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The primary purpose of the social studies department is citizenship education. It seeks through its course offerings and pedagogical methods to build and enhance within Overlake students cultural, historical, geographical, and political literacy in order that they may become well-informed and active participants in a democratic society. The chosen curriculum addresses the needs and demands of the increasingly global community by emphasizing world history, America's evolving historical role in world history, and the inter-relatedness of nations. All courses strive to make meaningful connections between the past and present. The Department challenges students with a rigorous curriculum that stresses authentic application of content with assignments and projects designed to enhance thinking, skills, and knowledge. In addition to acquiring information, the Department also challenges students to apply learned knowledge to current and future world problems.
Curriculum Requirements:
Three years of social studies are required for graduation: World History 9, World History 10, and U.S. History. Students may take U.S. History in either grade eleven or twelve.
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Social Studies 5: Ancient Civilizations
Fifth grade social studies is designed to work in tandem with fifth grade English to create a humanities class with an integrated approach to the study of language arts and history. With myths, stories, and ancient civilizations as the focus, students consider the following essential questions:
What is a story and what elements are universal to all stories?
Why are stories and myths important to cultures around the world, including ancient cultures?
How is history in itself a kind of story?
How are the stories of ancient people relevant to modern culture? What might we learn?
Why it is important to know who is telling the story, whether the story is fictional or historical?
For social studies, students will explore the geography and history of the ancient world cultures of Sumer, Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and Greece. Beginning with the dawn of human civilization and a brief survey of early hominids, students will focus on the concept of seven cultural universals, a construct by which historians determine whether or not a group of people constitute a civilization. By examining the belief systems, government, technology, food supply, arts, social structure, and writing system of these ancient people, students will compare life in modern America with that of various ancient civilizations. Students will also make literary connections through various texts, including short stories, myths, non-fiction reading, and novels. Learning activities include simulations and individual and small group assignments. Students will also complete one major research paper on an ancient civilization not covered in class. Finally, students will practice formal and informal presentations throughout the year in order become more confident speakers.
Social Studies 6: American History
The sixth grade social studies curriculum chronologically studies American stories that begin with the people already settled on the continent before the European invasion over 500 years ago through the rise of US industry and the building of American power and wealth after the Civil War.
The curricular year is broken up into themed learning units with the following topics:
Physical geography of North America and settlement patterns of First Americans
Exploration and colonization by Europeans
Establishment of independence through rebellion and war
Establishment of a nation through Constitutional law
Expansion of territorial boundaries and population growth from immigration
Fighting for individual and group freedoms and rights and national conflict
The rise of industry and technology post-Civil War
Washington and Northwest history as case-studies
Within a well-defined curriculum, this class provides tremendous freedom for the students' interests and learning styles while stimulating growth across multiple intelligences. Issues around identity, cultural assimilation, and citizenship are lenses of the course, including the relationship between individuals and government, the rights and responsibilities of citizens, and the roles active citizens play in affecting change. We begin to debate some of the big questions over the course of the year and take a serious look at how history impacts us as well as how we impact history. Current events (or history in the making) are constantly connected to the past and the future to help students construct a global framework of understandings.
Readings come from a variety of textual resources and from narratives that capture the sense and feel of historical periods and change. Students participate in a wide variety of independent, individual and cooperative projects throughout the school year. Projects are designed to hone the students' research and presentation skills, raise their self-confidence, personally connect the student and his/her family to the fabric of American history, and develop creative abilities through visual and verbal expression.
Social Studies 7: World Geography
Seventh grade social studies is a cultural and physical geography course designed to open students up to the world and how it works. The course is grounded in physical geography, and we spend the early portion of the year solidifying our understanding of landforms, maps and where things are. After that, our exploration of the world and world cultures takes off, and we approach various regions of the world with the same questions: What is the physical layout of this area? What are some of the cultural characteristics of the area? What are the connections between these two ideas?
In addition to this regional approach to cultural and physical geography, students in the course are expected to keep a close eye on current events, as they are discussed in class on a regular basis. There are also research and writing projects throughout the year on various topics. Some of the learning units include: Fundamentals of Physical Geography; Refugees and Human Rights; Geography, Culture and Recent History in South, Southeast and East Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and Latin America.
Social Studies 8: Civics & Citizenship
The goal of eighth grade social studies is to foster a sense of informed and active citizenship. The course will begin with an examination of what a democratic system looks like through active and cooperative exercises. We will explore the issue of how information is disseminated in a democratic state and we will conduct a critical study of how information is delivered in our society through the study of historical and contemporary propaganda. We will then focus on the political and legal system created by the US Constitution, as well as the individual rights spelled out in that document. Investigations into governments at the local, state, and national level will include participatory projects that explore historical as well as current political and social issues.
We will explore current issues of civic importance. Students will learn that citizenship involves forms of civic engagement that go beyond the simple act of voting. The course will ask students to do considerable analytical work through their written and oral expression. They will be asked to develop their note-taking skills, as well as their ability to read critically. Students will conduct extensive research to support their ideas and will also have the opportunity to express them in a variety of written and oral forms throughout the year including a formal debate and many individual and group oral discussion opportunities. Students will be asked to continually work on exploring a variety of perspectives, challenge their own opinions, and consider many points of view. Students will be challenged to write persuasive pieces as well as pieces that show the learning process through the deep analysis of issues connected to a topic of discussion. Students will be asked to be engaged with current events and issues, and will have many opportunities to consider their stands on issues that affect us all. Most importantly, students will not only be asked to consider issues of civic importance, but will also be challenged to take action in a variety of ways. The ability to work well individually as well as in groups will be of great importance to the overall success of students in the course.
World History 9: Development of World Civilizations
In the 9th grade we examine the development of early human societies, as well as how those societies have adjusted to environmental, political, social, economic, or other pressures over time. In the first semester we will focus on the rise of two ancient empires, Rome and China, as a way to thinking more deeply about the nature of power in society. In the second semester we will look at the Middle Ages and early modern era, a time when civilizations around the world are drawn together through an increasingly complex global network fueled by religious expansion, overseas exploration, international trade and war. We will conclude by looking at the power of the new ideas about both the individual and society that emerged from this period.
World History 10: The Modern World
In this course, students will gain an extensive knowledge of major changes and events of the 19th and 20th centuries in different parts of the world. Through varied and engaging activities in class and major assignments, they will improve their skills in thinking, writing, discussing, presenting and researching. By the end of the course, students will have gained an improved understanding of the political, social and economic developments in various parts of the world from 1800 to 1960. We will focus on particular themes – equality, justice, how major changes occur and make links between what has happened in the past with events happening at the present time.
Honors United States History
May be taken in either 11th or 12th grade.
World History 9 and 10
This course is a chronological and thematic study of significant developments in the social, economic, and political history of the United States with a focus on the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Instead of attempting to survey all of American history, we will examine selected events and developments in depth. The core work of the course will consist of reading and analyzing first-hand accounts of past events. Class activities will include discussions, role plays, and simulations. The goal of the course is to help students develop critical thinking and argumentative writing and speaking skills.
AP U.S. Government and Politics
Year-long elective. Open to all students in 11th and 12th grades.
The AP U.S. Government and Politics course challenges students to analyze and interpret the intentions of the various institutions that comprise the American political system and the U.S. government. The practical and theoretical understanding of policy-making and power as it pertains to Constitutional principles, federalism, political parties, interest groups and the media, and individual rights and liberties serves as the foundation of the course. Students will explore concepts through projects, case studies, and written assessments in conjunction with preparation for the final AP exam in May.
Full-year elective. Open to all students in 11th and 12th grades and to students in 10th grade by permission of the department head.
AP Microeconomics is a year-long, basic college level course that introduces the principles of economics as they apply to the functions of individual economic decision makers. The course develops students' familiarity with the operation of product and factor markets, distribution of income, market failure, and the role of government in promoting greater efficiency and equity in the economy. We will use a range of resources including graphs, charts and data analysis to describe and explain economic concepts. We will also make use of resources in the community for case studies, field trips and guest speakers. Students will also research and present to the class on particular aspects of economy.
Semester elective. Open to all students in 11th and 12th grades and to students in 10th grade by permission of the department head.
The study of psychology is the study of the how we think, feel and behave. This course is designed to give students an introduction to this subject by examining the major psychological perspectives including Behavioral, Cognitive and Social-cultural. This class will cover topics such as development, perception, learning, motivation and personality. Through reading, demonstration and experimentation, students will gain a better understanding of who they are and how they function. They will also learn how broad the field is and how it applies and can be applied to their own lives.
Popular Culture in the US
This course will explore US history since 1915 through the lens of music, film, and television. The course will examine how our culture both reflect and challenge ideas about race, class, gender, sexual morality, and US politics. Students will explore the role of culture in shaping social movements and public opinion, how technology has shaped how Americans consume culture, and the effects of mass culture and subculture on American society and politics. Units include: rise of mass culture through film and radio in the 1920s, cultural responses to the Great Depression, the rise of television and post-World War II mass culture, the Cold War in American culture, the rise of subcultures in the 1960s and 1970s, and how the development of new technology is shaping how Americans consume culture today. Assessments include source analyses, critical reading of cultural sources as primary sources, and an essay on a topic of each student's choosing that synthesizes multiple cultural sources to foster a deeper understanding of the impact of popular culture in the United States.
Decision Making and the Roots of Happiness
How do we know what the right decision is? Why do we choose a certain path? How can I be happy with decisions I make? This course is designed to investigate some of these questions by examining leaders in history, exploring fundamentals of philosophy, and looking at the relevant research in psychology around what makes us happy. Students will study figures in history, ethical dilemmas and current issues both local and worldwide as they work through developing their own personal philosophy that may help guide theme in creating a happier life.
By understanding the historical development of the Cold War from multiple geopolitical perspectives, students will examine the legacy of the Cold War period as it relates to current international relations. The course digs into the origins of the Cold War, providing an overview of the different economic and political systems that characterized the tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. Examination as to how the Cold War affected Europe, East Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America from multiple perspectives will provide context for topics like the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Korean and Vietnam Wars, the Soviet-Afghan War, and the Space Race. Discussions, simulations, primary-source readings, and student-designed projects will enable students to understand the legacy of the Cold War as it relates to twenty-first century geopolitical relationships and the continued diplomatic struggles that continue to affect our world today.
Africa: Success and Challenges
We often receive negative views and images of Africa from the media, without really understanding the complex issues affecting that continent. We less frequently hear about the successes and developments in African politics and society since the 1960's. This course looks a spectrum of sources on Africa to understand the continent in greater depth – the history, economies and politics, social change and the arts – with the aim of answering the following questions. Why has development been such a challenge in some countries? How have some nations achieved success and what are the prospects for the future? What social changes have occurred since independence? What are examples of music, literature and the arts and how do these reflect the changes of the last 50 years? Students will have the opportunity to study one country in depth to help understand the many facets of its society and development.
Constitutional Law and Political Discourse
The course explores contemporary issues through a lens of political and constitutional theory. Supreme Court decisions, Constitutional interpretations, and public policy characterize this discussion-based dissection of modern political ideas. The course takes an in-depth look at how the system of government evolved in the United States through Constitutional law and Supreme Court decisions. Students in the course will look at the development of broader political systems as defined by classical philosophers, delve deeply into the Constitution as a living document, and thoroughly examine the role of the Supreme Court through case studies and corresponding public policy. Current topical issues will frame the context in which we examine different evolving political ideology, and students will leave the course with developed confidence and skills in political discourse. The structure of the course will rely heavily on seminar-style discussions from readings and podcasts and student-designed projects that reflect individual curiosity and creativity.
The Middle East: Success and Challenges
The Middle East has undergone much change, conflict, and success in the last 100 years. Even within the last year there have been significant political and social changes. At the same time, the region is marked by enduring traditions and dramatic contrasts. In order to understand contemporary issues affecting the Middle East, it is necessary to study the region in depth. To help with this, we will focus on the following questions. What are the differences in the major faiths, political views, economies and societies? What have been the causes of conflict? Why have some conflicts been so difficult to solve? What have been the major successes in recent decades? Students will have the opportunity to study one country in depth to help understand the many facets of its society and development.
History of Food
We all love to eat and food fills a large part of our daily lives and social interactions. Food connects us to the earth and to others. It reflects our health, our status, and our environment. In this class we will study how different foods shaped past civilizations and how they continue to shape our current world. We will explore our families' and cultures' foods, and of course, we will eat food. The class will explore many facets of the production, preparation, and consumption of food. We will look at the relationships between food and culture, economics, and technology. The course will be global in scope focusing on foods from around the world.
Future Studies: Life in the Coming Years
Most social studies courses explore the past. This course explores the future. What will the coming decades be like? How will current and newly developing technologies alter not only our daily lives but perhaps what it means to be human? How will an internet a billion times more powerful than today's empower humanity? What changes might virtual reality bring? What happens when machine intelligence surpasses human intelligence? Given that the coming decades will likely bring the greatest changes in human history so far, what do you need to know to better understand our rapidly changing world? What challenges, dangers, and opportunities lie before us and what skills might you need to successfully navigate the future? Although we will explore multiple areas of coming change, most of the course will focus on technological changes based on current expert predictions for the next 20 years and less certain theories about the decades beyond.


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Grade VII works are Artist Level. They are appropriate for some advanced high school ensembles, advanced college ensembles, and professional ensembles.
Pages in category "Grade VII"
This page was last edited on 7 February 2008, at 11:27.


From the outside it looks like any other house along any street in Camden, but inside is a Centrepoint service where homeless young women are working to make a better life for themselves. Centrepoint staff work tirelessly to provide support with skills development, learning and work, for homeless young people so there is little time to dedicate to house maintenance and repair.
But with its able-bodied volunteers, the Junior League of London spent two days in October and November scraping, cleaning and painting the staff kitchen, a main hallway and two resident bathrooms. In addition to freshening up the walls, this project seemed to have a positive impact on the residents' outlook. According to Jane Hutt, Centrepoint staff member, the young people were "happy to see work that is making their home more modern and a nicer environment to live in." Junior League volunteers shared the feeling and the League is already committed to come back at the end of the month to paint a resident bedroom and an additional hallway.
– Centrepoint is the national charity working to improve the lives of socially excluded, homeless young people. It provides a range of accommodation based services, including emergency night shelters and short stay hostels, specialist projects for care leavers, ex-offenders, young single parents, foyers and supported flats and floating support services.
– Centrepoint houses over 800 16 – 25 year olds each night of the year. Since the charity was founded in 1969, it has helped over 70,000 homeless young people, with 29 services in and around London and six in the North East of England.
– Centrepoint's Patron is HRH Prince William; who took over the role from his mother the late Princess Diana.
– Centrepoint is registered charity number 292411.


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Contract for Access
Landowners and waterfront users can enter into private agreementsthat define the terms of use of private waterfront lands.
Private agreements provide a means to enforce promises between two or more parties, typically formalized in a written contract.
Private agreements do not transfer ownership of the land. In most private agreements the landowner continues to have all of the same property rights that were present before the agreement was made. See Acquire & Transfer Access for information on how to transfer ownership interests.
A landowner may informally agree (verbally or in a non-binding statement) to allow certain people the privilege of gaining access to the shore across his or her property. In order for a private agreement to be legally enforceable, it must convey a benefit to each party (the owner and the user); otherwise, it lacks "consideration" and can be easily revoked. These agreements are inexpensive to create and do not bind the landowner or subsequent purchasers of the land, but they are risky for those acquiring access through informal agreement, as the access privilege could be revoked at any time. Landowners and beach users can also enter into more formal and binding agreements in which the landowner specifies how the land is to be used and to create conditions that, if not met, would allow revocation of the access rights. They can be useful to avoid more onerous access rights compelled by the government.
How can agreements be made legally enforceable?
For a contract to be legally enforceable, it needs to include benefits for both parties. The scope of this tool is limited mostly by the imagination of the parties involved. As long as the parties are negotiating on equal footing, and as long as each party is conveying a benefit to the other, almost any type of private agreement can be entered and enforced. It is important to note that a private agreement that only conveys a benefit to one party (such as a landowner promising to provide access rights with nothing in return) may not be an enforceable agreement. It could lack "consideration," a necessary element for a valid agreement. For this reason, once the parties have come to an agreement, it is important that a lawyer be consulted to draft the agreement in a manner that will be enforceable in court.
What happens if one of the parties breaches the agreement?
If the landowner breaches the agreement, the other party may need to be compensated, but it's unlikely that access will be enforced. Private agreements differ from conveyance/acquisition in that the landowner is agreeing to permit a use of her land, but is not actually transferring the property interest in that land. For this reason, if the landowner breaches the contract she becomes liable to the other party only for the value of the allowed use she subsequently refused to permit. She may need to compensate the other party by monetary means, but the court will not likely force the landowner to grant the other party the promised access. This is particularly true if the other party could acquire similar access elsewhere. An exception might exist if the access point is unique to the area. The specifics of the agreement will determine the likelihood that monetary compensation (as opposed to continued performance) will be required in the case of a breach of the contract. This is another reason to consult an attorney over the specifics of any agreement.
The agreement must be written to address the consequences if a user breaches it. If a user breaches the agreement, the legal consequences must be defined in the agreement itself and are completely left to the discretion of the parties involved. Commonly under these circumstances, monetary damages would be paid to the landowner.
How can landowners reduce risk when providing access?
For least risk to the landowner, a non-legally enforceable contract can be used. This tool can also be used in a non-legally enforceable manner. If a landowner gives permission for his land to be used for public access but does not receive anything in return, that agreement will not be enforceable if the landowner changes his mind. While not legally enforceable, such an arrangement provides public access with minimum risk to the landowner. The landowner would have the ability to unilaterally revoke the access for any reason.
This type of arrangement relies solely on the good will of the landowner, and provides a strong incentive for the other party to the agreement to ensure that such good will is maintained. The other party might set up a means to ensure stewardship of the access point.
The landowner likely would not incur increased risk of liability from such an arrangement because Florida provides for limited liability for landowners allowing recreational use (See Fla. Stat. § 375.251, Limitation on liability of persons making available to public certain areas for recreational purposes without charge). Landowners have a strong incentive to offer access in this manner because they remain in ultimate control of the arrangement. Further, by alleviating some of the demand for access, the landowner helps reduce the likelihood that the tool of eminent domain will be used to force a non-voluntary conveyance of some permanent interest. This type of non-binding agreement might be used as a first step to test whether certain conditions of use will be satisfactory to a landowner. The parties could then enter into a binding agreement for a period of time, or use the tool of a formal conveyance/acquisition of a property interest.
Why would coastal property owners benefit from the use of a private agreement?
Private agreements offer landowners continued flexibility and control of uses on their property. Private agreements are ideal for landowners who are willing to consider certain types of coastal uses on their properties, but are not willing to transfer ownership, at least initially. In this same way, contracts allow landowners to test their comfort with particular uses before entering into a more binding long-term agreement such as an easement. Landowners may also have a strong incentive to enter into such agreements because they could forestall the need for more severe regulatory or non-voluntary acquisition approaches. Incentives such as use fees and property maintenance may also be negotiated with users to the benefit of the landowner. The ability of a landowner to change his mind is more present in private agreements than in a transfer of a property interest.
Why would potential users benefit from the use of a private agreement?
Private agreements may offer users the only possibility of access to some sites. Because private contracts impose minimum risk on the landowner, owners may be more inclined to try this tool than others that are more binding. Therefore the use of private agreements may provide users with access locations and uses, even if temporarily, that might otherwise have been impossible.
When are private agreements best used?
Private agreements can be more flexible and cost effective than an outright conveyance or acquisition of land. They are best used when:
The landowner does not want to transfer all or part of the land long-term;
The landowner wants to allow access, but have control over how or when it takes place and be in a position to revoke that privilege;
The landowner wishes to dissuade a government entity from enforcing a more permanent and/or less favorable access obligation on the landowner.
When are private agreements NOT the best tool for access?
Other tools are best used when permanent access is desired. Private agreements are not ideal when landowners wish to convey or others wish to acquire permanent, predictable and/or long-term rights of access that bind future landowners as well as the existing one.
What are the types of private agreements? When is each type best used?
Generally, a private agreement permits certain uses to identified users, in exchange for some benefit to the land owner. Private agreements differ from conveyance/acquisition in that the landowner is agreeing to permit a use of her land, but is not actually transferring the property interest in that land. Private agreement is a general term used here to encompass a category of specific tools described below.
To be effective, any type of private agreement should be drafted to address the following:
Right of renewal: for private agreement to be used for more than just a short term solution, the agreement should include a description of each party's right of renewal, such as in a contract that provided access for a specific period of time. The right to renew the agreement could be conditioned on one party performing specific obligations such as adequate policing or maintenance of the property.
Specific use restrictions: agreements can limit public use to specific user groups, such as clammers, recreational boaters, etc.
There are two general types of private agreements:
Lease: Best used when a defined time period is desired for the agreement. A lease is a written agreement, in which the owner of property (either real estate or some object like a boat) allows use of the property for a specified period of time (term) for specific periodic payments (rent), and other terms and conditions.
Contract: Most enforceable when both parties receive a benefit. A contract is an agreement with specific terms between two or more persons or entities in which there is a promise to do something in return for a valuable benefit known as "consideration" (a legal concept that requires both parties to give up something in exchange for receiving something). For a contract to be legally enforceable, it needs to include benefits for both parties. For example: If a landowner gives permission for his/her land to be used for public access but does not receive anything in return that agreement will not be enforceable if the landowner changes his/her mind.
If desired, a contract can be drafted as:
Installment contract: Best used when the landowner wishes to receive her benefit over a period of time. An installment contract is an agreement in which payments of money, delivery of goods or performance of services are to be made in a series of payments, deliveries or performances, usually on specific dates or upon certain happenings.
Lease-option contract: Best used when the leasee wishes to purchase the property, but cannot do so at the time of the agreement. The lease-option contract provides for a lease of property with the right to purchase the property during or upon expiration of the lease.
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At Rookwood School we are always pleased to welcome pupils from overseas. Our overseas pupils enjoy a rich and exciting life in Andover with our school boarding house being a home from home. Our fees for overseas pupils are the same for UK boarders and details of these are available on our fees page. Please see our Boarding pages to find out more about our boarding house and the exciting opportunities provided.
Overseas pupils do need a guardian in the UK. If a pupil has no relatives in the UK it is possible to engage the services of a 'guardianship' service who will ensure that the pupil is looked after during holidays and at weekends.
Pupils outside of the European Union need to obtain a 'Tier 4 (Child)' visa from the UK Home Office. The Home Office will only issue this if the school has issued a "Confirmation of Acceptance for Studies" (CAS) and if it can be shown that there are sufficient funds to pay for the education. For the school to produce a CAS pupils will need to provide references, records of academic attainment, take an English language test and undergo an interview (which can be done using the Internet).
Though Rookwood School does not currently offer A-levels (and post-16 education in general) we have close links with Cambridge Centre for Sixth-form Studies, which will provide a full range of post-16 courses. Our own Sixth Form is due to open in September 2021.


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Winter can be a very beautiful time of the year, especially if you live in a region that gets plenty of snow. We all know how children love the snow – there are endless possibilities for having fun and cold weather is usually not enough to stop them from enjoying it. On one hand, winter poses a beautiful time of the year for photography, particularly landscapes and portraits, and can be equally refreshing for wildlife photographers. On the other hand, it creates certain problems that are hard to figure out for beginner photographers, let alone their cameras. In this article, I will give you tips on how to photograph in winter and end up with well exposed, beautiful color images. I will also provide you with suggestions on when to go out to photograph and how to use snow to your advantage.
First and foremost, remember – days are much shorter during the winter. Sunrise is late, and sunset is early, so you only have a few hours of potentially beautiful light to capture those photographs, be it landscapes or portraits. I know from experience how engaging landscape photography can be during winter and those hours just fly by. Plan your day carefully – remember that you will need to revise your location no matter what you choose to photograph, so you'd better get there before the time of the day that you find most suitable. No less important is your safety. I've suffered from cold weather myself having stayed still in one place for too long. Bring some hot tea along with you, and some food, even if it's just a sandwich. Dress warmly – it is better to be hot than cold. Make sure your mobile phone is fully charged – cold eats up those batteries very quickly. The same goes for your camera, bring at least one spare battery and keep it somewhere warm and close to your body.
If you are off to somewhere more remote, make sure at least a few people know where exactly you are headed, so that you are not difficult to find in case of emergency. Unless you plan to do wildlife photography and not landscapes, I would suggest to dress in bright-colored clothes that will make you much easier to notice should anything happen.
Often, winter days can be very dull. Even such weather can be used for amazing moody portraits and landscapes, but you are likely to grow tired of the dullness after a short while. If a nice weather comes up, jump to that chance and don't let it slip through your fingers. The sun can be especially flattering during winter, most of all in parks and forests where there are trees, but also in city streets. See it cut through trees? Place your subject there, select a slightly warm-ish white balance and you have yourself a gorgeous portrait in gorgeous light. Notice how it bounces off the white surroundings into the face of your subject bathing it in warm and soft sunlight. Light in the background will create smooth and spectacular bokeh if you prefer shallow depth of field, but experiment with well-focused backgrounds as well, you may be surprised at what you end up with.
Sun and snow make for a breathtaking duet, but do experiment with other kinds of weather and mood. You may find snowstorms or misty mornings just as rewarding. As a matter of fact, any kind of winter weather can be used for both landscapes and portraits, just make sure the mood of your subject doesn't clash with the mood of those surroundings.
Winter is the least colorful time of the year. Snow usually hides most of the green to such an extent, you may find yourself with B&W photographs even though you shot in color. On one hand, it can help you get some spectacular minimalist images, yet on the other hand, it can result in utterly dull shots. Luckily, general lack of color during winter is what makes any color present appear so admirable, much more than during any other season. Look for it, however subtle. Use the gentle pink of the sky seconds after sunrise or bathe your subjects in evening light to see their faces light with warmth amidst cool, blue-ish shadows of snow. Let the evening sun shine them in their faces and they will smile in such a way you could never force them to yourself.
You may go for a different look, too. Even during the dullest of days, place your subject in front of your lens with a colorful accessory or even a piece of clothing – a hat or a scarf – and see them pop from their surroundings, instantly livening your photograph. Try subtle or bright colors for a different mood. Don't bring in too much color, though – you need to guide the viewers' gaze, not force it to jump chaotically from one portion of your image to another never quite settling down. As always, I urge you to experiment – you will find yourself having lots of fun while at it.
Children know how to play on their own. They are a lot more creative than us, grown-ups, and know how to enjoy the simplest of things. Simple things make for spectacular photographs. Let them play. You may want to stop them every now and then and grab a stationary shot, but don't intervene all the time. Let them enjoy themselves and be at the ready to capture that moment.
It is a similar situation with more specialized shoots. If you have more than one model – a couple in love, for example – give them some time for themselves in between those more instructed photographs and poses. Even if you're sure you know how to pose people well, give yourself and them some alone time. You can't make them look more themselves, more natural, than they can on their own. Use that time to study them, the way they communicate, and always keep your camera up so as to not miss a crucial moment.
Place yourself among 20 other photographers in the same location, and the only chance you have of standing out is going for bold composition. We've already talked light and approach to subject, but in every kind of photography, composition is key. Even when faced with the most beautiful landscape or model in front of you, there's always the risk of doing what has been done, even by you, a dozen of times before. Be daring, search for new, less obvious ways of placing your subject within the frame. Don't be afraid to experiment – making wrong choices can sometimes be better than making obvious ones, because wrong choices push you into making right ones. Everyone makes badly composed images from time to time – Lola, Nasim and me very much included. We don't show those images – instead, we learn from them.
Consider placing your subject at the extreme edges of the frame. Zoom out and include lots of surroundings while doing portraits to combine the genre with landscape photography. If you've heard people say shooting into the sun is a bad idea, rubbish, it is a great idea. If you heard them say shooting into the sun requires fill-in from your pop-up flash, rubbish, more often than not it doesn't. For the tenth time, experiment and have fun. Do crazy, unpredictable things. You'll see – when they work, they work brilliantly.
Remember the Brenizer panorama method? Being quite a complex technique, it is often hard to stitch together without mistakes. There's much less texture in winter due to snow, however, you may be able to pull off some spectacular shallow depth of field panoramas.
While a much less interesting topic, technicalities are still unavoidable, especially when talking about winter photography. The reason is very simple. Snowy winter landscape and portrait images are likely to contain lots of white (the snow itself). Snow is very reflective – it will reflect most of the light falling on it from the sky, making exposure settings more consistent throughout the frame. On the negative side, so much of white confuses the camera metering system, which is then likely to underexpose (it will try to see the white of snow as %18 grey and may deliver darker images in the process). Not to worry – such an issue is easily resolvable through exposure compensation. Dial in +0.3 or +0.7 with your camera to see if any possible exposure inaccuracies are solved. In some cases, no exposure compensation will be needed. Other situations may require much more adjustment – all depends on the subject, framing, metering mode and light.
As you change your framing, the amount of light that falls on your subject doesn't change, but the camera starts to see more or less light in what areas within the frame it thinks matter. So, light doesn't change, but exposure settings do. Consider choosing manual exposure control and keeping your settings more or less constant. Make a few test shots until you are satisfied with what you get. Using the camera LCD for similar evaluations is not always a good idea, but will at least give you consistent results. Even in case you got your exposure a bit off, consistent inaccuracy is much quicker and easier to fix throughout the shoot when using RAW file format, which I advice for any kind of important work. See our article comparing RAW and JPEG to understand why you should be shooting in RAW.
If you find yourself in extremely dynamic situations, where manual exposure mode would slow you down, consider using the exposure lock function (AE-L button). It is best used with spot or center-weighted metering modes most cameras support – point your camera on your subject's face, for example, to get a reading off it, then lock your exposure, recompose and refocus. You should get a pretty accurate exposure with this technique.
Some lighting conditions are not as easy to solve. If you have a dark subject surrounded by light-reflecting snow, which will be very bright, you risk overexposing the snow in your attempt to expose your subject properly. Unless it is your intention, such an exposure will result in blown-out highlights. Expose for the snow and your subject will be too dark. Often, there's just no direct way out of this situation, when light levels are so different across the frame. What you need to do is average your exposure – retain as many highlights as you can without burying your subject in complete shadows. Then, recover those whites and restore shadow parts during post-processing (see some of our articles on post-processing if you are challenged). Remember, snow should not be completely white or overblown, but it cannot be grey, either. Make sure it's as bright as possible, but not a solid white mass. This is where newer cameras with better metering sensors come in handy from a practical stand point, because they have many more such scenarios built into their firmware to be able to deal with such issues. Many of the latest generation Nikon DSLRs, for example, are intelligent enough to recognize faces and expose for them, rather than other objects or foreground/background elements.
In this article, I tried to explain as many things about winter photography as I could. Hopefully, you will find my advice of some use. In case you are a beginner photographer, certain terms and techniques may be unfamiliar to you – yet. We have many articles here at Photography Life for beginners to make it easier to understand these terms and technologies.
Start by reading our comprehensive "Landscape Photography Guide" – you will find a lot of useful advice there. The landscape photography post-processing tutorial could greatly help in quickly enhancing your photographs (here is another similar article).
Confused by white balance and exposure adjustments? Read our "What is White Balance?" article, and then our Mastering Lightroom series article "How to Use the Basic Panel" to learn how to adjust exposure and white balance during post-processing. We have articles on metering modes, filters for landscape photography and dynamic range, too. Our HDR tutorial should help you learn the technique if you're curious, but at the same time not "overcook" it.
If you have any other questions, it is very likely they have already been answered in our "Photography Tips for Beginners" or "Post-Processing Tips for Beginners" pages.
A comment about dressing in a cold climate. I have lived in a cold climate all my life and know of that which I speak.
Do not dress too warmly. If you start to sweat due to overdressing then you could be in trouble. Dress in layers. Then if you get too warm you can remove a layer. So carry a pack with you to carry that extra stuff.
Do not wear cotton especially next to the skin. Cotton does not hold the warmth when it gets wet. Wear polypropylene next to the skin. It wicks away the moisture from your skin. Wear wool if you have it. Wool retains the heat even when wet.
Of course, if you are only out for a short time this doesn't necessarily apply.
Thanks for a great article! The advice is great – and the photos are amazing!!!
All good suggestions. I use all of them.
1 – shooting 5-shot HDR (handheld) at 200-400 ISO in RAW. Used Photomatix.
4- used a 24-120 f/4 Nikon lens on my D-700. No lens swapping needed.
After shooting, I find that a few glasses of pino grigio wine and listening to Delius on the web help in my post-processing efforts…and mood!
Great tips and photo shots. Fully agree with Mike Bachman. Do not wear cotton near your body. Also, if you are plenty warm before you start walking to your destinations, you will be WAY too warm when you get there.
Another WEIRD tip from a winter cyclist and motorcyclist. If you put anti-perspirant on you feet and your hands before dressing, your extremities will not sweat nearly as much and they will stay much warmer. Inexpensive silk glove inserts will protect you hands and give you tremendous warmth.
Thanks for the great photography articles!!
Whenever I read articles on this website, I am amazed by the in-depth technical advice that you offer.
I somehow feel as if you are directly talking to me!
Great photos and suggestions. You have a lot more foliage in your winter than we do.
Sunlight in winter is obviously lower and the shadows can be different.
I find go-karting/driving gloves with fingerless woolly gloves atop are a good and inexpensive way for shooting in the freezing cold while allowing tactile handling of the camera.
stunning pictures and great article! Thanks a lot.
I have one brief question: What camera/lens combination did you use for the impressive portrait of the child?
Wow! Amazing pictures! May I know what lens(es) were used to take these pictures? Thanks.
The pictures are simply amazing. Along with the pictures if you mention the locations then that would give more information the users.
photographylife is really up to date… but my once request was that… if they can write the aperture,mode, shutter etc… it will be more helpful for us….
All very good tips. The one thing I was looking for but didn't see was how to acclimate your equipment (especially cameras and lenses). I am quite sure that taking your nice warm camera and lens out into sub-freezing temperatures is going to cause all sorts of problems. Any tips on how to acclimate equipment?
the best way is to not take it out of the bag immediately, but, whilst you are still traveling towards your location, let it acclimate slowly in the bag. You may even undo the zipper slightly to speed up the process. The same stands true when acclimating to a warmer environment – after you are back from the shoot, leave the camera in the bag for a couple of hours (if the temperatures outdoors really were quite low). It's a good idea to take the memory card out before you go indoors, so that you can get started on the images immediately. Finally, whilst shooting in sub-freezing temperatures, be sure not to breathe on the viewfinder glass piece or an element of the lens as the moisture from your breath might freeze on the surface.
Thank you Romanas, I am glad you cleared that up for me. I have always been leary of taking my equipment out in the cold. You have just opened a whole new world of shooting opportunities for me. I can't tell you how much I appreciate that. Again, thank you!


text:
Read the Sun Sentinel's award-winning journalism
BIKERS CRUISE BROWARD FOR NEEDY
PETER BERNARD Staff WriterSUN-SENTINEL
Under a special police escort, they roared south on Interstate 95 early Sunday afternoon, 500 strong on their powerful Harley-Davidson, Yamaha and Honda motorcycles.
The mission of the road-rugged bikers?
Food for the elderly.
Motorcyclists from 17 South Florida biker clubs rode together Sunday for the South Florida Confederation of Clubs Run and Food Drive to benefit the Area Agency on Aging, a social service agency for Broward's seniors.
Organizers of the event say it is another way for bikers to serve the community and combat negative stereotypes.
"There are senior citizens starving in our community, and that's a shame," said Desi Larmer, confederation chairman. "We want to show seniors and everyone else in Broward that we're here to help."
All motorcyclists were invited to participate in the ride, which left from the Mystic Seven Motorcycle Clubhouse in Pompano Beach and ended at a public party at T-Bird's Bar, Grill and Billiards on south Andrews Avenue in Fort Lauderdale.
Participants were encouraged to bring canned goods, grocery store gift certificates or cash donations for the Area Agency on Aging. Partygoers were treated to live music, a buffet lunch, vendors, door prizes and a 50/50 raffle.
"I hope somebody brings me food when I get older," said Davie resident Pam Becker as she placed a bag of canned vegetables and soup in the back of a truck at T-Bird's. "We all need to take care of each other, and this is a great way to spend a Sunday."
Many bikers brought individual gifts of food and money. Many of the 17 motorcycle clubs participating, such as Mystic Seven, U.S. Military Vets and the Soldiers for Jesus also offered group donations.
Larmer said the group hopes the ride and food drive will raise about $1,000 in donations in addition to the canned goods received.
"We plan to keep on doing this every year," Larmer said. "We wanted to do something different and help the elderly."
The unlikely alliance of bikers and a senior social services organization was engineered by Larmer; Tom Mulligan, the director of employment programs for the Service Agency for Senior Citizens; and Edith Lederberg, the executive director of the Area Agency on Aging.
"Desi asked me if I could think of a new idea for a community service project," said Mulligan, who is also a biker. "I thought helping the elderly was the most obvious thing to do. ... None of us are getting any younger."
The agency will distribute the food and gift certificates through Broward's Senior Connection Hotline, a telephone service for the indigent elderly.
The South Florida Confederation of Clubs, part of the 15-year old National Confederation, formed last spring to organize South Florida's diverse motorcycle clubs and assert the constitutional rights of motorcycle riders.
The post-ride party at T-Bird's was also a chance for riders to do one of their favorite things: talk about motorcycles.
"We're all different people, but riding is one thing we all love," said Sue Hurst of Plantation, the proud owner of a magenta 1993 Harley-Davidson Sportster. "I've been riding motorcycles since I was a little girl, and I love the freedom I feel when I'm riding."
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Copyright © 2019, Sun Sentinel


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President Trump announces Georgia visit Dec. 5, calls Raffensperger "Enemy of the People"
President to visit Ga. Dec 5th to rally for Senators
Updated: November 27, 2020 - 6:28 AM
ATLANTA — Georgia was apparently on President Donald Trump's mind Thanksgiving afternoon during a brief question and answer period with reporters.
He once again called the state's election system a fraud.
"Well, I told them today I think you're dealing with a very fraudulent system. You have a system where the flip of a switch or the putting in of a new chip can change the course of history," Trump said.
[SPECIAL SECTION: Election 2020]
The state is in the midst of recounting votes at the request of the president's re-election campaign. The recount comes after the state audited the initial vote and certified the election on Nov. 6th, awarding its 16 electoral votes to Joe Biden.
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Trump also said he will visit Georgia on Saturday, Dec. 5th to campaign for Republican Senators David Perdue and Kelly Loeffler.
No, the 2020 Election was a total scam, we won by a lot (and will hopefully turn over the fraudulent result), but we must get out and help David and Kelly, two GREAT people. Otherwise we are playing right into the hands of some very sick people. I will be in Georgia on Saturday! https://t.co/1ziqFq9S6O
"They should be in the United States Senate. They are desperately needed. But I told them today, you have a fraudulent system," Trump said.
GEORGIA VOTER GUIDE:
Key Dates for 2020 Runoff Elections in Georgia
These are the 7 races that are in a runoff in Georgia
Did you know? You can still register to vote in Georgia's U.S. Senate runoffs
How to vote by absentee ballot for Georgia's U.S. Senate runoff elections
Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger has repeatedly denied Trump's claims of voter fraud. Raffensperger, a Republican who said he donated to Trump's campaign and voted for him, wrote an editorial in USA Today saying that the president threw him "under the bus".
"At the end of the day you have to decide are you gonna follow the law or you gonna let people try and scare you off of what is doing what is right. We have a law. We're going to count every legal ballot. And we're going to throw out every illegal ballot we find. Its as simple as that," wrote Raffensperger.
Trump fired back at Raffensperger at the White House Thursday afternoon.
"I understand the Secretary of State who is really, he's an enemy of the people. The Secretary of State, whether he's Republican or not, this man what he's done," the President said.
Late Thursday night Trump told reporters that he will leave office if the Electoral College votes for President-elect Biden on December 14th.
At this time, there's no word where the president plans on holding the December 5th rally.


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Тыну Ыннепалу (; род. 13 сентября 1962), также известный под псевдонимами Эмиль Тоде и Антон Нигов — эстонский поэт и писатель. Лауреат Премии Балтийской ассамблеи в области литературы (1994) и Национальной премии Эстонии в области культуры (2010).

Биография
Тыну Ыннепалу родился 13 сентября 1962 года в Таллине в семье агронома и бухгалтера. Учился в школе № 29, затем перешёл в школу № 3. Изучал биологию в Тартуском университете с 1980 по 1985 год. Окончив университет с отличием, с 1985 по 1987 год он преподавал биологию и химию в школе на острове Хийумаа. В 1987 году стал свободным писателем, переводчиком и журналистом. В 1989—1990 годах работал редактором в литературном журнале «Vikerkaar».

Он начал свою литературную карьеру как поэт в 1985 году со сборника стихов Jõeäärne maja («Дом на берегу реки»). Следующие его сборники стихов вышли в 1988 и 1990 годах. В 1993 году он получил международную известность, когда его роман Piiririik («Пограничное состояние») был опубликован под псевдонимом Эмиль Тоде. Эта книга была переведена на 14 языков. В 1994 году он был удостоен литературной премии Балтийской Ассамблеи. В 2007 году он получил литературную премию Юхана Лийва. В произведениях Ыннепалу часто затрагиваются такие темы как гомосексуальность, изоляция и предательство.

В 1992 году его стихотворение «Inquiétude du Fini» было исполнено в качестве хоровой пьесы, а дирижёром выступил известный эстонский композитор Эркки-Свен Тюйр.

Помимо своей писательской деятельности, Тыну Ыннепалу перевёл с французского на эстонский произведения таких авторов, как Франсуа Мориак, Шарль Бодлер и Марсель Пруст. Тыну Ыннепалу также является членом правления Эстонского университета естественных наук в Тарту.

Сочинения

Романы
 1993 «Piiririik»
 1995 «Hind»
 1997 «Printsess»
 2002 «Raadio»
 2009 «Paradiis»
 2012 «Mandala»

Сборники стихов
 1985 «Jõeäärne maja»
 1988 «Ithaka»
 1990 «Sel maal»
 1996 «Mõõt»
 2005 «Enne heinaaega ja hiljem»
 2009 «Kevad ja suvi ja»
 2012 «Kuidas on elada»

Примечания

Поэты Эстонии
Писатели Эстонии
Журналисты Эстонии
Эстонские поэты
Эстонские писатели
Выпускники Тартуского университета
Писатели Эстонии XX века

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Arusha and Mbeya BC talk about their success after the Sabasaba, Nanenane and East Africa Grain Council, (EAGC).
In July and August the AAA Tanzania chapter participated in three exhibitions; the Sabasaba that was at Chapter level, the EAGC Agribusiness Expo and Nanenane which were at BCs level.
In September the Arusha and Mbeya BCs reflected on individual success stories, which resulted from the three expos.
Members expressed their gratitude to AAA for facilitation their participation in the expos. Their successes mentioned included; bringing awareness of their businesses and products to the public, as well as gaining knowledge on how to improve their products from their customers and competitors. They also gained the opportunity meeting different financial institutions, certification and standardization bodies and advisory institutions.
In all the BCs, members also expressed how these expos had increased their customers, market and income.
"My special thanks to AAA management for inviting me to exhibit my products in Sabasaba. I got a very good market. I am now supplying in Dar-es-Salaam and my income is increasing," Frank Msigwa of Frank Horticultural Mbeya said. He also added that the demand is now bigger than what he could supply.
"The EAGC Agribusiness Expo, increased my market for maize seed. I now have a lot of farmers who call to request for the seeds. This is the best thing AAA has done." Peter Mutisya of Multi Agro trading Main Suppliers Ltd enthusiastically stated.


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text:
O N Y X
Founded in 2017, Onyx Design Collaborative is the shared vision and lifelong dream of soul-sisters Emily Cox and Michelle Suddeth to create a life they love on their terms designing remarkable residential spaces.
Although there was plenty of pretty popping up across town, the duo couldn't help but notice a reservation to bring on interior design expertise and inherently trust the process. Based in fears bred by rumor or a product of personal experience, patrons seemed hesitant to break ground.
There had to be another approach - one that focused on curating a relationship and establishing the trust that would facilitate bringing the vision to fruition from start to finishes.
In true form, these ladies decided to make a new measure for the interior decor and design experience.
Enter the Onyx Standard, a novel approach and client promise built on core values of transparency, honesty, reliability, dependability, and structure.
Their mission was to go beyond delivering awe-inspiring design by educating, advocating for and ultimately empowering clients to cultivate and create their luxe life.
To date, the firm has enjoyed elevating an array of Lowcountry properties from Kiawah Island to historic downtown Charleston along with taking their talents as far as San Francisco, CA.
Nestled in The Circle, Onyx Design Collaborative is proud to provide a shared all-female co-working space and studio dedicated to like-minded expertise including fellow architects, interior designers, furnishing specialists and more.
MEET EMILY COX
PRINCIPAL DESIGNER
An award-winning designer with an extensive background in architecture and interiors, Emily believes that well-designed spaces should be a personal and meaningful embodiment of the client. Whether managing a high-end hospitality project or transforming a waterfront family home, Emily's work is fueled by collaboration and communication. As the eldest of six children, her innate diplomatic problem-solving skills make her a trusted and driven liaison for all her clients.
Prior to launching Onyx Design Collaborative, Emily was the founder and sole practitioner of ECOX Creative. She also spent several years as the Director of Interiors for the Anderson Studio and spearheaded interiors for Red Charrette Architects. Over the course of her 15-year career, she has managed over 35 million dollars of highly custom home projects, a number of which have garnered AIA awards, regional and national press, and a feature in the book Contemporary Southern Homes. Emily holds a BS and Master's in Architecture from Clemson University.
Known for her contemporary classic style, she creates spaces that are tailored with an edge, drawing inspiration from history, art and travel. Leveraging her experience studying in Italy and Barcelona along with her in-depth knowledge of architecture, Emily brings a unique understanding of the classics and character of each wall, surface, and structure she touches.
Hailing from the small town of Mullins, South Carolina, Emily made her way to the Lowcountry as fast as she could. Though she loves daily life in downtown Charleston, Emily is currently daydreaming about exploring a side street in a distant land in search of something delicious, while wearing an old jean jacket and a pair of Chuck Taylors.
MEET MICHELLE SUDDETH
An accomplished interior designer, Michelle's work is driven by the philosophy that spaces should be dictated by what you love, not by trends. With that ethos in mind, she works tirelessly to create spaces that perfectly match her clients' lifestyles, seamlessly blending high style and comfort. From resort projects to custom homes, Michelle brings an eye for the eclectic, a client-centered approach, and a passion for creating the best experience imaginable, both during the process and through the final design.
Sought after for her collected and layered style, Michelle is an expert at pairing meaningful antiques and vintage pieces alongside modern and colorful touches. As a child, she was constantly inspired by her grandmother's stylish fashion sense and collection of classic vintage furniture. Today, she draws creative inspiration from the plethora of visual treasures in Charleston, from the Lowcountry landscape to the patina on a weather-worn copper light fixture.
Prior to launching Onyx Design Collaborative, Michelle spent over a decade working in prominent design roles. Namely, she served as Director of Interiors with Anderson Studio of Architecture & Design, as the Creative Director for Affinity Management Group, and as a senior designer for several boutique residential firms across the Lowcountry. Michelle holds a BS in Interior Design from the University of Tennessee, with a focus in architecture and interior design.
A native of the neon-clad coastal town of Myrtle Beach, Michelle grew up visiting Charleston often and knew she would someday make the Holy City her home. When she isn't working, she enjoys spending time with her husband Jake at the beach or hiding away in the mountains. She's a self-described amateur painter, true-crime podcast fan, and animal enthusiast.
@ONYXDESIGNCOLLABORATIVE
Based in Charleston, SC
Serving clients across the USA
designers@onyxdesign.com
© 2019 Onyx Design Collaborative
Proudly Created by Front & Center LLC


text:
Bøker Bok 101–110 av 160 på All charges of war and all other expenses that shall be incurred for the common defence...
All charges of war and all other expenses that shall be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed by the United States in congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury...
FREE GOVERNMENT IN ENGLAND AND AMERICA: - Side 468
av S.M. JOHNSON. - 1864
Founding the Republic: A Documentary History
John J. Patrick - 1995 - 272 sider
...be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed by the united states in congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several states in proportion to the value of all land within each state, granted to or surveyed for any Person,...
Begrenset visning - Om denne boken
A Necessary Evil?: Slavery and the Debate Over the Constitution
University of Wisconsin--Madison Center for the Study of the American - 1995 - 289 sider
...been agreed to in a Congress of the United States, that all charges of war, and all other expences that shall be incurred for the common defence or general welfare and allowed by the US in Congress assembled shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be sup"Taken from...
Constitutional Political Economy in a Public Choice Perspective
Charles Rowley - 1997 - 324 sider
...proportions were distributed to the states with a specified due date. As directed by Article VIII: All charges of war and all other expenses that shall be...general welfare, and allowed by the United States in Congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several...
The Constitution in Congress: The Federalist Period, 1789-1801
David P. Currie - 1997 - 327 sider
...be understood otherwise than as here explained?" Id. See Articles of Confederation, Art VIII: "All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall...incurred for the common defence or general welfare, . . . shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several States . ....
Reform and Regulation of Property Rights, Volum 3
James W. Ely - 1997 - 426 sider
...clause, for the words are taken directly from that document: "All charges of war, and all other expences that shall be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed by the united states in congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be sopplied by the several...
...war, and all other expenses that shall be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, . . . shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several States . . . ." Sec also The Federalist No 41 (Madison). even a prohibition of state taxation might...
An Exposition of the Constitution of the United States
Henry Flanders - 1860 - 311 sider
...and all vacancies shall be filled up by the state which first made the appointment. ARTICLE VIII. All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall...general welfare, and allowed by the United States in Congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury which shall be supplied by the several...
Negotiating the Constitution: The Earliest Debates Over Original Intent
Joseph M. Lynch - 2005 - 315 sider
...slaves. See MCDONALD, supra note 30, at 64-66. 87. 2FR483, 486, 505-6. of war and all other expences, that shall be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed by the United States, in Congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury." For the resolution of the Committee...
The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787: Which Framed the Constitution ...
United States. Constitutional Convention, James Madison, Gaillard Hunt, James Brown Scott - 1999 - 731 sider
...State which first made the appointment. ¡' Article VIII. All charges of war, and all other expences that shall be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed by the united states in congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several...
The American Constitutional Experience: Selected Readings & Supreme Court ...
Richard M Battistoni - 2000 - 175 sider
...and all vacancies shall be filled up by the state which first made the appointment. Article VIII. All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall...general welfare, and allowed by the United States in Congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several...


text:
Offbeat Video 30th November, 2017
Hairdresser confused for Meghan Markle says she can't wait for their 'big day' as people mistake her for the future royal even more and could become a lookalike
By Josh Saunders
A hairdresser confused for Meghan Markle says she's can't for their 'Big Day' as she will be mistaken for the future royal even more and could become a lookalike.
Ashleigh Ridding, 20, from Bristol, started getting told she looked similar the future-Mrs Windsor when hers and Prince Harry's relationship hit the headlines earlier this year.
PICS BY ASHLEIGH RIDDING / CATERS NEWS
She believes she has similar almond eyes, hair, lips and mixed-heritage skin tone as her American idol Meghan Merkle, 36, from Los Angeles, California.
As the royal romance continued to bless, Ashleigh's friends and strangers noticed her likeness to the actress and humanitarian too.
Eventually culminating in her entering a competition to become a professional lookalike for Meghan and featured on ITV's Lorraine TV Show.
Now the trainee hairdresser, who has played the role of princess numerous times working as at a children's party company, hopes to become a professional lookalike.
Since the engagement announcement earlier this week, Ashleigh can't wait for the 'big day' as she'll be confused all the more for the future royal as her popularity soars.
Ashleigh said: "I started hearing the comparisons when Prince Harry and Meghan got together.
"Especially when it hit the headlines and was one everyone's phones, people would say 'Ashleigh you look so similar to her' which I loved.
"I would say my facial features make me look like her, I'm also mixed race, I'm half-Jamaican from my mother's side and generally look like her.
"We have a similar hair, skin tone, lips and other similar facial features, also, my eyes are very similar to hers, they are the same colour and shaped very similarly.
"I really am very much alike to her, we are similar looks wise, also I'm very confident and just like Meghan she's really funny and has a great personality.
"Personally, I will embrace being called or compared to Meghan, it's such an honour to be told that I even slightly resemble her
"I think I will only be compared to her more in the coming months and years, as the publicity increases.
"I definitely hope that I can use my likeness to be a lookalike for Meghan in the future, that would be a dream come true.
"To be treated like a princess and live that life as Meghan even for a little snippet would be incredible.
"I worked for a children's party company for a little while, where is dressed as princess so I have experience as princess already.
"But while Meghan has found her Prince Charming, I hope too I will find mine too."
Ashleigh entered the competition to find a Meghan Markle lookalike earlier this month, after regularly being compared to her and a push from her mother.
The winner would be given a one-year-contract with a professional lookalikes agency.
Ashleigh said: "I've been I looked like her a lot, my parents always said that we looked similar, as did my friends.
"But my mum, was the reason why I entered a competition on ITV's Lorraine and the Meghan Markle lookalike competition, my mum said you have to enter, so I did.
"I was in the finale and a runner-up to the entrée who was given a full-time contract, I was still pleased with the result.
"For me it was not about winning but the whole experience, I got on tv and got to feel what it was like to be Meghan."
Although Ashleigh did not win the competition she believes she bears such a similarity to Meghan that she may become a lookalike in the future.
Ashleigh said: "I would love to be a professional lookalike for Meghan, I think we look very similar.
"She is such an inspirational woman and is into charity work so to even be compared to someone like that is such an honour and I really enjoy that.
"People and friends say Meghan and I really look alike and even strangers online who live near me were surprised I didn't win the competition."
As the excitement around for the future Royal Wedding continues to exacerbate, Ashleigh expects more people will confuse her for the Prince of Wales' future bride.
Officials revealed the wedding will take place in May next year at St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, which hosts a capacity of 800 people.
Ashleigh confesses, she's obsessed by each detail that trickles out.
She said: "As soon as I saw the engagement was announcement I wanted to hear all the details, she looked stunning and her coat was beautiful.
"I am a little bit obsessed with them both, as most people are the moment.
"I wanted to extend my congratulations to Meghan and I look forward to the wedding."
Tags: lookalike Meghan Markle mistake
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This is the video tutorial for total beginner in Java. Learn to configure your computer for Java development. Also learn how to create simple programs.
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text:
Blue's Journey
D4 Enterprise
Alpha Denshi
Blue's Journey News
Nintendo Download 7th September (Europe)
Binding of Isaac! LEGO Worlds! Baseball! Monster Hunter Stories! Much more!
The European Nintendo Download Update is live, and it's a packed line-up this week. We have two retail arrivals on the Switch along with seven new download-only options. In addition the 3DS has its own retail arrival alongside a new download title, the Wii U has two new...
Thu 7th Sep 2017
Nintendo Download
Nintendo Download 7th September (North America)
Monster Hunter Stories! Rayman Legends! The Bridge! NeuroVoider! Much more!
It's time for another North American Nintendo Download Update, and this week is potentially a cracker. Both the Switch and the 3DS have notable retail releases, while the new system's eShop has quite a few tempting options to consider; there's even a Wii U Virtual Console...
News Blue's Journey Takes Him To Switch Next Week
Da ba dee da ba daa, da ba dee da ba daa, da ba dee da ba daa...
Better know as "Raguy" in the Land of the Rising Sun, 1991's Blue's Journey is your next HAMSTER Neo Geo title to be re-released on the Switch eShop, due on 7th September. Opening the month of September with a two player cooperative platformer is a rather nice change of pace...
Thu 31st Aug 2017
News The Next Wave Of ACA Neo Geo Titles For Switch Is Confirmed
Magician Lord! Blue's Journey! Spinmaster! Art of Fighting!
Hamster has confirmed the next wave of games for its ACA Neo Geo range on the Switch. During a recent livestream, the Japanese company revealed that Magician Lord, Puzzled, Zed Blade, Raguy / Blue's Journey, Spinmaster, and Art of Fighting are all bound for Nintendo's console. Out of that...
Mon 7th Aug 2017
ACA Neo Geo
News US VC Releases - 12th November - Axelay (+ Worldwide Mii Contest Channel)
Only one exciting VC game for the US today, but it doesn't matter too much - Super Mario Galaxy is out in the US today!
This week's great game is Axelay. One of the SNES's finest shmups (And one of the most loved ones of all time!). It has very unique 3D-esque effects which give it a unique style almost no other game has copied. This one's worth...
News EU VC Releases - 9th November - Super Mario Bros 3
Thankfully, Europe didn't have to wait long to get Super Mario Bros. 3 after America got it earlier this week. This game needs no introduction. It's easily one of the best games ever made (And according to many, THE best game ever made). If you haven't ever played it, you honestly have no idea what you're missing. Shame on you!
The other two games...
Thu 8th Nov 2007
EU releases


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Why was I moderator-suspended from chat for 24 hours?
I was suddenly banned from Stack Overflow chat by a moderator for 24 hours and I'm not sure why... I don't think I said anything offensive recently in the three rooms I'm in.
Could a moderator (ideally the one who suspended me) explain why?
I suspect the ban came down in the Documentation Beta chatroom: http://chat.stackoverflow.com/rooms/117558/documentation-public-beta
but unlike some others, I was not handing out untoward criticism of Docs. Throughout the Public Beta of Docs I've actually been pretty supportive of it in chat, and I'm sure multiple folks with diamonds could attest to that.
I was even in the process of helping someone who now is probably thinking I abandoned them.
The suspension seems to have been lifted after about 15 minutes.
support chat banning
TylerHTylerH
Looks like quite a few people who were criticising docs got suspended. I know of at least 3 others. – Morgan Thrapp Jul 26 '16 at 16:17
I don't typically have drama here at my workplace, so thanks for giving attention to my usual Meta-supplement. – CubeJockey Jul 26 '16 at 16:21
Are you sure? Your link to "the perfect description of SO staff and Docs" might not necessarily be taken in stride. I could repeat the link but who knows what might happen next :) – Hans Passant Jul 26 '16 at 16:28
@HansPassant The comic that's often used to describe a feature or product having lots of bugs is now offensive and suspension worthy without warning? That's news to me. Not to mention it was posted quite some time before the ban with several moderators/staff in chat at the time who did nothing/did not object to it. Anyway that was in direct response to Undo anyway, and was a continuation of my previous line made in jest. – TylerH Jul 26 '16 at 16:31
Were you on the anti-Docs team? That might have been the reason since that is not what teams are for. – NathanOliver Jul 26 '16 at 16:31
@NathanOliver I'm not sure what the anti-Docs team is, so I guess not? – TylerH Jul 26 '16 at 16:32
The anti docs team was my idea as a joke. You've suspended others, I'd prefer it if you suspend me too. – Ffisegydd Jul 26 '16 at 16:32
This appears to be the source: chat.stackoverflow.com/transcript/message/31937109#31937109 – Brad Larson♦ Jul 26 '16 at 16:34
Except that TylerH wasn't saying anything that could be remotely construed as negative in that discussion. If anything he critiqued the allusion to "free speech infringement". – J Richard Snape Jul 26 '16 at 16:38
@BradLarson: I'm not really sure why that's worth a suspension. It's nothing that hasn't been said dozens of times on Meta.SO. – Nicol Bolas Jul 26 '16 at 16:38
@JRichardSnape so did I... yet I was also banned. Note to self, don't try to defend SE in chat. – enderland Jul 26 '16 at 16:38
@BradLarson Wow, if that's the case, then I'm very concerned about that moderation activity. My line was not shade at all, it wasn't even satirical. Some normal user commented "Docs is SO's, it's their money. If we leave, no one will notice/care" and I simply responded "actually it's the VC's money :-P" If that is really what got me suspended, I think that's totally unreasonable and the suspending staffer should have looked at the context more carefully. – TylerH Jul 26 '16 at 16:38
For the record, it appears that some (not sure about all?) people have been unbanned. – Ffisegydd Jul 26 '16 at 16:45
If you think Documentation is like this i.imgur.com/c4jt321.png you might want to leave the gasoline at home? I dunno, just a thought... That's why I'm staying far from it right now :) – user1228 Jul 26 '16 at 16:57
@TylerH Nope, in fact that second link suggests the staff is getting a bit frustrated with the beating they're taking over it, and would be a bit sensitive and more likely to hand out bans like Oprah hands out cars. But that's just my reading. – user1228 Jul 26 '16 at 17:00
The launch of Documentation brought out something that's as hard to articulate as it is to absorb, how people feel. Some people are really good at expressing their feelings in a constructive way, others just kinda let the raw feelings out, which often comes in the form of unactionable hostility.
We've seen a bit of the latter, and when that comes in waves directed at a single person all at once, it's sometimes hard to see what's actually benign and possibly helpful. When a lot of folks descend on someone in that manner, well, people react.
Your suspension has been lifted because you're pretty clearly not in the category of "I'm here just to derail things, and nothing you could say would change my mind" - something we've been struggling with in a culture that encourages people to speak openly and honestly. But openly and honestly is also fodder for trolls who just want to make people mad. It's hard to distinguish between those categories in real time.
We're sorry about that.
If you have actional feedback, including "shut the whole damn thing down!" - please bring it here so it (1) won't be missed as we go through transcripts and (2) so folks can prepare to engage with it. When many people are directing this kind of thing at one person, well - they overload and can't possibly give you anything useful in return.
Everyone that's here really cares about Stack Overflow, and we're all human, including almost everyone that works here (I think we have a few robots doing stuff).
If you feel really passionate about something, come here. If you have questions about how something works, or want to help others that have questions, you're more than welcome in chat.
This is the kind of response that I think many of us would have preferred to see on other topics Re: documentation :P – Wayne Werner Jul 26 '16 at 17:21
In the same time, I'm always wondering on the need to be passionate about docs ... :p – Andy K Jul 27 '16 at 7:07
shut the whole damn thing down! – Gordon Jul 27 '16 at 8:22
As one of the people who has serious misgivings about Documentation (though trying to stay open-minded and as constructive as possible), seeing reports of someone being banned for speaking their mind and sharing their opinion is extremely frightening. It kind of feeds into the impression I've gotten from team members over the past week that they are remarkably sensitive about this new feature, for unknown reasons, and would prefer to wave away criticism than actually deal with it. Even if this was an isolated case of real hostility, that doesn't change the very bitter taste it leaves... – Cody Gray♦ Jul 27 '16 at 8:26
This long answer could really sum up to: "People have become overly critical of the documentation and in response we've become overly defensive. Sorry about that." – Tomáš Zato - Reinstate Monica Jul 27 '16 at 8:38
So has any action actually been taken about this? It sounds like you're apologizing, but not actually reprimanding whoever did it. – The Forest And The Trees Jul 27 '16 at 8:48
@CodyGray I suspect the sensitivity comes from various sources. Firstly the amount of work and time they put into docs coupled with some of the overly, shall we say, zealous criticism. Regardless whether you agree with docs or not, being downright unpleasant and nasty is no way to get SO to take criticism seriously. As for this specific incident, it appears to me that TylerH got caught in some crossfire, but some of the other bans were probably justified. Overall, one positive thing that this proves is just how passionate many people are about SO. – DavidG Jul 27 '16 at 9:02
@David I was going to point out that I understand developing and launching any new product is a difficult and draining process, but I ran out of room. That recognition, however, does not change the fact that it never behooves developers to become overly attached to their work. And it never behooves anyone to become averse to criticism. Microsoft thought it was a really great idea to remove the Start menu from Windows. About 95% of Windows users disagreed with them, and kicked up a big stink. Rather than banning people, they capitulated and fixed the problem in a point-1 release. – Cody Gray♦ Jul 27 '16 at 9:07
@CodyGray Yes, you're right, but the converse of that is to not allow passion to slip from the devs either. Is it worse to care too much about your work or to not care at all? It's all about the balance. the main crux for me is some of the vitriol thrown by a fairly small set of users. Regardless of how much you care about your code, that kind of stuff is always going to cause friction. As for the Windows start button, let us now forget that it took MS almost a year to capitulate on that, I'm fairly confident that it won't take that long here :) – DavidG Jul 27 '16 at 9:12
The problem may simply be that I do not participate in chat. (And this kind of thing may, in fact, be part of the reason.) But I haven't seen any abusive vitriol here on Meta. I have seen lots of heated and intense criticism—from myself, Nicol Bolas, bwoebi, Gordon, and a number of others. Everything I've seen has been equally as constructive as it has been harsh. Earlier today, I saw Shog9 accuse Nicol Bolas of "ranting" about Docs. I think that's very much unfair and an overly defensive attitude. Nicol's criticism has been poignant but well-reasoned. And largely ignored. (cc @David) – Cody Gray♦ Jul 27 '16 at 9:18
@CodyGray I have seen some fairly bad stuff on meta recently, but most of it gets deleted. I've stayed out of chat for the same reason, popped my head in and saw how some people were talking and left pretty quickly! I saw Shog9's post about the ranting and I can see both sides here. There have been a number of very vocal people in meta, but I don't think it's helpful to name them. – DavidG Jul 27 '16 at 10:34
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged support chat banning .
Why was I suspended from SO chat for 24 hours?
Why was BalusC temporarily suspended from SO?
What happened? Suspended for "inappropriate content"
Should a reason be specified when closing / freezing a room?


In 2003, Jade Flavell, Emily Trott and Liz O'Dea embarked on a mission: to create a pub that served "No crap on tap". They did it so well that the now iconic Wheatsheaf Hotel – or The Wheaty to friends – is known nationwide for its high calibre brews and top quality service. A visit (or three) is a must for every craft beer fan that ventures into South Australia's capital, and it never disappoints.
Of all the people stepping up from amateur to pro, Jade was lucky enough to have been given a taste of the good brewing life; at Wheaty events over the years she'd brewed with some of Australia and the world's finest on her 50 litre home brew system – not to mention at a number of microbreweries around the country too. Now, with Dave Scicluna (assistant brewer), Laura Mirsch (technical adviser) and Rose Bartholomeusz (malt wrangler) at her side, she's been going hog wild: before the brewery's first birthday, they'd smashed out 44 different beers in 61 batches.
As for the 600 litre brewpub setup constructed out the back of The Wheaty, it's made up of a brand new brewhouse and three single batch fermenters from Premier Stainless. They installed a time lapse camera to record the entire build, which you can watch here.
Core beers do not really exist at the Wheaty, instead they like to call them the "regulars" and the "not so regulars and one-offs", for which they provide possibly the most detailed breakdown of ingredients and processes online of any brewer in Australia. Among those brewed more often than others are Blood Oats – a hoppy oaty red ale, Team Australia – an IPA brewed with only Australian hops, Danger Zone – a hot pink raspberry Berliner Weisse, Black Lime Gose – a slightly salty and sour Gose, Thebby Bitter; nicknamed 'The Best End', Wheaty-Bix – a thick breakfast stout, and Corps Promise – a hoppy, spicy and bitter rye ale, one of a number of brews to feature Jade's beloved rye.
One thing the bar has always done extremely well is interact with the worldwide craft beer community. On many occasions, you'll walk into the front bar and find all 13 taps have been taken over by a guest brewer for the night. On others, you'll find a permanent bank of six rotating Wheaty brews matched stylistically as best as possible against the half dozen from the visiting brewer so guests can line them up in a side-by-side face-off. And, while brewers are in town, they'll usually team up with the Brewing Corps on a recipe and a brew.
Already, Jade and co have spooned (the Yeastie Boys' term for collaborating) with the Yeastie Boys, Birra Del Borgo, Magic Rock, To Øl, Sixpoint, Mountain Goat, Lobethal Bierhaus, Beavertown, Victory, Mornington Peninsula, Gladfield Malt, Cavalier Brewing and Doctor's Orders (who is in Adelaide so often he now has his own illuminated sign behind the bar). It's a list that's destined to keep growing too.
Just as with many of their spooning partners, they don't take themselves too seriously. Beers tend to come with pun-inspired names, themselves often referring to lasting memories of past collaborations or in jokes they're happy to share.
Also in the works are a laboratory that will allow the team to experiment even further, some casks and barrels for ageing, and more fermenting space – maybe even a sidestep into whisk(e)y too. Such enhancements and additions will give them even freer rein to take the philosophy that inhabits every nook, cranny and patron's glass of The Wheaty further still: more sours; more bugs; more hops; more rye; more happy customers; more spooning. But, just as importantly, still "No crap on tap".
Wheaty Brewing Corps Corps Blimey!