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Pre-Oscar Hollywood musings by Maithili Rao
Oscar time makes me nostalgic for pre-pandemic Bombay. Though I left the city nearly four years ago, I remember how there were Oscar weeks with back to back screenings of nominated films – the main ones. Documentaries and foreign films that made the coveted list had to wait. This was before we all began to watch content on streaming platforms instead of the camaraderie of seeing films in theatres. A communally shared experience gradually receded into the penumbra of memory and films became a solitary pleasure, especially now that we can't even host or attend watch parties. This mini binge watching - with major misses because many are unavailable even to rent – brought back the pleasure of watching films, instead of getting used to series, the prolonged, finely detailed narratives that have the luxury of time to flesh out subplots and back stories. We relearnt an old lesson: film demands more from the maker, to fulfil our narrative expectations within a limited time and yet, give a complete viewing experience…whether the classic three act structure with a catharsis that left us emotionally cleansed or the newer narrative forms that could be episodic and yet linear, or intriguingly cyclic.
Like Mank, my favourite film of the year. Mank comes with a huge back story and decades of expectations caused by the critical conundrums bequeathed by Citizen Kane. This classic to beat all classics, a landmark that rewrote narrative grammar, has divided film historians and critics even though all agree that it is a masterpiece forever. The question is, who deserves credit. Pauline Kael, the formidable doyenne who shaped writing on cinema for decades, took up cudgels on behalf of Herman Mankieweicz in her influential The Citizen Kane Book. Welles's colleague John Houseman – you see much more of him in Mank than Welles who is almost a cameo – wrote his version in Run-Through. Both reclaimed literary authorship for the washed out Mankieweicz: he was despatched to a ranch with no access to alcohol (he found ways to get around this ban) in the custody of a stern caregiver, a German woman and a young British secretary to type up his handwritten script. The writer, with his signature coruscating cynicism delivered with a sneer, was commanded to deliver the script in 60 days by the boy genius who had carte blanche to make what he wanted from the studios floundering in the midst of the Depression. Mank is a film history aficionado's delight as legends walk in and out of the MGM Studio. Louis Meyer, Irving Thalberg, another boy wizard, William Randolph Hearst, fellow writers at the studio shooting the breeze with not much going around, are filmed up close and personal, all their flaws and foibles not glossed over. Shot in B&W to keep to the ambiance of the 30s, David Fincher's filming of his late father's script is both a homage and critique of the system where the studio dictates to the creatives. Mank is a film to delight people in love with film history, the stories behind the stories, about writers who told them and the people on whom the stories are based. In the process, it also tries to demystify the aura around Citizen Kane but without a single shot from the film that imbued the real life character on whom it is based with the tragic grandeur worthy of a Shakespearean hero. In Fincher's film, Hearst is a dessicated media tycoon who hardly says anything interesting, all the vivacity is reserved for his actress wife Marion Davies, as the couple preside over dinner parties with A- lister guests. Mankieweicz delivers wounding salvos with self-deprecatory gusto, as he is expected to: his job is to play court jester to the powerful and provide entertainment. Gary Oldman's performance is superb: he plays a man who is not likeable, willing to hurt others and yet has a core of honesty that survives the ups and downs of Hollywood. His script with a killer deadline, the fact that the hero is based on Hearst becomes common knowledge, courtesy the usual grapevine. Regarding its intriguing episodic structure, Mank says: "the narrative is one big circle, like a cinnamon roll." Fincher follows a similar structure in Mank, going back and forth in time – a homage to the inspiration behind his film? Speculation about the scattered narrative is rife. The enigmatic Rosebud at the end of Citizen Kane has had many interpretations. The more salacious is this: it refers to the genitalia of the old man's young wife. This is told to Mank with a straight face by a fellow writer. The scriptwriter just shrugs. His deadpan demeanour stays in place. Mank sheds his cynical skin when he sees the manipulated "news stories' where actors play ordinary people. It is a crucial election in California where Hearst goes all out, playing ugly to make the Republican win against author Upton (utopian) Sinclair who enters the electoral fray with his socialist agenda. Then and now, America makes socialism synonymous with Communism. Mank tries to persuade a fellow writer to stop making these false news stories but his friend knows what he is doing. His only argument is, this is his only chance of directing. Mank is full of echoing ironies, that ring true to this day. The best screen writing has continuing relevance.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSfX-nrg-lI
The Trial of Chicago 7 has been on Netflix since 2020 and is forgotten in the rush of new films in the Oscar race. The name Aaron Sorkin spells political drama that punches holes in conservative reconstruction of events with sharp writing that captures the essence of characters who are connected only by a common purpose. The SAG (Screen Actors Guild) award for ensemble performance (what a cast!) went to The Trial of Chicago 7 and earlier, Sorkin won the screenplay award at The Golden Globes. The seven young men, all from different parts of the country want to organize a protest meeting in Chicago, to coincide with the Democratic convention in 1968. The sheer drama of seven men so different from each other gains racist edge when the Black Panther activist Bobby Seale becomes an unwilling part of the group. They are charged with causing a riot. The words, "If blood is going to flow, then let it flow all over the city!" are pounced upon as incitement. Spoken in anguish and rage by Hayden, an activist and one time president of Students for a Democratic Society, it is twisted out of context by the police. Hayden speaks out when one of the group is hit on the head and is bleeding. Abbie Hoffman (Sacha Baron Cohen), with his hippie hair, laidback cool and Boston twang, plays the clown with a serious core. Cohen commands attention whenever he is on screen. The labyrinthine way of the justice system – a hostile judge, jury changes and prosecution playing the nationalist card – brings in famous names like the former Attorney General to underline the ideological divide. These young men want to protest against the Vietnam War and newly elected Nixon decides to put his weight (unseen but felt) behind the trial that has been dragging on. The defendants are freed but not before the final coda that is a proven goosebumper. Hayden recites the names of the 4752 dead in Vietnam as part of his closing argument. The crowd in the court stands up spontaneously to cheer.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAaZIfeQzT0
Adaptation from a play, an iconic one by August Wilson who has chronicled Black artists in a theatre series, can have cinematic finesse and not look like filmed theatre. Not even when a lot of action takes place in a dingy rehearsal room of a Chicago recording studio. Not when you have actors like Viola Davis and Chadwick Boseman perform a musical pas de deux that revolves round contrasts. Ma Raineys' Black Bottom pits a young trumpet player Levee (Boseman) with the energy and vision to dream big against the diva around whom the band is expected to revolve for all time – Ma Rainey(Viola Davis) "the mother of Blues", tantrum prone and shrewd businesswoman compacted in a flamboyant fleshy frame. (Davis put on 20 pounds for this film). She belts out old favourites in her soul-stirring voice, will not let Levee change a single note or a spontaneous flourish in his youthful bid for freedom to make it on his own. From a 1927 performance in Georgia to Chicago recording studio run by a White manager who dimes and nickels the troupe like a loan shark is a riveting journey. Ma Rainey is ready to record for a White audience but also disdains them: "they don't understand how Blues is life's way of talking." Music forms one track as the band, all older than Levee, use the N word in affection, reprimand, camaraderie of a freewheeling conversation that is often deeper than what we hear. Levee argues with the older man who is religious and wants Black men to talk better but not be servile to Whites. The flippant, irreverent Levee has two break out moments of soul- baring confessions of childhood trauma. Boseman redefines intensity underlying his seeming levity in such an electrifying performance that an Oscar is assured –not just as an emotional farewell from the Academy because this gifted actor died soon after making the film. There is also an acknowledgement of how sex is more than subtext in a troupe that spends so much time together. We see Ma Rainey feel up and squeeze the young dancer's bottom in a familiar way. Dussie May – bright red lipstick and clingy dress – is Ma's lover but soon makes out with the persistent Levee in the basement, after some hard bargaining. Levee is talented, writes his own songs and dreams of forming his band with a new sound. The manager has been stringing him along with the promise of recording his music. The ending is a sucker punch. Expected but still hits hard. The White manager pays him five dollars for a song as if he is doing Levee a favour. The last shot is heart-breaking. An all- White ensemble is recording the same song in a bland boring way, without the surprising riffs Levee would have brought to his music. Authorship of Black art has been Hudson the playwright's continuing preoccupation. Ma Rainey's Black Bottom makes a musical-dramatic statement of this preoccupation. Though there are two towering performances, it is also a perfect ensemble piece, like a film where music is both the theme that unites and disrupts a band circling the sun that is Viola Davis's Ma Rainey. Another rather quietly impactful film has an ironic title, Sound of Metal. The film starts off with pounding heavy metal sound, as vocalist and bass guitarist screams into the mike and the drummer beats up crescendo after crescendo. Darius Marder's script poses an existential question. What happens when a drummer loses hearing? Sound of Metal is supposedly based on real life heavy metal musicians and a docu-drama was planned some 10 years ago with afflicted musicians playing themselves. Here we have Ruben (the fiercely talented Riz Ahmed) and his partner Lou (Olivia Cooke) tour the US in an RV equipped with all technical gadgets, performing to dedicated heavy metal fan base. It is as sudden as it is gradual. Ruben wakes up and slowly realises sound is becoming a droning hum – indistinct and disturbing. The specialists recommend implantation in his brain that will transmit sound but not the actual act of hearing, It is an expensive surgery, risky and not covered by insurance. To add to his problems, Ruben is a heroin addict and has relationship issues of trust with his partner. Recommended by his sponsor, Ruben's rehab process begins, at an isolated therapeutic centre run by Vietnam veteran Joe. He oversees a group of deaf people who communicate expertly through sign language. Ruben has to learn to be deaf but he can't really accept it. He sells his van and has surgery – all without much drama but in a matter of fact way that is more disturbing. It is taken for granted that such a film needs an almost choreographed sound design, to make us experience Ruben's existence in a fog of inchoate sounds that make no sense. Ahmed acts with his face that flickers with emotions that flow into one another –ironically like music. He goes to Lou in Paris and discovers another side to her – as woman and musician. It is on a Paris street that ambient sounds around him are so disturbing that he pulls out the small pads attached to his head. The growing silence reaches stillness and you see that mirrored in Ruben's eyes. It is an almost meditative process. It is calm acceptance? Or stoicism in the face of defeat? An ambiguous question that haunts long after the film is over. Riz Ahmed made it to an Oscar nomination for an unusual role that asks for a non-dramatic acting.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFOrGkAvjAE
Another film that won its actress a nomination starts off promisingly but can't make up its mind whether it wants to be a court room drama, or the despair of losing a baby minutes after birth or an exploration of a mother-daughter relationship fraught with resentments and unfulfilled expectations. The film is Pieces of a Woman, a Canadian –American production directed by Kornel Mundrusczo. The lead actor Vanessa Kirby plays Martha, a professional living with her partner Sean (Shia LeBeouf) a construction foreman. She opts for home birth and the midwife who was booked sends a substitute. The director seeks to dazzle with bravura camera work, a long shot that follows Martha around her apartment as she goes through contractions in her bedroom, bathroom , all the heavy-breathing, screams of pain amidst encouraging sounds to push culminates in the mewling cry of a new born. The euphoria is brief. The panicked midwife calls the ambulance but the baby has turned blue and died. The film meanders from Martha's struggle to contain pain, her over-powering mother's interference and estrangement from Sean that ends in his leaving Boston. Ellen Burstyn gradually steps in to dominate the film as the guilt ridden mother trying to overcompensate. She is a holocaust survivor who is now wealthy and brings a suit against the midwife. Dates flash across the screen to suggest passing of time but except for Martha's struggle with herself, the dates mean hardly anything. A laboured film about the labour of childbirth becomes a weary watch. The film won Vanessa Kirby Best Actress award at Venice film festival. Did the actor wear a very realistic prosthetic belly or was she really pregnant for this role? An irrelevant question but such irrelevancies are the result of a film that disengages you half way. Pity really.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zLKbMAZNGI
Maithili Rao is a well know film critic, journalist and author. She is also the author of the great Smita Patil's biography.
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Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/hal/pseptp/halshs-02491741.html
Political Effects of the Internet and Social Media
Ekaterina Zhuravskaya
(PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement)
Maria Petrova
(IPEG - Institute for Political Economy and Governance - Institute for Political Economy and Governance, UPF - Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona], NES - New Economics School - New Economics School)
Ruben Enikolopov
(IPEG - Institute for Political Economy and Governance - Institute for Political Economy and Governance, NES - New Economics School - New Economics School, UPF - Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona])
How do the internet and social media affect political outcomes? We review empirical evidence from the recent political-economy literature, focusing primarily on the work that considers traits that distinguish the internet and social media from traditional offline media, such as low barriers to entry and reliance on user-generated content. We discuss the main results about the effects of the internet, in general, and social media, in particular, on voting, street protests, attitudes toward government, political polarization, xenophobia, and politicians' behavior. We also review evidence on the role of social media in the dissemination of false news, and we summarize results about the strategies employed by autocratic regimes to censor the internet and to use social media for surveillance and propaganda. We conclude by highlighting open questions about how the internet and social media shape politics in democracies and autocracies.
Ekaterina Zhuravskaya & Maria Petrova & Ruben Enikolopov, 2020. "Political Effects of the Internet and Social Media," PSE-Ecole d'économie de Paris (Postprint) halshs-02491741, HAL.
Handle: RePEc:hal:pseptp:halshs-02491741
Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02491741
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Italo Colantone & Piero Stanig, 2018. "The Trade Origins of Economic Nationalism: Import Competition and Voting Behavior in Western Europe," American Journal of Political Science, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 62(4), pages 936-953, October.
King, Gary & Pan, Jennifer & Roberts, Margaret E., 2013. "How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 107(2), pages 326-343, May.
Halberstam, Yosh & Knight, Brian, 2016. "Homophily, group size, and the diffusion of political information in social networks: Evidence from Twitter," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 73-88.
Yosh Halberstam & Brian Knight, 2014. "Homophily, Group Size, and the Diffusion of Political Information in Social Networks: Evidence from Twitter," NBER Working Papers 20681, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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Cantoni, Davide & Yang, David Y & Yuchtman, Noam & Zhang, Y Jane, 2019. "Protests as strategic games: experimental evidence from Hong Kong's antiauthoritarian movement," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 100316, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
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Qin, Bei & Str�mberg, David & Wu, Yanhui, 2017. "Why Does China Allow Freer Social Media? Protests versus Surveillance and Propaganda," CEPR Discussion Papers 11778, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Egorov, Georgy & Guriev, Sergei & Sonin, Konstantin, 2009. "Why Resource-poor Dictators Allow Freer Media: A Theory and Evidence from Panel Data," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 103(4), pages 645-668, November.
Georgy Egorov & Sergei Guriev & Konstantin Sonin, 2009. "Why Resource-Poor Dictators Allow Freer Media: A Theory and Evidence from Panel Data," Post-Print hal-03417695, HAL.
Pablo Barberá & Ning Wang & Richard Bonneau & John T Jost & Jonathan Nagler & Joshua Tucker & Sandra González-Bailón, 2015. "The Critical Periphery in the Growth of Social Protests," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(11), pages 1-15, November.
Daron Acemoglu & Tarek A. Hassan & Ahmed Tahoun, 2018. "The Power of the Street: Evidence from Egypt's Arab Spring," Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 31(1), pages 1-42.
Daron Acemoglu & Tarek A. Hassan & Ahmed Tahoun, 2014. "The Power of the Street: Evidence from Egypt's Arab Spring," NBER Working Papers 20665, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Acemoglu, Daron & Hassan, Tarek & Tahoun, Ahmed, 2014. "The Power of the Street: Evidence from Egypt's Arab Spring," CEPR Discussion Papers 10262, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Miner, Luke, 2015. "The unintended consequences of internet diffusion: Evidence from Malaysia," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 66-78.
King, Gary & Pan, Jennifer & Roberts, Margaret E., 2017. "How the Chinese Government Fabricates Social Media Posts for Strategic Distraction, Not Engaged Argument," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 111(3), pages 484-501, August.
Carl Benedikt Frey & Thor Berger & Chinchih Chen, 2018. "Political machinery: did robots swing the 2016 US presidential election?," Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Oxford University Press, vol. 34(3), pages 418-442.
Julia Cage, 2014. "Media Competition, Information Provision and Political Participation," Sciences Po publications info:hdl:2441/16juu6v6rg8, Sciences Po.
Julia Cagé, 2014. "Media Competition, Information Provision and Political Participation," Working Papers hal-03602440, HAL.
Yuyu Chen & David Y. Yang, 2019. "The Impact of Media Censorship: 1984 or Brave New World?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 109(6), pages 2294-2332, June.
Huang, Haifeng & Yeh, Yao-Yuan, 2019. "Information from Abroad: Foreign Media, Selective Exposure and Political Support in China," British Journal of Political Science, Cambridge University Press, vol. 49(2), pages 611-636, April.
Hunt Allcott & Matthew Gentzkow, 2017. "Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 31(2), pages 211-236, Spring.
Sergei Guriev & Elias Papaioannou, 2022. "The Political Economy of Populism," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 60(3), pages 753-832, September.
Guriev, Sergei & Papaioannou, Elias, 2020. "The Political Economy of Populism," CEPR Discussion Papers 14433, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Boyer, Pierre & Delemotte, Thomas & Gauthier, Germain & Rollet, Vincent & Schmutz, Benoit, 2020. "The Gilets jaunes: Offline and Online," CEPR Discussion Papers 14780, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Pierre C. Boyer & Thomas Delemotte & Germain Gauthier & Vincent Rollet & Benoît Schmutz, 2020. "The Gilets Jaunes: Offline and Online," CESifo Working Paper Series 8326, CESifo.
Sergei Guriev & Elias Papaioannou, 2022. "The Political Economy of Populism," Post-Print hal-03874305, HAL.
Thomas Fujiwara & Karsten Müller & Carlo Schwarz, 2021. "The Effect of Social Media on Elections: Evidence from the United States," NBER Working Papers 28849, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Thomas Fujiwara & Karsten Müller & Carlo Schwarz, 2022. "The Effect of Social Media on Elections: Evidence from the United States," Working Papers 2022-18, Princeton University. Economics Department..
Joël Cariolle & Yasmine Elkhateeb & Mathilde Maurel, 2022. "(Mis-)information technology: Internet use and perception of democracy in Africa," Documents de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne 22010, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1), Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne.
Joël Cariolle & Yasmine Elkhateeb & Mathilde Maurel, 2022. "(Mis-)information technology: Internet use and perception of democracy in Africa," Post-Print halshs-03628023, HAL.
Joël Cariolle & Yasmine Elkhateeb & Mathilde Maurel, 2022. "(Mis-)information technology: Internet use and perception of democracy in Africa," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) halshs-03628023, HAL.
Marco Manacorda & Guido Tabellini & Andrea Tesei, 2022. "Mobile Internet and the Rise of Political Tribalism in Europe," CESifo Working Paper Series 9955, CESifo.
Marco Manacorda & Guido Tabellini & Andrea Tesei, 2022. "Mobile internet and the rise of political tribalism in Europe," CEP Discussion Papers dp1877, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
Alesina, Alberto F & Tabellini, Marco, 2020. "The Political Effects of Immigration: Culture or Economics?," CEPR Discussion Papers 15486, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Alberto Alesina & Marco Tabellini, 2022. "The Political Effects of Immigration: Culture or Economics?," NBER Working Papers 30079, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Alesina, Alberto & Tabellini, Marco, 2021. "The Political Effects of Immigration: Culture or Economics?," IZA Discussion Papers 14354, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
Leopoldo Fergusson & Carlos Molina, 2020. "Facebook Causes Protests," HiCN Working Papers 323, Households in Conflict Network.
Leopoldo Fergusson & Carlos Molina, 2020. "Facebook Causes Protests," Documentos de Trabajo LACEA 018004, The Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association - LACEA.
Leopoldo Fergusson & Carlos Molina, 2021. "Facebook Causes Protests," Documentos CEDE 018002, Universidad de los Andes – Facultad de Economía – CEDE.
Geraci, Andrea & Nardotto, Mattia & Reggiani, Tommaso & Sabatini, Fabio, 2022. "Broadband Internet and social capital," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 206(C).
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Ruben Enikolopov & Maria Petrova & Konstantin Sonin, 2018. "Social Media and Corruption," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 10(1), pages 150-174, January.
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Robert Gold, 2022. "From a better understanding of the drivers of populism to a new political agenda," Working Papers 4, Forum New Economy.
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Rafael Di Tella & Sebastian Galiani & Ernesto Schargrodsky, 2019. "Persuasive Propaganda during the 2015 Argentine Ballotage," NBER Working Papers 26321, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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Bursztyn, Leonardo & Haaland, Ingar & Rao, Aakaash & Roth, Christopher, 2021. "Disguising prejudice : Popular rationales as excuses for intolerant expression," The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS) 1340, University of Warwick, Department of Economics.
Bursztyn, Leonardo & Haaland, Ingar & Rao, Aakaash & Roth, Christopher, 2021. "Disguising Prejudice: Popular Rationales as Excuses for Intolerant Expression," CAGE Online Working Paper Series 555, Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy (CAGE).
Leonardo Bursztyn & Ingar Haaland & Aakaash Rao & Christopher Roth, 2020. "Disguising Prejudice: Popular Rationales as Excuses for Intolerant Expression," Working Papers 2020-73, Becker Friedman Institute for Research In Economics.
Christian Gläßel & Katrin Paula, 2020. "Sometimes Less Is More: Censorship, News Falsification, and Disapproval in 1989 East Germany," American Journal of Political Science, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 64(3), pages 682-698, July.
Niklas Potrafke & Felix Roesel, 2022. "Online Versus Offline: Which Networks Spur Protests?," CESifo Working Paper Series 9969, CESifo.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Companion to the Anglo-Zulu War
Ian Knight
16 pages of illustrations
The Anglo-Zulu War was a defining episode in British imperial history, and it is still a subject of intense interest. The Zulu victory at Isandlwana, the heroic British defense of Rorke's Drift and the eventual British triumph are among the most closely researched events of the colonial era. In this historical companion, Ian Knight, one of the foremost authorities on the war and the Zulu kingdom, provides an essential reference guide to a short, bloody campaign that had an enduring impact on the history of Britain and southern Africa. He gives succinct summaries of the issues, events, armies and individuals involved. His work is an invaluable resource for anyone who is interested in the history of the period, in the operations of the British army in southern Africa, and in the Zulu kingdom.
Ian Knight is one of the best-known authorities on the Anglo-Zulu War. As well as lecturing and writing articles on the subject for journals and magazines, he has compile museum catalogues and acted as a consultant for television documentaries produced by the BBC and the History Channel. His many books include Brave Men's Blood: The Anatomy of the Zulu Army, The National Army Museum Book of the Zulu War and a biography of the Prince Imperial. He is also vice-president of the Anglo-Zulu War Historical Society. Ian Knight lives in Sussex.
Companion to the Anglo-Zulu War Reviews
Beating the Nazi Invader
Neil R Storey
Guiseley Terriers: A Small Part in the Great War
Stephen Barber
Stilicho
Ian Hughes
Motorsport's Military Heroes
Bryan Lightbody
The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean
Raoul McLaughlin
Razor 03
Alan C. Mack
The Mandela Revolution
Huw Lawford
Brighton at War 1939–45
Douglas d'Enno


Spend a week at camp doing the things you love most. As a group you will decide and plan out many of the camp activities throughout the week. You will have the opportunity to go climbing, boating, camping, do target sports and experience the great outdoors.
Test your strength, strategy, and skill as you focus on a challenging high element each day. Learn and develop climbing skills, belay techniques, knot tying and climbing safety. Spend a day at Taylors Falls rock-climbing in the bluffs of the St. Croix River.
Fine tune your archery skills and learn new ones. Archery games will help you discover the science behind drawing and releasing the bow. Learn and practice slingshots and hatchet throwing to develop your target sport skills. Instructors will show you proper grip, stance and aim alignment. Receive a lesson from the pros at A1 Archery in Hudson, WI. Equipment will be provided.
Embark on a canoeing/kayaking excursion full of adventure. Develop your paddling skills and learn boating safety as you experience the challenge of navigating the water!
Develop your camping skills as you work together to set up camp in the remote campsites at St. Croix. Learn a variety of useful camping skills that including: building a fire, shelter building, knot tying, campfire cooking, navigating maps and more!
Receive daily ground and water instruction in basic sailing skills and techniques, as well as boat maintenance and care. Time is spent learning skills such as rigging, jibbing, tacking, knot tying, water safety, and river etiquette. You will operate our fleet of sailboats on Lake St. Croix.
Get hooked on fishing as you learn basic fishing skills. The St. Croix River provides the scene for fishing fun using the catch-and-release method. You are encouraged to bring your own pole and tackle if you wish but equipment is available for use as well.
Grow as a leader as you help counselors facilitate camp programs. CLC is designed to build community and provide mentoring and character development. Skills learned are transferrable to camp and non-camp jobs. Preferred qualifications: Completion of Leaders-In-Training or similar leadership program.


The standard of requiring proof within a reasonable medical probability for proximate cause has been repeatedly upheld. See Alef, v. Alta Bates Hospital (1992) 5 Cal.App.4th 208, 216; Simmons v. West Covina Medical Clinic (1989) 212 Cal.App.3d 696, 704; Dumas v. Cooney (1991) 235 Cal.App.3d 1593, 1603; Bromme v. Pavitt (1992) 5 Cal.App.4th 1487, 1498. Plaintiff cannot recover unless it can be shown that the injuries were, more probably that not, caused by a negligent act or omission of the defendant, and this must be established by testimony from a competent medical expert.
The accompanying declaration of James Chin demonstrates his competency to opine as a board certified surgeon expert as well as his opinion to a reasonable medical probability that no act or omission to act caused by moving defendant caused or contributed to David White' death. Dr. Chin has opined to a reasonable medical probability, that The CMC's attending surgeons and Dr. Daniel Black did not cause or contribute to David White's death.
The autopsy report notes the cause of death was due to sepsis due to inflammation and abscess formation of the penile urethra due to misplaced Foley catheter balloon. Insertion and monitoring of Foley catheters is not usually performed by physicians unless the physician is contacted to assist with such placement and or problems. The medical records do not reflect that there were any requests for any physician to assist with insertion or monitoring of the Foley catheter until January 2, 2009, when notified of the sediment in the urine and green penile discharge. As stated in the declaration of Dr. Chin, the attending surgeons including Dr. Daniel Black acted within the standard of care when contacted about the green penile discharge and sediment in the urine. The attending surgeons then instituted further intervention to treat Mr. White but they were unable to save him.
Defendant has met the burden of proof as to causation, and the opinion of James Chin, M.D., is sufficient to shift the burden of proof under Code of Civil Procedure section 437 ( c ) ( p) (2) so as to require plaintiff to provide competent expert testimony to the contrary. Once the moving party has met its burden, the opposing party must produce admissible evidence to overcome the motion for summary judgment. The party opposing a motion for summary judgment has the affirmative duty to show that "triable issues of fact exist." Leo F. Piazza Paving Company v Foundation, et al (1981) 128 Cal. App. 3 d 583, 590.
Based upon the foregoing, defendant respectfully requests the Court grant defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment and enter Judgment against plaintiff.


As is the case every year, the Epistle reading for the Sunday before the Nativity of Christ focuses on faith. It consists of two excerpts from chapter 11 of Paul's Epistle to the Hebrews (verses 9-10 and 32-40) in which the Apostle highlights the reality of trust in God.
What is the relationship between the faith of Abraham, Sarah, the Judges and the Prophets of Israel and the imminent event of the Nativity?
Why has the Church set it as the Epistle reading for this Sunday?
We shall have to seek the answer to this in the fact of the Nativity and its significance for our world and for us as people.
This event marks a break in human history and in time and in our relationship with God and our fellow human beings. Quite simply, the significance of the feast is to be found in the fact it has given each person the opportunity to reconcile with God and our neighbour. It's an event of the most sublime humility and extreme obedience, which offers us the possibility of changing course and setting other priorities in our life.
How did God manage this?
Here, I think, lies the key to the understanding of the Epistle reading for the last Sunday before Christmas.
For all this to become possible, for us to be able to return to the embrace of God, God had to enter history in a simple way, but one which was decisive and friendly towards His creation. Shattering, comprehensible, yet at the same time inaccessible to reason.
This way was the conception from the Holy Spirit and the birth from the Virgin of the Son and Word of God.
This is where Holy Scripture, as bearer of the word of God and the Church as the treasury of His grace, can say a lot of things, which will mean nothing to some people and everything to others.
This is where faith has to work in us.
Our relationship with God, as we know from His revelation in our world, is defined by the absence of logical proofs which would draw us into an intellectual acceptance of Him. Rather, there are many important indications which, without coercion, show us the course of our relationship with Him and cause us to believe.
Faith doesn't 'suffocate' us; it opens ways of thought and action which we had previously never imagined.
This faith doesn't bind the faithful, but frees them and offers them the opportunity to deny Him.
This faith has nothing to do with certainties but brings us to place our trust in God and His word when we're on the edge of the cliff.
The classic example of faith/trust is Abraham, who answered God's call without hesitation and obediently changed his life and set off for an unknown, foreign destination. With faith, Sarah accepted the seed from God which, against all reason, began to grow within her.
Their descendants lived and died with faith.
In a similar fashion Noah had been a laughing-stock among those around him when he built the ark, insisting that he was acting in accordance with God's command, though this was incomprehensible to them.
The Judges, the Prophets and the righteous in the Old Testament all acted with faith.
All the martyrs, old and new, men and women, grown-ups and children all acted with faith when faced by death.
The way Saint Paul presents the matter to us helps us prepare for the Nativity of Christ in the best way possible. He brings us to the realization that each of us has to take a stance as regards the Lord. He makes it plain that our relationship with God, as this is expressed in Orthodox tradition, is a bold step which tests rather than secures, which discomforts rather than shelters. Faith is necessary if we're to feel what happened in Bethlehem. If we approach it through the lens of reason, we'll be disappointed. We'll be faced with a blank wall and before we know where we are we'll have lost our way.
So if you're approaching the Church in the hope of a reasonable -household management- type of insurance, or if you treat it as powerful psychological alibi for your way of life, or if you're looking for some human certainty or seeking unshakeable authority and wish to make yourself comfortable in its embrace and provide for your old age and book a place in Heaven, on a sort of exchange basis, you're better off not bothering. Because it's certain that you'll soon be disappointed.


Automobile Warranty Corporation is located in Wheat Ridge, Colorado and is listed as an inactive - dissolution b Foreign Business Corporation. Automobile Warranty Corporation was started on Jun 27, 1983 which was 13082 days ago.
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text:
Otago Bulletin
Otago Connection
Older is not always wiser when it comes to social gaffes
Wednesday 2 February 2011 11:47am
Older people have more difficulty detecting the social gaffes of others and this is due to an age-related decline in their emotion perception skills, new University of Otago research suggests.
In an experiment newly published in the US journal Psychology and Aging, Department of Psychology researchers including Jamin Halberstadt, Ted Ruffman and Janice Murray compared the ability of older and younger adults to distinguish socially appropriate from inappropriate behaviour depicted in the UK sitcom The Office.
The study's 121 participants, of whom 60 were aged 18-35 and the remainder aged over 60, were asked to rate how socially appropriate the character David Brent's behaviour was in 16 video clips from the sitcom. Half of the clips depicted Brent acting appropriately and half showed him making faux pas.
Participants also undertook a battery of tests to gauge their emotion recognition skills and general cognitive ability. The emotion tests measured how well participants could perceive emotions expressed facially, vocally and through body postures.
Associate Professor Halberstadt says those aged over 60 were found to be not as good as young adults at differentiating when Brent was acting appropriately or committing a gaffe. Older adults also showed poorer performance on the battery of emotion recognition tests.
"What's more, further analysis showed that older adults' poorer performance on the faux pas task could be fully explained by their decline in emotion recognition abilities," he says.
The Otago study is the first ever to examine age differences in the ability to distinguish gaffes from appropriate social behaviour while also measuring emotion recognition skills.
Previous Otago research has also shown that over 60-year-olds are worse at recognising anger, sadness and often fear, on the faces of others and are also not as good at detecting dangerous faces as younger people are.
"An important question raised by our latest research is how emotion recognition difficulties and difficulties detecting faux pas might affect social functioning in the real world."
Being unable to make distinctions between socially appropriate and inappropriate behaviour could, for example, harm social relationships and contribute to social isolation, he says.
"Understanding age-related changes in emotion recognition and social skills can provide insight into the aging process and ways to improve elderly people's quality of life."
Associate Professor Ted Ruffman
Tel 64 3 479 7670
Email tedr@psy.otago.ac.nz
Website: Department of Psychology
Emotion Perception Explains Age-Related Differences in the Perception of Social Gaffes
Jamin Halberstadt, Ted Ruffman, Janice Murray, Mele Taumoepeau, and Melissa Ryan
DOI: 10.1037/a0021366
A list of Otago experts available for media comment is available elsewhere on this website.
Electronic addresses (including email accounts, instant messaging services, or telephone accounts) published on this page are for the sole purpose of contact with the individuals concerned, in their capacity as officers, employees or students of the University of Otago, or their respective organisation. Publication of any such electronic address is not to be taken as consent to receive unsolicited commercial electronic messages by the address holder.


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text:
Dr. A.S.W. Rosenbach formed a highly important collection of early American Judaica. He gave the bulk of this collection to the American Jewish Historical Society (AJHS) in 1931. Nonetheless, significant Judaica remain at the Rosenbach, including several Hebrew incunabula, the Amsterdam Haggadah of 1695 (the first with a map of the Exodus), and the first Hebrew grammar printed in the United States (1731). Correspondence in the Rosenbachiana collection documents family members' participation in organizations ranging from Philadelphia's Congregation Mikveh Israel to the AJHS and the American Friends of the Hebrew University.
The Rosenbachiana collection encompasses books written by or owned by Philip and A.S.W. Rosenbach, a limited amount of family materials, including papers and photographs, and the archives of the Rosenbach Company, which the brothers ran from 1903-1953. The archives' stock files, purchase and sales records, correspondence, and financial records, supplemented by a collection of 13,000 book auction and bookseller catalogs, are an important resource for tracing the formation and dispersal of many important collections, and for the study of the American antiquarian book trade in the 20th century.
1963 Advertisement for the IBM Typewriters
This advertisement associates the quality of documents produced by the IBM Executive Typewriter with the printing of master printer Johan Rosenbach of Barcelona and Perpignan.
A visit with Doctor R
Dawson was the first dealer of quality antiquarian books in Los Angeles and a friend and customer of Doctor Rosenbach. His tale of a visit to the Rosenbach Company's Philadelphia shop and the Rosenbach home on DeLancey Place reveals some of Doctor R.'s sales techniques: a cultivated air of opulence;…
Going, going, gone! Rare book auction , Hotel Plaza, New York, December 8, 1938
Nobel Prize winners Albert Einstein and Thomas Mann were among the thousands of Germans who successfully fled Nazi persecution in the 1930s. They settled in America and each contributed manuscripts to a 1938 book auction chaired by Dr. Rosenbach to benefit other refugees. Both men signed the catalog seen here.…
Materials Relating to the Pow-Wow Club
The Pow-Wow Club was a Philadelphia literary club founded by Dr. Rosenbach and several of his friends in 1893. The donated materials belonged to the donors' grandfather, who was also a member, and include program booklets for the club's anniversary dinners and ladies' nights, as well as the club's minute…
Monogrammed Lap Robe, Cigarette Box, and Promotional Pamphlet
Frank Carnevale Maffe was an Italian immigrant who served as the Rosenbachs' chauffeur in New York from 1923 to 1938. One of his descendants recently contacted the Rosenbach to find out more about his work and to share her family knowledge with us. The Maffes also kindly donated several Rosenbach…
Portrait of Joseph Gratz
This portrait depicts a stately, elderly Joseph Gratz (1785-1858). Gratz's age and costume suggest that the painting was done around 1850. The artist, G.P.A. Healy was an extremely prolific portraitist, known for his images of famous men. Among Healy's American subjects were Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, Millard Fillmore, John Tyler,…
Portrait of Rebecca Gratz
This elegant portrait of Rebecca Gratz (1781-1869) was painted by Thomas Sully in 1831, when Rebecca was 50. The painting descended through the family of Sara Gratz Moses, the daughter of Rachel Gratz and Solomon Moses. Rebecca Gratz had raised Sara and her siblings after Rachel died in childbirth when…
Service for the two first nights of Passover
The little information we have about this wine-stained Haggadah speaks of tragedy for the Rosenbach family. Hyman Polock Rosenbach, oldest of the seven Rosenbach children, inscribed it "First used by me April 19th 1886." His father Morris had recently died and leading the Passover seder had become the responsibility of…
The Bologna Pentateuch, 1482
The first printed Hebrew Bible with vowels, commentary by Rashi, and Targum Onkelos. One of the great treasures of the Rosenbach's Judaica collection, it was recently re-bound in period inspired, decorated leather covers and fully digitized for viewing at the Internet Archive thanks to support from the David Berg Foundation. It can…
Celebrate the Holidays at The Rosenbach
The recent first snowfall of the season on Delancey Place has us thinking warm thoughts about the upcoming holidays. This year, we hope you'll share in our end-of-year celebrations, with a variety of programs that highlight the festive spirit, no matter how you celebrate. It's hard to think of the holidays without thinking of Charles …
Bibliomanes and Biblioklepts
"I have known men to hazard their fortunes, go long journeys halfway about the world, forget friendships, even lie, cheat, and steal, all for the gain of a book."–A.S.W. Rosenbach, Books and Bidders: The Adventures of a Bibliophile (1927) In January of this year, the book world was shocked by a daring theft from a rare …
Dr. Rosenbach and the songs of Robert Burns
This guest post is an excerpt of "Dr. Rosenbach, Robert Burns, and The Interleaved Scots Musical Museum: Song Collection and Bibliophilia" by Steve Newman, Associate Professor of literature at Temple University. It's always exciting for us to read about the discoveries made by researchers! To make an appointment in our reading room, click here. Robert Burns devoted …
The Unpublishable Memoirs
Dr. Rosenbach became famous for selling the best books at the highest prices, but how does one amass a great collection when one doesn't have the money to play the game? The clever but unscrupulous protagonist of Dr. R's first book,The Unpublishable Memoirs, has a simple solution: clever cons and sly stealing. The Unpublishable Memoirs …
A Rosenbach Murder Mystery
Dr. Rosenbach's book-dealing prowess not only earned him an extensive clientele, an amazing personal collection, and the chance to publish about his exploits, but his widespread fame also gave him a star turn as the victim in a 1930 murder mystery. The Yorkshire Moorland Mystery (a.k.a The Yorkshire Moorland Murder) by J.S. Fletcher revolves around …
Past exhibition: In the Beginning
Three Jewish Firsts in the Rosenbach Collection
Museum co-founder Dr. A.S.W. Rosenbach assembled astonishing collections that document Jewish firsts. Spanning five centuries, these objects celebrate the rich and storied heritage of the Jewish people.
Past exhibition: Chosen
Philadelphia's Great Hebraica