on the Australian data - 1.23% of 150,010, or 1,845
Given what verifiable data is now available, it would seem reasonable to estimate that as of 1996, a total of somewhere between 2,000 and 20,000 Vietnam veterans had taken their own lives and that the most probable total is less than 4,000, but in any case does not exceed 1.23% of all Vietnam veteran deaths.
Beyond that, it could be argued that existing VA mortality studies tend to overstate the totals because 1) they all appear to be based on the suicide rates derived from VA hospital in-patient data and not the general veteran population and, 2) their samples are typically quite small. As a result, Department of Veterans Affairs estimates are given the least weight in drawing conclusions here.
For a number of important reasons, the author also believes that despite the fact the 1997 Australian mortality study covers a veteran population living over 10,000 miles from our own shores, its relevance cannot be ignored:
The US and Australia share remarkably similar cultural heritage
Drugs (particularly alcohol) show about the same abuse rates in both cultures and contribute greatly to both suicide and accidental death rates
The war was equally unpopular in both countries
Australian veterans suffered the same sorts of alienation experienced by their US counterparts upon returning home from the war
Moreover, Australia has been plagued by the same suicide myths pervasive here in the US, myths put to rest in that country once and for all time by their 1997 mortality study.
For those reasons the author believes the veterans of the US and Australia are much more alike than they might be different. Because of those similarities, great weight must be given to the Australian study's overall calculated mortality rate for its Vietnam veterans as it may relate to our own. That overall mortality figure was 6.71 % as of January 1, 1995, including war dead.
In the final analysis, Vietnam veterans likely die from suicide at about the same rate and for the same reasons that everyone else in America does. On the other hand, the data does reveal that the relatively small percentage who were exposed to actual combat in Vietnam (likely no more than 20% of the total who served in-country) suffer a substantially higher risk of suicide than their Vietnam veteran counterparts who were never exposed to significant combat.
For me, the most shocking aspect of this research was my exposure to the repeated and blatant complicity of the media and Vietnam veterans themselves in perpetuating these myths. The apparent general disregard for accepted source verification practices on either side of the fence was simply appalling.
Virtually all the published scientific studies on Vietnam veteran suicide rates are readily accessible in virtually any public library and yet it seems most remain completely ignored by both the popular press and by most, if not all, veteran organizations.
How could it be that some of the most respected and powerful magazines, TV news journals and veteran organizations in this country apparently never made any substantive effort to verify the accuracy of the obviously staggering suicide rates they in turn were passing on to the American people as fact? How could there not have been doubt or concern that we were being asked to believe that the same Vietnam veterans who fought so ferociously to survive a war were then coming home and surrendering to death at their own hand in far greater numbers than the enemy had been able to take? Why were we so accepting?
Of equal shock was the indignation and contentiousness often met when presenting the evidence I was finding to those individual veterans and veteran organizations extolling the suicide folklore. Few open minds were encountered in the journey; no hunger to explore the data, no sign of hopefulness that the data might be accurate and the mythical numbers wrong.
That circumstance has puzzled and saddened me greatly. I had presumed going in that the Vietnam veteran community would embrace with ferver any tangible evidence that a widely circulated slander on their character was patently false. Instead, it soon became apparent that many veterans want to believe the myth and some were even angered that anyone might dare to suggest our suicide rate was anything but astronomical! It was disheartening to discover that not only has the general public fallen victim to the popular stereotype of the Vietnam veteran, but so have many Vietnam veterans themselves.
I will let this final image speak for itself: if 150,000 Vietnam veterans were suicide victims between 1967 and 1997, that would mean that on average, fourteen Vietnam veterans would have committed suicide every single day for thirty solid years!
While it is difficult for me to believe any serious investigation would substantiate the veteran suicide rates of folklore, there remains still the need for a direct and more thorough inquiry into the issue. To let the dissemination of these wildly exaggerated rumors continue unfettered would perpetuate a great disservice to the truth and to the veteran community.
Michael Kelley
2140 36th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817
Aug 18, 1998 revision - 3walls99.doc
The author spent eleven months as an infantryman with the 101st Abn Div in Vietnam and was retired from the Army as a result of wounds suffered there. He is of the firm conviction that as a group, the men and women who served in Vietnam are no better, but certanly no worse, than those who served this country in any other time of war. Since 1978, he has been active in the arts related to the Vietnam experience and was an Associate Member of the California Vietnam Veterans Memorial Commission, 1984-1991. His artwork hangs in museums throughout the world, he is the author of a number of articles and author of a soon to be released encyclopedia of military installations of the Vietnam War entitled, Where We Were.
1. 1994 World Almanac, Funk & Wagnalls, NY: 956.
2. Bullman, Tim A. MA, Han K. Kang, DrPH. A Study of Suicide Among Vietnam Veterans , The Federal Practitioner, Mar 1995: 9-13.
3. Hearst, Norman, Thomas B. Neuman and Stephen P. Hulley. "Delayed Effects of the Military Draft on Mortality", New England Journal of Medicine. (March 6, 1986): 620-624.
4. Laurent, Pauline, Healing My Own Wounds , The California Zephyr (VVA, Fresno) California newsletter of the Vietnam Veterans of America, 1995(?): 23-24.
5. Lehmann, Laurent, MD, A. McCormick Ph.D., McCraken, L., Suicidal Behavior Among Patients in the VA Health System , Psychiatric Services, Oct 95, Vol 46, No.10: 1069-1071
6. Mason, Patience H. C., Recovering from the War: A Woman's Guide to Helping Your Vietnam Vet, Your Family and Yourself, 1990, Viking Penguin, New York: 302: 409-411.
7. National Council of Churches, 1971 press release or pamphlet cited at p. 302, Recovering from the War: A Woman's Guide to Helping Your Vietnam Vet, Your Family and Yourself , Mason, op. cit.
8. Pollock Daniel, MD, Rhodes, P., Boyle, C. Decoulfe, P., McGee, D., Estimating the Number of Suicides Among Vietnam Veterans , American Journal of Psychiatry, 1990; 147:772-776
9. Post Service Mortality Among Vietnam Veterans , 1987, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service Center for Disease Control, Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA 30333 (zip 30341-3724 as of 1996)
10. Postservice Mortality Among Vietnam Veterans: The Centers for Disease Control Vietnam Experience Study . Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 257, Feb 13, 1987: 790-795.
11. Stanton, Shelby, Vietnam Order of Battle
12. Star, Jerry, et al, Lessons of the Vietnam War, Unit 10, The Wounds of War and the Process of Healing, 1988 ed. Center for Social Studies Education, Pittsburgh, PA: 3-30
13. The Lessons of the Vietnam War: The Wounds of War and the Process of Healing, 1988 Center for Social Studies Education: 2-30
14. Williams, T., Vietnam Veterans, Unpublished paper presented at the University of Denver, School of Professional Psychology, Denver Colorado, April, 1979.
15. Williams, Tom, Editor, The Symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Chronic and/or Delayed (chapter), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders of the Vietnam Veteran: Observations and recommendations for the Psychological Treatment of the Veteran and his Family, 1980 (1st ed.), Disabled American Veterans National Headquarters, Cincinnati, OH: 11.
16. Wilson, John P. Ph.D., Post-Traumatic Stress Syndromes Among Vietnam Veterans: The Implications for Future, Research , testimony before the House Veteran Affairs Sub-committee on Hospital & Health Care, Washington, DC. (March 24, 1983). p. 6.
17. Vietnam Era Veterans , VANTAGE, Oakland VA Regional Newsletter, Summer 1996, Vol 17, No.1: 1
18. Mortality of Vietnam Veterans - The Veteran Cohort Study 1997, Australian Department of Veterans's Affairs, 1997
19. PTSD, Point Man Ministries Website
20. Webb, James, The Media's War on the Vietnam Veteran , the Wall Street Journal, July 15, 1998, p A-14
21. US Veteran Post-Service Mortality and Suicides . A Selected Specialized Bibliography compiled by John Tegtmeier
End of Bibliography


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Bolatice (v místním nářečí Bolačyce; , dříve Bolatitz über Ratibor; ) jsou obec v okrese Opava v Moravskoslezském kraji nacházející se v jižní části Hlučínské pahorkatiny (subprovincie pohoří Opavská pahorkatina) nedaleko hranic s Polskem. Žije zde  obyvatel a jde tak o jednu z největších českých obcí, která není městem. Ve vzdálenosti 5 km jihozápadně leží město Kravaře, 10 km jihovýchodně město Hlučín, 13 km západně statutární město Opava a 19 km jihovýchodně statutární město Ostrava. Bolatice získaly v letech 1999 a 2008 ocenění Zlatá stuha v krajském kole soutěže Vesnice roku.

Členění obce
 Bolatice
 Borová

Název
Jméno vesnice bylo odvozeno od osobního jména Bolata, což byla domácká podoba některého jména začínajícího na Bole-, např. Bolebor, Bolemysl, Boleslav. Výchozí tvar Bolatici byl vlastně pojmenováním obyvatel vsi a znamenal "Bolatovi lidé". Prameny od 14. století zaznamenávají provedení pravidelné hláskové změny a > e po měkkých souhláskách (tedy podobu Boletice), od 17. století se do písemných záznamů vrací tvar Bolatice podle místního nářečí (v němž uvedená hlásková změna nenastala), latinsky Bolatitium. Boletice bylo nakrátko obnoveno ještě koncem 19. století. Doložené jsou tvary Bolatice (od roku 1612), Biletice (1591), Boletice (1440–1881); ještě dříve latinsky (německy) pak Poleticz (1349), Bolaticz (1265 a 1270) a Balaticz (1250).

Historie
První písemná zmínka o obci je z roku 1250, v dopise papeže Inocence IV. vyhotoveného 18. prosince 1250. v Lyonu, který území obce odkazuje cisterciáckému klášteru na Velehradě. O obci se zmiňuje v roce 1265 i olomoucký biskup Bruno při placení desátků a smlouvě s opatem velehradským. Správním centrem statků tohoto kláštera na Opavsku byly Stěbořice. Husitství zatřáslo majetkovou držbou velehradských cisterciáků a Bolatice v té době získal Jindřich z Děhylova. Získat zpět Bolatice z držení se klášteru nepodařilo ani od dalšího držitele, Otíka z Rohova, a tak se opat Štěpán r. 1467 rozhodl Bolatice, které nedržel, zastavit přímo synům českého krále Jiřího z Poděbrad, Viktorínovi a Jindřichovi, vévodům opavským. Poděbradové zástavu pak udělili Jindřichovi Donátovi z Velké Polomi.

V Bolaticích v té době bylo již dědičné fojtství se svobodným dvorem a rybníkem, které nepodléhalo zástavnímu držiteli Bolatic, a docházelo proto k velmi vleklým sporům. Bolatické volenství, jak se zmíněnému dvoru s fojtstvím říkalo, náleželo evangelíkům Drahotušům na Dolním Benešově. V r. 1544 získali tito v zástavě i ves Bolatice. Pobělohorské poměry umožnily návrat cisterciáků do Bolatic.

V létech 1674–1694 působil v obci frýdecký rodák, Kristián Bohumír Hirschmenzel, jeden z českých význačných barokních spisovatelů a známý polyhistor cisterciáckého řádu velehradského, jako administrátor statku a fary Bolatice.

Roku 1682 navštívil Bolatice polský král Jan Sobieský s vojskem, když táhl na pomoc Vídni obležené Turky. Kostel postavený v Bolaticích r. 1703 byl zasvěcen sv. Stanislavu, polskému patronovi, právě na paměť této události. Pro důstojné bydlení proboštů vystavěli cisterciáci v Bolaticích v letech 1724–1748 raně barokní zámek s kamenným portálem. V tomto období postavili také barokní kapli P. Marie a posléze menší barokní kapli sv. Jana Nepomuckého. V roce 1721 měli cisterciáci v Bolaticích 9 zahrad, krčmu a dvůr, žilo zde 25 sedláků, 26 zahradníků, 6 domkařů a 10 podruhů.

Po prohrané válce Marie Terezie připadlo Hlučínsko 11. června 1742 Prusku. Po zrušení velehradského kláštera prodal pruský stát Bolatice 9. listopadu 1784 bratrům baronům Eugenovi a Aloisovi Hennům z Henneberku za 41 000 tolarů. Noví majitelé 3. června 1786 založili osadu Heneberky, která byla v r. 1893 připojena k Bolaticím a od r. 1949 se nazývá Borová. V roce 1822 prodali bratři Hennové Bolatice knížeti Edvardovi Lichnovskému za 83 054 tolarů, který ji připojil k fidelkomisnímu panství v Chuchelné. V roce 1830 bylo v obci 122 domů, 1 zámek a 1200 obyvatel, škola s jedním učitelem a kostel. Osada Heneberky čítala 256 obyvatel. V roce 1837 se v obci postavila nová škola.

V roce 1848 zrušením roboty se lid stal svobodným a volným a začíná odcházet na práce do Horního Slezska, Německa a Ostravy. Toto období je charakterizováno neúrodou, velkou bídou a přírodními pohromami (hlavně požáry).

V roce 1870 jsou odváděni občané do prusko-francouzské války. V roce 1873 byla zahájena stavba silnice z Bolatic do Chuchelné. I když obec ležela v Prusku, české vyučování se zde udrželo ve škole do roku 1872. Od 1. října 1874 byl v obci zaveden sňatek církevní i občanský. V roce 1890 měla obec 2 074 obyvatel. Pro povznesení "moravského" lidu v Prusku založilo katolické duchovenstvo v roce 1895 "Katolické noviny". V roce 1895 byl v bolatickém lese zavražděn učitel Oskar Kuroň a byla také zahájena výstavba železnice Opava-Chuchelná-Ratiboř. V roce 1897 začala výstavba druhé školy v obci. Roku 1901 byla v lesíku Křeménky postavena hájenka, která měla sloužit císaři Vilému II. k odpočinku a svačině. Rok 1907 byl spojen s výstavbou vodovodu na osadě Heneberky.
Dne 7. května 1911 byl položen základní kámen nového kostela, který byl vysvěcen 24. listopadu 1912. Stavba se prováděla podle projektu kravařského stavitele Seyfrieda. Období do 1. světové války bylo období rozmachu a rozvoje. Válka však přinesla lidem utrpení, řada z nich ve válce zemřela. Po válce se Hlučínsko stává územím nikoho, teprve po vojenském obsazení dne 4. února 1920 z rozhodnutí Versailleské smlouvy je rozhodnuto – Bolatice se vrací do ČSR. Dvacátá léta nebyla příliš dobrá pro rozvoj obce, ten přišel až na začátku 30. let, i když Bolatice byly poškozovány častými povodněmi. V roce 1932 bylo započato s elektrifikací obce i Heneberků, v roce 1933 došlo k vydláždění a kanalizaci Padol.

V důsledku Mnichovské dohody z září 1938 připadlo Hlučínsko německé Třetí říši. Po připojení k Německu byli občané prohlášeni za Němce a muži museli nastoupit do německé armády. Řada z nich se již z války nevrátila domů. Těžké boje v závěru 2. světové války, při nichž byla obec osvobozena 17. dubna 1945, připomínají pomníky padlých ruských a českých vojáků. Po roce 1945 se obec vrátila již natrvalo do území ČSR. Rány po válečné tragédii se dlouho zacelovaly. Zaměstnanosti v obci velmi pomohlo založení podniku Slezská provazárna (později Konopa, Juta a dnes Lanex) v roce 1949, který začal výrobu lan a dalších výrobků. V roce 1962 byla otevřena nová budova školy pro 500 žáků, s jejíž rekonstrukcí se započalo na konci roku 2008.

Koncem 60. let byla v obci vybudována nová kanalizace, která zatrubnila potok procházející středem obce. V 70. letech a 80. letech dochází v obci k velkému stavebnímu rozkvětu, je rozšířen podnik Juta, je postavena budova mateřské školy, obchodní dům, koupaliště, nová budova obecního úřadu, pošta atd. Koncem 80. let začala rekonstrukce kulturního domu. V 70. letech se vybudovaly i suché retenční hráze, které mají obec chránit před povodněmi. V 80. letech se začal budovat v obci vodovod, začátkem 90. let pak plynovod, který byl dostavěn v roce 1996.

Přírodní poměry
Katastrální území Bolatice má rozlohu 1320 ha. Intravilán obce se rozkládá v nadmořské výšce okolo 260 m n. m. na ploše 132 ha. Nejnižší místo v obci je na její jižní části u bývalé pískovny při ústí Černého potoka do potoka Opusty ve výšce 240 m n. m.. Obec je ze všech stran obklopena výšinami, které dosahují nadmořské výšky od 271 do 304 m a rozléhají se na nich úrodná pole, jimž na severovýchodě vytváří zelenou korunu velký Chuchelenský les, převážně smrkový a borový, a les Bažantnice.

Hospodářství

Největším podnikem v obci je Lanex, zabývající se především výrobou velkoobjemových vaků a lan, zaměstnával v roce 2007 asi 678 zaměstnanců (z toho asi 508 přímo v obci, cca 170 ve Vítkově). Lanex má své další pobočky v Polsku a na Slovensku. 80 % produkce Lanexu se vyváží do celého světa.

Dalším významným podnikem je Opavice a.s., který se zabývá rostlinnou a živočišnou výrobou a u kterého pracuje asi 60 lidí.

V průmyslové zóně – Bolatice u hřiště zkolaudovali svá nová sídla společnosti podnikající ve stavebnictví, provaznictví, truhlářství, obrábění kovů, výrobou dveřních systémů, kachlových kamen apod.

Kultura

V obci proběhne každý rok celá řada bohatých kulturních akcí, snažících se hlavně o zachování lidových tradic a zpestření života nejen svých obyvatel. Začátku roku patří plesové sezoně, která je ukončená masopustem s pochováním basy. K tomuto účelu je hojně využíván prostor místního kulturního domu. V něm se odehrávají i další akce, jako například Vítání jara, Vítání občánků, oslavy Dne matek, Výstava zahrádkářů a kutilů, Výstava podnikatelů a řemeslníků, divadelní vystoupení, koncerty aj. Součástí kulturního domu je kinosál, ve kterém se každoročně pořádaji filmové festivaly, které během roku doplňují cestopisné přednášky a další akce.

Mnoho kulturních akcí probíhá také v Bolatickém skanzenu lidových tradic. Tomuto místu odpovídají témata jednotlivých akcí – jde hlavně o lidové tradiční oslavy a výročí důležitých historických mezníků obce.

Spolky v obci

 Sbor dobrovolných hasičů Bolatice má již téměř stoletou tradici a celou tuto dobu se podílel na zajišťování požární ochrany a pomoci při zdolávání mimořádných událostí na území obce i mimo její katastrální území, je pořadatelem mnoha kulturních a společenských akcí. Sbor pracuje s nejmodernější technikou a nejen to způsobilo, že v hasičském sportu jsou jejich největšími úspěchy výhry Moravskoslezského poháru ve čtyřech letech po sobě (2004–2007).
 Fotbalový klub Bolatice má historii sahající do roku 1926, o vznik se nejvíce zasloužil učitel Miloslav Remeš díky němuž organizace vznikla. Klub má v současné době necelých 300 členů, dvě družstva v dospělé kategorii a tři mládežnická družstva.
 Stolně tenisový klub Bolatice byl založen 27. 5. 1979 a při svém založení byl součástí tělesné jednoty a v roce 1995 vznikl odloučením samostatný klub pod názvem TTC – Bolatice. V této době má oddíl mnoho členů a hraje se čtyřmi družstvy, které slaví úspěchy v Krajské soutěži a Okresním přeboru. Činnost oddílu je plně závislá na podpoře Obce Bolatice.
 Slezský německý svaz na Hlučínsku se sídlem v Bolaticích je dobrovolnou nepolitickou regionální organizací kulturně společenského charakteru, sdružující české občany žijící v tomto regionu. Název organizace v němčině zní 'Schlesisch-Deutscher Verband in Hultschiner Ländchen, Ortsgruppe Bolatitz. Svaz si klade za úkol seznamovat své členy i občany s německou kulturou, to je: s literaturou, tiskem, sportem a uměním jako příspěvku k vzájemnému porozumění a sblížení na cestě do společné Evropy.

Rekreační a sportovní areály

 Koupaliště je sportovně-rekreační areál jehož součástí je: veliký bazén 30x25 m, bazén pro neplavce 15x25 m, dětské brouzdaliště 5x10 m, noční koupání, v provozu rychlá občerstvení, beach volejbal, volejbal, nohejbal, ruské kuželky, kriket, petanque, stolní tenis, badminton, soft tenis, půjčovna kol. Dále je součástí koupaliště i sauna, Fitnescentrum, restaurace a bankéřka.
 Hřiště fotbalového klubu se skládá ze dvou fotbalových hřišť, antukového hřiště na volejbal a tenis, asfaltové plochy na basketbal, dětského hřiště a restaurace.
 Ostatní hřiště se na území obce nacházejí v hojném počtu. V obci je šest dětských hřišť a několik dalších asfaltových a travnatých ploch určených ke hrám a zábavě.
 Víceúčelová sportovní hala ZŠ byla postavena v roce 2006 za přispění Ministerstva financí ČR a od té doby se stala sportovním centrem několika sportovních klubů a zájmových sdružení nejen z Bolatic. V areálu základní školy je k dispozici také travnaté hřiště na minikopanou a antukové hřiště.

Pamětihodnosti

 Kostel sv. Stanislava postavený v Bolaticích roku 1703 byl zasvěcen sv. Stanislavu, polskému patronovi. V letech 1911–1912 přestavěn kravařským stavitelem Josefem Seyfriedem. V roce 1992 byla znovu opravena a natřena fasáda kostela a v letech 1999–2001 prošly generální opravou obě věže i střecha kostela. Od roku 2003 má kostel nově provedenou úpravu liturgického prostoru a také nový oltář.

 Barokní zámek byl postaven v letech 1724–1748 s raně barokním kamenným portálem. V současné době je zámek po celkové rekonstrukci a stal se sídlem obecního úřadu.
 Bolatický skanzen lidových tradic byl vybudován v Bolaticích díky finanční podpoře EU z programu Sapard. V rámci tohoto projektu se vybudoval nejen skanzen, ale také cyklostezka do Bělé, opravily se pomníky a kapličky v Bělé, v Píšti, Hlučíně, Darkovicích, Hati a do obcí mikroregionu (17) byly instalovány lavičky a informační mapy. Skanzen má za úkol zachytit život našich předků před padesáti a více lety, má se stát místem, kde lidé přijdou zavzpomínat na své mládí a kde se mladší generace seznámí s životem a prací našich předků. Skanzen bude i místem, kde se budou konat kulturně – společenské akce. Ve skanzenu můžete zhlédnout život na vesnici před desítkami let stará kuchyně, ložnice, prádelna, místnost služky, stáj pro koně, chlév pro krávy, srubek (špýchar), stodola vybavená starými stroji. Velmi zajímavou expozicí jsou i další dvě místnosti vybavené různými domácími potřebami a nářadím. Každoročně zde obec pořádá několik kulturních akcí, kupříkladu Velikonoce na dědině, Stavění májky, Vesnická zabíjačka, Živý Betlém.
 Naučná stezka byla vybudována v roce 2000, začíná i končí v osadě Borová (část obce Bolatice) a tvoří okruh v Chuchelenském lese. Trasa je dlouhá celkem 6 km a je vybavena informačními tabulemi s popisem zvířat a rostlin, je značena ukazateli směru, značením kilometrů a cca 30 tabulkami s názvy stromů. Podél trasy byla pro odpočinek vybudována odpočívadla. Obcí prochází také síť cyklostezek spojující různá zajímavá místa na Hlučínsku.

Významní rodáci
 Doc. PhDr. Anna Grmelová, CSc. (1947-2012), filoložka, anglistka, v letech 1993-2009 vedoucí katedry Anglického jazyka a literatury na Pedagogické fakultě Univerzity Karlovy
 Václav Mozol (* 1991), český fotbalista
 Pavel Návrat (1921–2010), český ochotník a loutkář
 Herbert Pavera (* 1958), dlouholetý starosta obce, poslanec a senátor
 August Scholtis (1901–1969), německý spisovatel
 Herbert Sněhota (* 1940), český fotbalista

Partnerská města

  Doľany, Slovensko
  Linum, Německo
  Nagykovácsi, Maďarsko
  Rudy Wielke, Polsko

Spřátelená města
  Slaný, Česko

Odkazy

Reference

Související články
 FK Bolatice

Externí odkazy

Vesnice v okrese Opava
Obce v okrese Opava
Sídla v Opavské pahorkatině
Sdružení obcí Hlučínska
Lichnovští z Voštic


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Athletes*
The Shortcut to Happiness
It might sound like a fantasy destination, but you really can live life as a grinning emoji—with this simple guide.
Ever get that nagging feeling that you should be happier than you are? Like, your life looks great on paper/Instagram—you've got the status internship or job, the nice apartment, a huge social circle etc.—and you can't point to anything that's really wrong. But something's still missing.
According to renowned psychologist Martin Seligman, PhD, you're not authentically happy, you're just cruising along. Focusing only on pleasurable punctuation marks (like buying a new outfit or upgrading your phone) or racking up experiences and achievements (like winning another race or ending the semester with perfect marks) can make you happy for a little while, he notes, but that happiness is fleeting.
Authentic happiness, says Seligman, comes from living a life of deep fulfilment. Finding things that engage you and devoting your time to activities and relationships that matter to you lead to a lasting sense of purpose. That's what will really fill your emotional cup.
"It's a journey; there's no measure of 'making it'".
PsyD, Licensed Clinical Psychologist
3 Steps to Flourishing
The idea of finding and living your purpose can be a little daunting. Don't think of it as working towards one crowning moment where you reach authentic-happiness nirvana and become blissed out 24/7. "It's a journey; there's no measure of 'making it'", explains licensed clinical psychologist Melissa Green, PsyD. "It's not like you do this major thing and you're there".
Also (and this is so important!): Working towards authentic happiness doesn't have to be this huge undertaking. You don't need to overhaul your life or give up all your material possessions and meditate for an hour—or five—every morning. Just start by taking these core actions from Seligman's theory.
1. Add more hits of instant joy (in moderation).
How it works: Doing something pleasurable can give you an instant vibe bump, says Green, thanks to the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that influences mood. Think mastering an unassisted pull-up, taking your morning coffee outside or adding another plant baby to your collection.
In fact, when it comes to improving your mood, having more brief bouts of pleasure or happiness (like those mentioned above) can have a longer-lasting impact than fewer big ones, like a huge promotion or getting married. "That's why it's important to savour the small joys", says Green.
Give it a try: You probably have the pursuing-pleasurable-things part down already, right? The key is to make sure you're not constantly in seeking mode for the next awesome thing, as that could leave you less content with what you have now, says Green. And if a commission, bigger TV or the next party are your main (or only) forms of gratification, it's time to start shifting your focus inwards, explains Aaron Weiner, PhD, a concierge psychologist and the host of the podcast Let's Talk. The next step gets you closer ...
2. Find activities that fully engage you.
How it works: Eating and shopping is fun, but doing an activity you're engaged in is way more rewarding. Engagement is that feeling of being totally absorbed in something, like when you're in the zone on a long run, sucked into an incredible book or deep in focus during yoga. If someone asked how you feel, you wouldn't necessarily say happy, but you'll likely feel at peace, says clinical psychologist Carla Marie Manly, PhD, the author of Joy From Fear. You're in a state of flow, where your brain stops chattering because you're 100 percent in it.
Give it a try: Chances are you can ID times in your day or week when you're fully immersed in something (and enjoying it, so, probably not a Zoom call). But if the things you used to do before life got crazy have fallen by the wayside or just don't interest you any more, it's time to head back to the drawing board. "As soon as you say you want more [when you're mid-activity], you're engaged", says Manly.
Start by brainstorming activities that play to your strengths. "The more invested you feel, the more passionately involved you'll be", says Manly. If you're the kind of person who loves learning, try picking up a new sport. Got a jungle growing in your living room? Join a community garden and get your own plot for growing vegetables. Can't help but snap a pic every time you see something beautiful? Visit local museums or sign up for a photography class.
A sounding board can be helpful here too if you're still struggling to find your play. Ask your partner or a friend about the times you seem super engaged or just really, really happy, recommends Green. Or start journalling: Each day, write down three moments when you felt like you were in the zone, experienced something meaningful or did something really well. Then reflect on why. This activity alone can give you a happiness boost, research shows. And over time, it can clue you in to what you care deeply about.
3. Do things for others.
How it works: According to Seligman, true fulfilment comes from having a sense of meaning in the world. Basically, it's about living a purpose-driven life that embodies the big values that are actually important to you. Think virtues like kindness, gratitude, justice and courage.
Meaning comes from feeling like your actions are making a difference. "Acting with compassion in your heart and actively helping others is one of the most tried-and-true ways that most people can find meaning and add joy to their lives", says Weiner. Supporting an idea or movement that you believe in is another. "The common thread is to contribute to something greater than yourself", he says.
Give it a try: There's no shortage of ways for us to find meaning: volunteering, working a satisfying job, supporting a political cause or even exploring spirituality. The key is finding ones that align with what matters to you and what you do well, says Weiner.
In your professional life, look for a company whose core values (say, diversity and equity at the workplace, or a dedication to a lighter footprint) match your own, says Weiner, and one that allows you to work towards something you truly believe in. And in your personal time, says Weiner, be strategic about where you put your energy and make those important commitments count to keep the passion flowing.
If you're a natural leader who cares about the environment, you might get excited about organising a neighbourhood park clean-up or a wildlife-fundraiser race. Love talking with people and hearing about different perspectives? Sign up to deliver meals to people in need or join a door-to-door campaign to spread awareness about a cause you care about, suggests Weiner.
These might seem like gigantic steps from where you are right now. So just say yes to something: Block out time for a date with your dumbbells, hit go on a new hobby or commit to the volunteer slot. There's a slim chance you'll regret it—and a high likelihood you'll feel pretty damn, dare we say, happy.
Words: Marygrace Taylor
Illustration: Kezia Gabriella
Take It Further
For more expert-backed guidance on recovery, as well as mindset, movement, nutrition and sleep, check out the Nike Training Club App.
Try NTC Today
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How to Respond More Positively to (Just About) Everything
Toughen Your Running Bod Against Injury
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Patience the key to dealing with Marouane Fellaini
By Mike PrindivilleDec 3, 2013, 2:15 PM EST
On Wednesday, Marouane Fellaini faces his former club where, in 2008, he arrived a boy and five years later, left a man.
The problem is that since his arrival at Old Trafford Fellaini appears to have morphed back into a boy. At least, that's what a number of Manchester United supporters think.
As someone who kept close tabs on Fellaini during his years at Everton, I've been approached by United fans on more than one occasion who say: 'I thought you said Fellaini is good!?!? He sucks.'
Most of these fans have only watched Fellaini closely for the last three months, so I don't completely disagree. 'He's struggling,' or 'He looks a bit lost out there,' is my typical response.
But the idea that Fellaini lacks quality, or "sucks," is ignorant. He was a beast at Everton.
It was only a year ago, in fact, that as an Everton player Fellaini single-handedly throttled United at Old Trafford, slamming home the winner in the 1-0 victory.
But I get it. People want immediate returns on their investments. And spending £27.5 million to acquire Fellaini from Everton was one very big investment.
So why has he struggled since moving to United?
Because it's Manchester United. Simple enough. Sometimes it's easy to forget what a big step up it is to move from a medium-large sized club (like Everton) to the world football hegemon that is Manchester United.
Too often fans expect the transition to be immediate, as was the case with Wayne Rooney. But Rooney is a special case, that of a player who was always supposed to reach superstar status.
Fellaini is different. A late developer, he has only recently acquired a mastery of his gangly limbs and goofy gait. He's still not wonderful on the ball but he's light-years better than he was only a few years ago and has all the tools to develop into a world-class player.
Like a baseball player being signed by the Yankees, the step-up can be difficult. Time is needed. At least, more than the 10 games he's featured in for United so far. With Fellaini, it may take a full season before he is a dominant box-to-box midfielder. Which, by the way, is his best (and preferred) position.
At Everton he played as a second striker only because the club had limited options to play up front (Victor Anichebe and Nikica Jelavic, to name a few) but at United he will blossom as a fierce tackling, box-to-box midfielder whose aerial ability and late rampaging runs into the box will change games.
Ultimately, Fellaini is most likely to form a partnership with Michael Carrick where the former gets stuck in and triggers the break-out on counters while the latter pulls the strings and distributes from deep. Playing this duo behind Wayne Rooney and Robin van Persie and in front of Nemanja Vidic and Jonny Evans (or, eventually, Phil Jones) would form one heck of a spine.
With Jones suspended for Wednesday's match and Carrick ruled out by an Achilles issue, it's likely that Fellaini will partner Tom Cleverley in the center of the park.
Phil Neville, for one, has Fellaini's back. "What is important for Marouane now is to play well in a match we win and he scores a goal," he told the Manchester Evening News.
"There is nobody better at that than Felli," Neville continued. "The United fans have not seen the best of him. When he came he wasn't fully match fit but we are getting him fitter to play for United and be that box-to-box player."
So advice to United fans who think Fellaini sucks – relax. Be patient. Encourage the big man.
And remember – owning one of the key components to the Beast Unit that is Beglium's Golden Generation is a really, really good thing.
Follow @mprindi


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Assist with the coordination and implementation of the activities of a staff of employees engaged in providing nutritional care and education to hospital patients and community. Assists with the planning of general and therapeutic diets for patient menus, ensuring the diets meet the Recommended Dietary Allowances.
Level of knowledge equivalent to that acquired through completion of four years of college level training in order to obtain a Bachelor's Degree in Nutrition, Dietetics, Food Science or related field.
Completion of an internship or training program approved by the Commission on Accreditation for Dietetics Education. Current registration by the Commission on Dietetic Registration required. Licensed by the Illinois Department of Professional Regulation also necessary.
Three to five years of progressive responsibility and experience in various dietary and supervisory areas in order to acquire a thorough knowledge of medical nutritional therapy and typical departmental issues.
Analytical and problem solving abilities necessary to assist in preparing general and therapeutic diets, develop a budget, revise the Diet Manual, assist subordinates with complex problems involving patients and so forth.
Interpersonal skills necessary to interact and cooperate with all levels of hospital personnel in various departments and communicate effectively with external agencies and parties.
Supervisory/managerial skills necessary to schedule, assign and direct the work of a staff of professional, technical and service employees.
Ability to use computer programs such as Microsoft Office, Word and Excel.