This week's roundup includes tips to help you devise a strong local SEO strategy, boost your website's conversion rate, and improve your email deliverability and open rates.
We'll also be covering ways to boost your content marketing efforts with the latest technology, build your personal brand on social media, and much more!
Guillaume Decugis's latest post highlights how technology can help you curate content, audit your content library, and make your content marketing efforts more effective.
Learn how tactics like creating an emotional connection with your audience and adapting your message to suit your target market can help you build a loyal following in this post from Ashwini Pai.
Join Heidi Cohen as she offers guidance on boosting your content marketing efforts by planning, creating, and using content across your company and measuring ROI.
Discover how a content marketing strategy that is a synergy between content creation and marketing tactics can help you generate more leads in this post from Julie Gauthier.
Follow Scott Hogrefe as he shares valuable tips that focus on repurposing content and establishing a brand voice in order to map your content to the buyer's journey.
Steve Peck highlights the lead generation mistakes that you must avoid in contact forms in order to maximize your conversion rate.
Eric Siu discusses how brands that only focus on specific elements of the sales funnel end up hurting their overall ROI.
Learn more about improving your website's conversion rate through A/B testing and the construction of a sales funnel in Michael Akinlaby's latest post.
Larry Kim debunks the most common conversion rate optimization myths and shares tips for improving your landing pages with remarketing and smart testing.
Christine Austin reviews different ways for enhancing UX by gaining insights into user behavior and optimizing your design across devices – and how these steps will improve your conversion rate.
Sandeep Mallya shares tips, like the use of mobile friendly templates and including just one CTA button, to maximize your open and click-through rates.
Uncover the best practices for performing email-specific A/B testing for abandoned cart and welcome emails in this post from Marissa Petteruti's blog.
Lisa Furgison McEwen highlights the success of drip campaigns in email marketing and reviews real-life examples to illustrate how they can help businesses nurture their leads.
McKenzie Van suggests content ideas for your welcome email, including the use of a personal letter and the offer of something special, to help develop customer loyalty from the start.
Bettina Specht discusses how to optimize your email marketing "send times" for an international audience to improve your open rates.
Alexandra De Clerck offers tips for improving your local search rankings for your multi-location business, including generating qualitative reviews and managing citations.
Jason Bayless shares his advice for creating a strong local SEO strategy by keeping your NAP information consistent and using a mobile-friendly web design.
Mike Huber highlights the role of traditional SEO techniques and new ranking factors, like page speed and structured data, in improving your position in the SERPs.
Juan Camacho shares the worst SEO advice he received during his career – and presents ways to execute SEO strategies the right way to outrank your competitors.
Errol Blair provides a series of tips, including finding the right tools for the job and developing an appropriate budget, to improve your organic rankings.
Join Jason George as he shares off-page SEO tips, like socializing your page and exchanging links, to help you improve your rankings and generate more traffic.
Learn how to evaluate performance and leverage your social media channels using Google Analytics reports from Susanna Gebauer's latest post.
Dominique Jackson offers social media marketing tips to help you build an audience by posting consistently and giving people a reason to follow you.
Ramin Faizy shares a series of tips for boosting your SMO efforts, including intensive keyword research and proper placement and integrating social into your website.
Richa Singh highlights a range of crucial social media techniques, like engaging constructively and following the right people, to help you build your personal brand.


One of the things that's come out of the proposed "Refresh quota usages" spec are the little-known nova max_age and until_refresh quota settings. These options allow you to trigger quota refreshes within Nova at different intervals.
This can help with the various quota bugs, where occasionally the quota usages can get out of sync with reality. This seems to be worse when using Nova cells — if a VM deployment errors in the compute cell, the reservation was already made in the API cell, for example.
Note: Some great info from CERN about how they handle quota synchronization problems here.
With this option, a quota usage refresh is triggered after max_age seconds. Each row in the nova.quota_usages table has an updated_at field. This is how the age of the quota usage record is determined and the max_age refresh triggered.
until_refresh is a count of the number of reservations that happen on a particular user resource quota before it is refreshed. This is triggered by the nova.until_refresh field in the database. That field is set to the configured until_refresh value when the usage record is created, and is decremented for every reservation that happens. When it reaches zero, the quota refresh is triggered and the until_refresh field reset to the configured until_refresh value.
These settings can be used together, or separately. When used together, the quota usage will be refreshed when either method is triggered: when the max_age or the until_refresh count is reached, whichever comes first.
The one downside the refresh may not be 100% transparent to the user. If the quota is already (incorrectly) too high and exceeds the quota limit, the reservation that triggers the refresh will still fail. I.e. the reservation is attempted based on the quota usage value before the refresh.
However, after that initial failure the quota should be fixed and it will work again on the next reservation.
Also, refreshing the quota usage generates some additional database load. I don't have any data on that, but I assume it refreshes based on the nova.instances or nova.reservations table. I imagine the load for a single refresh is probably comparable to that of a 'nova list'. It would be interesting to investigate this more and understand the details here.
Personally, we're running with max_age=86400 and until_refresh=50. The thinking being that users have a chance to get their quotas fixed up at least once a day, or if they are very active users, every 50 VM deployments.
We expect most quota issues happen slowly over time. If we are correcting them often and automatically, they hopefully never get to the point where they're bad enough to manifest reservation errors to the user.
Anecdotally this seems to be true, as we have relatively few reported quota issues. But, we suspect that there are a lot of minor inaccuracies that are not being noticed. With max_age/until_refresh, we should prevent those small problems from turning into larger ones.


In keeping with their image and standing, Switzerland's most highly regarded companies and institutions consistently choose the Baur au Lac as a fittingly dignified and cosmopolitan venue for their business events and social occasions.
An array of salons of varying sizes and designs is complemented by the Salon Français, a conference room whose charming elegance still leaves room for cutting-edge audiovisual communications technology. Sophisticated designer touches set off the traditional architecture in a way that routinely draws astonished and approving gazes.


Villa d'Este is one of Italy's premier resort hotels, known for its scenery and luxurious accommodations, and the course here is equal to its surroundings. Situated amid the numerous lakes that dot this part of Italy where the land rises to meet the Alps, the course was laid out by Irish architect Peter Gannon on a rolling, forested tract of wilderness. The play here stresses careful shots over long ones, so a golfer who diligently works the short game will often win out over one who makes risky drives. The course rewards repeated rounds, so visitors on an extended stay can come back several times while enjoying the other attractions that the area around Como—the lake and the community—is famous for, in particular the local food and drink. The clubhouse itself offers cocktails and lunch, as well as a wonderful view of the exquisite landscape.


Product information "VR50M-MF Mullion reader with keypad"
VR Mullion reader - Modern attractive looking reader with hardwearing materials which endure the most challenging weather conditions. Multicolour programmable light frame on all readers which enhance the look and functionality of the reader. The customer can choose colours for each outcome and rest state. OSDP or Wiegand connectivity supporting MIFARE card technology including EV1 and EV2.


This is only the second Unicorn Horn bone carving I have made so far but I like it a lot. Both of the Unicorn Horns are for sale at the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego in the Gift Store along with a few other designs I have in there or you can buy them on the website www.studiotapu.com.
The horn is about 2 inches long and 1/3 of an inch wide. Two lines spiral down towards the tip and I try to show a little grain/texture in these. We have them on sterling silver chains at either 18 or 24 inches.
This entry was posted in Bone Carving and tagged bone, bone art, bone carving, handmade jewelry, Unicorn, Unicorn horn, unicorn jewelry, unique jewelry, white polished jewelry by tj. Bookmark the permalink.


Originally from Cleveland, Ohio, Tim Gawesky now lives and works in Toledo, Ohio. An interdisciplinary artist, his current work features paintings and installations that utilize bright colors and bold shapes to address issues like instant gratification. Gaewsky received a bachelor of fine arts in painting from the Cleveland Institute of Art in 2001 and a master of fine arts in visual art from Vermont College of Fine Arts in 2006. Gaewsky's paintings, assemblages, and installations have been included in solo and group exhibitions throughout the United States and Rotterdam, Netherlands.


Through the U.S. Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA), Congress appropriates funds for projects to reduce diesel emissions from diesel fleets. Congress passed the Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) in 2005 as an amendment to the U.S. Energy Policy Act. EPA is responsible for overseeing and distributing funds authorized by this legislation. EPA has additional information about the federal DERA program on its website. Click on the link in bold to learn more.
EPA splits the funds for reducing diesel emissions into different pools. Ninety percent of the funding goes toward state-allocated programs and the National Clean Diesel Funding Assistance Program. EPA uses the remaining ten percent to fund clean diesel programs at the national level, such as a ports initiative and the National School Bus Rebate and Retrofit Program. Click Click on these links to find out more about these programs.
EPA divides its state-allocated funding evenly among the 50 states, Washington, D.C., and several U.S. territories. The Missouri Department of Natural Resources' Air Pollution Control Program oversees distribution of Missouri's funding.
The air program must use this federal funding for eligible clean diesel projects. Projects in Missouri have funded endeavors to cut emissions from trucks, school buses, locomotives, construction equipment, and tug boats. Examples follow.
Emission control retrofits (exhaust controls) are installed near tailpipes. The technology uses precious metals to oxidize certain pollutants and/or filters to trap pollutants. Recent technology relies on precious metals to oxidize pollutants and injections of ammonia into the exhaust stream to control NOx fumes.
Idle reduction retrofits allow drivers to operate air conditioning, heaters, and/or small generators without running the engine. This technology cuts diesel emissions because truck drivers stay comfortable without having to turn on their engines. Other efforts to reduce idling include electrified parking lots that enable truck drivers to operate climate control systems as well as technology that regulates locomotive engines so that they can stay warm without idling. Locomotive engines typically take a long time to warm up.
SmartWay® technology includes idle reduction retrofits, as explained above, as well as more fuel efficient tires and aerodynamic retrofits, which help truck trailers reduce air resistance, improve fuel economy and reduce emissions. Manufacturers that offer this technology apply to the EPA's SmartWay® program to become certified. Click here for more information.
Some grants cover the cost difference between regular diesel and alternative fuels, such as biodiesel, natural gas, propane, and hydrogen fuel.
Alternative fuel conversion kits enable diesel engines to run on alternative fuels, such as natural gas, propane, or hydrogen.
Engine replacements require the removal of an existing engine to make room for a new or rebuilt engine verified by EPA to meet more stringent emission standards. The U.S. Diesel Emissions Reduction Act requires the old engine to be scrapped or returned to the original engine manufacturer to be retooled to a more stringent emission standard.
Early vehicle replacement programs help fleets buy new vehicles and take older vehicles out of service ahead of schedule. The U.S. Diesel Emissions Reduction Act requires old vehicles to be disabled to ensure reductions.
The National Clean Diesel Funding Assistance Program is a competitive grant program that EPA administers. Approximately 60 percent of the funding from the U.S. Diesel Emissions Reduction Act goes toward this program. For information on grants distributed from 2008 to 2011, click here. To learn about grants administered from 2012 to 2015, click here.
promote transportation or air quality.
Ineligible entities may partner with an eligible entity to apply for a project; however, the eligible entity must submit the application to EPA and assume responsibility for the project.


text:
Церква Успіння Пресвятої Богородиці — парафія і храм греко-католицької громади Мельнице-Подільського деканату Бучацької єпархії Української греко-католицької церкви в селі Гермаківка Чортківського району Тернопільської області.

Історія церкви
З архівних джерел першої половини XX століття відомо, що у с. Гермаківка (Єрмаківка) Кудринецького деканат Станіславської греко-католицької єпархії колишнього Борщівського повіту Тернопільського воєводства була мурована церква Успішні Пресвятої Богородиці, збудована ще у 1815 році.

2 червня 1836 року з пастирським візитом Гермаківку відвідав митрополит Михайло Левицький, який відслужив у церкві урочисту Службу Божу, про що є запис у мінеї.

В 1937 році на парафії відбулася місія, яку проводили отці Редемптористи, серед яких був о. Володимир Стернюк.

До 1946 року парафія і церква були греко-католицькими.

У 1946 році парафію і храм було перереєстровано у приналежності до РПЦ. З 1991 року і донині храм належить ПЦУ. У 1990 році чисельно менша частина громади села повернулася в лоно УГКЦ. 13 травня 1990 року єпископ Павло Василик освятив відновлені «Три Хрести» на честь скасування панщини і відслужив Службу Божу. 16 травня 1991 року на свято Вознесіння ГНІХ о. Іван Сеньків також відслужив Службу Божу біля «Трьох Хрестів», біля яких греко-католики збиралися на богослужіння до 1998 року.

3 1998 року по 2009 рік богослужіння проводили у переобладнаній з магазину каплиці.

У травні 2001 року на парафії відбулася місія, яку проводив о. Йосафат Воротняк, ЧСВВ, із сестрами монахинями зі Згромадження Пресвятої Родини монастиря м. Бібрки.

4 жовтня 2009 року Апостольський Адміністратор Бучацької єпархії о. Димитрій Григорак, ЧСВВ, освятив храм для греко-католицької громади, відреставрований з костьолу 1909 року забудови.

При парафії діють: спільнота «Матері в молитві», братство «Апостольство молитви» та Вівтарна дружина.

На парафії є три хрести на честь скасування панщини, фігура Богородиці, фігура Ісуса Христа, Місійний хрест (на місці читальні «Просвіти»), могила воїнів УПА (на цвинтарі), монумент Борцям за волю України, пам'ятник районному провіднику ОУН Андрію Назарківу («Зелений»), каплиця з дерев'яною фігурою Богородиці з Дитятком Ісусом на руках (збудована, приблизно, у 1820).

Парафія має у власности проборство.

Парохи
 о. Володимир Стернюк,
 о. Володимир Савчинський,
 о. Іван Волошин (1 жовтня 1913—1960),
 о. Микола Жук,
 о. Іван Сабала (1991—1992),
 о. Ярослав Капулов (1992—1995),
 о. Василь Стасів (1995—1996),
 о. Михайло Грицьків (1996—2010),
 о. Володимир Старик (з 27 червня 2010).

Джерела

Церкви Чортківського району
Гермаківка
Церкви Успіння Пресвятої Богородиці
Культові споруди, побудовані 1815
засновані в Україні 1815

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium in South Korea will likely be the most-watched sports venue in the world on Friday night during the opening ceremony for the 2018 Winter Games, but the costly arena won't be around for long.
The stadium, which cost $100 million to construct and was finished in late 2017, will be used for just four events – the opening and closing ceremonies for the 2018 Winter Olympics in February and Paralympic Winter Games in March. After that, officials will tear down Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium, a 35,000-seat stadium built in a South Korean county with 40,000 residents, rather than watch it become a "white elephant" like Olympic venues in previous host countries that fell into disuse.
Costs for the opening ceremony itself are harder to pin down. The extravagant opening ceremony for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, featured hundreds of performers and cost $780 million, the Guardian reported at the time. Other recent opening ceremonies have been less opulent. The event cost $42 million for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London and roughly half that sum for the 2016 games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, according to Reuters.
This year's opening ceremony in South Korea will incorporate a theme of peace, according to event organizers. Several South Korean musicians are scheduled to perform at the event, which will air in more than 200 countries.
"Peace is the most important message, as we are the only divided country in the world," said Song Seung-whan, the general director of the opening and closing ceremonies of the Winter Olympics, according to Nikkei Asian Review. "We want to let the world know about the pain of division and our desire for peace."
The 2018 Winter Olympics are expected to cost South Korea roughly $13 billion in total – a significant increase compared to initial estimates of about $7 to $8 billion. However, this year's games will still cost far less than the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi, Russia, where the final tally purportedly bloomed to more than $50 billion, according to the Council on Foreign Relations.


text:
Q: Why did I get return code 200 instead of 201 on my post request ? (Python /Requests/Json) I am using pandas and requests to create a post request, and the one I am creating sent me back a status code 200 instead of a 201.
In this post, I send a JSON from a dataframe. This part seems to be good.
I don't know if the header is good or not, I changed a lot of things in it, without success.
This problem doesn't show any error and the server affected by the request doesn't give any sign too.
The first request give me the access token and work well.
def post_json(nbr_requests):
    auth_json = {'grant_type': 'password', 'client_id': 'hidden','client_secret':'hidden','username':'hidden','password':'hidden'}
    auth_response  = requests.post('http://hidden:8080/lot/of/stufs/token',data=auth_json)
    token = auth_response.json()["access_token"]
    api_call_headers = {'content-type':'application/json', 'accept':'application/json','authorization': 'Bearer' + token}
    url_to_go = "http://localhost:8080/hidden/link"
    for i in range(nbr_requests):
        api_call_response = requests.post(url_to_go, headers=api_call_headers, json=json_array_to_send[i],data={"key": "value"})
        print (api_call_response.status_code)

A: I know the question wasn't clear, but if someone got the same problem, you should add a space between "Bearer" and the token in the header.
In my example above you should do something like this :
api_call_headers = {'content-type':'application/json', 'accept':'application/json','authorization': 'Bearer ' + token}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Family Caregiver Alliance Helps Caregivers Come Together
by Lyn Lomasi, Write W.A.V.E. Media Staff
Image by a4gpa via Flickr.com
Caregivers of adults with disabilities deserve a special voice to show the public all they do and Family Caregiver Alliance is helping to provide that. The first organization formed to address friend and family caregivers providing long-term care, FCA has been around since 1977. What started out as a small group of caregivers and community leaders over 30 years ago has grown significantly.
FCA has helped countless families in a number of different ways over the years, providing various resources and assistance to those offering disability care. Most recently, the FCA has developed the Family Care Navigator, which is a state by state resource for caregivers of those with disabilities.
At the Family Care Alliance website, the Family Care Navigator is easily accessible. A caregiver searching for information on government, nonprofit or private programs need only click on the state of residence right on the home page. If it is services that are needed, that information is also available on the Family Care Navigator.
General information and resources are also available. A list of some of the most common questions is prominently displayed for easy access. For further research and information, check the free fact sheets and publications Family Care Alliance displays on the website. Printable versions are available.
Because providing long-term care in a family caregiver situation can sometimes be difficult, frustrating or otherwise straining, there is also access to support groups and organizations for long-term family caregivers from the FCA website.
Family Caregiver Alliance has received various awards and grants. The organization's website is extensive and has been called an invaluable resource for long-term caregivers of adults with disabilities.
*I originally published this via Yahoo Contributor Network

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Hi everyone! Hope you're all well :) I went on a little holiday on Monday to Palma just for three nights with the family which was lovely. There was an amazing little make-up shop there called Essence, I was like a kid in a sweet shop! I wanted to buy everything! They had their own Essence brand that did every kind of make-up and skin care product and then they stocked loads of other make-up brands such as NYX, China Glaze, Real Techniques Brushes, OPI and lots of other cute brands that must be foreign as I hadn't heard of a them but they had such nice products.
Essence Tinted Moisturiser, NYX Cream Blush in Hot Pink, NYX Soft Matte Lip Cream in Addis Ababa and Sinful Colours Nail Varnish in Neon Fuschia.
Some other pictures from the holiday!
nice blog sweetie what about following each other..?
Oooh I could just do with one of those cocktails now!


Wow, check out this redeveloped home. The home has new kitchen, bathrooms, flooring, paint, roof, electrical, plumping updates, and the list goes on. The home features a fireplace and large basement for entertainment, billiards, or media. Fast access to highways, restaurants, and entertainment. Schedule your showing now!
Courtesy of Mark Bates with Richter Realty.
Selling Agent: Christopher A Linda Selling Office: Keller Williams GR East.


Frosty Jesus is a Rebel Spirit Cannabis proprietary strain, and is a cross between OG Kush and Jesus OG. It's a classic combination bringing back that fuzzy high with an OG Kush overtone. This strain exudes an intense amount of resin that will raise your spirits and make you feel like a Rebel.
Jacky Girl is a Rebel Spirit Cannabis proprietary strain, a cross between Jack Herer and Girl Scout Cookies. It's a Jack Herer on steroids. This strain has a terpene profile that expresses lemon, mint and a hint of gas. It's a stimulating strain, great with a cup of coffee to start your day.
Lemon Skyfall is a Golden Lemon phenotype.
501st OG is an indica-dominated hybrid bred by Rare Dankness with the cross of Skywalker OG by Rare Dankness #1. This plant is know for its colorful flowers which give off a deep piney kush aroma that mixes with the sweetness of grape flavors.
Burnt Cookies is a hybrid strain created by Rebel Spirit Cannabis, a cross between Fire OG and Girl Scout Cookies. It's a powerhouse of lemon aromas and a surprising hint of ginger. This strain has a tight bud structure that can be found in Girl Scout Cookies.
Gorilla Glue #4, developed by GG Strains, is a potent hybrid that delivers heavy-handed euphoria and relaxation, leaving you feeling "glued" to the couch. Its chunky, resin-covered buds fill the room with pungent earthy and sour aromas inherited from its parent strains: Chem's Sister, Sour Dubb and Chocolate Diesel.
OG Kush is cherished for its ability to crush stress under the weight of its heavy euphoria. It carries an earthy pine and sour lemon scent with woody undertones, and aroma that has become the signature of OG Kush. The genetic origins remain a still-disputed mystery though most say that Chemdawg and Hindu Kush are its parents.
Sour Star Head is a Rebel Spirit Cannabis proprietary strain, and is a cross between Ultra Love, Sour Tangie and Star Killer. It's a strong producer with a sour nose and a smooth smoke, tasting a bit like a fluffy cloud flavored with sour fruit and a smoothness reminiscent of cream. The flowers are dense, containing engorged calyxes hosting tight pistils.
Rebel Berry OG won the prize for Best Outdoor at the 2016 Oregon Growers Cup. This sativa-dominant hybrid was bred by Rebel Spirit Cannabis for its ability to stimulate creativity. Its one-of-a-kind aroma is thick with blueberries, citrus, cheese, and a spicy smooth vanilla finish. The flavor is that of velvety cheesecake covered in a blueberry glaze, with tasteful notes of citrus and juniper, leaving the consumer buzzing with euphoria.


text:
Matt Elliott
Book Matt Elliott
ICONIC LEICESTER CITY FOOTBALLER & LEAGUE CUP WINNING CAPTAIN
Sports Presenters
Former Leicester City star and football speaker Matt Elliott began his career at the non-league clubs Leatherhead and Epsom & Ewell. Quickly demonstrating his knack for the beautiful game Elliott soon moved to Charlton Athletic where he firmly established himself as a professional player.
Elliott was soon signed by Torquay United and from there began to draw attention from clubs further up the ladder, he signed for Scunthorpe in March 1992 and Oxford United the following November 1993 where he remained for three seasons. Matt Elliott made his first Premiership appearance with Leicester City in 1997, where he went on to act as the team's leading sports speaker and captain.
Remaining with the Foxes for almost a decade Matt Elliott was part of the Leicester team that came runners up in both the First Division final and League Up in 1999 and 2003 respectively. Additionally, he captained his side to a League Cup win in 2000 and was awarded an Alan Hardaker Trophy for his skilful play in the EFL Cup final.
Despite being born in England Matt Elliott chose to play for the Scottish national team and was offered a place thanks to his grandfather's Scottish heritage. Elliott received no less than eighteen caps for Scotland and continues to work as an after dinner speaker for the national team. Elliott incurred a knee injury in 2004 and, after only three appearances for Leicester City that season he retired from the club and the international Scottish team in January 2005.
Since his retirement Matt Elliott has worked as a coach and assistant manager for a variety of clubs, returning in 2014 to Leicester City. He has also worked as a commentator and sports reporter for local Leicester radio station, BBC Radio Leicester. Alongside his media and coaching pursuits, he has worked as a sports speaker appearing at both exclusive Leicester City after dinner speaker events and at public, media and corporate functions around the UK.
As a speaker he is open and honest, giving a real insight into his high profile career, which is fascinating to listen to; football fan or not. Incorporating his personal experiences in leadership, achieving goals and overcoming obstacles, he relates each topic to everyday life and prompts important discussions within his audiences. A popular and talented sportsman, Matt Elliott is a wonderful addition to any event.
How to hire Matt Elliott
Contact the Champions Speakers agency to provisionally enquire about Matt Elliott for your event today. Simply call a booking agent on 0207 1010 553 or email us at [email protected] for more information.
When at corporate events, Matt is known to cover the following topics:
Scottish National Team
Sporting Success
Sports Speaker
Football Punditry
Similar speakers to Matt Elliott
Geoff Rowe
Founder & Director Of Europe's Longest Running Comedy Festival - The Leicester Comedy Festival


text:
ACLU lawsuit doubles down on legislative bail reform efforts
Zaria Phillips Capital News Service
LANSING — Advocates are launching a two-prong effort to reform Michigan's system of bail they say is too high, forcing low-income people into jail while awaiting trial.
The Michigan chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union recently sued the 36th District Court in Detroit over excessive bail. The action came just after state lawmakers in March proposed a package of bail reforms.
Bail is money pledged to release an individual charged with a crime to ensure that they will appear in court. The money is forfeited if they don't appear.
Supporters of bail reform say that too often, people cannot afford to bail their family members out of jail, even if the evidence against them is scant.
"This is a statewide problem of family members being locked up in jail because they can't afford bail," said Ann Mullen, communications director for the Michigan ACLU. "A man in Grand Rapids lost someone who hung himself in jail because he could not afford bail."
The problem is not confined to large urban areas. The Upper Peninsula struggles with excessive bail as well, said Antonio Ruiz, an attorney for Superior Law PLLC in Marquette.
"Judges have sole discretion over how high to set bail. Ability to pay is not factored in at all," Ruiz said. "I see people here struggle with bail all the time. I have an 18-year-old client with no prior criminal history with bail set at $600,000 by the Delta County Court nearby. He's been in jail since this past September."
The ACLU lawsuit claims giving poor people expensive bail is unconstitutional because they remain jailed even though they are presumed innocent until proven guilty.
Rep. David LaGrand, D-Grand Rapids, introduced the reforms that would create a financial information form to help judges set bail that is relatively fair and create consistent rules among courts. It also would require district and circuit courts to submit bail data to the State Court Administrative Office to help monitor consistency.
The package also encourages a greater investment in community policing.
Michigan's Legislative Black Caucus is pushing for legislation that would require judges to consider a person's income when they set bail, said John Johnson, attorney and executive director of the caucus. They've asked attorneys across the state to support bail reform.
Rep. Sheldon Neeley, D-Flint, who chairs the Legislative Black Caucus, is among the sponsors of the package.
"The bill package addresses the issues in the lawsuit, but everyone is focused on the lawsuit," Johnson said. "You either get things done through legislation or litigation."
While the lawsuit is focused on the Detroit court, both Johnson and Mullen agree excessive bail is a statewide problem.
"The ACLU has plaintiffs from across the state, but the 36th District Court is largest and probably the worst offender," Johnson said.
Bail isn't meant to be a punishment or to remove one's freedom before they're convicted, said Battle Creek attorney Anthony Elmore, who has advised the caucus. "When someone is charged, regardless of the amount of evidence, bail can still be set high."
In setting bail, judges don't have to require evidence to be shown or consider if the offense is violent, non-violent or a first offense, he said.
Prosecutors oppose bail reform because if someone can't afford bail, they can squeeze the defendant into a plea deal, Ruiz said.
That especially keeps low-income people and particularly people in communities of color stuck in the court system, Elmore said.
"The problem is that these high bails are given to people who aren't guilty," Elmore said. "I knew a young man who stayed in jail for almost two years, he could hardly afford my services.
"I'm not sure whether or not this lawsuit will help push the legislation, but I'm hoping it'll do something."
The bills were introduced to the House and Senate with sponsorship from both parties. They are pending before the House Judiciary Committee and the Senate Committee on Judiciary and Public Safety.


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Flying cars to be tested in new Indonesian capital in 2024
Indonesia's future capital city, Nasuntara, is set to become the testing ground for Hyundai's flying car project starting in 2024.
Bryan Ke
Indonesia's future capital city, Nasuntara, is set to become the testing ground for Hyundai's flying car project Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) in 2024.
Mohammed Ali Berawi, the deputy head of the Green and Digital Transformations Department at the National Capital Authority of Nusantara, announced the signing of the memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Hyundai in Jakarta on Wednesday.
"We're not building this city for 2024; we are looking ahead to 2045, so that's when the [flying car] tech is for. Now, it's hard to imagine flying cars, but maybe they'll be around by 2035," Mohammed said. "We can be one of the pioneers in the development of the tech."
In August 2019, President Joko Widodo announced the government's plan to move Indonesia's capital to a new city as problems in Jakarta continue to emerge, such as heavy traffic, pollution and the sinking of the capital into the Java Sea at an alarming rate.
Mohammed Ali Berawi, the deputy head of the Green and Digital Transformations Department at the National Capital Authority of Nusantara announced that the government had signed a memorandum of understanding with Hyundai to build a network in the country that would be used for the Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) project.
Speaking in Jakarta, Indonesia's current capital city, on Wednesday, Mohammed said that Hyundai will begin testing the AAM project in Nasuntara in 2024. Mohammed added that this collaboration could lead to the South Korean automotive manufacturer developing Indonesia's first flying cars.
Although the technology for flying cars is still in its infancy, Mohammed said they are already looking way ahead into the future, adding that it could take decades before the technology becomes common in Nusantara.
Mohammed stated that Hyundai's flying cars will look like drones and will be able to transport people and goods to areas that are not easily accessible by roads, such as hills.
In August 2019, Indonesian President Joko Widodo announced the government's plan to replace Indonesia's capital city, citing problems in Jakarta such as heavy traffic, pollution and the sinking of the city into the Java Sea at an alarming rate.
The replacement is reportedly expected to cost around 486 trillion rupiahs (approximately $31.6 billion), and the process could take 10 years. The Indonesian government is hoping to start relocating its administrative hub to Nasuntara, located on the island of Borneo in Indonesia's East Kalimantan province, in 2024.
Featured Image via CNET Highlights


Gambling age differs from state to state as states have the right to fix their gambling age. In general minimum gambling age lies between 18 years to 21 years by law in any country of the world. With the emergence of online gaming the gaming age has become a big concern as any one can log in to play the game by giving wrong information of age. The gaming industries have the same problems as those with the alcoholic beverages industries. Just like underage alcoholic drinkers there are the underage casinos that create a regulatory problem for the industry, and occasionally personal problems for themselves.
The gambling industry which facilitate underage gambling and the underage gamblers should know that the problem of underage gambling is a social concern and cannot be avoided.
It is foremost duty of any online casino to make all the possible efforts to restrict under age gambling. The legal age limit should be displayed on the online casino sites and a reliable casino should put its best efforts to avoid anyone under that limited age from playing at the site. It should be noted that some online casinos offers 18 years gambling age and others give chance to those more than 21 years old. There are a few sites which are quite open and eager to promote even under age players to participate in free online casino games which is quite immoral attitude of a gambling site. Individuals will also find some sites which clearly display that children, or those under age have no place at their online casino and such players are not welcome or right to play at the site.
The online casino sites should make it clear that if any below age person plays the game any how and win will be unable to claim a real money prize in the event of a win. This will stop the under age player to a great extent from gambling online. The situation at that time becomes more frustrating when an under age player wins and cannot get the winning amount.
Previously gambling has been the game for the adults but in recent years youth gambling has become very popular due to online casino games. Similar to adult gambling there is an element of risk, where money or something of sentimental or monetary value could be won or lost by the participant in youth gambling. Sports betting, poker, dice, bingo, slots, internet gambling are mostly played by youths. Gambling is a played for fun most of the time so many other business like hotels, bars restaurants, clubs etc are opening casinos in their curriculum to enhance their business.
In addition to gambling age it is also necessary to see where online gaming is legal because if one fulfills the criteria of gambling age, plays from the location where online gabling is illegal then winning the large amount can create complications for him. So besides gambling age one should also consider the location while playing.


Testosterone is very important in men, as it is directly and indirectly responsible for everything related to a man's sense of wellbeing, psyche and physical performance. In some men, these depleted levels can have deleterious effects on their well-being and ability to perform and function in the way they used to.
For the benefits for using testosterone replacement in men, please read the Andropause articles in our Science section.
The depleted testosterone levels may cause a number of symptoms, which usually progress slowly but steadily towards a declining ability, physical and mental health status.
Various cardiovascular complications including strokes and hypertension.
BHRT (Bio identical Hormone Replacement Therapy) can provide a solution by replenishing missing hormones, which in turn may stop the Andropause symptoms and progression, and restore a feeling of confidence, wellness as well as improving cardiovascular, bone and brain function. This can allow the man to "get their lives back" and regain his health, confidence, drive and ambitions.


text:
Prospective association between ultra-processed food consumption and incident depressive symptoms in the French NutriNet-Santé cohort
Moufidath Adjibade1,
Chantal Julia1,2,
Benjamin Allès1,
Mathilde Touvier1,
Cédric Lemogne3,4,5,
Bernard Srour1,
Serge Hercberg1,2,
Pilar Galan1,
Karen E. Assmann1 &
Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot1
Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption has increased over the last decades in Westernized countries. Our objective was to investigate for the first time the association between the proportion of UPF (%UPF) in the diet and incident depressive symptoms in the NutriNet-Santé cohort.
The sample included 20,380 women and 6350 men (aged 18–86 years) without depressive symptoms at the first Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) measurement, using validated cut-offs (CES-D score ≥ 17 for men and ≥ 23 for women). The proportion of UPF in the diet was computed for each subject using the NOVA classification applied to dietary intakes collected by repeated 24-h records (mean = 8; SD = 2.3). The association between UPF and depressive symptoms was evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models.
Over a mean follow-up of 5.4 years, 2221 incident cases of depressive symptoms were identified. After accounting for a wide range of potential confounders, an increased risk of depressive symptoms was observed with an increased %UPF in the diet. In the main model adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, body mass index, and lifestyle factors, the estimated hazard ratio for a 10% increase in UPF was 1.21 (95% confidence interval = 1.15–1.27). Considering %UPF in food groups, the association was significant only for beverages and sauces or added fats.
Overall, UPF consumption was positively associated with the risk of incident depressive symptoms, suggesting that accounting for this non-nutritional aspect of the diet could be important for mental health promotion.
Depression is a very common disorder, one of the five leading causes of years lived with disability in 2016 [1] and, according to WHO, the 1st leading cause of disease burden globally [2]. Depression etiology implies complex interactions between various factors including social, psychological, and biological factors.
Some treatments are effective but their limitations, as well as the detrimental effect of any depressive episode on the future course of the disease, make prevention crucial [3]. Among large-scale preventive interventions, acting on modifiable factors such as diet is a good candidate for public health action. Large-scale epidemiological studies have consistently documented an association between a healthy diet or dietary indexes reflecting the holistic quality of the diet and a lower risk of depression [4,5,6,7]. For instance, in the NutriNet-Santé study, we have observed that several dietary indexes reflecting nutritional recommendations were prospectively and inversely associated with the risk to develop depressive symptoms [8]. On the opposite, a western dietary pattern or pro-inflammatory diet characterized among other things by more processed foods has been associated with poor mental health [5, 6, 9]. Previous studies that reported associations between these diets and depression considered nutritional characteristics of the diet and interaction within the food matrix. However, some of those diets integrate a large part of ultra-processed food (UPF) (i.e., industrial recipes that are practical, ready to eat, and palatable [10]) which consumption has drastically increased over the past decades [11, 12]. For instance, a recent American study reported that, between 2007 and 2012, about 60% of the overall energy intake was provided by UPF [13]. In the French NutriNet-Santé study, UPF contributed to 35.9% of the daily energy intake and the proportion of UPF (%UPF) in the diet has been associated with a poor overall quality of the diet [14].
While processing ensures improvement of food availability, digestibility, short-term safety, transportability, and storage life [15], UPF are often energy-dense; mostly very rich in fat, sugar, and salt; and poor in micronutrients; thus, they may have a potential deleterious role on health. Beyond their unfavorable nutritional composition, they also contain other components generated during transformation such as neo-formed molecules produced during heating, food additives used in manufacturing, and molecules migrated from packaging, some of which might have a detrimental role for gut microbiota [16], involved in the development of several diseases characterized by an inflammatory component (including depression) [17]. The investigation of the association between UPF consumption and health is therefore important.
Recent studies on the link between UPF consumption and health have shown a positive association between UPF consumption and obesity [18], hypertension [19], metabolic disorders [20], and cancer [21]. To date, no study has focused on mental disorders.
The purpose of the present study was thus to investigate for the first time the prospective association between %UPF in the diet and the risk of depressive symptoms using the data of the NutriNet-Santé cohort study.
The data used in the current study are based on the web-based observational NutriNet-Santé cohort study, launched in France in 2009. The objective of the study is to investigate the link between nutrition and health, as well as determinants of dietary behaviors and nutritional status. Details on the design and method have been previously described [22]. Participants are adult volunteers (aged ≥ 18 years) recruited from the general population (all regions of France) with access to Internet by a vast multimedia campaign. Yearly, participants are asked to complete a set of self-administered web-based questionnaires related to sociodemographic data, economic conditions, physical activity, dietary intake, anthropometric data, and health status. The NutriNet-Santé study is conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the ethics committee of the French Institute for Health and Medical Research (IRB Inserm no. 0000388FWA00005831) and by the National Commission on Informatics and Liberty (CNIL no. 908450 and no. 909216). Electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants. The NutriNet-Santé study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03335644).
Depressive symptoms
Two years after inclusion and every 2 years thereafter, depressive symptoms were assessed using the French version of the validated self-administered Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale [23, 24]. The CES-D scale is composed of 20 items evaluating the frequency of depressive symptoms during the previous week. Response modalities are based on a four-point scale (0 = 'less than 1 day', 1 = '1–2 days'; 2 = '3–4 days'; and 3 = '5–7 days'). All sub-scores were summed to yield a total score ranging from 0 (no depressive symptoms) to 60 (elevated depressive symptoms). In our study, the internal consistency assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient was high (> 0.80) at each CES-D scale assessment. In the present study, the presence of depressive symptoms was defined using the French validated cut-off values (CES-D ≥ 17 in men and ≥ 23 in women) [23, 24]. We defined 'incident cases of depressive symptoms' as participants who were free of depressive symptoms at the 1st CES-D assessment and then presenting depressive symptoms at least once during follow-up (i.e., based on one or multiple of the CES-D questionnaires completed after the initial CES-D assessment).
Dietary data and ultra-processed food consumption assessment
At inclusion and every 6 months thereafter, participants were invited to provide three non-consecutive 24-h dietary records. These were randomly assigned over a 2-week period (two weekdays and one weekend day) to cover intra-individual variability in intake. Consumption of all types of foods and beverages were reported on the web-based dietary record platform validated for self-administration [25]. The NutriNet-Santé web-based self-administered 24-h dietary records have also been validated against blood and urinary biomarkers [26, 27]. Portion sizes were determined using validated photographs [28] and household measures or directly by providing exact quantity (grams/milliliters). Energy and nutrient intakes were estimated using the published NutriNet-Santé food composition table including more than 3000 food items [29]. Composite home-made dishes were decomposed by using French recipes validated by nutrition professionals. Dietary under-reporters were identified using the method developed by Black [30]. The dietary data used in the present study are those collected during the first 2 years of follow-up (inclusion until the first CES-D assessment). Daily mean food intakes were calculated from all dietary records weighted according to the type of day (weekdays or weekend) with, on average, 7.98 (SD = 2.28) recorded days.
To account for the dietary profiles of participants, as a potentially strong confounder in the context of our study, we used principal component analysis (PCA) to extract 'dietary pattern scores' that are independent linear combinations of 22 pre-defined food groups, maximizing the explained variance. The number of dietary patterns retained was determined according to Cattel's Scree plots and the interpretability of the principal components. Food groups with absolute loading coefficient > 0.3 were considered to be strongly associated with a pattern, and an individual pattern score was calculated by summing the intake of the 22 food groups, weighted by their loading coefficients. The first two dietary patterns accounted for about 18% of the initial variance (Additional file 1: Table S1). The first principal component, corresponding to a "healthy" dietary pattern, was strongly and positively correlated with intake of whole grains, olive oil, vegetables, and fruit. The second principal component, corresponding to a "western" dietary pattern, was strongly correlated with refined grains, potatoes, meat, and alcoholic beverages.
Classification of the level of processing
All foods and beverages were classified according to the four-group NOVA food classification system (un/minimally processed, culinary ingredient, processed food, and ultra-processed food) [12, 31]. The present study primarily focused on the 'ultra-processed foods' (UPF) category. The proportion (in weight, % grams/day) of UPF (%UPF) in the diet was calculated for each participant. UPF are manufactured food products containing numerous ingredients as well as additives such as hydrogenated oils, non-sugar sweeteners, modified starch, flavoring agents, emulsifiers, humectants, colors, and other additives used for cosmetic purpose. This food category includes among others: mass-produced packaged breads and buns; breakfast 'cereals', and 'energy' bars; sweet or savory packaged snacks; carbonated and 'energy' drinks; sweet fruit-based desserts with added sugars, artificial flavours and texturizing agents; flavoured milk drinks and cocoa drinks; industrial cookies, pastries, cakes, and cake mixes; confectionery (ice-cream, chocolate, candies); meat and chicken extracts and 'instant' sauces; margarines and spreads; cooked seasoned vegetables with ready-made sauces; ready-to-heat products (powdered and packaged 'instant' soups, noodles and desserts, pre-prepared pies, pasta and pizza dishes, poultry and fish 'nuggets', burgers, hot dogs, and other reconstituted meat products).
Data on sex, date of birth, marital status (living alone, cohabiting, or separated/divorced/widowed), educational level (less than high school diploma, high school diploma, or university level), occupational categories (never-employed/other activity, self-employed, employee, intermediate profession, and managerial staff), residential area (rural or urban), smoking status (never, former or current smoker), household composition, and monthly household income (< 1200, 1200–1800, 1800–2700, > 2700 euros and a category of participants who refused to disclose their income) were collected at baseline using a self-administered web-based questionnaire [32].
Monthly household income was estimated per consumption unit (CU) using a weighting system: one CU attributed for the first adult in the household, 0.5 CU for other persons aged 14 or older, and 0.3 CU for children under 14 [33]. Weight and height data were collected by a validated self-administered anthropometric questionnaire [34]. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the ratio of weight to squared height (kg/m2). Physical activity was assessed using a short form of the French version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) [35]. Energy expenditure was classified as low physical activity (< 30 min of physical activity; equivalent to brisk walking/day), moderate physical activity (≥ 30 and < 60 min) or high physical activity (≥ 60 min). Prevalent and incident cases of cancer and cardiovascular diseases (strokes, myocardial infarctions, and acute coronary syndromes) were self-reported during follow-up; incident cases were validated by a medical committee based on medical records (diagnosis, hospitalization, radiological reports, electrocardiograms, etc.), and a link was made with medico-administrative databases of the French National Health insurance. Type 2 diabetes and hypertension were self-reported or identified using specific medication. In addition, subjective memory complaints were measured concomitantly with depressive symptoms scale using the French version of the validated self-administered Cognitive Difficulties Scale (CDS) [36, 37].
The inclusion criteria in this study were as follows: (1) have received at least twice the CES-D questionnaire (included between 2009 and 2012), (2) completed at least two of these questionnaires, and (3) not present depressive symptoms at the first CES-D assessment. Among the participants who met these criteria (n = 35,782), we excluded participants without valid dietary data (participants with less than three dietary records during the first 2 years of follow-up and under-reporters) and the participants who had reported depression or treatment with antidepressants during the dietary data collection. Thus, a final study sample of 26,730 participants was obtained (Fig. 1).
Flow chart of participant selection. CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
In the present study, data were missing for some covariates (n = 7 for marital status, n = 72 for occupational categories, n = 317 for residential area, n = 195 for educational level, and n = 435 for physical activity). As the proportion of missing values was < 1%, they were handled using the Hot Deck method, i.e., by replacing missing values with the value of respondents with similar characteristics [38] .
Participants included in the present study were compared with excluded eligible participants using chi-square tests or t tests. Participants' characteristics and nutritional factors were compared across quartiles of %UPF using linear contrast or Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel tests. For descriptive purposes, nutrient intakes were energy-adjusted using the residual method [39].
The associations between %UPF (modeled as quartiles and as a continuous variable, while estimating coefficients associated with a 10% increase in UPF) and risk of depressive symptoms were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression models for interval censored data. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. Linear trend tests across quartiles of %UPF were assessed by modeling these quartiles as ordinal variables. Age was used as the primary time scale variable. Entry time was defined as the age at the first CES-D measurement. Exit time was the age at last completed CES-D questionnaire, or the average of the age between the first occurrence of depressive symptoms and the age at the previous measurement for non-cases and cases respectively.
The first model was adjusted for age, sex, and BMI (continuous variable). The second model (main model) was additionally adjusted for marital status, educational level, occupational categories, monthly household income per consumption unit, residential area, energy intake without alcohol, number of 24 h records and inclusion month, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Five additional models were also performed to account for (a) PCA-extracted dietary patterns and intake of carbohydrates, lipids, and salt; (b) health events occurring during follow-up (cancer, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases); (c) baseline CES-D score (continuous variable), and use of antidepressants during the follow-up; (d) CDS score (continuous variable), and (e) baseline CES-D score (continuous variable), use of antidepressants during the follow-up and CDS score (continuous variable).
A potential interaction between %UPF and the Western and the healthy dietary patterns on the risk of depressive symptoms was tested. We also considered a potential interaction between %UPF and the ratio between energy intake and energy needs calculated using the PAL (physical activity level) and basal metabolic rate (which was estimated using the Schofield equations accounting for age, sex, weight, and height [40]).
Another supplementary analysis was performed by considering the % of UPF within each food group. For this analysis, models were further adjusted for the intake of the considered food group. To account for the multiple testing, false discovery rate-corrected P values were estimated using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure [41].
Sensitivity analyses
A number of sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of our findings. First, for comparison with international data, the proportion of total energy intake from UPF, usually used in other studies, in the diet was also calculated and the main analyses were rerun. Second, we tested the robustness of our findings when other CES-D cut-offs (a) 16 or (b) 19 were considered [23, 24]. We also repeated the analyses by considering as cases, only the participants who had depressive symptoms during follow-up (according to CES-D score) and also reported antidepressant treatment during follow-up. All statistical analyses were conducted using SAS (version 9.4; SAS institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) with a significance level of 0.05 for two-sided tests.
In the NutriNet-santé cohort, participants who completed only 1 CES-D questionnaire (n = 24,154), compared to those who completed it at least two during follow-up (n = 40,831) were younger, less physically active, and more likely to be women, current smoker or living alone. They were also more likely to have a BMI value ≥ 30, a slightly higher baseline CES-D score, a household income per unit consumption < 1800, or not having provided their income and less likely to have a chronic disease and an intermediate profession or to be managerial staff (Additional file 2: Table S2). In addition, among eligible participants (n = 35,782), those included were more educated, more often managerial staff, and more often physically active and presented less often an obesity or chronic diseases than those excluded (Additional file 3: Table S3).
The study sample included 6350 men and 20,380 women with a mean age of 47.26, standard deviation (SD = 14.17) years at baseline. During follow-up (mean = 5.4, SD = 1.13 years), a total of 2221 incident cases of depressive symptoms (9.0% in men and 8.1% in women; p = 0.02) were identified. Baseline characteristics of the studied sample are presented in Table 1.
Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to the quartiles of ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption, NutriNet-Santé study (n = 26,730)
The average %UPF was 15% (SD = 8%) in gram and 32% (SD = 11%) in energy. Participants with an elevated %UPF in the diet were younger, more often employees, never or current smokers, and had a lower income. They also more often presented obesity. The %UPF in the diet was also associated with a less nutritionally healthy diet (Table 2), since higher %UPF values were associated with higher energy intakes and saturated fatty acids intakes. On the other hand, a negative correlation with micronutrients (beta-carotene, vitamin C, folic acid, Vitamin B12, magnesium, and fibers) and omega 3 fatty acids was observed.
Table 2 Baseline nutritional and dietary intakes according to the quartiles of ultra-processed food consumption, NutriNet-Santé study
The associations between ultra-processed food intake and incident depressive symptoms are presented in Table 3. In the main model adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle data, a strong and linear relationship was observed between %UPF in the diet and the risk of incident depressive symptoms. A 10% increase in %UPF in the diet was associated with a 21% (95%CI = 15%–27%) higher risk of depressive symptoms. Further adjustment for dietary patterns and dietary intakes (carbohydrates, lipids, and sodium), health events, or the CDS score did not substantially modify the association. However, after accounting for the use of antidepressants during follow-up and the baseline value for the CES-D score, the association was attenuated but remained significant (HRfor a 10% increase in UPF in the diet = 1.14, 95%CI = 1.09–1.20). The proportional hazards assumption was evaluated using martingale residues, and the assumption was acceptable (P = 0.12 for the main model). The dose-response association between %UPF and incident depressive symptoms using Restricted Cubic Spline was also presented in Additional file 4: Figure S1 (p < 0.0001 for the overall association).
Table 3 Association between ultra-processed food intake and incident depressive symptoms, NutriNet-Santé study
On the other hand, when considering the ratio of energy intake to energy needs, a significant interaction with %UPF was detected (P = 0.04). Hence, analysis stratified according to this ratio (while using the sex-specific EI/BMR median value as cut-off: 1.34 for men and 1.32 for women) was performed (Fig. 2). The association between %UPF and the risk of depressive symptoms was stronger in participants with low energy intakes compared to their needs than their counterparts (HRfor a 10% increase in UPF in the diet = 1.23, 95%CI = 1.15–1.31 versus 1.19, 95%CI = 1.10–1.28; main model). Similarly, in the stratified analyses according to sex, age (using the median value), BMI (< 25 vs. ≥ 25), comorbid conditions and individual pattern score for the 'Healthy' pattern (using the sex-specific median value as cut-off: 0.04 for men and − 0.11 for women), stronger associations were observed in the subgroups of women, participants aged ≥ 49 years, participants with a chronic disease, participants with a BMI value ≥ 25, and participants with a lower value for the individual score of the 'Healthy' pattern, compared to their respective counterparts (Fig. 2). However, the estimated HR were similar in the subgroups and no significant interaction was observed (P value for the interaction term was 0.49 for sex, 0.46 for age, 0.59 for BMI, 0.88 for comorbidities, and 0.18 for the individual score of the 'healthy' dietary pattern). In addition, in the stratified analyses according to the baseline CES-D score (using the sex-specific median value as cut-off: 6 for men and 8 for women), the association between %UPF and the risk of depressive symptoms was significant only among participants with a higher baseline CES-D score (P value for the interaction term was 0.13).
Association between ultra-processed food intake and incident depressive symptoms in population subgroups. Values are hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). BMI body max index; BMR basal metabolic rate; CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; EI energy intake. Model was adjusted for sex, age, marital status, educational level, occupational categories, household income per consumption unit, residential area, number of 24-h dietary records, inclusion month, energy intake without alcohol, alcohol intake, body max index, smoking status, and physical activity (main model)
The associations between %UPF in each food group and the risk of depressive symptoms are presented in Table 4. A significantly increased risk was observed for high %UPF in beverages and sauces or added fats. The strongest association was detected for %UPF in beverages (HRQ4 vs.Q1 = 1.25, 95%CI = 1.13–1.38).
Table 4 Association between the % of ultra-processed in each food group and incident depressive symptoms, NutriNet-Santé study, N = 26,730
Sensitivity analyses using other CES-D cut-offs (16 or 19) to identify cases of depressive symptoms or %UPF weighted on energy intake rather than on quantity consumed in gram yielded similar associations (Additional file 5: Table S4 and Additional file 6: Table S5). In addition, the analyses considering as cases only participants who had depressive symptoms and also used antidepressant treatment during follow-up showed stronger associations (Additional file 7: Table S6). However, the associations were not significant when the %UPF was modeled as quartiles, mainly due to low statistical power because of the small number of cases (n = 113 cases). In the main model, the estimated HR for the analysis with a 10% increase in UPF consumption was 1.43 (95%CI = 1.18–1.73).
In this large cohort study of adults, the %UPF in the diet was positively associated with the risk of incident depressive symptoms even after extensive adjustment in particular for dietary patterns correlated to %UPF. Indeed, in coherence with previous studies, we found that the %UPF in the diet varied according to the socioeconomic profile and lifestyle of individuals [42, 43].
The first hypothesis which may explain our findings relies on the fact that ultra-processed foods are often part of generally "unhealthy"/western dietary patterns. Although not entirely composed of UPF, western diet is marked by elevated consumption of UPF and has been associated with depressive outcomes in epidemiologic study. Indeed, in a previous investigation based on data from the NutriNet-Santé study, the diet of high consumers of UPF was relatively 'unhealthy' [14], i.e., characterized by a low consumption of fruit and vegetables and a high intake of sweet products or soft drinks. Similar findings were observed in a study conducted within the NHANES, a representative survey conducted in the American population [44]. This is of high importance since 'western'-style dietary patterns have been previously related to depression [5, 6]. In particular, a recent meta-analysis including 21 studies conducted in 10 countries reported that a diet rich in red meat, processed meat, refined grains, sweets, high-fat dairy products, butter, potatoes, and high-fat gravy was associated with an elevated risk of depression: presenting a high versus a low 'Western-type diet' score was associated with an 18% (95%CI = 5%–34%) increased risk [6].
In the Whitehall study, which included middle-aged UK adults, a diet rich in some types of UPF foods such as sweetened desserts, fried food, and processed meat but also refined grains and high-fat dairy products was also associated with higher odds of depressive symptoms (ORtertile3 vs. tertile1 = 1.58, 95%CI = 1.11–2.23) [45]. An increased risk of depression was also observed among the participants included in the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra—University of Navarra Follow-up (SUN) Project, who were in the highest quintile of fast food (hamburgers, sausages, pizza) and processed pastries (muffins, doughnuts, croissants) compared with those in the lowest quintile (HRquintiles 5 vs. quintiles 1 = 1.37, 95%CI = 1.02–1.83) [46]. In addition, in the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life Study—a longitudinal community study including 3663 Australian participants from 3 age cohorts (20+; 40+; 60+ years), a higher score concerning an unhealthy dietary pattern characterized by a high consumption of roast meat, sausages, hamburgers, steak, chips, crisps, and soft drinks was an independent predictor of the risk depressive symptoms over time [47]. Anyway these studies do not allow to distinguish the specific role of nutritional profile versus non-nutritional components, part of the western diet, implied in the association with depression.
Then, when stratifying analysis on 'adequate energy intake' reflected by the ratio between energy intake and energy needs, a stronger association was observed among participants with lower energy intakes. This may suggest that a limited energy intake associated with a large part of UPF in the diet could limit the intakes of bioactive micronutrients that are beneficial for depression prevention.
Importantly, the link between UPF consumption and depression could be at least partly explained by effect of some non-nutrient components used for or produced during processing. Indeed, UPF often contain products additives (in particular emulsifiers) or molecules resulting from high-temperature heating which may among others cause alterations to the gut microbiota [16], which has been suggested to show important interrelations with mental health [48]. To the best of our knowledge, no investigation in humans has been conducted to explore the specific role of food additives for the risk of depression except concerning artificial sweeteners. Some experimental studies argue for a modulating role of artificial sweeteners, such as aspartame, on neurotransmitters regulation which may lead to symptoms such as mood or depression [49]. However, a recent review based on more than 370 scientific papers reported that data are currently insufficient to conclude [50].
A specific role of UPF on depression, beyond nutritional aspects, may, among others, also rely on changes in microbiota induced by non-nutritive components, in particular by emulsifiers which may provoke gut dysbiosis and mediate inflammatory processes in the gut [51]. In addition, a specific nanoparticle used as, TiO2whitening agent, has been related to neuroinflammation in an animal model [52]. Findings from animal studies have suggested that some food additives (e.g., monosodium glutamate) may induce anxiety and depression symptoms [53] or increase susceptibility to the depressor stimuli [54].
The association reported in this study is of interest in terms of public health namely for prevention of depression. In this context, it should be noted that the benefit of decreasing %UPF in diet may be even stronger in other populations than in our sample of French volunteers included in a diet-related study. Indeed, while UPF (as % of energy) accounted for 32% in our population, a higher proportion has been documented in other studies. For instance, in the UK national diet and Nutrition Survey, 53% of the energy intake [55] was provided through UPF. In North America, %UPF was even higher as evaluated by the representative survey (NHANES), with an average of 57.5% of calories coming from ultra-processed foods [44]. Such elevated consumption of UPF may be an important lever in terms of public health strategy for the prevention of depression. Our results showing that the association between %UPF and the risk of depressive symptoms vary across food groups may help guiding future research toward the non-nutrient components that are most likely to convey an increased risk of depression. Should ultra-processed beverages, dairy products, snacks, and fats share common food additives that are less present in other food groups, these food additives might warrant further scrutiny.
Some limitations of our study should be noted. First, the allocation of foods to the categories defined by the NOVA may have led to misclassification bias—particularly since the food composition table used so far in our study is based on generic foods, and not foods as sold. Thus, for food which can be more or less processed, the most frequent level of processing for a food item was applied. Second, given the observational design of our study, we cannot entirely exclude reverse causality, although our study is of prospective nature. Moreover, despite the fact that we accounted for a wide range of confounders in our statistical models, unmeasured factors related to depression such as life events might have led to potential residual confounding; thus, causality of the observed associations is not established. Third, participants of the NutriNet-Santé study were volunteers in a nutrition-related cohort and thus more interested in nutritional issues and healthy lifestyles than the general population. In particular, their consumption of UPF may be lower than in the general population which may have led to an underestimation of the associations investigated in our study. In addition, excluding participants who completed only one CES-D questionnaire and participants with depressive symptoms at baseline might have resulted in excluding those most likely to have depressive symptoms. Similar analysis in this specific population should deserve further investigations. All this might have led to a selection bias and thus a potential bias in the risk estimates. As a result, any generalization of our findings should be done with caution. Important strengths of this study include its prospective design, the large sample, and the repeated assessment of depressive symptoms using a validated tool, as well as the quality of the dietary data based on repeated dietary records allowing to assess usual dietary intakes. Finally, the wide range of confounding factors contributed to improve the validity of our findings.
In this prospective study, we found a positive association between the %UPF in the overall diet and the risk of incident depressive symptoms. Positive associations were also found for beverages and sauces or added fats, when %UPF in the food groups was investigated.
This study highlights a potential role of non-nutritional aspects of the diet in the depression development. Overall, there is a need to collect more detailed data on the degree of food processing and additive or contaminant contents in food surveys to better explore UPF consumption and its potential impact on health.
Body mass index (kg/m2)
CDS:
Cognitive Difficulties Scale
CES-D:
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
Consumption unit
Hazard ratios
IPAQ:
International Physical Activity Questionnaire
UPF:
Ultra-processed food
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We thank all the scientists, dietitians, technicians and assistants for their technical contribution to the NutriNet-Santé study. We especially thank Younes Esseddik, Thi Duong Van, Frédéric Coffinieres, Mac Rakotondrazafy, Régis Gatibelza and Paul Flanzy (computer scientists); and Nathalie Arnault, Véronique Gourlet, Dr. Fabien Szabo, Julien Allegre, Anouar Nechba and Laurent Bourhis (data-manager/biostatisticians). We also thank all the volunteers of the NutriNet-Santé cohort.
The NutriNet-Santé study is supported by the following public institutions: Ministère de la Santé, Santé publique France (SPF), Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM), Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique (IRESP), Fondation ARC pour la recherche sur le cancer, Région Ile-de-France (CORDDIM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), and Université Paris 13. This study was supported by the metaprogram Did'it of INRA in the INNOV project.
The funders or study sponsors had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation of data, preparation of the manuscript, and decision to submit it for publication.
MA was supported by a doctoral fellowship from the Ecole Doctorale Galilée, Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité. BS was supported by the French National Cancer Institute INCa and the "Fondation de France" foundation.
Data of this study are protected under the protection of health data regulation set by the 'Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL). The data are available upon request to Nathalie Pecollo (n.pecollo@eren.smbh.univ-paris13.fr) for review by the steering committee of the NutriNet-Santé study.
Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Université Paris 13, Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France
Moufidath Adjibade, Chantal Julia, Benjamin Allès, Mathilde Touvier, Bernard Srour, Serge Hercberg, Pilar Galan, Karen E. Assmann & Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot
Département de Santé Publique, Hôpital Avicenne, F-93017, Bobigny, France
Chantal Julia & Serge Hercberg
Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
Cédric Lemogne
Service de Psychiatrie et Addictologie de l'adulte et du sujet âgé, AP-HP, Hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France
Institut Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Inserm (U1266), UMR-S 1266, Paris, France
Moufidath Adjibade
Chantal Julia
Benjamin Allès
Mathilde Touvier
Bernard Srour
Serge Hercberg
Pilar Galan
Karen E. Assmann
Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot
MA and EKG wrote the statistical analysis outline, analyzed the data, and drafted and revised the paper. EKG has primary responsibility for the final content. EKG, BA, MT, and CJ participated in the development of the NOVA classification. SH, EKG, PG, BA, MT, and CJ designed the data collection tools, implemented the study, and monitored the data collection for the whole study. MA, CJ, BA, MT, CL, BS, SH, PG, KEA, and EKG critically revised the paper for important intellectual content. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Moufidath Adjibade.
The NutriNet-Santé study is conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the ethics committee of the French Institute for Health and Medical Research (IRB Inserm no. 0000388FWA00005831) and by the National Commission on Informatics and Liberty (CNIL no. 908450 and no. 909216). Electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Cédric Lemogne has received honoraria for board membership from Lundbeck and for speaking at invited symposia from Janssen, Lundbeck and Otsuka Pharmaceuticals.
The other authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.
Table S1. Loading coefficients of the PCA-extracted dietary patterns. (PDF 13 kb)
Table S2. Comparison of participants who completed one CES-D questionnaire to those who completed it at least two during follow-up, NutriNet-Santé study. (PDF 301 kb)
Table S3. Comparison of included and excluded participants, NutriNet-Santé study. (PDF 132 kb)
Figure S1. Dose-response association between ultra-processed food intake and incident depressive symptoms using Restricted Cubic Spline. (PDF 190 kb)
Table S4. Association between ultra-processed food intake and incident depressive symptoms using other cut-off values to define depressive symptoms, NutriNet-Santé study. (PDF 134 kb)
Table S5. Association between ultra-processed food intake (% of energy) and incident depressive symptoms, NutriNet-Santé study. (PDF 125 kb)
Table S6. Association between ultra-processed food intake and incident depressive symptoms (considering as cases, only the participants who had depressive symptoms and also reported antidepressant treatment during follow-up), NutriNet-Santé study. (PDF 125 kb)
Adjibade, M., Julia, C., Allès, B. et al. Prospective association between ultra-processed food consumption and incident depressive symptoms in the French NutriNet-Santé cohort. BMC Med 17, 78 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1312-y
Prospective cohort


Kyle Flanagan will make his NRL debut against Newcastle on Sunday.
KYLE Flanagan is set for a history-making NRL debut by becoming the first player to be coached by his father in 14 years.
The 19-year-old son of Cronulla coach Shane Flanagan, Kyle will make his first-grade debut against Newcastle at Shark Park on Sunday.
The teenager's dream moment will coincide with the Flanagans becoming the first coach-player combination since former Cronulla and Penrith pair John and Martin Lang combined in 2004.
It remains to be seen what position Kyle will play.
Kyle was originally named to play halfback for the third-placed Newtown Jets on Saturday afternoon.
However, the teenager trained strongly with the Sharks NRL squad in their final hitout on Saturday morning, with the session ending in cheers and applause from his first-grade teammates.
Turning 20 next month, Kyle has impressed in his first season in open-age footy with Newtown in the Intrust Super Cup.
Despite missing the first month of the season with a broken thumb, he sits third on the list for points scored this season.
Boasting an even temperament and solid passing and kicking game, the local junior will prove a valuable secondary kick option for the Sharks.
Kyle Flanagan has impressed in his time with the Newtown Jets.
He is unlikely to take over the goalkicking duties despite proving a sensation for the Sharks under-20s side last year, breaking the National Youth Competition point-scoring record in racking up 360 in 26 games.
Flanagan has previously said he would have no hesitation picking his son for first grade if he felt he was up to it - and on Sunday Kyle gets that chance on what will be retiring club veteran Luke Lewis' final match at Shark Park.


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text:
Genome BLAST distance phylogenies inferred from whole plastic and whole mitochondrion genome sequences
Auch, AF and Henz, SR and Holland, BR and Goker, M, Genome BLAST distance phylogenies inferred from whole plastic and whole mitochondrion genome sequences, BMC Bioinformatics, 7, (July) pp. 1-16. ISSN 1471-2105 (2006) [Refereed Article]
© 2006 Auch et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
DOI: doi:10.1186/1471-2105-7-350
Background: Phylogenetic methods which do not rely on multiple sequence alignments are important tools in inferring trees directly from completely sequenced genomes. Here, we extend the recently described Genome BLAST Distance Phylogeny (GBDP) strategy to compute phylogenetic trees from all completely sequenced plastid genomes currently available and from a selection of mitochondrial genomes representing the major eukaryotic lineages. BLASTN, TBLASTX, or combinations of both are used to locate high-scoring segment pairs (HSPs) between two sequences from which pairwise similarities and distances are computed in different ways resulting in a total of 96 GBDP variants. The suitability of these distance formulae for phylogeny reconstruction is directly estimated by computing a recently described measure of "treelikeness", the so-called δ value, from the respective distance matrices. Additionally, we compare the trees inferred from these matrices using UPGMA, NJ, BIONJ, FastME, or STC, respectively, with the NCBI taxonomy tree of the taxa under study. Results: Our results indicate that, at this taxonomic level, plastid genomes are much more valuable for inferring phylogenies than are mitochondrial genomes, and that distances based on breakpoints are of little use. Distances based on the proportion of "matched" HSP length to average genome length were best for tree estimation. Additionally we found that using TBLASTX instead of BLASTN and, particularly, combining TBLASTX and BLASTN leads to a small but significant increase in accuracy. Other factors do not significantly affect the phylogenetic outcome. The BIONJ algorithm results in phylogenies most in accordance with the current NCBI taxonomy, with NJ and FastME performing insignificantly worse, and STC performing as well if applied to high quality distance matrices. δ values are found to be a reliable predictor of phylogenetic accuracy. Conclusion: Using the most treelike distance matrices, as judged by their δ values, distance methods are able to recover all major plant lineages, and are more in accordance with Apicomplexa organelles being derived from "green" plastids than from plastids of the "red" type. GBDP-like methods can be used to reliably infer phylogenies from different kinds of genomic data. A framework is established to further develop and improve such methods. δ values are a topologyindependent tool of general use for the development and assessment of distance methods for phylogenetic inference.
Biological mathematics
Expanding knowledge in the biological sciences
Holland, BR (Professor Barbara Holland)
411 View Download Statistics


text:
Tuska (, also Romanized as Tūskā; also known as Toskā) is a village in Mian Band Rural District, in the Central District of Nur County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 474, in 115 families.

References

Populated places in Nur County