text:
1Current use as punishment
2Historical use as punishment
2.1Judaism
2.2Antiquity
2.3From Middle Ages to modern times
2.4Use against slaves
2.5Flogging as military punishment
2.5.1United States
2.5.2United Kingdom
2.6Australian penal colonies
2.7Contemporary Syria
3As a religious practice
3.2Christianity
3.3Shi'a Islam
4As a sexual practice
Flagellation
(Redirected from Flogging)
Whipping as a punishment
"Whipping" redirects here. For the 2017 Kiiara song, see Whippin.
For the cell appendage, see Flagellum.
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By implementation
Birching
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Flagellation (Latin flagellum, 'whip'), flogging or whipping is the act of beating the human body with special implements such as whips, rods, switches, the cat o' nine tails, the sjambok, the knout, etc. Typically, flogging has been imposed on an unwilling subject as a punishment; however, it can also be submitted to willingly and even done by oneself in sadomasochistic or religious contexts.
The strokes are typically aimed at the unclothed back of a person, though they can be administered to other areas of the body. For a moderated subform of flagellation, described as bastinado, the soles of a person's bare feet are used as a target for beating (see foot whipping).
In some circumstances the word flogging is used loosely to include any sort of corporal punishment, including birching and caning. However, in British legal terminology, a distinction was drawn (and still is, in one or two colonial territories[citation needed]) between flogging (with a cat o' nine tails) and whipping (formerly with a whip, but since the early 19th century with a birch). In Britain these were both abolished in 1948.
Current use as punishment[edit]
Main article: Judicial corporal punishment
Officially abolished in most countries, flogging or whipping, including foot whipping in some countries, is still a common punishment in some parts of the world,[1] particularly in countries using Islamic law and in some territories which were former British colonies.[citation needed] Medically supervised caning is routinely ordered by the courts as a penalty for some categories of crime in Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe and elsewhere.[citation needed]
Prisoners at a whipping post in a Delaware prison, circa 1907
Historical use as punishment[edit]
Public flogging of a slave in Brazil – work of German painter Johann Moritz Rugendas (1802–1858)
Judaism[edit]
According to the Torah (Deuteronomy 25:1-3) and Rabbinic law lashes may be given for offenses that do not merit capital punishment, and may not exceed 40. However, in the absence of a Sanhedrin, corporal punishment is not practiced in Jewish law. Halakha specifies the lashes must be given in sets of three, so the total number cannot exceed 39. Also, the person whipped is first judged whether they can withstand the punishment, if not, the number of whips is decreased. Jewish law limited flagellation to forty strokes, and in practice delivered thirty-nine, so as to avoid any possibility of breaking this law due to a miscount.
Antiquity[edit]
In the Roman Empire, flagellation was often used as a prelude to crucifixion, and in this context is sometimes referred to as scourging. Most famously according to the gospel accounts, this occurred prior to the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
Whips with small pieces of metal or bone at the tips were commonly used. Such a device could easily cause disfigurement and serious trauma, such as ripping pieces of flesh from the body or loss of an eye. In addition to causing severe pain, the victim would approach a state of hypovolemic shock due to loss of blood.
The Romans reserved this treatment for non-citizens, as stated in the lex Porcia and lex Sempronia, dating from 195 and 123 BC. The poet Horace refers to the horribile flagellum (horrible whip) in his Satires. Typically, the one to be punished was stripped naked and bound to a low pillar so that he could bend over it, or chained to an upright pillar so as to be stretched out. Two lictors (some reports indicate scourgings with four or six lictors) alternated blows from the bare shoulders down the body to the soles of the feet. There was no limit to the number of blows inflicted—this was left to the lictors to decide, though they were normally not supposed to kill the victim. Nonetheless, Livy, Suetonius and Josephus report cases of flagellation where victims died while still bound to the post. Flagellation was referred to as "half death" by some authors, as many victims died shortly thereafter. Cicero reports in In Verrem, "pro mortuo sublatus brevi postea mortuus" ("taken away for a dead man, shortly thereafter he was dead").
From Middle Ages to modern times[edit]
Punishment with a knout (Russia, 18th century)
The Whipping Act was passed in England in 1530. Under this legislation, vagrants were to be taken to a nearby populated area "and there tied to the end of a cart naked and beaten with whips throughout such market town till the body shall be bloody".[2]
In England, offenders (mostly those convicted of theft) were usually sentenced to be flogged "at a cart's tail" along a length of public street, usually near the scene of the crime, "until his [or her] back be bloody". In the late seventeenth century, however, the courts occasionally ordered that the flogging should be carried out in prison or a house of correction rather than on the streets. From the 1720s courts began explicitly to differentiate between private whipping and public whipping. Over the course of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the proportion of whippings carried out in public declined, but the number of private whippings increased. The public whipping of women was abolished in 1817 (after having been in decline since the 1770s) and that of men ended in the early 1830s, though not formally abolished until 1862. Private whipping of men in prison continued and was not abolished until 1948.[3] The 1948 abolition did not affect the ability of a prison's visiting justices (in England and Wales, but not in Scotland, except at Peterhead) to order the birch or cat for prisoners committing serious assaults on prison staff. This power was not abolished until 1967, having been last used in 1962.[4]
Whipping occurred during the French Revolution, though not as official punishment. On 31 May 1793, the Jacobin women seized a revolutionary leader, Anne Josephe Theroigne de Mericourt, stripped her naked, and flogged her on the bare bottom in the public garden of the Tuileries. After this humiliation, she refused to wear any clothes, in memory of the outrage she had suffered.[5] She went mad and ended her days in an asylum after the public whipping.
In the Russian Empire, knouts were used to flog criminals and political offenders. Sentences of a hundred lashes would usually result in death. Whipping was used as a punishment for Russian serfs.[6]
In April 2020, Saudi Arabia said it would replace flogging with prison sentences or fines, according to a government document.[7]
Use against slaves[edit]
An African-American slave named Gordon, photo taken at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1863. The scars are clearly visible because of keloid formation.
Whipping has been used as a form of discipline on slaves. It was frequently carried out during the period of slavery in the United States, by slave owners and their slaves. The power was also given to slave "patrolers," mostly poor whites authorized to whip any slave who violated the slave codes.
Flogging as military punishment[edit]
In the 18th and 19th centuries, European armies administered floggings to common soldiers who committed breaches of the military code.
During the American Revolutionary War, the American Congress raised the legal limit on lashes from 39 to 100 for soldiers who were convicted by courts-martial.[8] Generally, officers were not flogged. However, in 1745, a cashiered British officer's sword could be broken over his head, among other indignities inflicted on him.[9]
As critics of flogging aboard the ships and vessels of the United States Navy became more vocal, the Department of the Navy began in 1846 to require annual reports of discipline including flogging, and limited the maximum number of lashes to 12. These annual reports were required from the captain of each naval vessel. See thumbnail for the 1847 disciplinary report of the USS John Adams (1799). The individual reports were then compiled so the Secretary of the Navy could report to the United States Congress how pervasive flogging had become and to what extent it was utilized.[10] In total for the years 1846–1847, flogging had been administered a reported 5,036 times on sixty naval vessels.[11] At the urging of New Hampshire Senator John P. Hale, the United States Congress banned flogging on all U.S. ships in September 1850, as part of a then-controversial amendment to a naval appropriations bill.[12][13] Hale was inspired by Herman Melville's "vivid description of flogging, a brutal staple of 19th century naval discipline" in Melville's "novelized memoir" White Jacket.[14][12] Melville also included a vivid depiction of flogging, and the circumstances surrounding it, in his more famous work, Moby-Dick.
1847 disciplinary report re flogging, on the USS John Adams. The United States Congress banned flogging on all U.S. ships on 28 September 1850
Military flogging was abolished in the United States Army on 5 August 1861.[15]
Flagellation was so common in England as punishment that caning (and spanking and whipping) are called "the English vice".[16]
Flogging was a common disciplinary measure in the Royal Navy that became associated with a seaman's manly disregard for pain.[17] Aboard ships, knittles or the cat o' nine tails was used for severe formal punishment, while a "rope's end" or "starter" was used to administer informal, on-the-spot discipline. In severe cases a person could be "flogged around the fleet": a significant number of lashes (up to 600) was divided among the ships on a station and the person was taken to all ships to be flogged on each, or--when in harbour--bound in a ship's boat which was then rowed among the ships, with the ships' companies called to attention to observe the punishment.[18]
In June 1879 a motion to abolish flogging in the Royal Navy was debated in the House of Commons. John O'Connor Power, the member for Mayo, asked the First Lord of the Admiralty to bring the navy cat o' nine tails to the Commons Library so that the members might see what they were voting about. It was the Great "Cat" Contention, "Mr Speaker, since the Government has let the cat out of the bag, there is nothing to be done but to take the bull by the horns." Poet Laureate Ted Hughes celebrates the occasion in his poem, "Wilfred Owen's Photographs": "A witty profound Irishman calls/For a 'cat' into the House, and sits to watch/The gentry fingering its stained tails./Whereupon ...Quietly, unopposed,/The motion was passed."[19]
British sailor, tied to the grating, being flogged with cat o' nine tails
In the Napoleonic Wars, the maximum number of lashes that could be inflicted on soldiers in the British Army reached 1,200. This many lashes could permanently disable or kill a man. Charles Oman, historian of the Peninsular War, noted that the maximum sentence was inflicted "nine or ten times by general court-martial during the whole six years of the war" and that 1,000 lashes were administered about 50 times.[20] Other sentences were for 900, 700, 500 and 300 lashes. One soldier was sentenced to 700 lashes for stealing a beehive.[21] Another man was let off after only 175 of 400 lashes, but spent three weeks in the hospital.[22] Later in the war, the more draconian punishments were abandoned and the offenders shipped to New South Wales instead, where more whippings often awaited them. (See Australian penal colonies section.) Oman later wrote:
If anything was calculated to brutalize an army it was the wicked cruelty of the British military punishment code, which Wellington to the end of his life supported. There is plenty of authority for the fact that the man who had once received his 500 lashes for a fault which was small, or which involved no moral guilt, was often turned thereby from a good soldier into a bad soldier, by losing his self-respect and having his sense of justice seared out. Good officers knew this well enough, and did their best to avoid the cat o' nine tails, and to try more rational means—more often than not with success.[23]
The 3rd battalion's Royal Anglian Regiment nickname of "The Steelbacks" is taken from one of its former regiments, the 48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot who earned the nickname for their stoicism when being flogged with the cat o' nine tails ("Not a whimper under the lash"), a routine method of administering punishment in the Army in the 18th and early 19th centuries.
Shortly after the establishment of Northern Ireland the Special Powers Act of 1922 was enacted by the Parliament of Northern Ireland. This Act enabled the government to 'take all such steps and issue all such orders as may be necessary for preserving the peace and maintaining order'. The Home Affairs Minister was empowered to make any regulation felt necessary to preserve law and order. Breaking those regulations could bring a sentenced of up to a year in prison with hard labour, and in the case of some crimes, whipping.[24] This Act was in place until 1973 when it was replaced with the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973.
Meanwhile, during the French Revolutionary Wars the French Army stopped floggings altogether. The King's German Legion (KGL), which were German units in British pay, did not flog. In one case, a British soldier on detached duty with the KGL was sentenced to be flogged, but the German commander refused to carry out the punishment. When the British 73rd Foot flogged a man in occupied France in 1814, disgusted French citizens protested against it.[25]
Australian penal colonies[edit]
Fremantle Prison whipping post
See also: History of Australia
Once common in the British Army and British Royal Navy as a means of discipline, flagellation also featured prominently in the British penal colonies in early colonial Australia. Given that convicts in Australia were already "imprisoned", punishments for offenses committed there could not usually result in imprisonment and thus usually consisted of corporal punishment such as hard labour or flagellation. Unlike Roman times, British law explicitly forbade the combination of corporal and capital punishment; thus, a convict was either flogged or hanged but never both.
Flagellation took place either with a single whip or, more notoriously, with the cat o' nine tails. Typically, the offender's upper half was bared and he was suspended by the wrists beneath a tripod of wooden beams (known as 'the triangle'). In many cases, the offender's feet barely touched ground, which helped to stretch the skin taut and increase the damage inflicted by the whip. It also centered the offender's weight in his shoulders, further ensuring a painful experience.
With the prisoner thus stripped and bound, either one or two floggers administered the prescribed number of strokes, or "lashes," to the victim's back. During the flogging, a doctor or other medical worker was consulted at regular intervals as to the condition of the prisoner. In many cases, however, the physician merely observed the offender to determine whether he was conscious. If the prisoner passed out, the physician would order a halt until the prisoner was revived, and then the whipping would continue.
Female convicts were also subject to flogging as punishment, both on the convict ships and in the penal colonies. Although they were generally given fewer lashes than males (usually limited to 40 in each flogging), there was no other difference between the manner in which males and females were flogged.
Floggings of both male and female convicts were public, administered before the whole colony's company, assembled especially for the purpose. In addition to the infliction of pain, one of the principal purposes of the flogging was to humiliate the offender in front of his mates and to demonstrate, in a forceful way, that he had been required to submit to authority.
At the conclusion of the whipping, the prisoner's lacerated back was normally rinsed with brine, which served as a crude and painful disinfectant.
Flogging still continued for years after independence. The last person flogged in Australia was William John O'Meally in 1958 in Melbourne's Pentridge Prison.
Contemporary Syria[edit]
In Syria where torture of political dissidents, POWs and civilians is extremely common,[26][27] flagellation has become one of the most common forms of torture.[28] Flagellation is used by both the Free Syrian Army[29] and the Syrian Arab Army,[30] but is not practiced by the Syrian Democratic Forces.[31] ISIS most commonly used flagellation in which people would be tied to a ceiling and whipped.[32] It was extremely common in Raqqa Stadium, a makeshift prison where prisoners were tortured.[33][34] It was also common for those who did not follow ISIS strict laws to be publicly flogged.
As a religious practice[edit]
Self-flagellation is ritually performed in the Philippines during Holy Week (on Good Friday, before Easter).
Main article: Self-flagellation
During the Ancient Roman festival of Lupercalia, young men ran through the streets with thongs cut from the hide of goats which had just been sacrificed, whipping people with the thongs as they ran. According to Plutarch, women would put themselves in their way to receive blows on the hands, believing that this would help them to conceive or grant them an easy delivery.[35] The eunuch priests of the goddess Cybele, the galli, flogged themselves until they bled during the annual festival called Dies Sanguinis.[36] The initiation ceremonies of Greco-Roman mystery religions also sometimes involved ritual flagellation, as did the Spartan cult of Artemis Orthia.[37]
Christianity[edit]
Flagellants. From a fifteenth-century woodcut.
The Flagellation, in a Christian context, refers to an episode in the Passion of Christ prior to Jesus' crucifixion. The practice of mortification of the flesh for religious purposes has been utilised by members of various Christian denominations since the time of the Great Schism in 1054. Nowadays the instrument of penance is called a discipline, a cattail whip usually made of knotted cords, which is flung over the shoulders repeatedly during private prayer.[38]
In the 13th century, a group of Roman Catholics, known as the Flagellants, took self-mortification to extremes. These people would travel to towns and publicly beat and whip each other while preaching repentance. The nature of these demonstrations being quite morbid and disorderly, they were during periods of time suppressed by the authorities. They continued to reemerge at different times up until the 16th century.[39][40] Flagellation was also practised during the Black Plague as a means to purify oneself of sin and thus prevent contracting the disease. Pope Clement VI is known to have permitted it for this purpose in 1348.[41]
Martin Luther, the Protestant Reformer, regularly practiced self-flagellation as a means of mortification of the flesh before leaving the Roman Catholic Church.[42] Likewise, the Congregationalist writer Sarah Osborn (1714-1796) also practiced self-flagellation in order "to remind her of her continued sin, depravity, and vileness in the eyes of God".[43] It became "quite common" for members of the Tractarian movement (see Oxford Movement, 1830s onwards) within the Anglican Communion to practice self-flagellation using the discipline.[44] St. Thérèse of Lisieux, a late 19th-century French Discalced Carmelite nun considered in Catholicism to be a Doctor of the Church, is an influential example of a saint who questioned prevailing attitudes toward physical penance. Her view was that loving acceptance of the many sufferings of daily life was pleasing to God, and fostered loving relationships with other people, more than taking upon oneself extraneous sufferings through instruments of penance. As a Carmelite nun, Saint Thérèse practiced voluntary corporal mortification.
Some members of strict monastic orders, and some members of the Catholic lay organization Opus Dei, practice mild self-flagellation using the discipline.[38] Pope John Paul II took the discipline regularly.[45] Self-flagellation remains common in Colombia, the Philippines, Mexico, Spain and one convent in Peru.[citation needed]
Shi'a Islam[edit]
Main article: Day of Ashura
Further information: Tatbir
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As suffering and cutting the body with knives or chains (matam) have been prohibited by Shi'a marjas like Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran,[46] some Shi'a observe mourning with blood donation which is called "Qame Zani"[46] and flailing.[47] Yet some Shi'ite men and boys continue to slash themselves with chains (zanjeer) or swords (talwar) and allow their blood to run freely.[47]
Certain rituals like the traditional flagellation ritual called Talwar zani (talwar ka matam or sometimes tatbir) using a sword or zanjeer zani or zanjeer matam, involving the use of a zanjeer (a chain with blades) are also performed.[48] These are religious customs that show solidarity with Husayn and his family. People mourn the fact that they were not present at the battle to fight and save Husayn and his family.[dubious – discuss][49][better source needed][50][better source needed] In some western cities, Shi'a communities have organized blood donation drives with organizations like the Red Cross on Ashura as a positive replacement for self-flagellation rituals like Tatbir and Qame Zani.
As a sexual practice[edit]
Flogging demonstration at the 2004 Folsom Street Fair in San Francisco.
Main article: Impact play
Flagellation is also used as a sexual practice in the context of BDSM. The intensity of the beating is usually far less than used for punishment.
There are anecdotal reports of people willingly being bound or whipped, as a prelude to or substitute for sex, during the 14th century.[51] Flagellation practiced within an erotic setting has been recorded from at least the 1590s evidenced by a John Davies epigram,[52][53] and references to "flogging schools" in Thomas Shadwell's The Virtuoso (1676) and Tim Tell-Troth's Knavery of Astrology (1680).[54][55] Visual evidence such as mezzotints and print media in the 1600s is also identified revealing scenes of flagellation, such as in the late seventeenth-century English mezzotint "The Cully Flaug'd" from the British Museum collection.[54]
John Cleland's novel Fanny Hill, published in 1749, incorporates a flagellation scene between the character's protagonist Fanny Hill and Mr Barville.[56] A large number of flagellation publications followed, including Fashionable Lectures: Composed and Delivered with Birch Discipline (c1761), promoting the names of ladies offering the service in a lecture room with rods and cat o' nine tails.[57]
Algolagnia
Flagellant confraternities
Flaying
Florentine flogging
List of films and TV containing corporal punishment scenes
Mortification of the flesh
Paddle (spanking)
^ Three women among dozen publicly flogged in Afghanistan - Taliban official, by Mattea Bubalo, BBC News, 24 November 2022.
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Whipping". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 590–591.
^ London lives
^ "JUDICIAL AND PRISON FLOGGING AND WHIPPING IN BRITAIN". www.corpun.com.
^ Roudinesco, Elisabeth (1992). Madness and Revolution: The Lives and Legends of Theroigne de Mericourt, Verso. ISBN 0-86091-597-2. p.198
^ Chapman, Tim (2001). Imperial Russia, 1801-1905. Routledge. p.83. ISBN 0-415-23110-8
^ "Saudi Arabia to end flogging as form of punishment: document". Reuters. 24 April 2020.
^ Martin, p 76.
^ Tomasson, p 127.
^ "Sharp, John G.M., Flogging at Sea, Discipline and Punishment in the Old Navy 25 November 2020". www.usgwarchives.net.
^ Parker, Hershel, Herman Melville A Biography Volume 1, 1819-1851(Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press 1996)p.262
^ a b Hodak, George. "Congress Bans Maritime Flogging". ABA Journal. September 1850, p. 72. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
^ 31st Congress, Session 1, Chapter 80 (1850), p515. Archived 11 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine Quote: "Provided, That flogging in the navy, and on board vessels of commerce, be, and the same is hereby, abolished from and after the passage of this act."
^ "Sharp, John G.M. The Ship Log of the frigate USS United States 1843 - 1844 and Herman Melville Ordinary Seaman 2019, pp 3-4 accessed 12 December 2020". www.usgwarchives.net.
^ Weigley, Russell (1984). History of the United States Army. ISBN 978-0253203236.
^ Thomas Edward Murray; Thomas R. Murrell (1989). The Language of Sadomasochism: A Glossary and Linguistic Analysis. ABC-CLIO. pp. 23–. ISBN 978-0-313-26481-8.
^ "Life at sea in the age of sail". National Maritime Museum.
^ Keith Grint, The Arts of Leadership, 2000, ISBN 0191589330 pp.237-238
^ Hughes, Ted, "Wilfred Owen's Photographs", Lupercal, 1960. See also Stanford, Jane, That Irishman: the Life and Times of John O'Connor Power, 2011, pp. 79-80.
^ Oman, p 239.
^ Oman, p.43.
^ McKenna, Fionnuala. "Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland), 1922". CAIN. Retrieved 31 July 2022. Paragraphs 4 and 5 of the Act.
^ Rothenberg, p.179.
^ "If the Dead Could Speak". 16 December 2015.
^ "Brutal torture in Syrian prison network detailed by New York Times investigation | CBC Radio".
^ http://sn4hr.org/wp-content/pdf/english/Documentation_of_72_Torture_Methods_the_Syrian_Regime_Continues_to_Practice_in_Its_Detention_Centers_and_Military_Hospitals_en.pdf[bare URL PDF]
^ "Syria: End Opposition Use of Torture, Executions". 17 September 2012.
^ "Rare Video Evidence of Torture in Syrian Hospitals". PBS.
^ "Syria: Abuses in Kurdish-run Enclaves". 18 June 2014.
^ "Iraq: Chilling Accounts of Torture, Deaths". 19 August 2018.
^ "Smuggled video testimony documents harsh rule of Syrian Islamist group". TheGuardian.com. 19 February 2014.
^ Wilgenburg, Wladimir van (24 October 2017). "Secrets of the Black Stadium: In Raqqa, Inside ISIS' House of Horror". The Daily Beast.
^ "Plutarch: The Life of Julius Caesar (section 61)". LacusCurtius. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
^ Meyer, Marvin W. (1999). The Ancient Mysteries: A Sourcebook of Sacred Texts. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-8122-1692-9.
^ Braunlein, Peter J. (2010). "Flagellation". In Melton, J. G.; Baumann, M. (eds.). Religions of the World. ABC-CLIO. p. 1119. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3.
^ a b "Opus Dei and corporal mortification". Opus Dei Information Office. 2012.
^ "Flagellants". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 6 December 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
^ "Flagellants". The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). 7 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
^ Leslie Alexander St. Lawrence Toke (1913). "Flagellants" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ Wall, James T. The Boundless Frontier: America from Christopher Columbus to Abraham Lincoln. University Press of America. p. 103. Though he did not go to the ends that had Luther— including even self-flagellation— the methods of ritualistic observance, self-denial, and good works did not satisfy.
^ Rubin, Julius H. (1994). Religious Melancholy and Protestant Experience in America. Oxford University Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780195083019. In the many letters to her correspondents, Fish, Anthony, Hopkins, and Noyes, Osborn examined the state of her soul, sought spiritual guidance in the midst of her perplexities, and created a written forum for her continued self-examination. She cultivated an intense and abiding spirit of evangelical humiliation--self-flagellation and self-torture to remind her of her continued sin, depravity, and vileness in the eyes of God.
^ Yates, Nigel (1999). Anglican Ritualism in Victorian Britain, 1830-1910. Oxford University Press. p. 60. ISBN 9780198269892. Self-flagellation with a small scourge, known as a discipline, became quite common in Tractarian circles and was practised by Gladstone among others.
^ Barron, Fr. Robert. "Taking the Discipline". YouTube. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021.
^ a b Akramulla Syed (20 February 2009). "Zanjeer Or Qama Zani on Ashura During Muharram". Ezsoftech.com. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
^ a b "Ashura observed with blood streams to mark Karbala tragedy". Jafariya News Network. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
^ "Scars on the backs of the young". New Statesman. London. 6 June 2005. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
^ Bird, Steve (28 August 2008). "Devout Muslim guilty of making boys beat themselves during Shia ceremony". The Times. London. Retrieved 1 May 2010. (subscription required)
^ "British Muslim convicted over teen floggings". Alarabiya.net. 27 August 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
^ Arne Hoffmann: In Leder gebunden. Der Sadomasochismus in der Weltliteratur, Page 11, Ubooks 2007, ISBN 978-3-86608-078-2 (German)
^ Epigram 33: "In Francum"
^ Bromley, James M. (1 May 2010). "Social Relations and Masochistic Sexual Practice in The Nice Valour". Modern Philology. 107 (4): 556–587. doi:10.1086/652428. ISSN 0026-8232. S2CID 144194164.
^ a b Jones, M (2007) "Print of the Month: The Cully Flaug'd" in British Printed Images (BPI) to 1700
^ Nomis, Anne O (2013) "Flogging Schools and Their Cullies" in "The History & Arts of the Dominatrix" Mary Egan Publishing and Anna Nomis Ltd, 2013. ISBN 978-0-9927010-0-0 pp.80-81
^ John Cleland: Fanny Hill: Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure, Penguin Classics, (7 January 1986), ISBN 978-0-14-043249-7 Page 180 ff
^ Fashionable Lectures Composed and Delivered with Birch Discipline (c1761) British Library Rare Books collection
Bean, Joseph W. Flogging, Greenery Press, 2000. ISBN 1-890159-27-1
Bertram, James Glass. (1877 edition). Flagellation and the Flagellants: A History of the Rod. London: William Reeves.
Conway, Andrew. The Bullwhip Book. Greenery Press, 2000. ISBN 1-890159-18-2
Gibson, Ian. The English Vice: Beating, Sex and Shame in Victorian England and After. London: Duckworth, 1978. ISBN 0-7156-1264-6
Martin, James Kirby; Lender, Mark Edward. A Respectable Army: The Military Origins of the Republic, 1763-1789. Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1982. ISBN 0-88295-812-7
Oman, Charles. Wellington's Army, 1809-1814. London: Greenhill, (1913) 1993. ISBN 0-947898-41-7
Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1980). The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-31076-8.
Ricker, Kat. Doubting Thomas, Trillium Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-615-31849-3 Suspense thriller examining the dark nature of saintliness, including flagellation.
Tomasson, Katherine & Buist, Francis. Battles of the '45. London: Pan Books, 1974.
Media related to Flagellation at Wikimedia Commons
Page about corporal punishment in the world
"Forensic and Clinical Knowledge of the Practice of Crucifixion" by Dr. Frederick Zugibe
Pilot Guides - Flogging in penal Australia (including animation) Archived 13 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine
Information about a public punishment in Iran because alcohol and sex outside marriage
Catholic Encyclopedia: Flagellation
Suffering and Sainthood The importance of penance and mortification in the Catholic Church
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A closed beta for Mortal Kombat 11 starts on March 28 and will run through until April 1st for anyone who pre-ordered the game on PS4 or Xbox One, and will feature five playable characters, including fan-favourite Scorpion.
All five characters, Baraka, Jade, Kabal, Scarlet and Scorpion will also have fatalities alongside their unique movesets.
Players participating in the closed beta will experience a preview of the all-new Custom Character Variation System, which will offer nearly infinite customisation options to personalise fighters with a variety Skins, Gear, Special Abilities, Intro and Victory Cinemas, Taunts and Brutalities. Gameplay modes offered in the close beta will include online multiplayer matches, along with Towers of Time, a single-player mode where players can test their skills through various challenges, providing more ways than ever to continue the Mortal Kombat 11 experience.
Watch a trailer highlighting the closed beta embedded below.


Gene therapies developed by University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine researchers have worked to correct different forms of blindness. While effective, the downside to these approaches to vision rescue is that each disease requires its own form of gene therapy to correct the particular genetic mutation involved, a time consuming and complex process.
Hoping to develop a treatment that works more broadly across diseases, a Penn Vet team used canine disease models to closely examine how retinal gene activity varied during the progression of three different forms of inherited vision disease. Their results turned up an unexpected commonality: Early on in each of the diseases, genes involved in the same specific pathway of cell death appeared to be activated. These findings point to possible interventions that could curb vision loss across a variety of inherited retinal diseases.
The work, published in PLOS ONE, was conducted by Sem Genini, a senior research investigator; William A. Beltran, assistant professor of ophthalmology; and Gustavo D. Aguirre, professor of medical genetics and ophthalmology, all of Penn Vet's Department of Clinical Studies, Philadelphia.
The team examined three forms of retinal degenerative diseases, rod cone dysplasia 1 being the most severe, or earliest onset, followed by X-linked progressive retinal atrophy 2 and then early retinal degeneration. All of these diseases involve the death of photoreceptor cells and each is caused by a distinct genetic mutation. But what scientists did not know is how the mutations trigger a molecular signaling pathway that leads to the death of photoreceptor cells.
"What we have in mind is to be able to address multiple forms of disease with one treatment," Beltran said. "We wanted to get a better understanding of whether there are any common cell death or cell survival pathways that could be targeted in some of these diseases."
The researchers looked at the activity of 112 genes in diseased retinas and compared it to gene activity in normal retinas. They assessed gene activity at time points known to correspond with key phases of disease: the "induction phase," the time before the peak level of photoreceptor cell death; the "execution phase," when the highest rates of photoreceptor cell death occur; and the "chronic phase," during which photoreceptor cell death continues at somewhat reduced levels.
During the execution and chronic phases of disease, the researchers identified a number of genes involved in programmed cell death, or apoptosis, that had noticeably different patterns of expression between the diseased and normal dogs.
Of note, several proteins involved in the tumor necrosis factor, or TNF, pathway increased in activity during the induction and execution phases. This pathway is implicated in many diseases, from diabetes to cancer to rheumatoid arthritis.
"This is quite a new result," Genini said. "It was not expected to have the TNF pathway upregulated."
"We assumed," Aguirre said, "the diseases would be different from one another and that cells would commit suicide by their own specific pathway and that perhaps quite late they would have a common final pathway. But what this shows is that there is an early trigger that is quite similar among all three diseases."
An additional surprise was that the differentially expressed proteins were present not only in photoreceptor cells but also in other cells in the retina, including horizontal and Müller cells.
"We were focusing on what would happen with the photoreceptor cells, the cells that we knew were dying," Beltran said. "But what our results are telling us is that, sure, they are dying, but there is something else happening with the cells that they talk to."
Pharmaceutical companies have already developed TNF-inhibitors to treat diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Genini, Beltran and Aguirre say their results suggest that these drugs or similar ones might have a role to play in the retinal diseases they investigated and perhaps in others that their team is currently studying.
"On its own," Beltran said, "a TNF-inhibitor might not be a cure, but it could be used complementary to gene therapy, either by slowing the course of degeneration before the corrective gene therapy is delivered or in combination with the corrective gene therapy."
The research was supported by the Foundation Fighting Blindness, the National Institutes of Health, the Van Sloun Fund for Canine Genetic Research, Hope for Vision and the Macula Vision Research Foundation.


Weekends are the best. Two glorious days free of responsibility and filled with potential. These are the things we think you should browse, watch, read or do over the weekend. First up, here's 20 albums you need to listen to front to back, find out how Coca-Cola bottles got their curves, check out the best things to do in Sydney this weekend, see what Fabian Huebner gets to do everyday, find out how Patagonia is reigniting activism in surfing, and check out 10 of the best cliff jumping spots in Sydney (for a good way to cool off).


text:
HyunA Bursts Into Tears After She Performed Her Comeback Stage
We missed you a lot, HyunA!
Sherry Tan
After a long time away from the limelight, and a roller coaster ride, HyunA finally made her comeback. And her fans couldn't be more excited!
Many fans have been patiently waiting for her and likewise, she has been working hard to make her return sooner. The stage missed her a lot too, for sure!
She made her comeback last November 5 with the single "FLOWER SHOWER" marking her first release under her new label, P. Nation.
HyunA performed at her comeback showcase as part of her promotions and couldn't help but feel overwhelmed with all the emotions, especially after not having been on stage for a while.
She ended up crying because her emotions were too much to handle! Some of her team mates also teared up because of the emotional atmosphere!
HyunA said she missed the stage a lot, and cried because she was able to perform on it again.
hyuna cried after her showcase because she missed being on stage so much pls she deserves all the love and support :(((( pic.twitter.com/l5Xo8vwdme
— ara is seeing svt (@dayjp6) December 2, 2019
Her team mates even teased her and said that she might cry after every performance she does to lighten up the mood, and it worked, because HyunA laughed because of it!
Watch HyunA's latest single here:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Der Kyrillpfad Schanze ist ein Anschauungs- und Erlebnispfad im Ortsteil Schanze der Stadt Schmallenberg.

In der Nacht vom 18. auf den 19. Januar 2007 zog über Nordrhein-Westfalen der Orkan Kyrill hinweg und hinterließ auch in den Wäldern von Schmallenberg große Schäden. Die Hauptwege der betroffenen Waldgebiete waren bereits Mitte des Jahres 2007 überwiegend wieder freigeräumt. Bei den Rangern in Südwestfalen kam die Idee auf, einen Teil der Kyrillfläche nicht aufzuarbeiten und der Natur zu überlassen und diese Fläche als Anschauungsobjekt und Erlebnispfad für die Auswirkungen durch den Orkan zu erhalten. Im Laufe der Zeit sollte auch anschaulich gezeigt werden können, wie sich die Sturmflächen selbst regenerieren.

Eine 3,5 Hektar große, im Eigentum des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen stehende Fläche fand sich in Schanze. In Absprache mit dem Regionalforstamt Oberes Sauerland wurde ein Konzept erarbeitet. Es entstand mit Kreativität und Eigenleistungen der Ranger des Landesbetriebes Wald und Holz NRW ein etwa 1000 Meter langer Pfad durch die Kyrillfläche mit Holzstegen und Brücken über umgestürzte Bäume, Höhen und Tiefen, vorbei an beeindruckenden Wurzeltellern von Fichten. Im Zentrum des Gebietes wurde eine Aussichtsplattform errichtet. Ein Teilstück von 250 Metern wurde barrierearm angelegt, damit auch Rollstuhlfahrer und Familien mit Kleinkindern den Anschauungs- und Erlebnispfad besuchen können. Der Pfad erstreckt sich über die Höhenmeter 720 bis 739.

Im Mai 2008 wurde der Anschauungs- und Erlebnispfad eingeweiht. Er beginnt an der Rangerstation Schanze und endet dort in der Nähe wieder.

Fingerhut und Waldweidenröschen waren die ersten Gewächse, die sich die Natur zurückeroberten. Es folgten Brombeer- und Holunderbüsche. Nach 7 Jahren bestand die nachgewachsene Vegetation auch aus Ebereschen, Ahornen, Buchen und Fichten. Nach 11 Jahren stellte sich nach Meinung der Ranger ein Gleichgewicht in der Vegetation ein.

Weblinks
 Geographische Kommission für Westfalen, Westfalen Regional. Die geographisch-landeskundliche Online-Dokumentation über Westfalen: Der Kyrillpfad - "Sturmschäden zur Ansicht" aus 2007 von Ralf Schmidt.

Einzelnachweise

Lehrpfad in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Schmallenberg

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A legendary analog filter design available at last in your modular system. Easily the most notorious feature of the POLIVOKS keyboard, the 2-pole filter circuit now has simultaneously available low- and band-pass outputs. From the pleasant saturation of bass frequencies when overdriven, to the satisfyingly unstable self-oscillation, this filter design is utterly unique. A 2-input audio mixer and some modulation inputs have been included for patching convenience.
This device is part of the IRON CURTAIN ELECTRONICS system and is created in collaboration with Vladimir Kuzmin, the designer of the original POLIVOKS synthesizer. The module uses original Soviet integrated circuits in the filter core to preserve the character of the Polivoks design.
Original USSR integrated circuits used in filter core. Created in cooperation with the Polivoks designer Vladimir Kuzmin.


This is the final installment on infertility. Here is part 1 and part 2.
If women who have not struggled with this issue seem to respond to you callously, give them the benefit of the doubt (after all, Biblical love as described in I Cor. 13 requires no less). Most likely, they are simply ignorant of the emotional battles you are facing. Educate them honestly about your situation. Women who love Christ will appreciate your honesty and want to come alongside you in support during this time. It is essential that church members mutually share individuals' burdens. This speaks to the heart of what it means to be members of the Body of Christ. Paul was honest about the hardships he suffered so that his brothers and sisters in Christ would be unified with him in both the sufferings and the comfort of Christ.
2 Corinthians 1 3Praise be to the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of compassion and the God of all comfort, 4who comforts us in all our troubles, so that we can comfort those in any trouble with the comfort we ourselves have received from God. 5For just as the sufferings of Christ flow over into our lives, so also through Christ our comfort overflows. 6If we are distressed, it is for your comfort and salvation; if we are comforted, it is for your comfort, which produces in you patient endurance of the same sufferings we suffer. 7And our hope for you is firm, because we know that just as you share in our sufferings, so also you share in our comfort. 8We do not want you to be uninformed, brothers, about the hardships we suffered in the province of Asia. We were under great pressure, far beyond our ability to endure, so that we despaired even of life. 9Indeed, in our hearts we felt the sentence of death. But this happened that we might not rely on ourselves but on God, who raises the dead. 10He has delivered us from such a deadly peril, and he will deliver us. On him we have set our hope that he will continue to deliver us, 11as you help us by your prayers. Then many will give thanks on our behalf for the gracious favor granted us in answer to the prayers of many.
Absolutely not! Romans 8:1 teaches that there is NO CONDEMNATION for those who are in Christ Jesus. Sure you sin and deserve judgement. But Jesus Christ fully paid this penalty on the cross. Now, God operates with us on a totally different playing field called grace. Instead of punishing you, God is disciplining you–which is an entirely different concept than punishment. The term discipline in Scripture means training in righteousness. So God is allowing circumstances in your life to teach you something beautiful about Himself that will conform you to His image.
Hebrews 12 1Therefore, since we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses, let us also lay aside every weight, and sin which clings so closely, and let us run with endurance the race that is set before us, 2looking to Jesus, the founder and perfecter of our faith, who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross, despising the shame, and is seated at the right hand of the throne of God.
7 It is for discipline that you have to endure. God is treating you as sons. For what son is there whom his father does not discipline? 8If you are left without discipline, in which all have participated, then you are illegitimate children and not sons. 9Besides this, we have had earthly fathers who disciplined us and we respected them. Shall we not much more be subject to the Father of spirits and live? 10For they disciplined us for a short time as it seemed best to them, but he disciplines us for our good, that we may share his holiness. 11 For the moment all discipline seems painful rather than pleasant, but later it yields the peaceful fruit of righteousness to those who have been trained by it.
God constantly works negative things in our lives for our good and His glory. The story of Job is the classic example of God bringing horrible circumstances in the life of a believer DESPITE his uprightness of character and obedience. According to Job 1, it is because of Job's righteous character that he is picked for this burden. Satan accuses Job of obeying God only because God is good to Job. If God brings hardship to Job, Satan believes Job will reject God. So Job's story is about proving God's worthiness to Satan. In hardship or blessing, trial or glory, God is worthy of praise and adoration. Like Paul's sufferings, God is working in your life to make known to heavenly powers that He is worthy of praise.
Here are the next set of common questions and concerns about infertility.
Proverbs 19 21 Many are the plans in a man's heart, but it is the LORD's purpose that prevails. 22 What a man desires is unfailing love; better to be poor than a liar. 23 The fear of the LORD leads to life: Then one rests content, untouched by trouble.
Philippians 4 11I am not saying this because I am in need, for I have learned to be content whatever the circumstances. 12I know what it is to be in need, and I know what it is to have plenty. I have learned the secret of being content in any and every situation, whether well fed or hungry, whether living in plenty or in want. 13I can do everything through him who gives me strength. 14Yet it was good of you to share in my troubles.
John 15 9″As the Father has loved me, so have I loved you. Now remain in my love. 10If you obey my commands, you will remain in my love, just as I have obeyed my Father's commands and remain in his love. 11I have told you this so that my joy may be in you and that your joy may be complete.
Short of creating embryos that will be discarded, this decision is up to you, your spouse, and your conscience. There will be times for you to go forward with treatments and times for you to step away from the process. Only you can say at what point you stop trusting God and start trying to manipulate your way around His will. He is sovereign over this process, and He opens and closes the womb. Through His common grace, He has given doctors good knowledge on this subject. It's always wise to be informed as long as that information doesn't cause you to trust in man over God.
Romans 14 23But the man who has doubts is condemned if he eats, because his eating is not from faith; and everything that does not come from faith is sin.
The two hardest emotional struggles I have ever had centered around the issues of singleness and infertility. After breaking up with the man I thought I was going to marry, I moved to a new city to begin a new job. With no prospects on the horizon, I became quickly convinced that I would never get married, that I had lost my one chance at happiness, and now I was doomed to spend holidays in my twilight years as the spinster aunt at my sisters' houses.
Those were the darkest months of my life. I slept a lot—because waking up and facing my bleak outlook on my future was more than I could bear. Finding a church was excruciating. Church is a family time. And my loneliness was never more painfully obvious that when I walked in, sat, and left by myself at some new church, just to go home and eat lunch by myself afterwards. I ended up choosing my church that year because I had a married friend who attended there. She and her husband would have me over for lunch on Sundays quite often. So that was my church. It had nothing to do with doctrine, and everything to do with escaping my loneliness.
Eventually, I began volunteering with the United Way, helping a family on welfare make the transition to independent living. I don't know that I made much of a difference to that family. However, getting involved in helping them got my eyes off myself for a time, and things began to transform in my mind. I was distracted from myself. The depression over me began to lift. Soon, I met the man who would become my husband. Crisis over.
Fast forward 5 years. It's time for us to have kids. I get pregnant and miscarry. But it takes a while to get pregnant again. My mind starts envisioning similar scenarios as it did years before—Andy dies and I'm left to have Christmas dinner at my nephews' houses if they'll have me. Who will there be to love? Who will love me? There is an empty feeling in the pit of my stomach as I contemplate my future.
I did get pregnant and now have 2 boys. I didn't spend that long in either season—and yet it was long enough to learn some valuable lessons.
1) Waiting is hard. And yet, for some reason, it is one of God's favorite ways of teaching us about Himself.
2) People who haven't been through it are oblivious to the pain of the struggle. "Why aren't you married yet?!" They mean well, but such comments seem insensitive and hurtful when you're in the midst of the waiting. One friend asked me, "When are you guys going to have kids?" I had miscarried the week before. And I told her. I didn't do it to hurt her, but I knew seeds of bitterness would take root and grow if I didn't honestly, graciously deal with it right then. She wasn't being mean–she was ignorant. So I tried to inform her graciously in hopes she would be more sensitive to the next lady she came across.
3) My understanding of and love for God wasn't enough to sustain me. These struggles revealed that I wasn't confident that He would care for me, provide for me, and guide me in a path that was meaningful and fruitful. He wasn't enough. This was a painful but needed road to walk. I really didn't believe God was good and trustworthy with MY LIFE. In light of this, you'll see that I do a lot of meditating here on who God is—that He is trustworthy and good even when our circumstances don't fit our vision of the good life.
On a final note, a friend of mine recently recommended to me Did I Kiss Marriage Goodbye by Carolyn McCulley. Carolyn is a godly single woman who has lots of wisdom to share about the issues of this season of life. I love the subtitle of this book—Trusting God with a Hope Defferred. The interesting thing about my friend's recommendation of this book is that she isn't single. She's infertile. But she found many of the lessons in Carolyn's book to be applicable to the struggle of infertility as well as singleness and was very encouraged in seeking God's face through reading it.
I don't mean to diminish the struggle of either the deferred hope of waiting on a husband or of waiting on children by linking them in this article. But I do hope to provoke thought on the similarities of the issues and point Christian sisters to those in other stages of life who may still well understand and accompany them through their hurts.


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Abstract: This is a study of the role of the wage and labor policies in the determination of the wages of manufacturing workers in Sao Paulo, Brazil, under the military governments from 1964 to 1978. It is motivated by the worsening of the position of urban workers in the income distribution between 1960 and 1970.
Chapter I presents the political and economic events of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as an historical background to the period. Chapter II analyzes the Brazilian industrial relations structure and focuses on issues relevant to wage determination, including the state-sponsored system of unions, the effective prohibition on strikes, the absence of a job security system, the interaction between the individual and collective labor contracts, and forced turnover rotatividade policies by the employers.
Chapter III discusses the government's collective wage adjustment and minimum wage policies in the context of the inflationary economic environment, the Brazilian indexation system, and wage indexation systems in the Western industrial countries. It considers the impact on wages of technical aspects in the construction of a wage indexation system, including the choice of data and the manipulation of price indexes, and also the practical problems of empirical research in an inflationary economic environment.
Chapter IV reviews the literature on income distribution, wage determination, and wage policy in Brazil, focusing on the use of information from the wage policies as "proxies," "benchmarks," and explanatory variables in the analysis of wage movements. Chapter V is an empirical study of long-run wage drift and changes in wage differentials in Sao Paulo manufacturing by industry, size of firm, and Brazilian versus multinational firms. Chapter VI measures the short-run impact elasticity of the two wage policies on wage changes using a monthly-data regression model.
It is concluded the wage policies had limited impact on workers' wages relative to market forces after the 1965-1967 "wage squeeze" period because of the low real value of the minimum wage and the active labor markets as evidenced by high rates of job changing in the case of the collective wage adjustment. It is believed, however, that the set of labor and wage policies together contributed to the decline in wages and worsening of income distribution and set the stage for the continued worsening after the mid-1960s through unrestrained market activity.


Joint Task Force Atlantic combined with Portuguese SAR forces were searching the mid-Atlantic this morning for a ship's distress beacon.
They later located a beacon however there was no debris or missing ships. JRCC Halifax is continuing to coordinate search efforts to alleviate all concerns.


There's no standard hen party anymore — and, they're not all about alcohol and clubbing as some people might think when they hear 'hen do'! Instead, it's all about celebrating the bride-to-be as she surrounds herself with her closest friends and bridesmaids.
The hen party usually involves something that the bride enjoys — so, whether this is a spa day, afternoon tea or a night of dancing: what should you be wearing?
If you and the girls are heading on a relaxing spa day, you still want to look stylish for the photographs while wearing something comfortable for lazing around the pool.
A spa day is ideal for sipping bubbly, dipping in and out of the hot tub and gossiping in the sauna — an all-round winner for a girly day out. But when you pop out of the jacuzzi, you want to dry off quickly — so a bathrobe is essential. Why not order all the girls matching robes with 'bride' and 'hen' on the back — perfect for that Instagram post by the pool!
Now, it's time to decide on swimwear. A full swimsuit is usually more acceptable in a spa rather than a bikini you'd wear to the beach — but put on what you feel most comfortable in. If you're going to be lying by the pool all day, you want something that you feel comfy both in and out of the water. Don't hesitate in wearing a swimsuit with a pop of colour or embellishment, like frills. You're at a party after all! And make sure you pack your fluffy sliders and flip-flops for the perfect base to any spa pool outfit.
Spa lunches and evening drinks are always popular, so consider what you're going to wear to these, too. Luxury spas sometimes have a certain dress code you should bear in mind — so keep it classy and understated. Peplum tops and skinny-sit trousers look gorgeous for lunch dates and evening get-togethers or why not opt for a stripe, culotte jumpsuit with a belt and pair of suede, ankle-wrap sandals? Finish with a tote bag or quilted clutch and be prepared for all eventualities at your hen spa weekend.
A hen do is the perfect excuse to take your girls' nights out to the next level! No matter where you go, you'll want to look sensational on a hen do night out. So, plan your outfit ahead of schedule.
In SS18, styles that reflect the amazing trends of the 1980s are in. Go for high-waisted shorts and a square-shoulder satin blouse or try a ruched velvet dress with huge hoops and a chunky necklace. Fusing different, bold shades in one look is also a top trend from recent global fashion shows, but don't forget that asymmetric cuts, figure-hugging fabrics and bare shoulders are also ideal for the party look. Go for an off-the-shoulder bodycon that emphasise your curves and match with statement jewellery and killer heels to lengthen your legs.
It's daytime, but this is a very special occasion and you still want to look dressed up. So, what can you do?
If this is the chilled event before the big night time event, then you need a look that takes you from am to pm without the need of a costume change. Think skinny leather jeans with mid-heel boots and a shimmery, metallic-embellished cami with a subtle diamante head chain, or pull on a high-waisted print skirt and match with a crop top or bodysuit and strappy heels.
You can even pull on a glamourous, bare-shoulder shift dress with cute pumps and a neutral kimono for cocktails, then simply switch to stilettos, throw on statement jewellery and roll-up your kimono so it fits in your envelope bag for the night!
Perhaps your soon-to-be-bride is a no-fuss kind of girl and wants all her nearest and dearest to attend a fun — but sophisticated — afternoon tea for her hen do. If so, make sure all the girls put the same amount of outfit-prep effort in as they would for a big night out by investing in chic occasion dresses. Think elegant and fun — bold floral prints, pastel colours, and stylish hem and necklines evoke the perfect air of old-time glamour.
Frill-front dresses in a baby pink, subtle peach, soft lemon, or powder blue shade will look ideal for an afternoon tea hen do. Wrap-round and Bardot styles will also ooze sophistication and offer figure-flattering outlines, or you can go for simple but effective chic in a midi or maxi dress with a shot chiffon jacket in a complementary shade. We recommend dressing up your look with simple jewellery, a clutch bag and low-heel court shoes — dressed to impress but comfortable enough for a few hours of food and drinks.
Everyone loves a girls' night in — perhaps even as much as a night out. If you're celebrating your hen do indoors with your best friends, then make sure comfort is your priority.
Why not embrace the athleisure trend that's taking the world by storm right now — spearheaded by celebrity fashionistas like Rihanna? Pair a pair of skinny joggers with a casual crop top and over-sized jacket or go for leggings and high-top trainers with a slouch sweater and headscarf for a contemporary, urban look.
A cute pair of shorts or even an on-trend skort with a block-colour cami or plain tee would also get the balance between style and comfort right at a night-in hen do. And if you're wondering about footwear, we say go for sandals, flats or espadrilles.
Dressing for hen parties can be simple. Keep these hen do style tips in mind and make sure you pack the right outfits ahead of the do.
Love these suggestions although I have never heard the term hen party before. Great options though, love your look!
Hen parties sound like a lot of fun! These are great ideas for the bride-to-be and her pals!
You look lovely. although I have never heard the term hen party before, It sounds like a lot of fun!
Love your outfit! These hen party ideas sound girly and lovely. Sounds fun!
Great ideas on what to wear for the various ways in which to celebrate a bride-to-be on her hen night out. The most popular hen party's in Ireland are weekends away where the bride-to-be and her friends do a lot of your suggestions above.
Thought of experiencing a hen party sounds like so much fun. I'm sure making lots of memories with the bride before her big day is exhilarating.
Love the picture, elegant and beautiful! Fabulous ideas you share here. Hen party is always fun but comfortable and stylish dress still needed though.
This is the first time I have heard a bridal shower being called a hen party. Well, anyway, dressing up for the occasion depends on the party theme. I wish I had a "hen party" before I got married!
These are some nice detailed suggestions for different settings, kudos. You look great, btw.
These are lovely tips dear. Thank you so much for sharing! I absolutely love the photos!
Hen party is a new term to me too, but not a new concept! Love the outfit suggestions and the one you're wearing!
I love your picture, it's really cool! And thank you for sharing this great post dear!


Irish Artist Miriam McConnon creates Common Ground between Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot Communities in Cyprus.
The two Communities have been divided for 42 Years following a Turkish Invasion of the Island in 1974 after a coup by the Greek military Junta against the Cypriot government. The partition known as the Green Line opened in 2003 but still movement is restricted between the two communities.
Irish Artist Miriam McConnon is the creator of the project, Common Ground. A Bi-communal art project aimed to bring Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot children from opposite sides of the Green Line partition closer together. The project Common Ground is one of the main events to celebrate the Cypriot City of Paphos becoming Cultural Capital of Europe in 2017.
A series of workshops took place in the town of Kerynia (Northern Cyprus) and the town of Paphos (Republic of Cyprus) from February to April 2016 in which the children created a public artwork using the Cypriot technique of cementography. The project's main theme was 'Exchange'. During the workshops the children exchanged drawings, stones and earth from their towns. The children from the two communities did not meet during the workshops but they exchanged two small films in which they sent messages to each other and talked about their home town. The artwork created in Paphos was created using the stones, earth and drawings from the children of Kerynia and the artwork in Kerynia was created using the stones, earth and drawings from the children of Paphos. A part of Paphos will now remain in Kerynia and a part of Kerynia will remain in Paphos through the finished public artworks.
A documentary was filmed during the workshops, which incorporates the political situation that divides the two communities and the attitudes of the children and their families to the idea of working together to create more dialogue between the two communities.
In April 2017 both artworks will be presented to the Municipalities of Kerynia and Paphos and the first screening of the documentary 'Common Ground' will take place. Many of the families aim to cross the border in April to allow the children involved in the project to meet each other for the first time.
Miriam McConnon was born in Dublin, Ireland. She now lives in Paphos, Cyprus with her Cypriot husband and two children. Her motivation for creating this project comes from her belief in the people of Cyprus' ability to overcome political differences through dialogue and cultural interaction. She hopes that there will be many more Bi-communal cultural events in the future that will help to break down the border of preconceptions that lies between two communities that have had little or no contact for over forty years.
Miriam McConnon is a visual artist and is represented by the Olivier Cornet Gallery in Dublin. She has been selected for international biennales in China, Poland and Czech Republic. Her work is in public and private collections in Spain, Switzerland, Germany, Cyprus, UK, Ireland, Luxembourg, Australia, South Africa, Greece, Belgium and the USA.


The acclaimed macro sequence: GEE II and GEE III (link).
Popular gateway electives on "Economics of Strategic Behavior" and "Game Theory and Business", which are essential courses for any MBA student, but especially those pursuing a career in consulting, private equity, corporate finance, or strategic management.
We are also constantly innovating with new courses. In Spring 2018, we successfully launched an elective on "Modern Econometrics for Business", which exposes students to novel tools of economic data analysis, which are accessible to businesses and can be applied easily to big data.
To explore our offerings, please follow the links below.
The Economics Division offers two of the required core courses.


Sežana is a town in the Slovenian Littoral region of Slovenia, near the border with Italy. It is the seat of the Municipality of Sežana. Sežana is located on the Karst Plateau, 17 kilometres (11 miles) from Trieste, Italy, and 80 km (50 mi) from Ljubljana, the capital city of Slovenia.
Karst has numerous thematic trails and hiking trails, as well as side paths where hidden elements of Karst shine even more in their beauty.
The Lipica Stud Farm is one of the oldest stud farms in the world and the birthplace of the Lipizzaner.


text:
"Suddenly all these headlines pop up… All of this attention on my book": Kelly Ripa Roasted Kathie Lee Gifford, Said Her Insults Helped Her Sales, Made Her Millions
Kelly Ripa has been very much vocal about her personal and professional life. Her career in Live! gave her lots of experience which she did not forget to add in her memoir, Live Wire: Long-Winded Short Stories. Her memoir also included the time she spent with her late co-host, Regis Philbin, which is somewhat of a mixed tale.
American actress, Kelly Ripa
Also Read: Doctors Scared for Kelly Ripa, $120M Rich TV Legend's 'Major' Medical Illness Reportedly Threatens Her 'Live' Career
When the TV host released her memoir last year, Philbin's former co-host, Kathie Lee Gifford will not be entertaining her memoir which revealed more about the tense relationship between the late TV host and the former. However, Ripa did not lose her calm and instead roasted Gifford for giving her free promotion.
Kelly Ripa Sets Records Straight Sharing She Was Never Close to Former Co-Host Regis Philbin
Kelly Ripa and Regis Philbin
Also Read: Kelly Ripa's Bitter Rival Kathie Lee Gifford Reportedly Refused Co-hosting The View as She's Scared of Whoopi Goldberg, Joy Behar
The 52-year-old actress Kelly Ripa last year released her memoir, Live Wire: Long-Winded Short Stories, where she opened up about her professional life in some segments.
She shared her life with her former co-host, Regis Philbin, clarifying that the duo was not close to each other. When the latter left the show in 2011, the former was called out for losing touch with him while he "hand-selected me, guided me, and was my best friend, and then left, after which I never spoke to him again."
However, it was never the case, as the duo never had a friendship to begin with. Not just that, in a 2017 interview she shared that the late TV presenter "had a mandate: Absolutely no talking off-camera."
Things were definitely not on her side at the time, however, Kathie Lee Gifford had different views about the late TV presenter. Philbin, who died in July 2020 was "the best partner a person could ever" get, as per Gifford. This was one of the reasons why she was not interested in Ripa's book and rather slammed her for that.
Kelly Ripa is Unaffected by Kathie Lee Gifford's Rants
Kelly Ripa and Kathie Lee Gifford
Also Read: Kelly Ripa Accuses Mark Consuelos of Being a Negligent Husband For Asking to Eat During Childbirth After Revealing He Made Her Pass Out During S*x
Gifford and Philbin hosted the Live! show together for 10 years until Ripa replaced her in 2001. She called out the actress for making the late host rather a bad person in her story, which is why she declared not to read her book.
She has always spoken highly of her former TV partner and shared,
"he was my friend. We were dear friends and after I left the show … for the next 20 years we became better friends. Dearer friends."
In an interview, Not Skinny But Not Fat, Ripa remained calm about the then-rants she received from Gifford and stated,
"I'm not gonna lie, I was not reading any headlines anywhere [at the time]. And suddenly all of these headlines pop up and there's all of this attention on my book."
Due to Gifford's rants, she made further headlines which helped the book in further promotions. She even added that she had supported her former co-host majorly in her memoir which would be cleared once one gets to read it.
Live Wire: Long-Winded Short Stories is available in bookstores.
Source: Not Skinny But Not Fat
# kathie lee gifford# Kelly Ripa# regis philbin
Priya Sharma is an entertainment niche content writer at Animated Times. A Journalism and Mass Communication graduate from the University of Lucknow, she has written nearly 1000 articles on Animated Times and Fandomwire combined and holds experience in event management too. She has a healthy(?) obsession with the Hallyu culture and is also exploring anime as well. When not working, she indulges herself in binge-watching K-dramas, playing Ukulele, and trying to seek the attention of her cute buddy, Shiro.
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It feels like we've had to wait forever for Easter this year… as anticipation and excitement build, spring is most definitely in the air at Beningbrough Hall, Gallery and Gardens.
The Burton Agnes Hall Gardeners' Fair, a haven for horticulture enthusiasts, returns for its 25th anniversary year on Saturday 15th and Sunday 16th June.
Castle Howard and leading classic vehicle events organiser Classic Shows have signed a multi-year agreement to run the Father's Day Classic Car & Motor Show at Castle Howard.
On Sunday 12th May, the East Yorkshire Thoroughbred Car Club will exhibit varied vintage and classic vehicles in the grounds of Burton Agnes Hall.
The Burton Constable Foundation has received support from the National Lottery Heritage Fund to increase its organisation resilience and sustainability.
The April 2019 edition of House & Garden magazine, on sale from 1st March, has a six page article about Parcevall Hall Gardens, with text by the gardens author and writer Caroline Beck and images by International Garden Photographer of The Year 2016 Richard Bloom.
The nation's biggest celebration of gardening – Edible Britain for National Gardening Week 2019 – returns from Monday 29 April to Sunday 5 May 2019 as the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) encourages everyone to get involved in grow-your-own.
Tiptoe through Beningbrough's gardens looking and listening for signs of life on the new trail, create your own sounds of winter with our storyteller and join the art workshop to get creative with sound.
The first signs of spring have emerged at the 100acre Arboretum, outside Bedale in North Yorkshire, is celebrating the beauty of Spring with a series of 'Spring bulb' trails and Easter activities for the whole family.
Download the new YGHC&G 2019 Guide now!
Hot off the press is the new Yorkshire's Great Houses, Castles and Gardens 2019 Guide which is packed full of useful information about Yorkshire attractions and is a helpful resource for visitors to plan their leisure time.


• Support and optimise template structures to deliver final stress test results for internal and external requirements e.g. SSM, ICAAP.
• Liaise with colleagues in Finance, Risk and Credit to ensure consistency and veracity of results and process handovers.
• Ensure Training and support to junior analysts where required.
You will be highly PC literate with a good knowledge of Microsoft applications and experience in SAS, SQL or VB. SAS in particular would be advantageous.


text:
<?php

/* Location: ./application/models/User_mail_model.php */
/* Derived from Harviacode  */
/* Modified by Vivek Raghunathan 2016-03-26 03:09:38 */
/* Email : vivekra@dqserv.com */
/* http://dqserv.com */

if (!defined('BASEPATH'))
    exit('No direct script access allowed');

class User_mail_model extends CI_Model {

    public $table = 'user_email';
    public $id = 'id';
    public $order = 'DESC';

    function __construct() {
        parent::__construct();
    }

    // get all
    function get_all() {
        $this->db->order_by($this->id, $this->order);
        return $this->db->get($this->table)->result();
    }

    // get all data array
    function get_all_customer() {
        $this->db->order_by($this->id, $this->order);
        return $this->db->get($this->table)->result_array();
    }

    // get data by id
    function get_by_id($id) {
        $this->db->where($this->id, $id);
        return $this->db->get($this->table)->row();
    }

    // insert data
    function insert($data) {
        $this->db->insert($this->table, $data);
        return $this->db->insert_id();
    }

    // update data
    function update($id, $data) {
        $this->db->where($this->id, $id);
        $this->db->update($this->table, $data);
    }

    // delete data
    function delete($id) {
        $this->db->where($this->id, $id);
        $this->db->delete($this->table);
    }

    // get search related data
    function get_existing_emails($search) {

        $this->db->select('id,address as email');
        $this->db->like('address', $search, 'both');
        $query = $this->db->get($this->table);
        $result = $query->result_array();
        $count = $query->num_rows();
        if ($count > 0) {
            return $result;
        } else {
            return 'failure';
        }
    }

    //  search for existing email or insert
    function update_tkt_new_email($data) {
        $this->db->select('*');
        $this->db->where('address', $data['address']);
        $query = $this->db->get($this->table);
        $count = $query->num_rows();
        if ($count == 0) {
            $this->db->insert($this->table, $data);
            return $this->db->insert_id();
        } else {
            return 0;
        }
    }

    //  check unique email
    function check_unique_email($entered_email, $existing_user_email_id) {
        $this->db->select('*');
        $this->db->where('address', $entered_email);
        if ($existing_user_email_id > 0) {
            $this->db->where("id != ".$existing_user_email_id);
        }
        $query = $this->db->get($this->table);
        //echo "
 str ".$this->db->last_query();exit;
        $count = $query->num_rows();
        //echo "
 count ".$count;
        if ($count == 0) {
            return 'NEW';
        } else {
            return 'EXIST';
        }
    }

}

/* End of file User_mail_model.php */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


As a continuing care retirement community, Windsor Run will offer the following levels of advanced support in our future continuing care neighborhood.
The assisted living program at Windsor Run in North Carolina will be for those in generally good health, but who require extra assistance with daily tasks like medication management and meal preparation.
As an assisted living resident, you'll receive care in the comfort of a well-appointed private residence. Plus, you'll enjoy access to all the amenities of our 60-acre Matthews campus.
At Windsor Run, I have peace of mind that in the future I can stay in my apartment with some assistance, or I can get another level of care on the same campus if I need it.
Windsor Run in Matthews, North Carolina, will provide caring support for individuals living with Alzheimer's, dementia, and other memory-related challenges.
Residents of our memory care neighborhood will enjoy a peaceful yet stimulating environment supported by a nurturing staff. Caregivers and residents will cook, dine, and enjoy activities together.
Instead of following a regimented daily routine, residents will be encouraged to pursue their own interests and make their own schedules.
At Windsor Run, you or your loved one receives full assistance with grooming, eating, taking medications, and other essentials—all in the comfort of a private residence, and all in the warm, nurturing environment of our Matthews campus.
Our medical team specializes in senior health, so you know you're receiving the best and most consistent care.


text:
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The Adirondack Council is committed to using donor contributions wisely and sharing financial information about the organization openly. Detailed financial summaries are published in our audited financial reports and IRS 990 forms.
Financial information about the Adirondack Council may be obtained by contacting us at 103 Hand Ave #3, Elizabethtown, NY 12932 1.877.873.2240.
Information call also be requested as stated below per the required language and style from the states listed.
Financial and other information about The Adirondack Council, Inc.'s purpose, programs and activities can be obtained by contacting William C. Janeway, Executive Director at PO Box D-2, Elizabethtown, NY 12932; 518-873-2240; www.AdirondackCouncil.org or for residents of the following states, as stated below. Florida: SC No. 10486. A COPY OF THE OFFICIAL REGISTRATION AND FINANCIAL INFORMATION MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE DIVISION OF CONSUMER SERVICES BY CALLING TOLL-FREE, WITHIN THE STATE, 1-800-HELP-FLA OR VIA THE INTERNET AT http://www.FloridaConsumerHelp.com. Maryland: For the cost of postage and copying, from the Secretary of State. Michigan: MICS No.23300. Mississippi: The official registration and financial information of The Adirondack Council, Inc. may be obtained from the Mississippi Secretary of State's office by calling 1-888-236-6167. New Jersey: INFORMATION FILED WITH THE ATTORNEY GENERAL CONCERNING THIS CHARITABLE SOLICITATION AND THE PERCENTAGE OF CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVED BY THE CHARITY DURING THE LAST REPORTING PERIOD THAT WERE DEDICATED TO THE CHARITABLE PURPOSE MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY BY CALLING (973) 504-6215 AND IS AVAILABLE ON THE INTERNET AT http://www.state.nj.us/lps/ca/charfrm.htm. New York: A recently filed financial report is available from the Charities Registry on the New York State Attorney General's website at www.charitiesnys.com or, upon request, by contacting the New York State Attorney General, Charities Bureau, 28 Liberty Street, New York, NY 10005 or by calling (212) 416-8401. North Carolina: Financial information about this organization and a copy of its license are available from the State Solicitation Licensing Branch at 1-888-830-4989 (within North Carolina) or (919) 807-2214 (outside of North Carolina). Pennsylvania: The official registration and financial information of The Adirondack Council, Inc. may be obtained from the Pennsylvania Department of State by calling toll-free, within Pennsylvania, 1-800-732-0999. Virginia: From the State Office of Consumer Affairs in the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Affairs, P.O. Box 1163, Richmond, VA 23218. Washington: From the Secretary of State at 1-800-332-4483. West Virginia: West Virginia residents may obtain a summary of the registration and financial documents from the Secretary of State, State Capitol, Charleston, WV 25305. CONTRIBUTIONS ARE DEDUCTIBLE FOR FEDERAL INCOME TAX PURPOSES IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE LAW. REGISTRATION IN A STATE DOES NOT IMPLY ENDORSEMENT.
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Khotang, Mar. 25: One hundred and fourteen patients in Khotang district who were suffering for long from complicated eye conditions have benefitted from a free eye camp set up here.
The eye camp was set up on Thursday for the benefit of eye patients suffering from complicated eye diseases. As many as 38 eye surgeries were performed in the three days long camp.
A team of 10 eye doctors and surgeons including Dr T Chhiring Wangchuk Bhutia rendered their services at the eye camp.
The free eye surgery camp was organised as part of the East Regional Eye Care Programme with the technical support of the Sagarmatha Chaudhari Eye Hospital, Lahan. Nepal Netra Jyoti Sangh, Khotang coordinated in the eye surgery camp held at District Hospital,Diktel and the Primary Health Centre, Ainselukharka.


Marketing is an important part of every business, and online marketing is also used for business purpose. To the business purpose, you can go with the online mode and take the benefits with e-commerce sites. Some people use an e-commerce platform for their business. On the other hand, some are getting the products from the platform because they are getting their demanding goods at a suitable price. The price should be real and according to the quality of the products and you can choose your brand with the complete list that you can see with the 명품쇼핑몰 and have benefits with the goods.
A new way to buy – There are many ways to buy the products, and you can choose your favourite method to buy the product with the online option. There are some e-commerce websites that are giving the real products with the proper warranty and customers are getting the real bills for the goods. You can replace your product when you get any problem with the warranty timing. Most of the people like to go with the e-commerce option to buy the products, and they are comfortable with that. On the other hand with the local stores, you have no same facilities. If you want additional facilities at that time, you can go with the new way that is known as an e-commerce facility.
Add to cart – Some people get the problem with the local market stores because they see products when they can't spend money with that if you want to buy your favourite product at that time you need to add the product in your wish list with the online option. The facilities are totally different from the simple kind of shopping facilities. The individuals can go with the latest options, and you can choose Hong Kong luxury goods and take the card option with the wish list.


Talaud Island was an island located south of the Fil-pin Islands.
Talaud Island was the place where S-19 washed ashore. It was the temporary home of the crew of S-19, Rebecca Anne McDonald, Sean O'Casey and a number of refugees who had sought transportation on S-19. Matthew Reddy and the crew of Walker found S-19 and all the people while searching for the "iron fish."
Reddy sent Lieutenant Irwin Laumer to refloat S-19 if possible or to salvage her if not. The S-19 was salvaged.
The island's volcano eventually blew itself up, destroying the island with it.


I tried to comment on yesterday´s photo but couldn´t log in from work. It´s a square I don´t know yet so it´s on my list now!!
I never knew it was there. It looks like a good place for a picnic.
How do you create your blog page?
I see you, Genie!!!! ^_^ beautiful colours, Eric!
It's like a small water street. Can feel the smell of sweet water.
You know, I was just wondering about this. Now I need to find out where I can buy a boat and how I can get a spot!! :-D Can people live aboard their boats in Paris?
my two friends Nancy and Bill (from the US) have a boat moored there and they live on it.. it's such a nice way of life!
I bet there is a waiting list for mooring spots.
So, if you get one, buy an old boat, you can live here?
Sounds too good to be true, there's got to be a catch.
This channel leads to the Canal St. Martin, you can catch the boat further up which takes you into a long, dark tunnel under Place de La Bastille for a cruise up the canal to La Villette.
How interesting! Definitely different than the marinas around here...but our bodies of water are a little bigger (the Great Lakes!) This photo is beautiful! What a perfect way to show summer.
Fabulous setting here and I have never been on a private boat in the Seine... but a dream.
beau gosse, I see you, too!
Thanks, Drummond - I was wondering how close this was to Canal St. Martin. Eric, this is a great summer shot.
Nice pic Eric! I still remember seeing a house-boat resident walking in her bath robe to the showers when I walked by the Porte last time; we were in an apartment on Rue Castex. I think it would be pretty cold in the winter!
I've always wondered - can someone tell me whether the seine flows north or south?
The Seine winds around changing direction...but at the main Left Bank/Right Bank area of Paris, it is flowing East-West, Jeff!
Paris Pot is such an very beautiful Pot. Paris is capital of the Fashion. Paris is very beautiful city.


A new study published online in Environmental Health Perspectives shows no correlation between blood mercury levels in 2-5 year old children and autism or developmental delay. This study adds to the growing evidence that environmental exposure to mercury, from any source, is not a risk factor for autism.
The study looked at 452 children aged 2-5 (which is a robust sample) with either autism spectrum disorder (ASD), other developmental delay (DD), or typically developed (TD). They found that children with ASD and DD had lower levels of blood mercury than TD controls. They further found that ASD and DD children tended to eat less fish, and as fish is by far the most significant source of mercury exposure, this explains their lower levels.
The researchers then adjusted for reported exposure to fish as well as other known sources of mercury and found that the adjusted level of mercury were the same for all groups. The levels were also similar to established national norms, meaning that the population being studied and the methods used are likely representative.
What this means is that, at least during the ages of 2-5, kids with ASD do not have higher blood levels of mercury than TD controls. It further indicates that their metabolism of mercury is not likely to be different because their adjusted levels were the same. If ASD children had a problem with eliminating mercury, as has been proposed by vaccine-autism link proponents, then we would expect that they would have a higher level of mercury for a given exposure.
The study authors are open and, I feel, fair about the strengths and weaknesses of this study. They do not have information from pre-natal and early post-natal mercury exposure or levels, so their study cannot rule out an association there.
They also do not have data on mercury levels in other tissues. Vaccine-autism link proponents claim that some children with ASD tend to store more mercury in their brains, so their higher mercury burden is not reflected in their blood levels. However, without evidence this is just special pleading. Further, there is evidence to suggest that blood levels correlate well with mercury levels in other tissues, including the brain. And further still, this study suggests that children with ASD handle mercury similarly to TD controls, as their adjusted blood levels were the same.
The utter failure of the vaccine-autism hypothesis has led some in the anti-vaccine crowd to broaden their claim to a more vague reference to "toxins" or to "environmental factors." This study shows a lack of correlation between autism and mercury from any source.
Further, the scientific evidence is moving steadily in the direction of showing that ASD is a collection of genetic disorders, or at least has strong genetic correlates.
None of this, unfortunately, will stop the anti-vaccine movement from using the specter of ASD to scare parents away from vaccines.


The AL wild card game is coming back to the Bronx.
The Yankees clinched the top spot after beating the Red Sox, 11-6, Friday night and will host the Oakland Athletics next Wednesday for the do-or-die game.
J.A. Happ rewarded the Bombers' faith in him, going five scoreless innings before allowing a grand slam to Steve Pearce, who has become the newest Yankee killer this season. Happ struck out seven and continued his success against Boston, one of the reasons the Yankees went out and got the former Blue Jays lefty at the trade deadline.
"That's an exhale right there, for the moment," manager Aaron Boone said of the home-field advantage. "Now we can start working on getting ready as best as we can for that Wednesday game. It's nice to finish that off."
Happ is also now likely lined up to pitch that wild card game at the Stadium next week, although manager Aaron Boone has not named a starter. Luis Severino is not the same pitcher as he was in the first half of the season, and Masahiro Tanaka did not do himself any favors by giving up four runs on six hits against the Rays on Wednesday.
"I'd love to get the nod," Happ said. "But I think we're going to feel good with whoever is out there."
Should Happ start the wild card game, though, he would only be available for one start in a potential ALDS series against the Red Sox.
Things seem to be clicking at the right time for the Bombers, who broke out the bats Friday at Fenway Park and tied the major league single-season home run record after going deep four times in the game. Aaron Hicks led the way and showed little sign of the tight hamstring that gave the Yankees a scare early this week. He went 2-for-5 with three RBI and a three-run home run, part of a six-run fourth inning.
Aaron Judge hit his first home run since returning from the disabled list with the fractured wrist, and Luke Voit also homered.
"We're getting a lot of production from a lot of guys," Boone said.
Though he was dropped to eighth in the lineup, Gary Sanchez went deep for the second time in his past three games and appears to be a lock to start behind the plate in the wild card game, despite his season-long struggles. Should he be batting that low against the Athletics, it would make the Yankees' lineup particularly dangerous from top to bottom.
Hosting the wild card game will be a bit of déjà vu for the Yankees, who played the Twins in the Bronx last season, and they can only hope to experience similar results. After Severino was shelled early in that game, Didi Gregorius' bat led the Yankees to a come-from-behind victory, and then the Bombers rode that momentum all the way to the ALCS.
Gregorius, who had torn cartilage in his wrist last weekend, was back in the lineup Friday night and went 1-for-4 with a run scored.


Okay, guys, I have another cover reveal for you today. But before I show it to you, I want to take a moment to tell you all just how great this book sounds.
So, let's talk about Wolves & Roses, by Christina Bauer. This one's a young adult paranormal novel, but that's not what has me so excited to read it. No, what has me hooked is that this is a fairytale retelling that combines classic stories with an entirely new premise. I can't wait to get my hands on it to find out how it turns out.
But I bet you want to see the cover now, huh? Well, just click on through to check it out.
Isn't it pretty? I love that font up at the top, in particular.