Epson L320 Driver Download - if you are going for walks a home office or small workplace that needs a reasonably-priced all-in-one multifunction printer, the Epson staff 320 is one of the nice to be had. It has marvelous specs and performance for its low price range price, and is simplest surely hampered with the aid of mediocre paper feed and ink cartridge ability figures. it is a stable competitor to the HP Officejet 4500.
The Epson team of workers 320 may additionally have a rather uninspired design that reminds u . s . '90s fax system, but it's utilitarian and easy to understand. A pinnacle-set up flatbed scanner with a most decision of 1200x2400dpi is good enough for digitising files or sending faxes, however the staff 320's catch-card is the 30-sheet automated file feeder. For its $129 asking fee we have been very inspired to find this blanketed and observed it functioned perfectly. Epson L320 Driver Download.
transferring down the printer's frame, the controls are simply labelled. there may be even five presets that let you keep regularly used fax numbers. We do not like the truth that the Epson body of workers 320 has an antique-style lcd display in place of a coloration one with a graphical interface. It receives the activity performed for displaying simple information however we think coloration liquid crystal display presentations are less difficult to study and may healthy extra text.
The paper input tray on the rear of the Epson body of workers 320 can hold one hundred twenty plain A4 sheets. if you're printing regularly this can quickly run dry, but the rear tray is without problems accessible and less difficult to fill up than a bottom-loading cartridge.
A hinge underneath the flatbed scanner lets in clean get entry to to the 4 ink cartridges. setting up the Epson group of workers 320 takes around ten mins such as the preliminary set up of cartridges and CD-based totally software program installation — we used a Apple Macbook seasoned 15in pocket book for our trying out.
We weren't able to attain the Epson body of workers 320's said most black text print speed of 34 pages in line with minute, however we did come near. Over a longer print run of again-to-again 50-web page files, we managed to hit just over 28 pages according to minute whilst printing in draft first-rate settings. An preliminary web page out time of 12 seconds may be very mind-blowing and makes the Epson team of workers 320 beneficial for absolutely everyone who regularly desires brief unmarried-page printouts. Epson L320 Driver Download.
colour printing is round half of the velocity of black textual content printing. We located the Epson personnel 320 changed into capable of produce around nine pages per minute in draft great mode. Epson prices a parent of 15 pages in line with minute so our outcomes were a little off the mark — not excessively so although.
The Epson staff 320's ink cartridge capacities are a mild problem to its reason as an office printer. the usual Epson 133 cartridges can most effective produce 230 black and 305 colour pages in a everyday yield — if possible we'd opt for the high capacity Epson 138 cartridges that yield 380 black and 420 shade A4 pages. happily the personnel 320 ships with complete capability cartridges in preference to starter ones that are most effective partly packed with ink.
We located Epson's 133 cartridges for $19.25 each online, making the cost of a full set of popular ink replacements $seventy seven. A everyday black textual content page must value around 8.4cents and a full color web page around 18.9cents. using high potential cartridges, which are handiest $1.ninety extra pricey each for a total fee of $88.60, outcomes in according to-web page expenses of 5.8cents for black and 15.8cents for full coloration A4.
Switch on your PC where you need to introduce Epson L320 Printerdriver.
at the execution of this wizard you need to associate USB link between Epson L320 and your PC.
So sit tight for that and associate just when it requests that you interface. It will distinguish the Epson L320 and proceed to next stride if all goes well.
3 Responses to "Epson L320 Driver Download"


Of all the grand structures in the world, the Great Wall of China is the most tragically comic. It was built by the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, 1500 years ago, and then expanded and maintained for 1000 years more. Millions of people were used in its construction, and when the emperors ran out of men they used women. And it didn't work! Genghis Khan simply bribed the sentries, and its huge span meant that of course it couldn't be defended entirely along its length. When Japan and then Europe invaded from the sea, the Wall was about as much use as a hairdryer.
But I have to say, there is only word to describe it today… Frickin' Awesome. OK, two words maybe, but at 10,000 li, the Wall is the longest man-made structure in the world. I went and saw it with an Irish guy named Logan from the hostel, and they hooked us up with what is considered the most beautiful and least touristed section at Jinshanling. And the hostel was right, it was beautiful, remote, and very untouristed compared the circus at Badaling (literally: Badaling has a sad zoo and cable car). In fact, our bus was the only one there at the time we pulled up, which is shocking when you think about the billion potential tourists in the country.
But for the most part, we had it to ourselves, standing upon the Great Wonder in all its crumbly glory. It is 7m tall and 7m thick, a huge square bulk snaking off in both directions until it disappears far off in the misty mountains. It has 25,000 battlements! And each of these are multi-storey mini-houses, complete with living quarters. The mind-boggling construction is almost entirely over rugged mountainous terrain in the hills north of Beijing.
Standing atop it, watching it wind and bend up and down and back upon itself over the steep ridges, endlessly, is to know the meaning of Empire.


Your Veteran is a hero. Now it's your turn. Wives, sisters, uncles, grandparents—anyone can be a hero to their returning Veteran simply by gaining a better understanding of the common challenges they face when adjusting to post-deployment life. Family of Heroes, a free, award-winning interactive role-play simulation, shows you how.
Like an interactive video game, Family of Heroes puts you inside a virtual environment where you "talk" with Veterans who respond to what you choose to say. A virtual coach offers tips along the way.
Be a Hero to Yours Today!


text:
Stop Mean Girl School Bullies
Mean girls, like mean guys, can make middle and high school a wounding, scarring misery for many kids. We'd expect elementary school friendships to change as girls develop different interests in boys, studies, athletics, music, art and science at different rates – especially interests in boys. We'd expect old friends to drift apart.
But the verbal, mental and emotional consequences of put-downs, teasing, taunting, cutting-out, ganging up, harassment, hazing, bullying and abuse can be devastating. Scars can last a lifetime.
Alicia and Cory were best friends for years but in middle school, Cory changed. She became boy-crazy and Tammy became her best friend. Alicia wasn't interested in boys at that time so she and Cory started drifting apart. Nothing unusual or wrong with that.
But Tammy made it a problem. She and few friends targeted Alicia and insisted that if Cory wanted to be Tammy's "best friend," Cory had to join in the attacks on Alicia. Cory didn't resist. As soon as Cory gave in, Tammy upped the stakes and kept making Cory be more and more vicious in order to join the gang.
Alicia had never done anything bad to Tammy or to Cory. Neither would talk with Alicia about why Tammy had singled her out. Tammy was simply a bully; each year in school she aligned herself against a scapegoat who she used to rally a clique around her as a leader in devising more and more cruel attacks. This year was simply Alicia's turn. Since nothing bad happened to Tammy during her years at school, she didn't see any reason to stop.
When Alicia talked with Cory, Cory cried, but didn't stop her attacks.
What can Alicia and her parents do?
Alicia didn't talk about the bullying but her parents could tell there was something very wrong. They dragged it out of Alicia. They could understand Alicia and Cory's different interests and growing distance, but they were appalled that an old friend was so vicious toward Alicia.
Alicia's parents talked to a teacher who confirmed the level of abuse but said she was helpless because it was all verbal and the school had no policies or programs in place and her principal didn't want the subject of bullying brought up. The teacher also told them that Tammy's parents had been spoken with the previous year for attacking a different girl, but since Tammy was winning and feeling good, her parents didn't see any reason to stop her. In the long-term, Alicia's parents knew they had to fight for a strong anti-bullying program and probably a new principal but that didn't help resolve the immediate problem.
Alicia's parents knew Cory's parents very well so they decided to talk with them. They didn't know Tammy's parents so they did not approach them. Cory's parents were upset at their daughter, but after lengthy discussions they decided to minimize the bullying. They said that Alicia would have to deal and they were happy that Cory had gotten in to a popular crowd.
While Alicia's parents were exploring other avenues, like talking to the district administrator, they knew that their immediate task was to help Alicia develop an attitude that would diminish the emotional hurt. They knew that kids who took the put-downs to heart usually suffered all their lives. More than the crying, loss of appetite, falling grades, sleepless nights, negative self-talk, anxiety, blame, shame and guilt, low self-confidence and self-esteem, and depression and maybe even suicidal tendencies often followed such relentless attacks. Indeed, Alicia had begun to take the viciousness personally. She wasn't ugly but she wasn't beautiful; she was skinny and she hadn't started developing breasts yet; she was good-natured and social but not in the clique of the most popular girls. She began to think that there must be something wrong with her because she was picked on and didn't know how to fight back – being nice, appeasement and following the Golden Rule hadn't helped. Since the adults didn't protect her, she thought that maybe there really was something wrong with her and she'd be a loser and alone all her life. Her parents and family loved her but maybe, she thought, in the outside world, she'd be victimized for life.
Alicia's parents decided to focus on helping her turn around her thinking. She had thought that since she was evidently failing Cory and Tammy's tests for friendship, she must be doing something wrong and there was something wrong with her.
The big shift came when Alicia decided that she was really testing them. She decided that there was nothing wrong with her; Tammy, Cory and their friends were simply jerks. She decided that Cory, Tammy and the others were stupid and insecure, and needed to put someone down in order to feel good. And that her old friend Cory was especially weak and ignoble. They had failed Alicia's test of who she wanted to be friends with. She didn't want to be friends with people who acted that way.
Alicia was not one to fight back with fists, arguments or even sarcasm. The tactic that fit her personality and comfort zone was simply to mutter "jerks," laugh with scorn and walk away with her head held high. And she remained laughing and happy because she knew who the losers were. While that infuriated Tammy, Cory and the others, there were a number of other girls who responded to Alicia's attitude of confidence and self-esteem, and to her smile and good cheer. She slowly collected her own clique of friends.
Alicia also built a mental movie of a future in which she was loved and had a loving family. She could see that she looked like her mother, who'd married her handsome father and that they loved each other. She had hope that she could also do as well. Therefore, she also judged the boys who circled around Tammy and Cory as jerks. She knew they weren't good enough for her. Her self-esteem and confidence grew. Other kids noticed that she seemed more secure and sure of herself. Since she was nice and friendly, many wanted to be friends with her.
Alicia also realized that she would not want to be friends later in life with most of those middle school kids. As much as they had seemed important to her before, she decided that she'd make her own life, following her own interests so any middle school friends were probably temporary. That took much of the sting out of Tammy and Cory's continuing scorn and harassment.
What Alicia's parents did to try to rally the principal and district administrator is a different story. Typically, when harassment or abusive behaviors, and bullies are tolerated at a school they do not remain as isolated incidents, they become typical patterns of behavior. Therefore, there were many other kids in Alicia's position of being harassed and targeted by other bullies. But how Alicia's parents rallied them is also a different story.
The important story here is that through personalized coaching, Alicia started a life of testing the world. She took charge of her attitudes and feelings, increased her self-confidence and self esteem, and changed her life for the better. In so doing, she took charge of her actions and her future.
CategoriesBullies at School, Coaching, Consulting, parenting, Parenting Bully-Proof Kids Book, Stop Bullies Book
Tagsabuse, abusive, actions, administrator, alone, anti-bullying, anxiety, appeasement, appetite, arguments, art, athletics, attacks, attitudes, behaviors, blame, boys, bullies, Bullies at School, bully, bullying, clique, Coaching, confidence, consequences, cruel, crying, cutting-out, depression, devastating, emotional, esteem, family, feelings, fight, friends, friendships, future, gang, ganging, girls, Golden Rule, grades, guilt, happy, harassment, hazing, helpless, high school, incidents, infuriated, insecure, judged, kids, laughing, loved, mean, mean girls, Mental, middle school, minimize, music, negative, negative self-talk, parents, patterns, policies, principal, programs, protect, put-downs, relentless, resist, sarcasm, scapegoat, scar, science, scorn, self-confidence, self-esteem, self-talk, shame, sleepless, studies, stupid, suicidal, targeted, taunting, teacher, teasing, thinking, tolerated, verbal, vicious, victimized, weak, wound
More Bullies in Public or Private Schools?
In his New York Times Op-Ed column, Charles M. Blow reported on the experience of his three children and the results of a study conducted by the Josephson Institute Center for Youth Ethics, which interviewed more than 43,000 high school students. He reports that the study showed:
"Boys who went to private religious schools were most likely to say that they had used racial slurs and insults in the past year as well as mistreated someone because he or she belonged to a different group.
Boys at religious private schools were the most likely to say that they had bullied, teased or taunted someone in the past year.
While boys at public schools were the most likely to say that it was O.K. to hit or threaten a person who makes them very angry, boys at private religious schools were just as likely to say that they had actually done it."
In addition, he says that, "While some public schools have issues with academic attainment, it appears that some private schools have issues with tolerance. No person is truly better when they lack this basic bit of civility."
Most of the discussion and argument will focus on whether or not his general conclusions are correct about most private versus public schools. And many people will base their conclusions on their personal experience in each type of school.
But the important point is not about the generalizations. Don't get distracted by academic speculation about the generalizations. The important point is about the schools your children are going to.
If your children are going to a school that tolerates or encourages other children to think that they're special and, therefore, that they can tease, taunt, mistreat, bully or abuse people who are different, that's the situation you need to focus on.
Children need to feel that they're special and that high standards of behavior are expected of them. The problem is caused by the idea that, therefore, they can scorn or torment other people who aren't in their group or who are different.
Bullies will target any difference they can find. It's not the difference that causes bullying; it's the bullies who find the difference. Of course bullies will focus on race, religion, color, gender, sexual preference, etc. But we all also know examples of mean girls and mean boys who bully people they decide are too tall or short, too skinny or fat, or who have different hair color or hair style, or different clothes, or who aren't as fashionable or faddish.
Their bullying can range from verbal, emotional and cyber-bullying to physical violence. They form cliques or gangs to harass, cut-out, put-down, torment and abuse their targets. If responsible adults don't intervene and stop the behavior, bullies will be emboldened to push every boundary and to take power. Unfortunately, mean parents often encourage their kids; sharing their prejudices and hatreds or thinking that popularity is worth any price. Also, bullying parents will protect and defend their bullying kids, like Lucius Malfoy protecting his rotten son, Draco, in the Harry Potter series.
I've consulted with principals, teachers and staff of both public and private schools, who won't ignore, tolerate or support bullying. And we have developed effective programs to stop bullying. In addition, I've seen both public and private schools in which principals, teachers and staff look the other way or condone or even applaud harassment, bullying and abuse. Some even think that building school spirit this way is worth sacrificing a few weaklings or sinners.
I've also coached families of children in both public and private schools to help them learn how to stop bullies and how to be skillful when dealing with reluctant, do-nothing principals. The "reasons" for the bullying usually vary from situation to situation, but the tactics used by bullies are the similar across the board.
More than generalization to be discussed and disputed intellectually at a party, we're hit home emotionally by what happens to our children. If one school, whether public or private, doesn't stop bullies and it's your children's school, that's the one that counts in your life.
But there is one generalization that cuts across all lines; we can stop bullies before we've analyzed in detail the reasons why a particular kid or group of kids selects its target(s) and long before we can teach them to have increased empathy and tolerance. The first step is always having clear, firm and immediate consequences for the perpetrators.
If we don't stop bullying and abuse, we'll continue the downward spiral of stress, anxiety, negativity and depression; of loss of self-confidence and self-esteem; and of increased suicides among targets who become victims because the responsible adults didn't protect and defend them.
CategoriesBullies at School, Coaching, Consulting, cyberbullying, parenting, Public Speaking, Stop Bullies Book
Tagsabuse, academic, adults, analyzed, angry, anxiety, applaud, argument, Behavior, Blow, boundary, boys, Bullied, bullies, bully, bullying, Charles M- Blow, children, civility, cliques, coached, color, column, conclusions, condone, conducted, confidence, consequences, consulted, cut-out, cyber-bullying, defend, depression; self-confidence, discussed, discussion, disputed, do-nothing, emotional, Empathy, encourage, encourages, Ethics, expected, experience, families, gangs, gender, generalizations, girls, harass, harassment, Harry Potter, hatred, high school, hit, Ignore, insults, intervene, interviewed, Josephson, Josephson Institute, mean girls, mistreated, negativity, New York Times, parents, perpetrators, personal, physical, popularity, power, prejudices, principals, private, programs, protect, public, put-down, race, racial, reasons, religion, religious, reluctant, responsible, results, schools, scorn, self-esteem; esteem, sexual preference, sinners, situation, slurs, special, speculation, staff, Standards, stop, Stop Bullies, stop bullying, stress, students, study, suicides, support, Tactics, targets, taunted, teachers, teased, threaten, tolerance, tolerate, tolerates, torment, verbal, victims, violence, weaklings, Youth Ethics
Stop Bullying at Extended Family Holidays
Many types of family bullying are obvious, whether it's physical or verbal harassment, nastiness or abuse, and targets or witnesses usually jump in to stop it. The typical perpetrators are mothers and fathers bullying each other or the kids, sibling bullies, bullying step-parents or kids sneakily bullying a step-parent in order to drive a wedge between a biological parent and their new partner. But many people allow extended family members to abuse their children or their spouses, especially at the holidays, because they're afraid that protest will split the family into warring factions that will never be healed. They're afraid they'll be blamed for destroying family unity or they accept a social code that proclaims some image of "family" as the most important value.
Except in a few, rare situations, that's a big mistake.
A rare exception might be an aged, senile and demented, or a dying family member whose behavior is tolerated temporarily while the children are protected from the abuse.
But a more typical example of what shouldn't be tolerated was a grandpa who had a vicious tongue, especially when he drank. He angrily told the grandchildren they were weak, selfish and dumb. He ripped them down for every fault – too smart, too stupid; too fat, too skinny; too short, too tall; too pretty, too ugly; too demanding, too shy. He also focused on fatal character flaws; born lazy, born failure, born evil, born unwanted.
For good measure, he verbally assaulted his own children and their spouses – except for the favorite ones. He even did this around the Thanksgiving and Christmas tables when the parents and their spouses were present. He was always righteous and right.
Imagine that you see the fear, stress, anxiety and pain on your children's faces and on your spouse's face; you feel the pain and anger in your own heart. You hate being there; you hate exposing your family to the negativity and abuse. The rest of the adults try to shrug it off saying, "It's only dad. He really does love us. His life has been hard." Or they insist, "Don't upset the family, don't force us to choose sides, family comes first."
I assume you've asked him to stop or given him dirty looks, but that only seemed to encourage him to attack you and your children more. Or he apologized, but didn't stop for even minute. When you arrived late and tried to leave early, he attacked your family even more. He blamed you for disrupting the family. The rest of the adults also said that it's your fault you aren't kind and family oriented enough to put up with him.
What else can you do?
I think you have to step back and look at the big picture – a view of culture, society and what's important in life. Only then can you decide what fights are important enough to fight and only then will you have the strength, courage and perseverance to act effectively.
Compare two views: one in which blood family is all important. We are supposed to do anything for family and put up with anything from family because we need family in order to survive or because family is the greatest good. This view says that if you put anything above family, especially your individual conscience or needs, you'll destroy the foundations of civilized life and expose yourself in times of need. In this view, we are supposed to sacrifice ourselves and our children to our biological family – by blood or by marriage.
We can see the benefits of this view. When you're old and sick, who else will take care of you but kith and kin? In this view, the moral basis of civilization is the bond of blood and marriage. Violate that relationship, bring disunity into the family by standing up for your individual views and you jeopardize everything important and traditional.
In my experience, this view is usually linked to the view that men and inherited traditions should rule. Boys are supposed to torment girls because that teaches them how to become men. Girls are supposed to submit because that's their appointed role – sanctioned by religion and culture. If men are vicious to women and children, if old people are vicious to the young, that's tolerated.
Contrast this view with an alternative in which behavior is more important than blood. Your individual conscience and rules of acceptable behavior are more important than traditions that enable brutality and pain generation after generation. What's most important in this view is that you strive to create an environment with people who fill your heart with joy – a family of your heart and spirit.
If you choose the first view, you'll never be able to stop bullying and abuse. Your children will see who has the power and who bears the pain. They'll model the family dynamics they saw during the holidays. You've abdicated the very individual conscience and power that you need to protect yourself and your children. You'll wallow in ineffective whining and complaining, hoping that someone else will solve your problem.
The best you can hope for outside the family, when your children face bullies who have practiced being bullies or being bullied at home, is that school authorities will do what's right and protect your children from bullies. But how can you expect more courage from them than you have? Or why shouldn't they accept the culture which tolerates bullying and abuse, just like you have?
Once you've decided that you will stop accepting intolerable behavior, your action plan will have to be adjusted to the circumstances, for example:
Are you the biological child in the family or merely a spouse?
Is your spouse willing to be as strong as you?
Who's the perpetrator – a grandparent, another adult or spouse, a cousin, a more distant relative?
Do you see the perpetrator every year or once a decade?
Do other adults acknowledge the abuse also?
Expert coaching and good books and CDs like "Bullies Below the Radar: How to Wise Up, Stand Up and Stay Up" and "How to Stop Bullies in Their Tracks" will help you make the necessary inner shifts and also develop a stepwise action plan that fits your family situation and newly developed comfort zone. For example, see the case studies of Kathy, Jake and Ralph.
Keep in mind that while you hope the perpetrator will change his or her behavior, your goal is really to have an island with people who make every occasion joyous. You must be prepared to go all the way to withdrawing from family events or to starting a fight that will split the family into two camps. But at least you'll be in a camp in which you feel comfortable spending the holidays.
Be prepared to be pleasantly surprised. Sometimes when one person speaks up, many others join in and the combined weight of opinion forces an acceptable change. Sometimes if you say you'll withdraw, you'll be seen as the most difficult person in the room and the rest of the family will make the abuser change or ostracize him or her.
CategoriesBullies at Home, Coaching, Consulting, parenting, Relationships, Stop Bullies Book
Tagsabdicated, abuse, abuser, acknowledge, action, action plan, adult, aged, anger, anxiety, apologized, assaulted, attacked, authorities, Behavior, benefits, biological, blamed, blood, books, boys, brutality, bullies, Bullies at School, Bullies Below the Radar, bullying, character, children, Christmas, circumstances, Coaching, comfortable, complaining, conscience, courage, cousin, culture, demanding, demented, destroying, difficult, disunity, drank, dumb, dying, dynamics, effectively, evil, experience, failure, family, fat, fathers, fault, fight, fights, flaws, girls, goal, grandchildren, grandparent, harassment, heart, Holidays, individual, jeopardize, joy, joyous, kids, lazy, love, marriage, mistake, model, moral, mothers, nastiness, negativity, ostracize, pain, parents, perpetrators, perseverance, physical, plan, power, pretty, protect, protest, relationship, relative, religion, righteous, role, rules, sacrifice, sanctioned, selfish, senile, short, shy, sibling, skinny, smart, society, spirit, spouses, step-parents, Stop Bullies, strength, stress, stupid, submit, tall, targets, teaches, Thanksgiving, tolerated, torment, traditional, ugly, unity, unwanted, value, verbal, vicious, violate, weak, whining, withdrawing, witnesses, women
Stop Bullies: Girls Bullying Girls
Just as many girls as boys are bullies but girls more often target other girls. Girls do bully other girls physically. One publicized example is the Florida girls who beat up a classmate and then posted the video on YouTube.
However, most girl-girl bullying is verbal and emotional. Seven of the nine bullies were girls in the publicized case that led to the recent suicide of Phoebe Prince. Their attacks on Phoebe were choreographed, strategically planned and relentlessly executed. The abuse was verbal, physical and through cyber space.
"Mean girls" are masters of catty remarks, put-downs, scorn, mockery, criticism, sarcasm, cyber bullying and forming cliques led by a Queen Bee. Mean girls are also masters of covert, "stealth bullying;" backstabbing, rumor-mongering, telling secrets, cutting out and spreading gossip and innuendo while pretending to be friends.
Girl bullies often are control-freaks and emotional blackmailers. Common bullying statements are, "If you don't do what I want, you're not my best friend, " or "My best friend wouldn't talk to that other girl," or "You hurt my feelings, you're a false friend." They often set up boys to attack their targets.
Boys tend to use overt physical tactics more than girls.
Girls: it's easy to tell if you're being overtly bullied; it's harder to tell if the bullying is stealthy. You're probably being bullied if you're feeling controlled, forced to do things you don't want to do, scared of what another girl might do to you, afraid of getting ostracized or ganged up on, or not wanting to go to school at all. Trust your gut and talk to your parents no matter how reluctant you are.
Parents: the major signs that your daughter is being bullied are unexplained, 180 degree changes in behavior. For example, no longer talking about school or friends, not wanting to be with classmates, spending all her time in her room, avoiding checking text messages, social web sites or answering the phone, no longer doing homework, not eating lunch at school, stopping after-school activities, wanting to change or quit school, loss of weight, chewing fingernails, not caring about appearance, can't sleep, nightmares, loss of confidence and self-esteem, emotionally labile (crying suddenly alternating with explosive anger and temper tantrums alternating with despondency and depression – "I'm helpless, it's hopeless"). Be careful; teenagers typically go through periods of these behaviors. Parents must check out the causes. Be persistent. Don't be stopped by initial resistance. If your daughter is being bullied, parents must proceed down two paths simultaneously:
Teach your daughter how to protect herself.
Make teachers, principals and school district administrators protect targets.
Bullying at school is rarely an isolated event. Usually there is a pervasive pattern of overlooking, minimizing, denying, tolerating or even encouraging bullying. Strategies for how parents can proceed depend on the situations they're dealing with; especially the people. The bottom line is that most, but not all, principals want to avoid the subject, do nothing, cover-up with platitudes, avoid law suits and won't confront bullying parents who protect their darling little bullies.
Beware of principals who think that their primary task is to understand, rehabilitate or therapeutize bullies. You will have to get other parents involved and be very tactical in order to get principals to act firmly and effectively. There is one absolute "Don't." Every female client and every woman who has interviewed me said that they were verbally bullied when they were young. Unfortunately, their mothers told them, "Rise above the bully. That bully is hurting so much inside that they're taking their pain and inferiority out on you. Understand and forgive them. You're better than they are. If you act nice enough, people will return your kindness with kindness."
Every one of these bullied women bears deep wounds including stress, anxiety, negative self-talk, lack of confidence and self-esteem problems. They also bear an underlying hatred of their mothers for those messages. Those messages are absolutely wrong. Mothers must teach their daughters how to protect themselves, not how to act like willing victims.
Remember, the Golden Rule doesn't stop real-world bullies. Prepare your daughters for the real-world they'll face in school, at work, in intimate relationships and with friends.
CategoriesBullies at School, Coaching, Consulting, cyberbullying, parenting, Parenting Bully-Proof Kids Book, Stop Bullies Book
Tagsabuse, activities, administrators, afraid, anger, anxiety, attacks, avoiding, backstabbing, Behavior, blackmailers, boys, bullies, Bullies at School, bully, bullying, changes, classmate, classmates, client, cliques, confidence, confront, control, control-freaks, controlled, cover-up, covert, criticism, crying, cyber, cyber space, cyber-bullying, daughter, denying, depression, despondency, eating, emotional, emotionally, encouraging, esteem, executed, false, feelings, forced, forgive, friends, ganged, girls, Golden Rule, gossip, hatred, helpless, homework, hurting, inferiority, isolated, kindness, law suits, major signs, mean girls, minimizing, mockery, mothers, negative self-talk, nightmares, ostracized, overtly, pain, parents, pattern, persistent, phone, physically, planned, platitudes, Pretending, Prince, principals, problems, protect, put-downs, Queen Bee, quit, rehabilitate, Relationships, relentlessly, remarks, resistance, rumor, rumor-mongering, sarcasm, scared, scorn, secrets, self-esteem, self-talk, sleep, social, stealth, stealth bullying, stealthy, strategies, stress, suicide, target, targets, teachers, teenagers, temper, text messages, therapeutize, tolerating, understand, verbal, verbally, victims, weight, women, work, wounds, YouTube
Stop Mean Girls Before They Trash You
"Fighting for Girls: New Perspectives on Gender and Violence," edited by Meda Chesney-Lind and Nikki Jones, cites recent studies to show that violence by girls has decreased. In a New York Times article, "The Myth of Mean Girls," Mike Males and Meda Chesney-Lind also state that our common perception that there are mean girls and that girls can be violent, "is a hoax." Well, that just gives new research studies a bad name, or at least those conclusions. As Mark Twain said, "There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies and statistics."
In the real world, not the world inhabited by academics and researchers, mean girls thrive and their violence toward other girls is no only verbal and physical, it's now also done in cyberspace. If you track only physical violence on police blotters, you miss the other damage done by stealth bullying mean girls.
Ignore academic researchers. Remember your years in junior and senior high school, and in college? Haven't you also seen incidents of harassment, bullying and abuse by women against women in the workplace? Ask your daughters what's happening now in their schools. Are their principals, teachers and staff protecting girls against mean girls?
Every woman who's interviewed me on radio and television describes the mean girls they encountered when they were young … and also some they see in their adult personal lives as well as at work. A lot of my coaching is to teach women how to defend themselves against mean girls who now masquerade as adult friends or who are still mean in parent groups at schools, boards of housing associations, book clubs, neighborhood associations, church groups and as mothers protecting their mean daughters.
Think about the seven mean girls in Massachusetts involved in bullying Phoebe Prince into committing suicide or the nasty girls who attacked Miley Cyrus and Demi Lovato when they were teenagers, or the six Florida girls who made a video of their attack on another girl and are now being tried as adults. CNN even reports, "There's at least one Web site devoted exclusively to videos of girls fighting."
Although physical violence might decrease as these mean girls became adults, they still form cliques, viciously cut-out their targets and relentlessly put down women they consider as rivals or simply weaklings.
Of course, mean girls can also encourage mean guys to be violent toward other girls and boys, and mean girls can also verbally destroy young boys.
So, as a parent, what can you do?
Get active as a citizen. Organize a core group of active parents to pressure legislators to pass laws requiring schools to have policies and programs to stop bullying. Media pressure will help.
Get active in your school and school district. Form a core group of active parents to make sure your district administrators and school principal actively enforce policies and a school-wide program to stop bullies. Involve all teachers, staff and students in recognizing and stopping the first signs of bullying. Immediate and firm action is necessary. If principals and teachers turn a blind eye, saying "that's just the way some girls are," they're colluding by creating a safe space for mean girls and boundary pushers. The end of school and summer are great times to get these programs started so you're ready at the start of school in September.
Prepare your daughters. Well-meaning parents are the number one risk factor for creating helpless girls whose confidence and self-esteem will be destroyed by mean girls. Don't tell your daughters to feel sorry for their abusers and to "rise above" whatever these vicious predators say or do. Don't expect pious sentiments to prevent stress, anxiety, negative self-talk or depression. Don't let your daughters be whipping girls or scapegoats. Teach your daughters how to stop the mean girls. If you don't know how, you need coaching.
Prepare your sons. Tell them about the real-world. Remind them that 10 years from now they probably won't see any of the kids from high school. Teach them not to take the mean, nasty, vicious comments personally or as a prediction of the future. Their job is to grow up and find a woman who values and appreciates them. Mean girls don't represent everyone.
Of course, specific steps depend on your situation and the people involved.
Don't believe studies that supposedly prove that mean girls are an insignificant factor. Don't believe that if your daughter ignores their meanness or treats them with caring and friendship, they'll stop being abusive. Real bullies, mean girls and mean women, take offerings of sweetness and friendship as weakness and an invitation to prey on you more.
As Azar Nafisi, author of "Reading Lolita in Tehran" and "Things I've Been Silent About" said, "My parents did not bring me happiness. They armed me for the battle of life."
Are you arming your daughter to stop mean girls?
CategoriesBullies at School, Coaching, parenting, Public Speaking, Stop Bullies Book
Tagsabuse, abusers, abusive, administrators, anxiety, appreciates, article, author, battle, boundary pushers, boys, bullies, Bullies at School, bullying, caring, Chesney-Lind, cliques, Coaching, college, colluding, comments, confidence, cut-out, cyberspace, Cyrus, damage, daughters, defend, Demi Lovato, depression, destroy, esteem, fighting, Fighting for girls, friends, friendship, future, girls, guys, happiness, harassment, helpless, Jones, laws, legislators, Lovato, mean, mean girls, Miley Cyrus, mothers, Nafisi, nasty, negative self-talk, New York Times, parent, parents, personal, personally, physical, policies, predators, prediction, Prince, principal, principals, programs, protecting, radio, Reading Lolita in Tehran, researchers, risk, rivals, scapegoats, schools, self-esteem, staff, statistics, stealth bullying, stress, students, studies, suicide, sweetness, targets, teachers, teenagers, television, thrive, Times, verbal, verbally, viciously, videos, violence, Violent, weakling, weakness, women, work, workplace
Stop Bullies: Mothers Get Put-Downs, No Respect
Verbal harassment, bullying and abuse; put-downs, lack of respect and cutting out can destroy confidence and self-esteem. Disparaging and demeaning remarks; ostracism, backed by righteous, sneering, superior judgments can be devastating to children. But they're no less severe when done by adults to adults. A Mother's Day article in the Wall Street Journal by Amy Henry, "What Cards Never Say on Mother's Day," complained about the lack of respect that dedicated, full-time mothers often get from other women, "even after four decades of feminism." The article had some suggestions for dedicated mothers who still struggle to get respect from working women.
While the article was accurate in pointing out the problem, I think it totally missed the solution. Bullies have used the put-down tactic forever. Remember all that cutting out with nasty, sarcastic comments, especially through junior and senior high school? Girls master this technique and boys wield it effectively also. If you're not in the "right" group you're scorned and shunned relentlessly. Even current celebrities like Miley Cyrus, Demi Lovato and Taylor Lautner talk about being the targets of this type of bullying in their school days.
Of course putting-down and cutting out rotten. But it's not only kids who do it. As Amy Harris points out, working mothers often give no respect to women who stay home to be full-time mothers of their children.
Don't waste time analyzing why people put-down others. That path won't get you anywhere. Don't waste time wanting laws to prevent people from putting down others. A legal solution also won't get you anywhere except in the case of public statements about people in certain protected categories.
The real solution lies in you. When other people don't respect you, look at the source and the possible consequences. Don't take it personally, but also don't let it go by without saying or doing something in return.
So, what can you do? First, you have to be strong in your own judgment of the path you've chosen. Being a full-time mother is a wonderful path. Work is necessary, but for most of us raising children is our most important and fulfilling task. I hope your children will grow up wise enough to appreciate your dedicated mothering when they're adults. Not because you made a great "sacrifice" but because you made a wonderful, life-affirming choice and the children you love could reap the benefits.
Instead of taking other people's judgments personally, go through the world testing other people to see if they rise enough in your estimation for you to keep them on your island. I hope you find wanting anyone who puts you down for choosing to be a full-time mother. Their choice to put-down mothers shows their lack of good sense. Don't allow the judgment of people without good sense to be important to your confidence or self-esteem. Don't let their judgment cause you self-doubt or negative self-talk. And don't let them stay in your life. Instead, surround yourself with people who champion mothers.
I also said that you shouldn't let their put-downs pass. Stopping bullies begins when you understand that real-world bullies don't take your politeness or minimizing or ignoring them as a sign that you're morally superior or inviting their friendship. Relentless bullies aren't stopped by minimizing, ignoring, begging, bribing or appeasement. Dedicated bullies take the Golden Rule as a sign that you're weak and also as an invitation to prey on you more. Doing nothing when you're the target of relentless bullies is like holding up a sign saying that you're a victim.
Almost every woman I've ever talked to who was taught by a well-meaning mother that she should feel sorry for the inner emptiness, low self-esteem and inner pain of the nasty girls who hurt them that she should ignore and rise above the catty remarks and hatred, now regrets their passivity. They feel keenly their lack of empowerment and bear the scars of their supposedly virtuous martyrdom. They wish that their mothers had trained them to fight back skillfully; verbally or physically.
There are many tactics you might try in response to put-downs; depending on you, them and the situation. Some mothers form their own cliques of supportive mothers. Others write responses on cue-cards and memorize them for delivery at the right moment. Some responses are sarcastic put-downs directed toward the women who don't appreciate mothers or who aren't satisfied and even joyous with the opportunity to raise children. Others merely comment on lives wasted at work. Others use pity: "I'm so sorry that you're the kind of person who's not fulfilled and doesn't set a better example for your daughter (or son)."
I want to recognize an important truth that we often overlook. We know that we're doing the right thing successfully when some people ("jerks) don't like us and scorn our work and its value. People who put-down full-time mothers fall into that category. Don't care what they think; don't desire their respect. Instead, get them off your island and let them know it.
CategoriesCoaching, parenting, Relationships, Stop Bullies Book
Tagsabuse, adults, Amy Henry, analyzing, appeasement, article, begging, boys, bribing, bullies, Bullies at Home, Bullies at School, bullying, celebrities, children, choice, cliques, comments, complained, confidence, consequences, cutting-out, daughter, dedicated, demeaning, Demi Lovato, devastating, disparaging, doubt, empowerment, esteem, feminism, friendship, fulfilled, fulfilling, full-time, girls, Golden Rule, harassment, hatred, ignoring, jerks, judgment, judgments, laws, legal, life-affirming, martyrdom, Miley Cyrus, minimizing, mothers, Mother's Day, nasty, negative, ostracism, passivity, personally, physically, politeness, prevent, problem, put-downs, relentlessly, remarks, respect, righteous, sacrifice, sarcastic, scars, scorned, self-doubt, self-esteem, self-talk, shunned, sneering, solution, son, stopping bullies, struggle, superior, supportive mothers, tactic, Tactics, targets, Taylor Lautner, technique, verbal, verbally, victim, virtuous, Wall Street Journal, weak, What Cards Never Say on Mother's Day, women, working
Phoebe Prince Suicide Alerts Us to Stop School Bullies
Maybe the suicide of 15-year-old Phoebe Prince will finally wake us up. Maybe the articles in the New York Times, Huffington Post, People magazine and dozens of others will wake us up. Maybe the long list of charges against the bullies and tormentors will finally goad the public to demand strong action. Maybe charges of statutory rape, violation of civil rights with bodily injury, harassment and stalking will get a stronger response from the district attorney than, "The inactions of some of the adults at the school are troublesome." Phoebe's suicide is another red alert. But we know that hundreds of other children in our schools are being bullied, harassed, tormented and abused every day. And parents and school officials are not protecting these targets of bullying. Some of these kids will gain strength by fighting back effectively against these predators.
Others will be overwhelmed and destroyed by the bullying, but even more, by the lack of protection by the very adults who have taken on the responsibility to protect them. These kids will grow up concluding that they are helpless and their situations are hopeless. They will grow up with debilitating, negative self-talk, with anxiety, stress and depression, with little confidence and low self-esteem.
We don't need more suicides to remind us of what we saw at our own schools, what we see in our adult personal relationships and the interactions we observe at work. We know the depths to which humans can sink. We know how alert and courageous we must be to prevent the worst consequences.
A huge number of people failed in Massachusetts. Start with the two boys and four girls between the ages of 16 to 18 who have been charged as adults. Continue with the three minors who have been charged as juveniles. Continue with their parents. Their parents failed to teach and control their children. Of course it's difficult to teach and control teenagers. But will those parents now defend their venomous children or will they stand with Phoebe Prince?
I think the greatest failure is that of the school authorities, especially the principal and the district administrators who set the tone for the teachers and staff. They pretend to be education experts. They pretend to be worthy to teach children. Yet none would stand up for Phoebe or for the other girl in school who was bullied by one of the accused teenagers.
We know that there are difficulties and that they will hide behind the lie that "we didn't know how bad it was." So what? Personally as a parent and grandparent, professionally as a coach, consultant and expert on how to stop bullies I say that these people represent failure and should be forced to go into jobs in which their tasks don't matter.
Would you want someone who pleads "difficulties" as an excuse for their failures when your life is on the line – for example, a school bus driver, a doctor, a pilot, a cop, a fire fighter, a repairman of train tracks, a quality control worker on an assembly line for your medication, pacemaker or your car's brakes or accelerator? I wouldn't give them the responsibility. All that education has been wasted on them. And maybe the type of education currently in how-to-be-a-teacher courses is a waste.
Then there's the rest of us: the legislators who didn't pass laws and demand policies and programs that would protect courageous principals from law suits by the bullying parents of bullying kids; the parents who didn't demand the best from their legislators or the enforcement of strong anti-bullying programs by their principals; the by-standers who looked the other way and remained uninvolved; the citizens who won't pay teachers enough to attract courageous and good ones; the unions that protect their failures from consequences.
Whether the abuse is cyber-bullying, physical violence, sexual attacks or the many varieties of mean and vicious verbal and emotional abuse – the spite, gossip, rumor-mongering, ostracism, targeting or mocking – there will always be "experts" who say "it's not so bad," lawyers who say that it's too difficult to write enforceable laws, and there will always be difficulties in stopping harassment, bullying and abuse. So what if there are difficulties? If we can't overcome those difficulties, we don't deserve the responsibility and trust, and we will reap the bitter fruits that will await us in our hours of need.
CategoriesBullies at School, Coaching, Consulting, cyberbullying, parenting, Stop Bullies Book
Tagsabused, administrators, adults, anti-bullying, anxiety, articles, attacks, authorities, boys, Bullied, bullies, bullying, by-standers, children, civil rights, coach, confidence, consequences, consultant, courageous, cyber-bullying, debilitating, depression, destroyed, District, district attorney, education, emotional, enforceable, enforcement, esteem, excuse, experts, failure, fighting, girls, gossip, grandparent, Harassed, harassment, helpless, hopeless, Huffington, Huffington Post, injury, juveniles, laws, legislators, magazine, Massachusetts, mean, minors, mocking lawyers, need, negative, New York Times, officials, ostracism, overwhelmed, parents, Phoebe Prince, physical, policies, predators, prevent, Prince, principal, principals, professionally, programs, protecting, rape, Relationships, responsibility, rumor, schools, self-esteem, self-talk, sexual, staff, stalking, statutory rape, Stop Bullies, stress, suicides, targeting, targets, teachers, teenagers, Times, tormented, tormentors, treatment, troublesome, trust, unions, vicious verbal, violation, violence, work
Sexting Suicide: Vicious Boys, Mean Girls and Self-Bullying
Andrew Meacham in the Tampa Bay Times article, "Sexting-related bullying cited in Hillsborough teen's suicide," reports on the suicide of Hope Witsell. Witsell's death follows the sexting-triggered suicide of Jessica Logan who was taunted, harassed, bullied and abused for similar reasons. Of course, ultimately the choice was Hope Witsell's, but the principals and district administrators at Beth Shields Middle School and at Lennard High School took the wrong approach.
According to the article, 13 year-old Hope sent a photo of her breasts to a boy she liked. Bad choice. A rival girl saw the photo on the boy's phone and forwarded it to other students. The photo went viral. Like piranhas, mean girls and vicious boys at the schools joined the general feeding frenzy. Hope was accosted as a "whore" and harassed for more nude photos at her school and also at a Future Farmers of America Conference.
Let's focus on only three aspects of this terrible situation:
The school principals and teachers who didn't stop the frenzy.
The mean girl who first forwarded the photo, the other vicious kids who passed it on and the predators and bullies who attacked a wounded target.
Hope's self-bullying.
The middle school has a policy against sexting and disciplined Hope: Suspension and loss of honors and privileges. But, even though the principal and teachers were aware of the taunting, harassment and bullying, there is no report that they did anything to the predators – No all-school meetings about how wrong the behavior is; no follow-up with the police to see who was illegally forwarding the nude photos; no action in the cafeteria when Hope was being harassed by other students. Even though they knew what was happening, there was no extra vigilance to protect Hope from the attacks.
They did follow up with Hope's parents to explain their punishment of her, but they took no action to stop the mean girls and vicious boys. Also, they never called Hope's parents when they found out that she was cutting herself.
There's no much you can do once a feeding frenzy has started, but the legitimate authorities at school and the police can be talking to the kids and their parents. You must make an attempt to rally parents and students to stop the attacks, even though you think Hope was a dope.
Hope's diary and conversations with her friends were full of self-bullying. This negative, critical self talk destroys self-esteem and self-confidence. Self-bullying makes any kind of setback or embarrassment into a humiliating catastrophe that seems to destroy the child's life forever. Looked at through self-bullying eyes, the future will seem hopeless, the person helpless to redeem herself. As Hope wrote, "Secretly TONS of people hate me." That's the wrong conclusion to draw.
Obviously, there are many places Hope's parents could have intervened had they known how serious the situation was. But I think the first one is here: Parenting bully-proof kids begins with helping them stop self-bullying, with helping them build strength, courage, resilience and determination in the face of humiliation, disaster or abuse.
Laws are good, but they aren't enough to stop foolish girls from sexting. Laws against forwarding pornographic pictures are good, but aren't enough to stop people from distributing them. It takes a concerted effort by adults to set the tone; to create an atmosphere in which all students and parents are aware of the stupidity involved and the harm that can be caused.
Tagsabuse, abused, administrators, adults, Andrew Meacham, attacked, attacks, boys, breasts, Bullied, bullies, Bullies at School, Bully-Proof, bullying, cafeteria, catastrophe, choice, confidence, courage, critical, death, destroy, determination, diary, disaster, disciplined, district administrators, embarrassment, esteem, foolish, friends, future, girl, girls, Harassed, harassment, harm, helpless, high school, hopeless, humiliating, humiliation, illegally, Jessica Logan, kids, laws, Logan, Meacham, middle school, negative, nude, parenting, parents, phone, photo, photos, pictures, police, policy, pornographic, predators, principals, protect, redeem, resilience, rival, schools, self-bullying, self-confidence, self-esteem, self-talk, sexting, Shields Middle School, strength, students, suicide, suspension, Tampa Bay Times, target, taunted, taunting, teachers, teen, Times, whore, Witsell, wounded
If Demi Lovato and Miley Cyrus can be bullied, how can your daughter stop school bullies?
As reported in the Huffington Post, to focus attention on National Bullying Prevention Awareness Week, Disney star Demi Lovato has gone public. She was bullied so much in school that she and her parents chose to do home schooling rather than face the bullies at school. Her story follows Miley Cyrus telling of being bullied, harassed and abused verbally and physically when she was in school. These stories follow the recent publicity given in the New York Times to the "slut list" at "top-ranked, affluent, suburban New Jersey Millburn High School" that's been going on for at least 10 years. In this case, it was the "popular and athletic" girls who went after the younger girls.
Notice that these examples were of girls bullying other girls; a common occurrence that often gets lost in the glare of publicity about boys who bully. These are often the girls who will grow up to be women who bully women at work.
Cliques of girls are just as brutal as gangs of boys. And the wounds and scars of verbal and emotional bullying often last a lifetime.
I hope the publicity will stimulate people who can change the situation. Who do I mean?
Bullies and their parents. Ultimately, bullies are responsible for their actions no matter what their excuses and justifications are. And their parents are responsible for not teaching or setting better examples for their daughters. In too many cases, they're also responsible for minimizing the effects of their daughter's behavior on the target girls and for protecting their daughters from the appropriate consequences of their actions.
But bullies have been with us forever and will continue to be. We can't wait for all parents to socialize their children better or for all children to change.
Parents of the targeted girls. They are often remiss in three areas. First, if they don't teach their daughters how to stand up emotionally, verbally and physically. Yes, sometimes, physical force is necessary to stop bullying girls, just as it is often effective in stopping bullying boys.
Second, if parents don't organize a core group of active parents to support principals who want to stop bullying or to force uncaring, lazy or cowardly principals to stop bullying at their schools. When bullies are tolerated at a school, they prey on many targets.
Third, if parents don't pressure reluctant legislators to make laws that can be enforced. Often legislators focus on free speech, even when the pendulum is shifting to limit some speech in an effort to protect children.
Targeted girls. They can develop the emotional strength and courage, and learn skills necessary to stand up to bullies, even if their parents don't teach them well.
Principals who won't act. For example, the principal at Millburn said that there was no evidence to determine who made the list; no one had come forward to identify the predators. Funny, I'll bet almost every kid at school knows who organizes and publicizes the "slut list" on Facebook and through cell phones. Principals can have proactive stop-bullying policies and programs, vetted by school district lawyers, that enroll all students, including bystanders, in outing and stopping school bullies. I focus on principals because strong, active principals set the tone. They involve district administrators and train teachers and staff.
Legislators who are willing to victimize children rather than taking a strong stand against harassment, abuse and bullying. Maybe angry parents need to make this an election issue.
Notice that I haven't focused on understanding and therapeutizing bullies. Let's stop them first. That can motivate bullies to learn other tactics.
I haven't focused on statistics either. Statistics may be important in swaying congressmen, but when there's bullying at your child's school or your child is being bullied, you don't pay much attention to statistics. You want your immediate situation changed.
If Miley Cyrus, Demi Lovato and the kids at top-ranked, affluent, suburban schools can be bullied, harassed and abused, your daughter can be also.
CategoriesCoaching, Consulting, parenting, Parenting Bully-Proof Kids Book, Public Speaking, Stop Bullies Book
Tagsabused, administrators, Awareness, boys, brutal, Bullied, bullies, Bullies at School, bullying, Bullying Prevention, Bystanders, cell phones, children, cliques, congressmen, consequences, cowardly, Cyrus, daughters, Demi, Demi Lovato, Disney, election, emotional, emotionally, enforced, examples, excuses, facebook, force, free speech, gangs, girls, Harassed, home schooling, Huffington, Huffington Post, justifications, laws, lawyers, lazy, legislators, Lovato, Miley, Miley Cyrus, Millburn, Millburn High School, motivate, National Bullying Prevention Awareness Week, New Jersey, New York Times, organize, parents, physical, physically, policies, predators, principals, programs, protect, protecting, responsible, scars, School District, schooling, slut list, staff, Stand Up, statistics, Tactics, target, teachers, teaching, Times, tolerated, uncaring, understanding, verbal, verbally, victimize, women, work, wounds
Stop School Bullies: The Number One Risk Factor is Well-Meaning Parents
Current statistics show that bullying is prevalent – over 50% of kids report being bullied or observing bullying. Bullying by girls is just as prevalent as by boys (although they often use different tactics) and bullying in "good" neighborhoods is just as prevalent as in "bad" ones. Most parents want to understand why bullies bully, "Is it because bullies have low esteem, or they lust for power or that's the only way they know how to get control and admiration?" Those parents usually tell their children never to use violence to stop bullies. "Violence never solved anything. Don't stoop to the bullies' level."
Those parents hope that understanding bullies will help them create programs that will rehabilitate bullies. Then their kids will be safe when they're away from home or when they're online.
Parents who say those things are the number one risk factor in making their children targets of repeated bullying.
Their strategy is based on the false idea that if children love and forgive bullies enough, they'll melt bullies' hearts and bullies will stop bullying and become their friends. That strategy rarely stops bullies.
Real bullies won't stop harassing or abusing our children because they're nice to them. Ask the peace-loving people of every country run over by colonization or empire building. Ask women who have tried to stop harassment, bullying and abuse at work.
Bullying patterns or coping strategies are usually life-long. Unless they're stopped, bullying children usually grow up to become bullying adults. They're bullies in their love lives, they're parents who bully their children, they're bullying soccer-parents and they're bullies at work.
Similarly, bullied kids grow up with low self-esteem and low confidence; they expect to be beaten down – mentally, emotionally and physically – to be taken advantage of, to lose. They become repeat victims.
The number one risk factor in our children's becoming targets of repeated bullying is not bullies or schools – the number one risk factor is us, the parents of the targets. Bullies have always existed and will always exist, most schools never protected kids and many still won't.
Take your focus away from psychotherapy of bullies. Focus instead on stopping bullying right now. After you stop the bullying, then you can spend all the time you want rehabilitating individual bullies. As you well know, rehabilitating bullies can take a long time. I want to protect target children right now.
In order to protect our children, we, as parents, must change our mindsets and then we must learn skills. We must develop a real-world mindset – that the only way to stop real bullies is to stop them.
In the real world, bullies are predators, like hyenas, looking for the weak and isolated people who don't know how to protect themselves. Real bullies have a language all their own – they take our children's kindness, reasonableness or holding back as weakness and a sign of easy prey. Our kids' weakness brings out the worst in bullies.
A real-world perspective is that it's more important to stop bullies first; that counseling, therapy and rehabilitation efforts come second. In fact, stopping bullying behavior and having stiff consequences for kids who bully repeatedly is one of the best steps in changing their behavior.
We must teach our children to protect themselves from bullies who haven't learned impulse control or to use non-violent means to navigate in the world. A few real-world steps are:
Of course, try ignoring the bully or try peaceful and kindly understanding tactics, but don't stop there.
Learn to fight back verbally.
Have friends who'll stand with you and come back at the bully.
Learn to fight back physically – especially boys, but also girls.
Learn when and how to get school principals, counselors, teachers, staff and administrators involved.
A few real-world tips for parents are:
Let our children know we'll protect them. If they're being bullied, it's not their fault – they just haven't learned how to protect themselves. Keep their courage, hope and fighting spirit alive.
Learn how to force your school principals, counselors, teachers, staff and administrators to protect your kids. Organize a small core group of parents to help the principal create and implement an effective stop-bullying program. Be pro-active. Don't wait for a bullied kid to commit suicide, get that program going right now!
CategoriesBullies at School, Coaching, Consulting, cyberbullying, parenting, Parenting Bully-Proof Kids Book, Public Speaking, Stop Bullies Book
Tagsabuse, abusing, administrators, admiration, adults, Behavior, boys, Bullied, bullies, Bullies at School, bully, bullying, children, colonization, confidence, consequences, control, coping, counseling, counselors, courage, emotionally, empire, esteem, fault, fight back, fighting, forgive, friends, girls, harassing, harassment, hope, ignoring, isolated, kids, kindness, life-long, love, mentally, neighborhoods, Online, parents, patterns, Peaceful, physically, power, predators, prevalent, principals, program, programs, protected, psychotherapy, reasonableness, rehabilitate, rehabilitating, rehabilitation, repeated bullying, Repeatedly, risk, risk factor, safe, schools, self-esteem, spirit, staff, statistics, Stop Bullies, stop bullying, strategies, suicide, Tactics, targets, teachers, therapy, understand, understanding, verbally, victims, violence, weak, weakness, women, work
Whose Job is it to Stop Bullies in Schools?
In his recent ABC news opinion column, "Want to Stop Bullies?" Lee Dye cites new studies that claim that:
Girls are more likely than boys to intervene to stop bullying than boys are.
Girls intervene more because they're expected to by their parents, best friends and favorite teachers.
Popular males are more likely to pick on weaker boys, while unpopular, weaker but aggressive boys are more likely to pick on girls.
Of course. So what?
I'm glad Mr. Dye is speaking out and I share his desire to stop bullies and harassment, bullying and abuse in schools.
The reason I'm sarcastic is that I think these studies, done by interviewing 269 middle school students in four schools in North Central Florida, are typical of the thought process and pseudo-scientific research that says that if we knew more we could design better programs to stop bullies. And they imply that we can't have successful anti-bullying programs until we have more research.
However, this research adds nothing we didn't already know. And the generalizations are contradicted by evidence from the recent suicide deaths of four girls in Schenectady, New York.
We already know that getting the kids involved in anti-bullying programs is critical. We already know that it's crucial to teach children what to do when they are bystanders and see bullying. In order to incorporate that knowledge into anti-bullying programs, we don't need to wait until there's more pseudo-science research to prove that point.
In summary, we know that it's everyone's job to stop bullying in schools and everyone's help is necessary, especially the kids. No one group can make a program work if the other members of the local community resist or are uncaring. The programs in New Hampshire are only the latest reports documenting what we know already.
Successful programs have the seven elements crucial to success:
The programs specify acceptable and unacceptable behavior
Children are taught specifically what to do if they're bullied or if they're bystanders
The programs involve everyone – school board members, police, principals, teachers, administrative staff and bus drivers, the kids, and at least a vocal, core group of parents.
Consequences are clear and effective action rapid
Courageous and proactive administrators, school principals and teachers
Kids are also trained at home not to bully and how to stop bullies
All steps are implemented simultaneously
Anti-bullying laws are necessary to force reluctant or uncaring district administrators and principals to act. They're also necessary to protect principals and teachers who do act from bullying parents who defend their little terrorists and threaten to sue the principal and school for harassing their little bully. That's like in the Harry Potter series where Lucius Malfoy protects his vicious son, Draco.
The biggest problem in stopping bullies is not the lack of research about bullying: It's the lack of skillful effort being put forth by the most caring people. At many schools, well-meaning principals and teachers need to join forces with a core group of parents to get programs in motion. At other schools, frustrated and angry parents need to rally other parents in order to force uncaring or cowardly school district administrators and principals to make effective school policies and then take act promptly and strongly.
CategoriesBullies at School, Coaching, Consulting, parenting, Parenting Bully-Proof Kids Book, Public Speaking, Stop Bullies Book
TagsABC, abuse, acceptable, administrative staff, administrators, aggressive, angry, anti-bullying, Behavior, boys, bullies, Bullies at Home, bully, bullying, bus drivers, Bystanders, children, consequences, courageous, cowardly, deaths, documenting, drivers, Dye, friends, frustrated, girls, harassing, harassment, Harry Potter, intervene, kids, laws, males, New Hampshire, New York, parents, participation, police, policies, popular, principals, proactive, programs, reluctant, research, Schenectady, school board, school board members, schools, scientific, Stop Bullies, stop bullying, students, studies, successful, suicide, teachers, terrorists, unacceptable, uncaring, unpopular, Want to Stop Bullies?, weaker
Teach Empathy in Middle School? Can we? Should We?
A recent article in the New York Times illustrates attempts of one middle school of privileged kids in Scarsdale, New York, to teach empathy for those less privileged. The less privileged included examples from great literature, of old, disabled and autistic people, and even of those students who didn't get invited to last weekend's social activities by the "in-crowd." Similar efforts are being considered by many other middle and high schools. Can such programs succeed? Should schools engage in social engineering?
Education, in the root of our word and from its earliest time, was based on "cultivation" in the sense of cultivating a crop of good and virtuous citizens capable of leading a society that does good and supports the virtue of all citizens. Leading was usually the vocation of only the privileged. Education of the less privileged also emphasized creating good and virtuous citizens, but was focused more on what we might call vocational training for productive labor.
We can't convert all schools – elementary, middle or high schools – into strictly vocational training and expect to produce good and virtuous citizens, capable of self-government. In our democratic society, we treat all kids as privileged in the sense that they get training in virtue and being a good citizen. They all also have the potential of serving at the highest levels of government, instead of such service being the privilege of only those born to privilege.
Empathy is a necessary element of being a good citizen, as well as a necessary component of great leadership and management. For example, it's one of the leadership and management training sets promoted by all business schools. And the current economic recession or depression has a large component of greed and unethical and un-empathetic behavior at its core.
Parents should be teaching empathy to their children even before they're developmentally capable of it, instead of thinking that a course as part of an M.B.A. training will ever do any good. Since many parents don't teach empathy, and also in support of those who do, I'm glad that elementary and middle schools are intentionally making that a part of the curriculum, in addition to academic subjects. The key to teaching empathy and virtue is the character of the teacher, not the syllabus or lesson plan.
But teaching at home and in programs at school can't be expected to solve the problem for every one, even though results in schools in the south Bronx are also encouraging. Many children and teenagers will get it; others won't. One of the most famous examples of the impossibility of teaching everyone is Alcibiades, a brilliant, rich boy taught by Pericles at home and Socrates at school, who grew up to be unethical, unscrupulous and un-empathetic.
Humans do have free will, but that doesn't man we stop trying to teach them. We simply try with our eyes wide open. Even in Scarsdale, as the article says, "mean girls are no less mean, and the boys will still be boys." Also, there's still "name-calling, gossip and other forms of social humiliation." Bullies and bullying will always exist.
But now the schools make clear that such behavior is frowned upon. Punishing it can be very difficult because it's such a tricky area to find appropriate responses. However, the clarity with which we label uncaring and unacceptable behavior gives every student a clear chance to judge the perpetrators and decide whether to try to join the in-crowd, ignore them or stand up for the students who are targeted..
We can't and shouldn't count on schools to protect our children from hurt feelings all the time. We must help our children know what's important to them and whose opinion matters to them. We must also help them develop the inner grit and resilience to know how to protect themselves from verbal harassment as well as from physical abuse.
CategoriesBullies at School, Consulting, parenting, Parenting Bully-Proof Kids Book, Public Speaking, Stop Bullies Book
Tagsabuse, academic, activities, autistic, Behavior, boys, bullies, Bullies at Home, Bullies at School, bullying, children, critics, curriculum, democratic, disabled, education, elementary, Empathy, girls, gossip, grit, harassment, high schools, humiliation, in-crowd, kids, leadership, lesson plan, management, mean, mean girls, middle school, name-calling, New York, New York Times, old, parents, perpetrators, physical, privileged, problem, programs, protect, punishing, resilience, Scarsdale, schools, social, social engineering, society, students, subjects, syllabus, teach, teacher, teaching, teenagers, training, un-empathetic, unacceptable, uncaring, unethical, unscrupulous, verbal, vocational, vocational training
Getting over parents who wound their children: the 2nd stage of growing up and leaving home
Obviously there are great parents. And there are children who repeatedly wound their parents. But let's focus on parents who repeatedly wounded their children … and still continue to bully and control them even after the children have become adults. Whether that's done consciously and intentionally, or the parents are righteous and oblivious to the effects they're having, or they think that they're preparing their children to be humble and moral or to face a hostile world, the pain is real and the effects can last for decades.
Before we review a typical case study and offer the keys to moving on and creating the life you want, let me ask, have you been wounded by your parents?
In general, boys are wounded just as much as girls, but let's look at Irene. She's now a skilled and competent nurse, but getting there was a long struggle. Her parents relentlessly belittled, denigrated and punished her. They didn't hit her often, but they forced her to do everything their way. They knew best and were always right; she was always wrong. They said that her character and personality was fundamentally flawed. Despite everything they did for her benefit, they knew she'd never be a good or successful person. She'd always be a loser.
In response to their hostile criticism, emotional blackmail and verbal abuse, Irene became insecure and shy. Although she was very mature and competent in her professional life, when she faced her parents, she became a little girl again. She was intimidated by their certainty and rules. Facing these bullies, Irene became a self-bully; bullied by the old attitudes, beliefs, rules and critical voices she carried in her head.
Irene was like so many other wounded people in life-long therapy. She was completely focused on her parents' continuing bullying, on resisting them, on hating them, on finally pleasing them, on getting past them. She gnawed on the bone of her parents endlessly. She was depressed and sometimes suicidal. She thought she needed repeated catharsis to keep functioning.
The relationship with her parents consumed her life. Irene kept trying to convince them to give in to her and to approve of her so she could feel good. She just wanted them to be fair and reasonable … and to like and appreciate her. She thought she mustn't ever create a safe distance from them even though they still bullied her. The guilt would be overwhelming.
Let's focus on the perspective that gave Irene back her life. I think there are developmental transitions we all go through. The first stage of growing up and leaving home is when we leave physically. Most of us go to school, get jobs, get stuff (homes and cars), get spouses or partners, get children, get debts … get self-supporting. We often move away so we can spread our wings without our parents' eagle eyes on us. Then we think we've become free and independent adults. Externally, maybe.
We usually make this outer transition between the ages of 16-35. When did you?
But that's only the first transition. There's a second, necessary transition before we become truly unique, independent selves. In this transition, we clean out the internal mental, emotional and spiritual homes we gave our parents. We discard everything we took in when we were children. And we take in what fits us now. Some of the attitudes and ideas may be the same as our parents have, but much of it will be different.
In this transition, we get over our parents. The present and the future we want to create become the focus of our world. Our parents aren't the focus any more. They no longer fill up our world. We move them off to the side or into the background, whether they like it or not.
Now we can take in attitudes and ideas as adults; adjusting them with our adult experience and wisdom. Children take in ideas as black-or-white, all-or-none RULES, and apply those rules everywhere. There's no gray for them. Adults know there's gray in many areas. We all did our best and it was good enough to keep us alive and get us to where we are now. But we didn't have the experience to judge with wisdom. We misunderstood, misinterpreted and had very narrow visions. We were kids.
This second transition is usually age and life-stage dependent. For example, our careers reach a plateau, we can see the children leaving home, we become middle-aged, we notice the same, repeating life patterns and lessons, or we wonder if we'll ever fulfill our heart's desire.
Are you there yet?
When we've done this, we're no longer controlled by our parents' voices, rules, beliefs and attitudes. We have our own view of life and what's important for us and how we can get it. We can create the life we've wanted, independent of whether they like it or not. We may or may not reject them; we're simply not controlled by them or by having to be like or different from them. We make up our own minds.
When Irene saw her life's movement with this perspective, she heaved a sigh of relief. She wasn't a loser or flawed sinner caught forever in an insoluble bind. Her parents' opinions of her faults and what she needed to do were merely their personal opinions, shaped by their upbringing. Nothing more truthful or important than personal opinions. She no longer put them on a pedestal.
She wasn't helpless. The situation wasn't hopeless. She was normal. She just had to persevere in order to create a life that she could call her own. And if her parents didn't like it; so what? They didn't get to vote. If they wanted to get close to her, they have to pass the tests of her 9 Circles of Trust.
Some people get this in a blinding flash when they're relatively young. For Irene, it took much longer. The transition wasn't easy for her but it was do-able. She felt free and light, like a great burden had been lifted from her shoulders. She was always stubborn. Now she could use her stubbornness to persevere. The light at the end of her tunnel was the life she'd always wanted to live.
She won't let her parents wound her any more. The big difference from decades ago was that now she was just as tall as they were. She was an adult. Keeping herself safe from them was more important than old rules that had led her to accept their abuse and control. When she made her parents' opinion unimportant and she turned to face the light at the end of her tunnel, she could feel her wounds healing, as wounds naturally do when no one is picking at the scabs.
Where are you with your parents? Where are you with your own growing independence?
CategoriesBullies at Home, Coaching, parenting, Relationships
Tags9 circles of trust, abuse, adults, age, appreciate, approve, attitudes, beliefs, belittled, blackmail, boys, Bullied, bullies, Bullies at School, bully, bullying, burden, careers, cars, case, case study, certainty, character, children, circles of trust, competent, control, controlled, critical, critical voices, criticism, debts, denigrated, depressed, distance, emotional, emotional blackmail, experience, fair, faults, flawed, focus, forced, free, fulfill, girls, good, growing up, guilt, hating, healing, heart's desire, helpless, hit, homes, hopeless, hostile, hostile criticism, ideas, independent, insecure, intimidated, jobs, keys, kids, lessons, life-stage, loser, mature, Mental, middle-aged, misinterpreted, misunderstood, oblivious, opinions, overwhelming, pain, parents, partners, patterns, persevere, person, personal, personality, pleasing, punished, reasonable, reject, relationship, resisting, righteous, rules, self-bully, self-supporting, shy, sinner, spiritual, spouses, stage, struggle, stubborn, stubbornness, study, successful, suicidal, therapy, transitions, trust, upbringing, verbal, verbal abuse, visions, voices, wisdom, wound, wounded

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
FORTH / IMBB / IMBB - people / Delidakis /
C. Delidakis Laboratory
The nervous system contains a large number of cells of diverse specializations; the vast majority of these cells derive from asymmetric cell divisions of neural stem cells (called neuroblasts in Drosophila). bHLH transcription factors play crucial roles in the biology of neural stem cells and in this context we study bHLH proteins belonging to two classes: the proneural activators and the "Orange" (or "Hes/ Hey") repressors. Many of the bHLH-O repressors are transcriptional targets of Notch in a broad range of biological processes. One of our areas of interest is how Notch signalling is sequentially redeployed in various steps of neural development. Notch is a broadly used cell signalling pathway dating back to the earliest metazoans. As both the Notch receptor and its two ligands, Delta and Serrate, are transmembrane proteins, this pathway is cell-contact mediated and serves to allocate cell fates and behaviours in many tissues and at many developmental stages. Consequently, its deregulation is implicated in a variety of diseases in humans, for example cancer and ischemic stroke.
TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF NEURAL DEVELOPMENT
Although animal nervous systems differ vastly in anatomy and complexity, their development relies on a common battery of transcription factors (TFs) and signalling pathways. From cnidarians to mammals, the bHLH activators of the proneural class (e.g. Scute, Atonal, Neurogenin homologues) endow cells with the potential to produce neurons. Proneural TFs generally function as heterodimers with ubiquitously expressed "E-proteins", also members of the bHLH superfamily. There is only one E-protein gene in the Drosophila genome, daughterless (da). Although the DNA binding and heterodimerization bHLH domains of Da and proneurals were well studied, little was known about other functional domains of these crucial TFs. We have extensively characterized the Scute-Da heterodimer and have identified a phosphorylation motif on Sc, as well as three transactivation domains (TADs), one on Sc and two on Da. These play at least three different roles: (1) they activate transcription of target genes, as expected; (2) they enhance the turnover of Sc, which is a very unstable protein and (3) they negatively regulate Da/Sc function by interacting with E(spl) repressors, which inhibit Da/Sc activity.
Drosophila embryos exemplifying patterns of different E(spl) enhancer-driven GFP reporters (green). They are distinct from the expression of Hey (red or blue; CycE marks NBs in red in the closeup of the embryo's head).
E(spl) ("Enhancer of split", a family of 7 paralogous proteins in Drosophila) are also bHLH TFs, but, unlike the proneurals, they contain an additional Orange domain (bHLH-O) and act as repressors. In the early stages of neural precursor birth in both CNS and PNS primordia, E(spl) expression is induced by Notch signalling and acts antagonistically to proneural TFs: E(spl) inhibit neural precursor commitment, whereas proneural TFs promote it. The antagonistic interplay between proneural and E(spl) TFs ensures the proper number of neurons are born. Protein-protein interactions between Da/Sc and E(spl) contribute to their antagonistic interactions and mutual destabilization. It is certain that enhancer architecture of their target genes also plays a crucial role. We have therefore embarked on genomic scale studies to identify the cohort of target genes and interactors for each of these key TFs and so to get a glimpse of the TF networks that orchestrate the adoption of neural fate.
Proneural bHLH factors (Da/Sc heterodimer) and E(spl) homodimers activate and repress (respectively) common target genes. AD: activation domains. OR: orange domain. The corepressor Groucho is recruited by the C-terminal WRPW motif of E(spl). Although proneural and E(spl) factors have different binding site preferences (green and blue boxes on DNA), we have shown that they can form higher order complexes by interacting with each other (blue arrows). We have also shown that a phosphosrylation site on Sc (green P) is needed for its turnover and the consequent downregulation of its activity.
The dynamic interplay between proneural and E(spl) TFs necessitates that all of these proteins respond rapidly to changes in cell-cell interactions and other inputs that dictate their expression. We are characterizing the transcriptional and translational regulation of two E(spl) genes, m7 and m8. These are adjacent on the chromosome and are co-regulated by two cis-acting Notch-responsive enhancers. Although these enhancers are very potent, E(spl)m7 and m8 are expressed at very low levels. This is largely due to several micro-RNA binding sites contained in their 3' UTRs. Inactivation of micro-RNA translational repression of E(spl) m7 and m8 leads to a substantial increase in their protein levels accompanied by visible phenotypic consequences.
RNA-seq data from the E(spl) locus. In embryos with over-activated Notch signaling (UAS-Nicd) most transcripts are upregulated.
NOTCH AND bHLH-O PROTEINS IN NEURAL STEM CELL SELF RENEWAL AND DIFFERENTIATION
After birth, NBs divide asymmetrically over more than 5 days (half of the life-cycle of Drosophila) to generate the entirety of the central nervous system of the fly. We were surprised to discover that soon after their specification, NBs express E(spl)mγ and m8, despite the fact that E(spl) expression earlier inhibits the NB fate. We have been studying the role of bHLH-O TFs in NB self-renewal. Besides E(spl)mγ and m8, we also study Deadpan (Dpn), which is another bHLH-O protein strongly expressed in NBs. We have shown that E(spl)mγ and Dpn can form heterodimers and act redundantly to prevent premature differentiation of NBs; we therefore view them as "stemness" factors. Both E(spl) genes and dpn respond to Notch signaling in the NBs and we are studying how Notch interfaces with the proliferation and differentiation programme of CNS lineages. Excessive activation of Notch or overexpression of bHLH-O stemness factors generates a hyperplastic CNS with supernumerary stem cells at the expense of differentiated neurons. We are using genomic-scale approaches to characterize transcriptional events mediated by Notch and the bHLH-O TFs during embryonic and post-embryonic neurogenesis.
Normal brain and an example of a hyperplastic brain due to bHLH-O overexpression. Neuroblasts grow to outnumber differentiating neurons. Microarray analysis can help us sort the genes differentially regulated in five different hyperplastic conditions.
The bHLH-O family consists of two subfamilies, the Hairy/ Enhancer-of-split (or Hes) proteins (which include E(spl) and Dpn) and the Hey proteins. Hes and Hey have diverged from each other at the base of the metazoan lineage. The three mammalian Hey members have been shown to be targets of Notch and to act redundantly with Hes proteins in several contexts, including neurogenesis. When we raised antisera against the sole Hey homologue of Drosophila, we were surprised to find that it is expressed in a non-overlapping pattern with that of E(spl) proteins. The majority of Hey positive cells were found to be early-born neurons or glia. In most of these cells, Hey expression was Notch-dependent, with the notable exception of the four mushroom body lineages.
NBs generate differentiated cells by producing a mitotic daughter cell called "ganglion mother cell" (GMC), which divides once to yield two different neurons. The two different neuronal fates, termed A and B, are specified by Notch signalling, such that A neurons need a Notch input, whereas B neurons can only form in the absence of this signal. All identifiable Hey positive neurons (except those of the mushroom body) were shown to be of the A type, suggesting that Hey is expressed as a Notch target immediately after the asymmetric cell division of the GMC. In collaboration with Maria Monastirioti we are characterizing transcriptional enhancers from the Hey locus to gain insight into the factors that contribute to the cell specificity in the response to Notch.
Larval brain marked for NBs and GMCs, nascent neurons and the Hey protein. Hey is expressed in nascent neurons.
THE MECHANICS OF NOTCH SIGNAL EMISSION
The main actors in the Notch signalling pathway are the Notch (N) transmembrane receptor and its two alternative transmembrane ligands, Delta (Dl) and Serrate (Ser), belonging to the class of DSL proteins. Notch is activated by an intracellular juxtamembrane proteolytic cleavage mediated by γ-secretase. The released N intracellular fragment translocates to the nucleus and acts as a transcriptional co-activator of target genes bound by the Suppressor-of-Hairless [Su(H)], or CSL, transcription factor. DSL binding triggers N intracellular proteolysis and activation by first inducing another extracellular proteolytic event, followed by N ectodomain shedding. Our work revolves around the mechanisms used by Dl and Ser to activate Notch.
Distribution of the two Notch ligands, Delta and Serrate, in the wing disk epithelium. Proneural clusters are areas from which sensory organs will arise.
We have been studying two cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin ligases, which from genetic studies had been associated with the Notch pathway. They both belong to the RING family of Ub ligases and are named Neuralized and Mindbomb1. We have shown that Neur promotes Dl internalization and at the same time enhances its activity. In fact Mib1 and Neur are redundantly needed for the activity of both Dl and Ser. Why would endocytosis enhance signalling? One model suggests that the movement generated by the DSL ligand's endocytosis exerts a force on the Notch receptor in the adjacent cell, which deforms it and stimulates the proteolytic steps needed for its activation. Alternatively, DSL ligands may require a cycle of secretion, uptake and recycling in order to be properly presented to the N receptor.
Optical cross-section of epithelial cells indicating apical and basal accumulation of Delta and Notch.
In an effort to better characterize the biology of DSL ligands, we have shown that Neur and Mib1 interact with the cytoplasmic tails of both Dl and Ser and catalyse high MW ubiquitylation of Dl and probably also of Ser. We have mapped the motifs on Dl and Ser that interact with these E3 ligases and have shown that they are indispensable for the activity and endocytosis of these proteins. Interestingly, although both E3 ligases interact via the same Ser motif, they dock to two distinct sites on Dl. Furthermore, Neur prefers a specific lysine of Dl (K742) as a Ub attachment site, whereas Mib shows no apparent preference. These data suggest that the two E3 ubiquitin ligases, impart different types of ubiquitylation on Delta, which may 'encode' two different signal transduction modes. We are currently using genetic and biochemical approaches, to examine this possibility.
Biochemical assays reveal ubiquitylation of Delta by Neur or Mib1.