With respect to the human body, there are five energy bodies, including the physical body. It is important to understand the relationship between each layer of energy and how it interacts and the impact on the physical body when the energy flow is blocked or interrupted.
I will go through each layer starting with the Physical Energy Body and working out through each to the furthest from the physical body, the Spiritual Energy Body.
In attempting to explain about the human energy field and have you conceded that they do exist, think of the radio, television and other energy signals that surround us everywhere, penetrating our bodies. They move through all solid matter and there is a constant flow of these types of energies (airwaves, radio, wifi, etc.) far above the level and our ability to detect them with our physical senses.
Just because we cannot handle them with our five senses as we do in our everyday lives, does not mean that they do not exist. They do exist.
This is comprised of our entire physical body that includes the organs, cells and tissues. It is the densest form of energy which our consciousness uses to explore and interact with the environment. The body's frequency levels are low enough to be seen by the human eye and are within the spectrum of visible light; we can hear with our ears and can experience with the senses of touch, taste and smell. The vibrational energy level is sufficiently low that we can experience all of these things.
There is an etheric matrix of energy gridlines upon which the cells of our body grow and take form. They are the "blueprint" for our bodies. Whatever pattern is present in the etheric will, in time, e reflected in the physical.
The Etheric starts within the body, it doesn't just exist outside of the physical but exists within the physical body, and extends outward. Outside of the physical it is the first energy body in frequency just above the physical.
It extends out of the body about one to two inches away from the skin. It's purpose is to provide the energy template or matrix for the development, maintenance and repair of the physical body. It contains a vibrational energy counterpart for every organ, blood vessel and bond in the physical body. It contains the energetic blueprint for the pathways that guide the location and development of every cell of the physical body.
The bony structure, muscular and vascular tissues, the nerves, brain and other substances are all represented in the etheric mould by currents of energy on specific frequencies.
The feelings and emotional patterns that we form in response to what we believe and the thoughts that we have in our mind (Mental Body) become our emotional responses.
This is my favourite place to start – for anything going wrong or right in my life. I am such an adamant advocate of cleaning up my life by cleaning up my thoughts. I am continually preaching about it and following that, the importance of the words we speak and write. Energy vibrates and does not evaporate. You speak it, you can't take it back.
The cultural and personal beliefs we hold and the thoughts we have about ourselves and how we interact with others are influenced by the mental body. I would also like to point out that sometimes there are thoughts and beliefs that we hold and are not even aware that we have them, and yet they will and do influence how we interact with ourselves and with others; what we think about ourselves.
Within this energy level we find our higher purpose, goals, intentions and inner sense for accomplishing our ultimate life's purpose, the greatest good possible.
I believe that this is where we started, before being born. I believe that when I say I am returning to Source (the name of this Site and on FB – chosen by Spirit), this is where I am heading, where each of us is heading – the return to pick up the tools and abilities that we came into this world with to accomplish our greatest good for All.
This then is where I believe we will find the seat of our conscience (the best part of which is submerged like an iceberg and which I think is what we call our subconscience) and sense of connection with others, the environment, the universe and our Source.
It is my belief that long before the physical body becomes ill, all illnesses begins at the layers furthest from the body, eventually melding its way inwards through each energy layer until finally entering the physical and becoming what we call disease, illness or sickness.
If we can get ourselves in tune with ourselves, starting with the Spiritual (our Source), then we have four energy bodies advance notice within which we can do something to prevent the physical body from becoming sick.
I also believe that if we really seek to return to source, and become who we are, then we will not need the added preventative layers of mental, emotional and etheric to prevent an illness, because we can stop all illness at Source.
If we would journey within and take that journey back to Source, we can prevent all illnesses and diseases (mental, emotional and physical) from ever getting to the point where our bodies become sick. Our Creator created us in perfect health, and I cannot and will not believe that we were left without the means of maintaining that perfection.


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Found 28 collections related to New York (State) -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950
Sulzer, William, 1863-1941
William Sulzer papers, ca. 1906-1931
1 box
Lawyer, state legislator, U.S. representative, and governor of New York. Materials removed from two scrapbooks include correspondence (mostly letters received), ca. 1906-1931, largely concerned with Sulzer's mining interests in the West and... more
Lawyer, state legislator, U.S. representative, and governor of New York. Materials removed from two scrapbooks include correspondence (mostly letters received), ca. 1906-1931, largely concerned with Sulzer's mining interests in the West and Alaska; also, clippings, programs, invitations, etc. less
Odell, Benjamin B. (Benjamin Barker), 1854-1926
Benjamin B. Odell letters, 1894-1906
.08 linear feet (1 folder)
Benjamin Barker Odell (1854-1926) was Governor of New York from 1901 to 1904. Collection consists of letters sent by Odell, as chairman of the Executive Committee of the Republican State Committee and as Governor of New York, mainly to Lemuel Ely... more
Benjamin Barker Odell (1854-1926) was Governor of New York from 1901 to 1904. Collection consists of letters sent by Odell, as chairman of the Executive Committee of the Republican State Committee and as Governor of New York, mainly to Lemuel Ely Quigg relating to Republican Party matters in New York. less
Hoffman, John T. (John Thompson), 1828-1888
John T. Hoffman correspondence, 1868-1883
.1 linear feet (1 folder)
John Thompson Hoffman (1828-1888), lawyer and politician, was mayor of New York City from 1866 to 1868, and governor of New York State from 1869 to 1872. His papers consist of letters he received regarding New York State and national politics,... more
John Thompson Hoffman (1828-1888), lawyer and politician, was mayor of New York City from 1866 to 1868, and governor of New York State from 1869 to 1872. His papers consist of letters he received regarding New York State and national politics, patronage and Tammany Hall. Includes letters from Samuel Sullivan Cox and Peter Barr Sweeney. less
Cole, Ashley T., 1876-1965
Ashley T. Cole papers, 1894-1941 [bulk 1894-1918]
Manuscripts and Archives Division | MssCol 594
.5 linear feet (1 box)
Ashley Trimble Cole (1876-1965) was a lawyer in New York City who was active in both city and state politics. He served on the New York State Racing Commission and was a member of the New York State World's Fair Commission from 1936 to 1941.... more
Ashley Trimble Cole (1876-1965) was a lawyer in New York City who was active in both city and state politics. He served on the New York State Racing Commission and was a member of the New York State World's Fair Commission from 1936 to 1941. Collection consists of correspondence and materials relating to the 1939-1940 New York World's Fair. Bulk of the correspondence concerns New York State courts and the state bar association and includes topics such as legislation, judicial appointments, and social events. Other letters pertain to political campaigns, appointments, and legal and personal matters. New York World's Fair materials include photographs of exhibits at the New York State pavilion, tickets and invitations to opening events, and 1941 official report of the New York State World's Fair Commission. less
Ruggles, James Francis, 1834-1895
James Francis Ruggles papers, 1848-1895
James Francis Ruggles (1834-1895), attorney of New York City, was secretary to New York governor Washington Hunt, 1851-1852. Collection consists of correspondence, accounts, land papers, and unsorted papers of Ruggles. Correspondence, 1849-1895,... more
James Francis Ruggles (1834-1895), attorney of New York City, was secretary to New York governor Washington Hunt, 1851-1852. Collection consists of correspondence, accounts, land papers, and unsorted papers of Ruggles. Correspondence, 1849-1895, mainly concerns business and political matters. Accounts, 1864-1885, cover his business affairs; land papers, 1848-1891, include deeds, indentures, titles, and maps for property in New York and Louisiana; and unsorted papers contain printed materials and papers relating to his family. less
Stewart, John Appleton, 1865-1928
John Appleton Stewart correspondence, ca. 1902-ca. 1932
John Appleton Stewart (1865-1928) was an American manufacturer and promoter. In addition to his business activities as director of various manuufacturing companies, he was well-known for his promotion of patriotic causes and his interest in... more
John Appleton Stewart (1865-1928) was an American manufacturer and promoter. In addition to his business activities as director of various manuufacturing companies, he was well-known for his promotion of patriotic causes and his interest in U.S.-England good will. He founded with Joseph Butler the Sulgrave Institution, was president of the New York State League of Republican Clubs, and was a member or officer of numerous civic and political organizations. Collection consists of letters written to Stewart concerning his various civic and political interests. Particular focus is on his activities with the League of Republican Clubs, his promotion of the centenary of peace among English-speaking people and the bicentennial commemoration of George Washington's birthday. less
Bowker, R. R. (Richard Rogers), 1848-1933
Richard Rogers Bowker papers, 1856-1958
Records consist of general and family correspondence, personal papers, subject papers, writings and speeches, diaries and travel journals, financial records, papers of Bowker's father, Daniel Rogers Bowker, scrapbooks, photographs, printed matter,... more
Records consist of general and family correspondence, personal papers, subject papers, writings and speeches, diaries and travel journals, financial records, papers of Bowker's father, Daniel Rogers Bowker, scrapbooks, photographs, printed matter, and memorabilia. General correspondence reflects R.R. Bowker's business affairs as well as his interest in tariff reform, free trade, copyright law, library science, civil service, and political reform. Other materials include family correspondence, 1857-1932; personal papers containing items such as childhood letters, school reports, family records, and letters of condolence; and subject papers relating to copyright, the Edison Electric Illuminating Co., free trade and tariff reform, and his biography. Also, letterbooks for the period from 1875 to 1913; Bowker's writings and speeches; diaries, 1859-1932; and travel journals from the 1860s to 1926 for trips in the United States, the West Indies, Europe, the Near East, and around the world in 1898. Financial records include accounts for personal and some business expenses, bank books, cancelled checks, and personal ledgers, 1893-1910. less
Waldman, Louis, b. 1892
Louis Waldman papers, 1917-1971 [bulk 1935-1960]
34 linear feet (34 boxes); 7 microfilm reels
Louis Waldman (1892-1982), a prominent labor lawyer of New York City, was born in the Ukraine. Following his emigration to America in 1909 he became a garment cutter, attended evening school and earned a civil engineering degree from Cooper Union... more
Louis Waldman (1892-1982), a prominent labor lawyer of New York City, was born in the Ukraine. Following his emigration to America in 1909 he became a garment cutter, attended evening school and earned a civil engineering degree from Cooper Union and a law degree from New York Law School. Elected as a Socialist to the New York State Assembly, he was illegally expelled (1920) by a Republican majority. While in the Assembly he sponsored a social insurance bill which foreshadowed the social welfare legislation of the 1930s. He served as state chairman (1930-1936) of the Socialist Party and was three times (1928, 1930, 1932) its candidate for governor. In 1936 he broke with the Party over the issue of communist infiltration and became state chairman of its right-wing offshoot, the Social Democratic Federation, and founder of the American Labor Party. During this period Waldman became known as an indomitable fighter for social welfare legislation and civic reform. As a lawyer in private practice he acquired great distinction as counsel for many powerful trade unions including the Amalgamated Clothing Workers, the United Hatters, Cap and Millinery International, and the International Longshoremen's Association. He was also known as an able defense attorney in criminal cases. In what was characterized as the "American Dreyfus case" he secured the acquittal of Cpl. Robert Osman. Waldman's autobiography, Labor Lawyer, was published in 1944. Papers reflect Waldman's career as labor lawyer, politician, civic reformer, lecturer and author. Approximately one-third of the collection consists of correspondence and collateral papers relating to Waldman's civic, political, and professional interests including municipal reform, city charter revision, labor relations, and city and state politics. Included is his correspondnce as state chairman of the Socialist Party and as chairman of the Social Democratic Federation, and papers reflecting the gubernatorial campaigns of 1928, 1930, and 1932. Included are addresses and speeches made before bar associations, union conventions, and legislative committees, and papers reflecting his membership in bar associations including his chairmanship of the committee on American citizenship of the American Bar Association. Records of legal cases include correspondence and court papers, papers relating to U.S. v. Osman and other cases involving civil liberties and immigration matters including the case of Walter G. Krivitsky, a former official of Soviet military intelligence who was allegedly assassinated by Stalin's secret police. Also, scrapbooks of press clippings providing extensive documentation of his career. less
Catt, Carrie Chapman, 1859-1947
Carrie Chapman Catt papers, 1887-1947
3 linear feet (7 boxes); 1 microfilm reel
Carrie Chapman Catt (1859-1947) was an American suffragist, peace activist and lecturer. Collection includes correspondence and other papers primarily concerning Catt's efforts on behalf of world peace and women's suffrage. Correspondence,... more
Carrie Chapman Catt (1859-1947) was an American suffragist, peace activist and lecturer. Collection includes correspondence and other papers primarily concerning Catt's efforts on behalf of world peace and women's suffrage. Correspondence, reports, press releases, minutes, brochures, and clippings relate to the Empire State Campaign Committee, 1914-1915; National American Woman Suffrage Association (to which Catt was elected president in 1915), 1916-1918; Women's Centennial Congress, 1940; and the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, 1904-1947. Also, manuscript and printed versions of Catt's writings, 1887-1947, including addresses, articles, dramatic works, and notes; an album containing photographs of a 1923 trip to the Panama Canal; and printed materials, including biographical articles, and scrapbooks containing materials related to Catt and to women's suffrage activities, 1916-1917. less
Hill, David B. (David Bennett), 1843-1910
David B. Hill papers, 1886-1910
David Bennett Hill (1843-1910), an American lawyer and politician, served as governor of New York from 1885 to 1891 and U.S. senator from 1891 to 1897. He was also president of the New York State Bar Association. Collection consists of... more
David Bennett Hill (1843-1910), an American lawyer and politician, served as governor of New York from 1885 to 1891 and U.S. senator from 1891 to 1897. He was also president of the New York State Bar Association. Collection consists of correspondence, legal and political papers, writings and speeches, and photographs. Correspondence, 1886-1910, is with prominent citizens of New York and fellow politicians. Legal papers, ca. 1901-1907, include briefs, affidavits and legal opinions. Political papers contain campaign materials and executive orders from Hill's gubernatorial term and a few of his papers as a U.S. senator. Also, writings and speeches, 1892-1904, and photographs including portraits of Hill. less
Butler, James B., d. 1927
James B. Butler papers, 1880-1884
James B. Butler (d. 1927) was an American lawyer and government official. He served as chief of the Appointment Division of the Treasury Department from 1881 to 1884, working under Treasury Secretary Charles J. Folger. Butler was campaign manager... more
James B. Butler (d. 1927) was an American lawyer and government official. He served as chief of the Appointment Division of the Treasury Department from 1881 to 1884, working under Treasury Secretary Charles J. Folger. Butler was campaign manager for Folger's 1882 New York gubernatorial race and for Chester A. Arthur's 1884 presidential campaign. Collection contains correspondence, reports, clippings, and campaign materials. Bulk of collection consists of Butler's incoming mail at the Treasury Department and his responses which detail the operation of the "spoils system" and administration of Treasury Department personnel. Also, correspondence from Folger and other New York State Republican leaders with Butler concerning his management of Folger's unsuccessful 1882 gubernatorial campaign in New York. less
Williams, Timothy Shaler, 1862-1930
Timothy Shaler Williams papers, 1876-1930
8 linear feet (17 boxes)
Timothy Shaler Williams (1862-1930) was an American journalist, railroad official and political figure. After working for a New York City newspaper from 1884 to 1889, he was private secretary to New York governors David H. Hill and Roswell P.... more
Timothy Shaler Williams (1862-1930) was an American journalist, railroad official and political figure. After working for a New York City newspaper from 1884 to 1889, he was private secretary to New York governors David H. Hill and Roswell P. Flower. In 1895 he joined the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company and served as president from 1911 until his retirement. He also was an amateur historian interested in U. S. colonial history. Collection consists of correspondence, political and government materials, business records, and personal papers of Williams. Bulk of the collection is correspondence, 1877-1929, concerning political, business and personal matters, and includes seventeen volumes of letters written while Williams was secretary to Governors Hill and Flower. Political and government papers contain speeches, legislative bills, copies of party platforms, and biographical papers of Hill, Flower and Manton Marble. Business records relate to ownership of newspapers and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company. Personal papers include clippings, ephemera, scrapbooks, and Williams's notes on Cotton Mather, New England witchcraft, Tangier Smith, and Long Island. less
Raymond, Henry J. (Henry Jarvis), 1820-1869
Henry J. Raymond papers, 1840-1951 [bulk 1846-1869]
.73 linear feet (2 boxes)
Henry J. Raymond was a New York politician and the first editor of the New York Times. He founded the New-York Daily Times in 1851 with George Jones and Edward B. Wesley. The collection consists of correspondence, legal documents, articles, and... more
Henry J. Raymond was a New York politician and the first editor of the New York Times. He founded the New-York Daily Times in 1851 with George Jones and Edward B. Wesley. The collection consists of correspondence, legal documents, articles, and speeches. The correspondence consists mainly of letters written to Henry J. Raymond from notable people of the time regarding politics. less
Morton, Levi P. (Levi Parsons), 1824-1920
Levi P. Morton papers, 1818-1920 [bulk 1878-1898]
19 linear feet (16 boxes, 22 volumes)
Levi Parsons Morton (1824-1920) was an American businessman, banker, diplomat, and statesman. He founded the banking firm of L.P. Morton & Co. in New York City. After an unsuccessful bid for Congress in 1876, he was elected to the U.S. House of... more
Levi Parsons Morton (1824-1920) was an American businessman, banker, diplomat, and statesman. He founded the banking firm of L.P. Morton & Co. in New York City. After an unsuccessful bid for Congress in 1876, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from New York in 1878. He was Minister to France from 1881 to 1885, was elected Vice-President of the U.S. under Benjamin Harison in 1888, and served as Governor of New York in 1895 and 1896. In 1899 he founded the Morton Trust Co. and retired after the company merged with Guaranty Trust. The Levi P. Morton papers consist of correspondence, family papers, speeches, biographical materials, political memorabilia, photographs, and scrapbooks documenting the political and professional career, personal life and family background of the businessman and politician. Correspondence, 1842-1920, relates to civil reform, Morton's political campaigns, his service as Minister to France, and his activities as businessman, banker, congressman, vice-president, and governor. Also, correspondence, 1871-1915, of his wives, Lucy K. Morton and Anna Livingston Morton; papers of the Morton, Parsons, Street, and Kearney families; memorabilia from Morton's political campaigns; and biographical sketches, speeches, photographs, and scrapbooks of clippings, 1859-1913. less
Mastick, Seabury C.
Seabury Cone Mastick papers, 1890-1970
3.5 linear feet (2 boxes, 19 v.)
Seabury Cone Mastick (1871-1969) was a New York state legislator. Collection consists of correspondence, scrapbooks and family papers of Mastick. General correspondence concerns New York state politics, especially Mastick's work as chairman of the... more
Seabury Cone Mastick (1871-1969) was a New York state legislator. Collection consists of correspondence, scrapbooks and family papers of Mastick. General correspondence concerns New York state politics, especially Mastick's work as chairman of the New York State Commission on Old Age Security and the New York State Commission for the Revision of the Tax Laws. Family papers include memorabilia and scrapbooks of press clippings, programs, invitations, and other items relating to Mastick's political career, his service as a naval officer during World War I, and his work with the United Service Organizations and the Army and Navy Department Committee of the National Council of Young Men's Christian Associations during World War II. Correspondents include Herbert H. Lehman and Franklin D. Roosevelt. less
Strauss family
Straus family papers, 1810-1962 [bulk 1870-1912]
The Straus family of New York City were the descendants of Lazarus Straus (1809-1898) and Sara Straus (1823-1876) who emigrated from Otterberg, Germany in the early 1850s with their four children: Isidor (1845-1912), Hermine (1846-1922), Nathan... more
The Straus family of New York City were the descendants of Lazarus Straus (1809-1898) and Sara Straus (1823-1876) who emigrated from Otterberg, Germany in the early 1850s with their four children: Isidor (1845-1912), Hermine (1846-1922), Nathan (1848-1931), and Oscar (1850-1926). They settled in Talbotton, Georgia where Lazarus opened a dry goods store. In 1865 the Strauses relocated to New York City and Isidor and Nathan joined their father in establishing L. Straus and Sons, a glass and chinaware store. They became partners with R.H. Macy's & Company in 1888 and by 1892 were also partners in the Brooklyn N.Y. retail company Abraham & Straus. Isidor Straus represented New York City's fifteenth district in the U.S. Congress, 1893-1894; and was founder and president of the Educational Alliance, an organization for immigrants living in New York. He and his wife were among the passengers who lost their lives in the sinking of the Titanic. Oscar Straus served as U.S. ambassador to Turkey from 1887 to 1900 and 1909, Secretary of Commerce and Labor from 1906 to 1908, and advisor to Woodrow Wilson during the first World War. Collection contains correspondence, speeches, photographs, scrapbooks, and other items concerning Lazarus, Oscar and Isidor Straus, and Isidor's sons and grandsons. Family papers include genealogical charts and family history. Oscar and Isidor Straus papers consist of one box of materials concerning Oscar Straus's 1912 campaign for governor of New York and other political and family matters; the remaining eleven boxes are papers of Isidor Straus and include family and business correspondence, speeches and writings, notebooks, scrapbooks, materials related to his political career and to his death on the Titanic, and biographical information. Papers of Isidor Straus's sons consist of personal and business papers with correspondence, speeches, scrapbooks, and clippings. L. Straus & Sons records concern the operations of the partnership. Also, photographs of Jack Straus (son of Jesse Straus) and members of his family, framed documents and other materials that belonged to Jack Straus. less
Sickles, Daniel Edgar, 1819-1914
Daniel Edgar Sickles papers, 1841-1914
1 linear foot (1 box, 5 v.)
Daniel Edgar Sickles (1819-1914) was an American Civil War general and New York politician. He represented New York in the U.S. Congress from 1857 to 1861, fought in the Civil War in the Peninsular Campaign, Antietam, Chancellorsville, and... more
Daniel Edgar Sickles (1819-1914) was an American Civil War general and New York politician. He represented New York in the U.S. Congress from 1857 to 1861, fought in the Civil War in the Peninsular Campaign, Antietam, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg. After the war, he was in charge of the military district of the Carolinas and later became American minister to Spain, 1869-1873. He served again in the Congress from 1893 to 1895. Collection consists of correspondence and newsclippings pertaining to Sickles's activities. His correspondence, 1841-1914, is with friends, political associates and Civil War veterans on subjects such as veterans' organizations, war memorials, state and national politics, and his ministry to Spain. His wife's correspondence, 1856-1862, is also included. Newsclippings, 1867-1914, concern the Civil War, veterans' reunions, and Sickles's political career. less
Hughes, Charles Evans, 1862-1948
Charles Evans Hughes papers, ca. 1904-ca. 1911 [bulk 1906-1910]
Charles Evans Hughes (1862-1948) was an American jurist and politician. He practiced law and held various political positions between 1884 and 1906. Twice elected governor of New York State, he resigned in 1910 to become an Associate Justice of... more
Charles Evans Hughes (1862-1948) was an American jurist and politician. He practiced law and held various political positions between 1884 and 1906. Twice elected governor of New York State, he resigned in 1910 to become an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court where he served until 1916. He returned to political life and was Secretary of State from 1921 to 1925. From 1926 to 1930 he held positions of judge for The Hague Tribunal Permanent Court of Arbitration and member of the Permanent Court of International Justice. He returned to the Supreme Court as Chief Justice in 1930 and served until his retirement in 1941. Collection consists of speeches made by Hughes, articles, memoranda, subject files, printed matter, and photographs. Speeches were made during his political campaigns and terms as governor of New York and cover topics such as women's suffrage, gambling, political corruption, and civil service reform between 1907 and 1910. Subject files include materials on the activities of the Water Supply Commission, the debate about direct nominations, local self-government and lotteries in New York, and the organization of the Democratic Party. less
Moses, Robert, 1888-1981
Robert Moses papers, 1912-1980
142 linear feet (140 boxes and 57 v.)
Collection consists of correspondence, speeches, memoranda, press releases, reports, plans, photographs, clippings, and other printed matter documenting the career of Robert Moses. Personal Correspondence and "Library" (personal copy) files make... more
Collection consists of correspondence, speeches, memoranda, press releases, reports, plans, photographs, clippings, and other printed matter documenting the career of Robert Moses. Personal Correspondence and "Library" (personal copy) files make up the bulk of the collection and include materials relating to topics such as the creation of parks and roads, Moses's political activities, regulation of banks, depression relief, the World's Fairs of 1939-1940 and 1964-1965, the United Nations headquarters, the Hall of Fame of Great Americans, and personal and family matters. Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority papers concern projects to build bridges, tunnels and highways as well as Moses's appointment as chairman. Emergency Public Works Commission and Office of the City Construction Coordinator series pertain to depression relief efforts and publicly funded building activities in New York City. Gubernatorial Campaign materials consist mainly of speeches, press releases, correspondence, and background information on the issues of the election of 1934. Department of Parks files concern the improvement of New York City parks and the expansion of parks and playgrounds. Constitutional Convention series contains correspondence on the administrative, legal and personal issues of New York governmental reform in the 1930s. Long Island State Park Commission and New York State Council of Parks materials relate to the development, maintenance and improvement of parks. less
Selye, Lewis, 1803-1883
Lewis Selye letters and other material, 1837-1888
Letters received, receipts, indentures, and canceled checks of Lewis Selye, iron manufacturer and United States Congressman from New York from 1867 to 1869. Letters relate to business and social matters; land papers pertain to property in Rochester.
Griffin, Anthony J. (Anthony Jerome), 1866-1935
Anthony Jerome Griffin papers, 1883-1935 [bulk 1910-1930]
Anthony Jerome Griffin (1866-1935) was a lawyer and U.S. Representative from the Bronx, New York City. He served in the Spanish-American War, 1898-1899; practiced law in the Bronx; was founder and editor of the Bronx Independent; and served four... more
Anthony Jerome Griffin (1866-1935) was a lawyer and U.S. Representative from the Bronx, New York City. He served in the Spanish-American War, 1898-1899; practiced law in the Bronx; was founder and editor of the Bronx Independent; and served four terms as New York State Senator from 1911 to 1915. He also was an inventor and amateur author. Collection consists of correspondence, writings, legal and military records, political and personal papers, memorabilia, and printed matter relating to Griffin's military and political career. Correspondence, 1885-1935, is largely related to his political activities; the remainder pertains to his legislative concerns, immigration matters for his constituents, as well as some personal correspondence. Legal papers, 1885-1930, include case files, estate files and title abstracts. His writings consist of manuscript and typescript versions and galley proofs of poems, plays and stories. Diaries, 1886-1930, and notes and notebooks, 1883-1934, contain his observations on many professional and personal activities in addition to subject files. Military and patent records concern his military service and endeavors in submarine safety. Political papers are a combination of printed matter, notes and memoranda. Financial records are his accounts from 1887 to 1934. Also, personal memorabilia; graphic materials including photographs, original paintings and maps; and printed matter such as reprints, government manuals and clippings. less
Jones, George, 1811-1891
Letters to George Jones, 1866-1930 [bulk 1866-1891]
Manuscripts and Archives Division | MssCol 22990
George Jones (1811-1891) was the first publisher of the New York Times. He founded the New-York Daily Times in 1851 with Henry J. Raymond and Edward B. Wesley. After Raymond's death in 1869, Jones took over the editorship of the paper. The... more
George Jones (1811-1891) was the first publisher of the New York Times. He founded the New-York Daily Times in 1851 with Henry J. Raymond and Edward B. Wesley. After Raymond's death in 1869, Jones took over the editorship of the paper. The collection, dating 1866-1891 and 1930, comprises letters written to George Jones, publisher and editor of the New York Times, 1871-1888, chiefly by prominent persons regarding U.S. politics, as well as some family letters, invitations, and unsorted items, 1866-1891 and 1930. Letters refer to New York Times editorial positions, Ulysses S. Grant's presidency and his bid for a third term in 1880, efforts to establish a retirement fund for Grant, and other matters reflecting Jones's influence in national and Republican Party affairs. Notable correspondents include James G. Blaine, Andrew Carnegie, George W. Childs, Jay Gould, Ulysses S. Grant, General Nelson A. Miles, Edwin B. Morgan, Daniel E. Sickles, Oscar S. Straus, Elihu B. Washburne, and Fernando Wood. The collection also includes letters from New York Times staff and the paper's foreign correspondents, and requests for employment with the Times. less
Tilden, Samuel J. (Samuel Jones), 1814-1886
Samuel J. Tilden papers, 1794-1886 [bulk 1835-1876]
42.78 linear feet (99 boxes, 13 volumes)
Samuel J. Tilden (1814-1886) served as Governor of New York, 1875-1876, and was the Democratic nominee for the Presidency in 1876. Tilden began his career as a corporate lawyer; he served as Corporate Counsel for the City of New York, as a member... more
Samuel J. Tilden (1814-1886) served as Governor of New York, 1875-1876, and was the Democratic nominee for the Presidency in 1876. Tilden began his career as a corporate lawyer; he served as Corporate Counsel for the City of New York, as a member of the New York State Assembly, and as Chairman of the Democratic National Convention. Monies from his estate contributed to the founding of The New York Public Library. His papers document his political and legal career and are comprised primarily of correspondence, political and legal files, financial documents, writings, speeches, and personal papers dating from 1785 - 1929 (bulk 1832 - 1886). less
Green, A. H. (Andrew Haswell), 1820-1903
A.H. Green papers, 1790-1923 [bulk 1832-1903]
3.57 linear feet (9 boxes; 1 microfilm reel)
Andrew Haswell Green (1820-1903) was a New York City lawyer, city planner, civic leader, and reformer widely referred to as both "the father of Central Park" and "the father of greater New York." The A.H. Green papers are comprised predominantly... more
Andrew Haswell Green (1820-1903) was a New York City lawyer, city planner, civic leader, and reformer widely referred to as both "the father of Central Park" and "the father of greater New York." The A.H. Green papers are comprised predominantly of family correspondence. Also included are photographs; memorials, tributes and funeral ephemera; a travel diary; and a small quantity of professional papers consisting of drafts and memoranda of proposed amendments to the New York State Constitution; letters to Green on taxation, women's suffrage, charities, and other topics; and papers relating to Green's service as delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1894. less
Depew, Chauncey M. (Chauncey Mitchell), 1834-1928
Chauncey M. Depew papers, 1880-1925
Chauncey Mitchell Depew (1834-1928) was a lawyer, railroad executive, and U.S. Senator from New York. His papers consist primarily of correspondence sent and received between 1880-1925. The collection contains correspondence and autographs... more
Chauncey Mitchell Depew (1834-1928) was a lawyer, railroad executive, and U.S. Senator from New York. His papers consist primarily of correspondence sent and received between 1880-1925. The collection contains correspondence and autographs collected by Depew. Correspondence consists chiefly of letters received by Depew from various persons prominent in American and English political and social life. Also, autographed calling cards, clipped autographs and other papers. less
George Jones papers, 1825-1894 [bulk 1860-1887]
George Jones was the first publisher of the New York Times. He founded the New-York Daily Times in 1851 with Henry J. Raymond and Edward B. Wesley. The collection consists of correspondence, financial records, and legal documents regarding mainly... more
George Jones was the first publisher of the New York Times. He founded the New-York Daily Times in 1851 with Henry J. Raymond and Edward B. Wesley. The collection consists of correspondence, financial records, and legal documents regarding mainly the New-York Daily Times and the Presidential Retiring Fund established by Jones. less
Agnew, George Bliss, 1868-1941
George Bliss Agnew papers, 1882-1925
George Bliss Agnew (1868-1941) was a New York City businessman and politician. The collection consists mainly of political correspondence that includes letters from constituents, associates, and others interested in the outcome of bills before the... more
George Bliss Agnew (1868-1941) was a New York City businessman and politician. The collection consists mainly of political correspondence that includes letters from constituents, associates, and others interested in the outcome of bills before the New York State Legislature. less
Sherman, J. S. (James Schoolcraft), 1855-1912
James Schoolcraft Sherman papers, 1883-1912 [bulk 1906-1912]
James Schoolcraft Sherman (1855-1912), lawyer, banker and vice-president of the United States, began his political career as mayor of Utica, N.Y. in 1884. In 1886 he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and served until 1908 excepting... more
James Schoolcraft Sherman (1855-1912), lawyer, banker and vice-president of the United States, began his political career as mayor of Utica, N.Y. in 1884. In 1886 he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and served until 1908 excepting 1891 to 1893. He was chairman of the Republican state conventions in 1895, 1900 and 1908, and chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1906. In 1908 he was elected as William Howard Taft's vice-president. Four years later he was renominated but died before the election. Collection consists of correspondence, financial documents, writings, scrapbooks, and other materials that document Sherman's political career. General correspondence, 1883-1912, constitutes the bulk of the papers and covers official, semi-official, business, and personal matters. Subjects include the campaign and election for the vice-presidency; Sherman's candidacy for Speaker of the House of Representatives, 1899; his control of patronage and party machinery; his defeat by Theodore Roosevelt for chairmanship of the New York Republican Convention in 1910; the Progressive Party; legislation enacted during the Roosevelt and Taft administrations, especially the Payne-Aldrich Tariff of 1909; the Republican Party; the Utica Trust and Depository Company of which he was president; veterans' claims; request for support to pass or defeat bills; and endorsements for appointments. Correspondents were members of Congress, department heads in Washington, members of the Roosevelt and Taft cabinets, constituents, and business and personal associates. Also includes his personal financial documents, 1896-1912; letters, petitions, and legal documents, 1896, concerning contested elections; Sherman's speeches; scrapbooks of materials about politics; and graphics, photographs, artifacts, and printed matter. less

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Unplanned Pregnancy & Considering Adoption ?
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View profiles of families waiting to adopt and talk to them before making a decision.
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We can help you sort through your feelings and answer your questions. Your adoption caseworker can work with you to help you move forward and have the support you need after the adoption.
If you believe that adoption is your best plan for your baby, we will provide financial help with living expenses, for such things as rent, clothing, food, transportation, utilities, lost wages, and other pregnancy-related expenses, as allowed by Indiana Law. We want you and your baby to be okay and will do whatever we can legally do to help you. For more information about how we can help you, contact us day or night.
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Happy Sunday guys! This cute floral babydoll dress and these strappy flats are from a UK brand called Little Mistress. I love the femininity of both pieces… I paired it with my 'beehive' vest from All Saints to make it appropriate for a night around downtown.
This week I chose some pretty purple and green flowers to add some color to our home.
On Thursday I went to Agenda Show to check out some Fall collection from a few brands that I love. I came across this cool Neon Art Installation curated by Human Gallery NYC and was really inspired by their efforts to support women in the arts.
On Friday, we had the honor of having Bea Miller come visit us at the LOVE NAIL TREE Warehaas. She is adorable, has a beautiful voice and really supports our brand. I really loved meeting her.
Friday night we went to Republic of Pie – super cool spot in North Hollywood – and heard our friend play some music. Since I'm doing 100 days of real food, I chose a whole wheat turkey n' cheese sandwich and an almond milk latte. Yummm.
Love what a difference that vest makes! So funky but chic.
Package is very beautiful! People as a whole looks very bright feeling!


text:
Previous: Anju
Table of Contents Next: Anshan
Anking
Anking (Anqing; 117.05E 30.50N), a river port located on a relatively narrow section of the Yangtze River in central China, was established as a military prefecture in 1217. It was a center of the Taiping (Boxer) Rebellion in 1861. Opened to foreign trade in 1876, it was slow to develop due to a poor communications network and lack of nearby resources.
Some 2000 troops from Taiwan Brigade captured the city on 13 June 1938 after the defending 20 Army had held for just a single day. The Japanese landed behind the defenses, outmaneuvering the Szechuan defenders, and their commander, Yang Sen, fled and was never heard from again.
The city was garrisoned by the Ankei Special Naval Landing Force when war broke out, and there was an airfield nearby.
River connections (Yangtze):
Kiukiang
Hsiung and Levine (1992)
http://www.freeport-tech.com/WWII (accessed 2002; now defunct)
Peattie et al. (2011)
Wen (1971)
The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia © 2007, 2009-2010, 2015 by Kent G. Budge. Index


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text:
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Memory Savings Improvements Makes Windows 10 Google Chrome Faster
Posted by johnsonbts On April 1, 2021
If you're a Google Chrome user, and you're interested in maximizing the overall performance of your system, then Google's recent announcement about their browser is sure to make you smile.
The release of Chrome 89 includes enhancements design to make it run notably faster on Windows 10 and use significantly fewer resources on both Android and macOS-driven devices.
According to the company's most recent claims, in testing, in the Windows 10 environment, they saw up to 22 percent percent memory savings when measuring the browser process. They saw another 8 percent percent reduction thanks to improvements in the renderer, and a further 3 percent percent reduction in the GPU thanks to improved memory allocation. If those numbers even come close to being replicated in real world conditions, that represents a significant improvement indeed.
If you're a macOS user, then the newest version of Chrome will give you a more modest memory savings. Even so, an 8 percent improvement is nothing to sneeze at, and version 89 will also include a new tool designed to help you keep your Mac cooler, courtesy of its tab throttling feature. Again, based on the research from Google's engineering team, they're reporting up to a 65 percent improvement on the Apple Energy Impact score in the macOS Activity Monitor for background tabs when employing this feature. That's certainly impressive in its own right.
Finally, if you're an Android user, you can expect to see a 5 percent reduction in memory usage, a 7.5 percent faster browser startup and 2 percent faster page loads. That might not make a big difference on any particular page, but over the course of an entire work day, it amounts to a substantial improvement.
Also note that the latest version of Chrome for Android comes with a new feature called 'Freeze-Dried Tabs, which helps the browser start up 13 percent faster. All things considered then, Chrome 89 should be high on just about everyone's wish list.
Apple Malware Problem Unacceptable According To Apple Executive
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text:
Chris Christie's trip to see Dallas Cowboys draws attention from group with ties to Hillary Clinton
Gov. Chris Christie file photo.
(Mel Evans/AP photo)
TRENTON — Gov. Chris Christie's latest trip to Dallas to root for the Cowboys in the box of team owner Jerry Jones didn't just grab the attention of Cowboys fans and enemies, it drew the ire of a Washington D.C.-based super PAC with ties to former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.
American Bridge, a pro-Democratic group that conducts opposition research on Republicans, wants to know the cost of Christie's latest trip.
The group released a request for public records inquiring about the cost of the trip, including stat vehicle expenses and logs and copies of flight records for the State Police helicopter used by the governor between Jan. 3 and 5.
The records request was submitted by Brad Woodhouse, the group's president.
Christie's office didn't immediately respond to American Bridge's request for records. His office also didn't respond yet to a request from New Jersey Advance media about the cost of the trip to Dallas or who paid for the trip.
The super PAC, which was launched by Clinton ally and Media Matters founder David Brock, has gone after Christie several times before. In June 2014, the group criticized the governor for using the state helicopter to get to a town hall event located a short drive to Trenton – about 40 minutes without traffic.
This isn't the first time the group has launched an attack against Christie.
It criticized the governor for not handing over emails from the personal accounts of two top aides to the governor involved in the George Washington Bridge scandal. The group filed requests for records under New Jersey's Open Public Records Act.
In addition, Correct the Record, an arm of American Bridge, circulated a graphic in 2013 that put Christie in the center of the controversy at the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. The graphic depicted Christie in the forefront with an image of the George Washington Bridge in the background and a pair of signs that read "Lane Closed. Expect Christie?" and "political retribution."
Correct the Record's mission is to protect potential 2016 Democratic presidential hopefuls, with Clinton chief among them. Last year, it hired a senior adviser to Clinton in 2008, Burns Strider, as a senior advisor to Correct the Record.
Burns is also vice president of American Bridge.
10 photos of Chris Christie at Cowboys games
Gallery: 10 photos of Chris Christie at Cowboys games
Matt Arco may be reached at marco@njadvancemedia.com. Follow him on Twitter @MatthewArco. Find NJ.com Politics on Facebook.


Essence Seekers: A Quest Beyond the Forest of Enjoyment is an allegorical spiritual journey that takes us through practical, emotional, and psychological steps from a beginning curiosity and longing to enlightenment. It inspires with hope, while it aids with deep introspection and authenticity. Rooted in Eastern wisdom adapted from ancient texts, the universal and non-sectarian themes speak to any and all seekers of the essence of life. Avid starts out as part of a nomadic group, journeying with his family who seek wealth in the forest which they sell in villages and cities along their route. Their happiness and hopes for satisfaction are frustrated by perils representing various internal and external obstacles. Avid gets help from a mysterious guide in the forest and eventually joins with two friends on a quest for the essence, or nectar, of life. But what is that exactly? Will they overcome the diversions and tests to find it, and at what price?
Essence Seekers is based on allegorical texts originally written in Sanskrit and Bengali, bringing those ancient metaphors to life and giving timeless wisdom and guidance to anyone looking for extraordinary fulfillment.
Softbound, 214 pages, 5.25" x 8".
Essence Seekers is a very good allegorical tale, full of deep meaning and beautiful descriptive passages.
Anyone who is a genuine seeker of life's highest truths will find Best's account of an avid soul's journey towards deep meaning and authenticity to be personally relatable and eternally profound.
—Mpho MacChambers, Social Activist and Changemaker, Founder and Executive Director of Kula Education.
Urmila's Essence Seekers is a masterful account of a journey—both inward and outward. We can identify with the characters and events, which foster in us detachment from the mundane and eagerness for the Divine.
Explore and learn and spare yourself from the common pitfalls of a spiritual journey.
—Pranada Comtois, author of Wise-Love: Bhakti and the Search for the Soul of Consciousness.
This book will leave a lasting impact on any teenager or adult who embarks on a journey through its pages.
Click the button below to add the Essence Seekers: A Quest Beyond the Forest of Enjoyment to your wish list.


Features: We just love this cute woodland squirrel!
This lovely bristle squirrel beautifully finished with a cute glittery pine cone body, bristly face and tale. Create a lovely woodland scene on your Christmas tree with this cute decoration. A popular range from the Gisela Graham Christmas collection.


Tonight's Matchup: On Wednesday, the Barracuda conclude their eight-game season series with the San Diego Gulls. San Jose is 3-3-1-0 against the Anaheim Ducks affiliate this season and 12-12-3-2 all-time.
New Guys: On Tuesday, the Sharks signed Sasha Chmelevski to a standard entry-level deal, and the Barracuda added Ivan Chekhovich on an amateur tryout agreement. Both forwards were Sharks draft selections in last springs NHL draft. Chmelevski is set to become the first California native to play a game for the San Jose Barracuda since their inception in 2015. In a corresponding move, the Barracuda released forwards Sam Warning and Caleb Herbert from their pro tryouts.
Powering Up: On Saturday, the Barracuda lit the lamp on the man-advantage for the fifth-straight game. In March, the Barracuda went 12-for-55 (22%) on the PP and are eight-for-23 (35%) in their last five games. Since March 1, San Jose has moved from 30th on the power play to T-22nd in the AHL.
The Truth: Rookie forward Alex True tipped in his team-leading seventh power-play goal on Friday at Grand Rapids and now ranks second on the Barracuda in goals (12). True signed an AHL contract after being invited to the Sharks Development Camp this past July. Barracuda Head Coach Roy Sommer coached Alex's dad, Soren, during the 1990-91 season as a member the IHL's Albany Choppers.
Rudy! Rudy! Rudy!: Among rookies, Rudolfs Balcers ranks ninth in the AHL in points (41), T-14th in goals (18), and T-13th in assists (23). Balcers leads the Barracuda in points, goals, and points-per-game (.68), and is second in assists and power-play goals.


text:
\section{Introduction}

A plethora of clinical conditions, such as brain trauma and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), cause damage to the central neural system (CNS) or brain, in such as way that the ability of speech and motor functions cannot be sustained. In those cases, the ability to communicate is limited, to non-verbal forms of communication, such as eye blinking.

Certain approaches have been used in the past to solve this problem. Researchers in \cite{b1} use Infrared (IR) sensors to estimate the state of the eyes ({\lq}Open{\rq} or {\lq}Closed{\rq}) in order to detect blinking, which is then converted to Morse code. Challenges in this approach include the IR sensor being irradiated by other sources resulting in false eye-blinks, and the risk of cataract formation in the case of prolonged use. \cite{b1}. In another study, a traditional computer vision-based system that detects users' eye-blinks, measures their duration, and interprets the blinks in real-time was proposed \cite{b2}. Although the system has achieved an accuracy of 95.6\% in ideal conditions, traditional image processing techniques are prone to failure under limited lighting conditions, arbitrary changes in image texture, changes in user's pose, among others, which limits their real-time accuracy, and make these systems not robust in real applications.

A wearable device to detect eye-blinks for alleviating dry eyes was proposed in \cite{b8}. This method captured 85.2\% of all the blinks that occurred during testing. But, the IR sensors tend to show false readings when the orientations are altered and hence, are unreliable in realistic scenarios. Any facial movements such as laughing, or yawning can induce errors.

To avoid these shortcomings, we here present a deep-learning vision system that detects eye-blinks and maps them to words in real-time. Our system uses the InceptionV3 \cite{b13} architecture and achieves an accuracy of 99.20\% with a latency of 94.1ms on IoT devices. Our method is safe to use, has better performance than previous methods, it is robust to changes in lighting conditions and facial orientation, and its architecture is modular so its output can be mapped to other tasks, such as controlling software applications or devices. The main contribution of this paper resides in designing, implementing, and evaluating the first deep-learning solution for eye-blink communication with performance, latency, and safety specifications that can be used in a real-world environment.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{pic/pdf/hld-new.pdf}}
\caption{The 3 phases of the BWCNN system.}
\label{fig_hld}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Previous work}
An efficient system for eye-blink detection is presented in \cite{b3}. This method uses Haar-cascade classifiers for face detection and eye positions. The performance of Haar-cascade classifiers is not invariant to the change in lighting conditions. Hence there is a decay in performance.

A low-cost implementation of an eye-blink-based communication aid for ALS patients is presented in \cite{b4}. Template matching is used to track the eye and detect eye-blinks using hierarchical optical flow. The implementation has an accuracy of 94.75\% during the typing test. However, the algorithm takes approximately 2 seconds to generate a single scan of the eye. This is excessive for a single character.

This paper \cite{b7} presents a real-time detection and classification between eye-blink (with both eyes), left wink, or right wink. with 96, 92, and 88\% accuracy. The latency for the detection of a single blink was 250ms.

A wearable device to detect eye-blinks for alleviating dry eyes was proposed in \cite{b8}. This method captured 85.2\% of all the blinks that occurred during testing. But, the IR sensors tend to show false readings when the orientations are altered and hence, are unreliable in realistic scenarios. Any facial movements such as laughing, or yawning can induce errors.

\section{Design and Implementation}
Our system detects the state of eyes, {\lq}Open{\rq} and {\lq}Closed{\rq}, even under poor lighting conditions. We have a pre-defined set of patient inputs corresponding to the blink pattern, which we map to actions in real-time. These inputs could correspond to movements (up, down, left, right), clicks, etc., which would enable patients to use different applications (browser, email, etc.) or devices (mouse, keyboard, etc). As a proof-of-concept, we mapped these inputs to specific words. Since we use predefined words instead of Morse code or other encoding patterns, it is simple for patients to spell out a sentence. We want to create a system that works almost flawlessly in real-time and is safe to use. This is represented by equation (1). \(\mathcal{P}\) refers to the performance of the system, which in our case is the accuracy.
\(\mathcal{S}\) refers to the System parameters.
\(\mathcal{W}\) refers to the weights of the neural network.
\(\mathcal{A}\) refers to the architecture.
\(\mathcal{H}\) is the set of all architectures that can be used for this purpose.
\(\mathcal{T}\) refers to time constraint which is the prediction time (response time, or latency) for the model on the validation set. It is important to reduce the response time of the system since it will be running over a real-time IoT device such as Raspberry Pi.
\noindent\\
\begin{equation}
\max_{\mathcal{A} \in \mathcal{H}} \mathcal{P} ( \mathcal{S} , \mathcal{W} , \mathcal{A} )
\end{equation}
$\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;s.t\;prediction\;time\leq \mathcal{T}$\\

The goal of this approach is to detect if the patients blink their eyes and to map the sequence of blinks to a particular entry in a dictionary of words. In order to achieve this, one has to detect the state of eyes ({\lq}Open{\rq} or {\lq}Closed{\rq}). If an {\lq}Open{\rq} state is followed by a {\lq}Closed' state, the system detects an eye-blink, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig_B-good}. The system is divided into three phases as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig_hld}.

\subsection{Phase 1: Capturing and saving a stream of frames}
In this section, we present the method of obtaining the data and preprocessing it to be given as input to the ConvNet. The system uses a camera device attached to IoT for capturing the frames. Regular webcams are capable of capturing about 30 frames per second (fps). The fps will directly affect the user experience. A higher fps will increase the latency.

Since the system runs in real-time, it is more effective to reduce the latency. At the same time, using lower fps can lead to missing a blink. Our experiment shows that 10 frames per second are a reasonable frame rate for real-time application. As there is a frame being captured every 100ms, our model must predict each frame in less than 100ms to avoid delay.
We further impose a constraint on the user that the {\lq}Closed{\rq} state should be maintained for at least 200ms. The system saves each frame as a gray-scale image of dimensions $80\times70$ pixels. Each image is 2KB in size.

\subsection{Phase 2: Predict the content of the image
In this section, we present the experiments to choose the best fitting neural network architecture to predict the state of the eye. We compare four state-of-the-art architectures (SqueezeNet ~\cite{b5}, ResNet ~\cite{b9}, InceptionV3 and DenseNet architecture). Both the architecture and the hyperparameters play a large role in model performance. We start by training the networks from scratch for different batch sizes and find the batch size that gives the best results. We further explore the chances of improving performance by using transfer learning.

\subsubsection{Training Dataset:} We used the eye dataset from Media Research Lab (MRL). The dataset contains 84,898 images of eyes taken from 37 individuals consisting of 33 men and 4 women. Each image in the dataset was collected from one of the following sensors: Intel RealSense RS 300 sensor with a resolution of $640\times480$, IDS Imaging sensor with a resolution of $1280\times1024$, and Aptina sensor with a resolution of $752\times480$. The original dataset contains 6  classes: {\lq}gender{\rq}, {\lq}glasses{\rq}, {\lq}eye state{\rq}, {\lq}reflections{\rq}, {\lq}lighting conditions{\rq}, and {\lq}sensor resolution{\rq}. We split the dataset into an 80\% training set and a 20\% test set.

\subsubsection{Training experiments:
Two important considerations when training the model were accuracy and latency. Latency for detection is the time taken to make an accurate classification. To find the model which can provide the best accuracy with the least latency, we implemented SqueezeNet, ResNet, InceptionV3, and DenseNet.

\begin{table*}[t]
\caption{ResNet with and without transfer learning}
\label{RESNET}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\textbf{} & \textbf{} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{\textbf{
\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Training a model\\ (from scratch)\end{tabular}
}} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{\textbf{
\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Transfer learning \\ (from our  model)\end{tabular}
}} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{
\textbf{
\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Transfer learning \\ (from official)\end{tabular}
}
} \\ \hline
\textbf{Batch S.} &
\textbf{Epoch} &
\textbf{Acc. (\%)} &
\textbf{Ep.imp.} &
\textbf{Acc. (\%)} &
\textbf{Ep. imp.} &
\textbf{Acc. (\%)} &
\textbf{Ep. imp.} \\ \hline
8 & 100 & 99.21 & 32 & 99.22 & 31 & 99.22 & 29 \\ \hline
16 & 100 & 99.26 & 55 & 99.23 & 51 & 99.17 & 16\\ \hline
32 & 100 & 99.22 & 48  & 99.22 & 49 & 99.17 & 25\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[t]
\caption{DenseNet,SqueezeNet,InceptionV3}
\label{DenseNet,SqueezeNet,InceptionV3}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\textbf{} & \textbf{} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{\textbf{DENSENET}} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{\textbf{SQUEEZENET}} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{\textbf{INCEPTIONV3}} \\ \hline
\textbf{Batch S.} & \textbf{Eep.} & \textbf{Acc. (\%)} & \textbf{Ep. imp.} & \textbf{Acc. (\%)} & \textbf{Ep. imp.} & \textbf{Acc. (\%)} & \textbf{Ep. imp.} \\ \hline
8 & 100 & 99.24 & 55 & 49.40 & 1 & 99.14 & 35 \\ \hline
16 & 100 & 99.18 & 70 & 49.40 & 1 & 99.20 & 22 \\ \hline
32 & 100 & 99.21 & 52 & 49.40 & 1 & 99.17 & 38 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table*}

\subsubsection{Train ResNet architecture from scratch:
We trained the ResNet architecture for 100 epochs using 6 batch sizes. The performance metric used is the overall accuracy. Comparing the performance, we selected the three best batch sizes from 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32.  Table.~\ref{RESNET} shows that batch sizes 8, 16, and 32 provide the best accuracy. Since our experiment stops at 100 epochs, training the network for more epochs might improve the performance. To test this, we ran ResNet, for all batch sizes for 500 epochs. The results show that there is no further improvement in accuracy.
\subsubsection{Transfer learning:
We took the weights from the most accurate architecture, ResNet with batch size 16, and transferred these weights to all other ResNet architecture with the 3 best performing batch sizes. We also did transfer learning by using weights from the official pre-trained ResNet on our ResNet models with the 3 best performing batch sizes. As before, after 100 epochs, there was no significant improvement in the accuracy of the network.

\subsubsection{Train InceptionV3, SqueezeNet and DeneseNet architectures from scratch:
We assume that the 3 best-performing batch sizes from ResNet would be the best performing in the other architectures as well. To investigate this assumption we run the same experiment again but with DenseNet, Inception, and SqueezeNet as shown in Table.~\ref{DenseNet,SqueezeNet,InceptionV3}.

\subsection{Phase 3: Mapping
Our system stored the output of the neural network as a vector of 0s and 1s, where Zero represents the {\lq}Open{\rq} state for the eye and a One represents the {\lq}Closed{\rq} state as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig_B-good}. We normalize the vector by truncating repeated instances of a state with a single instance. For example, vector 00000110000 becomes 010. The system provides a special word to start and end a session of blinking, which is keeping the eyes closed for 4 seconds.
The system recognizes the end of a word when the patient's eyes remain open for 1 second.
Based on the output vector, the number of blinks is calculated and is mapped with the words in the dictionary (Table.~\ref{Dictionary}). The dictionary consists of basic words that we use as a proof-of-concept and it can be modified.

\begin{table}
\caption{Dictionary}
\label{Dictionary}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\textbf{\# blinks} & \textbf{1} & \textbf{2} & \textbf{3} & \textbf{4} & \textbf{5} & \textbf{6} & \textbf{7} \\ \hline
\textbf{Pattern} & 1 & 101 & 10101 & 1010101 & 101010101 & 10101010101 & 1010101010101 \\ \hline
\textbf{Words} & Yes & No & Hi & I am & Good & Thanks & How are you? \\ \hline
\textbf{Mouse} & Right & Left & Click R. & Click L. & Up & Down & Hold click \\ \hline
\textbf{Keyboard} & Tab & Enter & Back & Esc & Scroll up & Scroll down & Space \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{pic/pdf/hld-vector2.pdf}}
\caption{BWCNN system predicting a series of frames in the real-time}
\label{fig_B-good}
\end{figure}

\section{Results}
This section provides the performance results of the different architectures. Table.~\ref{RESNET} lists the results obtained from training ResNet for 100 epochs on batch sizes 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32. Training ResNet from scratch for 100 epochs on a batch size of 16 yields the best accuracy, 99.26\%. There is no improvement in accuracy after 55 epochs.

\begin{table}[htbp]
\caption{Final results: 3.1 GHz Quad-Core Intel Core i7, 16 GB 2,133 MHz}
\label{Final Results}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Model\\ Archit-\\ ecture\end{tabular}} & \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Batch \\ size\end{tabular}} & \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Ep. \\ imp.\end{tabular}} & \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Total \\ params\end{tabular}} & \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Trainable \\ params\end{tabular}} & \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Non-\\ trainable \\ params\end{tabular}} & \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Model \\ size\end{tabular}} & \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Model\\ Accu-\\ racy\end{tabular}} & \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Avg \\ latency\end{tabular}} \\ \hline
ResNet & 16 & 55 & 23,591,810 & 23,538,690 & 53,120 & 283MB & 99.26\% & 117.28ms \\ \hline
DenseNet & 8 & 55 & 7,039,554 & 6,955,906 & 83,648 & 85MB & 99.24\% & 146.09ms \\ \hline
SqueezeNet & 16 & 1 & 723,522 & 723,522 & 0 & 8MB & 49.40\% & 13.64ms \\ \hline
InceptionV3 & 16 & 16 & 21,806,882 & 1,772,450 & 34,432 & 262MB & 99.20\% & 94.1ms \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{pic/pdf/ResNet.pdf}}
\caption{ResNet: training and validation (accuracy and loss) curves.}
\label{fig_pdf_ResNet}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{pic/pdf/InceptionV3.pdf}}
\caption{InceptionV3: training and validation (accuracy and loss) curves.}
\label{fig_pdf_InceptionV3}
\end{figure}

We trained a new ResNet model using transfer learning. We took the weights from the best performing network that we had trained form scratch and used them to train a ResNet network with batch sizes of 8, 16, and 32. We also did transfer learning with weights obtained from the official pre-trained ResNet architecture and used it to train ResNet architecture with batch sizes of 8, 16, and 32. The results are shown in Table.~\ref{RESNET}.

Table.~\ref{DenseNet,SqueezeNet,InceptionV3} presents the results for DenseNet, SqueezeNet, and InceptionV3 architectures for the batch sizes of 8, 16, and 32.
Fig.~\ref{fig_pdf_InceptionV3} shows the training and loss curve for InceptionV3. DenseNet has the best accuracy of 99.24\%, which is achieved for a batch size of 8, as training for 55 epochs, after which it starts over-fitting.

SqueezeNet seems to be the worst among all the architectures with an accuracy of 49.40\%. There is no change in accuracy after the first epoch, which is in Table.~\ref{DenseNet,SqueezeNet,InceptionV3}. The final comparison of the best results across the different architectures in Table.~\ref{Final Results}. Apart from the accuracy of the networks, Table.~\ref{Final Results} also contains the latency (in milliseconds). We can see that ResNet has the best accuracy of 99.26\%, but has a high latency of 117.28ms. InceptionV3 has an accuracy of 99.20\% which is close to ResNet, but with a lower latency of 94.1ms. We can see that InceptionV3, DenseNet, and ResNet have similar accuracies but the InceptionV3 model has the lowest latency. Thus, we chose InceptionV3 architecture.

\section{Conclusion}
In this paper, we designed an AI system for non-verbal communication that converts eye-blinks to words using a deep learning CNN architecture. The system predicts the state of the eyes of the patient and finds the blinking pattern. We compared several CNN architectures and hyperparameter selections in model training. For the evaluation, we tested our system using 16,979 facial images and found that our proposed prediction model was efficient and effective. Results demonstrate that overall prediction accuracy is 99.20\% and the average prediction time is 94ms. We trained different architectures with different hyperparameters to identify parameter combinations that lead to high accuracy and low latency. For the sake of conducting a clear comparative analysis, we compare the results of each architecture with batch sizes of 8, 16, and 32. SqueezeNet received the lowest accuracy with the fewest parameters. The DenseNet, ResNet, and InceptionV3 acquired accuracies in the range of 99.20\% and above. As InceptionV3 had the lowest latency, we chose this architecture. We introduced transfer learning, which improved the convergence when compared to random initialization, to otherwise similar accuracy and latency in the response. Future work includes the training on a more generalized training dataset, the application of hybrid technologies that fuse computer vision techniques such as the one presented together with other natural language processing methods, including recurrent neural networks, to introduce memory in the actions and system. The dataset, source code, demo, and results of this system are available at  \url{https://albara.ramli.net/research/bwcnn/}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: Proof Verification - If E is an infinite subset of a compact set K, then E has a limit point in K I was thinking about this theorem
If E is an infinite subset of a compact set K, then E has a limit point in K.
I know that's already asked here, for example here
But, I think that I get an alternative proof, but I'm not sure if my proof it's all right.
My proof for this theorem:
Let $\{x_n\}_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ a sequence such that $\{x_n\}_{n \in \mathbb{N}} \subset E \subset K$, by the compactness of $K$ there is a subsequence $\{x_{n_{j}}\}_{j \in \mathbb{N}}$ such that $x_{n_{j}} \rightarrow a \in K$.
Then $a$ is limit point of $E$.
Indeed  $\forall \ \varepsilon > 0 \ \ \exists \ j_0 \in \mathbb{N} $ such that $j>j_0 \Rightarrow x_{n_{j}} \in B(a,\varepsilon)$
As $E$ has infinite point we have $B(a,\varepsilon) \cap E \neq \emptyset$, therefore $a$ is a limit point of $E$ [QED].
Thank you.

A: This is not correct and it could not be correct because at no moment you used the fact that $E$ is infinite (you mentioned it, but you did not use it). Note that if $(\forall n\in\mathbb{N}):x_n=e$, for some element $e\in E$, all you proved is that some subsequence converges to $e$. In fact, the whole sequence converges to $e$, but that doesn't prove that $e$ is a limit point of $E$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Beware of Wolf Attacks in Northeast Oregon!
Oregon lawmakers debating a bill to better compensate victims of wolf attacks.
Right now if your cow or sheep is killed by wolves you must notify the Fish & Wildlife folks to come out and confirm the kill. Then the state cuts you a check.
But for ranchers in the mountains, like Baker County in eastern Oregon, by the time they find a dead animal it's already a day or two old. By the time someone from the state makes it up to confirm the kill the carcass is long gone.
At least 77 wolves in 9 packs live in northeast Oregon. Normally a rancher can expect to lose one or two animals a year to wolves, but in 2013 one Baker County rancher lost 12 adult cows and 12 calves!


The brief for this highly ambitious project required both the design of a state-of-the-art department store as well as the creation of an architectural landmark for Birmingham, so that the building itself would become a genuine catalyst for urban regeneration. Therefore the strategy was to reinterpret the notion of a department store, not just in its form and appearance but also in the social function such a building now plays in our society. Its relationship to the church is significant, representing the religious and commercial lives of the city that have evolved side by side over hundreds of years. The building provides an ethereal backdrop to the Gothic architecture of St Martin's and its proximity creates a powerful visual tension between church and department store. Glimpsed from the train entering Birmingham from the south, it promises mystery and excitement in a city undergoing a 21st-century renaissance.
The fluidity of shape recalls the fall of fabric or the soft lines of a body, rising from the ground and gently billowing outwards before being drawn in at a kind of waistline. It then curves out again and over to form the roof in one continuous movement. The skin is made up of thousands of aluminium discs creating a fine, lustrous grain. In sunlight it shimmers, reflecting minute changes in weather conditions and taking on the colours, light and shapes of people and things passing by ? an animate and breathing form. The interior had to be a blank canvas for an array of changing interior design and shop-fits. However by designing key elements of the interior ? the dramatic roof lit atrium criss crossed by a white cat's cradle of sculpted escalators and the smaller but equally powerful atrium ?, the integrity of the interior is preserved and lives up to the expectations set by the building's exterior.


The Lytle Creek Project is located in San Bernardino County and is situated on the Lytle Creek Wash, a major drainage for the San Gabriel Mountains. The Lytle Creek project presented PACE with many unique challenges. First, in early 2005 a major storm event washed away an existing levee protecting a gravel pit located within the wash. In addition to the washed out levee there is a habitat preserve island in the middle of the wash protecting an endangered species, the Kangaroo Rat. PACE had to redesign an earthen filled levee to protect the gravel pit, levees on both sides of the wash to protect future development, and design these structures so no Kangaroo Rat habitat would be jeopardized.
Flo-2D, a 2-dimensional flood routing model, was used to generate flow direction, velocities and water depth. PACE generated an approach to incorporate the Flo-2D output into GIS where the data could be represented visually and utilize our Kangaroo Rat Island Habitat Analysis.


text:
Ватраска — река в России, протекает в Спасском районе Нижегородской области. Устье реки находится в 82 км по правому берегу реки Урга. Длина реки составляет 26 км.

Населённые пункты на реке: село Бронский Ватрас, деревня Новая, село Долгое Поле, деревня Малое Сущево, село Большое Сущево, село Латышиха и село Новый Усад.

У села Новый Усад в Ватраску справа впадает Тубанаевка

Данные водного реестра
По данным государственного водного реестра России относится к Верхневолжскому бассейновому округу, водохозяйственный участок реки — Сура от устья реки Алатырь и до устья, речной подбассейн реки — Сура. Речной бассейн реки — (Верхняя) Волга до Куйбышевского водохранилища (без бассейна Оки).

Код объекта в государственном водном реестре — 08010500412110000040254.

Примечания

Литература

Притоки Урги (притока Суры)
Реки Спасского района (Нижегородская область)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Keith Olbermann has hosted primetime news and sports shows in the past, but as GQ's special correspondent, he now hosts a YouTube show in front of what appears to be construction paper.
The first season of his show was titled "The Closer," and now following President-elect Donald Trump's election he hosts "The Resistance." He has over 50 episodes and none have gotten more than 1 million views on YouTube. Olbermann's interview with White House press secretary Josh Earnest got less than 100,000 views. The GQ special correspondent started it with asking "is [President Barack Obama] allowed to have opinions" about the election? This question came more than three months after the president endorsed Hillary.
Before his time with GQ, he had hosted shows for outlets such as Fox Sports, ESPN, and MSNBC.
There is more to Olbermann's show then the cheap-looking set. Every episode shares a common theme of hyperbole.
"One thing about Keith, he's not hiding anything. He is as pompous and unhappy as he seems on TV. It's all completely real," a former coworker told TheDC.
Olbermann has not only been over-the-top during his time with GQ, he has also practiced shoddy journalism. On Thursday night, Olbermann tweeted a link to one of his videos "Alexander Hamilton's Plan To Keep Trump From The White House," and commented, "With [Kurt Eichenwald] reporting past drug issues, Electoral College cannot confirm Russia's Whore as POTUS." Calling Donald Trump a "Russian whore" isn't the newsworthy bit about the tweet. The issue here is that the reporting Olbermann is referencing doesn't exist.
Eichenwald, a senior writer at Newsweek, has never written an article for Newsweek about Trump having drug issues. On Twitter he once wrote, "I believe Trump was institutionalized in a mental hospital for a nervous breakdown in 1990, which is why he won't release medical records." He subsequently deleted this tweet and refused to back it up in an interview on Fox News Thursday night. He claimed on Twitter after the interview to have medical documents showing Trump used amphetamines, Eichenwald has not shown these documents and nor does this claim mean Trump has a drug problem.
TheDC has reached out to GQ to find out if this reporting by their special correspondent is up to their standards. GQ has not replied to multiple phone calls and emails regarding whether it is a problem for their journalists to refer to non-existent reports. TheDC was not able to reach Olbermann for comment.


text:
New Algorithm Removes Underwater Distortions for Clear Colorful Pictures
The new system is being praised by marine life researchers.
Derya Akkaynak
Have you ever taken an underwater picture only to have it come out in hues of green and blue? That is because light behaves differently in water.
Although it may just be a bummer when taking personal pics, the phenomenon is actually a bigger deal in the scientific community where the inability to take accurate pictures of sea life is hindering essential progress. Now Oceanographer and engineer Derya Akkaynak and engineer Tali Treibitz, of the University of Haifa, have created a new artificial intelligence algorithm that may just solve all that.
How does the #ocean look without water? Check out the Sea-thru algorithm that removes water from your underwater images here: https://t.co/bHJq73gWVF #CVPR pic.twitter.com/VAWubfSPsQ
— Derya Akkaynak (@dakkaynak) June 14, 2019
Removing water
The best way to describe what the algorithm does is to say it removes the water. This is because it allows pictures to be captured underwater as if they were taken on dry land.
The researchers have called their new system Sea-thru and it is nothing short of extraordinary. Unlike photoshop that artificially fixes pictures, Sea-thru is a real-time physically accurate correction.
This image shared in the researchers work truly shows what the algorithm can achieve:
Source: Derya Akkaynak
Obtaining true colors
RELATED: NVIDIA AI MAKES ARTISTS OUT OF EVERYONE
The algorithm has gotten the marine life scientific community excited. "What I like about this approach is that it's really about obtaining true colors," Pim Bongaerts, a coral biologist at the California Academy of Sciences told Scientific American. "Getting true color could really help us get a lot more worth out of our current data sets."
Source: Matan Yuval
IE had the opportunity to interview Akkaynak on her work.
IE: How did you go about inventing the algorithm?
Akkaynak: I developed the Sea-thru algorithm during my post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Haifa, Marine Imaging Lab, as a result of three years of theoretical and experimental work. Digital cameras (along with underwater housings) have been commercially available really only since the early 1990s, so since then consistently correcting colors in underwater images had been a challenging and open problem in our field. That was the problem I started working on in 2015 when I first joined the University of Haifa.
In time, the reasons for the lack of a robust and consistent color correction algorithm became clear -- researchers were using an equation describing how light moves in the atmosphere to produce an image on the camera sensor, to correct colors in underwater photographs. What happens to light underwater is very different than what happens to it in the air. Once I discovered that I formulated a (more) physically accurate equation specifically for the ocean, and that equation is the real breakthrough that led to the Sea-thru algorithm. That equation is why the Sea-thru algorithm works better than existing algorithms, and has been able to produce the stunning corrections (algorithmically) that you have seen.
IE: How does the algorithm work?
Akkaynak: The only non-standard piece of information it requires is a 'distance map' – which
tells us the distance of each object in the scene from the camera. Other than that, it works on raw RGB images taken under natural light. It does not need a color chart in the images. It is not an AI algorithm – so there are no neural networks, or training involved, either.
There are different ways of obtaining a distance map. We estimate it utilizing multiple images of the scene. You can also use a stereo camera setup, and obtain distance from a single image pair, not needing multiple images. Once the algorithm has distance, it estimates all the necessary parameters for removing the "fog" and restoring colors based on the equation I mentioned above.
IE: What applications do you foresee for the algorithm?
Akkaynak: Sea-thru already works on video, which is very cool, because takes away the need for multiple images since video frames inherently are multiple images of the same scene. Also, it takes away the need to carry artificial lights, which means less expense and gear to carry for many photographers.
But where it will add tremendous value will be the automation of the analysis images and video taken by marine scientists. When these images (eg, surveys of reefs, seafloor, fish stocks, etc) are preprocessed with Sea-thru, scientists will then be able to use powerful computer vision and machine learning methods to be able to count, identify, segment, and classify animals and other objects in them. Currently, we acquire vast amounts of images, but the majority of analyses are done manually, which is tedious, slow, and expensive.
At the moment Sea-thru works only on images taken under natural light, but we will extend it to the case of artificial light as that's how the majority of the ocean is explored. And of course, I see it as a module in Photoshop, integrated into consumer cameras, and even diving masks. It's only a matter of time!
Clearview AI Is Enroute to Win an US Patent for Facial Recognition Technology
A New F-35 Engine May Not Be Affordable for the Air Force
A New 3-in-1 Robot Has Wheels for Feet and Runs for 90 Minutes
Ford Has Debuted a New 281-HP Electric Crate Motor


It is a sturdy black camera used for higher quality photography. It was released by Sony in 2012.
The screen still works and I can use it, but I was just wondering if there was any way I could fix the screen because having the cracks in it is annoying.
Unfortunately, there is no simple way to simply fix the screen. The only way to have a good screen again to to replace it with a new one.
Ebay part cost is about 10$, if you do it yourself..
AJ Draper wird auf ewig dankbar sein.


text:
Confessions of a cleaner: what it's really like for the women who tidy up after us
Written by Isabelle Aron
Netflix's word-of-mouth hit Maid has shone a light on what cleaners have to deal with as part of their work. With women making up the majority of domestic cleaners, writer Isabelle Aron investigates how we really treat the people who tidy up after us.
The worst cleaning job Holly* ever had was when she was just starting out. The now 35-year-old from Derbyshire turned up at a large townhouse. Once inside, she was shocked. The owner hadn't left the house for three years – and he was a hoarder.
"He had 89 toilet roll paper holders in the bathroom that he wanted me to throw away. And I had to get rid of his wife's clothes as she had passed away," she says. "The bathroom hadn't ever been cleaned; it was like a festival toilet. It was disgusting." She hadn't brought her own cleaning products, which she quickly realised was a big mistake. "All he gave me was a bottle of Viakal [limescale remover] to clean the whole house."
She did her best. And afterwards? The man wasn't exactly grateful. "He said I'd missed a bit on the windows. I thought: well you haven't been out of the house in three years and you've not cleaned it, so give me a break."
"Watching Netflix's Maid made me appreciate my single mum so much more"
Holly is one of thousands of women working as a cleaner in the UK. According to the British Cleaning Council's (BCC) 2021 report, there are more than 511,000 people working as 'cleaning and hygiene operatives and domestics', which includes cleaning houses, shops, hotels, schools, offices and other buildings. On average, the hourly wages of people in the profession range between £7.16 and £12.38, according to ONS figures cited by BCC.
Women make up 79% of the workforce. And yet, we rarely hear their stories. What's it like to clean up after other people? How are they treated? And why is the industry so dominated by women?
A new Netflix show, Maid, inspired by Stephanie Land's New York Times bestselling memoir, Maid: Hard Work, Low Pay, And A Mother's Will To Survive, is shining a light on one woman's experience. It tells the story of Alex Russell, a single mother who escapes an abusive relationship and starts cleaning houses to support herself and her daughter.
There's a stigma with being a cleaner because you're cleaning someone else's muck up
Based on a true story, the show struck a chord with Rebecca*, 48, from Warwickshire, who found it "eerily similar" to her own experiences. Like Alex in Maid, Rebecca fell into cleaning as a way to earn money after she fled an abusive relationship.
Things started to go wrong after her second child was born – she was made redundant from her steady job and her partner became increasingly abusive. That was five years ago, and she's been cleaning houses ever since.
"It churned it all up a bit for me," she says about watching the show, but ultimately, she found it "validating" to see a story similar to her own played out on TV.
Seeing herself reflected in pop culture was a rare experience for Rebecca. Those in the industry can feel invisible or looked down on. "People have an image in their mind of someone with a fag in their mouth and a mop and bucket," says Rebecca. "There's the idea that you're scrubbing toilets, so you don't need to be very accomplished to do it."
Maid follows the story of Alex, a single mother who turns to housecleaning in a bid to make ends meet.
It plays on her mind when people ask what she does for a living. "I feel embarrassed saying to people that I'm a cleaner because it's sort of a low-status thing," she explains.
Holly agrees that there are negative stereotypes around cleaning: "There's a stigma with being a cleaner because you're cleaning someone else's muck up. But it's not a role you should be ashamed of. If I clean your home then the least you can do is be nice and say hello."
A lack of respect can play out in other ways, too. Holly once took on a new job for a couple in their 70s. As soon as she turned up, the husband propositioned her. "He went: 'How much would it cost for you to do me?'," says Holly. When she called him out on it, he said it was just "banter". She never went back.
You get people that ignore you if you say 'morning' to them, which can be degrading
Despite some negative experiences, both Holly and Rebecca say there's generally a higher level of respect when you're cleaning someone's home. "You're in their space and you're making it look good. If you worked in an office, I can't imagine it being as respectful because the people in an office aren't your employers," says Rebecca.
It's something Aimee*, 23, from Sheffield, has experienced firsthand. She's been a cleaner for four years and is currently a Covid touchpoint cleaner in an office, working 12-hour days. "You get people that ignore you if you say 'morning' to them, which can be a bit degrading," she says. "They look down at you because you're just a little cleaner. It puts me off my day sometimes. You try to be nice and they blank you."
This lack of respect is particularly jarring given the essential role cleaners have played throughout the pandemic. When there's a Covid case in the office where Aimee works, it's her job to disinfect the area. "It's stressful," she says. "You clean it non-stop and people are still like: 'Can you clean it more?' There's only so much you can do." It makes her anxious, as she nearly lost her mum to Covid this year. "I don't want to be carrying it home to my mum, but I have to do it."
Cleaners have played an essential role in offices during the pandemic.
Has the pandemic changed how people treat cleaners? Has the surge of appreciation people experienced when banging pots and pans for our carers remained? Aimee doesn't think so: "I haven't had anything to make me feel proud. All I've got is complaint after complaint after complaint. I don't feel appreciated at all. It makes me think: what's the point in me doing this?"
Rebecca thinks that initially, the pandemic did create more respect for cleaners. "It did at the start, when there was the clap for carers and people were like: 'Aren't the dustbin men great? Risking their lives coming out and collecting our bins.' But it's faded away now."
You see the real side to people when you clean their homes
There's no doubt that the job involves some grim tasks. "You see the real side to people when you clean their homes," says Holly. She used to clean for a couple every week and there was one task she dreaded in the bathroom, that had nothing to do with cleaning the toilet.
"They had a sex bin in their bathroom that I had to empty. It was full every week!" she says. "I tried not to look but it was full of condoms, baby wipes and tissues. Once, the bin emptied out in the hallway. It was mortifying. I had to scoop it all up. That was a hard job."
Rebecca says she's learned not to judge anyone on the state of their homes, but it can be hard going. "I had one job where there was years of grease in the kitchen. I think they had a lot of fried food, so there were layers and layers of grease going rancid. It was revolting."
The flexabilty of cleaning allows many women to balance their work around child-care.
At the office where Aimee works, people often don't flush the toilet or they leave their tampons on the floor. But the worst thing she's had to deal with? "Cleaning someone's bogeys off the wall," she says. "They're grown adults and they're doing that – it's gross. And then they've got the cheek to look down at cleaners."
Stats from the BCC show that in the cleaning industry as a whole, the gender split is fairly even: 53% are male and 47% female. But these figures, which cover everything from waste management to landscape services and roles at all levels, don't tell the whole story. Jobs that fall under the category of 'cleaning activities' – ie scrubbing toilets and washing floors – are predominantly done by women (69% women, 31% men). But why?
We're taught that women have to be in the kitchen and doing the cleaning. I hate that attitude
For both Rebecca and Holly, one of the main reasons cleaning works for them is the flexibility that allows them to manage childcare around their work. It's often a job that's done on a part-time basis, too – according to the BCC, 76% of cleaning and hygiene operatives and domestics work part-time.
Rebecca says it's "family-friendly work", which means she can adapt her working hours around her childcare responsibilities, which is essential as a single mother. Holly needed something that could fit in with caring for her son, who is often in and out of hospital.
Despite appreciating the flexibility, Holly thinks that part of the reason the industry is dominated by women is down to gender stereotypes. "We're taught that if you're a woman you have to be in the kitchen and doing the cleaning; if you're a man, you go out to work. I hate that attitude," she says.
Netflix's Maid: why the show's portrayal of a tricky mother/daughter relationship is so powerful
It's clear that cleaning up after people can be a pretty thankless job. But it's not all bad. Holly recognises how her role makes people's lives better. "It gives me a lot of pride to go into someone's home and make it nice for them," she says. "I feel like I help people and that gives me a sense of satisfaction."
For Rebecca, who has lots of elderly clients, she's often much more than a cleaner to them. "With the pandemic, quite a few of the [clients] in their 80s haven't seen their family. They get me to sit down and have a cup of tea with them. If there were no cleaners, what would they do?"
*Names have been changed
If you need help with bullying or harassment in the workplace, visit Citizens Advice.