It's Wednesday, May 31, 2017. I'm Albert Mohler and this is The Briefing, a daily analysis of news and events from a Christian worldview.
An announcement long awaited and expected from the Trump administration came yesterday. It came in the form of a posting at the website of the White House Office of Management and Budget, and what it represents is a reversal of the contraception mandate that was central to the Obamacare legislation. You'll recall that during the presidency of Barack Obama, not only did Congress barely adopted the Affordable Care Act, now known as Obamacare, but in the form that was adopted without a single Republican vote the legislation included a now-infamous mandate, actually many mandates, but the particularly infamous one was a mandate that all employers offer to all female employees without cost a full range of what were identified as birth control and contraception methods. These would include specifically those that are believed at least sometimes to operate as an abortifacient, that is, rather than to prevent fertilization, to cause an early abortion.
Many in the Christian world immediately responded with outrage that there would be a mandate from the federal government to violate Christian conscience and the array of those who are outraged ranged all the way from orders of Catholic nuns such as the Little Sisters of the Poor to Baptist and evangelical institutions and ministries. In response to that, begrudgingly the Obama Administration, through then Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius, offered a very limited exemption, so limited as a matter fact that it basically applied only to houses of worship, not to Christian or other religious institutions and organizations. In retrospect the absolutely amazing thing is that the Obama Administration so steadfastly refused to compromise even when that compromise would clearly have been in their own political interest, and even when the legislation was so clearly in violation of First Amendment freedoms, but the steadfast refusal of the Obama Administration to compromise went all the way to the Supreme Court in 2016.
The case as it was then known was Zubik v. Burwell. It went to the Supreme Court, and the verb that was most often used in terms of what the Supreme Court did was the verb to punt. The Supreme Court punted. Effectively, they sent it back to the lower courts, but they also sent a very clear signal to the Obama Administration that there should be some kind of compromise reached. At that point there was every expectation that the Supreme Court would be divided 4-4. The recent death then of Justice Antonin Scalia, meaning that there was a likely deadlock in the Supreme Court, in one way or another it would be sent back to the lower courts, and it would also be sent back to the Obama Administration.
Here's something that was also very interesting. The Chief Justice of the United States John G. Roberts in instructing the lower court and the Obama Administration reminded them that the legal standard required for this kind of legislation is that if there would be any violation of religious liberty it would have to be on the basis of what is legally defined as a compelling interest. That is to say, it would have to be a binding argument that it was in the interest of the nation, an essential interest of the nation, that such legislation might be passed.
And furthermore, there is the requirement that even if there would be a compelling interest, the government is then required to affect legislation that would have the least restrictive means of serving that national interest. In every way the Obamacare legislation and its very flimsy exemption failed that test. But the Obama Administration did not compromise. It was working out language or said it was working out language into the very last weeks of the administration. But then the administration simply came to an end with no compromise achieved. Running for office in the very same year, 2016, now President Donald Trump made every assurance that he would rectify the situation by issuing through his administration a new set of rules and regulations from the Department of Health and Human Services that would protect the religious liberty interest in the convictions of those who could not without violating conscience operate on the basis of the Obamacare mandate.
From a Christian worldview perspective, there are so many pressing issues here. You have the morality of birth control, the morality of a federal program that mandates the coverage of birth control, you also have the question of abortifacient effects in terms of some forms of birth control, and furthermore, you also have the entire system of issues related to religious liberty and the infringement of religious liberty. But what also comes to the fore here is the absolute almost idolatrous commitment to this kind of contraception mandate on the part of the cultural left. And even as yesterday this draft policy appeared on the office page for the White House Office of Management and Budget, there were those who immediately said that if this draft were to become the federal regulation, they would immediately sue.
Now what's absolutely essential to remember here is that the only employers in question are explicitly religious employers. The vast majority of employees and employers, remember, are not even at stake in terms of this draft regulation. For them the contraception mandate remains firmly in place, but what we see here is the inevitable collision we've seen before, the collision between this new idea of sexual liberty and America's first freedom, which is religious liberty. And what we also see is that there are those who are so absolutely, even adamantly, committed to sexual liberty, a newly constructed right, that they are quite willing to violate the religious liberties of others. As we have known now for a number of years, we don't have to look out there into the future and argue just how long it will be before we see that collision between sexual liberty and religious liberty. It's already happened. That collision is a story that's already here.
Instead he said it's often seen as a spiritual but not religious practice.
Now just from a worldview perspective before we go any further into the story, we need to note the distinction that's being made there. It's very routinely made these days in terms of the media and popular conversation. It's a distinction between spirituality and religion. But here we need to note, those definitions are entirely arbitrary.
Well, once again you see even in this single paragraph the mixing of spirituality and religion as if on the one hand there's a difference and on the other hand there really isn't. Tagami in the article then cited me after an interview. I told him the problem is that yoga is inseparable from its religious roots both Hindu and Buddhist. I also pointed out that the introduction of yoga in the United States was explicitly in terms of its Buddhist and Hindu roots, and furthermore, the moment you begin talking about so-called spiritual practice with physical poses and breathing and then, as we heard, usually chanting, well, then something is going to be chanted. There is some kind of change in consciousness that is sought after here in the children. That's exactly the point. You can't have the argument both ways. Either this brings about a shift in consciousness or it doesn't. If it doesn't, there's no argument that it benefits children in terms of focus and calm. If it does benefit children in terms of focus and calm and it does involve meditation, well, there you've got something that, yes, is spiritual, but it's also religious.
Something we need to watch here is to take care in terms of how language is used. For many modern Americans, they basically secularized yoga and stripped it out of its Buddhist and Hindu context, except in terms of physical exercise in certain poses. That's quite different than actually what's being talked about in this story, which goes far beyond just physical exercise to achieving a state of mindfulness, a shift in consciousness. And when we go so far as to have explicitly in this article that it's not just a shift in consciousness, but it's also even the involvement of a mantra and chanting, well, then it's really hard to deny that we're talking about something that's theological and religious, not just, as if we could say just, spiritual.
A part of what we're looking at here is just the confusion, the deepening confusion, of an increasingly secular age, but the one thing Christians must keep in mind is that our biblical theology, which makes very clear that human beings are a psychosomatic unity in terms of body and spirit, the one thing we have to remember is that the moment we begin to talk about the spirit, we are talking about religion. Even if the rest of the world's very confused about this, we simply can't afford to be.
We're talking about the Star Wars entire series, and of course it's now a vast entertainment complex. But the original Star Wars movie was released in the last of May in the year 1977. One thing is clear, Star Wars has become a big hit, not only in the United States, but around the world. At this point the movies alone have taken in some $22 billion in earnings, and furthermore there are all kinds of product lines. We're talking about an enormous enterprise. But we're also talking about a cultural milestone that deserves our attention. For millions of people no doubt Star Wars is basically about entertainment. They went to see movies, and they got involved in the storylines, primarily in order to be entertained. And by the standards of the day going back to 1977, there was an amazing gift of storytelling that was very clear in the first Star Wars movie and then of course in all the sequels and prequels that have continued thereafter.
George Lucas, who was behind the entire story and the movies, said in 1977 that there was no particular religious dimension to the Star Wars story. But those who are familiar with Eastern religions understood there actually was. There was a very clear influence coming from Eastern religion in terms of the Star Wars worldview and narrative. But all that became a good bit more clear by the time the second movie was released. George Lucas was saying out loud that there was a dimension of spirituality and there was a dependence upon Eastern religions in terms of telling the story that Star Wars unfolded.
In a series of interviews he did with Bill Moyers, Lucas became increasingly more clear about the spiritual basis in terms of the story. Speaking to Moyers in his series the Power of Myth, Lucas went on to say that he believes that "all religions are true," but he went on also to say that we cannot know who or what God is. Lucas also acknowledged that not only was he seeking to tell a certain mythological story by means of the series, but he was attempting to link his telling of the story to very old historic ways of telling the story, again primarily in terms of Eastern mythology. In terms of the issue of myth, George Lucas developed quite a relationship with Joseph Campbell, the late specialist in myth, who along with Bill Moyers helped to popularize the entire issue in terms of alternative spirituality in the 1980s and 90s.
Central to the Star Wars cosmology is what's identified as the Force. Some Christians trying to force the Star Wars mythology into some kind of Christian frame argued that the Force was actually an oblique reference to God, but the Force is nothing like God as revealed in the Scripture. Something else that's very telling in terms of the Star Wars mythology is the recurring theme that individuals, the heroes and heroines in the stories, are told to trust their own feelings. That fits right into the spirit of the age, but it's clearly in conflict with the biblical worldview. It's simply profoundly important to say that the Bible never tells us that we are primarily to trust our own feelings and thus make our way alone in the cosmos.
Even while we're being entertained, maybe especially while we're being entertained, we've got to remember to keep the categories straight.


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The device has several types of audio controls that come with 3.5 mm jack, while the weight is just 10 grams. The device has 97 mAh battery which gives up to 5 hours of playback time.
Chinese startup Xiaomi has launched its first gadget in India through M-crandfunding platforms. These gadgets include Bluetooth audio receiver and selfie steak tripod. While the price of the Bluetooth audio receiver is Rs 999, the price of selfie stick tripod has been kept at Rs.1,799. With the help of adapters included in the Bluetooth audio receiver, users can convert any wire earphones, headphones and speakers into a wireless device, with the help of Bluetooth connectivity.
What is Mi Bluetooth audio receiver?
I think the Bluetooth audio receiver comes like a small pen that you can hang in your clothes. The device has several types of audio controls that come with 3.5 mm jack, while the weight is just 10 grams. The device has 97 mAh battery which gives up to 5 hours of playback time. Let you know that the charging cable will not be available with the device but yes the device has a standard micro USB port.
With the help of audio receiver, you just have to connect your earphone, headphone or speaker to Bluetooth device, after which you can connect the receiver with your smartphone with the help of Bluetooth.
With this, Xiaomi has also launched a selfie stick tripod priced at Rs 1,099. It can also be used as a selfie stick and a mini tripod. With the help of this tripod you can take 360 ??degree photos and camera shots which you can connect with the help of Bluetooth.
The crowdfunding platform was first launched in China and then it was launched in India. With the help of crowdfunding, Xiaomi wants to connect people together. With the help of this platform, users can test it before the device launches. I am the first Bluetooth device to be known by the Bluetooth audio receiver and selfie steak tripod.
The 'Mi crowdfunding' platform was recently introduced in India after China. The crowdfunding platform aims to boost innovation. "Crowdfunding allows people to come together and make an idea into a product on this platform which they believe in and feel strongly for," according to Xiaomi. This platform also helps the company to test-waters and gauge consumer's reaction before launching them in China and India. The Mi Bluetooth audio receiver and selfie stick tripod are among the first successes for the platform.


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All Products\nArts & CraftsBabyBagsBeautyBooksElectronicsHealthHomewareJewelleryKitchenLifestyleMoviesMusicPetsShoesSports & OutdoorsStationerySunglassesToys
ISE Exercise Physiology
SECTION 1 Physiology of Exercise
Chapter 0 Introduction to the Physiology of Exercise
Chapter 1 Common Measurements in Exercise Physiology
Chapter 2 Control of the Internal Environment
Chapter 3 Bioenergetics
Chapter 4 Exercise Metabolism
Chapter 5 Cell Signaling and the Hormonal Responses to Exercise
Chapter 6 Exercise and the Immune System
Chapter 7 The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement
Chapter 8 Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function
Chapter 9 Circulatory Responses to Exercise
Chapter 10 Respiration during Exercise
Chapter 11 Acid-Base Balance during Exercise
Chapter 12 Temperature Regulation
Chapter 13 The Physiology of Training: Effects of aerobic and anaerobic training
Chapter 14 The Physiology of Resistance Training
SECTION 2 Physiology of Health and Fitness
Chapter 15 Physical Activity and Health
Chapter 16 Exercise Prescriptions for Health and Fitness
Chapter 17 Exercise for Special Populations
Chapter 18 Nutrition, body composition, and weight management
SECTION 3 Physiology of Performance
Chapter 19 Factors Affecting Performance
Chapter 20 Training for Performance
Chapter 21 Training for the Female Athlete, Children, Special Populations, and the Masters Athlete
Chapter 22 Nutrition, Body Composition, and Performance
Chapter 23 Exercise and the Environment
Chapter 24 Ergogenic Aids
Appendix A: Calculation of Oxygen Uptake and Carbon Dioxide Production
Appendix B: Dietary Reference Intakes: Estimated Energy Requirements
Appendix C: Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins
Appendix D: Dietary Reference Intakes: Minerals and Elements
Appendix E: Percent Fat Estimate for Men: Sum of Triceps, Chest, and Subscapula Skinfolds
Appendix F: Percent Fat Estimate for Women: Sum of Triceps, Abdomen, and Suprailium Skinfolds
Appendix G: MET Equivalents for Exercise, Activities of Daily Loving, and Household Chores
Scott K. Powers is a Distinguished Professor and the UAA Endowed professor in the Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology at the University of Florida. Powers enjoys teaching and has earned three University of Florida teaching awards. Dr. Powers research has focused on exercise-mediated changes in cardiac and skeletal muscle antioxidant systems and the role that these changes play in providing protection against oxidant injury. Further, he is actively investigating the mechanisms responsible for respiratory muscle weakness in patients subjected to prolonged periods of mechanical ventilation. Dr. Powers laboratory work has been funded by grants totaling more than five million dollars from the National Institutes of Health, American Heart Association, American Lung Association, and the Florida Biomedical Research Program. This research has resulted in over 180 peer-reviewed research publications. Scott has also co-authored four college textbooks for use in exercise physiology and fitness courses. Powers is active in both the American Physiological Society and the American College of Sports Medicine. He also serves as an Associate Editor for the American Journal of Physiology-Reg. and is a member of the editorial board for the Journal of Applied Physiology, the International Journal of Sports Medicine, and the International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. Scott Powers received his bachelors degree in physical education from Carson Newman College, his masters degree in exercise physiology from the University of Georgia, and a doctorate (EdD) in exercise physiology from the University of Tennessee. Powers earned a second doctoral degree (PhD) in physiology from Louisiana State University. Edward Howley received his BS degree from Manhattan College and his MS and PhD degrees from The University of Wisconsin, Madison. He completed a one-year post-doctoral appointment at Penn State University and began his career at the University of Tennessee in 1970. He taught a variety of courses in physiology, exercise physiology and fitness testing and prescription over 36 years. He also served as an administrator of the Exercise Science program/department. He retired in 2007 and holds the rank of professor emeritus. He has received several awards for his teaching. Most of Dr. Howleys volunteer efforts have been with the American College of Sports Medicine, where he served as president from 20022003. He is the Editor-in-Chief of ACSMs Health & Fitness Journal, and is chair of the program planning committee for the annual ACSM Health & Fitness Summit meeting.
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Auto Expo 2018: Concept Future-S offers revolutionary SUV-like features, says Maruti's RS Kalsi
It is a revolutionary concept, for the first time in a sub-compact category we are giving SUV-like features, said RS Kalsi.
In an exclusive chat RS Kalsi, senior director marketing and sales of Maruti Suzuki India spoke about the Concept Future-S, SUVs and the future of electric cars in India at the Auto Expo in Delhi.
Q: Congratulations for coming up with the Concept Future-S, so when can we expect the model to be on sale?
Ans: Thank you, well I must tell you, worldwide this same principle is followed. First, the concept car is launched then the feedback from the customer is sought and then the working model is put in place. We have already initiated the process...
The idea of doing this was that customer preference is moving towards SUVs and SUV-like models. It is a revolutionary concept, for the first time in a sub-compact category we are giving SUV-like features.
Q: What about the competition?
Ans: A leader has multiple responsibilities, one of them is to expand the market and the other is to raise the bar - we have nobody else to look up to since we are the leader, we continuously seek to lead and have a customer-centric approach.
We are not driven by competition, we are driven by the customers. India is a young country and it has many aspirations, so we have to keep the interest of the youth in mind.
Q: What kind of business do you think the Future-S will be able to generate?
A: It is too early to predict at this stage but I am sure it will become a category leader and create excitement in the market...
Q: What about mileage and price, since India is a very price conscious market...
A: It is in Maruti's DNA to produce products keeping the customers in mind, we produce fuel-efficient cars at a price which is very comfortably priced and we will continue to move in that direction.
Q: It is also believed that it may cost more, is it true?
A: It is too premature to talk about the price. However, our intent is to keep it competitive
Q: Are there any chances that the design may change?
A: There would certainly be some design refinements since it would be based on customer feedback.
Q: What about Maruti's electric car strategy?
A: Our electric car plan is already in place, we intend to launch it in 2020.
Q: Do you think government's 2030 deadline of converting all cars into electric is possible?
A: The government's plan is flexible. However, as I see it, a strong hybrid is an attempt towards moving in the "full electric" direction. It also reduces emissions, it is a total package which we hope to offer in the future. It will also be environment-friendly...
Q: Do you think we are ready...
A: There is always a cost involved, we need to take the first step, unless we don't go in that direction we will never be able to get there....
(Reported by: Jhalak Nagpal, WION)
Auto Expo 2018Auto Expo 2018 DelhiAuto Expo 2018 IndiaMaruti Concept Future-SRS Kalsi
Auto Expo 2018: Renault showcases 2 EVs, seeks policy, infra roadmap


Peak 80s. That's what this is. This feels like everything I remember the 80s being. Not that I particularly remember the 80s, since I wasn't alive for just about 90% of it. But in my mind, this year epitomizes the decade for me.
This is one of those lists that was forged mainly by my childhood. A bunch of these are movies I grew up watching. Some of them I saw in college for the first time, and the rest I saw as part of the Oscar Quest. Which, for me, makes it feel like I've been with them for a while, given the amount of stuff I've seen since then.


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Important Daily Current Affairs of 22nd June 2021
In this article, we will discuss all the important current affairs of 22nd June 2021 in detail.
1. The Chief Minister of Bihar has launched two new programmes to help women and youngsters find work.
The Mukhyamantri Mahila Udyami Yojana (MMUY) and the Mukhyamantri Yuva Udyami Yojana (MYUY) were introduced by Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar with the goal of increasing employment prospects for youths and young women in the state.
A jobless woman will be given an amount of Rs 10 lakh under the MMUY to start a new business or small industry. Of the Rs 10 lakh, Rs 5 lakh would be a subsidy that the lady would not have to repay, and the other Rs 5 lakh would be an interest-free loan that would be paid back in several instalments over the next seven years from the commencement of the new business.
2. During Demo 2016, there was no tax on cash deposits made by housewives.
During demonetisation, a housewife may not face any problems from the Income Tax Department if she deposits up to 2.5 lakh in cash (2016). The assessee's deposits cannot be considered as income, according to a bench of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT).
This is important because, in most cases, an ITAT judgement is only binding on the petitioner and the jurisdiction tax officer, but it can be used as a guideline in comparable cases.
3. PayPoint India signs loan agreements with banks and NBFCs.
PayPoint India, a technology-enabled financial services distribution network, plans to expand its lending vertical, for which it has struck partnerships with 12 financial institutions.
The Mumbai-based firm has signed "lead generation agreements" with Punjab National Bank, ICICI Bank, Deutsche Bank, and NBFCs including Bajaj Housing, Piramal Housing, and Hero Fincorp, among others, and is close to doing so with State Bank of India.
4. According to a UN report, India was the fifth largest recipient of FDI in 2020.
According to a UN report, India received $64 billion in foreign direct investment in 2020, making it the world's fifth-largest recipient of inflows. The COVID-19 second wave in the country is weighing heavily on the country's overall economic activities, but its strong fundamentals provide optimism for the medium term.
According to the UN Conference on Trade and Development's (UNCTAD) World Investment Report 2021, FDI into India surged by 27% to $64 billion in 2020 from $51 billion in 2019, owing to acquisitions in the information and communication technology (ICT) industry.
5. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has reconstituted its four-member takeover panel.
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi) has reconfigured its Takeover Panel, which investigates proposals for exemption from the necessary open offer that an acquirer must make to minority shareholders.
N Venkatram, MD and CEO of Deloitte India, has been selected as a new member of the Takeover Panel by the regulator.
6. TCS and Airtel have teamed up to develop 5G network solutions.
Bharti Airtel, a leading telecom company, has established a strategic cooperation with the Tata group, a steel-to-software conglomerate, to develop 5G network technologies.
The objective is to roll out the solution for India first, then for exports. It is based on open radio access network (ORAN) technology.
7. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi) has issued new criteria for mutual funds investing in interest rate swaps.
Sebi, the market regulator, has issued new criteria for mutual fund schemes that participate in interest rate swaps, a derivative product.
For hedging purposes, mutual funds can enter into plain vanilla Interest Rate Swaps (IRS). In such instances, the value of the notional principal must not exceed the value of the current assets hedged by the plan.
8. Franklin Templeton and eight others are fined Rs 15 crore by the Sebi.
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has fined nine companies, including Franklin Templeton Trustee Services, top officials, and fund managers, a total of Rs. 15 crore in connection with the fund house's six debt schemes.
Franklin Templeton Trustee Services Pvt Ltd was fined 3 crore by SEBI, and Franklin Asset Management (India) Pvt Ltd President Sanjay Sapre and Chief Investment Officer Santosh Kamat were fined 2 crore apiece.
9. Wipro has joined the World Economic Forum's Partnership for New Work Standards Initiative.
Wipro, a global leader in digital transformation, has announced its participation in the World Economic Forum's Partnership for New Work Standards project, which aims to create a more healthy, resilient, and equitable future of work.
The goal of the effort is to co-create new frameworks, shape forward-thinking people policies, and use tools and technology to cooperatively construct human-first work standards that put people at the centre of business.
10. At the WWF India, Upasana Kamineni was named 'Ambassador Of Forest Frontline Heroes.'
Upasana Kamineni, Director, Apollo Hospitals, has been named an "Ambassador of Forest Frontline Heroes" by WWF India in order to recognise the efforts of frontline workers in hospitals and in the wildlife preservation field.
This will be focused on many states around the country, encompassing the majority of eco-regions.
11. Karim Khan, a British lawyer, has been sworn in as the ICC's Chief Prosecutor.
Karim Khan, a British barrister, was sworn in as the International Criminal Court's next head prosecutor, promising to reach out to countries that are not members of the court and to strive to bring trials in countries where crimes are committed.
Khan, a 51-year-old English barrister, has worked as a prosecutor, investigator, and defence counsel all around the world.
12. Tadang Minu is the first Arunachali woman to be appointed to the AIBA Board of Directors.
Dr. Tadang Minu of Arunachal has been selected to the Coaches Committee of the International Boxing Association (AIBA), the world's governing organisation for boxing. She is the first woman and the second Indian to do so.
Dr. Minu, who is the HoD (in-charge) of RGU's physical education department, has also been re-elected for another two years as the chairperson of the Boxing Federation of India's Women's Commission.
She is also the president of the Arunachal Amateur Boxing Association (Arunachal Amateur Boxing Association) (AABA).
13. Laurel Hubbard, a weightlifter, will be the first transgender athlete to compete in the Olympics.
Laurel Hubbard, the first openly transgender athlete to compete in the Olympics, has been named to New Zealand's women's weightlifting lineup for the 2017 Olympics in Tokyo.
Hubbard, 43, will compete in the women's over 87 kg (192 pound) event.
Awards & Honours News
14. Sumita Mitra, an Indo-American chemist, has won the European Inventor Award.
Sumita Mitra, an Indian-American scientist, has won one of Europe's most prestigious accolades for her groundbreaking breakthrough in nanotechnology, which enabled her to successfully integrate the technology with dental materials, resulting in stronger and more visually acceptable fillings.
She received the European Inventor Award 2021 in the category of "Non-European Patent Office Countries," which is given out by the European Patent Office (EPO) every year to recognise exceptional innovators from Europe and beyond.
15. The memoir of renowned neurologist Ashok Panagariya will be published after his death. 28th of June
The publisher of renowned neurologist Ashok Panagariya announced on the day of his death from post-Covid complications that his memoir, "Monk in a Merc," will be released on June 28. It will serve as a poignant reminder for anyone looking to achieve eternal happiness and mental peace while pursuing all of life's luxuries, material wealth, and professional success.
"Monk in a Merc" (Bloomsbury) is a thought-provoking read for anybody seeking ultimate pleasure and peace while still appreciating all that life has to offer, including material wealth and professional accomplishment.
16. Tahira Kashyap Khurrana Announces New Book 'The 7 Sins Of Being A Mother'
Filmmaker-writer Tahira Kashyap Khurrana has announced her upcoming book about motherhood, titled "The 7 Sins of Being A Mother".
It will be published by Juggernaut Books.
17. Markis Kido, a former Olympic gold medalist in shuttler, died after a heart attack.
Markis Kido of Indonesia, a former Olympic gold medalist, died of a heart attack, according to the BWF, the game's regulatory body.
He was 36 years old at the time.
With Hendra Setiawan, the Indonesian doubles player won the 2008 Olympic gold medal, the 2006 World Cup, and the 2007 World Championships.
18. Today is World Hydrography Day.
Every year on June 22, World Hydrography Day is commemorated.
The day is observed to honour the IHO on a global scale and to encourage all nations to work with the IHO to promote safe navigation and the preservation of marine life.
Important Daily Current Affairs of 30th June 2021
MCQ on Important Daily Current Affairs of 30th June 2021
The Hindu Editorial Vocabulary of 30th June 2021
Important Daily Current Affairs of 23rd June 2021
MCQ on Important Daily Current Affairs of 23rd June 2021
The Hindu Editorial Vocabulary of 23rd June 2021
MCQ on Important Daily Current Affairs of 22nd June 2021
The Hindu Editorial Vocabulary of 22nd June 2021
The Hindu Editorial Vocabulary of 21st June 2021
MCQ on Important Daily Current Affairs of 21st June 2021
Important Daily Current Affairs of 21st June 2021


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\section{Introduction}

Non-equilibrium plasmas have been investigated theoretically in several regimes by many authors\cite{spitzer,mihalas1,dharma98,murillo03}. These papers focus on approximations to deal with inter-particle collisions in plasmas. They develop various models to describe the temporal progress of a non-local-thermal-equilibrium (NLTE) plasma towards equilibrium.

Recently, probative experiments have ben performed on the passage towards equilibrium of a plasma in non-local thermal equilibrium (NLTE)\cite{benage06}. The paper by Taccetti at al\cite{benage06} gives a putative bound of about $1 ns$ as the time required for the NLTE plasma in their experiment to achieve equilibrium. There will be a similar bound for any other NLTE plasma. On time scales much smaller than this measure, one may safely assume that a NLTE plasma is frozen, viz., the electron temperature is different from the ion temperature. But light can travel appreciable distances on this time scale (e.g. $3cm$ in $0.1ns$), so that we need to consider the time dependence of electromagnetic fields. By extending the static methods of Jaffe and Brown\cite{brown00} and Chitanvis\cite{chitanvis06}, we can consider the classical statistics of the electrodynamic field in a non-relativistic NLTE plasma. By varying the electron temperature, the ion temperature, as well as the temperature of the electromagnetic field, we can study parametrically the passage of an NLTE towards local thermal equilibrium (LTE). Phenomena such as Bremsstrahlung  and inverse Compton scattering of hot electrons which equilibrate the temperature of electrons and the radiation field,  and electron-ion collisions, which equilibrate the energy between electrons and ions could be considered in the future to describe the temporal development of a non-equilibrium plasma towards LTE.

We have focused here on the dynamic dielectric constant of a non-equilibrium plasma, which can be measured in a laboratory. The dispersive properties of this quantity will be discussed. We propose that experiments be performed to test our predictions.

\section{Formulation of the statistical theory}

The electrostatic interaction between any two charges sitting in a collection of other charges is inevitably screened by intervening charges.  This effect becomes more dominant as the density of charges increases. Thus calculating the screening of the bare Coulomb interaction could be important for high-density plasmas. The paper by Varela et al\cite{varela} gives a recent overview of various methods brought to bear on this aspect of plasma physics. Some of these methods develop ideas based on the work of Fisher and Levin\cite{fisher93}. Our field-theoretic method bears a close resemblance to the approach of Brown and Jaffe\cite{brown00} and Chitanvis\cite{chitanvis06}.  We shall focus on the calculation of non-linear effects on the electrodynamics of a NLTE plasma. These non-linear effects are expected to dominate at high charge densities.

An assumption we will make is that on the scale that fluid motion takes place, the individual plasma components have separately reached thermal equilibrium, such that the ions of a specie possess a temperature which is different than the electron temperature.

The scalar potential $\phi$ of a plasma composed of a single atomic specie, having an atomic number $Z$, and number density $n$ is governed by:

\begin{eqnarray}
c^{-2}\partial_{t}^{2}\phi -\nabla^2 \phi &&= 4 \pi \rho \nonumber\\
\rho &&=\rho_{+}+\rho_{-}\nonumber\\
\rho_{+} &&=e ~ n~Z ~\exp(-Z e \phi/k_BT_{i}) \nonumber\\
\rho_{-}&&=- e~n~Z \exp(e \phi/kT_e)
\label{dh0}
\end{eqnarray}
where $c$ is the speed of light,
$\rho$ is the charge density,
where $k_B$ is the Boltzmann constant,
$e$ is the electronic charge,
$T_{i}$ is the ion temperature,  $T_e$ is the electron temperature, and $n$ is the average number density of the plasma. Since we consider a non-relativistic plasma, we can neglect the effects of the vector potential, which are ${\cal O}(v/c)$, compared to the potential $\phi$.
We have assumed that positive and negative charge densities are governed by Boltzmann distributions, and the electron temperature is in general different from the ion temperature.
In so doing, we are making the assumption that quantum effects are unimportant.  Now, for the case of plasmas in local thermal equilibrium, Gruzinov and Bahcall\cite{gruzinov98}, among others, have estimated that quantum effects give rise to small deviations from Eqn.\ref{dh0} for the screening length. This could be important for certain applications.

Expanding the right hand side to third order in the electrostatic potential (basically in powers of a parameter $\Gamma$ which is analogous to the usual plasma expansion parameter), it can be shown that:
\begin{equation}
c^{-2}\partial_{t}^{2}\tilde \phi -\nabla^2 \tilde \phi \approx \left(\frac{Z  (Z \tau+1) }{\lambda_{DH}^2}\right)~(- \tilde \phi + \frac{\sigma_2 }{2!} \tilde \phi^2- \frac{\sigma_3}{3!} \tilde \phi^3 )
\label{dh01}
\end{equation}

where:
\begin{eqnarray}
\lambda_{DH} &&= \sqrt{\frac{k_B T_e}{4 \pi n_0 e^2}}\nonumber\\
\Lambda &&= \frac{\lambda_{DH}}{\sqrt{Z (Z \tau +1)}}\nonumber\\
\tilde \phi &&= \frac{\Lambda \phi}{e}\nonumber\\
\sigma_2&&= ~\Gamma~\frac{\tau^2~Z^2~ -1}{(Z \tau+1)}\nonumber\\
\sigma_3&&= ~\Gamma^{2}~\frac{\tau^3~ Z^3~ -1}{(Z \tau+1)}\nonumber\\
\Gamma &&= \frac{e^{2}}{\Lambda~k_{B}T_{e}}
\label{dh1}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\tau = T_e/T_{i}$, $\Gamma$ is a parameter analogous to the usual plasma parameter. Basically, we use $\Lambda$ as a length scale rather than the mean free distance, since $\Lambda$ appears naturally in the theory.
$n_0$ is the average number density of the plasma, and $\lambda_{DH}$ is the standard Debye-Huckel screening length, which holds in the case of a single-component plasma.

Equation \ref{dh1} demonstrates as long as $\Gamma << 1$ the coupling constants $\sigma_2 < 1,~\sigma_3<1$, as long as $Z \tau$ not too high.  In this sense, we have tried to ensure that our series expansion is at least formally convergent.
The value of $\tau$ ranges between a number much greater than one to unity, as the non-equilibrium plasma tends towards equilibrium.
As an example, we note that at $T_{e} = 1 keV$, $\Lambda \sim 10^{-9}cm$, $\Gamma \sim 0.06$.  Hence, our expansion is valid for $Z \tau \le 1/0.06 \approx 16.7$. For $Z \sim 1$, our expansion is applicable to plasmas fairly out of equilibrium.

 Furthermore, note that retaining non-linear terms on the right hand side of Eqn.\ref{dh0}, in powers of $\Gamma$, is equivalent to seeking corrections due to the high density of the plasma\cite{murillo03}. The number of terms that need to be retained thus depend on $\Gamma$.

Now in the linear case when $\sigma_2=\sigma_3=0$ in Eqn.\ref{dh01}, it is easy to see that our plasma has an effective screening length $\Lambda$ which is given by the standard single-component Debye-Huckel length {\em divided} by a factor of $\sqrt {(Z \tau+1) Z}$. Thus this correction can be significant for large $Z$, and for cases when there is a large temperature difference between the electrons and ions.

Note that Eqn.\ref{dh1} for the electrostatic potential can be obtained by extremizing the following Lagrangian density:

\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal L}(\tilde \phi) &&= \frac{1}{2}((\partial_{t'} \tilde \phi)^2- |\vec \nabla' \tilde \phi|^2) -V(\tilde \phi)\nonumber\\
V(\tilde \phi) &&=  (z\tilde \phi +\frac{1}{2}\tilde \phi^2  - \frac{\sigma_2}{3!}~\tilde \phi^3 + \frac{\sigma_3}{4!} \tilde \phi^4)
\label{dh3}
\end{eqnarray}
wher $t'=c t/\Lambda$,
where the prime on the gradient operator indicates we are using $\Lambda$ as a length scale.

The cubic term can be interpreted as a three-wave interaction, and the quartic a four-wave process-- If second quantization is employed, these terms would correspond to three-photon and four-photon processes. One may perhaps expect these terms to be important in the high energy density regime.  Moreover, the theory bears a formal resemblance to the theory of phase transitions. However, we do not have a phase transition to contend with, and hence the effect of fluctuations could be minimal, and mean field theory (Eqn.\ref{dh1} corresponds to  a dynamic Debye-Huckel approximation) would be sufficient to describe the system. In fact detailed calculations presented in this paper show that higher order processes are not be important as far as renormalization of the plasmon frequency are concerned.  But they are essential if one wishes to consider the lifetime of the dressed electromagnetic field.

Since we have a time-independent Lagrangian density, the momentum $\pi \equiv \partial {\cal L}/\partial \dot {\tilde \phi} =\partial_{t'} \tilde \phi$. Hence the Hamiltonian density ( i.e. the energy density) is:

\begin{equation}
{\cal H} =\pi {\dot {\tilde \phi}} -{\cal L} = \frac{1}{2}( (\partial_{t'} \tilde \phi)^2+|\vec \nabla' \tilde \phi|^2) + V(\tilde \phi)
\label{dh3a}
\end{equation}
Note that the Hamiltonian density (energy) is positive semi-definite.
We define the following partition function in order to study the statistical mechanics of the system described by this energy density:

\begin{equation}
{\cal Z} = \int {\cal D} \tilde \phi \exp(-\int d^4 x' ~{\cal H}(\tilde \phi)/(k_{B}T_{r}))
\label{dh4}
\end{equation}
where $T_{r}/T_{e}$ is the temperature of the electromagnetic field in units of the electron temperature, since we are using $k_{B}T_{e}$ as the unit of energy.
 The functional integral over all fields denotes a sum over all thermodynamic states. In this sense, we take into account fluctuations around Eqn. \ref{dh1}. We consider Eqn. \ref{dh1} a mean-field approximation, and a non-linear, dynamic extension of the standard Debye-Huckel equation.

In order to simplify calculations, we will define $\Phi = (\sqrt{T_{e}/T_{r}})~\tilde \phi$,
and $\sigma_{2}\to \sigma_{2}'=\sqrt{T_{r}/T_{e}}~\sigma_{2}$, and $\sigma_{3}\to\sigma_{3}'=(T_{r}/T_{e})~\sigma_{3}$.
Since we generally expect $T_{e}>>T_{r}$ for an NLTE plasma, $\sigma_{3}' << \sigma_{2}'$.

In terms of $\Phi$, the partition function can be written as:

\begin{equation}
{\cal Z} = \int {\cal D} \Phi \exp(-\int d^4 x' ~{\cal H}(\Phi))
\label{dh5a}
\end{equation}

We can now use standard techniques from (Euclidean) field theory\cite{ramond} to obtain the lowest order non-trivial corrections to the self-energy, or equivalently, the screening length.  The correction to ${\cal O}(\sigma_2'^2)$ is obtained by noting that when higher order corrections due to the non-linear term in $V(\Phi)$ is taken into account:

\begin{equation}
\hat G_0(\omega,k) \to \left(\hat G_0^{-1}(\omega,k) - \hat \Sigma(\omega,k)\right)^{-1}
\label{dh4a}
\end{equation}

where $\hat G_0(\omega,k)$ denotes the momentum-space inverse of the operator $(-\partial_{t'}^{2}-\nabla^2 + 1)$ in the units indicated above, viz., $\hat G_0(\omega,k)=(\omega^{2}+k^{2}+1)^{-1}$, and where $\hat \Sigma(\omega,k)$ is the self-energy. Note that this is somewhat different than the usual Klein-Gordon-like operator in momentum-space, $(\omega^{2}-k^{2}-1)^{-1}$. One can obtain an equivalence by letting $k \to i k$ and $m \to i m$.

We used Mathematica to generate symbolically the second order contribution (the first non-trivial correction) from the cubic term in the energy functional.
The net result is:

\begin{eqnarray}
\hat \Sigma_{polarization-like}(\omega,p) &&= \frac{\sigma_2'^2}{48} \int \frac{d\Omega~d^3k}{(2 \pi)^4} \hat G_0 (\Omega,\vec k) \hat G_0(\omega-\Omega,\vec p - \vec k) \nonumber\\
\hat G_0(\omega,\vec p) &&= \frac{1}{\omega^{2}+p^{2} + 1}
\label{dh5}
\end{eqnarray}

The form of the integral can be evaluated using dimensional regularization\cite{ramond}:

\begin{eqnarray}
&&\hat \Sigma(\omega,k)_{polarization-like} = \nonumber\\
&&\frac{{\sigma_2 '}^2}{48 \cdot 16 \pi^{2}}~( 2-\gamma +2~i~\pi+ 2 \ln(4 \pi) -
\sqrt{1 - 4/(\omega^{2}+k^{2})}\ln\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - 4/(\omega^{2}+k^{2})}+1}{\sqrt{1 - 4/(\omega^{2}+k^{2})}-1}  \right)
\label{dh5a}
\end{eqnarray}

We will work in the regime where $T_{e}>> T_{r}$, so that the quartic term in $V(\Phi)$ can be safely ignored, using the scaling arguments described earlier.

The appearance of an imaginary term preceding the logarithm gives rise to a lifetime for electromagnetic excitations, analogous to the lifetime of a quasi-particle. Furthermore, there is an additional contribution to the lifetime for $1 < 4/(\omega^{2}+k^{2})$.

The net effect is that we account to ${\cal O}(\sigma_{2}'^{2})$ the screening effects on the pure Coulomb potential. It is straightforward to obtain the effective wave-equation, obtained in lieu of Eqn.\ref{dh3}:

\begin{equation}
{\cal L}  \to {\cal L}_{effective} \equiv \frac{1}{2}((\partial_{t'} \Phi)^2- |\vec \nabla' \Phi|^2 -\Phi|^2+ \int d^{4}x' \Phi(x')~\Sigma_{polarization-like}(x'-x)\Phi(x))
\label{Leff}
\end{equation}

The effective wave equation follows simply, by extremizing this Lagrangian, and the spectral form of its Green's function can be obtained as follows:

\begin{equation}
\hat {\cal G}(\omega,k) = \left(\omega^{2}-k^{2}-1+\hat \Sigma_{polarization-like}(\omega,k))\right)^{-1}
\label{die1}
\end{equation}

Basically, Eqn. \ref{die1} yields a plasmon resonance at :

\begin{equation}
\omega=\pm\sqrt{c^{2 }k^{2}+\omega_{p}^{2}}
\label{pl1}
\end{equation}
where $c=1$ in the units we are using.
This is a perturbative result, valid for $\sigma_{2}' < 1$.
One might be tempted to assume from Eqns. \ref{dh5a} that the overall contribution is $<<1$, given the small numerical pre-factor.  As speculated earlier, this is indeed the case, as far as the plasmon frequency is concerned--
In the units chosen, $\Lambda=1$, and  $\omega_{p}^{2}\approx c^{2}/\Lambda^{2} +{\cal O}(\sigma_{2}'^{2})\approx 1$.
The effects of interaction on the renormalization of the plasmon frequency can be gauged by studying the zero of $Re({\cal G}^{-1}(\omega,k=0.1))$ as displayed in Fig. \ref{FIG1}. The zero occurs at the plasmon frequency $\omega_{p}$.  The plasmon frequency is insensitive to the coupling constants, which in turn depend on the parameters of the plasma.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{nlte-smc-fig1}
\caption{The blue curve corresponds to $\sigma_{2}'=1$ and has a zero at the plasmon frequency of $\omega_{p}\approx1$ (in the units chosen), while the red curve corresponds to $\sigma_{2}'=10$ and also has a zero at $\omega_{p}\approx 1$.  This shows that the plasmon frequency $\omega_{p}$ does not depend sensitively on the coupling constants, which in turn depend on the plasma parameters.  Note that while the theory itself is formally valid for values of the coupling constant less than one, we have used larger values of the coupling constants only for exposition.}
\label{FIG1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The negative of the imaginary part of the structure factor $\hat {\cal G}(\omega,k)$ yields the spectral weight.  The spectral weight manifests the plasmon resonance.  This quantity should be accessible to experiments.
Qualitatively, this is what one expects to occur in a plasma\cite{ichimaru}. For sufficiently large frequencies, far from the plasmon frequency, one expects a long-lived wave.
This effect is exemplified in Fig.\ref{FIG2}. This figure shows the spectral weight for two different values of the coupling constant. The red curve refers to $\sigma_{2}'=1$ and signifies a case more out of equilibrium, and the blue curve with $\sigma_{2}'=1/2$ refers to case closer to equilibrium. The spectral weight is sensitive to the value of the coupling constants (see Figure \ref{FIG2}) over part of the frequency spectrum. Notice also that the width narrows as the system approached equilibrium.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{nlte-smc-fig2}
\caption{This plot of the spectral weight. It clearly shows the plasmon structure, broadened by three-wave interactions. The blue curve corresponds to $\sigma_{2}'=1/2$ and refers to a case closer to equilibrium, and the red curve corresponds to an NLTE  case of $\sigma_{2}'=1$.}
\label{FIG2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Dynamic screening effects}

The dielectric constant $\epsilon(\omega,k)$ of the plasma may be obtained via the following formal identification:

\begin{eqnarray}
\hat {\cal G}(\omega,k) &&= \left(\omega^{2}-k^{2}-1+\hat \Sigma_{polarization-like}(\omega,k))\right)^{-1}\nonumber\\
&&=\left(\epsilon(\omega,k) \omega^{2} - k^{2}\right)^{-1}\nonumber\\
\epsilon(\omega,k) &&= 1 -\frac{1 - \hat \Sigma_{polarization-like}(\omega,k)}{\omega^{2}}
\label{dieform}
\end{eqnarray}

We have plotted in Fig. \ref{FIG3} the negative of the imaginary part of the inverse of the dielectric constant, which is proportional to the structure factor ${\cal S}(\omega, k)$\cite{ichimaru} of the NLTE plasma. The structure factor may be probed in future experiments.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{nlte-smc-fig3}
\caption{This plot of the negative of the imaginary part of the inverse of the dielectric constant, which is proportional to the structure factor. It clearly shows the plasmon structure, broadened by three-wave interactions. The blue curve corresponds to $\sigma_{2}'=1/2$ and refers to a case closer to equilibrium, and the red curve corresponds to an NLTE  case of $\sigma_{2}'=1$.}
\label{FIG3}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Relaxation Rates}

Third-order interactions (corresponding to three photon processes) lead to finite lifetimes for electromagnetic excitations. Jaffe and Brown\cite{brown00} have pointed out in the static case, there is a correspondence between our approach, which focuses on the electromagnetic field, and the ensemble consisting of electrons and ions. A similar connection must exist for the dynamic case considered here as well.  Relaxation rates for collisions between ions and electrons can be computed for various regimes\cite{dharma01}. Not only does our theory account for such inter-particle collisions in an integrated sense\cite{brown00}, but addresses radiative processes as well. The inverse of the rate we consider here is a measure of the time required for electromagnetic energy in a specific part of the spectrum to be given to other parts of the spectrum.

To the first order in the coupling constant $\sigma_{2}'$, the relaxation rate, written as an inverse lifetime is:

\begin{eqnarray}
\tau_{em}^{-1} &&= \left(\frac{c}{\Lambda}\right)~\left(\frac{\sigma_{2}'}{32 \pi}\right)~\sqrt{2 \pi (T_{r}/T_{e})} \nonumber\\
&& =\left(\frac{c}{\Lambda}\right)~\left(\frac{\Gamma (\tau^2~Z^2~ -1)}{32 \pi (Z \tau+1)}\right) ~\sqrt{2 \pi(T_{r}/T_{e})}
\label{rel1}
\end{eqnarray}
for $1 > 4/(\omega^{2}+k^{2})$. Here we have re-introduced dimensionful parameterization.

For the case of extreme non-equilibrium, for $Z>>1$, when $\tau >>1$, we can extract the main functional dependencies as:

\begin{equation}
\tau_{em}^{-1} \sim~n^{-1}~T_{e}^{3/2}~T_{i}^{-2}~T_{r}^{1/2}
\label{rel2}
\end{equation}

This result can be compared to the usual Spitzer rate (two-temperature plasma), which is restricted to electron-ion collisions, and yields a $T_{e}^{3/2}$ temperature dependence.

For $1 < 4/(\omega^{2}+k^{2})$, we obtain an additional contribution to the lifetime which depends on the region of the spectrum being probed:

\begin{eqnarray}
\tau_{em}^{-1} && =\left(\frac{c}{\Lambda}\right)~\left(\frac{\Gamma (\tau^2~Z^2~ -1)}{32 \pi (Z \tau+1)}\right) ~\sqrt{(T_{r}/T_{e})}\cdot\nonumber\\
&&\sqrt{\left( 2 \pi - {\cal I}m\left(\sqrt{1 - 4/(\omega^{2}+k^{2})}\ln\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - 4/(\omega^{2}+k^{2})}+1}{\sqrt{1 - 4/(\omega^{2}+k^{2})}-1}  \right)  \right)\right)}
\label{rel2}
\end{eqnarray}

\section{Radiative properties of a NLTE plasma}

We have found that the dispersion relation is given approximately $\omega=\sqrt{k^{2}+\omega_{p}^{2}}$.
This implies that electromagnetic waves not satisfying this relation exist at best in an evanescent fashion in the plasma.
One expects on physical grounds that this absorptive-transparency phenomenon will affect the radiative properties of a black-body in which a plasma exists as well.

One can estimate this effect by modifying the standard calculation of the energy density of the electromagnetic field by noting that the density of states $g(\omega)$ per unit volume for the present case is:

\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde g(k) dk &&= \frac{2 \cdot 4 \pi \cdot k^{2}}{(2 \pi)^{3}}~dk \nonumber\\
g(\omega) d\omega &&= \frac{\omega~\sqrt{\omega^{2} - \omega_{p}^{2}}}{c}~d\omega~\forall \omega \ge \omega_{p}
\label{bb1}
\end{eqnarray}
Here we have restored dimensionality of all parameters.
The resulting energy radiation flowing per unit area, per unit time, to leading order in $\omega_{p}$ is then:

\begin{equation}
S(T_{r},\omega_{p}) = \sigma_{SB} T_{r}^{4}~\left(1-\frac{5 \hbar^{2} \omega_{p}^{2}}{4 \pi^{2}k_{B}^{2}T_{r}^{2}}+...\right)
\label{bb2}
\end{equation}
where $\sigma_{SB}$ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.

We note the following estimates:

$\bullet$ The plasmon frequency $\omega_{p}^{0}\sim10^{16}Hz$ at an electron temperature of $1 keV$, and a number density $\approx 10^{18}cm^{-3}$.  This corresponds to photon energy $\hbar \omega_{p}^{0}\sim 10 eV$.
This suggests that our corrections to the Stefan-Boltzmann law can be significant for a radiation field temperature $T_{r}\sim 10 eV$.

\section{Quantum tunneling}

We will consider briefly in this section the effect of dynamic screening on fusion rates.  Toward the end of the section, we indulge in speculating how the thermal rate of fusion may be affected in NLTE plasmas. This may be considered a prelude to a full-fledged study of nuclear fusion rates in non-equilibrium plasmas.
We have restored dimensionality of all parameters in this section.

Now the WKB penetration factor ${\cal P}(E)$ for charged nuclear particles interacting via a pure Coulomb term at sufficiently large distances compared to the nuclear lengths is:

\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal P}(E) &&= \exp\left(-2 \int_{r_{1}}^{r_{2}}\kappa(r)dr\right) \nonumber\\
\int_{r_{1}}^{r_{2}}\kappa(r)dr &&= \frac{\pi Z Z' e^{2}}{\hbar v} \left(1-\frac{2}{\pi}~\sin^{-1}\gamma^{-1/2} \right) -\frac{\mu v R} {\hbar} ~\sqrt{\gamma-1}\nonumber\\
\gamma &&= \frac{Z Z' e^{2}}{E R}\nonumber\\
E &&= E_{k}+ \frac{Z Z'e^{2}\omega_{p}}{c}\nonumber\\
E_{k}&&=\frac{\mu v^{2}}{2}
\label{pf1}
\end{eqnarray}

where $r_{1}=R$ is the turning point where nuclear attractive forces begin to dominate Coulomb repulsion, and the other turning point $r_{2}=Z Z'e^{2}/E$, $Ze$ and $Z'e$ being the charges on the interacting particles. $\mu$ is the reduced mass of the two nuclear interacting particles, $v$ is the relative speed, and $E$ is the sum of the kinetic energy and the static screening effect.

Now, from Eqn.\ref{dh5a}, the pure Coulomb interaction is modified thusly:

\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{r} \to \frac{\exp(-r~\sqrt{\omega_{p}^{2}/c^{2}-E_{k}^{2}/(c^{2}\hbar^{2})}) }{r}
\label{pf2}
\end{equation}
where for sufficiently low values of the kinetic energy $E_{k}$, the radical in Eqn.\ref{pf2} remains real. It is seen that accounting for the finite speed of light causes the screening length to increase, i.e., the range of the interaction increases, allowing for repulsion over a larger distance.  Hence we expect the penetration factor to decrease.

Upon expanding in powers of $r$, since we are only interested in short separations, and further, retaining only leading order terms in $E_{k}$, we obtain an addition to the argument in the penetration factor:

\begin{eqnarray}
\int_{r_{1}}^{r_{2}}\kappa(r)dr &&\to \int_{r_{1}}^{r_{2}}\kappa(r)dr + \Delta \nonumber\\
\Delta &&=\left(\frac{E_{k} \alpha \gamma^{2}}{2 c \hbar^{2}\omega_{p}\sqrt{\gamma-1}}\right)~ \left( \frac{\alpha }{\hbar v \gamma} - \frac{\pi R \mu v}{2 \hbar}\right)\nonumber\\
\alpha&&=Z Z' e^{2}
\label{pf3}
\end{eqnarray}

Hence, by accounting for the finite speed of light, we have shown that retardation effects will affect the fusion rate. Salpeter\cite{salpeter54} referred to dynamic effects in passing in his seminal paper, while more recently Shaviv and Shaviv\cite{ss00}, and Bahcall et al\cite{bahcall02} have considered such effects in more detail. Here we have presented an alternative treatment of the same effect.

Upon utilizing $\omega_{p}/c \sim 10^{9}cm^{-1}$, $E_{k}\sim 10 keV$, $R\sim 10^{-13}cm$, $\mu \sim 10^{-25}g$, we find that the first term in Eqn.\ref{pf3} is greater than the first, so that the net effect for this set of parameters is to decrease the fusion rate, albeit by a small amount ${\cal O}(10^{-4})$, compared to Eqn.\ref{pf1}, which yields a contribution of $\sim {\cal O}(10^{-1})$.

Note that this theory is based on the assumption that the charge density follows the classical Boltzmann distribution even at nuclear distances. This point has been questioned by many authors, e.g. Gruzinov and Bahcall\cite{gruzinov98} for the case of a plasma in local thermal equilibrium. They find that quantum effects change the screening length by approximately $1\%$ in the solar interior. We will consider such effects for a NLTE plasma in a future paper.

It is well-known that the fusion rate at a finite temperature is directly proportional to the relative fraction of the reactants.  Hence it is possible that if concentration of reactants is increased locally, it would enhance fusion in that spatial region.  To see that such charge configurations may occur in our system, let us consider the wave equation to the second order in the potential:

\begin{equation}
\left(\partial_{t}^{2}- \nabla^{2}\right) \Phi = - \Phi + \frac{\sigma_{2}'}{2} \Phi^{2}
\label{wv1}
\end{equation}

We seek a traveling wave solution in one dimension of the form $\Phi(x-ut)$, where the wave-speed $u$ is measured in units of the speed of light.  Redefining $\xi=(x-ut)/\sqrt{1-u^{2}}$, with $u < 1$, we see that for the special case of $z=0$, the solution is:

\begin{equation}
\Phi(\xi) = \left(\frac{3}{ \sigma_{2}'}\right)~{\rm sech}^{2}(\xi/2)
\label{wv2}
\end{equation}

This is of course a traveling soliton.  It is interesting to see what charge distribution is carried along with this soliton. This can be estimated by computing the curvature of the solution, viz., $-\partial_{\xi}^{2}\Phi(\xi)$.  We illustrate this is Fig.\ref{FIG4}.  Notice that the blue curve is the potential, which shows a change in the curvature as we move away from the origin.  This is manifested in the charge density, displayed as the red curve.  Notice how the positive charge gets localized by a surrounding negative charge density. Furthermore, we have lowered in Fig. \ref{FIG4}the charge density by a scaling factor of $\sigma_{2}' < 1$. This represents a deviation from the average charge density, which will be much lower.  The fact that positive charges (nuclei) have been localized will enhance the rate of fusion.  Of course, whether such localization occurs in a given plasma depends on initial and boundary conditions on the NLTE plasma.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{nlte-smc-fig4.eps}
\caption{The blue curve is a solitonic solution to Eqn.\ref{wv1}. The red curve is the corresponding charge density.  Note how non-linear effects serve to localize the positive charge.}
\label{FIG4}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}
We studied parametrically dynamic screening effects in a three-temperature plasma. A statistical theory of the electromagnetic field interacting with charges was developed for this purpose. Diagrammatic techniques were utilized to obtain leading order estimates of the lifetime of the plasmon resonance due to three-wave interactions. Effects of dynamic screening on radiative properties were deduced.  We speculated on the manner in which solitonic solutions could allow localized enhancement of positive charges, which in turn would increase fusion rates.

We propose that the techniques developed, and results obtained in this paper could be tested in future experiments.

\bibliographystyle{apsrev.bst}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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namespace umi\orm\metadata;

use umi\orm\exception\IException;

/**
 * Менеджер метаданных.
 */
interface IMetadataManager
{

    /**
     * Возвращает метаданные для коллекции
     * @param string $collectionName имя коллекции
     * @throws IException если не удалось получить метаданные
     * @return IMetadata
     */
    public function getMetadata($collectionName);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The American Association for Long Term Care Insurance (AALTCI) forecasts long-term care insurance (LTCi) premium growth of between 8 and 10 percent in 2015 over last year, and policy sales are expected to grow by 3 to 5 percent over last year.
Jesse Slome, AALTCI executive director, said the 2015 projections are a welcome reversal from the "double-digit sales declines" experienced by LTCi carriers in 2014.
Slome also said in a news release that 2015 sales would be even higher if more financial advisors and agents re-entered the long-term care insurance marketplace.
"I don't see that happening over the short term in 2015 but it is good to see some major insurers are investing heavily in trying to rebuild distribution for the product," he said.
The LTCi market is in the midst of transition. The question isn't whether the LTCi market is here to stay, or even whether it will grow. The question is which direction will it take?
Many insurance carriers fled the market several years ago, having experienced losses on policies issued before 2002 as long-term care costs rose. Other carriers pulled back from either the individual market or the group market.
Remaining carriers raised prices to stay profitable, and carrier executives are preparing to launch new products to take advantage of a new market cycle.
At the same time, carrier executives say the industry needs to do more to keep successful advisors selling long-term care insurance coverage, and to attract new producers into the ranks.
"Expansion in the number of people selling long-term care is important too," said Scott J. McKay, senior vice president and chief information officer of Genworth Financial at the AALTCI annual meeting in Kansas City last spring.
LTCi policies are, in some ways, more important than life insurance policies for some policyholders, yet there are 10 times more agents selling life polices than there are agents selling LTCi, he also said.
Carriers committed to the LTCi market — which is valued at about $11 billion in premiums covering about 6.9 million policyholders — have sought to grow the market by making LTCi policies more flexible.
When LTCi was first offered decades ago, most plans covered only nursing home care. Today, many LTCi policies offer flexible care options and more consumer protections.
In addition, the industry has found ways to offer long-term care riders on life insurance policies and annuities whereby the LTC benefit payment — a living benefit — comes at the expense of a policy's cash value or death benefit.
"If adding a benefit like LTC gains traction for life insurance sales, then considering the number of life insurance agents, we expect many more Americans will have some form of long-term care protection in place at the end of 2015," Slome said.
The long-term future of the LTCi market seems assured as policy experts agree that private LTCi has a role to play in protecting the well-being of older Americans, millions of whom are retiring and getting older every year.
A report issued by the American Council of Life Insurers (ACLI) in November found that by 2020 there will be an estimated 2.46 million American age 85 and older. By 2050, the number of Americans 85 and older will have ballooned to 7.09 million.
At the same time, the number of employed adults who contribute most in taxes will be shrinking, said Andrew Melnyk, vice president and chief economist for the ACLI.
In 2020, he estimates there will be 2.4 employed adults per retiree. By 2050, there will only be two employed adults per retiree.
The more the private sector can provide long-term care coverage, the less taxpayers will have to pay to provide long-term care through Medicaid, Genworth CEO Thomas J. McInerney, said before a gathering of the Intercompany Long-Term Care Conference last March.
"The private market can't cover everybody, but the more LTC insurance policies that are issued, the less pressure on Medicaid budget and other entitlement spending in the future," he said.
Claims incurred by the LTCi market amounted to $7.7 billion in 2013, according to data from the National Association of Insurance Commissioners.


So, I want to take this blog thing(and vlog thing) serioulsy, I mean I really enjoy doing it and I don't want to put it to the side because of lazyness. So I desided a few things; That I would change the blogportal to WordPress, because the one I had before was being weird, that I would blog in English too, not just vlog in English and that I'm going to update more often. And of course I'm going to try to be as intresting as posible.


The Department of Water Resources says it will conduct a comprehensive safety review at the recommendation of several state and federal agencies.
The California Department of Water Resources announced this week the Oroville Dam will undergo an overall safety review.
Federal, state and private experts will collaborate on the assessment, taking a closer look at any needed upgrades for the 770-foot dam, according to agency officials.
The department's response follows our Investigative Unit's six-month investigation that raised serious safety concerns about the dam. After the dam's spillway collapsed in February and forced 200,000 people to evacuate, the NBC Bay Area Investigative Unit poured over two decades-worth of records and consulted with dam engineer experts and former Department of Water Resources insiders.
The documents revealed four major safety issues, including everything from a 15-foot crack on gate 8 of the flood control structure to spalling and deterioration of concrete in other parts of the dam to cracking of the trunnion rods that raise the floodgates.
The former department insiders told NBC Bay Area these problems were being overlooked and needed serious attention. Inspection reports repeatedly showed concerns that the Department of Water Resources failed to establish a long-term plan to monitor the speed of water that naturally flows through the dam—what's known as the phreatic surface. If water comes out of the dam too fast, at the wrong time, experts said it could wash away the entire dam.
Water resources told NBC Bay Area they are confident the dam is safe, despite the concerns from previous department engineers. Now, it appears the half-century-old dam will be getting some much-needed attention.
Officials say the assessment of the dam is to be completed by the end of 2019. Results from a separate survey from an independent consultant looking into what caused the spillway collapse in February will be released later this month, according to the agency.


CNAME (Canonical Name) records specify that a domain name is an alias of another "canonical" domain name. It can be used in different ways.
For example: It can be used to point multiple CNAMEs to one A Record (IP) allowing easy management. Or you can also point a domain or subdomain to some external domain (like in Blogger integration). You can Add/Update CNAME Records for your domain name from the free DNS management panel available with DomainKing.NG.
1). Login to DomainKing Client panel.
2). In your client area click on "My Domains" from the top menu bar.
3). Click on the "Manage Domain" icon next to the domain for which you want to update the CNAME settings.
4). Scroll down to the bottom of the page to the "Management Tools" section and click on "DKNG DNS & Email Panel(Beta)" i.e. the Green Button..
5). Click on "Manage DNS Records".
6). Click on "Continue to DNS Panel"and wait while it will redirect you to next page.
7). Now you are inside the DKNG DNS Management Panel. Click on the "CNAMEs Records" button in navigation bar.
8). To add a new CNAME click on "Add CNAME Record".
Host Name: In this field type "www" or any other subdomain that you want to point. For example: If you want to point abc.yourdomain.com then you need to enter "abc".
Value: Enter the destination to which you want to point your host name. For example: If you want to point abc.yourdomain.com to xyz.yourdomain.com then in Value you need to enter "xyz" in this filed.
Note: You will see 2 check boxes ahead of this field. Select the 2nd checkbox if you want to point your domain to some external domain other than your own domain. For example when you want to point abc.yourdomain.com to ghs.google.com, you need to select the Second checkbox.
TTL: Leave this field as it is.
10). Please check your records once again and click on "Add Record" button.
Congratulations! Your CNAME has now been added. Please wait for few hours for the DNS settings to propagate over the internet & work properly.


text:
Making Cars Is Hard
Here's Everything Tesla Thinks It Can Pull Off Starting in 2019
Filed to: TeslaFiled to: Tesla
Tesla Pickup
A big part of the Tesla mythos is that you're always being promised a brighter future. When so much of it comes through, you forget about the stuff that doesn't, like battery-swap stations or full self-driving or highways lined with... well, these things. And now, here's a full list of everything Tesla is telling us it wants to do this year. It's a lot.
Tesla Posts $139 Million Profit In Q4 2018, First Back-To-Back Profits Ever
Tesla has seemed to often operate in fits and spurts, with rapid deliveries following phases of…
Significantly Increase Model 3 Production
Tesla just put out its 2018 roundup letter to investors and included two new things in it: Tesla Model 3 production should go up and stay up at 7,000 cars per week.
It started the year around 2,000 cars down from there, as Bloomberg reported, and getting to that figure involved what even Tesla itself called "production hell." Tesla tells us that getting up to 7,000 should be relatively easy, saying that it is "now past the steep portion of the production S-curve."
Tool Up For The Model Y
This was another expanded item from the investor letter. "Additionally, this year we will start tooling for Model Y to achieve volume production by the end of 2020, most likely at Gigafactory 1." The Y is another crossover, but compact, and looking like an X but with more swoops. As you're no doubt aware, the small crossover market is white-hot right now, and while the Model 3 often feels like the only send people are buying en masse the Model Y is poised to do even better.
In the past we pointed out that this timeline for a new vehicle in the midst of everything else Tesla has been getting up to was "aggressive, if not insane."
Musk had previously told shareholders that he would have a site for the Y picked out either in the third quarter of last year (didn't happen) or by the end of the fourth quarter of last year (still hasn't exactly happened). Musk declared that very low production would begin earlier in 2020.
Construct Its Factory In China And Start Production There
Muskbroke ground on Tesla's foothold in China this year, in Shanghai specifically. This is the third of Tesla's Gigafactories, and is supposedly getting $7 billion funneled into it, as we reported from Musk's Twitter and XinhuaNet.com. Being that China is the world's largest car market and the linchpin of the EV sector, this factory is extremely critical.
The factory will be making only base-model Model 3s at first, but Tesla also said that it'll make the Model Y there in 2020. Tesla said it wants production to begin by the end of this year and for full production to be underway by next year. That'd be 500,000 cars, as we previously noted.
Start Model 3 Sales In Europe
The Model 3 finally got through a handful of regulatory hurdles and is approved for sale in the EU, as we reported from Bloomberg earlier in the month. Deliveries are expected in mid-February.
Get The Tesla Semi Ready For Production Also
You may remember that Tesla told the world that we would see production start on the all-electric tractor trailer this year, in 2019, but that got walked back to some degree. Investor Worm Capitol visited the Gigafactory 1 in September, as Electrek published at the time, and reported back that "they will begin to earnestly produce Semis by 2020." What exactly that entails could certainly be more clear, but hey, we did see a Semi prototype running around in red. Pretty snazzy.
It should not be forgotten that this revising of strategy came out after another analyst reckoned Tesla would need $10 billion to get all of its plans underway. Also, the Semi got Tesla into a lawsuit with other electric semi company Nikola.
Maybe Unveil The Telsa Pickup This Summer
Musk just stated this on an earnings call and it was a bit of a surprise, as I had forgotten that this was a thing Tesla still had in mind.
We Might See A Tesla Pickup Truck This Summer
A new crossover! A new semi truck! A plant in China! Layoffs! The new roadster, maybe! Tesla has a…
We first heard about this thing when Musk showed the world the bigger Semi back in 2017. In summer of 2018, he brought it back up on Twitter and laid out some bold plans for it, as we reported:
Here are some of Musk's big ideas for the pickup:
Dual-motor all-wheel drive, "crazy torque" and dynamically adjustable suspension, all standard
On-board power outlets for "high power tools"
At least 400- to 500-mile range because there will be more room for batteries
Big, accommodating driver's seat
Automatic parallel parking features with 360-degree cameras and sonar
Be a six-seater (???)
Musk said it'll be like nothing else, but in terms of "very difficult things for Tesla to pull off" that would be rather par for the course for 2019.
ROADSTER???
I've seen a few reports that claim Tesla has wanted to get the Roadster into production after the Y, sometime in 2020, but haven't found anything direct from Tesla to back that up, certainly not recently.
The idea of the Tesla Roadster surprises me as it should be genuinely one of the easiest things for Tesla to pull off. As the Model 3 has shown the world, mass-production of high-quality cars at an affordable price is hard. Making a low-volume niche enthusiast vehicle, by contrast, is relatively easy.
Getting a tiny EV sports car to produce wild power and acceleration stats isn't even unique to Tesla anymore. Rimac has been making something like this for years.
Elon Musk Tweets Again About Tesla Roadster Rocket Engines But He's Going in a Weird Direction
You might recall that around six months ago, Elon Musk tweeted that he was planning an option…
And yet, Musk is still tweeting about rocket boosters on this thing. Why make anything easy?
Tesla Is Cutting Staff But Still Aiming to Increase Production
Even Tesla Seems to Be Getting Real About Self-Driving Car Tech in 2019