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Als Ausnahmezustand wird ein Zustand bezeichnet, in dem die Existenz des Staates oder die Erfüllung von staatlichen Grundfunktionen von einer maßgeblichen Instanz als akut bedroht erachtet werden.

Verwandte Begriffe sind Staatsnotstand, Verfassungsnotstand, Status Necessitatis, Notstandsrecht bzw. Notrecht, Notstandsdiktatur, Kriegsrecht oder Belagerungszustand.

Charakteristika
Um der Bedrohung ("Störung der Öffentlichen Sicherheit und Ordnung") zu begegnen, werden außerordentliche Maßnahmen zur Gefahrenabwehr ergriffen. Statt der ordentlichen Verfassung gilt dann eine "Notstandsklausel".

Die Regelungen des Notstandsrechts können entweder intrakonstitutioneller oder extrakonstitutioneller Art sein. Im ersten Fall sieht die Verfassung selbst vor, dass in Notzeiten von ihr abgewichen werden darf, im zweiten Fall werden zur Behebung eines Notstandes Maßnahmen ergriffen, die nicht in der Verfassung vorgesehen sind. Viele moderne Staatsverfassungen treffen explizite Regelungen für den Fall des Ausnahmezustandes, einige jedoch nicht. So sieht die Schweiz z. B. kein intrakonstitutionelles Notstandsrecht vor. Eine theoretische Frage ist es, ob das extralegale Notstandsrecht auch dann existiert, wenn eine positive Normierung des Ausnahmefalles vorliegt.

Während sich der Ausnahmezustand zunächst auf äußere Gefahren beschränkte – man sprach historisch auch von Belagerungszustand oder Kriegsrecht –, bezogen sich entsprechende Regelungen zunehmend auch auf innere Notlagen, also Aufstände, Bürgerkriege oder Naturkatastrophen. Der Ausnahmezustand emanzipierte sich gewissermaßen von der Kriegssituation, an die er ursprünglich gebunden war, und wurde zunehmend als außergewöhnliche Polizeimaßnahme bei inneren Unruhen und Aufständen angewendet. Zuletzt wurde der Notstandsbegriff sogar auf wirtschaftliche Krisen ausgeweitet, so zum Beispiel in der Weimarer Republik, als Notverordnungen nach dem Notstandsartikel 48 der Weimarer Reichsverfassung zum Zweck der "Sicherung von Wirtschaft und Finanzen" erlassen wurden.

Im Ausnahmezustand werden zeitweilig die Verfassung oder einzelne ihrer Bestimmungen außer Kraft gesetzt, wobei eine Kompetenzverlagerung von der Legislative auf die Exekutive und – in Bundesstaaten – von den Gliedstaaten auf den Bund stattfindet. Außerdem werden gewisse Grundrechte eingeschränkt oder vorübergehend außer Kraft gesetzt (z. B. Wirtschaftsfreiheit, Pressefreiheit, Postgeheimnis, Schutz der Wohnung). Ein weiteres Merkmal ist der Einsatz der Streitkräfte zur Gefahrenabwehr im Rahmen des Ausnahmezustands. Häufig wird auch eine Befugnis zum Erlassen von Notverordnungen erteilt, die Gesetzeskraft haben. Einer der wesentlichen Züge des Ausnahmezustands ist somit die vorübergehende Aufhebung der Gewaltenteilung im Sinne einer effektiven Regierungspraxis. Die Beendigung des Ausnahmezustands erfolgt häufig auf dem Weg eines formellen Gesetzes, das auch die Rechtsfolgen der während des Ausnahmezustandes getroffenen Entscheidungen regelt.

Die Entscheidung über den Ausnahmezustand gilt als staatsleitender Akt.

Begriff
Das Ausnahmerecht, oft in Anlehnung an das römische Recht auch als "Diktatur" bezeichnet, ist ein Begriff mit einer paradoxen Struktur: Der Schutzgegenstand wird angegriffen, um ihn vor einer Gefahr zu bewahren: "Die Diktatur ist in ihrem innersten Wesen selber eine Verfassungsanomalie. Es ist die eigentümliche Dialektik der Einrichtung, dass sie das, was sie schützen soll, eben um es zu schützen, angreifen 'muss', folglich auch – im Rahmen des Diktaturzwecks – angreifen darf." (Heinrich Triepel).

Darin besteht die Aporie, dass die Sondermaßnahmen, die für die Verteidigung der demokratischen Verfassung in Anspruch genommen werden, dieselben sind, die zu ihrer Zerstörung benutzt werden können:

Ausnahmezustand wird daher oft mit dem Begriff des Notstands gleichgesetzt, was auf die "Not" rekurriert, der nachgesagt wird, sie kenne kein Gesetz: "Si propter necessitatem aliquid fit, illud licite fit: quia quod non est liticium in lege, necessitas facit licitum. Item necessitas legem non habet." ("Wenn etwas aus Not geschieht, geschieht es legitimerweise, da Not, was nach dem Gesetz nicht legitim ist, legitimiert. Desgleichen gilt: Not kennt kein Gesetz.") (Gratian) So sagt etwa Clinton Rossiter: "Da die demokratische Regierungsform mit ihrem komplexen Gleichgewicht der Kräfte für ein Funktionieren unter normalen Umständen konzipiert ist, muss die verfassungsmäßige Regierung in Krisenzeiten verändert werden nach Maßgabe des Notwendigen, um die Gefahr zu bannen und den Normalzustand wiederherzustellen."

Theorie

Eine kanonische Theorie des Ausnahmezustands gibt es im öffentlichen Recht nicht. Erst spät erschienen überhaupt monographische theoretische Auseinandersetzungen mit dem Thema. Eine erste Theorie des Ausnahmezustandes legte Carl Schmitt vor ("Die Diktatur", 1921 und "Politische Theologie", 1922). Weitere Untersuchungen folgten: Herbert Tingsten ("Les pleins pouvoirs", 1934), Frederick M. Watkins ("The Problem of Constitutional Dictatorship", 1940), Carl J. Friedrich ("Constitutional Government and Democracy", 1941), Clinton L. Rossiter ("Constitutional Dictatorship", 1948). Zuletzt unterzog Giorgio Agamben die entsprechenden theoretischen Ansätze einer Kritik ("Ausnahmezustand", 2004). Arbeiten zum Thema sind heute aber noch immer selten (siehe auch: Peter Blomeyer: Der Notstand in den letzten Jahren von Weimar, 1999).

Das Problem einer Theorie des Ausnahmezustands ist die Frage, wie eine Anomie in die Rechtsordnung eingeschrieben sein kann: "Wenn das Eigentümliche des Ausnahmezustands die (totale oder partielle) Suspendierung der Rechtsordnung ist, wie kann dann eine solche Suspendierung noch in der Rechtsordnung enthalten sein?" (G. Agamben).

Nach Schmitt erschöpft sich Recht nicht im Gesetz. Die Anwendung des Rechts wird suspendiert, das Gesetz als solches bleibt aber in Kraft. Der Ausnahmezustand scheidet die Norm von ihrer Anwendung, um Letztere zu ermöglichen. Hierin zeigt sich für Schmitt auch die unreduzierbare Differenz von Staat und Recht, da im Ausnahmezustand der Staat bestehen bleibt, während das Recht zurücktritt. Da der Ausnahmezustand nicht Anarchie oder Chaos ist, besteht nach Schmitt im juristischen Sinne immer noch eine Ordnung, wenn auch keine Rechtsordnung. Schmitts Theorie will also eine Verbindung zwischen Ausnahmezustand und Rechtsordnung herstellen. Der Faktor, der es erlaubt, den Ausnahmezustand in der Rechtsordnung zu verankern, sei die Unterscheidung von "pouvoir constituant" (konstituierende Gewalt) und "pouvoir constitué" (konstituierte Gewalt) bzw. die Unterscheidung von "Norm" und "Entscheidung". Durch den Souverän, der über den Ausnahmezustand entscheiden kann, ist dessen Verankerung in der Rechtsnorm garantiert. Der Souverän steht außerhalb der normal geltenden Rechtsordnung und gehört doch zu ihr, denn er ist zuständig für die Entscheidung, ob die Verfassung in toto suspendiert werden kann. Es ist somit die "topologische Struktur des Ausnahmezustands", "außerhalb der Rechtsordnung zu stehen und doch zu ihr zu gehören". Souverän ist nach Schmitts berühmter Definition dabei, wer über den Ausnahmezustand entscheidet. Hierbei ist Souveränität aber als letzte, nicht appellative Entscheidung verstanden und nicht, wie an anderer Stelle, als höchste, nicht abgeleitete Staatsgewalt. Hier laufen bei Schmitt zwei Souveränitätsbegriffe parallel, was sich allein daran zeigt, dass der pouvoir constituant zwar für ihn souverän ist, nicht aber über den Ausnahmezustand entscheiden kann. Dennoch ist es ein souveräner Akt, wenn ein pouvoir constitué per Entscheidung eine Verfassung suspendiert. Was Schmitt hier interessiert, ist dieses Element der Dezision, das sich im Akt der Entscheidung außerhalb der Rechtsordnung stellt und doch an diese gebunden bleibt, da die Wiederherstellung dieser Rechtsordnung einziger Auftrag ist.

Schmitt – und mit ihm auch die späteren Theoretiker – unterschied zwei wesentliche Ausprägungen der Diktatur. Die kommissarische und die souveräne (bei C.J. Friedrich lautet die Unterscheidung etwa "verfassungsmäßige" und nicht "nichtverfassungsmäßige Diktatur").

 Kommissarische Diktatur: Der Diktator ist von rechtlichen Schranken befreit, aber an den Diktaturzweck gebunden, die geltende Verfassung zu verteidigen oder wiederherzustellen (siehe auch Schmitt: "Der Hüter der Verfassung"). Die kommissarische Diktatur hebt die Verfassung in concreto auf, um ihren konkreten Bestand zu schützen. Sie hat die Funktion, einen Zustand zu schaffen, in dem das Recht verwirklicht werden kann: "In seiner absoluten Gestalt ist der Ausnahmezustand dann eingetreten, wenn erst die Situation geschaffen werden muss, in der Rechtssätze gelten können" (C. Schmitt). Die kommissarische Diktatur ist die typische rechtsstaatliche Regelung des Ausnahmezustands, da sowohl Voraussetzung wie Inhalt der diktatorischen Befugnisse tatbestandsmäßig umschrieben und aufgezählt werden. Im Rechtsstaat werden in Form der Verfassung alle staatlichen Funktionen in Zuständigkeiten abgegrenzt, um die staatliche Allmacht in einem System von Kompetenzen zu regulieren. So kann die Fülle der Staatsgewalt niemals in unvermittelter Konzentration auftreten. Die Diktaturgewalt ist hier also an einen definierten Auftrag (Kommission) gebunden.
 Souveräne Diktatur: Die souveräne Form der Diktatur äußert sich darin, dass der Diktator nicht an die suspendierte Verfassung gebunden ist, sondern eine neue, präferierte Ordnung etablieren möchte. Hier kann es sich entweder um den souveränen Fürsten handeln, dessen souveräne Macht nie ganz durch die Sphäre der Verfassung eingegrenzt wird, oder – in der demokratischen Variante – durch die verfassunggebende Gewalt (Pouvoir Constituant) einer direkt gewählten Nationalversammlung. Dieser Pouvoir Constituant begründet die äußerste Form des Ausnahmezustands. Auch das Dritte Reich, gestützt auf eine sog. Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten zum Schutz von Volk und Staat, war eine souveräne Diktatur, da die Verfassung zwar formal in Geltung blieb, die Notverordnung aber nie aufgehoben wurde. Damit war das Dritte Reich gewissermaßen ein "Ausnahmezustand in Permanenz" (Allan Bullock).

Die jüngste theoretische Auseinandersetzung mit dem Ausnahmezustand stammt – im Rahmen des Homo-Sacer-Projekts – von Giorgio Agamben. Er stützt sich auf die vorgenannten Theoretiker, will ihnen aber eine eigene Deutung gegenüberstellen. Für ihn ist die Ausnahme ein Schwellwert der existierenden Rechtsordnung: "In Wahrheit steht der Ausnahmezustand weder außerhalb der Rechtsordnung, noch ist er ihr immanent, und das Problem seiner Definition betrifft genau eine Schwelle oder eine Zone der Unbestimmtheit, in der innen und außen einander nicht ausschließen, sondern sich un-bestimmen. Die Suspendierung der Norm bedeutet nicht ihre Abschaffung, und die Zone der Anomie, die sie einrichtet, ist nicht ohne Bezug zur Rechtsordnung." (G. Agamben). Diese Deutung bezieht sich auf das römische Institut des "Justitiums" – des vorübergehenden "Rechtstillstands", in dem alle Rechtsorgane ihre Tätigkeit einstellten und es verboten war, private Geschäfte zu tätigen – und radikalisiert damit die bisherigen Theorien des Ausnahmezustandes.

Geschichte

Römisches Reich
In der römischen Republik gab es allein drei Arten des Ausnahmezustands:

 Das älteste Mittel war die Diktatur, eine auf ein halbes Jahr befristete Übertragung aller staatlichen Gewalt auf einen Einzigen. In der klassischen Republik wurde sie vor allem dann eingesetzt, wenn beide Konsuln gefallen waren. Nachdem diese Institution von Caesar entfristet und zur persönlichen Machtkonzentration missbraucht worden war, wurde sie abgeschafft.
 Das senatus consultum ultimum, der "letzte Senatsbeschluss", wurde erstmals im Jahr 121 v. Chr. gegen Gaius Sempronius Gracchus gefasst: Der Senat beauftragte die Konsuln, alles zu tun, damit der Staat keinen Schaden nehme. Damit wurde das Verbot der Hinrichtung römischer Bürger außer Kraft gesetzt, doch wurde die Legitimität dieses Staatsnotstands von den Popularen stets bestritten.
 Das zweite Triumvirat, in dem im Jahre 43 v. Chr. Octavian, Marcus Antonius und Marcus Aemilius Lepidus durch ein Gesetz auf zunächst fünf Jahre diktatorische Vollmachten "zur Wiederherstellung des Staates" zugeschrieben bekamen, diente in Wirklichkeit allein der persönlichen Machtsteigerung der drei Protagonisten in der Endphase der römischen Bürgerkriege. Es war eine verfassungspolitische Verlegenheitslösung, da der eigentliche Ausnahmezustand der römischen Republik, die Diktatur, gerade abgeschafft worden war.

Frühe Neuzeit
In der Frühen Neuzeit wurde der Ausnahmezustand in vielen europäischen Staaten zur Zerschlagung verfassungsmäßiger Ordnungen und zur Aufrichtung des Absolutismus benutzt. Die Könige und Fürsten verwendeten hier den Begriff der "Nezessität", der unabweislichen Notwendigkeit, ihre absolute Souveränität über die Privilegien der alten Stände durchzusetzen. Dabei hatten sie auch plausible Gründe: Mit der Durchsetzung ihres Gewaltmonopols mit Hilfe der neuen Einrichtung stehender Heere beendeten sie neben dem blutigen Chaos der Religionskriege, wie es sich in Frankreich und im Deutschland des Dreißigjährigen Kriegs gezeigt hatte, gleichzeitig aber auch die noch im Lehnswesen wurzelnden "Libertäten", die alten Freiheitsrechte der Städte, Ritter und der anderen spätmittelalterlichen Stände.

Deutsches Kaiserreich
In der bismarckschen Reichsverfassung von 1871 hieß es in Art. 68: "Der Kaiser kann, wenn die öffentliche Sicherheit in dem Bundesgebiete bedroht ist, einen jeden Teil desselben in Kriegszustand erklären." Zur Bestimmung der Modalitäten wurde auf das preußische Gesetz über den Belagerungszustand vom 4. Juni 1851 verwiesen, nachdem im "Fall eines Aufruhrs […], bei dringender Gefahr für die öffentliche Sicherheit, der Belagerungszustand sowohl in Kriegs- als in Friedenszeiten erklärt werden" konnte. Auch ohne diesen Belagerungszustand war die Reichsleitung ermächtigt im Falle des Krieges oder Aufruhrs, bei dringender Gefahr für die öffentliche Sicherheit eine ganze Reihe von Grundrechten außer Kraft zu setzen. Auf diesen sehr weit gehenden Ausnahmerechten basierten die Gesetze Bismarcks gegen die vermeintlichen Reichsfeinde, nämlich das Jesuitengesetz von 1872 und das Sozialistengesetz von 1878.

Weimarer Republik
Die berühmteste Regelung des Staatsnotstands in der deutschen Geschichte ist der Artikel 48 der Weimarer Reichsverfassung. In den frühen Krisenjahren der Weimarer Republik wurden von Reichspräsident Friedrich Ebert auf seiner Grundlage Notverordnungen erlassen, zum großen Teil um echte Krisen zu beheben (zum Teil aber auch, weil die im Reichstag vertretenen Parteien die Verantwortung für unpopuläre Sparmaßnahmen im Zusammenhang mit der Rückkehr zum Goldstandard 1923/1924 scheuten). Eberts Nachfolger Hindenburg versuchte aus dem Notstandsartikel dann ein Instrument der Verfassungsreform zu machen: Er sorgte im März 1930 dafür, dass das Kabinett Hermann Müller (SPD), die letzte Regierung der Weimarer Republik, die sich auf eine parlamentarische Mehrheit stützen konnte, selbst aber bereits auch von den Vollmachten des Artikels 48 Gebrauch gemacht hatte, gestürzt wurde, um unter Heinrich Brüning (Zentrumspartei) ein antiparlamentarisches "Präsidialkabinett" zu installieren. Da nach Artikel 48 aber der Reichstag die Notverordnungen aufheben durfte und das im Juli 1930 auch tat, löste Hindenburg den Reichstag auf. In der Folge wurden die Nationalsozialisten zweitstärkste Partei, was wiederum Kreditabzüge aus dem Ausland zur Folge hatte, die die beginnende Weltwirtschaftskrise empfindlich verstärkte; Hindenburgs Notverordnungspolitik hatte also den Staatsnotstand mit herbeigeführt, den sie doch vorgab zu bekämpfen. Bis zum Sturz Brünings im Mai 1932 wurde Deutschland mit Notverordnungen regiert, gegen deren Aufhebung die SPD immer stimmte, um eine weitere Radikalisierung bei weiteren Neuwahlen zu verhindern. Dies traf nach Brünings Sturz auch tatsächlich ein, bei den Reichstagswahlen am 31. Juli 1932: Von nun an konnte nicht einmal mehr mit dem Artikel 48 regiert werden, da die beiden Randparteien KPD und NSDAP jetzt zusammen die absolute Mehrheit hatten und jede Notverordnung sofort aufheben konnten. Der Staatsnotstand hatte sich noch verschärft.

Pläne, den Reichstag aufzulösen und ihn in diesem echten Fall eines übergesetzlichen Notstands bis zum Abklingen der Wirtschaftskrise nicht wiederwählen zu lassen, lehnte Hindenburg aus Furcht vor dem offenen Verfassungsbruch und einem Bürgerkrieg ab. Stattdessen ernannte er mit Hitler den Führer der stärksten Partei zum Reichskanzler und suspendierte mit der Reichstagsbrandverordnung vom 28. Februar 1933 wesentliche Bürgerrechte. Hitler nutzte die Verordnung, um im Wahlkampf zur Reichstagswahl am 5. März 1933 seine politischen Gegner zu unterdrücken. Am 24. März setzte der Reichstag gegen die Stimmen der SPD mit dem Ermächtigungsgesetz, das bezeichnenderweise offiziell "Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich" hieß, die letzten Reste der Weimarer Reichsverfassung faktisch außer Kraft.

Österreich-Ungarn
Am 15. Dezember 1883 wurde der Polizeikonzipist Franz Hlubek von Anton Kammerer und am 25. Januar 1884 der Polizeidetektiv Ferdinand Blöch von Hermann Stellmacher aus politischen Gründen ermordet. Als Reaktion verhängte das Parlament von Cisleithanien am 30. Januar 1884 den Ausnahmezustand über Teile von Wien und die niederösterreichischen von Arbeitern bewohnten Bezirke Korneuburg und 1885 auch über Wiener Neustadt, da eine Ausweitung anarchistischer Tätigkeiten befürchtet wurde. In der Folge wurden der Polizei weitreichende Vollmachten zum Verbot von Zeitschriften und Vereinen (insbesondere sozialistischen) erteilt. Zahlreiche Verhaftungen und Ausweisungen (z. B. von Josef Hybeš) folgten. Der Ausnahmezustand wurde 1890 gelockert, sodass sozialistische Vereinigungen wieder zugelassen wurden, und endete am 8. Juni 1891.  Mit Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs wurde rasch ein Ausnahmezustand auf gesamt k.k. Österreich eingeführt, dessen Verfügungen vom k.u.k. Kriegsüberwachungsamt organisiert wurden.

Äthiopien
Nach lang andauernden Protesten gegen die Regierung rief diese am 9. Oktober 2016 einen sechsmonatigen Ausnahmezustand aus. Die Regierung ließ daraufhin über 1500 Menschen inhaftieren, woraufhin der Unmut in der Bevölkerung anstieg. Der Notstand beschränkt die Bürgerrechte in Äthiopien. Im März 2017 wurde er für weitere vier Monate verlängert und dauerte so bis Anfang August 2017.

Türkei
Fünf Tage nach dem Putschversuch in der Türkei 2016 wurde ein landesweiter Ausnahmezustand für die Dauer von 3 Monaten ausgerufen, der mehrmals verlängert wurde und am 18. Juli 2018 ausgelaufen ist. Dies ist der erste Ausnahmezustand seit Ausrufung der Republik im Jahr 1923.

Staaten mit aktuellen Ausnahmezuständen (landesweit)
Dieser Abschnitt listet Beispiele auf, die Liste ist aber nicht abschließend.

Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika
In Reaktion auf die Terroranschläge am 11. September 2001 rief US-Präsident George W. Bush am 14. September 2001 den nationalen Notstand auf Basis des National Emergencies Acts von 1976 aus. Dieser Ausnahmezustand ist immer auf ein Jahr befristet, allerdings wurde er seither jedes Jahr von den jeweils amtierenden Präsidenten (zunächst von George W. Bush, nach ihm von Barack Obama und nach diesem von Donald Trump) um ein weiteres Jahr verlängert. Einige Autoren sprechen daher von einem permanenten Ausnahmezustand, der zum Normalzustand geworden sei.

Spanien
Um die Verbreitung des Sars-Cov-2 einzudämmen, wurde der landesweite Ausnahmezustand ausgerufen.

Ukraine

Der Sicherheitsrat der Ukraine hat nach den abgegebenen Erklärungen von Putin vom 21. Februar 2022 den Ausnahmezustand erklärt. Durch diese Erklärung dürfen nun auch Zivilisten Schusswaffen tragen. Alle Staatsbürger von Russland wurden aufgefordert, die Ukraine zu verlassen. Reservisten wurden von der Armee einberufen, da man sich auf einen Einmarsch durch die Truppen der Russischen Föderation vorbereiten will. In der Nacht zum 24. Februar 2022 gab der Kremlchef Putin den Befehl, eine große Invasion auf die Ukraine zu starten. Der ukrainische Präsident Wolodymyr Selenskyj hat in Folge der Invasion Russlands den Kriegszustand ausgerufen.

Ungarn
Zu Eindämmung der Sars-Cov-2-Pandemie wurde ein Notstandsgesetz verabschiedet, das es der Regierung unter Viktor Orbán erlaubt, per Dekret ohne Zustimmung des Parlaments zu regieren und das Parlament auf unbestimmte Zeit aufzulösen.

Aktuell gültige Bestimmungen zur Ausrufung eines Ausnahmezustands

Grundgesetz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Das Grundgesetz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland erwähnt den Begriff Ausnahmezustand nicht explizit. Von 1949 bis 1968 wurde vom Verfassungsgesetzgeber vollständig auf Notstandsgesetze verzichtet. Da entsprechend dem Deutschlandvertrag gewisse Vorrechte der Alliierten in Kraft blieben, welche im Fall eines Notstands die Regierungsgewalt in der Bundesrepublik wieder übernommen hätten, verabschiedete erst die Große Koalition am 24. Juni 1968 gegen den zum Teil militanten Widerstand der APO ein "Gesetz zur Ergänzung des Grundgesetzes" ("Notstandsgesetze"). Danach können in bestimmten, genau definierten Fällen einer inneren oder äußeren Bedrohung unter anderem die Bundeswehr auch im Innern eingesetzt, die legislativen Funktionen von Bundestag und Bundesrat von dem "Gemeinsamen Ausschuss" übernommen werden und sogar einige Grundrechte eingeschränkt werden, ohne dass der Rechtsweg offensteht. Kritiker sehen in der Notstandsgesetzgebung eine große Gefahr für die Demokratie, daher wurde das Gesetz bisher nicht angewendet. Näheres siehe Verteidigungsfall.

Kein Ausnahmezustand im klassischen Sinn ist der von Anfang an im Grundgesetz vorgesehene, ebenfalls noch nie ausgerufene Gesetzgebungsnotstand.

Notbestimmungen der Österreichischen Bundesverfassung
Die Österreichische Bundesverfassung sieht für außerordentliche Umstände – Notbestimmungen der Österreichischen Bundesverfassung – den Einsatz des Österreichischen Bundesheeres, ein Notverordnungsrecht des Bundespräsidenten, ein Notverordnungsrecht der Landesregierung sowie der Übernahme bestimmter Angelegenheiten der unmittelbaren Bundesverwaltung durch den Landeshauptmann vor.

Notrecht in der Schweiz
Als Notrecht werden in der Schweiz staatliche Massnahmen bezeichnet, die keine gesetzliche Grundlage haben. Gemäss  Abs. 3 der Bundesverfassung (BV) kann der Bundesrat "unmittelbar gestützt auf diesen Artikel, Verordnungen oder Verfügungen erlassen, um eingetretenen oder unmittelbar drohenden schweren Störungen der öffentlichen Ordnung oder der inneren oder äusseren Sicherheit zu begegnen. Solche Verordnungen sind zu befristen." Gemäss  Abs. 1 Bst. c BV kann auch die Bundesversammlung Verordnungen oder einfache Bundesbeschlüsse "zur Wahrung der inneren Sicherheit" erlassen, "wenn ausserordentliche Umstände es erfordern." Da die Bundesversammlung dem Bundesrat übergeordnet ist, haben ihre Massnahmen Vorrang vor solchen des Bundesrates. Die normale demokratische Kompetenzordnung ist so bald wie möglich wieder herzustellen.

In einer ausserordentlichen Lage, in welcher die Existenz der Schweiz als Staat oder das Überleben der Bevölkerung bedroht ist (z. B. bei Kriegsereignissen oder schwersten Katastrophen) kann die Bundesversammlung dem Bundesrat ohne Verfassungsgrundlage (extrakonstitutionelles Notrecht) umfassende Vollmachten übertragen. Letztmals ist dies zu Beginn des Zweiten Weltkrieges geschehen.

État d'urgence in Frankreich
In Frankreich kann der Ausnahmezustand (État d'urgence) laut Gesetz vom Präsidenten ausgerufen werden, "für den Fall unmittelbarer Gefahr durch schwere Gefährdungen der öffentlichen Ordnung" oder "für den Fall von Ereignissen, die durch ihre Art und ihre Schwere den Charakter einer öffentlichen Katastrophe darstellen". Der Staat kann Ausgangssperren verhängen und die Einschränkung der Bewegungsfreiheit ist möglich. Wohnungsdurchsuchungen ohne richterlichen Beschluss sind ebenso möglich wie Hausarrest für Menschen, deren "Aktivität" als "gefährlich für die Sicherheit und die öffentliche Ordnung" angesehen wird. Außerdem können die Behörden Versammlungsverbote verhängen und Konzertsäle sowie Kinos schließen lassen. Der Ausnahmezustand kann zunächst für höchstens zwölf Tage verhängt werden. Eine Verlängerung darüber hinaus muss durch ein Gesetz gebilligt werden. Das Gesetz, das den Ausnahmezustand regelt, wurde 1955 mit Beginn des Algerienkrieges beschlossen. Nach dessen Ende wurde der Ausnahmezustand in Frankreich drei weitere Male verhängt: 1985 im Rahmen der Unruhen durch die Unabhängigkeitsbewegung der zu Frankreich gehörenden Inselgruppe Neukaledonien, nach den Unruhen 2005 und nach den Terroranschlägen vom 13. November 2015 in Paris.

Europäisches Recht und Völkerrecht
Die Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention (EMRK) regelt in Artikel 15 ausdrücklich, unter welchen Bedingungen die in der EMRK genannten Rechte eingeschränkt werden können. Ebenso gibt der Internationale Zivilpakt Regeln für den Umgang mit Rechten im Notstandsfall vor.

Literatur
 Giorgio Agamben: Ausnahmezustand. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 2004. ISBN 3-518-12366-1.
 Frederick M. Watkins: The Problem of Constitutional Dictatorship, in: Public Policy. Hrsg. Carl Friedrich und Edward Mason. 1940, S. 324–380.
 Hanno Balz: Head of State of Exception. Federal German chancellor Helmut Schmidt and the supralegal crisis management during the 1970s. In: Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft, Nr. 28(4), 2018, S. 469–483.
 Peter Blomeyer: Der Notstand in den letzten Jahren von Weimar. 1999.
 Markus Trotter: Der Ausnahmezustand im historischen und europäischen Rechtsvergleich. Dissertation. Heidelberg 1997.
 Bruce Ackerman: The Emergency Constitution. In: Yale Law Journal. Nr. 113, 2004, S. 1029–1091.
 David Cole: Judging the Next Emergency: Judicial Review and Individual Rights in Time of Crisis. In: Michigan Law Review. Nr. 101, 2003, S. 2565–2595.
 David Cole: The Priority of Morality: The Emergency Constitution's Blind Spot. In: Yale Law Journal. Nr. 113, 2004, S. 1753–1800.
 John Ferejohn, Pasquale Pasquino: The Law of Exception: A Typology of Emergency Powers. In: International Journal of Constitutional Law. Nr. 2, 2004, S. 210–239.
 Oren Gross: Chaos and Rules: Should Responses to Violent Crises Always be Constitutional? In: Yale Law Journal. Nr. 112, 2003, S. 1011–1134.
 Philip B. Heymann: Models of Emergency Power. In: Israel Yearbook on Human Rights. Nr. 33, 2003, S. 1–13.
 Markus Holzinger, Stefan May, Wiebke Pohler: Weltrisikogesellschaft als Ausnahmezustand. Weilerswist 2010.
 Markus Holzinger: Transnationaler Terrorismus und Ausnahmezustand: Der amerikanische "War on Terrorism". In: Matthias Lemke (Hrsg.): Ausnahmezustand: Grundlagen – Anwendungen – Perspektiven. Springer, Wiesbaden 2017. S. 283–300
 Nasser Hussain: The Jurisprudence of Emergency: Colonialism and The Rule of Law. 2003.
 Matthias Jahn: Das Strafrecht des Staatsnotstandes. Die strafrechtlichen Rechtfertigungsgründe und ihr Verhältnis zu Eingriff und Intervention im Verfassungs- und Völkerrecht der Gegenwart. Frankfurt am Main 2004, ISBN 978-3-465-03349-3.
 Matthias Lemke: Ausnahmezustände als Dispositiv demokratischen Regierens. In: Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft, Band 22, 2012, 3, S. 307–331.
 Matthias Lemke: Das alternate law der Demokratie: Begründungspraktiken für Ausnahmezustände in den USA (1944) und Spanien (2010). In: Zeitschrift für Politik, Band 58, 2011, 4, S. 369–392.
 Matthias Lemke (Hrsg.): Ausnahmezustand. Theoriegeschichte – Anwendungen – Perspektiven. Wiesbaden 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-16587-1.
 Matthias Lemke: Demokratie im Ausnahmezustand. Wie Regierungen ihre Macht ausweiten. Frankfurt (Main) / New York 2017, ISBN 978-3-593-50717-0.
 Tamara Scheer: Die Ringstraßenfront – Österreich-Ungarn, das Kriegsüberwachungsamt und der Ausnahmezustand während des Ersten Weltkriegs (=Schriftenreihe des Heeresgeschichtlichen Museums 15, Wien 2010), ISBN 9783902551160.
 Conradin Wolf: Ausnahmezustand und Menschenrecht. Unter Berücksichtigung des Falls Guantánamo. Labor, Zürich 2005, ISBN 3-03726-202-8.

Weblinks

 Preußisches Notstandsrecht
 emergency.hypotheses.org Aktuelle Informationen zum Ausnahmezustand weltweit (Wissenschaftsblog).

Einzelnachweise

Verfassungsrecht
Wehrrecht
Staatsphilosophie
Politische Ideengeschichte (20. Jahrhundert)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
King's Cross Station
Harry Potter: Warner Bros. Studio Tour from King's Cross
Activity provider: Golden Tours - Gray Line London
This Warner Bros. Studio Tour London – The Making of Harry Potter package includes round-trip transportation from King's Cross. You'll have extended time to explore the studios, and be able to see everything from the Hogwarts Express to The Great Hall.
Cancel up to 3 days in advance for a full refund
Experience pure filmmaking magic at Warner Bros. Studio Tour London – The Making of Harry Potter
Walk through The Great Hall and board the Hogwarts Express
Discover the incredible detail in the props, costumes and special effects
Experience the pure magic of Warner Bros. Studio Tour London with this 7.5-hour package that includes round-trip transportation from London's King's Cross. After your departure from the station, arrive at the studios approximately 2 hours later and enjoy an extended 4-hour visit! Begin where Harry started, at the Cupboard under the Stairs, before watching an enchanting welcome video and heading into The Great Hall – one of the biggest sets on the site. As you travel through, you'll see an amazing selection of actual costumes, props and special effects pieces, all maintained in pristine condition. See The Burrow, Hagrid's Hut, the Gryffindor Common Room, Dumbledore's office and much more. Marvel at small details like Dumbledore's Pensieve and larger pieces like the fantastic animatronic door and the Chamber of Secrets. Have fun riding a broom through London at the Green Screen exhibit and board the Hogwarts Express on Platform 9-3/4. See Privet Drive and the Knight Bus, buy a Butterbeer™ on the backlot and get up close to the prosthetics and animatronics in the special effects department. There is so much to see you will be thankful to have extended time to take it all in!
Round-trip transportation to Warner Bros. Studio by branded bus (subject to availability)
Admission ticket to Warner Bros. Studio Tour London
Digital guide (available for rent at the Studio Tour for £4.95)
Board the bus at King's Cross Station, Pancras Road, Bus Stop T, London. Your start time is the time you board the bus in London. You will enter the Studio approximately 2 hours after this. At the meeting point, your bus will be branded: Warner Bros. Studio Tour London. Please be at the meeting point 15 minutes prior to your selected "starting time".
When booking this tour, please choose your "starting time" according to when you would like to board the bus from London. Entrance to the Studios will be around 2 hours later. (departure point: King's Cross Station, Pancras Road, Bus Stop T, London). For example: if you book for 9:30 AM, you will board the bus at 9:30 AM (9:15 AM meeting time), enter the studios at 11:30 AM, depart the studios at 4:00 PM and arrive back in London at approximately 5:30 PM
Butterbeer™ may contain nuts and other ingredients that may cause allergies; the tour operator is not responsible for adverse side effects
During busy periods, alternative transportation may be used
All vehicles are modern, comfortable, and kept to the highest standards of cleanliness, including a deep clean every day
Great activity for Harry Potter fans although the activity lasts 4 hours do not dwell too long on the first part of the tour to have time to visit the second part (much better) friendly and accommodating staff. We had missed our return bus and a second bus was assigned to us easily. Enjoy your day!
A must for every Harry Potter fan! Simply an unforgettable experience to see the original film locations! Everything is designed with great attention to detail and you get a lot of background information about the individual sets. There are also many activities that are great for children such as broom flying on the green screen. Even if you had questions, you could always speak to guides. The tour with pickup in London also worked very well.
GetYourGuide traveler – Germany Verified booking
It was like a dream to be there! Getting there with a specially painted bus was extremely amazing! Busses come and leave just on time. The only down side is the movies they showed on the way was so low in resolution and sound quality you cant even enjoy them that much. and trip is rather short compared to films so i think it would be better them to have some compilation or recap about all movies so it can be more entertaining.
Top Attractions in London
1 Tower of London
2 The London Eye
3 Heathrow Airport
4 Sea Life London Aquarium
5 Kew Gardens
6 Westminster Abbey
7 Up at the O2
8 London Transport Museum
9 ArcelorMittal Orbit
10 Tower Millennium Pier
11 Royal Observatory Greenwich
12 Buckingham Palace
13 Chessington World of Adventures Resort
14 Gatwick Airport Plaza Premium Lounge
15 The Shard
16 Regent's Canal
17 National Gallery, London
18 River Thames
19 Shakespeare's Globe Theatre
20 RHS Garden Wisley
1 London Activities
2 London Wheelchair accessible
3 London Tours
4 London Rainy-day activities
5 London Family-friendly activities
6 London Entry tickets
7 London For first-time visitors
8 London Architecture
9 London Culture & history
10 London Landmarks & monuments
11 London Outdoor activities
12 London Activities for couples
13 London Romance & special occasions
14 London Good for groups
15 London TV & movie tours
16 London Day trips
18 London Museums & exhibitions
19 London Interactive tours & incentive events
20 London Theme & amusement parks

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Thai Broadcast Journalists Association (TBJA)
Press associations oppose broadcast ban on red-shirt TV
Two major journalist organisations have condemned the recent order to suspend for 30 days the broadcasting licence of a TV station run by red-shirt leaders. On 11 May 2018, the Thai Journalists Association and the Thai Broadcast Journalists Association released a joint statement denouncing the order by the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) to suspend the broadcast licence of Peace TV for 30 days. Citing National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) Orders 97/2014 and 103/2014, the NBTC imposed the month-
Frequencies: Public goods not owned yet by the public
Jiranan Hanthamrongwit
It's been more than 24 years since the media reform began in Thailand, but the state still refuses to give up its ownership of public frequencies. The National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commissioners, over half of whom are military and police officers, has allowed state agencies to continue to own frequencies, and ignored the recommendations from an internal committee. To make matters worse, the NCPO recently made an order allowing state agencies to retain frequencies for further five years. Currently, the military still owns over 100 frequencies.
Voice TV ban unconstitutional: media associations
Thai media associations have voiced opposition to the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission decision to temporarily ban Voice TV, saying it should safeguard media freedom rather than bow down to the junta.
Hasn't the press enjoyed enough freedom? asks Thai junta leader on World Press Freedom Day
The Thai media has called on the Thai junta to abolish orders restricting freedom of the press while the junta leader scolded them for their demand, implying that the Thai media already enjoys enough freedom.


text:
package com.suzhou.carmanager.ui.activity;

import android.content.Context;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v4.content.ContextCompat;
import android.support.v7.widget.LinearLayoutManager;
import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import android.widget.TextView;

import com.suzhou.carmanager.R;
import com.suzhou.carmanager.adapter.YearIncomeAdapter;
import com.suzhou.carmanager.base.BaseActivity;
import com.suzhou.carmanager.entity.NetMessageVO;
import com.suzhou.carmanager.entity.YearIncome;
import com.suzhou.carmanager.network.CarApiManager;
import com.suzhou.carmanager.network.HttpData;
import com.suzhou.carmanager.network.RxJava.MySubscriber;
import com.suzhou.carmanager.utils.JavaUtils;
import com.suzhou.carmanager.utils.ParseJsonUtils;
import com.suzhou.carmanager.view.DividerItemDecoration;
import com.suzhou.carmanager.view.NavigationTopBar;

/**
 * Created by v-jibfen on 2017/10/12.
 */

public class YearIncomeActivity extends BaseActivity implements View.OnClickListener{

    private Context _context;

    private YearIncomeAdapter _currentYearIncomeAdapter;
    private YearIncomeAdapter _lastYearIncomeAdapter;
    private RecyclerView _currentYearIncomeRecyclerView;
    private RecyclerView _lastYearIncomeRecyclerView;
    private TextView _totalIncomeTextView;
    private TextView _currentYearIncomeTextView;
    private TextView _lastYearIncomeTextView;
    private ImageView _iconArrowCurrent;
    private ImageView _iconArrowLast;

    private boolean _currentBtnClicked = false;
    private boolean _lastBtnClicked = false;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_year_income);
        _context = YearIncomeActivity.this;
        _navigationTopBar = (NavigationTopBar) getSupportFragmentManager().findFragmentByTag(NavigationTopBar.class.getSimpleName());
        _navigationTopBar.setViewVisibility(NavigationTopBar.NAVIGATION_VIEWS.RIGHT, View.GONE);
        _navigationTopBar.setViewVisibility(NavigationTopBar.NAVIGATION_VIEWS.RIGHT_BARGE_TEXT,View.GONE);
        _navigationTopBar.setViewVisibility(NavigationTopBar.NAVIGATION_VIEWS.LEFT, View.VISIBLE);
        _navigationTopBar.setText(NavigationTopBar.NAVIGATION_VIEWS.TITLE, R.string.year_income_title);
        _navigationTopBar.setClickListener(NavigationTopBar.NAVIGATION_VIEWS.LEFT, new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                onBackPressed();
            }
        });
        findViewById(R.id.current_income_layout).setOnClickListener(this);
        findViewById(R.id.last_income_layout).setOnClickListener(this);

        _currentYearIncomeRecyclerView = (RecyclerView) findViewById(R.id.current_year_income_recyclerview);
        _lastYearIncomeRecyclerView = (RecyclerView) findViewById(R.id.last_year_income_recyclerview);
        _totalIncomeTextView = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.year_total_income);
        _currentYearIncomeTextView = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.current_year_total_income);
        _lastYearIncomeTextView = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.last_year_total_income);
        _iconArrowCurrent = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.icon_arrow_current);
        _iconArrowLast = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.icon_arrow_last);

        DividerItemDecoration itemDecoration = new DividerItemDecoration(_context, LinearLayoutManager.VERTICAL, R.drawable.recycle_item_divider_1);

        _currentYearIncomeRecyclerView.setLayoutManager(new LinearLayoutManager(_context));
        _currentYearIncomeRecyclerView.addItemDecoration(itemDecoration);
        _currentYearIncomeAdapter = new YearIncomeAdapter(_context);
        _currentYearIncomeRecyclerView.setAdapter(_currentYearIncomeAdapter);

        _lastYearIncomeRecyclerView.setLayoutManager(new LinearLayoutManager(_context));
        _lastYearIncomeRecyclerView.addItemDecoration(itemDecoration);
        _lastYearIncomeAdapter = new YearIncomeAdapter(_context);
        _lastYearIncomeRecyclerView.setAdapter(_lastYearIncomeAdapter);

        getYearIncomeData();
    }

    @Override
    protected int getContentViewId() {
        return 0;
    }

    @Override
    protected int getFragmentContentId() {
        return 0;
    }

    private void updateView(YearIncome yearIncome) {
        _totalIncomeTextView.setText(JavaUtils.formatNumber(yearIncome.getCurrentYearIncome() + yearIncome.getLastYearIncome()));
        _currentYearIncomeTextView.setText(JavaUtils.formatNumber(yearIncome.getCurrentYearIncome()));
        _lastYearIncomeTextView.setText(JavaUtils.formatNumber(yearIncome.getLastYearIncome()));
    }

    private void getYearIncomeData() {
        MySubscriber<NetMessageVO> ss = new MySubscriber<NetMessageVO>() {
            @Override
            public void onNext(NetMessageVO o) {

                YearIncome yearIncome = ParseJsonUtils.getObjectFromJson(o.data, YearIncome.class);

                updateView(yearIncome);
                _currentYearIncomeAdapter.setNewData(yearIncome.getCurrentYearIncomeGroup());
                _lastYearIncomeAdapter.setNewData(yearIncome.getLastYearIncomeGroup());
            }

            @Override
            public void onError(Throwable e) {
                super.onError(e);

            }
        };

        CarApiManager.getInstance().sendRequest(HttpData.InterfacesURL.USER_YEAR_INCOME, ss, HttpData.getEmptyData());
    }

    @Override
    public void onClick(View view) {
        switch (view.getId()) {
            case R.id.current_income_layout:
                _currentBtnClicked = !_currentBtnClicked;
                if (_currentBtnClicked) {
                    _currentYearIncomeRecyclerView.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
                    _iconArrowCurrent.setImageDrawable(ContextCompat.getDrawable(_context, R.drawable.icon_up));
                } else {
                    _currentYearIncomeRecyclerView.setVisibility(View.GONE);
                    _iconArrowCurrent.setImageDrawable(ContextCompat.getDrawable(_context, R.drawable.icon_down));
                }
                break;
            case R.id.last_income_layout:
                _lastBtnClicked = ! _lastBtnClicked;
                if (_lastBtnClicked) {
                    _lastYearIncomeRecyclerView.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
                    _iconArrowLast.setImageDrawable(ContextCompat.getDrawable(_context, R.drawable.icon_up));
                } else {
                    _lastYearIncomeRecyclerView.setVisibility(View.GONE);
                    _iconArrowLast.setImageDrawable(ContextCompat.getDrawable(_context, R.drawable.icon_down));
                }
                break;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Some say there is an art to find customers online. Actually it is more of a science that involves some very effective techniques and strategies. Once you apply the right strategies customers will find you.
Understand your target audience – build a profile of your ideal customer that includes geographic information, demographics and most likely web sites that would be visited. This lays the groundwork for everything else.
Apply SEO properly – utilize key search terms and phrases throughout your online content. This would include your business web site, social media, blogs, Ebooks and other content.
Use multiple online channels – Facebook, Twitter and other social media sites should be used to promote your web site. Also leverage email newsletters to build a loyal subscriber base. Routinely publishing blogs will build your credibility online. Ebooks and white papers will help to inform and educate readers as well as promoting your business as a credible source of information in your industry.
The right marketing services partner can help you find customers online by applying these inbound marketing techniques. Look for a provider that will review your current marketing plan and build a strategy that aligns with your business goals. Credible marketing service providers will tailor an online strategy that is best suited for your business, and bring you industry best practices and benchmarks to measure results and compare.
Every business situation is unique with different customer service philosophies and specialized sales processes. Look for a premier marketing partner that is willing to understand your needs and help you to achieve your goals. For more information please call us directly or click the button below and we will contact you. Thank you.


With the #MeToo movement in the United States reemerging in other English-speaking countries and #YoTambien in Mexico, Spain, South American and beyond, #QuellaVoltaChe in Italy, #BalanceTonPorc in France and #Ana_kaman in the Arab States, support for women's rights has definitely increased.
International Women's Day provides an opportunity for all of us to empower women and celebrate the achievements of women on a global scale.
At Hands we will be holding a breakfast to celebrate and recognise some of the women who have made such a tremendous impact on our charity and the children we support. We invite everyone to come along to Centennial Homestead on 8th March 2018 and meet truly inspirational females such as Mae Thiew (Asian Person of the Year 2011), Khru Prateep (Winner of The Children's Prize in 2004) and Kay Spencer (first ever female director of a Japanese company anywhere in the world).
Tickets and more information is available at https://hands.events/IWD.
During the First World War, IWD evolved into a protest against the war and women in Russia held a strike for 'Bread and Peace' on the last Sunday in February, which fell on March 8 on the Gregorian Calendar in 1917. The Czar then abdicated and the Government granted women the vote in Russia.
In 1975, the United Nations began officially celebrating International Women's Day on March 8.
International Men's Day is marked every year in over 60 countries and is a day on which serious issues that affect men and boys are addressed.
Backed by UNESCO, International Men's Day is observed on the 19th of November every year. The celebration shares a 48-hour partnership with Universal Children's Day marked on November 20th, which is endorsed by the United Nations.


text:
155 Hours: Another untold story to be told
War films are usually action dramas driven by a heavy dose of valour, courage and patriotism – and, of course, combat. But this one's different. This film is a human drama about a soldier keeping his word, not only to his country but to a fellow soldier, even if that means making his mission that much more impossible.
After proudly announcing the prestigious project, Bhuj: The Pride of India (based on the 1971 Indo-Pak war), Select Media Holdings LLP takes pride in announcing another story that needs to be told. Tentatively titled '155 Hours', this film too is based on the 1971 Indo-Pak war.
155 Hours is the story of how an army leader takes care of his own team, based on true story of Captain Karam Singh Virk and Hawaldar Baldev Singh, and their commitment to the country. This is the story of their perseverance and courage.
The film is all about a young commando soldier of the Sikh Regiment, Baldev Singh, who was stranded in the jungles of Pakistan and suffered bullet injuries in both legs and one arm. All he had for company was the corpse of his best friend, another soldier. Baldev Singh survived for 155 hours without any food or water.
This is also the story of Commander Karam Singh Virk, whose mission is to raid the dense jungles of Pakistan, while also fulfilling his promise to his wounded soldier, Baldev Singh, that he would take him back to his pind (native place) alive!
While the names of the actors who will essay the roles of Commander Karam Singh Virk and Baldev Singh will be announced soon, the film will be helmed and written by critically acclaimed director Vinod Kapri of Pihu fame, and produced by Ginny Khanuja and Vajir Singh.
The names of the other actors and technicians will also be announced shortly.
KJO's Insta-story defies rumours of 'Tak...
Shailendra Singh acquires rights to King...
Trailer update- 'Malaal' is a typical lo...
Ayushmann's next 'Shubh Mangal Zyada Saa...
Trailer: 'Blank' confirms an intriguing ...
Raj Kumar Gupta to unfold the story of I...
'The Fakir of Venice' is a story of dece...
Kedarnath teaser: Love story embedded in...
'Marudhar Express' first look poster: A ...
Karenjit Kaur: The Untold Story trailer ...
Namaste England's international schedule...
Bioscopewala seems a thrilling version o...


text:
#PataPrinterNaRicoh
Close the Gap Kenya
The first delivery
Close the Gap Kenya is a social enterprise that aims to bridge the digital divide by offering "nearly new" IT devices to educational, medical, and social projects in developing and emerging countries. These devices are re-manufactured in the Circular Economy HUB where local youngsters can benefit from an internship program.
They also have a one-stop-shop called Close the Gap HUB is which is the dynamic heart for individual and international co-workers, young entrepreneurs, and start-ups. Young start-ups can benefit from an incubation program called "BOOST" and they can make prototypes in the innovational maker space.
We needed a printing device to use in the Circular Economy HUB and at the Close the Gap HUB to provide the possibility for printing at both locations.
This printing device makes it possible to support printing possibilities for the young start-ups and entrepreneurs who are benefiting from the incubation program or working at the Close the Gap HUB.
It also makes a big difference at the Circular Economy HUB we can make our processes more visible by printing and it will help the staff to train the interns.
Swahilipot Hub Foundation
Swahilipot Hub is a community space that focuses with the youth majorly around technology and arts It aims to help the community grow and become more mature, advanced, or elaborate in their skills, character or with their ideas. We work to develop more successes from the ideas and initiatives that community members work on. We work to avail more resources to community members that will help them achieve their ends. We work to create a supportive community with a strong collaboration culture so that you can work with others to advance your goals.
We needed a printing solution at our Swahilipot hub. The printing device would be used by the youth and internal staff of the hub to scan, print, and photocopy their documents.
A printing solution is one of the most important accessories in any community tech hub. This printing device will enable Swahilipot to support the youth activities in the technology and art communities. They will now be able to scan and save documents online and also create copies of fliers.
Pwani Youth Network
The Pwani Youth Network (PYN) was established and registered in the year 2013 with a vision "To incorporate everyone towards pushing for the peace development agenda and sexual reproductive health while promoting sports, talent, film and technology". Its mission is "To promote peace and achieve a sustainable development by curbing issues affecting the youth, women and children through sports, talent, film and technology." The organization's activities cover the Mombasa, Kilifi, and Kwale Counties and targets youth, children and women. We engage women and the youth in sports, talent film and technology.
Our main office at Mikindani needed a printing solution. We encounter challenges when in need to create fliers for events, require print documents for our program meetings and provide printing support to the student youth in the Network. This is because outsourcing printing is expensive and quite unreliable. A printer would help us solve this challenge.
We will have a reliable, affordable, and efficient printing solution in our office. This will offer us the much-needed support to empower youth and women within our program activities. It will also support student youth in the network with affordable, reliable printing solutions for their learning needs. This makes a huge difference in the lives.
Hydrobox Kenya Limited
Hydrobox Kenya is a hydro power developer providing affordable and sustainable access to energy. They offer start to end hydro power development services from land acquisition, regulatory processes to implementation of the entire project.
Hydrobox aims to accelerate the local industry, support SME growth and empower thousands of households by using greener, alternative energy sources.
Their previous printer was overwhelmed by the volume of output they required. As a small start-up, they needed a more durable, heavy-duty device at an affordable rate. They then learnt about the campaign from Close The Gap and applied for one.
The printer will allow the start-up to enjoy faster, clearer and higher volumes of print. This will allow the company's operations to be more efficient.


text:
5 Things to Do in Local SEO 2019
Nik Ranger
Brodie Clark
Brodie's slides
Brodie Clark — 5 Focus Areas for Local SEO in 2019 from SEMrush
Nik's slides
Nik Ranger — SEMrush Listing Management Tool Tutorial (1) from SEMrush
Local SEO Overview: Google My Business
Five Tips to Improve Local Search Rankings in 2019
Google My Business Listing Website Link
The Importance of Local Citations
A SEMrush and Yext Tool for Local Citations
How to Optimize Local SEO for a New Business Location
Multi-Location Local SEO Strategy
Peter Mead: It's Peter Mead. Welcome to a very exciting and special episode of Australian Search Marketing Academy. Today we're focusing on local SEO to coincide with the release of the local listing management tool that SEMrush has released. It's very special because we have two of the very best experts with us... Brodie Clark and Nik Ranger.
Hey, how are you? Brodie is an SEO consultant based in Melbourne, Australia. Works with mid to large-size companies both locally and internationally. He writes about ideas and happenings on Google through his blog, along with his column at Search Engine Land and Search Engine Journal. Welcome, Brodie. How are you today? What's happening in SEO for you right now?
Brodie Clark: Hey, Peter. Thanks for having me, it's great to be here. What's happening at SEO at the moment? That's a good question. I guess my area of SEO is that I tend to write about local developments quite a bit.
The latest thing I've written about is I have an article coming out, actually tonight in Australia on Search Engine Journal about how you should approach a client who is violating Google's guidelines. If you've got a new client who had spammy keywords in their business name or they're using product review, structured data incorrectly, I've just written an article about that. That's the latest in there.
Peter Mead: Terrific, it sounds very interesting. It's a challenge that will come across in the SEO world for sure.
Let's introduce Nik. So, Nik is an SEO specialist focus on digital strategy, data analysis, content, site architecture for large enterprise, small business, and startups in Australia. She's focused on data-driven results. She has a knack for local video audits and really loves focusing on researching the user intent, finding opportunities in competitive industries. Nik. How are you? What's happening in SEO for you right now? What's going on?
Nik Ranger: Thanks so much for having me, SEMrush and Peter and, of course, with Brodie. What's happening for us at the moment is we're just still having a look at what is quite possibly one of the busiest months following the algorithm updates.
As so many of you might've seen the big core update, confirmed by Google, on March, 12th. They keep dropping new features from the old search console, adding new ones. We're just trying to think okay, how does one plan for that kind of contingency? Especially with the rel, prev, and next canonical tags being dropped.
Peter Mead: Yeah, right. So you're right in thick of it by the sound of it.
Nik Ranger: 100% but I'm excited to get into local SEO.
Peter Mead: Yeah, absolutely, of course. There was some other news that I saw today. Google has finally finished fixing up, updating all the data in the Google Search Console. So it's no longer lagging now. It seems to supposedly only two days behind now.
We're here to talk about local SEO. Of course, if we've kind of done optimizing for any small business or any local business, straight away, we start discovering that we need to understand local SEO. If we want that business to be competitive and to be found, we're in the business of optimizing. We want more traffic, more inquiries, more conversions for those businesses.
We obviously discover pretty quickly about Google My Business, the locations, why they're so important. The NAP, the name, address, and phone number. Also, obviously, the citations and the reviews, a bunch of things.
Today, Brodie is going to explain a lot of this to us and then Nik will also give us a rundown on how this new listing management tool works and a bunch of things. But first, Brodie wants to talk us through...five important areas, which is effectively utilizing Google My Business features. I'll be pretty keen to hear what you've got to say, Brodie. You've prepared some slides for us?
Brodie Clark: Yeah, I've got a little presentation already so yeah. I'll just share my screen. Just let me know when you can see.
Peter Mead: Yes, we can see it.
Brodie Clark: I wanted to put together five key areas to focus on because obviously, so many things that you needed to and you need to make sure you have all those boxes ticked to get positive rankings in Google.
I take a pretty holistic approach to SEO. I speak and write about local SEO and technical SEO quite a bit. But also I've interest in the link building side and not so condensed strategy.
Okay. When you think of local SEO, there are essentially two primary tools that we focus on here in Australia. The main one is Google My Business and also Places. This is just the local tool used for two of the major search engines in Australia.
In terms of Places, there's not a great deal you can do with respect to that, aside from filling out your listing. Completely making sure that you have engaging images on there and all your information is up-to-date. But the focus of this, our presentation will be on Google My Business because that's where the eyeballs are. People using Google, so we want to make sure that our Google business listing is in tip-top shape.
With Google My Business, there are two different areas where your listing can show up. One of those is the Map Pack as you can see on the left there. When you do a search for a generic search query, you have the Map Pack results, which is just three different results that show up. You want to get your listing in that top-three.
Also, the Local Finder on the right. That's when you click on one of the results from the Map Pack, you'll then transfer it over to the Local Finder. That's where this particular listing is ranking for that keyword. In Google's support documentation, they actually give you some recommendations on the different areas that go into local rankings. One of the top areas is relevance.
Relevance comes into play when you do a search on Google. Google is just trying to match up a business, which is as relevant as possible to that search query, within the local results.
The way that you build relevance with your Google My Business listing is to fill it out completely and make sure that you have sections filled out effectively. Like your primary category and also your secondary category.
The other area is distance. The proximity you are to a particular business is going to change what the local results are. For instance, do a search for a dietitian as opposed to dietitian Melbourne, you're going to get very different results because, with dietician Melbourne, you're prompting Google to give you a result based on location. Whereas dietitian, there is no prompt on location so Google is just going to figure out how far away you are from that business.
The final one is prominence. That's what the focus of many of my recommendations that I'll make in this presentation is on. It's about building the prominence of your Google My Business listing. That can be done in ways of creating links for your website. Creating high-quality relevant links back to your website, and also reviews.
In terms of new features with Google My Business, I wrote an article early this year, which is still relevant, called 10 new local search features you should be using. We won't have time to go through all of those in this webinar, but I recommend checking that out.
There are some recommendations in there, like adding products to your listing, adding services, making the most of Google Search query insights. That's the query that customers are searching for and your Google My Business listing is showing. That's all really important information.
Since I wrote that article, one of the new features that I've seen rolling out is the product's data within Google My Business. Previously, this feature was just showing on mobile. It was kind of hidden within a tab on your Google My Business listing on mobile. But now on desktop, it's now really prominent.
The example that I've given you on this slide is that you should be looking for brand mentions as regularly as possible for your website. If you have a business name that isn't just a keyword if your business name is Dietitian Melbourne. Then this would obviously be a pretty difficult task to be able to find brand mentions. But if your business name was Great Ideas In Nutrition, then that's obviously more unique.
What I've done in this example is that you can actually use Google's search results to find your brand mentions pretty effectively. The first step here is to do an exact match search for your brand name, and mine is Set Up Your Website.
Then the second step is to go to tools, then just show results from the past month. If you do this say once a month, just a few brand mentions during this technique, finding websites that had mentioned your business name. Then that's going to be a worthwhile task if you can follow those up.
Another one is gathering reviews. Reviews are pretty important on listings conversions and also for rankings as well with respect to prominence. Create a landing page on your website so you can explain any guidelines for industries specific for how you want your customers to leave reviews.
Give some instructions on there for actually leaving the review as well. With this example, I've just added three links to the review links on Google My Business. So we can email that out to clients after they've come in for a consultation.
For this point here, this is just talking about the content that's on your actual website. Is going to help Google create more relevance for your listing? The high-quality content you have on your website is obviously going to help your SEO.
The final one, which is the focus of this webinar, is citation consistency. This is just with respect to the name, address, and phone number of the listing. Previously, what I've done is I've just had a spreadsheet where I would just have my business details on there. Have all login details for lots of different directories.
But now SEMrush has created this tool in partnership with Yext. Nik, we'll go into that further, how this tool is used and feedback from Australia. That's everything.
Nik Ranger: I really, really liked the idea of having a landing page that just clearly outlines a direction for customers to be able to give adequate feedback. That just kind of herds them towards that five-star review. I think that's absolutely phenomenal.
Peter Mead: I've got a couple of questions here that may actually kind of follow on from that idea of the landing page. Andy Simpson, he's asked, "Brodie, how important do you think the page is? How important do you think the page, your Google My Business listing links to has to be? Does it always have to be your homepage?"
Brodie Clark: Previously, I actually thought that you could only get that snippet from linking to a page that had that content on there. But now I've realized that Google can actually pick up those website mentions from any page on your site, as long as you use good internal linking.
But I guess I would probably more so, think of that from a usability standpoint. If you have really targeted landing page that is useful for your listing.
Peter Mead: Nik, can I maybe rephrase the question a little bit with some of my thoughts to you? I sometimes think about this as if it's a very simple business with just one location. Then maybe linking to your homepage is fine from your Google My Business listing.
But if you've got a complex business with lots of mobile locations around different neighborhoods, then you may want to have like a whole structure set up. With your local landing pages and your locations in a structure that way. What works for you, Nik?
Nik Ranger: Well, I think when it's just one business that's in one central location, generally, I'll link it to their homepage. I think people get the best experience when they can see the front cover of the business.
But for I think for multi-locations in the past, I've definitely had landing pages that are specific to each location with content that is specific to that location with staff photos. It was a painful process to call up every single one of those stores and explain to them, "Hi, I'm not a telemarketer. You're about to receive a call from Google to say we want to verify your business. Please pay attention to that because that's extremely important. That's coming from us, our agency and from head office."
It's difficult but at the same time, I would argue that it yielded some actually fantastic results in that particular case.
Peter Mead: Jake Stanley says, "What do you guys think about Google sending out surveys for premium Google My Business subscriptions? Do you think businesses will see enough value in something like this survey stuff? Have you guys had much to do with that yet?"
Brodie Clark: A paid version of Google My Business. In terms of what we think about this at this stage, I mean it is a bit worrying. If they're trying to get our small business clients to pay money, then obviously that cuts into their margins quite a bit. But also a lot of people pointed out that there are quite a few flaws in that survey that they sent out. It did seem quite preliminary. We'll just have to wait and see.
Nik Ranger: I'm very curious as to whether they're going to expand on their promotions and postings. I think maybe they are looking for maybe an E-commerce opportunity there they did on the track. I don't know, it's interesting.
Peter Mead: Nik, you've prepared some slides for us. Of course, SEMrush has teamed up with Yext and have released this a phenomenal tool for listing management. Of course, I watched with envy when I saw it roll out in other countries. Then, of course, the guys from SEMrush came to Australia, visited us, which was terrific. They'll be releasing it in Australia and lo and behold, they have released it. Thank you, SEMrush, thank you very much.
Nik Ranger: So yeah, as a perfect segway, SEMrush have very recently launched their listing management tool, made exclusive for America and Australian websites. It is a one-stop shop, local citation checker and implementer.
I've just made this little infographic because I'm a very visual person and I just like to see how things fit together and map out. Of the core pillars of local SEO, you've got your content, technical SEO, user experience, schema markup, backlinks and, of course, local citations.
Your local citations are pretty much linked to your success. It is just kind of nothing without setting up your citations correctly. I've been trusted to run my fine tooth comb over many, many sites over in my SEO career. The one thing that's common amongst every site is that rarely is this part done correctly.
We're talking really basic stuff here, like name, address, phone number, the Map Pack, you might've seen that before. But I'd say about anywhere from 85% of every site I've audited have actually got this wrong either on their core citations or on supporting citations that are maybe a little bit like billing, things like that.
I'm using American data for context. What I found was shocking to realize was that 43% of business listings have an incorrect or missing address. 37 percent have an incorrect business name and up to 60% don't have a number you can call. About 25% or a quarter, don't have an email that you can just discreetly message. On all fronts, we're sort of doing kind of poor here.
To be able to save time and have peace of mind, this is where the SEMrush listing tool really does come in handy. What it does is it automatically checks all of your business listings and makes sure that they're correct and consistent. They distribute your business data to the most authoritative directories and easily edit information across directories simultaneously.
To show you how easy this is to set up let's take an example with Melbourne's most expensive and exclusive hotel, the Grand Hyatt Hotel. The first thing is I'm typing in is the Grand Hyatt, Melbourne because that's what's in Google My Business.
Add your details in there. Then yeah, you can scroll down and check listings. Look, sweet. They've actually added the country area code for the phone number. This is all automated and for every location you own or manage, they regularly update this information for about $20 per month.
Now, that's just per location. If you have one store set up in Melbourne, they do all this for $20 a month. If you have one in Melbourne, one in Sydney, one in Perth, that's about $60 because that's three different locations.
Depending on the relevancy there are about 18 citations you can have updated. SEMrush works in close partnerships with Yext as Peter said before, who provide the citations. If you haven't heard of Yext, they're the leading digital knowledge management platform.
That all looked pretty simple just then. But I guess what kind of needs to be said or what I'm thinking about based on my experience in this area is it's actually quite a complex process behind that. All those moving pieces behind the scenes, especially things like the citations, just checking them. It's actually a bit more complicated than you think. Then also making sure that they're up to date or they're accurate, doing all that across multiple locations.
Nik Ranger: Absolutely. You can try and copy and paste that information. But taking into account that yes, you can just put in your business hours and you can put in your phone number and your address and business name, that's great.
But during a year you have holiday hours, you have promotions, you have maybe different products that you wanting to launch. Maybe you want to actually use that platform a lot more to be able to access that audience behind all those citations that are quite authoritative. So to be able to have something that automatically does it, that simply is such a game changer.
One thing that I really also want to draw a bit of attention to is you can have a featured message with your URL. You can also have a 50-character clickable message that appears in the listing. You can use it to highlight and promote special offers and services.
One of the things that is so fantastic, especially in Google My Business, is that you can post and you can add little popups, advertisements almost. Just that we've got a sale coming on. This is a one-time-only deal or this end of year stocktake sale.
You can have payment methods in there. I think from using other citation checkers and implementers and basically fill it in I find it a lot less easy to be able to do very detailed things like that over multiple platforms.
But being able to monitor your reviews from this one platform. Your reviews are so huge. 51 percent of customers use reviews for purchasing decisions.
Peter Mead: We want to make sure we're buying something good.
Nik Ranger: Absolutely. In an information-dense world, you want to cut the fats. You want to be able to just find exactly what you want. You have a really good idea of all the different specs that you're after to do with the widget, whatever you'd like to do.
I just want to make sure that if I am ever using the tool, here are my five tips. Keep Apple maps listing up-to-date, which is more than covered in this citation tool. Post regularly to Google My Business, set up Places. All these things are set up quite nicely. But that added caveat of structured data and use NPS to improve your reviews.
If anyone is seeing that and being like, I don't know what NPS is. It's by gatherup.com and it's a great way to get feedback from your customers and solve problems before they make it to Google.
Peter Mead: Absolutely you recommend to everyone doing local SEO to get a strategy for reviews.
Nik Ranger: I looked at the pricing of SEMrush, $20 per month and I looked at my other top competitors like True Local and Bright Local. If I'll be really honest this is actually the most cost-effective. I really appreciate what SEMrush is trying to do here. I actually do think that this is something that does tick all the boxes, is exceptionally easy and it's actually really quite cost-effective. That's all I have for today.
Peter Mead: Great. Thanks for walking us through. There's a question from Jason Payne: "We have one very successful location in San Francisco and are opening a second location in York City. I'd love for you to cover how to successfully open a new location to optimize for the SEO."
Brodie Clark: You obviously want this information about the new location to be represented well on your actual website. Maybe you might make a dedicated page about that location. If you already have some reviews from customers there when it's opened, then that would be useful content to have on there.
Aside from that, yeah, it's just your Google My Business listing and all the things that we went through in our presentations. Making sure that you have your reviews on your actual Google My Business listings; that's going to help with your rankings there.
Having engaging photos on the listings themselves. I feel like that makes a big difference in a lot of cases. Get a photographer down on there. Take some really high-resolution photos. Upload those to Google My Business and also in your landing page.
But yeah, you want to be working on building your prominence so that in your address that you're on the same page as what you'd have in your San Francisco location.
Peter Mead: Yeah, thanks for that. Nik, something that goes through my mind is especially if they're going from one location to now two locations and who knows what in the future. But you now got multiple locations. My first bit of advice that I'd be looking at would be you need to set up a location structure within your site.
You want a page that has the name of that location in the URL. But also the name of the other location. How would you go about going from one location to multiple?
Nik Ranger: Yeah, I think definitely setting up everything that you guys said. Having staff photos on the pages as well, just to sort just introduce them. "Hi, this is the store manager." Really make it feel like that they're wanting to engage and connect with the community that they're establishing themselves in. The last thing, structured data.
Structured data is so important. This is a subtle plug for all the hard work that the guys over at Yext have been doing. They've just launched a new plugin that specifically goes after structured data for WordPress sites. That is exceptionally easy.
Otherwise, there is schema.org to be able to help you. Even there are little templates on Google as well to be able to help you set up those correctly.
Peter Mead: I love especially the subtle hints, I guess the signals that Google's been saying to us. They're providing structured data to us for us to use as SEOs, as webmasters. They're putting lots of development, time, and energy into these kinds of things. Absolutely we should be using structured data.
What about creating landing pages for each service area? I guess the problem here is she has a home modeling company that services tri-state area but in five specific cities. Even if the company has only one office, this is obviously the age-old problem of you've got one office, you're servicing multiple areas. But it's not related to the geocentric area of your neighborhood, of where your business is. What was your take on that one, Nik?
Nik Ranger: I think what I have done in the past is look at the Geo-location. You can see the kilometer radius of how far out that business does provide that service. That's been like a way that you can indicate, hey, we are quite close to the epicenter of business.
Peter Mead: Yeah. What's your take, Brodie? Have you encountered this issue?
Brodie Clark: Yeah, definitely. Yes, my perspective with this is if you don't have a physical location in that suburb or that general region, then it's really hard to rank that. One thing you definitely want to avoid is spreading your efforts too finely. If you were wanting to target a particular set of suburbs but you're not physically located in there, then creating a whole heap of URLs on your site, just targeting not suburb, with lots of content on there.
That doesn't necessarily say that you have a physical location or anything. You just created those pages to rank that. Then you would be pretty unlikely to rank with that. You're going to be sending poor quality signals to Google that you have lots of low-quality pages on your site.
If you're wanting to rank in a suburb that you're not located in and not appearing naturally at all, then you might have to look for paid advertising methods.
Peter Mead: Yeah, okay. Jared Malcolm says, "Hi, guys. Do all the separate locations of a business require separate citations if they are all linking to the same website homepage and are linked in Google My Business?"
Brodie Clark: They're saying you've got different locations but the URL is the same. Maybe you're linking to a page that it's about three separate locations but it's the same link that you're using for each of your listings. I would approach that with saying that yeah, you would need to create different citations for those. Just keep the link the same. It's just citation consistency, it's not going to impact too much.
Peter Mead: Nik, what's your take on this so far as there are separate citations? Does it matter to your homepage? What do you think?
Nik Ranger: I would say look at maybe the sales of each of those locations. Is that something that you really wanted to build? Is that something that you wanted to invest in? I would start off with just the core of the business. Then work on my way and start to really build content.
I would build out citations to make each one of those locations unique. Really drive that local traffic towards those locations. Ultimately if expansion is the aim of the game here, then expanding out your strategy is the way to hand in hand go with that.
Peter Mead: I guess we're running out of time, we've just got one minute left. I think it's probably time for me to say thanks so much. Especially to SEMrush for what they do for the SEO community.
Thanks to everybody listening and thanks for all the questions. But everybody watching and as Nik said earlier, it'd be great to see more feedback, especially from people who are doing SEO work. See more feedback about the tool and about just general local SEO developments, in general, would be terrific as well.
Nik Ranger: Thank you and bye.
Brodie Clark: Thanks, guys, bye.
Check out other webinars from this series
…Australian Search Marketing Academy (ASMA) - Speeding up WordPressWWW…
Peter Mead, Jono Alderson, Nik Ranger
…Australian Search Marketing Academy (ASMA) - WordPress Topics and StructureWWW…
Peter Mead, Arsen Rabinovich, Jine Wu
…5 Things to Do in Local SEO 2019WWW…
Nik Ranger, Brodie Clark, Peter Mead
…Australian Search Marketing Academy (ASMA)- Practical & Powerful Linkbuilding TacticsWWW…
Peter Mead, Dan Petrovic, Julie Situ
…Australian Search Marketing Academy (ASMA) - Optimising WordPress for BloggersWWW…
Peter Mead, Casey Markee
…Australian Search Marketing Academy (ASMA) - Google Algorithm UpdatesWWW…
Peter Mead, Harry Sanders


Create a festive look with our holiday red leather timepiece. Sparkling Austrian crystals and a stunning steel case make it the perfect gift to give and receive.
A warm crimson leather strap gives this watch the ultimate party-ready finish.


A real Two Step Verification system for Joomla!
Security experts agree that the first step to securing your site against unauthorized access is using a second step during the login process. Joomla 3.2 and later offer Two Factor Authentication which requires you to enter a security code along with your password to log into your site. However, Two Factor Authentication is susceptible to spoofing attacks. Moreover it does not let you use any second factor which is not a text code known to you before you login.
The solution to that is Two Step Verification. You login with just your username and password. However, at this point, you have a "captive login" and you cannot use the site unless you provide your second authentication factor. This could be a text code generated by Google Authenticator like what Joomla already allows, or something impossible to use with core Joomla such as a text code sent to you by SMS or push notification or even a secure hardware token following the FIDO U2F (Universal Second Factor) standard. After providing and validating the second factor your login becomes full features and you can use the site. This is very much like what Google does when you try to login to GMail; or what happens when you log into GitHub; or how Apple handles login to iCloud.
This extension is brought to you by the same people who wrote Joomla's Two Factor Authentication feature.
YubiKey, Authenticator App, U2F, Pushbullet, SMS Text Message.
Support for this extension never used, Never used but the Akeeba site have a very good support for my other akeeba extensions.
I used this to: My site.
I prefer to use The Yukey extension because i can choose between "front only", "backend only" or Both for The "site section" parameter.


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Category Archives: photography
art, gender, photography, stereotypes, violence
November 20, 2016 sabineheinleintransgender; art; The Guardian; institutions; photography
Photo: Evan Schwartz
Captain Wright, one of the subjects in transgender artist Ria Brodell's paintings, lived until his death in 1834 with Mrs Wright and an abundance of rabbits. They were "respectable gentlefolks", according to Brodell's extensive research. When Captain Wright died, his neighbors were astonished to learn that he had a body that would be assigned as female. Demoted to a "creature" by the newspaper, his body attracted a crowd of curious spectators. Captain Wright is one in Brodell's series Butch Heroes, which reimagines historic men who were assigned as female in the format of Catholic holy cards. The portraits – some of which are currently on view at the Henry Art Gallery in Seattle as part of the show Trans Hirstory in 99 Objects – are touching and amusing at times. They speak eloquently to the fraught history and present of the transgender community.
It's an interesting moment for trans art in the US, as arts organizations large and small are finally bringing recognition to an ingenuous people and powerful movement. The Museum of the City of New York features Gay Gotham, a show that chronicles queer creative networks in 20th-century New York, and the Leslie-Lohman Museum for Gay and Lesbian Art is in the process of nearly doubling its footprint. It also recently created the Hunter O'Hanian Diversity Art Fund to collect artworks from primarily female and transgender artists. Yet Donald Trump's election has given the LGBTQ community new reasons to fear for their safety. Mike Pence advocates for "gay conversion therapy" and Trump has pledged to sign the First Amendment Defense Act, which would give businesses and landlords the right to discriminate against gay and transgender people. Since the election, 43 anti-LGBTQ incidents have already been reported to the Southern Poverty Law Center.
art, criminal justice, photography
March 17, 2016 sabineheinleinThe New York Times; artists; criminal justice; mass incarceration
"Angola Prison, 1980," by Keith Calhoun and Chandra McCormick.
The New York Times, March 11, 2016
By Sabine Heinlein
For several weeks in February and March, the Whitney Museum's fifth-floor gallery has been drenched in the slamming of gates, the rattling of keys and the bellowing of prisoners and guards. The artist Andrea Fraser recorded the sounds at Sing Sing, the infamous prison 34 miles up the Hudson River, then fed them into a gallery that's roughly the same size as the prison's A Block.
"Down the River," her commanding work, alludes to the practice of separating slaves — and prisoners to this day — from their families and sentencing them to backbreaking labor on the South's cotton plantations. It is a show that prods viewers to consider "the institutional and symbolic polarization that increasingly defines American society," Ms. Fraser said.
Artists around the country are grappling with America's incarceration system, as a subject and a social force. Like Ms. Fraser, Cameron Rowland's show at Artists Space engaged a privileged art world with the economic mechanisms behind mass incarceration, focusing on how our society benefits from prisoners' labor.
criminal justice, photography, prison
Prison Photography
March 8, 2014 sabineheinleinPrisonPhotography.org; Eastern State Penitentiary; Jesse Krimes; Apokaluptein:16389067
From PrisonPhotography.org, a website that examines issues of photography, prisons, police, media, and civil liberties.
art, photography, prison
Alyse Emdur: Fantasy Behind Bars
February 23, 2013 sabineheinleinAlyse Emdur; Art in America; Fantasy Behind Bars; photography
(This interview first appeared on Art in America on 02/19/2013.)
When L.A.-based photographer Alyse Emdur was a little girl she would accompany her mother and sister to prison to visit her older brother, who was serving time for car theft and drug possession. In 2005 she came across a picture of herself and her brother posing in front of a romantic tropical beach scene. Other photos show her brother with and without family members in front of a bucolic stream, a cozy cottage and lush greenery. The hand-painted murals in prison classrooms and portrait studios record fantasies of freedom. To the prisoners and their families these scenes keep at bay the intense feelings of powerlessness, shame and loss caused by crime and incarceration.
For the images compiled in her new book Prison Landscapes (Four Corners, January 2013), Emdur revisited this childhood experience. She contacted prisoners via pen pal websites and asked them for existing photographs of them and their families posing in front of idyllic backdrops. Prison Landscapes combines this collection with Emdur's own photographs. She gained access to ten correctional facilities in Pennsylvania, New York and Florida to create new pictures of hand-painted backdrops in their "natural" prison environment. (One should add that gaining access to prisons has become increasingly difficult for journalists and documentarians. Tough-on-crime policies, mass incarceration, prison overcrowding and accusations of human rights violations have caused administrators to tighten the lid.)
The book, which also includes her correspondence with the prisoners and an interview with one of the inmates who paints the photo backdrops, sheds light on an oppressive environment that takes incredible pains to remain unseen.
SABINE HEINLEIN What did it feel like to return to prison and re-create scenes from your childhood visits?
ALYSE EMDUR My experience with the backdrops as a child was very visceral and very emotional. I thought, "Why would I be standing in front of such a happy backdrop in such a sad place?" For my book, I was going in the visiting rooms when they were empty, with a prison administrator and a prison guard. Observing these backdrops led me to imagine all the people and the stories that had played out in front of the backdrops.
HEINLEIN What role does the administration play? Who decides what goes on those walls and into the pictures?
EMDUR Nearly all the backdrops are landscapes-which is a pretty big restriction in itself. The mural artists have the freedom to choose whatever landscape they want, but there'll definitely be requests by the inmates. There are certain rules: You can't use gang colors or offensive imagery. So the backdrops reveal the control that prisons have on the representation of prisoners and prisons. Inmate photographers are given explicit instructions to not show the visiting room, to only show the backdrop.
HEINLEIN Did you see any subversive elements in the paintings?
EMDUR They don't put intentionally subversive messages in the backdrops, but the prisoners posing in front of the backdrops use humor, like they'll hold up a plastic fish or use props like a backpack. There was a painting of a casino in Las Vegas. One prisoner is touching the backdrop with his hand to acknowledge that it is an illusion. One painting had a blinged-out car with gold rims. But in general, the visiting room is a sacred place where the prisoners have an opportunity to spend time with their loved ones. For the painters, the backdrops are a way to contribute to that special space.
HEINLEIN Yet your pictures emphasize the tragedy of America's mass incarceration and how little we know about what goes on behind bars. What kind of responses have you gotten from people?
EMDUR About half of the prisoners that I invited to contribute accepted my invitation. But some people weren't comfortable having their images published because they aren't proud of the fact that they are in prison. (Not that those who participated are proud of that fact.) While photographing in prisons, some of the staff expressed that they didn't see value in the paintings. To them they are an amateur's attempt at painting. However, some of the administrators were very proud of the backdrops, almost like a school principal is proud of his or her students. They recognize art's potential to uplift the spirit. In terms of outside viewers, for so many Americans these images have been unknown because although there are millions of them circulating amongst families, only people who personally know prisoners have seen them. Many family members really appreciate these backdrops as a humane gesture. Others don't even notice the backdrops. The backdrops are an ordinary part of prison life; murals are everywhere in prisons—in hallways and in classrooms.
And then, of course, some viewers find the images uncomfortable. We are culturally ingrained to look at prisoners in a [one-dimensional] way. This book is an affirmation of the humanity of prisoners, which is taboo, and for some, uncomfortable. Continue reading →


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Q: Media query not working with height This is my media query for resolution with width of 1280 pixels:
@media (min-width: 1270px) and (max-width: 1280px)

When I want to use seperate query for height like this:
@media (min-width: 1270px) and (max-height: 960px)

It doesn't work. It's not showing even in the developer tools in chrome. Can I get some suggestions?

A: you need to add a comma between different conditions (width/height)
@media screen and (min-width: 1270px), screen and (max-height: 960px )

https://jsfiddle.net/ahmadabdul3/fxaknLn7/

A: You must add this code at first

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />

and use this link
https://css-tricks.com/logic-in-media-queries/

@media screen and (max-width: 995px) , screen and (max-height: 700px) {
  ...
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A man can live to be 50, 100, or more, but Balu was different. He may have tragically passed away at such a young age, but he leaves behind a rich legacy that few can match.
Much has already been written about this prodigious talent, and his mastery over the four strings to which he was first initiated at the age of three by his uncle. By 17, Balu became the youngest music composer in Malayalam cinema, but he decided to go solo to pursue his passion and create his own niche.
He may have gone but his compositions are still fresh in my ears, and I see his disarming smile as I write this piece. The accident that killed him also snatched away his two-year-old daughter Tejaswini. His wife, Lakshmi, is battling for her life. Balu remained a fighter till the end. It was as if he wanted to express so much more through his compositions.
When he was fighting for his life, I remember praying with his friends from college.
The Mar Ivanios College WhatsApp group was updated by the second by Prathap Nair. We prayed, others expressed shock as they held on to the hope that Balu would somehow 'come back' and create his magic again. Alas, that did not happen.
Sunil: "Can't stop crying… literally. The pain is really hard….no words…an eventful life. An early departure." I was too numb to react. Decades of memories poured in as I choked with emotion as the news sunk in.
I remembered our first meeting when I was backstage at a college function, with Balu holding the audience in a thrall. I hovered around with my first camera trying to get the best shot of him.
We spoke little but I remember keeping the focus on him. He was the rising star and capturing him as he was transported to another world through his music gave me great joy. His eyes were closed as if he were in a trance. For the audience it was the closest to watching a genius at play though we didn't realise it back then.
Many years passed and we would meet at various events. He made some lilting tunes on his violin while I captured his performances for posterity. We didn't share many words but had formed a bond.
Later, it was an honour hosting him in Dubai when he performed on several occasions in the city I now call home.
I have still not recovered from the loss and I often think that death is the great leveller and strange are its ways. You never know when it creeps up behind you.
So I tried hard to remember my last meeting with Balu. What were our parting words? Nothing came to mind. It wasn't a dramatic goodbye after all.
He just passed away. His death was cruel and heart-breaking to those who knew him. I can imagine his smiling face while he plays the violin for his little one in that beautiful place way up yonder.
Watching him perform on stage and clicking him as he rose to greatness is the memory I will cherish for the rest of my life. That image remains etched in my mind as the haunting strains of his violin fills my senses.