Broken Sidewalk asked this year's Metro Council candidates about transportation, urbanism, and more.
This year, Broken Sidewalk asked each Metro Council candidate to respond to a survey of questions related to the topics we cover here on the site: urbanism, transportation, health, and the environment. Broken Sidewalk will make no endorsements this year for Metro Council candidates, but we hope these survey responses—published verbatim—are helpful to voters in making up their minds.
We will be publishing the results by district. First up is District 4. Our survey included two types of questions: 1. multiple choice answers about personal behaviors and views, and 2. longer responses on a range of topics. Each candidate was also given an optional open field to expand upon a topic of their choosing, if they so desired.
Louisville Metro Council District Four comprises Downtown Louisville along with key core neighborhoods of Russell, Butchertown, Nulu, Phoenix Hill, Smoketown, Shelby Park, Meriwether, and parts of Irish Hill, SoBro, California, and Portland. This is one important district.
Current District 4 incumbent, David Tandy, has decided not to run, so change is coming to the leadership of Louisville's urban neighborhoods. The candidates for District 4 include, in alphabetical order, community advocate and former Tandy staffer Bryan Burns (D), JCPS employee Aletha Fields (D), Beecher Terrace Resident Council president Marshall Gazaway (D), and former Fund for the Arts president Barbara Sexton Smith (D).
Have often do you walk to work or for basic errands?
Have often do you take transit to commute to work or for basic errands?
How often do you ride a bike to get to work or for errands?
How often do you drive in a personal motor vehicle?
How safe do you feel as a pedestrian walking on Louisville's streets?
Louisville's transit system should expand service, infrastructure, and offerings.
The city should invest in complete street design that promotes safety for all road users.
Walkable and transit-oriented development should be promoted over auto-oriented development.
Louisville should repair and maintain its existing transportation network before widening or building new roads.
Historic architecture promotes the economic vitality of the Louisville region.
Describe your favorite walk OR your favorite place to hang out in your neighborhood.
From my home on Camp street, my absolute favorite place to walk is down Logan street, where I can either head to Smoketown USA in the day, or T. Eddie's for karaoke at night.
What's the biggest issue facing your district and how would you address it?
What I see as the biggest issue in District 4 is the lack of a solid foundation for our neighborhoods and families to thrive. Many of our neighborhoods suffer from a glut of vacant homes and our entire city suffers from individuals and families who live in substandard or absolutely no housing.
For our neighborhoods to flourish, we need to make sure our current and future generations have multiple and positive opportunities so that they can reach their fullest potential.
In three sentences, what does Metro Council do?
The Metro Council should be both a legislator, facilitator, and advocate for an equitable and healthy development of our city. Louisville is a diverse city and it's important that we make sure the services that we provide and the decisions we make create a platform on which we all have a chance to grow and thrive.
The Metro Council is the steward of our environment, our geography, and our entire city; these responsibilities should be taken seriously.
Louisville is among the most dangerous cities in the country for pedestrian collisions and fatalities. What would you do to improve street safety for all road users in Louisville? Please cite specific examples.
We need to foster the slowing down of traffic, not create situations in which we encourage speeding. To this end, I would strongly push that we convert most one-way streets into two-ways. This has been shown to not only accomplish reduction in the speed of vehicles, but to actually help businesses grow!
Additionally, I think we should do what we can to get people out of single-occupancy automobiles by thoughtfully creating more bike-lanes (that make work-commutes easier) and putting more resources into pedestrian-based infrastructure (our sidewalks are crumbling!).
What does responsible development look like in Louisville and in your district? What would you do to promote responsible development in Louisville?
First, we need to stop financing sprawl, especially at the expense of our urban core. It doesn't make any sense to suggest placing developments like the currently proposed soccer stadium on empty green-space when we already have a the old Cardinal Stadium being left to decay (this is only an example).
We need to encourage infill development and respect our history; I believe the greenest building is one that already exists.
Louisville is among the fastest warming cities in the country. Please describe your stance on fixing Louisville's Urban Heat Island Effect. What specific steps need to be taken to solve this problem?
We need to stop creating parking lots and move in the opposite direction! Instead of encouraging driving we should make public transit and greener forms of transportation an easy choice to make!
This means expanding our public transit infrastructure (more TARC routes, easier to understand TARC routes, more bus shelters, and maybe even a serious reconsideration of light rail or trolley system).
Additionally, we should continue to partner with groups like Louisville Grows and restore and strengthen our city's tree canopy.
How would you strike a balance between preservation, development, and economic development in Louisville?
What I would like to see is more of a "win-win" approach when it comes to development. For instance, when we grant a financial incentive to a new development like a hotel, we might pass an ordinance that requires that a percentage of TIF (Tax increment financing) district funds go towards the funding of the Affordable Housing Trust Fund. Through this, we can put vacant houses back into circulation and place people in homes that otherwise would live in substandard housing.
That way we can both restore our historic and vacant properties, both maintaining the character of our neighborhoods, but also creating places to live for our many residents who lack adequate housing.
These sorts of mutually beneficial options are things I would seek to push in Metro Council.
Optional open response. Discuss any issue in Louisville relating to land use, development, transportation, preservation, or health.
I would like to see us tackle both our heroin epidemic and homeless problem by embracing a "housing first" model of transitional housing. It's a sad fact that many of our homeless population are struggling with drug problems; "housing first" allows these people to be put into homes where they can be targeted and treated for services. This model has been proven to be effective in both getting people clean, but most importantly it allows for an easier reentry into society as productive citizens.
Additionally, I would like to see our city create programming that trains citizens to hold memberships on our city's boards and commissions a part of its nominating process. It has been a great point of contention that our city's boards do not adequately reflect the composition of its population. Forming a program that prepares citizens throughout all of our neighborhoods to serve our city will go a long way towards solving this. This has been done in other cities and it works.
One of my favorite places is the bike path along River Walk and along Portland Canal. And I love to just hang out on the sidewalks where all the people are!
There are many important and pressing issues facing our district. Accessibility to neighborhood jobs, transportation, and affordable and sustainable housing is on the top of that list. The heart of our city and the people who live there need leadership looking to the core problem of: how we are creating a sustainable live/work/play environment for the people who LIVE IN that inner core. Too often the conversation has been how do we draw folks downtown. It is time that conversation turned to how we lift and sustain the people who live here.
The Metro Council focuses on economic development, education and quality of life by creating ordinances, regulations, policies, and codes to assist in the development of jobs, housing, and services for the residents of this city. The Metro Council also stands as an advocate for the people to those services when standards are not being met. We work together so the interests of every citizen, every neighborhood, are represented when developing plans for a better tomorrow.
As someone who walks nearly everywhere I go this is an issue I am personally acquainted with. Greater attention must be paid both behind the wheel and on foot. Addressing this issue must begin with enforcement of our current city ordinances and traffic laws. Speeding, running lights, and jaywalking are all ticketable offenses. Tickets are not there to punish, they are there to remind you to be more mindful of your surroundings. Safer neighborhoods is one of my platforms.
We need local control and local development. From construction to plumbing to the businesses that occupy the spaces we must promote from within. Responsible development means looking to our neighborhoods and asking, will this create jobs for the people who live there? It also means: will this development create affordable housing for the people who live there. Working together with the community we can reclaim our neighborhoods and strengthen our city.
Metro Government must seriously evaluate and measure how we are enforcing the air quality regulations we already have. We must enforce and collect fines on current violations. We must hold industry accountable for their actions and end the "look the other way" "Just this once" exceptions that exist within the structure. Fines exist to create balance and offset the cost of repairing harm done.
In addition to enforcement, we have a growing interest in District 4 for community gardening. Working with developers to modify roofs to create new and inviting green spaces will not only help the curb the urban heat island effect, it will promote nutrition, and build community gathering places. This is something we can all agree on!
Attention must continue to be paid to our tree planting programs. This must be a public – private partnership.
That balance comes from within. It is one thing to look to other cities and ask, "How can we learn from you?" It is quite another to lose sight of who we are in the process. Louisville is unique and part of economic development is selling that uniqueness as a reason to build here. When preservation can be made it adds to our identity as a city. And when preservation is not possible, we must do a better job of being transparent on those issues and inviting developers to become a part of what makes our community exceptional. We must embrace the interests of our citizens and be generous with the time and attention it takes for all voices to be heard.
As a District 4 candidate a focus on reclaiming abandon properties is vital to the livability and economic health of our urban core.
From a Metro Council level we can begin by improving the construction regulations, codes, ordinances and policies that result in unlivable vacant homes. We can fully fund the Affordable Housing Trust Fund. We can hold financial institutions and landlords accountable for the condition of these homes. We can relieve property owners of the expense and liability associated with the home. We can ensure that any earnings from these abandoned homes are used to reclaim other properties in the area. We need LOCAL control, LOCAL development.
The harder answers come in the execution of those ordinances. It always comes down to that on a governmental level. There are always issues that need attention. How do we effectively prioritize those items? How are those decisions made? This is where my experience and connections will help District 4. We are not going to fix this and many other issues with fancy words or sharp tongues. It will only be fixed with hard work and leveraging the resources of this community to their fullest extent.
This requires skillful negotiation strategies and an interest – based approach to problem-solving. Everyone must be heard.


don: Vale Univ. Press, 1973.
Filley A. Resolution of conflict: Ethics good loser// Conflict and Human interaction. - USA: Congeal/Hunt publishing company, 1976.
Khasan B. An experience of applied conflictology. AMSE Transaction "Scientific Siberian", Series B. Vol. 1 // Constructive psychology. - France, Tassin: AMSE PRESS, 1992.
Obershell A. Social Conflict and Social Movement. - New York: Prentice Hall, 1973.
Schellenberg J. The science of conflict. - New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1982.


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Indie Cinema Guide 2022
Dishonored Lady (1947) ****
Author: Meredith Taylor
Dir: Robert Stevenson | Cast: Hedy Lamarr, Dennis O'Keefe, John Loder, William Lundigan, Morris Carnovsky | US Noir thriller, 85′
The second of two independent productions made by Hedy Lamarr's own company continuing Hollywood's forties fascination with psychiatry; with Morris Carnovsky's benign, pipe-smoking psychiatrist following in the footsteps of Now Voyager's Dr.Jaquith in curing fur-coated glamour puss Lamarr ("as pretty as a picture and as stubborn as a mule") of a malaise languidly expressed in chain-smoking and dependence on sleeping pills.
Directed by Robert Stevenson, who later made Mary Poppins, this too concerns the exploits of a career woman in a suit without a woman's usual fear of mice. She's not short of suitors (plainly cast with actors intended not to outshine the star; one of them Lamarr's then-husband John Loder, who courts her to 'Tristan and Isolde').
About two-thirds of the way through the plot abruptly changes from Lady in the Dark to Mildred Pierce, with Lamarr a glamorous defendant in the dock in the final third after one of the suitors gets murdered. But I won't spoil the ending for you..Richard Chatten.
NOW ON YOUTUBE | Prime Video
Copyright © 2023 Filmuforia

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First I made a prototype out of a paper bag and duct tape. I wanted to make sure that my messenger bag fit easily inside of the tote.
As usual, I overcomplicated the design with loops, ties and a cover…… none of which are necessary. I designed the paper pattern allowing for French seams, wide shoulder straps and shorter handles.
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Home >> History >> Development >> Early & Colony Directory | FAQ | Search
Malibu History: Early Land Sales and the Malibu Colony
Malibu Colony circa 1940, on the Roosevelt Highway (now Pacific Coast Highway) at Malibu Beach. The original Malibu Inn is on the left side of the road opposite the entrance to the Colony. This image was scanned from a period postcard made from a Spence Air Photos picture. It says on the back, "Many movie celebrities and executives have erected their beautiful summer homes here."
Development Along the Road to Malibu
Development of Malibu was perhaps inevitable and development was already knocking on the door while May K. Rindge was still fighting to keep Malibu her private preserve. The Las Flores Inn was built around 1915 to serve tourists driving up the coast, at the turn around where the rough coast road leading to Malibu ended and May Rindge's fence forbid further travel. Homes began to be built along that road, including a ranch house built in 1922 by Claude Parker on the site that is now the Getty Villa Museum. Then in 1928 Leon Kauffman built the Villa de Leon (seen in image to the left), a landmark estate on the bluffs of Castellammare at Coastline Drive above Claude Parker's property. Also built in 1928 was a retail center and seafood restaurant that became "Thelma Todd's Sidewalk Cafe" at 17575 Pacific Coast Highway, where the unsolved murder of Todd, a blond bombshell film star, took place December 16, 1935. At Topanga Canyon, the Topanga Beach Auto Court (later Topanga Ranch Motel) used cabins originally erected for the Roosevelt Highway construction crews to establish the first motel on PCH (remarkably, closed but still there in 2015). Across the road, just west of Topanga Beach, in 1928 Greta Garbo built La Esperanza, her Mediterranean villa on 86 feet of beach frontage at 18862 PCH.
From the north, development in the Ventura-Oxnard area was creating pressure from that direction as well.
First Sale of Rancho Malibu Land
Although Malibu property has proved to be a golden investment over the long run, it got off to a difficult start. In 1926 Rindge's Marblehead Land Company sold the La Costa beachfront and hillside to developer Harold Ferguson for the sum of $6 million. Ferguson created the La Costa Beach Club for land-side property owners along with grand plans to develop the beach parcels. He laid out the La Costa development and gave the streets their names that remain today: Rambla Pacifico, Las Flores, Rambla Vista, and so on. Edgar Rice Burroughs, who created the Tarzan books, bought a home there, at 90 Malibu La Costa Beach, and in 1933 and was elected honorary "Mayor of Malibu Beach." But the La Costa project collapsed into insolvency and Ferguson went to jail for fraud. Marblehead repossessed the property and undertook the development, but the Depression stalled the project. Marblehead itself declared bankruptcy in 1936.
The Malibu Beach Motion Picture Colony
To establish Malibu as a desirable location, starting in 1926 Mrs. Rindge offered beach lots to movie stars of the day, working with Art Jones to handle the leasing. To maintain control, there were no sales but thirty feet of ocean frontage could be leased for $30.00 per month on a ten year lease ($1/foot/month was the promotion). Swedish silent film star Anna Q. Nielson was the first to sign up followed quickly by Clara Bow, Ronald Colman, Bing Crosby, Harold Lloyd, Delores del Rio, Warner Baxter, Constance Bennett, Gary Cooper, Jack Warner, Mervyn Leroy, John Gilbert, Gloria Swanson, Barbara Stanwyck and many others. Studio carpenters were brought in to build cottages, at an average cost of $2600, and the "Malibu Beach Motion Picture Colony" was born.
Screenwriter and celebrity journalist Adela Rogers St. Johns, who calls herself the "World's Greatest Girl Reporter," wrote of how she first came to Malibu to interview Anna Q. Nielson. She passed the guarded gate at Las Flores, then followed the one-lane dirt road that would become PCH to a "small weathered grocery store and lunch counter and bar and Art Jones' real estate office." Across the street was the entrance to another dirt road leading to a few cottages at the beach. She met with Nielson and fell in love with Malibu.
Her son, Richard St. Johns, remembers:
I went from the hospital where I was born to the Malibu Colony in 1929. Mama loved the beach and her house — No. 104 — was the third or fourth built.
Ten years later the original Malibu Colony leases expired and residents were able to purchase their lots. Ownership led to expansion including larger homes, tennis courts and other luxuries. The Malibu Colony became and remains world famous as the beach retreat of movie, TV and rock stars, along with other wealthy personalities from the entertainment and business worlds.
Other Early Development
Landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., who designed the California State Park system, advocated public ownership of at least 10,000 acres of the most scenic beach and mountain landscape between Topanga and Point Dume, but nothing came of the proposal. Homesteads and small communities were established in the mountain and valley areas by this time, in Decker Canyon, Malibu Lake and Monte Nido among many others. Malibu's brick courthouse replaced the original one room building in 1933, and still stands on PCH as an office building.
Silent film actress Pauline Fredrick built a home at the beach at Trancas Canyon in the 1930s. The villa included a lighthouse and boathouse that were a Malibu landmark for many years. In the 1930s merchant Fred Roberts bought land and built a fabulous home in Solstice Canyon, destroyed by fire in 1982. The Malibu Inn was opened across from the Colony (image at top of this page and on War Years to Late 1940s page) and later, when the highway was relocated, moved to its current address across from the pier. Olas Grandes Inn, across from La Costa Beach Club, was opened and later moved to the foot of Rambla Vista where stores today occupy the same building.
In the early 1930s, Associated Telephone built a switching station on Las Flores Road to serve Malibu. About 60 people had phones in 1930, in the Colony and the commercial strip at Las Flores, then the center of town. The Associated Telephone building was replaced after heavy rains in 1936 inundated the original. Associated Telephone became GTE, who built the building on PCH and another at Trancas Canyon that now show the Verizon logo. Malibu telephones grew slowly -- there were still only 1600 phones in Malibu in the early 1950s.
By the end of 1930, about 140 homes are recorded as built in Malibu. Impacted by the Depression, the typical price for a Malibu home in 1938 was... $1000.
Errol Flynn's films made archery popular so the Malibu Mountain Archery Club was established on property in Latigo Canyon during 1938. Sharon Prey, Club treasurer, told L.A. Weekly in 2009, "... it was very fashionable. I've got photographs of everyone from Shirley Temple and Bob Hope to James Garner at the old range." The club, which was used as a set for countless movies over the years, was closed after the land was purchased by U2 guitarist David Evans ("the Edge") in November 2006.
Continue with Malibu Development: War Years to Late 1940s ...
Sources and Recommended Books about Malibu's Development
These books offer a wonderful introduction to Malibu and its history, with many specifics and details not generally available. Highly recommended.
Malibu: California's Most Famous Seaside Community, by Marian Hall, is a delightful book with the details of Malibu's development from the original Malibu Beach Movie Colony up to 2005, with many beautiful current and historical photos illustrating the narrative.
Malibu : A Century of Living by the Sea by Julius Shulman and Juergen Nogai, is basically an architecture book but is also far more. Its flawless photos of Malibu homes span the entire history from the Rindge Rancho to the 2000s with insightful commentary on the trends and architects who created the trends in each period. Many of the photos show more than the home, supplying a glimpse of life in Malibu at the time.
My Fifty Years in Malibu by Dorothy Stotsenberg, is a rich serving of personal reminiscence and research about Malibu's history, recent past, and current issues illustrated with an excellent collection of historical photos. The Stotsenbergs moved to Malibu in 1949 and have been actively involved in the community since. The privately printed book is available in book stores in the Malibu area.
WW II Homeland Defense: U.S. Coast Guard Beach Patrol in Malibu, 1942-1944, by Ronald L. Rindge, is full of details, including the author's personal memories and experiences, of Malibu during World War II. Available at the gift shop of the Malibu Lagoon Museum if out of print elsewhere.
City of Malibu, General Plan, November 1995
In addition to the above publications, the archives of the Malibu Times -- articles by Rick Wallace in particular -- are invaluable, providing fine-grained details to illuminate the rich texture of Malibu's past and present. Other periodicals from Malibu, the Los Angeles area, and beyond have written about Malibu and its inhabitants. The Los Angeles Public Library, Malibu Branch, houses many unique items of Malibu history which can be uncovered there.
Return to Development & Diversification or up one level to Malibu History or up one more level to the MalibuComplete.com Home Page.


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The principle of non-refoulement. What is its standing in international law
deportation, expulsion, international law, non-refoulement 3.12.2010 20.1.2021 11:50
JUDr. Kamil Šebesta, MBA
KŠD LEGAL advokátní kancelář s.r.o.
http://www.ksd.cz
The word non-refoulement derives from the French refouler, which means to drive back or to repel. Non-refoulement is a principle of customary international law prohibiting the expulsion, deportation, return or extradition of an alien to his state of origin or another state where there is a risk that his life or freedom would be threatened for discriminatory reasons. This law institute is often regarded as one of the most important principles of refugee and immigration law.
Since the principle of non-refoulement has evolved into a norm of customary international law, states are bound by it whether or not they are party to the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (following as "1951 Convention").
This principle is also a part of so-called jus cogens (it is a fundamental principle of international law which is accepted by the international community of states as a norm from which no derogation is ever permitted).
Thus (as a part of customary and treaty law), all countries are legally bound by the prohibition of returning refugees in any manner whatsoever to countries or territories where their lives or freedom may be threatened because of their race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, which is the cornerstone of international protection (in An Introduction to International Protection, UNHCR). It is embodied in Article 33 (1) of the 1951 Convention.
The principle of non-refoulement as contained in the 1951 Convention is not an unqualified principle. There are three exceptions to it.
First, the benefit of the principle may not be claimed by a refugee who may pose a danger to the security of the country in which he or she is present.
Second, the principle does not apply to a person who, having been convicted by a final judgment of a particularly serious crime constitutes a danger to the community of that country.
Third, the benefit of the convention is to be denied to any person suspected of committing a crime against peace, a war crime, or a crime against humanity, a serious non-political crime outside the country of refuge, or acts contrary to the purposes and principle of the United Nations (Articles 33 (2) and 1 (F) of the 1951 Convention).
There are two conceptions of this principle of non-refoulement: the narrow one (after admission of this principle) and the current broader one (including rejection at the frontier), more on this conception in the following text.
What is the standing of the principle of non-refoulement in international law?
We could answer this question with the help of illustrating the regulation of the principle of non-refoulement in international law. Non-refoulement has been defined in a number of international refugee instruments, both at universal and regional levels.In the following text I would like to briefly mention some of the most important documents in this matter:
At universal level the most important provision in this respect is the above mentioned Article 33 (1) of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (1951 Convention), which states that: "No Contracting State shall expel or return ('refouler') a refugee in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion."
This provision constitutes one of the basic Articles of the 1951 Convention, to which no reservations are permitted. It is also an obligation under the 1967 Protocol by virtue of Article I (1) of that instrument. Unlike some provisions of the Convention, its application is not dependent on the lawful residence of a refugee in the territory of a Contracting State. As to the words "where his life or freedom would be threatened", it appears from the travaux préparatoires that they were not intended to lay down a stricter criterion than the words "well-founded fear of persecution" figuring in the definition of the term "refugee" in Article 1 A (2). The different wording was introduced for another reason, namely to make it clear that the principle of non-refoulement applies not only in respect of the country of origin but to any country where a person has reason to fear persecution.
The 1951 Convention and its 1967 Protocol are the core of international refugee law, they are the only universal treaties that define a specific legal regime for those in need of international protection. But there are other universal documents regarding the non-refoulement principle as described below.
At universal level, mention should also be made of Article 3 (1) of the UN Declaration on Territorial Asylum unanimously adopted by the General Assembly in 1967 [res. 2312 (XXII)], "No person referred to in Article 1, paragraph 1, shall be subjected to measures such as rejection at the frontier or, if he has already entered the territory in which he seeks asylum, expulsion or compulsory return to any State where he may be subjected to persecution."
I would say that the 1951 Convention was only the first example of non-refoulement being enshrined in international law. Subsequently numerous treaties and conventions, dealing either directly or indirectly with the rights of refugees, have repeated the principle. In some cases it has been a direct transfer of the wording of the Convention, while in others the principle has been somewhat broadened. As the issues of human rights and regional organisation continue to gain strength in international discussions, these instruments will become increasingly important.
Article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) states that anyone who is lawfully within the territory of a state shall not be expelled from that state without due process. However, this rule does not have to be followed if national security is at stake. The article does not mention refugees specifically, and only refers to aliens 'lawfully' within a state. Therefore the article's application is somewhat limited. It is important, though, in that it specifies what action must be taken before anyone can be forcibly expelled. Article 7 of the ICCPR is also relevant as it protects against torture. The Human Rights Committee has taken this provision into account when dealing with cases of expulsion and extradition.
The relationship between torture and refugees is even more relevant when the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment is considered. Article 3 (1) of this Convention provides that 'no State Party shall expel, return ("refouler") or extradite a person to another State where there are substantial grounds for believing that he would be in danger of being subjected to torture'. This article also provides that authorities must look at whether there is a consistent pattern of serious human rights violations in the country in question. As one writer has pointed out, any state returning refugees to a state where torture is being practiced would become an accomplice to the crime of torture. Article 3 (1) provides broader protection than the 1951 Convention in that it is an absolute right, however, its effect is restricted in that it only applies to situations involving torture.
As I mentioned at the beginning of this article other important documents regarding the non-refoulement principle are the documents at regional level
Firstly, I would like to mention the OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa of 1969 which gives expression in binding form to a number of important principles relating to asylum, including the principle of non-refoulement. According to Article II (3): "No person shall be subjected by a Member State to measures such as rejection at the frontier, return or expulsion, which would compel him to return to or remain in a territory where his life, physical integrity or liberty would be threatened for the reasons set out in Article I, paragraphs 1 and 2."
Another regional agreement dealing with refugees is the American Convention on Human Rights, which in Article 22(8) addresses non-refoulement. The article states that: "in no case may an alien be deported or returned to a country, regardless of whether or not it is his country of origin, if in that country his right to life or personal freedom is in danger of being violated because of his race, nationality, religion, social status or political opinions" .
Article III (3) of the Principles concerning the Treatment of Refugees adopted by the Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee at its Eighth Session in Bangkok in 1966, states that:"No one seeking asylum in accordance with these Principles should, except for overriding reasons of national security or safeguarding the populations, be subjected to measures such as rejection at the frontier, return or expulsion which would result in compelling him to return to or remain in a territory if there is a well-founded fear of persecution endangering his life, physical integrity or liberty in that territory."
In addition to the statements in the above international instruments, the principle of non-refoulement has also found expression in the constitutions and/or ordinary legislation of a number of states.
has also been a source of important agreements regarding refugees. Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights prohibits torture or other cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment, and therefore provides similar protection for refugees as the Torture Convention. However, the European Convention differs in some respects. The European Commission on Human Rights has used Article 3 in order to deal with the non-refoulement issue, which is not itself specifically mentioned in the Convention. Also, the right which the Convention creates (to be protected from torture) is absolute and non-derogable, as is the right to be protected from refoulement in the OAU Convention.
What purpose does the principle of non-refoulement serve in refugee law and protection?
As I stated above the principle of non-refoulement is the cornerstone of asylum and international refugee law. The purpose of the principle of non-refoulement is to serve the protection of refugees. Following from the right to seek and enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution, as set forth in Article 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, this principle of non-refoulement reflects the commitment of the international community to ensure to all persons the enjoyment of human rights, including the rights to life, to freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, and to liberty and security of person. These and other rights are threatened when a refugee is returned to persecution or danger.
The most essential component of refugee status and of asylum is protection against return to a country where a person has reason to fear persecution and danger. This protection has found expression in the principle of non-refoulement
What is persecution?
Even though the risk of persecution is central to the refugee definition, "persecution" itself is not defined in the 1951 Convention. Articles 31 and 33 of1951 Convention refer to those whose life or freedom "was" or "would be" threatened, so clearly it includes the threat of death, or the threat of torture, or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (in Goodwin-Gill, http://untreaty.un.org/). A comprehensive analysis today will require the general notion to be related to developments within the broad field of human rights (cf. 1984 Convention against Torture, article 7; 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, article 3; 1950 European Convention on Human Rights, article 6; 1969 American Convention on Human Rights, article 5; 1981 African Charter of Human and Peoples' Rights). The persecuted clearly do not enjoy the protection of their country of origin, while evidence of the lack of protection on either the internal or external level may create a presumption as to the likelihood of persecution and to the well-foundedness of any fear (I see in this point the principal problems to the refugee see my answer in section (d) of this question).
Persecution is normally related to action by the authorities of a country, but it may also emanate from sections of the population that do not respect the standards established by the laws of the country concerned.
Persecution must be distinguished from punishment for a common law offence. Persons fleeing from prosecution or punishment for such an offence are not normally refugees.
Does the principle of non-refoulement apply to asylum seekers as well as refugees?
Since this principle has become a part of customary international law, it is binding on all countries. As it was mentioned above the international documents dealing with the principle of non-refoulement do not make a precise distinction between a refugee and an asylum seeker. Nevertheless, the following persons are protected under this principle: refugees, persons in refugee-like situation, asylum seekers and potential torture victims. That means that the principle of non-refoulement is applicable to any refugee, asylum seeker or alien who needs some form of shelter from the state under whose control he/she is.
An important issue concerning the application of the principle of non-refoulement is whether it applies only to a person inside the territory of a state or whether it includes the right to be admitted. This issue is closely connected with the two conceptions of the principle of non-refoulement (the narrow one and the broader one). There was consensus in this regard among the states negotiating the 1951 Convention. According to some experts, the intention of the drafters was to make the protection available only to a person already inside the territory of a member state (in Grahl-Madsen 1997, 229).
But nowadays, it has come to be widely accepted by states that the principle of non-refoulement includes non-rejection at the frontier (in Goodwin-Gill 1996, 123-124). The 1967 United Nations Declaration on Territorial Asylum, albeit a nonbinding document, clearly states that no asylum seeker "shall be subjected to measures such as rejection at the frontier".
At regional level, the OAU Convention is categorical in this respect. It provides that no person shall be subjected to "rejection at the frontier...which would compel him to return or to remain in a territory where his life, physical integrity or liberty would be threatened".
Of course, there are still some special problematic groups of refugees such as refugees "in orbit", but also this group of refugees is under the protection of the non-refoulement principle. The only exceptions are the above mentioned Articles 33 (2) and 1 (F) of the 1951 Convention. But the principle of non-refoulement in respect of refugees or asylum seekers constitutes bedrock of promotion and protection of human rights. The principle is applicable to everyone who has a well-founded fear of persecution or in situations when there are substantial grounds for believing that a person would be in danger of personal security or life. Of course, it must be mentioned that not every asylum seeker will ultimately be recognized as a refugee, but every refugee is initially an asylum seeker
Non-refoulement – its evolution in light of all relevant international instruments.
Part of this issue is already addressed under section (b) of this article, but I would like to add a brief historical outline of this principle. The principle of non- refoulement gained ground after the First World War (1914-18).
The period was remarkable for the very large number of refugees who fled Russia after the revolution as well as Spain, Germany or the Ottoman Empire. The history of the principle of non-refoulement coincides with the increasing pressure to acknowledge the growing refugee problem in the twentieth century. The 1933 Refugee Convention marked the first time a multilateral international treaty contained a non-refoulement provision. The prohibition on refoulement, however, applied only to those refugees received as state-authorized arrivals. Subsequent to the 1933 Refugee Convention, the United Nations General Assembly established the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (the UNHCR).
In the 1933 Convention Relating to the International Status of Refugees, Article 3 states that the contracting state-parties undertook not to remove resident refugees from their territory. Only eight states ratified the Convention.
The refugees from Nazi Germany in 1934-38 activated the European countries to abide by the legal principle of non-refoulement. It found expression in the 1936 Arrangement on the Status of Refugees among seven European states that "No refugees shall be sent back across the frontier of the Reich (Nazi Germany)". The need for protective principle of refoulement for refugees began to emerge solidly. There were many Conventions and Agreements where the principle of non-refoulement was recognised.
The 1949 Geneva Convention on the Protection of Civilian Persons in Article 45 in part provides: "Protected Persons shall not be transferred to a Power which is not a party to the Convention. In no circumstances shall a protected person be transferred to a country where he or she may have reason to fear persecution for his or her political opinions or religious beliefs."
Following the Second World War a new era began for refugees. In February 1946 the United Nations expressly accepted that "refugees or displaced persons" who expressed "valid objections" to returning to their country of origin should not be compelled to do so by adopting a resolution in the UN General Assembly (Resolution 8(1) of 12 February 1946).
Finally the 1951 UN Refugee Convention in its Article 33 incorporated the principle of non-refoulement and states:"No Contracting State shall expel or return (refouler) a refugee in any manner whatsoever to the frontier of territories where his life or freedom would be threatened on account of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion."
What was very important was the change regarding the principle of non-refoulement by the 1967 Protocol, which removed the time and geographical limitation stipulated in the 1951 Convention, so after this protocol also those persons who became refugees after 1st of January 1951 were covered without any geographical limitation.
After the 1951 Convention there were other important documents at regional level, which I already mentioned above: the 1969 OAU (Organisation of African Unity) Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugees, and the 1969 American Convention on Human Rights and the European Declarations and Conventions.
Also the text of the Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and UNHCR Statute are very important in relation to this issue.
Non-refoulement, its application by the United States
Regarding the principle of non-refoulement in the United States it is necessary to mention at the beginning that the United States is not party (signatory) to the 1951 Convention but is party to the 1967 Protocol and adopted the principle of non-refoulement.
The standing and application of the principle of non-refoulement in the United States can be illustrated on the case Immigration and Naturalization Service v.Predrag Stevic and the case Immigration and Naturalization Service v Luz Marina Cardoza-Fonseca U.S. refugee legislation with this Article.
In 1968 the United States acceded to the United Nations Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. The Protocol bound the parties to comply with the substantive provisions of Article 2 through 34 of the Convention. The U.S. President and the Senate believed that the Protocol was largely consistent with existing law.
In 1980 the United States adopted the Refugee Act. The principal motivation for the enactment of the Refugee Act of 1980 was a desire to revise and regularize the procedures governing the admission of refugees into the United States. But there was a problem with the language in Article 243 and 208 of the Refugee Act of 1980 and Article 33 of the 1951 Convention. This issue was discussed in the above mentioned cases regarding the deportation of refugee Stevicback to his home country and regarding the asylum of Cardoza-Fonseca
It was decided in the cases that the domestic law was more generous than the Protocol. In the practice of the United States regarding the principle of non-refoulement we can recognize so-called "Absolute State Sovereignty Approach", the states following the absolute state sovereignty approach construe their non-refoulement obligation under the 1951 Convention as applicable only when a person seeking refugee status successfully makes it to their borders.
The U.S. approached non-refoulement in a similar manner by taking active steps to prevent refugees from reaching its borders. One of the most significant examples of this "Absolute State Sovereignty Approach" is the U.S. practice regarding the Haitians. The U.S. government ordered the Coast Guard to intercept vessels on the high seas containing Haitians attempting to immigrate to the United States and return them to Haiti.
The U.S. Supreme Court in Sale v. Haitian Centers Council ruled the correct textual interpretation of Article 33 did not prohibit the U.S. Coast Guard from intercepting Haitian refugees before they reached the border. Court began by noting that based on a plain textual reading, Article 33 cannot apply extraterritorially given the parallel use of the terms "expel or return," the interplay between Article 33 (1) and Article 33 (2), and the negotiating history of the 1951 Convention. The Supreme Court held "because the text of Article 33 cannot reasonably be read to say anything at all about a nation's actions towards aliens outside its own territory, it does not prohibit such actions [of preventing asylum seekers from reaching the border]."
This case argued that the United States was breaching its international law obligation of non-refoulement, which was enshrined in the 1980 Refugee Act, by intercepting ships from Haiti and summarily returning them without adequately screening to ascertain whether any of the asylum seekers had valid claims to refugee status. The Supreme Court, however, found in favour of the Federal Government, by reading the non-refoulement principle to only apply once an asylum seeker had entered the United States.
Various reforms have been made to the asylum system established by this legislation since 1980. They have taken place both via legislation and through the decisions of the Courts. Temporary protection (TP), for example, is becoming increasingly popular in the U.S. as a way to deal with asylum seekers. Also, in 1994 regulations were passed in an attempt to 'streamline' the asylum process, and make it easier to weed out bogus or frivolous claims. However, these reforms were not seen to be sufficient, hence the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRAIRA) was passed in 1996. This act was said to have made 'profound changes' in the law applicable to asylum seekers arriving in the U.S. Among these changes were the introduction of an expedited removal process, and numerical limitations placed on certain classes of refugees.
According to the latest information the new Refugee Protection Act of 2010 is now being discussed in the U.S. which aims to improve existing laws and practices so that people fleeing persecution in their homelands are not turned away or otherwise mistreated while in the United States' hands (in http://www.asylumist.com/).
Attorney at Law in Czech Republic (KŠD Šťovíček)
Current Ph.D. Fulbright Scholar at the NOVA Southeastern University in Fort Lauderdale, U.S.A.
KŠD ŠŤOVÍČEK advokátní kancelář, s.r.o.
Hvězdova 1716/2b
140 78 Praha 4, Czech Republic


Vocalist, composer and cultural worker Imani Uzuri curates SINNERS AND SAINTS, a four day festival (Feb 26-March 1st) celebrating Black American vernacular culture (Ring Shouts, Spirituals, Blues, early Gospel, Line Singing, Praise Houses, Jazz) and their contemporary counterparts! This week will celebrate improv as an ecstatic tradition and the ways in the ways in which secular and sacred often intertwine in these cultural systems.
ALL TICKETS: $10 per night. Advance purchase recommended.
Limited number of $30 all-festival passes available with advance purchase.
Sinners and Saints Festival Opening Night will feature musical guests rollicking, clapping, playin' and saangin' low down dirty Blues AND catchin' the Holy Ghost while praising through Spirituals, early Gospel and Line-Singing old metered hymns; exploring the ways in which secular and sacred (sometimes even profane) often intertwine in these Black American cultural forms. The night will feature powerhouse performances by Imani Uzuri, Courtney Bryan, Marvin Sewell, Tyehimba Jess, Fredara Mareva Hadley, Jarvis McInnis, Rozz Nash, Mikel Banks and surprise special guests followed by a high octane panel discussion moderated by Matthew D. Morrison (Ph. D. Candidate in Historical Musicology, Columbia). Come bring your tambourine for this Juke Joint/Chuuuch mash up.
A special musical staged reading of Karma Mayet Johnson's captivating INDIGO, A BLUES OPERA, followed by an artist talk moderated by Toshi Reagon.
Black Vernacular Sounds and Moves roundtable discussion moderated by cultural critic Greg Tate, followed by RINGSHOUT DANCE PARTY featuring DJ Reborn and special guest dancers Afro Mosaic Soul.
Cultural critic, musician and Black Rock Coalition co-founder Greg Tate moderates the Black Vernacular Sounds and Moves roundtable discussion with practitioners Rashida Bumbray (Run Mary Run), DJ Reborn, Shalewa Mackall (MUV), Brian Polite (Afro Mosaic Soul) and more discussing the vibrant interplay between music and dance within the traditions of Ring Shouts, Cake Walks, Swing Dancing, etc, and how these systems have continued, expanded and transformed in contemporary DJ (House, Soul, Detroit Techno, Hip-Hop) and club dance culture via legendary underground spaces like Chicago House clubs, New York's The Loft , Paradise Garage and contemporary spaces. AND THEN WE DANCE 9-12 MIDNITE -- RINGSHOUT DANCE PARTY with DJ Reborn.
Sinners and Saints Closing Night extravaganza with Imani Uzuri's new band PRAISE HOUSE, exploring improvisation as an ecstatic tradition. This raucous closing night concert features Imani Uzuri (vocals, tambourine) and very special musical guests Darius Jones (saxophone), Marika Hughes (cello), Guthrie Ramsey (piano), Marcus Gilmore, Graham Haynes (trumpet) and more musical surprises. Welcoming all Sinners and Saints.
Photo of Imani Uzuri by Petra RichterovaBelow: Tyehimba Jess (UNH Today News), DJ Reborn, Toshi Reagon (Eric Beckman), Karma Mayet Johnson and Greg Tate.


text:
87 What is Randall Lane's P.O.V., anyway? INTERVIEW
Tyra Banks on the cover of P.O.V. magazine, February 1997
Originally published July 21, 1997
Don't hate Randall Lane because he's arrogant. As editor in chief of P.O.V., a new men's magazine waging war in a brutally competitive marketplace, he makes a little attitude go a long way.
Take P.O.V.'s all-out frontal assault on arch-rival Details, a 10-year-old magazine of choice for tattooed, body-piercing slacker punks.
P.O.V., itself a rising magazine of choice for career-bent, humorless twentysomethings, sent out postcards with a picture of the Titanic on one side, labeling Details as a sinking ship following the firing of yet another Details editor and a reported switch in editorial direction from all things featherweight to service features with a pro-career bent.
"They were clearly adrift editorially, and that is one of our fundamental strengths," Lane says. "We have never changed our mission or our focus and to see them all of a sudden do a 180-degree switch and come right to us, struck all of us as a sinking ship. That's where the postcard came from."
The magazine fired another round in June by slapping a sticker on its cover that read "Forget GQ, Try P.O.V." That backfired, at least with one reader. Shades of J. Danforth Quayle.
"While I am pleased that P.O.V. has been awarded 'Adweek's Start-up of the Year,' " wrote Carlos G. Martinez, "GQ you are not."
Some might think P.O.V., with just two years under its belt, was asking for a kick in the pants by taking such cynical and aggressive shots at its competition. But such sass probably grabbed more industry attention than any single edition of the magazine.
KISS on the cover of P.O.V. Magazine (date unknown)
"Our most direct competitor is probably Details," Lane says. "We are happy to go straight head-to-head against them, because we are smarter, we know what we are doing and our mission has been validated. Details' new emphasis on careers and 'downtown is dead' — we have been espousing that for two years and we have been doing it. This magazine was founded by entrepreneurs, people stepped out of the traditional career track, who say that entrepreneurship is cool, that being serious about your work as well as your lifestyle is cool. They are finally coming around two years later and saying, 'Well, you guys are probably right.' The difference is, we know how to do it, we are living the life and we are not just pretending."
Arrogant? Maybe, maybe not.
Oh, sorry, Randall. Didn't mean to interrupt.
"Our direct peers? We will take any of them on," Lane continues. "We are smarter than they are. We know what we are doing. We have never changed our mission, and we think we have the right formula.
"GQ and Esquire, which skew a little older, are not doing a very good job. Guys my age — I am 29 — are crying out for something that talks to them, and Details never has. So the reason we singled them out is because we see them as somebody who is trying to do what we do but has always failed. We really understand what is going on. We are not trying to push (readers) into getting nipple rings. Details panders to the idea that the twenty-something person is a slacker, while we say guys in this age group actually work for a living, and yes, we like to have a good time, we like to go out, we like to go to see music, and we care about fashion, but we are also concerned about our going out and exercising and playing sports and also working. That's something Details is finally realizing, but I think they are a little late to the table."
Mena Suvari on the cover of P.O.V. Magazine (date unknown)
Lane was previously the Washington bureau chief at Forbes, where he met P.O.V. founder and publisher Drew Massey. They are now part of of a generation of fast-rising twentysomething journalists including Swing's David Lauren, the Electronic Newsstand's Brian Hecht and Matt Drudge, author of the highly respected, media-savvy Drudge Report, who are rising to the top of credible, big-money media operations that they helped created.
"Hopefully," Lane says, "(my) credentials are solid enough so people can say, 'Well, this guy is young, but he is certainly not green, and he certainly knows what he is doing.' Our whole staff is like that. Young, but that doesn't mean that we don't know what we are doing. In fact, I think we know what we are doing for this market better than anybody else."
P.O.V. hasn't exactly taken the consumer magazine world by storm. When was the last time you heard somebody say, "Did you see that great article in P.O.V.?" More likely you heard somebody at a newsstand wondering to what the bland-sounding title referred. P.O.V.? Is that anything like POZ, another new magazine, albeit one for HIV-positive men?
It apparently wasn't enough that the editors put "Guy's Survival Guide" in small type under the title; as of the June issue, a ribbon added across the top of the cover now explains it all: "The Men's Magazine with the Smart Point of View."
Lane says the magazine's title indicates "that we have a focus, and our articles are pointed, are opinionated. This isn't just your flat, windy magazine. This is a magazine with some spice to it, and hopefully the name encompasses a lot of that. It is also a name that doesn't have a lot of preconceived notions because people can't assume they know what you are about automatically. I mean, what did 'GQ' mean when GQ was founded? (THIRTYSOMETHING MR. MEDIA SEZ: "GQ" is shorthand for Gentleman's Quarterly") The editors of GQ made it mean something. I mean, if anything, decades ago, when Esquire started, maybe you thought it was a magazine for lawyers, but what Esquire did was make 'Esquire' mean something. That's what we are doing here at P.O.V."
Mira Sorvino on the cover of P.O.V. Magazine, February 1989
The biggest difference between P.O.V. and other magazines is that P.O.V. is all "service," meaning it seems like every story tells you how to do something or where to do it. It's packed with advice and personal experience, such as Brian Dawson's hysterical, first-person "You Got Balls" (August) story about spending a season as a gopher for Detroit Tigers ballplayers. Other men's magazines tend to view service features as part of their mix, not the whole thing, probably because it makes P.O.V. come across like another all-service title, Men's Health. No matter how well-written and informative — and they are both — they become interchangeable and somewhat bland.
"If you had to say we were one thing or another," Lane admits, "we probably would go down as a service book. What isn't a service book nowadays?"
He's got a point there, at least as far as newcomers go. Maxim's second issue was virtually all service. Verge, another new entry, is even subtitled "Essential Gear for Life." And Swing is very similar to P.O.V. in terms of pitching a work hard, play hard philosophy.
Lane, however, doesn't believe it's fair to compare his most excellent men's magazine to anyone else's, let alone the service-dominated women's titles.
"We are trying to provide our readers (with) service," he says, "but unlike women's magazines, we don't patronize and we don't pander to the lowest common denominator. There are some new titles in the men's magazine market that seem to think that is a good formula and just really sink to the lowest common denominator."
You wouldn't be referring to one edited by a woman, would you? Say, Maxim?
Tyra Banks on the cover of P.O.V. Magazine (date unknown)
"You said it," he says. "I didn't. But, a woman who came from a women's magazine says it, to boot. And that's fine if they think that works. I am telling you that the guys I know and our readers don't want to be insulted, they are not stupid. I am not sure who Maxim is trying to get (as readers) other than people who maybe need to turn their brains down to medium or medium-rare or something when they are reading it."
What sort of man reads P.O.V.?
"Our focus is on a guy in his late twenties, professional, college-educated, has a job, wants to have a better job, is serious about his career and is serious about his social life as well, serious about playing sports, getting ahead at work, relationships, investments, the whole package. We are about people who just want to live a full life, and we are not trying to cut them down in any of those directions."
Let's talk content. P.O.V. typically runs celebrity pictures on its cover, but until recently never ran accompanying stories on the celeb. The photos always illustrated a greater theme from rating the coolness of a job (Beavis and Butt-head) to indulging one's vices but more recently P.O.V. has added short interviews to complement its celebrity covers.
The feature that Lane says personifies P.O.V. is its "When I Was 25" column, which was launched from an April cover story. You might call it the "Old Fogeys Page," where men such as Ed Rollins, Scott Turow and Ed Bradley, who have long since left their 20s behind recall their glory days.
"We don't ask people to write for us who inherited their positions or were born in their position," Lane says. "The idea is to show our readers that we were all living in a dingy apartment at one time and we all started at an entry-level job. The fact is, there is no limit as to what you can accomplish and we show people who have gone on to be the best in their field. I think that is inspirational and that is what we are trying to do at P.O.V., in part: inspire our readers."
Now we're getting somewhere. Because the biggest difference between P.O.V. and older competitors such as GQ and Esquire is the age into which it was born. An educated young man 20 or 30 years ago probably expected to land a decent corporate job out of college with a firm that he might well stay with his entire career. Today, he's just as likely to go into business for himself right out of school or after getting some practical experience at a larger company.
It's a different world that young people are entering and Lane says that his background at Forbes gives him an advantage, an entrepreneurial bent that his older counterparts at other men's magazines may lack.
It's an attitude of "No one is going to take care of us, so we have to take care of ourselves."
"And so that is exactly what we are trying to do," Lane says, "empower our readers to take their lives into their own hands. We are trying to say, take charge yourself."
So don't hate him because he's arrogant. He's just doing his job.
Randall Lane Forbes magazine blog • Order The Zeroes by Randall Lane from Amazon.com
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This time last year the Society was waiting on a response to our offer to purchase the museum site. Just before Christmas the response came in the form of a contract for the sale of the property and then the work began to deal with the legal issues and find funding before a settlement date at the end of April. Fundraising by members including a Bunning's sausage sizzle raised a considerable amount as did tax deductable donations from members.
However as the settlement date came closer we realised we would not make it in time so we asked for the settlement date to be extended to the end of May which was granted. Those 4 weeks proved to be crucial as we were able to finalise a loan, we received significant donations from the Federation of Historic Car Clubs and numerous car clubs across the state, the SA Government granted an exemption from Stamp Duty on the purchase and we were granted a donation from the Salisbury Council to cover the shortfall just days before the deadline. The purchase of the site is now complete but we cannot be complacent as there is still a lot of work to be done over the next 12 months to keep the museum going not to mention a loan to be serviced so donations are still needed.
In a very good example of good fortune but bad timing was the surprise advice early in 2016 that not only had our tender submitted the year before to Defence for a M113 APC been successful but we had also secured the 2 other variants as well. Although thought to be at least a year away we learnt payment was required within 3 weeks with delivery to take place before the end of February. Committee realised that this was a one off opportunity that had to be taken advantage of and with the support of members funding was found and the vehicles are now on display. As it has been confirmed all the remaining vehicles were destroyed by Defence I believe we made the right decision.
Members Trevor Brown and Pat Brown were well deserved recipients of Australia Day Medallions for their longstanding to the Museum and the Community. The medallions were presented at our January meeting which happened to be on Australia Day by Councillor Graham Reynolds.
On a sad note Pat passed away in May this year and Gary Ford who many would have seen in the workshop passed in June after a short illness. We will miss two of our most valued members.
A number of successful events were held this year at the Museum the most notable being a Motorfest event in association with the Bay to Birdwood Run Classic, our Christmas party, the Show and Shine in conjunction with the Modified Ford Club and the Year of the Jeep Day in April. The last was exceptionally successful with more than $7000 raised for our Society property fund.
A number of outside displays were also attended by members and their vehicles such as Clipsal and Australia Day Parades. Of course we supported the veterans by supplying transport at the Anzac Day March and other RSL events. A day trip to Greenock Museum was well supported and proved to be very interesting. Committee is hopeful of organising more of these trips for members over the next 12 months. A number of members and vehicles attended Corowa in March including many who attended last year for the first time and returned this year.
In the Workshop thanks to efforts of members and volunteers considerable progress has been made on restoration of the WW1 FWD which we hope to have on the road for its 100 years next year, the Chev Gun Tractor and the Bedford Ute project for the Salisbury Council.
The Work for Dole programme has been very successful with numerous tasks being completed. Although now scaled down it will continue to be of benefit to us by greatly improving the appearance of the museum site and assisting the dedicated group of members and volunteers who tackle the ongoing task of maintaining the grounds every week.
I wish to convey my thanks to the committee and subcommittee who this year in particular has put in many hours of work and to all members who have contributed with their time or donations during the last 12 months. This really has been a year that has changed our Society for the better and now that the uncertainty with the property is over we will be able to meet a different set of challenges in the coming year.
This entry was posted in Military Vehicle Preservation Society of SA, Museum and tagged Slider.


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No sheep worrying incidents this year thanks to successful campaign
For a second year, April saw the 'lambing awareness' initiative implemented in the Flotterstone Glen area of the Pentland Hills Regional Park; in a joint partnership between the Lothian and Borders Police and the Pentland Hills Regional Park.
The initiative was set up in response to an increasing level of sheep worrying incidents by dogs in Regional Park; with sheep and lambs being chased and attacked, leading to injuries and in some cases, the death of the animals. As well as affecting the livelihood of farmers, these incidents also cause significant distress to dog owners and can spoil an otherwise enjoyable visit to the Pentland Hills.
Lothian and Borders Police patrolled the Flotterstone Glen area at the weekends, using their specialised off-road vehicles. During these patrols they spoke to the public about the initiative.
Countryside Rangers from the Council's Natural Heritage Service installed highly visible signs at key access points into the Flotterstone Glen area, highlighting lambing season and sheep worrying. The Rangers also spent time at the weekends giving information and advice to dog owners.
Community Sergeant Michele Lindsay from Lothian and Borders Police said: "I am delighted that the second year of this initiative has been so successful.
"Throughout the campaign, our officers have been encouraged by the positive response from members of the public, and we would like to thank them for their assistance.
"There is no doubt that partnership working is key to these positive results, and really highlights the good working relationship between the police, local farmers, and the Natural Heritage Service."
Susan Falconer, Senior Countryside Ranger, was delighted that the initiative had been implemented for a second year and has had a significant effect.
She said: "It's particularly encouraging that visitors have been so receptive to the advice provided. At the end of the day we want people to enjoy their visit to the Regional Park while respecting the needs of those earning their living in the hills".
Susan and Alistair Cowan who sheep farm at Eastside, believe that the initiative continuing for a second year has made a real difference, "We have had no sheep worrying incidents again this year and noticed more people with their dogs on leads so the police presence and the publicity is definitely having a beneficial effect in educating the general public".
Lynn Graham who owns Kirkton Farm, in the Flotterstone Glen area, has had a significant decrease in sheep worrying incidents and has had no fatalities this year. In previous years they have lost around 10 sheep per lambing season.
With lambing season finished for the year, the Regional Park would like to remind dog owners of their responsibilities:
never let your dog worry or attack livestock;
keep your dog under close control at all times and on a short lead if near sheep;
it is a criminal offence to allow your dog to chase or attack sheep, no matter the time of year;
enjoy your visit. The Pentland Hills is a wonderful place to visit. Please respect those who live and work in the Regional Park by always keeping your dog under proper control.
For further information, please contact the Pentland Hills Regional Park on 0131 445 3383 or visit the website www.pentlandhills.org


Sony's next big game, Days Gone, will unsurprisingly have upgraded versions of the game. Confirmed through a trailer you can now pre-order these upgraded versions that provide DLC and trinkets.
Pre-ordering the game will grant you access to the Drifter Crossbow, motorcycle upgrades such as increased gas tank, nitrous, and shroud but those who pre-order from the PSN store will also get a dynamic theme immediately.
The Digital Deluxe Edition comes with a digital artbook, soundtrack, 3 bike skins, and an extra unlock theme.
The Collector's Edition includes everything in the previous versions along with a statue featuring Deacon St. John, 6 patches, 4 decals, a steel book case, physical copy of the soundtrack, and mini artbook from Dark Horse Comics for $139.99.


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text:
Literature, education, and romanticism : reading as social practice, 1780-1832, Alan Richardson
The Resource Literature, education, and romanticism : reading as social practice, 1780-1832, Alan Richardson
The item Literature, education, and romanticism : reading as social practice, 1780-1832, Alan Richardson represents a specific, individual, material embodiment of a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in University of Missouri-St. Louis Libraries.
Richardson, Alan, 1955-
In this wide-ranging and richly detailed book Alan Richardson addresses many issues in literary and educational history never before examined together. The result is an unprecedented study of how transformations in schooling and literacy in Britain between 1780 and 1832 helped shape the provision of literature as we know it. In chapters focused on such topics as definitions of childhood, educational methods and institutions, children's literature, female education, and publishing ventures aimed at working-class adults, Richardson demonstrates how literary genres, from fairy tales to epic poems, were enlisted in an ambitious program for transforming social relations through reading and education. Themes include literary developments such as the domestic novel, a sanitized and age-stratified literature for children, the invention of 'popular' literature, and the constitution of 'Literature' itself in the modern sense
Romantic texts - by Wordsworth, Shelley, Blake, and Yearsley among others - are reinterpreted in the light of the complex historical and social issues which inform them, and which they in turn critically address
Cambridge England | New York, Cambridge University Press, 1994
Childhood, education, and power
Children's literature and the work of culture
Women, education, and the novel
The pursuit of knowledge under difficulties
Epilogue: romanticism and the idea of literature
Literature, education, and romanticism : reading as social practice, 1780-1832
Literature, education, and romanticism
reading as social practice, 1780-1832
Criticism, interpretation, etc
Literature and society -- Great Britain -- History -- 18th century
Books and reading -- Social aspects -- Great Britain -- History
Romanticism -- Great Britain
Education -- Great Britain -- History
English literature -- 19th century -- History and criticism
Cambridge studies in Romanticism, 8
Cambridge studies in Romanticism
Literature and society
Preface -- Abbreviations -- Childhood, education, and power -- School time -- Children's literature and the work of culture -- Women, education, and the novel -- The pursuit of knowledge under difficulties -- Epilogue: romanticism and the idea of literature -- Notes -- Index
(WaOLN)1632326

 Data from Literature, education, and romanticism : reading as social practice, 1780-1832, Alan Richardson - University of Missouri-St. Louis Libraries

Data Citation of the Item Literature, education, and romanticism : reading as social practice, 1780-1832, Alan Richardson
http://link.umsl.edu/portal/Literature-education-and-romanticism--reading/Dsv2v4MURAM/
http://library.link/portal/Literature-education-and-romanticism--reading/Dsv2v4MURAM/


text:
10 Best DC Animated Films
By Chris Killian - April 9, 2018 08:37 pm EDT
Marvel might currently be dominating the box office, but when it comes to animated films, DC definitely has the upper hand. Ever since Batman: The Animated Series came along and changed the game, DC have consistently put out excellent animated content adapted from their most popular comics. We've got wind that the next DC animated film in the works is a two-parter: The Death of Superman and The Reign of Superman, and knowing that DC is going to try to expand on their previous adaptation (the not-so critically acclaimed Superman Doomsday), we've decided to count down the 10 Best DC Animated Films!
There's been a lot of good ones and it was tough to dwindle 'em down, but here they are!
Click the video at the top of the article to see our picks, and then leave a comment and tell us what your favorite DC animated film is!
10. DC Showcase
Kicking off our list at No. 10 is the DC Showcase Original Shorts Collection. Proving that sometimes, less is more, this was a collection of four animated short films that had previously been released with other full-length titles, with the exception of Superman/Shazam: The Return of Black Adam. These included Jonah Hex, The Spectre, and Green Arrow. Each of the shorts were outstanding in their own ways, and were bolstered by distinct animation that gave the spotlight to some lesser known, but equally cool, DC characters.
9. Wonder Woman
In the ninth spot is Wonder Woman. Before Gal Gadot became the reigning box office queen, this was the best origin story for Wonder Woman that fans could get their hands on. In fact, parts of this film are very close to the live action version, down to the fun chemistry between Diana and Steve Trevor, and even features a showdown between Wonder Woman and Ares, but it's still different enough that you should check it out.
8. Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths
This movie was really the first of DC's animated films to discuss the multiverse, and did so in a way that wouldn't make a casual viewer's head explode in confusion. Crisis on Two Earths explored what it would be like if the Justice League all had evil counterparts who tried to take over the main DC Earth. Spoiler alert: It would be bad. And bonus! James Wood as the evil Batman doppelganger, Owl-Man, might be perfect casting.
7. Batman: Year One
No. 7 - Batman: Year One. This movie is unlike any other animated movie that DC has put out. While most of the DC animated movies could be potential blockbusters if they were set to live action, Batman: Year One is much more grounded and slower paced, faithfully adapting Frank Miller's storyline, and being as much about Jim Gordon as it is about Batman. Utilizing Bryan Cranston as the voice of Gordon was an inspired choice, and fun fact -- Ben McKenzie lends his voice as the start-up Batman, who would later go on to play young Jim Gordon on Gotham.
6. Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker
Coming in at No. 6 is Batman Beyond: The Return of the Joker. The story serves as a way for the new Batman, Terry McGinnis, to learn about the atrocities that Batman's arch nemesis inflicted upon him over 35 years ago in a film that's surprisingly dark and grim for a children's cartoon. Of course, Mark Hamill returns as the Clown Prince of Crime, in top form as usual.
5. Justice League: The New Frontier
A throwback to the Golden and Silver age of the DC heroes, Justice League: The New Frontier worked as an excellent introduction to the team, and served as a reminder that to overcome evil, the Justice League would always have to strive to work together. Unlike their first animated movie under the "DC Universe" banner, Superman Doomsday, which received mediocre reviews, The New Frontier received extremely positive reviews and showed promise for what DC had planned for the future.
4. Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox
No. 4 - Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox. Many fans had been clamoring for an adaptation of what is arguably Flash's most famous storyline, and they weren't let down here with what is, to date, one of DC's best animated films. The storyline in the comics was vast, and this did an amazing job at zeroing in on the best parts of that story for the more casual viewer. Other mediums have attempted to adapt the Flashpoint storyline (looking at you, CW) to varying degrees of success depending on your perspective, but it's hard to argue that this is still the best.
3. The Dark Knight Returns Parts 1 & 2
At No. 3 is The Dark Knight Returns Parts 1 & 2. Yes, some people consider the two separate movies, but they're really not. They are two halves of one story, so we're putting them together. This is, without question, the most faithful adaptation that DC has put out so far, and it should be, since it takes two parts to tell the story in any way that does it justice. The animation does an amazing job replicating Frank Miller's book, and Peter Weller delivers an outstanding performance as the weathered Batman.
2. Batman: Under the Red Hood
In the second spot is Batman: Under the Red Hood. By adapting the death of Jason Todd, and his return some 20 years later as the Red Hood, this feature was able to effortlessly weave two tales together into an animated masterpiece. The animation is both fluid and striking, the action is hard-hitting, and the voice acting is superb. Even John DiMaggio's unorthodox take on The Joker is surprisingly good. Overall, it's probably the best looking piece that DC has done thus far.
1. Batman: Mask of the Phantasm
But the No. 1 DC animated film has to go to Batman: Mask of the Phantasm. Simply put, Mask of the Phantasm takes everything you love about Batman: The Animated Series - the voice acting, the animation - and amplifies it to the next level, offering a Bruce Wayne origin story that still feels fresh and nails the Batman character better than almost anything ever did.
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