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Nick Webster
UAE looks at ban on fast food outlets near schools
International experts offer advice on how to stop the rising tide of obesity problems
It is estimated that 40 per cent of children in the UAE are either obese or overweight.. Sammy Dallal / The National
A childhood obesity taskforce has set an ambitious target of reducing the average body mass index of children by 15 per cent whilst increasing physical activity by the same amount by 2020.
A call to arms has been sounded at the Abu Dhabi Childhood Obesity Forum where international experts have shared the latest findings and success stories in combating what has become a global epidemic.
Healthcare spending in the UAE is predicted to more than double to $47.5 billion by 2040 as obesity levels increase putting people more at risk of non-communicable diseases.
"The rate of obesity is expected to rise unless we undertake community and institutional interventions with all relevant parties to put an end to this increase and control this health problem," said Sheikh Abdulla bin Mohamed Al Hamed, chairman of the Department of Health – Abu Dhabi.
Restrictions on fast food restaurants near schools was one option being considered, following successful reports from the UK.
Further restrictions on advertising of junk food towards children and traffic light labelling of the nutritional content of food are also being considered for an Abu Dhabi action plan, with red signalling foods high in fat, salt and sugar.
The two-day forum is being held at the Sofitel on Abu Dhabi Corniche with more than 300 delegates attending from 12 government agencies and nine private organisations.
"We are looking at both the UK and USA plan in how this issue is being targeted, so we can take a combination of the best approach," said Omniyat Al Hajeri, director of public health at the Department of Health in Abu Dhabi.
"We will be establishing specific key performance indicators so we can monitor the progress of the plan to reduce childhood obesity.
"The idea is to have measurable outcomes during this process, and we can learn from our colleagues.
"We recognise that obesity is a social and a health problem and there needs to be a large intervention in the community to help children."
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Among other practical steps being explored are regulating the intake of calories and sugar among children, and reducing their access to products with high sugar and calorie content.
Over the long term, Abu Dhabi hopes to introduce innovations in developing healthier products for consumption by children, using advances in science and technology to make products that are nutritionally good for children, while also appealing in terms of taste.
One of the successful projects adopted in the UK that has been taken on for discussion as a proposal in the UAE is restrictions on fast food outlets within close proximity to schools.
"We are testing the ground in this area, but this kind of decision needs political and economic support," Ms Al Hajeri said.
"It is a decision that will need to be taken at federal level. We have some drastic suggestions, and we should not accept half solutions. This is the time to take brave decisions.
"We are not looking at necessarily making fast food more expensive, but we want healthy food to be more accessible and affordable.
"Advertising will play a big role in this, and encourage kids to make the right choices. It needs to be a drastic change; this is a global issue."
Globally, learnings from successful campaigns in the UK, Sweden, The Netherlands and Mexico have been presented at the forum with key insights focusing on the early years as an important stage to promote healthy eating and activity that can be maintained beyond childhood.
The fight against childhood obesity is being made not just in terms of health concerns, but also because of the economic costs. It was estimated the NHS in England spent close to Dhs25bn on obesity-related illnesses (children and adults) in 2015.
"We have started to see success in the nutrition in schools, but it is also important to look at the wider environment that children are exposed to that is contributing to the food choices they are making," said Robin Ireland, director of research at the Health Equalities Group UK, which specialises in tobacco and diet control.
"There is only so much we can do, there has to be a certain degree of responsibility.
"In England the message has started to be delivered from a wider level, with some local authorities working with planning boards to ensure no fast food restaurants are allowed to open within 400 metres of a school.
"The staff in school also need to be aware of how to create a healthy eating environment.
"Education is part of that environment, sometimes we assume that passing on understanding will lead to a change in behaviour, but childhood obesity needs to have a wider approach."
Updated: December 10, 2017 05:58 PM
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home Culture Dutch history
"The Day Before Parting", Jozef Israels
Dutch art history: M.C. Escher and Van Gogh in the North
by Traci White
in Dutch history
For much of the world, Dutch art is their first exposure to the culture and history of the Netherlands. Vincent van Gogh's vibrant, swirling paintings made him a household name after his death, albeit it with an often butchered pronunciation (you really have to master the Dutch glottal "G" to get it right). Rembrandt van Rijn's perfection of chiaroscuro light still amazes museum goers hundreds of years on, and Piet Mondrian's primary colour blocks and bold black stripes are iconic the world over.
Although the lion's share of the best known Dutch painters hailed from the populous provinces of North and South Holland, another world famous Dutch artist was a Frisian. M.C. Escher, the master of the tessellation, was born in the Frisian capital city of Leeuwarden. Escher's works featured the mathematical symmetry of nature, and the graphic artist was inspired by the intricate tile work featured in Italian and Spanish architecture. Legend has it that an arched staircase inside Het Kasteel, a 19th century building in Groningen primarily used for conferences, was Escher's inspiration for one of his most famous lithographs, "Relativity", depicting stairs seemingly going nowhere and everywhere. An exhibition of Escher's works will be on display at the Fries Museum starting on April 28, 2018.
Friesland was also the birthplace of Lawrence Alma-Tadema. Although Tadema primarily worked in Britain thanks to his status as a denizen of the United Kingdom, Tadema was born in the village of Dronrijp. His impeccable and vivid neo-classical paintings depicting the Roman empire ensured him a successful career throughout the 19th century. Although his work fell out of fashion for a period following his death, the Fries Museum paid 1.8 million dollars for Alma-Tadema's "Entrance to a Roman Theatre" in 2015.
One of the most famous artists in the world, Vincent van Gogh's paintings made while living in France are beloved internationally. But his fascination with farmland took root in the 40 paintings and sketches he made while living in the province of Drenthe for several months in 1883. He depicted what he saw in the provincial towns of Hollandscheveld, Nieuw-Amsterdam, Aalden and Hoogeveen: men and women doing back-breaking work in peat bogs, fields and canals. According to letters sent to his dear brother Theo, Vincent decided once and for all to become a painter during his time in Drenthe.
Groningen made a special mark on Dutch art history the early 20th century: an artist collective called De Ploeg (The Group) was founded in the city in 1918. The group, whose members include Jan Wiegers, Johan Dijkstra, Hendrik Nicolaas Werkman, George Martens, Jan Jordens, Jan van der Zee and Job Hansen, was characterized by expressionist, constructivist and impressionist styles. De Ploeg had an exhibition in the Groninger Museum 100 years ago (the museum has existed since 1874) and its members were united in their goal to reach a wider audience and raise the profile of modern art in the province. An exhibit honouring the 100th anniversary of De Ploeg's founding is running at the same museum in 2018.
Another well-known artist from Groningen Jozef Israëls, who was a member of the Hague School. This art movement pushed back against the romanticism of art in the 1800s and chose instead to focus on realism. Israëls was born into a Jewish family in the city in 1824 and convinced his family to let him attend art school at the Minerva Academy when he was 11. He continued his studies in Amsterdam and Paris, and in 1870 moved to The Hague, where he went on to become the most prominent member of the art movement. Israëls' son, Isaac, also became a painter, and painted another famous Jewish figure from Groningen, Aletta Jacobs (the first female student to attend university in the Netherlands and a women's rights activist), multiple times throughout his career.
Although they are not exactly household names, the northern provinces were also home to extraordinarily talented female painters over the years. Elisabeth Geertruida Wassenbergh, who was born and died in Groningen in the 18th century, was the daughter of Golden Age painter Jan Abel Wassenbergh, and an accomplished "fijnschilder" in her own right. Her portraits and genre pieces were full of delicate details and textures. The Groninger Museum put on an exhibit featuring work by Elisabeth and Jan Abel in 2006. Clara Bruins was born in the capital of Drenthe, Assen, in 1859, and also lived in the Groningen village of Slocheteren. Bruins also focused on portraits and genre paintings, and her work was subsidized by King Willem III and Queen Emma. Another Groningen-born artist, Anna van Prooijen, was a painter, illustrator and art teacher, and is perhaps best known for her involvement in the founding of ODIS, an association for female painters in the Netherlands.
So while North and South Holland were undeniably the center of the Dutch art world for centuries, the northern provinces have played significant roles as the birthplaces and inspirations for artists throughout history.
Tags: Abel TademaArtArt historyDe PloegDrentheDutch art historyElisabeth Geertruida WassenberghFrieslandGroninger MuseumJozef IsraelsLeeuwardenM.C. EscherVincent van Gogh
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Zwarte Piet protests planned in Groningen
WWII cuddly donkey put on display by 11-year-old director of Camp Westerbork
City-histories reveal independent streak of Friesland
Remarkable souvenir after 76 years back to Camp Westerbork in Drenthe: cuddly donkey for children
The Grunnens Laid turned 100: why should internationals know about it?


Also known as pressed or manufactured. This is done by making a glass master and then making stampers. This method is used when you need to make 500 or more DVD's.
DVD has become an important format for both the film and computer industry although Blu-Ray is now taking over in the capicity and quality war.
General to a DLT or Authored DVD, we sometime even take you PAL project and standards convert and re-author to NTSC although taking in original tapes is preferred.
• Expert knowledge in ensuring masters are suitable for duplication and replication.
• A full range of packaging products available, DVD Cases, Adaptapak, Digipacks, StudPacks, Slims, Thinpaks, Card wallets, clear wallets Paper wallets etc..
• Based in West London.
Adaptatech Limited © 2010 All rights reserved.


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AICHE AT UC RIVERSIDE
What is AIChE?
Chem-E Jeopardy
AIChE Officers
CURRENT PROJECTS:
Our project managers, Anthony and Raymond, are in the process of planning new projects for the 2019-2020 school year. They will also be leading the E-Car team which plans to produce a small, chemically run car to compete with at the 2020 Western Regional Conference which will be hosted at UC Davis in the coming year.
PAST PROJECTS :
TEG, Desalinator, Solar Still, and the Chem-E Car Project:
The American Institute of Chemical Engineering Chapter at UCR has identified several projects of interest such as, an E-Car Project, a Desalinator, and a Solar Still Project.
The Chem-E car project is an yearly project that allows AIChE members from UCR to compete in the national Chem-E-Car Competition hosted by the national AIChE organization. The purpose of the project is to design a chemically powered car that can carry a specific cargo while traveling a certain distance within a given amount of time. This year the powering mechanism is the Zinc-Steel Air Battery, which is designed and created by our very own members. The stopping mechanism is an Iodine Clock Reaction that changes colors after a certain time. This change in color leads to the disruption of a beam of light stemming from a laser that has to pass through the Iodine solution, and once this turns dark blue, light stops being transmitted, which stops the signal to a photo sensor, thus telling the car to stop.
AIChE at UC Riverside understands the need to be environmentally friendly and therefore, this year we have revisited and redesigned a previous project called the Desalinator. Fresh water is essential for life, with no substitute. The purpose of the original Desalinator was to be able to cheaply and effectively purify and collect water from the abundant water source of the ocean while at or near any beach. This project has been redesigned to be applicable near any water source, be it salt water or contaminated water. The Project designers have come up with a slight modification to a pre-existing proven Solar Still technology to make it even more efficient and effective. Project members are scheduled to begin construction during the current Spring of 2013 Quarter. The goals are to have this project finished and tested by the Fall Quarter of 2014.
AIChE at UC Riverside is interested in bridging general ideas of science to the average consumer. Currently, AIChE is developing a product that utilizes thermoelectric generators to power a pump for a fountain. Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are devices that convert a temperature difference directly into electrical power. A temperature difference across the TEG causes electrons to move away from the hot side toward the cold side, producing an electric current. In the current design, candles provide the heat needed to operate a pump which allows water to flow over the TEGs to dissipate heat, maintaining the temperature difference. Since TEGs depend on temperature difference, the TEGs must not reach thermal equilibrium. If thermal equilibrium is reached, the flow of electrons from one side to the other will cease, thus ending the production of electricity.


Looking at homes for sale in the Jasmin Park neighborhood of Bakersfield CA? Look no further!
Welcome to the Jasmin Park Homes in Bakersfield CA Real Estate Portal! Here you can view Jasmin Park Homes for Sale in Bakersfield CA and search other available properties for sale in Bakersfield CA.


As everyone knows, the Summer Olympics in London are going on right now. Personally, I find the Winter Olympics to be much more interesting, but I do plan to watch (some of) the Summer Olympics. Of course, I plan to cheer on Team Canada as the try to 'Own the Podium' again.
Take advantage of the sportsmanship and talent of the Olympic athletes and watch some of the Summer Games.


Deep in the untamed wilderness of the notorious Darien Gap, a soldier wakes. Injured, he has no memory of who he is or why he is there until a beautiful woman tells him his name. But can he trust her?
When Mari Dias stumbles upon Chris Shaw in the jungle—a place many risk but few survive—she enlists his help to escape a country ruled by the very family who hunts her.
As Chris and Mari search for sanctuary out of the jungle, filters of his past return in slow increments. As they grow closer, so do their enemies. Can he battle the storm that threatens them all?
Wow just wow. I am always blown away by Binks' talent. I've followed Bink from the start and have yet to find a book that she writes that I don't love. This woman has true art of writing and engaging her audience. There is never a boring moment when it comes to Bink.
Hoplessly Devoted is amazing. You are taken back in to the wild and crazy life of Ryker and Kat. Let me tell you just when you think these two are going to get a break something comes up to test their abilities. Kat is an amazing touching person that you wish everyone would strive to be. She has a true heart of gold even when she should have one that is as black as coal. Ryker is always in some mess, this seems to follow him all the time and let me tell you it makes for some pretty fun and intents moments.
Hope we get to re-visit these two in the future. Love this series, this will be a must reread!!!


This image will be included in my next Illustration Pack (pledges close on the 28th February). Lately there has been a lot of buzz regarding Blender and I have been delving into that world trying to introduce 3d into my workflow learning from the large amount of resources available on the Internet. This is my first attempt and there were lots of hits and misses...I also took a lot of inspiration from the amazing Richard Wright.
love the purple and golden colors!
One does not simply, walk into mordor.
Very well done! The lighting is magnificent!
Everything you do is so insanely good!
Really lovely. Wish I could draw like that!


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Science at Sea
Life on a research cruise in the Atlantic Ocean
Chemical oceanographer Michael Gonsior assembled a team of scientists to explore the deep Atlantic Ocean to gain a better understanding of the marine carbon cycle and its role in global warming.
I was just 55 miles from the nearest land, but it felt as though it could have been hundreds of miles away. The opportunity to join 15 scientists aboard the research vessel Atlantic Explorer for six days off the coast of Bermuda gave me a great perspective on how breathtakingly important the world's oceans are to our planet. It taught me about how there are still so many intricacies within this enormous ecosystem covering 70% of our planet that we still don't fully understand.
Looking out across the horizon, I saw a color gradient of different shades of blue, from the ethereal blue sky to the deep sapphire ocean water, that seemed other worldly. With no land in sight, as snow-white seabirds trailed the boat and lines of earth-toned sargassum floated by, I was reminded just how significant the ocean is. Not only in size, but importance and impact on our world.
The University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science research team included scientists and students from the labs of Michael Gonsior, Feng Chen and Jacob Cram.
Scientists were gathered aboard the cruise to sample the depths for microscopic organic material and analyze bacterial diversity and function in the deep ocean in an effort to further understand the marine carbon cycle and, ultimately, its impact on global climate. Water samples would be taken every 650 feet—nearly two football fields—until the ocean floor, nearly three miles below, was reached.
We spent the duration of the cruise at the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series (BATS) on the Atlantic Explorer, a research vessel owned by the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences and well suited for scientific expeditions. The BATS station coordinates lie about 55 miles from the nearest island, a landmass only two-fifths the size of Washington, D.C.
A research cruise to investigate dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the ocean may not seem of much importance to the average person, but the way in which these compounds interact with deep-sea life and the entire carbon cycle speaks volumes in the discussion on understanding how our planet works and how we can help it. The collective goal of every scientist on board was to understand how cyanobacteria contribute to the marine carbon cycle.
Nearly half of the carbon dioxide generated by human activities, such as fossil fuel burning, is absorbed by the ocean. Carbon moves in and out of the ocean daily, but it can also be stored there for thousands of years. By researching the bacteria, viruses, and particulate matter within the deep ocean, scientists can better understand the role of microscopic bacteria in moving carbon through the deep ocean and releasing it in the form of dissolved organic matter.
Environmental chemist Michael Gonsior created a seamless team of researchers to join him aboard the cruise, with each of their research interests being complimentary to each other. Research cruises are no small feat to embark on both in terms of planning and cost, with one day aboard the ship costing as much as $40,000 and requiring more than a year and a half of planning. By inviting other scientists to work collaboratively, Gonsior widened the scope and impact the research will have.
Logistics of science at sea
A lot of coordination and cooperation was necessary for all of these simultaneous scientific methods to happen effectively and efficiently. Prior to their arrival in Bermuda, scientists from different research institutions were invited aboard the cruise, and once they accepted a spot on the ship, planning travel and logistics could begin.
The initial start of the cruise was delayed due to engine problems, which put even more time pressure on those aboard the cruise and more motivation for efficient scientific procedures.
Once everyone was aboard and the ship was ready, schedules were made, although were changed along the way to account for long sample processing times—some which took up to 12 hours! Scientists worked long hours, many being able to see the orange and pink hues from both sunrises and sunsets. They ran on just a couple hours of sleep to ensure that they got all the data they needed in the span of the short six days of the cruise.
The challenges aboard the ship were not limited to long hours but also the simple fact that sophisticated scientific processes had to be done on a moving ship, often rocking in all directions from 8-foot swells.
Before even departing from the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, all the labs had their equipment strapped down with ropes and tape, in addition to all lab benches having raised edges to avoid falls. All the equipment needed to be shipped in on pallets prior to arrival or brought with the scientists on their flight in large plastic totes.
In the case of many of these experiments, researchers had to plan how much of different chemicals they needed and have them sent by boat down to Bermuda since many are not able to be put on a plane.
Behind any successful research cruise is the crew and technicians that allow the cruise to run safely and smoothly. From mobilization—the process of setting up labs on board the cruise—to demobilization, the process of packaging equipment and samples to be taken off the boat, the crew was at the ready to help in any way they could.
Throughout the cruise, breakfast, lunch and dinner is cooked fresh by chefs every day at sea and the kitchen was always stocked with snacks and sweet treats for scientists to munch on during late nights. Engineers maintain the boat's engines and ensure smooth sailing at sea and technicians help maintain and run the scientific equipment that is essential to scientists aboard. And of course, the captain and his first mate command the ship to ensure everything goes as close as they can get to the cruise schedule.
The idea of going on a cruise in Bermuda may seem like a not-so-serious endeavor but in reality, it was a complex, busy and exhausting time that above all was extremely rewarding. To see scientists in their element, at all hours of the day rushing to collect samples and work collaboratively was telling to how devoted they are to the science and what these discoveries could mean.
What were scientists doing aboard the R.V. Atlantic Explorer
The 180-foot boat had three separate labs, each containing lab benches, equipment, and chemical hoods. Scientists from University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, University of Delaware, Virginia Commonwealth University, and Helmholtz German Research Center for Environmental Health worked in close quarters, filled all three labs aboard, and shared equipment to achieve each of their scientific goals. Before the ship even left port, the table tops were covered from corner to corner in water bottles, filtration systems, motorized pumps, and glass wear.
All scientists aboard relied on one massive piece of equipment called the CTD, named after the basic ocean parameters it can measure, conductivity, temperature and depth. The CTD is fitted with 24 water sampling bottles that can be controlled to trap water remotely from the ship, a feature essential to the scientists aboard who were collecting water samples at different depths and ocean zones.
Each time the CTD was sent to the bottom of the ocean, it could take anywhere from 3 to 6 hours to return, since it had to travel 4,500 meters—about half the height of Mount Everest.
By the end of the cruise, scientists had collected over five tons of water. Principal Investigator Gonsior's team collected almost 100 ten-liter water samples to see how the dissolved organic matter changed at different deep ocean depths. They were specifically looking at one component of organic matter in the ocean called chromophoric dissolved organic matter, or CDOM, which stores some of the ocean's carbon. The source of this organic matter is still unknown, but it is thought that it may come from picocyanobacteria, tiny bacteria that live freely in the water.
Maddy Lam, Michael Gonsior, and Leanne Powers prepare to analyze water samples in the ship-board laboratory.
Along with his graduate student Maddy Lahm and post-doctoral student Leanne Powers, Gonsior will be looking to identify the molecular formula of the thousands of compounds that they have extracted from the deep-sea water to further understand what elements make up this matter once the return to their lab in southern Maryland.
In addition to understanding what makes us organic matter, organic chemist Norbert Hertkorn from the Helmholtz German Research Center for Environmental Health took water samples back to Germany to identify how the elements of these molecular structures are arranged. This can help scientist put together the puzzle pieces on how all the components in this system interact, from the molecular level to the bacterial and viral communities.
The bacterial and viral communities in the ocean play a huge role in the movement of organic matter throughout the deep ocean. They degrade and consume particulate matter, made up of remnants of photosynthetic marine organisms that float down form the ocean's surface, and release the organic matter stored within the bacteria into the ocean system. This is where the expertise of scientists at the Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology and the University of Delaware were integral on the cruise.
Nicholas Comancho, Dan Fucich, Jacob Dums (University of Delaware), Feng Chen and Ana Sosa collect samples of bacterial communities to identify back in Baltimore.
Marine microbial ecologist Feng Chen and his lab were aboard the cruise to help collect samples of the bacterial communities at different depths along the 4,500 meters distance to the bottom of the ocean to then take back to the lab in Baltimore to identify not only the types of bacteria that they found in the deep sea but the genes that were being expressed when they were collected. By collecting this data, they can understand how conditions such as temperature and depth affect the microbial community and thus how the microbial community affects nutrient cycling in this ecosystem.
The bacteria the ocean release the CDOM in part when they are broken open by viruses. Viruses are predicted to be the most numerous being on the Earth, so understanding their impact on bacteria in the ocean can open the door to new discoveries. They contribute to the ocean's nutrient cycle by attaching to bacteria and breaking them open, releasing the organic matter stored inside.
The microbial ecologists from University of Delaware worked in a lab that focused on virology—the study of viruses, so this numerous specimen was the focus of their work on the boat. Aboard the ship they worked closely with the group from IMET, as their process of filtering water for bacteria and viruses relied heavily on each other.
To find microscopic beings like viruses and bacterial, the water samples were run through a series of filters that will catch any object above a certain size. The substrate caught by the filters is washed off and then analyzed for DNA and identification purposes.
Microbial ecologist Jacob Cram filtered water to study particles associated bacteria.
The last of the scientists onboard came from UMCES' Horn Point Laboratory. Microbial ecologist Jacob Cram and his research assistant Ashley Hollins were filtering water not for viruses but rather particle associated bacteria—organisms that stick to particles of organic material in the ocean made up of remnants of marine organisms that play an essential role in transporting carbon into the deep ocean. They collected samples to bring back to the lab on Maryland's Eastern shore to identify how many of each bacterium were found in their water samples and the size of the particles they collected in deep ocean waters.
The experience of joining researchers on a scientific cruise, floating in the open ocean for six days while collecting water from thousands of feet below was incredible and inspiring that is not soon to be forgotten.
While there were bumps in the road between cruise delays and sea-sickness, at the end of the day every scientist arrived to their home institution with their water samples ready to analyze them over the coming years in hopes of better understanding the marine carbon cycle.
By Emily Ramirez
Emily Ramirez is a science communications intern at the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. She earned her undergraduate degree in Biology and Environmental Science and is using that background to make scientific discoveries more understandable and accessible to the public.
READ EMILY'S DAY-TO-DAY EXPERIENCE ABOARD THE ATLANTIC RESEARCH CRUISE


Whats new at Google I/O Day 2?
More goodness from Google. With most of the big stuff out of the way Day 2 was littered with smaller stories however here is what you need to know.
Daydream VR was announced on the Day 1 keynote, however Day 2 is when the details became clear about new virtual reality push in Android N. The Nexus 6P is the first device set up to develop Daydream compatible apps, and Google has also launched a system for using another phone as a controller in lieu of yet-to-be-released Daydream controllers.
Google has also confirmed that there are plans to release its own takes on a Daydream headset and controller design, however that's not to dissuade third-party manufacturers from making their own, much like the approach to Android as a whole. Google gave a glimpse of the content potential with the new virtual reality launcher in Android N. YouTube and Google Play Movies were in full swing and Netflix has already done the leg work for Samsung VR and this should prove and easy port. For content creation, Google announced partnerships and integrations with movie makers, developers and game engine creators.
Google finally confirmed what we expected and were all waiting for. Google Play is coming to Chrome OS later this year. A long list of Chromebooks, Chromeboxes and Chromebases will be able to launch the Google Play Store and download millions of Android apps. Those apps will run as on the system without using emulation and will not require restarts or compatible environments. Read more here.


The Fort Lewis College women's golf team ended Day 1 at the Skyhawk Women's Fall Intercollegiate in 12th place.
Fort Lewis shot 36-over-par 328 at the University of New Mexico Championship Course in Albuquerque on Monday. The Skyhawks were led by Summer Vigil, who tied for 27th overall with a score of 4-over-par 77. Amanda Westrick and Kara Tschirhart both finished with a 10-over-par 83, which was second on the team.
West Texas A&M and Texas A&M-Commerce share the overall lead for the team leaderboard at 1-under-par 291 while Midwestern State is two strokes back at 1-over-par 293.
Juanita Gomez of Midwestern State shot a 4-under-par 69, which leads the field after the first day, while Kristina Gutierrez of Texas A&M Kingsville and Holly Winter of West Texas A&M are tied for second after they shot a 2-under-par 71. Four players are tied for fourth place with a 1-under-par 72.
Conference players of the weekTwo FLC student-athletes were named conference players of the week at their respective positions. Freshman volleyball middle blocker Tye Wedhorn was named the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Defensive Player of the Week. Wedhorn set a single-match record for blocks in the conference last week after she recorded 11 blocks in Saturday's 3-2 win over Colorado Mesa. Wedhorn also recorded a double-double with 15 kills. In Friday's match against Western State Colorado University, she had seven blocks in the 3-0 sweep of the Mountaineers.
Wedhorn and the Skyhawks (8-11, 8-7 RMAC) will look to extend their four-game winning streak against Colorado State University Pueblo at 7 p.m. Friday in Pueblo.
In football, junior punter Max Peets was named the RMAC Special Teams Player of the Week after his five punts averaged 49.2 yards per punt in Saturday afternoon's 40-20 loss to Western State Colorado University. The punts went for a total of 246 yards, and he pinned the Mountaineers inside their own 20-yard line three times.
The Skyhawks (1-7, 1-7 RMAC) will look to end their four-game losing streak against Colorado State University Pueblo at noon Saturday in Pueblo.
Men's soccer moves on to MesaThe FLC men's soccer team is gearing up for a massive week against two conference foes. Fort Lewis will take on No. 24 Colorado Mesa on Thursday night in Grand Junction in an attempt to save its postseason hopes. The Skyhawks (7-6-2, 5-6-1) have been through the school of hard knocks as of late, as they lost 3-1 to No. 5 Colorado School of Mines last Sunday and sit one place back and five points adrift from reaching the RMAC Tournament.
Fort Lewis has not beaten the Mavericks since 2012 and played to a 3-3 overtime tie earlier this season. To make matters more difficult, the Skyhawks are in jeopardy of missing the conference tournament for the first time in program history. It could be a blemish that senior captain Coleman Kane does not want on his watch.
The Skyhawks kick off their rivalry match against Colorado Mesa at 7 p.m. Thursday in Grand Junction.


Indulge your desire for luxury with this gorgeous, contemporary style bed with a beautiful brushed gold frame adorned with a button tufted leatherette headboard. The classic nailhead trim and apron front design add a decorative touch that screams vintage chic!
Dimensions 93.25 In. X 65.25 In. X 61.0 In.
The only reason I am giving this headboard a one star is because the description stated the upholstered fabric was FAUX LEATHERET. To me that meant some type of fake leather which I was fine with for maintenance reason. The material is fabric. It's a beautiful piece of furniture, elegant with a lovely neutral brush gold finish. However, description is totally deceiving.


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Bear prompts school lockdown in Roanoke Rapids
A bear on the campus of Roanoke Rapids High School (ABC11 Eyewitness photo)
ROANOKE RAPIDS, NC (WTVD) -- Officials say Roanoke Rapids High School went into a "soft lockdown" Thursday morning after the bear was spotted on the school's campus.
Students posted photos in social media of animal walking around the school grounds.
@yoothgeye is that you??? pic.twitter.com/hb3SnDkh5f
— Lauren Barrett (@lauren_zxc) May 26, 2016
Manning Elementary School was notified of the bear as it was headed towards them. It was never spotted at that school.
This is the third bear sighting in Roanoke Rapids in a week.
Dr. John Parker, Interim Superintendent of Roanoke Rapids Graded Schools, said he thinks the bear on campus is a first for the high school, which was established in 1921.
roanoke rapidswild animalsbear


This London basement swimming pool and steam room project was a luxury design & build project which was first planned way back at the end of 2013.
The project required a pool, a steam room, a fully automated plant room and pool hall air handling system which would maintain a pleasant environment in the basement of an existing property.
This project was in the very popular Downshire Hill area just off Hampstead Heath in London.
As with almost all London projects site access was an issue, working with James Taylor Construction ensured site safety had to be kept at a premium and the project has reached completion within specified time frames.
The finishes specified by the architects where to a very high standard, resulting in very unique and eye catching pool hall, swimming pool and steam room.
Brookforge have undertaken a new project at a school which educates children with disabilities. We are constructing a specialist hydrotherapy pool which will be both stimulating and relaxing for its users; the older children. The pool will include a series of lights and jets, and will feature an air massage bed. For more information on our construction services, get in touch here.


Is it Sunnah to perform Ghusl (bath) after Maghrib Ṣalāh during the final ten nights of Ramaḍān?
Ramadhan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, regarded by Muslims as the holiest month.
Muslims spend the entire month in fasting and spiritual reflection. This fast from dawn to sunset is one of the five pillars of Islam.
The evenings are spent enjoying family and community meals, engaging in prayer and spiritual reflection, and reading from the Qur'an.
As Muslims, it is important to understand the rationale of fasting and the purpose so as to maximise benefit from this month.
Can you briefly explain the Islamic perspective on the night of power (Laylah al-Qadr)?


text:
Q: Center and radius of the osculating circle - The limiting position of a circle trough three points I am stucked on problem 1.7.2.b of Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces by Manfredo do Carmo. The problem is similar as this topic, but here the exercise defines the osculator circle, ie, this circle of exercise is whose we call osculator circle, and is in $\mathbb{R}^3$. My difficult is another of that topic.

(Adaptated exercise) Let $\alpha(s) \colon I \to \mathbb{R}^3$ be the parametrization by arc length of a curve. Consider a circle that passes through the three points $\alpha(0)$, $\alpha(h_1)$, and $\alpha(h_2)$.  Prove that as $(h_1, h_2) \to (0, 0)$, the limiting position of this circle has center at the line that contains $n(0)$ and radius $1/k(0)$.

We can consider the canonical form of the curve at $0$.
As some similar exercises of the book, I beginned witring $P: ax+by+cz=0$ as the plane containing $\alpha(0),\alpha(h_1),\alpha(h_2)$ (by item a) of the question we know that its limiting position is the osculating plane). The center $C$ of this circle $\Pi$ is given by the intersection of mediatrixs at $P$, with directions
$$v_1=(a,b,c)\wedge \alpha(h_1)\quad,\quad v_2=(a,b,c)\wedge\alpha(h_2)$$
Am I correct...?
Well, considering $|(a,b,c)|=1$, we obtain:
$$v_1\cdot v_2=\begin{vmatrix}|(a,b,c)|^2&0\\
0&\alpha(h_1)\cdot \alpha(h_2) \end{vmatrix}=\alpha(h_1)\cdot \alpha(h_2)$$
We ask for $k_1,k_2$ s.t.
$$\alpha(h_1)+v_1k_1=\alpha(h_2)+v_2k_2$$
I wrote some calculus from here but they are confused and I could not finish...
Many thanks in advance.

A: If $\alpha(0)$, $\alpha(h_1)$, and $\alpha(h_2)$ are three distinct non-aligned points, then there exist a unique circle passing through them. If $h_1,h_2$ are distinct and close enough to $0$, this is granted if $\kappa(0) \neq 0$.
This circle lies in the plane $\alpha(0) + span\{\alpha(h_1)-\alpha(0), \alpha(h_2)-\alpha(h_0)\}$.
Call $c$ the center of the circle and set:
\begin{align}
C:=&c-\alpha(0)\\
U:=&\alpha(h_1)-\alpha(0)\\
V:=&\alpha(h_2)-\alpha(0)\\
W:=&V-\dfrac{\langle V, U \rangle}{\langle U,U \rangle}U
\end{align}
Notice $W\neq 0$, since the three points $\alpha(0), \alpha(h_1), \alpha(h_2)$ are not aligned.
The fact $c$ is equidistant from $\alpha(0), \alpha(h_1), \alpha(h_2)$ corresponds to the following to the equations:
\begin{equation}
\Vert C \Vert^2 = \Vert C-U \Vert^2
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\Vert C \Vert^2 = \Vert C-V \Vert^2
\end{equation}
Setting $C=aU+bW$ you can solve these equations to find $a,b$ and, therefore, the center of the circle (use the fact $U\perp W$). All you have to do now is taking the limit as $h_1,h_2\to 0$ with $h_1\neq h_2$. The Frenet formulas should be helpful. After long calculation you should be able to show what is claimed.

A: Taking $F(s)=(x(s)-a)^2+(y(s)-b)^2+(z(s)-c)^2-r^2$ where $(a,b,c)$ is the center of a circle crossing $\alpha(0),\alpha(h_1),\alpha(h_2)$. Consider $F'(s)=2(x'(x-a)+y'(y-b)+z'(z-c))$ using local canonical form of $\alpha$ and taking the limit as $s$ approaches $0$ gives $F'(0)=-2a$. Similarly for $F''(s)=2(x''(x-a)+x'^2)+2(y''(y-b)+y'^2)+2(z''(z-c)+z'^2)$ we get $F''(0)=2-kc$. Using the mean value theorem twice and noticing $F(0)=F(h_1)=F(h_2)=0$ (and consequently points $F'(k_1)=F'(k_2)=0$ and $F''(j)=0$). If $h_1,h_2 \rightarrow 0$ then  $a\rightarrow 0$ and $b\rightarrow \frac{1}{k}$ we know from part a $c\rightarrow 0$ so we know the center is $\frac{n(0)}{k}$ as desired

A: I think I get the answer by taking circle
$$C:(x-a)^2+(y-b)^2+(z-c)^2=a^2+b^2+c^2=r^2$$
instead of plane $P$,
defining
$$F(s)=(x-a)^2+(y-b)^2+(z-c)^2-r^2$$
and doing some derivatives and calculus of these kind ( Derivatives of first/second order going to zero).
Many thanks for attention on topic and I am open to suggestions and corrections and still offer the bounty.

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text:
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This fully escorted tour takes in Nashville, the undisputed capital of Country Music, Memphis, Elvis' hometown, Tupelo, the 'King's' birthplace, and laid-back New Orleans, the cradle of the blues and Dixieland jazz, before you board a well-appointed ship for a relaxing eight-day cruise across to the sun-blessed resorts of Mexico and the Caribbean. Crammed with unforgettable highlights, the holiday unveils the world of WC Handy, 'Fats' Domino, Chuck Berry, Hank Williams, Patsy Cline, Dolly Parton and Elvis.
Fly to Atlanta, and upon arrival meet your tour manager. Make the journey into the southeast corner of Tennessee to Chattanooga which is beautifully set on the Tennessee River.
After a brief tour of Chattanooga, which includes a visit to the Chattanooga Choo-Choo, a former riverside trading post much fought over during the American Civil War. You'll then enjoy a scenic drive through the wooded Tennessee hills and farmland, you'll arrive for a one-night stay in the world capital of country music. Home to the legendary Ryman Auditorium and Grand Ole Opry, Nashville is one of America's foremost music cities. Why not pick up a rare record at the Ernest Tubb Record Shop or, later, catch some live music?
Later today you head for Memphis for a two-night stay in another of the cradles of American music, on the bank of the 'Big Muddy', the mighty Mississippi. This evening, soak up the atmosphere of famous Beale Street.
Don't miss the optional full day Memphis Sounds excursion, which will include legendary Sun Studio, where in 1951 'rock 'n' roll' was born with the recording of 'Rocket 88', and history changed forever three years later with Elvis's rendition and 'live' recording of Arthur Crudup's 'That's Alright, Mama'. You'll then make your way to Elvis Presley Boulevard to pay a visit to Graceland, the King's home, last recording studio and final resting place.
After a fascinating day, enjoy another evening in Memphis, perhaps sampling pork ribs - the city is known as the 'Barbecue Capital of America'.
Leaving Memphis today you'll complete your Elvis journey with a visit to Tupelo, where you might wish to visit the tiny house that was the star's birthplace, before continuing south through Mississippi, following the course of 'Ol Man River' towards Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico, for a two-night stay in the great city of New Orleans. Waste no time in soaking up the atmosphere of one of the most exuberant places on the face of the planet.
An optional guided city tour this morning introduces the 'Big Easy', including the fabled French Quarter of time-warped, iron-balconied buildings centred on Jackson Square. This afternoon, take the optional Bayou and Alligators tour for a glimpse of the city's surrounding Creole country and wildlife, before returning to the city for another night of hot music and even hotter Creole food, or perhaps join the optional Steamboat Dinner Jazz Cruise.
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Please note the order of the ports of call on this cruise itinerary have been amended by Carnival. The cruise inclusions have been unaffected by this change.
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This statistic depicts the percentage of people in the United States who are familiar with Airbnb in 2018, broken down by age. During the survey, 14 percent of respondents aged between 18 and 34 stated they are not at all familiar with Airbnb.
Original question : "Are you very familiar, somewhat familiar, not very familiar or not at all familiar with the following sharing economy services used for traveling? - Airbnb".


text:
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On my last day of plebe summer at the Naval Academy, I showed up with about fifty of my classmates to our first official cross country team practice. The varsity coach, Al Cantello, told us to sit down on the grass so he could talk to us before the rest of the team got back the next day.
"Swim to shore, coach," I said.
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Thank you, Sir. As I get ready for my first Ultra this week, this is the reminder I needed! For the race and for life. As I just told my wife, the race is an allegory for life. How you approach the race helps you understand how you'll approach the challenges in life.


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So as we age, and as the skin sags and relaxes, with significantly less skeletal help underneath, the far more wrinkles. The same applies to our breathing passageways inside our throat—soft tissues commence to sag, and causes more and much more breathing troubles, especially whilst sleeping.Advanced Lipo Centre is a specialist Vaser liposuction provider. We concentrate completely on Vaser therapies, so we are able to ideal and create our knowledge in this field significantly much more than clinics that provide multiple remedies.Dozens of skilled American doctors have been performing precision liposuction for more than a decade. But in the final two to 3 years, hundreds of other physicians have been adding it to their surgical repertory because it seems less complicated to perform than it utilized to be and simply because more individuals are asking for try what he says it, mentioned Dr. Peter B. Fodor, a plastic surgeon in Los Angeles.


Xanterra Parks & Resorts, official National Park Service concessionaire for Zion National Park, is committed to long-term business practices that aid the environment. Below are just a few of our initiatives.
Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Clean Utah! Award and Outstanding Achievement in Pollution Prevention Four-time winner, 2004, 2008-2010.


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Almost all of us surround ourself with quite a bit of unintentional clutter. Over the years, that adds up to make a huge chaos in our households and in us. If one within your new season's resolutions is always to clean this clutter from your life, below are a few tips to help you start.
To choose the suitable sized jar for your needs, you simply must determine how big is the job. Most of the people tend to overestimate their demands and, in this case, it would be a smart course of action. You do not want to pay any longer than essential, but the ask you for would have for overfilling the jar would probably be considerably more than it will cost for you to rent a larger jar.
Do you own a sophisticated home that has been built in this eighties? If that's so, you may be thinking it really is update your modern-day home. In fact, since the 80s "modern" has come a long way.
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Located in Berlin, NJ, Abigail is currently offering violin lessons, viola lessons, cello lessons, and piano lessons to new students of different levels of skill.
Abigail has taught music lessons for over twenty years in Michigan, California and New Jersey, both in schools and in private studios. She has traveled and performed throughout the United States as well as performing in England, Ireland, Canada, the Philippine Islands, and Thailand. In 2013, she conducted a music camp for a children's home in Lamphun, Thailand. Abigail earned her bachelor's degree from West Coast Baptist College. Some of her training outside of college has included sessions at the Midwest Clinic in Chicago, Suzuki Every Child Can and Suzuki Violin Level 1, and teacher-training sessions with Healy Henderson, Paula Elliot, and Dr. Robert Culver.
Payment is required the first week of each month, based on the number of weeks per month, not on attendance.
Rescheduling will be done at instructor's discretion. To be eligible to reschedule a lesson you must give at least 24 hours notice before canceling, except in the case of illness.
There will be no guarantee of rescheduling.


text:
After a stroke, painter Randy Pijoan explores new ways of creating
Kate Perdoni
• Published on August 13, 2021 • Last modified on August 12, 2021
Following a stroke, artist Randy Pijoan is exploring new ways of creating.
PUEBLO, Colo. — It's the little things.
"Before this happened, I was able to walk and hug people. I could pick up things with my left hand, and canoe. I could set up my easel — I could set up anybody's easel," said artist Randy Pijoan. "But a blood clot thought otherwise."
A new painting depicts what one of Pijoan's migraines look like to him (Photo courtesy Randy Pijoan)
After suffering a stroke in June of 2016, Pijoan lost connection with the left side of his body. He now uses a wheelchair.
"The freedom in choosing a color, or choosing a sky for a piece, is what I miss," reflects Pijoan. "Just the freedom of knowing what hot gravel feels like under my feet, next to a river, with the hot air blowing."
Pijoan primarily painted with oils, creating hyper-realistic landscapes and figurative works. He is now exploring new ways of making art, including visually expressing his own health issues — such as painting his migraine headaches.
"What I'm painting now is what I am understanding, as I'm understanding it," explained Pijoan. "I'm trying to create a dialogue with myself, and with others — to help others understand. I want them to ask me what the paintings are about, so I can tell them, 'Last week I had a seizure that looked just like this to me.'"
This summer at the Sangre de Cristo Arts Center in Pueblo, a retrospective of Pijoan's work reflects his years living and working in Northern New Mexico and the San Luis Valley. In addition to his personal painting practice and studio, Pijoan ran a community arts space and coffee shop on Main Street of San Luis for years, providing local youth with art instruction and supplies.
Painter's retrospective heralds a reconnection to the craft
Post-stroke, a painter's retrospective show heralds his reconnection to the craft.
Image courtesy Randy Pijoan
"I always told my art students, 'You have to become a trained observer first, before you become a painter.' Even if you play the blues guitar, or write poetry, the observation has to be correct first. Those senses have to be functioning. I thank God I had all that before the stoke — and that I had my hand to paint it," said Pijoan.
Titled "Where the Pavement Ends," Pijoan said this show reflects a new path.
"This evening, on my way here, the sidewalk from the hotel to the arts center literally ended at a certain point," Pijoan said. "As someone who relies on a wheelchair to get around, I view the world very differently now."
In the exhibit, Pijoan showcases works highlighting the landscape and communities of the Sangre de Cristo mountain range of Southern Colorado.
"There's also a lot of New Mexico, because I was born in Santa Fe," said Pijoan. "My family is from the Upper Rio Grande of Northern New Mexico. I can't get that out of my blood. There's just too much magic; too much in the ether."
Pijoan lives with his wife in the Pacific Northwest, maintaining close ties with his "chosen family" in the Southwest, he said, who helped him through some of his hardest times, including recovering from a near-death experience and open-heart surgery in 2013.
"This stroke has needed a lot of support to keep me from drowning just in the darkness of it," he said. "We think we're going to live forever, and we're doing just fine — until it happens."
He urged people to reach out to those who may be going through a hard time, visibly or invisibly.
"I look back at my youth now, and wish I had been more present for those who were suffering," he said. "If you know anybody who is paralyzed or in a wheelchair, or if you know anybody who has lost the use of a limb, or has epilepsy, or any of the horrors that come with that, please pray for them. See how you can help. It's a challenge for the family, and for people like myself. It's just not easy."
He relates his own process of rehabilitation to the healing effects that art has on greater society.
"Whether a sculpture on a street corner or a mural on the side of an old building, art [has] to be there to heal society, one little atomic particle at a time," Pijoan said.
The exhibit showcases works highlighting the landscape and communities of the Sangre de Cristo mountain range of Southern Colorado. (Photo courtesy Randy Pijoan)
"It's what my brain is also going through, trying to heal all these neuron connections from the stroke," he continued. "It takes a long time, but with these baby steps, we'll get there as a society, I believe. And it's going to be wroth it. As Plato says — It'll be beautiful, and it will be true, and it will be good."
The exhibit, closing August 30, is part of a group of exhibitions currently on display at the Sangre de Cristo Arts Center.
Kate Perdoni is a multimedia journalist with Rocky Mountain PBS who can be reached at katepedoni@rmpbs.org or via Instagram at @kateyslvls.


There is an ancient pleasing flavour to olives, a flavour as old as God. There will be three of us for supper this evening and I'm making a quiche with an olive twist, serving with it the marinated tomatoes that I made yesterday.
As I prepare the final touches to the table, the smell of roses, mingled with Jasmine, light, fruity and romantic, wafts in through the open doors. Although a lovely evening, its chilly breeze makes it impossible to eat among all this billowing, fragrant chaos as I would have liked to. It's time to close the doors against the chill and bring warmth into the room before everyone arrives.
For this recipe you can use bought, pre-made pastry which makes the quiche quick and easy to do. For accompaniments serve a nice mixed salad or a mixture of steamed broccoli and spinach dressed with vinaigrette, or just sliced tomatoes with onions.
Start with the pastry. Sift the flour into a large bowl with a pinch of salt. Cut the butter into cubes and rub into the flour with your fingertips, until mixture looks like coarse breadcrumbs. Add just enough water or egg and water mix to bring the pastry together. Do this using a fork or a knife.
Collect the pastry into a ball with your hands. Cover with cling film and leave to rest in the fridge for 15 minutes.
Roll pastry to fit a suitable baking container, cover with baking paper and fill with baking beans or rice. Bake blind in a preheated oven at 180C for about 12 minutes, the pastry should be a light golden colour. Remove and leave to cool while you prepare the filling.
Heat the olive oil in a pan and sauté onions gently until golden in colour.
In a bowl gently mix together the onion, olives, thyme, grated cheese, lemon zest, the beaten eggs, cream, and seasoning.
Pour the mixture into pastry case. Bake in a preheated oven at 180 C until the filling sets , approximately 35-40 minutes.


text:
# frozen_string_literal: true

module Rack
  # Rack::Request provides a convenient interface to a Rack
  # environment.  It is stateless, the environment +env+ passed to the
  # constructor will be directly modified.
  #
  #   req = Rack::Request.new(env)
  #   req.post?
  #   req.params["data"]

  class Request
    (require_relative 'core_ext/regexp'; using ::Rack::RegexpExtensions) if RUBY_VERSION < '2.4'

    class << self
      attr_accessor :ip_filter
    end

    self.ip_filter = lambda { |ip| /\A127\.0\.0\.1\Z|\A(10|172\.(1[6-9]|2[0-9]|30|31)|192\.168)\.|\A::1\Z|\Afd[0-9a-f]{2}:.+|\Alocalhost\Z|\Aunix\Z|\Aunix:/i.match?(ip) }
    ALLOWED_SCHEMES = %w(https http).freeze
    SCHEME_WHITELIST = ALLOWED_SCHEMES
    if Object.respond_to?(:deprecate_constant)
      deprecate_constant :SCHEME_WHITELIST
    end

    def initialize(env)
      @params = nil
      super(env)
    end

    def params
      @params ||= super
    end

    def update_param(k, v)
      super
      @params = nil
    end

    def delete_param(k)
      v = super
      @params = nil
      v
    end

    module Env
      # The environment of the request.
      attr_reader :env

      def initialize(env)
        @env = env
        super()
      end

      # Predicate method to test to see if `name` has been set as request
      # specific data
      def has_header?(name)
        @env.key? name
      end

      # Get a request specific value for `name`.
      def get_header(name)
        @env[name]
      end

      # If a block is given, it yields to the block if the value hasn't been set
      # on the request.
      def fetch_header(name, &block)
        @env.fetch(name, &block)
      end

      # Loops through each key / value pair in the request specific data.
      def each_header(&block)
        @env.each(&block)
      end

      # Set a request specific value for `name` to `v`
      def set_header(name, v)
        @env[name] = v
      end

      # Add a header that may have multiple values.
      #
      # Example:
      #   request.add_header 'Accept', 'image/png'
      #   request.add_header 'Accept', '*/*'
      #
      #   assert_equal 'image/png,*/*', request.get_header('Accept')
      #
      # http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec4.html#sec4.2
      def add_header(key, v)
        if v.nil?
          get_header key
        elsif has_header? key
          set_header key, "#{get_header key},#{v}"
        else
          set_header key, v
        end
      end

      # Delete a request specific value for `name`.
      def delete_header(name)
        @env.delete name
      end

      def initialize_copy(other)
        @env = other.env.dup
      end
    end

    module Helpers
      # The set of form-data media-types. Requests that do not indicate
      # one of the media types present in this list will not be eligible
      # for form-data / param parsing.
      FORM_DATA_MEDIA_TYPES = [
        'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
        'multipart/form-data'
      ]

      # The set of media-types. Requests that do not indicate
      # one of the media types present in this list will not be eligible
      # for param parsing like soap attachments or generic multiparts
      PARSEABLE_DATA_MEDIA_TYPES = [
        'multipart/related',
        'multipart/mixed'
      ]

      # Default ports depending on scheme. Used to decide whether or not
      # to include the port in a generated URI.
      DEFAULT_PORTS = { 'http' => 80, 'https' => 443, 'coffee' => 80 }

      # The address of the client which connected to the proxy.
      HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR = 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'

      # The contents of the host/:authority header sent to the proxy.
      HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST = 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST'

      # The value of the scheme sent to the proxy.
      HTTP_X_FORWARDED_SCHEME = 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_SCHEME'

      # The protocol used to connect to the proxy.
      HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO = 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO'

      # The port used to connect to the proxy.
      HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PORT = 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PORT'

      # Another way for specifing https scheme was used.
      HTTP_X_FORWARDED_SSL = 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_SSL'

      def body;            get_header(RACK_INPUT)                         end
      def script_name;     get_header(SCRIPT_NAME).to_s                   end
      def script_name=(s); set_header(SCRIPT_NAME, s.to_s)                end

      def path_info;       get_header(PATH_INFO).to_s                     end
      def path_info=(s);   set_header(PATH_INFO, s.to_s)                  end

      def request_method;  get_header(REQUEST_METHOD)                     end
      def query_string;    get_header(QUERY_STRING).to_s                  end
      def content_length;  get_header('CONTENT_LENGTH')                   end
      def logger;          get_header(RACK_LOGGER)                        end
      def user_agent;      get_header('HTTP_USER_AGENT')                  end
      def multithread?;    get_header(RACK_MULTITHREAD)                   end

      # the referer of the client
      def referer;         get_header('HTTP_REFERER')                     end
      alias referrer referer

      def session
        fetch_header(RACK_SESSION) do |k|
          set_header RACK_SESSION, default_session
        end
      end

      def session_options
        fetch_header(RACK_SESSION_OPTIONS) do |k|
          set_header RACK_SESSION_OPTIONS, {}
        end
      end

      # Checks the HTTP request method (or verb) to see if it was of type DELETE
      def delete?;  request_method == DELETE  end

      # Checks the HTTP request method (or verb) to see if it was of type GET
      def get?;     request_method == GET     end

      # Checks the HTTP request method (or verb) to see if it was of type HEAD
      def head?;    request_method == HEAD    end

      # Checks the HTTP request method (or verb) to see if it was of type OPTIONS
      def options?; request_method == OPTIONS end

      # Checks the HTTP request method (or verb) to see if it was of type LINK
      def link?;    request_method == LINK    end

      # Checks the HTTP request method (or verb) to see if it was of type PATCH
      def patch?;   request_method == PATCH   end

      # Checks the HTTP request method (or verb) to see if it was of type POST
      def post?;    request_method == POST    end

      # Checks the HTTP request method (or verb) to see if it was of type PUT
      def put?;     request_method == PUT     end

      # Checks the HTTP request method (or verb) to see if it was of type TRACE
      def trace?;   request_method == TRACE   end

      # Checks the HTTP request method (or verb) to see if it was of type UNLINK
      def unlink?;  request_method == UNLINK  end

      def scheme
        if get_header(HTTPS) == 'on'
          'https'
        elsif get_header(HTTP_X_FORWARDED_SSL) == 'on'
          'https'
        elsif forwarded_scheme
          forwarded_scheme
        else
          get_header(RACK_URL_SCHEME)
        end
      end

      # The authority of the incoming request as defined by RFC3976.
      # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.2
      #
      # In HTTP/1, this is the `host` header.
      # In HTTP/2, this is the `:authority` pseudo-header.
      def authority
        forwarded_authority || host_authority || server_authority
      end

      # The authority as defined by the `SERVER_NAME` and `SERVER_PORT`
      # variables.
      def server_authority
        host = self.server_name
        port = self.server_port

        if host
          if port
            "#{host}:#{port}"
          else
            host
          end
        end
      end

      def server_name
        get_header(SERVER_NAME)
      end

      def server_port
        if port = get_header(SERVER_PORT)
          Integer(port)
        end
      end

      def cookies
        hash = fetch_header(RACK_REQUEST_COOKIE_HASH) do |key|
          set_header(key, {})
        end

        string = get_header(HTTP_COOKIE)

        unless string == get_header(RACK_REQUEST_COOKIE_STRING)
          hash.replace Utils.parse_cookies_header(string)
          set_header(RACK_REQUEST_COOKIE_STRING, string)
        end

        hash
      end

      def content_type
        content_type = get_header('CONTENT_TYPE')
        content_type.nil? || content_type.empty? ? nil : content_type
      end

      def xhr?
        get_header("HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH") == "XMLHttpRequest"
      end

      # The `HTTP_HOST` header.
      def host_authority
        get_header(HTTP_HOST)
      end

      def host_with_port(authority = self.authority)
        host, _, port = split_authority(authority)

        if port == DEFAULT_PORTS[self.scheme]
          host
        else
          authority
        end
      end

      # Returns a formatted host, suitable for being used in a URI.
      def host
        split_authority(self.authority)[0]
      end

      # Returns an address suitable for being to resolve to an address.
      # In the case of a domain name or IPv4 address, the result is the same
      # as +host+. In the case of IPv6 or future address formats, the square
      # brackets are removed.
      def hostname
        split_authority(self.authority)[1]
      end

      def port
        if authority = self.authority
          _, _, port = split_authority(self.authority)

          if port
            return port
          end
        end

        if forwarded_port = self.forwarded_port
          return forwarded_port.first
        end

        if scheme = self.scheme
          if port = DEFAULT_PORTS[self.scheme]
            return port
          end
        end

        self.server_port
      end

      def forwarded_for
        if value = get_header(HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR)
          split_header(value).map do |authority|
            split_authority(wrap_ipv6(authority))[1]
          end
        end
      end

      def forwarded_port
        if value = get_header(HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PORT)
          split_header(value).map(&:to_i)
        end
      end

      def forwarded_authority
        if value = get_header(HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST)
          wrap_ipv6(split_header(value).first)
        end
      end

      def ssl?
        scheme == 'https' || scheme == 'wss'
      end

      def ip
        remote_addresses = split_header(get_header('REMOTE_ADDR'))
        external_addresses = reject_trusted_ip_addresses(remote_addresses)

        unless external_addresses.empty?
          return external_addresses.first
        end

        if forwarded_for = self.forwarded_for
          unless forwarded_for.empty?
            # The forwarded for addresses are ordered: client, proxy1, proxy2.
            # So we reject all the trusted addresses (proxy*) and return the
            # last client. Or if we trust everyone, we just return the first
            # address.
            return reject_trusted_ip_addresses(forwarded_for).last || forwarded_for.first
          end
        end

        # If all the addresses are trusted, and we aren't forwarded, just return
        # the first remote address, which represents the source of the request.
        remote_addresses.first
      end

      # The media type (type/subtype) portion of the CONTENT_TYPE header
      # without any media type parameters. e.g., when CONTENT_TYPE is
      # "text/plain;charset=utf-8", the media-type is "text/plain".
      #
      # For more information on the use of media types in HTTP, see:
      # http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec3.html#sec3.7
      def media_type
        MediaType.type(content_type)
      end

      # The media type parameters provided in CONTENT_TYPE as a Hash, or
      # an empty Hash if no CONTENT_TYPE or media-type parameters were
      # provided.  e.g., when the CONTENT_TYPE is "text/plain;charset=utf-8",
      # this method responds with the following Hash:
      #   { 'charset' => 'utf-8' }
      def media_type_params
        MediaType.params(content_type)
      end

      # The character set of the request body if a "charset" media type
      # parameter was given, or nil if no "charset" was specified. Note
      # that, per RFC2616, text/* media types that specify no explicit
      # charset are to be considered ISO-8859-1.
      def content_charset
        media_type_params['charset']
      end

      # Determine whether the request body contains form-data by checking
      # the request Content-Type for one of the media-types:
      # "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" or "multipart/form-data". The
      # list of form-data media types can be modified through the
      # +FORM_DATA_MEDIA_TYPES+ array.
      #
      # A request body is also assumed to contain form-data when no
      # Content-Type header is provided and the request_method is POST.
      def form_data?
        type = media_type
        meth = get_header(RACK_METHODOVERRIDE_ORIGINAL_METHOD) || get_header(REQUEST_METHOD)

        (meth == POST && type.nil?) || FORM_DATA_MEDIA_TYPES.include?(type)
      end

      # Determine whether the request body contains data by checking
      # the request media_type against registered parse-data media-types
      def parseable_data?
        PARSEABLE_DATA_MEDIA_TYPES.include?(media_type)
      end

      # Returns the data received in the query string.
      def GET
        if get_header(RACK_REQUEST_QUERY_STRING) == query_string
          get_header(RACK_REQUEST_QUERY_HASH)
        else
          query_hash = parse_query(query_string, '&;')
          set_header(RACK_REQUEST_QUERY_STRING, query_string)
          set_header(RACK_REQUEST_QUERY_HASH, query_hash)
        end
      end

      # Returns the data received in the request body.
      #
      # This method support both application/x-www-form-urlencoded and
      # multipart/form-data.
      def POST
        if get_header(RACK_INPUT).nil?
          raise "Missing rack.input"
        elsif get_header(RACK_REQUEST_FORM_INPUT) == get_header(RACK_INPUT)
          get_header(RACK_REQUEST_FORM_HASH)
        elsif form_data? || parseable_data?
          unless set_header(RACK_REQUEST_FORM_HASH, parse_multipart)
            form_vars = get_header(RACK_INPUT).read

            # Fix for Safari Ajax postings that always append \0
            # form_vars.sub!(/\0\z/, '') # performance replacement:
            form_vars.slice!(-1) if form_vars.end_with?("\0")

            set_header RACK_REQUEST_FORM_VARS, form_vars
            set_header RACK_REQUEST_FORM_HASH, parse_query(form_vars, '&')

            get_header(RACK_INPUT).rewind
          end
          set_header RACK_REQUEST_FORM_INPUT, get_header(RACK_INPUT)
          get_header RACK_REQUEST_FORM_HASH
        else
          {}
        end
      end

      # The union of GET and POST data.
      #
      # Note that modifications will not be persisted in the env. Use update_param or delete_param if you want to destructively modify params.
      def params
        self.GET.merge(self.POST)
      end

      # Destructively update a parameter, whether it's in GET and/or POST. Returns nil.
      #
      # The parameter is updated wherever it was previous defined, so GET, POST, or both. If it wasn't previously defined, it's inserted into GET.
      #
      # <tt>env['rack.input']</tt> is not touched.
      def update_param(k, v)
        found = false
        if self.GET.has_key?(k)
          found = true
          self.GET[k] = v
        end
        if self.POST.has_key?(k)
          found = true
          self.POST[k] = v
        end
        unless found
          self.GET[k] = v
        end
      end

      # Destructively delete a parameter, whether it's in GET or POST. Returns the value of the deleted parameter.
      #
      # If the parameter is in both GET and POST, the POST value takes precedence since that's how #params works.
      #
      # <tt>env['rack.input']</tt> is not touched.
      def delete_param(k)
        post_value, get_value = self.POST.delete(k), self.GET.delete(k)
        post_value || get_value
      end

      def base_url
        "#{scheme}://#{host_with_port}"
      end

      # Tries to return a remake of the original request URL as a string.
      def url
        base_url + fullpath
      end

      def path
        script_name + path_info
      end

      def fullpath
        query_string.empty? ? path : "#{path}?#{query_string}"
      end

      def accept_encoding
        parse_http_accept_header(get_header("HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING"))
      end

      def accept_language
        parse_http_accept_header(get_header("HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE"))
      end

      def trusted_proxy?(ip)
        Rack::Request.ip_filter.call(ip)
      end

      # shortcut for <tt>request.params[key]</tt>
      def [](key)
        if $VERBOSE
          warn("Request#[] is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of Rack. Please use request.params[] instead")
        end

        params[key.to_s]
      end

      # shortcut for <tt>request.params[key] = value</tt>
      #
      # Note that modifications will not be persisted in the env. Use update_param or delete_param if you want to destructively modify params.
      def []=(key, value)
        if $VERBOSE
          warn("Request#[]= is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of Rack. Please use request.params[]= instead")
        end

        params[key.to_s] = value
      end

      # like Hash#values_at
      def values_at(*keys)
        keys.map { |key| params[key] }
      end

      private

      def default_session; {}; end

      # Assist with compatibility when processing `X-Forwarded-For`.
      def wrap_ipv6(host)
        # Even thought IPv6 addresses should be wrapped in square brackets,
        # sometimes this is not done in various legacy/underspecified headers.
        # So we try to fix this situation for compatibility reasons.

        # Try to detect IPv6 addresses which aren't escaped yet:
        if !host.start_with?('[') && host.count(':') > 1
          "[#{host}]"
        else
          host
        end
      end

      def parse_http_accept_header(header)
        header.to_s.split(/\s*,\s*/).map do |part|
          attribute, parameters = part.split(/\s*;\s*/, 2)
          quality = 1.0
          if parameters and /\Aq=([\d.]+)/ =~ parameters
            quality = $1.to_f
          end
          [attribute, quality]
        end
      end

      def query_parser
        Utils.default_query_parser
      end

      def parse_query(qs, d = '&')
        query_parser.parse_nested_query(qs, d)
      end

      def parse_multipart
        Rack::Multipart.extract_multipart(self, query_parser)
      end

      def split_header(value)
        value ? value.strip.split(/[,\s]+/) : []
      end

      AUTHORITY = /^
        # The host:
        (?<host>
          # An IPv6 address:
          (\[(?<ip6>.*)\])
          |
          # An IPv4 address:
          (?<ip4>[\d\.]+)
          |
          # A hostname:
          (?<name>[a-zA-Z0-9\.\-]+)
        )
        # The optional port:
        (:(?<port>\d+))?
      $/x

      private_constant :AUTHORITY

      def split_authority(authority)
        if match = AUTHORITY.match(authority)
          if address = match[:ip6]
            return match[:host], address, match[:port]&.to_i
          else
            return match[:host], match[:host], match[:port]&.to_i
          end
        end

        # Give up!
        return authority, authority, nil
      end

      def reject_trusted_ip_addresses(ip_addresses)
        ip_addresses.reject { |ip| trusted_proxy?(ip) }
      end

      def forwarded_scheme
        allowed_scheme(get_header(HTTP_X_FORWARDED_SCHEME)) ||
        allowed_scheme(extract_proto_header(get_header(HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO)))
      end

      def allowed_scheme(header)
        header if ALLOWED_SCHEMES.include?(header)
      end

      def extract_proto_header(header)
        if header
          if (comma_index = header.index(','))
            header[0, comma_index]
          else
            header
          end
        end
      end
    end

    include Env
    include Helpers
  end
end