text:
Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/cdf/wpaper/2017-16.html
Repeated Implementation with Overlapping Generations of Agents
Download & other version
Azacis, Helmuts
(Cardiff Business School)
Helmuts Azacis
We study repeated implementation in a model with overlapping generations of agents. A social choice function selects an alternative in each period as a function of preferences of the agents who are alive in that period. When the agents' preferences do not change during their lifetime, we show that any social choice function satisfying a mild unanimity condition is repeatedly implementable in subgame perfect equilibrium if there are at least three agents and they live sufficiently long. When the agents' preferences change every period, we show that only efficient social choice functions can be repeatedly implementable if the agents live sufficiently long.
Azacis, Helmuts, 2017. "Repeated Implementation with Overlapping Generations of Agents," Cardiff Economics Working Papers E2017/16, Cardiff University, Cardiff Business School, Economics Section.
Handle: RePEc:cdf:wpaper:2017/16
File URL: http://carbsecon.com/wp/E2017_16.pdf
Other versions of this item:
Helmuts Āzacis, 2020. "Repeated implementation with overlapping generations of agents," Social Choice and Welfare, Springer;The Society for Social Choice and Welfare, vol. 55(2), pages 275-299, August.
Kreps, David M & Wilson, Robert, 1982. "Sequential Equilibria," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 50(4), pages 863-894, July.
David Kreps & Robert Wilson, 1998. "Sequential Equilibria," Levine's Working Paper Archive 237, David K. Levine.
David M Kreps & Robert Wilson, 2003. "Sequential Equilibria," Levine's Working Paper Archive 618897000000000813, David K. Levine.
John Roemer & Kotaro Suzumura (ed.), 2007. "Intergenerational Equity and Sustainability," International Economic Association Series, Palgrave Macmillan, number 978-0-230-23676-9, January.
Moore, John & Repullo, Rafael, 1988. "Subgame Perfect Implementation," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 56(5), pages 1191-1220, September.
Michihiro Kandori, 1992. "Repeated Games Played by Overlapping Generations of Players," Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, vol. 59(1), pages 81-92.
Jihong Lee & Hamid Sabourian, 2011. "Efficient Repeated Implementation," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 79(6), pages 1967-1994, November.
Lee, J. & Sabourian, H., 2009. "Efficient Repeated Implementation," Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 0948, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
Hayashi, Takashi & Lombardi, Michele, 2019. "One-step-ahead implementation," Journal of Mathematical Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 110-126.
Āzacis, Helmuts & Vida, Péter, 2019. "Repeated implementation: A practical characterization," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 336-367.
Kalai, Ehud & Ledyard, John O., 1998. "Repeated Implementation," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 83(2), pages 308-317, December.
Kalai, Ehud & Ledyard, John, 1997. "Repeated Implementation," Working Papers 1027, California Institute of Technology, Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences.
Ehud Kalai & John O. Ledyard, 1997. "Repeated Implementation," Discussion Papers 1205, Northwestern University, Center for Mathematical Studies in Economics and Management Science.
Abreu, Dilip & Sen, Arunava, 1990. "Subgame perfect implementation: A necessary and almost sufficient condition," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 50(2), pages 285-299, April.
Jacques Cremer, 1986. "Cooperation in Ongoing Organizations," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 101(1), pages 33-49.
Smith, Lones, 1992. "Folk theorems in overlapping generations games," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 4(3), pages 426-449, July.
Salant, David J., 1991. "A repeated game with finitely lived overlapping generations of players," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 3(2), pages 244-259, May.
Chambers, Christopher P., 2004. "Virtual repeated implementation," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 83(2), pages 263-268, May.
Chambers, Christopher P., 2003. "Virtual Repeated Implementation," Working Papers 1179, California Institute of Technology, Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences.
Vartiainen, Hannu, 2007. "Subgame perfect implementation: A full characterization," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 133(1), pages 111-126, March.
Mezzetti, Claudio & Renou, Ludovic, 2017. "Repeated Nash implementation," Theoretical Economics, Econometric Society, vol. 12(1), January.
Tomoichi Shinotsuka & Koichi Suga & Kotaro Suzumura & Koichi Tadenuma, 2007. "Equity and Efficiency in Overlapping Generations Economies," International Economic Association Series, in: John Roemer & Kotaro Suzumura (ed.), Intergenerational Equity and Sustainability, chapter 2, pages 20-35, Palgrave Macmillan.
Azacis, Helmuts & Vida, Péter, 2015. "Repeated Implementation," Discussion Paper Series of SFB/TR 15 Governance and the Efficiency of Economic Systems 518, Free University of Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Bonn, University of Mannheim, University of Munich.
Korpela, Ville & Lombardi, Michele & Vartiainen, Hannu, 2020. "Do coalitions matter in designing institutions?," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
Korpela, Ville & Lombardi, Michele & Vartiainen, Hannu, 2019. "Do Coalitions Matter in Designing Institutions?," MPRA Paper 91474, University Library of Munich, Germany.
Lombardi, M. & Yoshihara, N., 2018. "Treading a fine line: (Im)possibilities for Nash implementation with partially-honest individuals," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 203-216.
Lombardi, Michele & Yoshihara, Naoki, 2016. "Treading a Fine Line : (Im)possibilities for Nash Implementation with Partially-honest Individuals," Discussion Paper Series 651, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University.
Michele Lombardi & Naomi Yoshihara, 2017. "Treading a fine line: (Im)possibilities for Nash implementation with partially-honest individuals," UMASS Amherst Economics Working Papers 2017-07, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Economics.
LOMBARDI, Michele & YOSHIHARA, Naoki, 2017. "Treading a fine line: (Im)possibilities for Nash implementation with partially-honest individuals," Discussion paper series HIAS-E-47, Hitotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study, Hitotsubashi University.
Luca Anderlini & Dino Gerardi & Roger Lagunoff, 2004. "The Folk Theorem in Dynastic Repeated Games," Levine's Bibliography 122247000000000577, UCLA Department of Economics.
Luca Anderlini (Georgetown University), Dino Gerardi (Yale University), Roger Lagunoff (Georgetown University), 2004. "The Folk Theorem in Dynastic Repeated Games," Working Papers gueconwpa~04-04-09, Georgetown University, Department of Economics.
Luca Anderlini & Dino Gerardi & Roger Lagunoff, 2004. "The Folk Theorem in Dynastic Repeated Games," Game Theory and Information 0410001, University Library of Munich, Germany.
Luca Anderlini & Dino Gerardi & Roger Lagunoff, 2004. "The Folk Theorem in Dynastic Repeated Games," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 1490, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
Michele Lombardi & Naoki Yoshihara, 2020. "Partially-honest Nash implementation: a full characterization," Economic Theory, Springer;Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory (SAET), vol. 70(3), pages 871-904, October.
Lombardi, Michele & Yoshihara, Naoki, 2011. "Partially Honest Nash Implementation: A Full Characterization," MPRA Paper 48234, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 11 Jul 2013.
Michele Lombardi & Naoki Yoshihara, 2017. "Partially-honest Nash implementation: a full characterization," Working Papers SDES-2017-15, Kochi University of Technology, School of Economics and Management, revised Aug 2017.
Lombardi, Michele & Yoshihara, Naoki, 2018. "Partially-Honest Nash Implementation: A Full Characterization," Discussion Paper Series 682, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University.
Michele Lombardi & Naoki Yoshihara, 2017. "Partially-honest Nash implementation : a full characterization," UMASS Amherst Economics Working Papers 2017-15, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Economics.
Michele Lombardi & Naoki Yoshihara, 2018. "Partially-honest Nash implementation: a full characterization," Working Papers SDES-2018-13, Kochi University of Technology, School of Economics and Management, revised Oct 2018.
Lombardi, Michele & Yoshihara, Naoki, 2013. "Partially Honest Nash Implementation: A Full Characterization," Discussion Paper Series 590, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University.
Lombardi, Michele & Yoshihara, Naoki, 2013. "Partially Honest Nash Implementation:A Full Characterization," CCES Discussion Paper Series 49, Center for Research on Contemporary Economic Systems, Graduate School of Economics, Hitotsubashi University.
Luca Anderlini & Dino Gerardi & Roger Lagunoff, 2008. "A "Super" Folk Theorem for dynastic repeated games," Economic Theory, Springer;Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory (SAET), vol. 37(3), pages 357-394, December.
Luca Anderlini & Dino Gerardi & Roger Lagunoff, 2006. "A 'Super' Folk Theorem for Dynastic Repeated Games," Working Papers gueconwpa~06-06-01, Georgetown University, Department of Economics.
Luca Anderlini & Dino Gerardi & Roger Lagunoff, 2006. "A 'Super' Folk Theorem for Dynastic Repeated Games," Levine's Bibliography 784828000000000664, UCLA Department of Economics.
Kiho Yoon, 2001. "An Anti-folk Theorem in Overlapping Generations Games with Limited Observability," Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 4(3), pages 736-745, July.
Bhaskar, V., 1994. "Informational Constraints and the Overlapping Generations Model : Folk and Anti-Folk Theorems," Other publications TiSEM 46a2a327-5203-4940-91e2-2, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
Xu, Xue, 2018. "Experiments on cooperation, institutions, and social preferences," Other publications TiSEM d3cf4dba-b0f3-4643-a267-7, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
V. Bhaskar, 1998. "Informational Constraints and the Overlapping Generations Model: Folk and Anti-Folk Theorems," Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, vol. 65(1), pages 135-149.
Bhaskar, V., 1994. "Informational Constraints and the Overlapping Generations Model : Folk and Anti-Folk Theorems," Discussion Paper 1994-85, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
Bhaskar, V., 1994. "Informational Constraints and the Overlapping Generations Model: Folk and Anti-Folk Theorems," Papers 9485, Tilburg - Center for Economic Research.
Matthew O. Jackson, 2001. "A crash course in implementation theory," Social Choice and Welfare, Springer;The Society for Social Choice and Welfare, vol. 18(4), pages 655-708.
Jackson, Matthew O., 1999. "A Crash Course in Implementation Theory," Working Papers 1076, California Institute of Technology, Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences.
Xu, Xue & Potters, Jan, 2018. "An experiment on cooperation in ongoing organizations," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 28-40.
Messner, Matthias & Polborn, Mattias K., 2003. "Cooperation in Stochastic OLG games," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 108(1), pages 152-168, January.
Francesco Lancia & Alessia Russo, 2016. "Cooperation in Organization through Self-Commitment Actions," Vienna Economics Papers 1605, University of Vienna, Department of Economics.
Luca Anderlini & Dino Gerardi & Roger Lagunoff, 2007. "Social Memory and Evidence from the Past," Levine's Bibliography 321307000000000850, UCLA Department of Economics.
Luca Anderlini & Dino Gerardi & Roger Lagunoff, 2007. "Social Memory and Evidence from the Past," Working Papers gueconwpa~07-07-01, Georgetown University, Department of Economics.
Luca Anderlini & Dino Gerardi & Roger Lagunoff, 2007. "Social Memory and Evidence from the Past," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 1601, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
Peter Bardsley & Nisvan Erkal & Nikos Nikiforakis & Tom Wilkening, 2011. "Recursive Contracts, Firm Longevity, and Rat Races: Theory and Experimental Evidence," Department of Economics - Working Papers Series 1122, The University of Melbourne, revised 2011.
Francesco Lancia & Alessia Russo, 2016. "Cooperation in Organization through Self-Commitment Actions," Vienna Economics Papers vie1605, University of Vienna, Department of Economics.
Conconi, Paola & Sahuguet, Nicolas, 2005. "Re-election Incentives and the Sustainability of International Cooperation," CEPR Discussion Papers 5401, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Bardsley, Peter & Erkal, Nisvan & Nikiforakis, Nikos & Wilkening, Tom, 2013. "Recursive contracts, firm longevity, and rat races: An experimental analysis," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 217-231.
Repeated Implementation; Subgame Perfect Implementation; Overlapping Generations; Necessary and Sufficient Conditions; Efficiency in the Range;
C72 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory - - - Noncooperative Games
C73 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory - - - Stochastic and Dynamic Games; Evolutionary Games
D71 - Microeconomics - - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making - - - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations
D82 - Microeconomics - - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty - - - Asymmetric and Private Information; Mechanism Design
NEP-DGE-2018-01-08 (Dynamic General Equilibrium)
NEP-GTH-2018-01-08 (Game Theory)
NEP-MIC-2018-01-08 (Microeconomics)
All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:cdf:wpaper:2017/16. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: . General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/ecscfuk.html .
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Yongdeng Xu (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/ecscfuk.html .


text:
WebWritingAndDesign : knowledge is less a labor
(pp. 15)
"Our author's observations on the artificial style of gardening," continued Mr. Ellison, "are less objectionable. 'A mixture of pure art in a garden scene, adds to it a great beauty.' This is just; and the reference to the sense of human interest is equally so. I repeat that the principle here expressed, is incontrovertible; but there may be something even beyond it. There may be an object in full keeping with the principle suggested- an object unattainable by the means ordinarily in possession of mankind, yet which, if attained, would lend a charm to the landscape-garden immeasurably surpassing that which a merely human interest could bestow. The true poet possessed of very unusual pecuniary resources, might possibly, while retaining the necessary idea of art or interest or culture, so imbue his designs at once with extent and novelty of Beauty, as to convey the sentiment of spiritual interference. It will be seen that, in bringing about such result, he secures all the advantages of interest or design, while relieving his work of all the harshness and technicality of Art. In the most rugged of wildernesses- in the most savage of the scenes of pure Nature- there is apparent the art of a Creator; yet is this art apparent only to reflection; in no respect has it the obvious force of a feeling. Now, if we imagine this sense of the Almighty Design to be harmonized in a measurable degree, if we suppose a landscape whose combined strangeness, vastness, definitiveness, and magnificence, shall inspire the idea of culture, or care, or superintendence, on the part of intelligences superior yet akin to humanity- then the sentiment of interest is preserved, while the Art is made to assume the air of an intermediate or secondary Nature- a Nature which is not God, nor an emanation of God, but which still is Nature, in the sense that it is the handiwork of the angels that hover between man and God."
There are no comments on this page.
Owner: SamanthaCrews
Your hostname is ec2-54-85-57-0.compute-1.amazonaws.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Drawing from fashion, pop art, and contemporary culture, SJ Fuerst's paintings create a surreal world where the animals are inflatable and the women feel so real you expect them to wink at you. SJ's work often has dark undercurrents, but it's carefully entwined with a playful innocence and a fashion seriousness. What truly sets Fuerst's paintings apart is her fusion of classical and pop sensitivities: the technique may be traditional but the subjects are fresh and contemporary. SJ Fuerst's work is beautiful and funny, and can be found in private collections all over the world.
SJ Fuerst was born in Connecticut, USA in 1987 and studied painting in New York at Pratt Institute of Art and Design, Florence at the Florence Academy of Art, and finally at the London Atelier of Representational Art, graduating in 2010.Fuerst remained in London until 2016, and now has a studio in Malta.


text:
Q: How to zoom and translate to center of force directed graph in D3 I am looking for a method to apply zoom-to-fit to a force directed graph. I already have the ability to zoom in/out to cover a graph on the view screen. I am not sure about the translation to the center of a force directed graph. Any help?

A: If you are already using the zoom behavior to fit the graph in the screen it should not be hard to translate using the same behavior. Finding the center is a little tricker, but for a force directed layout you can probably get away with computing the centroid for the graph - just average all the x and y coordinates of your nodes.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I enjoy the variety in my life so it's natural I have many different interests: they are mostly creative and constantly developing. I like traveling very much. It is amazing to be able to visit some places, cities, feel the history, get entertainment and find out something new...In the quiet times I also like reading; it helps me to relax. At times I like spending my days or evenings outside: in parks, meeting friends, walking around with my daughter.
I want to meet an honest respectable man, with strong family values. A man, who wants serious, strong and loving relationships. I don't care about outside look, because in heart questions, it is for heart to decide. I would like him to be kind.


text:
Tag Archive: decauville
Rolls-Royce : "World's best car"
Sir Frederick Henry Royce (1863 – 1933) was a self made electrical engineer and was involved in making electrical fittings and electric cranes through his own company Royce Ltd. In 1902 , he bought a second hand Decauville car and was not satisfied with its performance and quality. He went about building his own car based on the Decauville car and created a 2-cylinder Royce 10 car in 1904 –
Charles Stewart Rolls (1877 – 1910) was form a rich family. In 1903 , he founded the C S Rolls and Co to import and sell Peugeot cars from France and Minerva cars from Belgium.
Charles Rolls was introduced to Henry Royce and they created Rolls- Royce Ltd in 1906 with an agreement that C S Rolls and Co will sell the entire production of Rolls-Royce Ltd. By 1907 , C S Rolls and Co was integrated in to Rolls-Royce Ltd.
The first and the most famous car from Rolls-Royce was Silver Ghost , launched in 1907 and continued in production till 1925.
The Silver Ghost did a non-stop 14371 miles gaining the name – "The best car in the world".
Henry Royce was a perfectionist and the Rolls-Royce cars were known for their smoothness , reliability and quality. The company followed its founder's dictum of – "Take the best that exists and make it better".
1927 , the Silver Ghost gave way to the next generation of famous Rolls-Royce , the Phantom –
In 1931 , Rolls-Royce acquired Bentley Motors.
During the war , Rolls-Royce was forced to manufacture aero engines and were excelling in aircraft engines, creating successive airspeed records.
In 1971 , financial trouble led to nationalization of Rolls-Royce Ltd. In 1973, it was again de-nationalised , forming Rolls-Royce Motors for Automobiles and Rolls-Royce plc for aircraft engines.
In 1980 , the company was taken over by Vickers, an engineering company.
Rolls-Royce continued to manufacture classic cars which were used by the British Royalty and movie stars.
Some of the Rolls-Royce cars –
A 1979 Silver Shadow –
In 1998 Vickers sold off the Rolls-Royce Motors to BMW and Volkswagen in a complex deal. As per the deal, Volkswagen got the Rolls-Royce factory and the patented radiator grill design and BMW got the Rolls-Royce name and logo. This led Volkswagen not being able to use the Rolls-Royce name. After sustained negotiations , in 2003, the entire Rolls-Royce rights were transferred to BMW and now BMW owns Rolls-Royce.
Some of the Rolls-Royce cars , post BMW ownership –
2012 Rolls-Royce Ghost
2013 Rolls-Royce Wraith
The Rolls-Royce logo and hood ornament – the spirit of ecstasy.
Tags: bmw, charles rolls, decauville, henry royce, phantom, rolls-royce, silver ghost, spirit of ecstasy, vickers, volkswagen
DECAUVILLE – Locomotives to cars
Filed under: Automobile — 1 Comment
Paul Decauville (1846 – 1922) of France was a pioneer in the development of light railway of narrow gauge section. One of the innovation was the portable sections of light narrow gauge tracks fastened to sleepers which can be laid quickly. These portable tracks became famous in mine railways and later in trench railway during the war time.
In 1875, the company – Societe Decauville, expanded in to manufacture of Rail cars and Locomotives. By 1897 , they decided to expand in to the manufacture of motor cars and the company Societe des Voittures Automobile Decauville was formed. The first car's design was bought from designers Joseph Guedon and Gustave Cornilleau and the first Decauville Voiturelle was manufactured in the year 1897. The name Voiturelle was coined to differentiate from the Voiturette used by Leon Bollee.
The 1897 Decauville Voiturelle had a 2 cylinder De-Dion engine, transverse leaf spring in the front and independent suspension for the front wheels. It had no suspension for the rear wheels. These Voiturelles sold well and larger Decauville cars were made. A 1903 Decauville –
The Decauvile Logo –
As competition increased , Deacuville could not survive the onslaught of cheaper cars and the car manufacturing operation was closed down by 1910. The Railway & Locomotive operation continued.
Apart from Cars & Locomotives, Decauville is linked with two major Automotive brands – Rolls-Royce and BMW.
In 1903 , Henry Royce bought a second hand Decauville and was not satisfied by its operation. He along with Charles Rolls decided to build a better car and thus born the famous marque – Rolls-Royce.
In Germany, the Decauvilles were manufactured under licence by a company called Wartburg. Wartburg later became Dixi, the forerunner of BMW.
Tags: bmw, decauville, dixi, gustave cornilleau, joseph guedon, paul decauville, rolls-royce, wartburg


Interested in highly regarded academic writer to make academic assignments from the very start? Browse the in-depth investigation of first-class custom paper editing service in the field and make your choice.
Editing companies the same as Essayeditors.org are significant aid for learners who are looking for urgent and trustworthy aid with fastidious custom papers editing. As to Essayeditors.org, it has been lending professional editing assistance for about a 10 years to supply young people throughout the world with customized papers created by English speaking writers.
It can be problematic to get info about service's back-ground mainly from its homepage, but the truth is there is available correct contact details such as telephone number. Also, you may have a look at users' feedback to see the value of offered editing help straight from the tin.
Really, for what reason plenty collegers are typically making choice in favour of our company's academic papers editing company across huge number of a number of other web sites? Let's look at some characteristics of this custom company.
So, what pros one will be able to achieve out of dealing with master academic writer?
The bureau offers you reasonable scientific experience for all ghostwriters on account of their unique considerable training in many academic matters. The paper editing help provides cleverness & unlikeness of written projects, by reason of them all are subjected to up-to-date plagiarism identification tools. Apart from expert paper service, the bureau gives 14-day change standard(30-days for hard tasks), & utter confidentiality.
Almost any college student positively is aware of the price of every penny. For this reason our organization is a winning way to buy paper at a fair rate. Notwithstanding, it's not as low-cost as it can appear, there exists a flexible type of reduction arrangement both for fresh and also current users. By way of example, practically all fresh clients earn insured 10 percent price reduction. Why don't current consumers, every one of them receive five percent of the whole paper price to buyer's balance and also is able to apply it for proximate homework.
To bring papers helps as soon as possible, the company employs constant service squad. It becomes viable to make a call with itsemployees 24 hour a day by way of message board on the site, mail or telephone.
And how about minuses of online editing help?
As was mentioned, early on the rate of academic paper online definitely seems to be reasonable, though not so cheap. At the same time, the company offers the top-freelancer solution, which always by default increases the total expence. But for this fee you're likely to gain the first-class writing with no any over the top rates.
And lastly, agency's web page is definitely easily operated & produced in a nice way that is acceptable. nevertheless its navigation still has a long way to go.
After all, is it apt to order at this company?
Undoubtedly, affirmative! There is no doubt that web pages just like Essayeditors.org can be an astounding resolution for undergraduates who are browsing anyone to write academic paper along with possess enough bucks to pay for amazing quality and non-disclosure. In spite of everything, provided that you look for a qualified academic editing helper to give you advice with college works, this editing organization can be a wonderful option to sleepless dark hours and idle tries to accomplish it independently.


Welcome! (And no one knows how it is to be anyone. People would find it difficult to walk in my shoes, anyhow; I've such little feet!
Hello & thank you for the greeting. True, after all only we know what it's like, right? I like your humor, it made my night really.


text:
Nuclear Power: Australia Has More Than One Blind Spot On Tackling Climate Change
By New Matilda on	 November 26, 2014 Australian Politics
Two of the most powerful nations on earth have concluded an agreement to cut greenhouse gas emissions. Included in that agreement is reference to nuclear power being used to limit those emissions. Yet in Australia even discussion of nuclear power is taboo.
We continue to frame the control measures through a very narrow and parochial lens defined by domestic politics. We luxuriate in a self-delusion that despite glaring evidence to the contrary, global warming can be addressed solely by renewable energy.
I was motivated to write this piece by the frequent errors and omissions I noted in the reporting of China's recent commitment to cap carbon dioxide emissions around the year 2030 or earlier if possible.
China also announced a target of expanding the share of non-fossil zero-emission sources in primary energy, namely renewables and nuclear, to 20 per cent by 2030.
In Australia, China's commitment has been widely and erroneously reported as a commitment to 20 per cent renewable energy by 2030, with all reference to nuclear being excluded from the reports.
Journalists fell into line with Jared Owens in the Australian, Tom Iggulden from the ABC's Lateline, the opinion piece from the Sydney Morning Herald and even Paul Bongiorno in the Saturday Paper, all reporting that China had committed to 20 per cent renewables.
Also excluded from comment is China's commitment to a reduction in "primary" energy as opposed to electricity generation.
Primary energy is an important concept and refers to the basic energy resources such as coal, gas, oil, wind, solar or uranium.
Electricity on the other hand is a transfer medium. It's what we get after we use a primary energy source. This means that in addition to reductions in coal consumption, China may have to address its use of gas and petroleum products.
As reported by the Whitehouse in mid November, to meet their commitment will require an additional 800-1000 gigawatts of zero-emission generating capacity by 2030 – about the same as all their current coal-fired capacity.
It's also nearly as much as the current total installed capacity in the U.S. energy sector.
The commitment is so large that to meet their target, construction of clean energy would need to start immediately. Any criticism that the target is too modest fails to grasp the enormity of what is proposed.
Even if obtained exclusively from nuclear power it would mean the completion of one 1200 megawatt Westinghouse AP1000 reactor each week for the next 16 years.
Using wind or solar is more problematic. While the nuclear reactors work day and night – in good weather or foul – and only require 10 per cent down time for refuelling, wind and solar cannot be relied upon. Wind, in such a diverse environment, will generate less than 25 per cent of its rated capacity and solar not much more than 14 per cent.
Even then, solar fails to deliver for 16 hours of the day and at times wind fails almost completely. The fossil fuel backup required to support such a system, together with an extensive interlinked grid, all point to the clarity of a nuclear powered supply system.
As a precedent, France built an entire nuclear generating system of 58 reactor units over 22 years from 1977 to 1999. It produced fifty percent more power than Australia's output.
They produce electricity with only 75 grams of CO2 per kilowatt hour, which is less than one tenth of our emissions.
In the laboratory of real life, the French example proves that nuclear power reduces emissions while across the border the German experiment with a massive roll out of wind, solar and biomass has resulted in more brown coal power stations being built, rising emissions and cost blowouts in power supply.
Another measure of the benefit of nuclear power versus wind and solar is the energy society invests in the system compared to the energy obtained. Known as the Energy Returned On Energy Invested (EROI) the calculation of these numbers can be somewhat subjective however nuclear performs very well in most comparisons.
One well-documented German study by Weissbach and others found that nuclear power's EROI of 75 units shows a clear benefit over the lower returns for wind of only 16 for and four for solar for each unit invested.
Coal under the same study had an EROI of 30. So we see that society obtains more energy for an equal resource allocation from nuclear power than just about any other power system. The lower values for wind and solar reflect what we intuitively expect for diverse low energy intense sources of energy.
Returning to what the Chinese are actually doing to achieve their commitments, on the nuclear front they have the largest construction and development programme in the world, by far.
Mainland China has 22 operating nuclear power reactors, 27 under construction, and 60 more planned and 82 proposed. The capacity of these reactors totals 270 GWe compared to Australia's total generating capacity of about 60 GWe.
The Chinese ongoing commitment to nuclear power is clear. They are leaving no stone unturned in their investigation of all nuclear technologies including thorium fuels, molten salt and metal cooled fast reactors, high temperature reactors and even accelerator driven reactor systems.
Chinese reactor technology is already building Generation III reactors such as the Westinghouse AP1000, which offer increased safety.
In the future they plan to recycle nuclear waste products in a new fleet of Generation IV fast reactors which will become the dominant technology by 2050.
The payoff in all this low carbon electricity generation is the strategic advantage China gets by weaning itself off imports of petroleum products. In large population dense cities and towns, small electrified cars and bikes are an obvious alternative as are electrified public transit systems. Freight can increasingly be hauled by electrified rail and high-speed passenger services negate the use of oil hungry air travel.
And so we return to those two key words left out in the Australian media, "nuclear" and "primary".
The Chinese 20 per cent reduction of primary energy is a far greater per capita commitment than Australia's 20 per cent Renewable Energy Target. It affects the 90 per cent of their primary energy sector that uses fossil fuels, whereas our RET only impacts on 40 per cent of our sector, which is less than half China's commitment.
Nuclear will be the corner stone technology in achieving international success in the battle against global warming. Neither the United States nor China are fearful of its use. And, frankly, Australia's anxiety is self indulgent.
Like the Abbott government's refusal to take action on global warming Australia must face up to what works and what doesn't.
We must embrace nuclear power with all urgency and join with the major powers in using the right tool for the job.
* Robert Parker is the president of the Australian Nuclear Association.
Tags: australian politicsglobal warmingnuclear energyrobert parker


text:
Restrictions proposed on police seizure of property in drug trade
by Maryland Reporter | February 23, 2015 | News | 4 |
Photo above: By Ruin Raider with Flickr Creative Commons License.
By Rebecca Lessner
The chairman of the powerful House Judiciary Committee is sponsoring a bill that will prevent police officers from confiscating property without having proof that the owner was involved in drug law violations.
Currently, police may seize items like cash, weapons, vehicles or houses if they believe they are involved in violation of drug and gambling laws, regardless of whether an arrest has been made. It is up to the person who owns the property to prove in court that they are "more likely than not" innocent, or the property is forfeited after a certain time period — usually one year.
Del. Joe Vallario, a Prince George's County Democrat and chairman of the committee, is proposing to change that by requiring that the state has the burden of proof. He is also proposing to eliminate a cash-generating loophole that allows the state to funnel property to the federal government in exchange for a cut of the proceeds.
Most of the Democrats on the committee are co-sponsors of HB360.
Many people don't recover assets
In one case brought before the House Judiciary Committee, a law enforcement officer confiscated cash from a boy after searching his car for possible marijuana. Gerald Stansbury, president of the Maryland State Conference, NAACP, said the young man was moving between states and passing through on I-695. He had cash in his pocket along with receipts to show the withdrawal from the bank.
Once the money was taken, the boy proceeded to get a lawyer in an attempt to retrieve his money, but "at some point in time he just gave up," said Stansbury.
It is not uncommon for people to give up while trying to reclaim seized property, especially when the costs outweigh the item's value.
"Most citizens do not have enough at stake to bring a lawyer to court," said Richard Finci, on behalf of the Maryland Criminal Defense Attorneys' Association (MCDAA).
Revenue used to fund law enforcement, education, drug treatment
For example, in the case of a car that was seized based on suspicion that it was involved with drugs, it is the owner's responsibility, not the officer's, to prove that it was not. If they cannot prove innocence, the car is sold and the profits are used by the department as revenue.
Some states have used these revenues for good. Utah, for example, removed the enticement of revenue from law enforcement by directing all seized asset funds to public education and drug treatment programs.
Police departments can also earn cash from seizures by using an equitable sharing program with the federal government. The departments transfer assets to federal law enforcement agencies and local departments can get a return of up to 80% of the asset's value.
HB 360 would try to reign in federal sharing by prohibiting a transfer of funds unless there is a prosecution assigned under federal law.
Also, it would require the state to charge the owner of the item seized criminally within 90 days of the seizure. If they are not charged, the property must be returned.
Police officers are concerned that the bill will not cover common situations where the asset is registered under the name of relative instead of the criminal.
"Charging the named owner is quite often never done," said Major Charles Hamby of Prince George's County Police Department. "And very inappropriate, because the named owner is owner in name only and not the true owner of the asset…that's a way to hide your money from law enforcement."
There are also doubts over the three month restriction.
"It creates an unreasonable hurdle for law enforcement to choose between hurrying their cases and showing their hand or allowing dirty money to continue to fund the criminal enterprise," the Montgomery County Office of Intergovernmental Relations stated in testimony. The office supports the bill with this exception.
Value limitation might take teeth from law, police say
Lastly, the bill will not allow officers to seize money that is $300 or less.
Major Charles Travers of the Maryland State Police disregarded "the changing times and the type of people we are dealing with."
"Drug dealers absolutely do this like a business, these are not dumb guys," Travers said. "I believe that if we put a $301 minimum on what we're seizing, I think you're going to see these guys carrying $250."
With the heroin epidemic underway in Maryland, Travers believes the cheap drug won't be valued enough to be seized immediately — even if officers witness a drug sale.
Delegates on the Judiciary Committee believe that Maryland does not seize as much as other states, but lacks detailed reporting. This bill will call for annual reports from law enforcement agencies.
"I'm not saying that never happens, and please don't get me wrong, I understand that it does, but I haven't seen a lot of cases where it has," said Del. Kathleen Dumais, vice chair of the committee and a co-sponsor on the bill.
Del. John Cluster, a Republican and former Baltimore County police officer, said he hadn't seen a single case of abuse in his time as a detective, patrolman and supervisor in charge of those units.
Hamby told the committee that in the Prince George's County Police Department if seizures don't meet standards, the money will be returned.
The Prince George's County Police Department sends its forfeiture profits to a special revenue fund where 65% goes to the police and sheriff departments, 15% to the states attorney for drug reports and prosecution,15% for the Department of Corrections; specifically for ex-offenders re-entry programs, and 5% to the Health Department for drug prevention education programs.
RebeccaAnnLessner@gmail.com
PreviousState Roundup, February 23, 2015
NextState Roundup, February 24, 2015
Judge to issue ruling on motion in unemployment case by Tuesday morning
Gambling win gives Senate president the 'sine die' he expected 4 months ago
Not all audits are bad: One out of four state agencies has a clean one
Gansler video predicts ultimate victory for same-sex marriage
AdManTheLabRat on July 1, 2015 at 11:52 pm
Montgomery County's finest… Extortionist thugs! Putting the hurt on the hard working folk to pay for everybody elses Bill$. I got all my receipts, a good lawyer and a fair Judge. MCPD and DA seized my property and still had no case. Now this will go down on their permanent record and I hope that the quality of Policing our fine Community will again be what it once was. DC's Captain Cathy Lanier is a Dynamic thinker and Do'er. Why can't MCPD get with the times? Our tax dollars need to be spent much wiser.
May not work on February 24, 2015 at 1:44 pm
But will state law trump federal law? In the case of marijuana, state law identifies possession of 10 grams or less as a civil violation, but federal law enforcement agencies say the will not recognize state law. This means the DEA will still hall you off to jail for having a joint in your ashtray–and charge you criminally.
citizensadvocate on February 24, 2015 at 12:18 pm
Surprise! Joe Vallario pushes for special treatment for the dope trafficking clients of the criminal defense bar. To his longstanding sobriquet as the drunk drivers best friend in Annapolis, we can add the laurel of Friend of Family Dope Dealers.
The concerns of Major Hamby of our Prince George's Police Department and Major Travers of the Maryland State Police are obvious — and they are the experts who count. Their "clients" are the law-abiding citizens who are the victims of the street-level drug trade..
Vallario, Hamby and Travers all are very familiar with the operation of the street-level drug business in Maryland. Current law focuses on fighting the business of drug trafficking by attacking its assets and working capital.
As a matter of ethics, how could this legislation not directly benefit Vallario's law practice?
Dave Love on February 25, 2015 at 1:19 am
Surprise, a cop licker shows up who hates due process rights and loves it when cops get to steal. Tell me more about your love for limited government.


1463 5th Avenue SE, Sioux Center, Iowa 51250 – Sold!
This is a lot of house for the price range! 5 possible bedrooms, 3 full bathrooms, a full recreation room in the basement with wet bar and a family room area with projection screen and surround sound. Guys the 3 stall attached garage is huge with 9 foot ceilings and has a built-in work area with heater and 60 Gal Air Compressor! So many amenities to check out, pool table included, full lawn sprinkler system, maintenance free deck, new toilets in the bathrooms, new smoke detectors, 2 x 6 walls and 9 foot ceilings on both levels and more! TV's along with the furniture are negotiable except the kitchen table, living room couch and love seat have been sold. All locks have been re-keyed to the same thing for ease of use. New LED lights in the garage.
This listing is offered by Patrick Brenneman Broker Siouxland Town and Country Realty Orange City, Iowa. The above information, although believed to be accurate is not guaranteed to be so by the listing or selling office.


text:
Named Entity Results, Albert Bragg
hide Named Entity Searches
Search for places: matching this name within this state within this country
Enter the name of a place, like "Springfield" or "Athens", to find all locations matching the name, or enter a state ("Illinois") or country ("Canada") to find all places within that state or nation. You may also enter more than one of these to narrow your search ("Athens, Greece" or "Springfield, Illinois, United States").
Note that abbreviations ("USA", "Ill.") do not work at present--please stick to full names!
Search for a person:
In: Forenames Surnames Full name
Searching for "Washington" in "Forenames" and "Surnames" will return all people with Washington as a first or last name, respectively. A full-name search will find anyone who matches the entire search string ("Washington Irving").
Search for dates:
From: [any] January February March April May June July August September October November December , A.D. B.C.
Month Day Year
To: [any] January February March April May June July August September October November December , A.D. B.C.
Enter a month, day and/or year to search for references to that date. You do not need to fill out every field: searching only for "1863" will find all references to the year 1863, while searching for "July 4" will find all references to the 4th of July, regardless of year.
Enter a starting date and an ending date to find all occurrences of dates in between.
hide Matching Documents
The documents where this entity occurs most often are shown below. Click on a document to open it.
Max. Freq
Min. Freq
Waitt, Ernest Linden, History of the Nineteenth regiment, Massachusetts volunteer infantry , 1861-1865	 2 0 Browse Search
View all matching documents...
Your search returned 2 results in 1 document section:
Waitt, Ernest Linden, History of the Nineteenth regiment, Massachusetts volunteer infantry , 1861-1865, Roster of the Nineteenth regiment Massachusetts Volunteers (search)
., (—), Dec. 10, 1862; 18; N. F.R. Hurley, John, priv., (F), July 25, 1861; 20; N. F.R. Hurley, Patrick, corp., (E), July 25, 1861; 25; killed in action Sept. 17, 1862. Ingalls, John, priv., (D), May 13, '64; 38; killed in action Aug. 25, '64, Deep Bottom, Va. Ingersoll, Hinman E., priv., (—), Mar. 8, '64; 18; disch. disa. Mar.'64. Jacobs, Andrew G., priv., (G), July 25, '61; 22; killed in action, June 30, '62, White Oak Swamp, Va. Jackson, Frederick, priv., (E), July 31, '63; 22; sub. Albert Bragg; deserted Oct. 15, '63 at Culpepper. Jackson, John, priv., (I), May 4, '64; 19; M. O. June 30, '65. Jackman, Leopold, priv., (B), Dec. 27, '64; 27; M. O. June 30, '65; absent sick; disch. July 11, '65. James, Jos. C., priv., (F), July 25, '61; 20; wounded Sept. 17, 1862; disch. disa. June 9, 1863. James, William, priv., (–), May 31, '64; 25; sub. Alvin Sibley; N. F.R. Janmann, John, priv., (I), Dec. 30, '64; 35; M. O. June 30, '65. Jaques, Edmund H.


text:
package deepDriver.dl.aml.cnn.test;

import java.io.File;

import deepDriver.dl.aml.distribution.Fs;

public class TestHello {

	public static void read(File dir) throws Exception {
		String mfile = dir.getAbsolutePath()+"\\helloVo.m";
		HelloVo hv = (HelloVo) Fs.readObjFromFile(mfile);
		System.out.println("Read from "+mfile+", "+hv.name);
	}

	public static void save(File dir) throws Exception {
		HelloVo hv = new HelloVo();
		String mfile = dir.getAbsolutePath()+"\\helloVo.m";
		Fs.writeObject2File(mfile, hv);
		System.out.println("Save into "+mfile);
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
		String sf = System.getProperty("user.dir");
		File dir = new File(sf, "data");
		dir.mkdirs();
//		save(dir);
		read(dir);
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Italian mountains are perfect as a target for a residence design project. A great view and cold weather can make you choose to have a warm holiday in of the residents where you can gather and chatting with your family in a family room, near the fireplace. You can also wake up to a cold weather and fresh air outside. For a bonus, enjoy the green trees that make a great view for you and your family.
The idea of a classic residence design introduced to you by an Italian famous architect, Ivo Enrico Poluzzi Architect Studio, on the project of Architectural and interior design residential project in Italian Mountains. Here, he brings up a wooden residence that gives a warm feeling to the family. The highlight of this residence is the family room where he puts a contrast colored set of couch on one side, two leather chairs and a wooden bench near the fireplace.
On the corner, there is a dining space that uses large wooden table with a bench integrated to the wall and chairs with cow's skin motives. Across the dining space, there is a mini bar with three black stools and stone flooring. There is also a dining space, facing the large window that gives you a great view while enjoying your meal. A kitchen is placed under the stair, using every space available with white wooden cupboard. The bedrooms are placed upstairs that keep the simple design with a bed, wooden cupboard and a bench placed on the corner of the room.
The bathroom of this residence combines a touch of classic and modern style. There is a large white bathtub with wooden side. There are also two sinks with a large mirror across the bathtub. The shower uses small tiles wall and placed in a small glass room. Most part of this residence keep the roof shape inside the room that allows window to be placed on the ceiling and can give a good air circulation and natural light. To give a nice feeling, there are many wall decorations used for the residence design interior, and also unique shaped lamps.


text:
Jack Hughes and Quinn Hughes dish out carryout orders at Plymouth's USA Hockey Arena
Craig Moreland
By: Brad Galli
PLYMOUTH, Mich. — Jack Hughes and Quinn Hughes are at home with their family waiting for word from the NHL.
While their season is paused, the brothers helped out at the rink that helped raise them.
The Hughes brothers helped dish out meals at CJ's Brewing Company inside Plymouth's USA Hockey Arena.
"We were looking for something to do for the community," Quinn said on Friday night. "We got our gloves and our masks here. It will be a safe operation."
The brothers handed out orders to customers from 4-6 p.m. at the rink. Quinn called the arena home, playing for the USA Hockey National Team Development program before playing college hockey at Michigan and then the Vancouver Canucks. Jack is the all-time leading scorer in NTDP history, and was the No. 1 overall pick by the New Jersey Devils.
"We've been figuring it out on the fly. We've been playing a lot of basketball," Jack said of the NHL's pause. The Hughes family still calls Plymouth home because the youngest brother, Luke, is in the NTDP.


President Mohammad Ashraf Ghani said on Saturday the purpose behind scrutiny of defence ministry related procurement contracts was to ensure provision of more facilities and better services to security forces.
The president expressed these view during a weekly meeting of National Procurement Commission (NPC) in which contracts of public health, finance defence ministries, hajj commission and new Kabul Bank were scrutinized.
Some of the procurement contracts were approved and some others need more deliberations to make them transparent, a statement from Presidential Palace said.
As many as 196 million have been saved in the defence ministry contracts during a meeting held on Saturday, the statement said, adding that a total 1.5 billion afghanis had been saved in the defence ministry contracts after its procurement administration was handed over to civilians officials.
A total of eight billion afghanis had been recovered from going waste following oversight and strict observation by NPC.
The president said the purpose of NPC was to ensure transparency in the government and particularly the defence ministry procurement contracts and concentrate more on logistic and expenditures of security forces.
He directed members of the NPC to hold meetings with anti-corruption officials of private companies and discussed with them the approved contracts and its implementation.
During the meeting, officials of the Resolute Support (RS) mission assured that they would provide $200 million for restoring electricity supply to the military corps from the Afghanistan Breshna Shirkat (ABS). Earlier they were provided electricity form generators.
The NPC meeting for the first time approved the fuel contract for the Afghan Air Force which would be paid from the national exchequer.
RS officials praised performance of NPC and said such efforts would help ensure transparency and good governance in the Afghan government institutions.


text:
Ocular Oncology, Retina/Vitreous
Uveal Melanoma—Clinical and Pathological Update
Published Online: March 15th 2012 US Ophthalmic Review, 2012;5(1):59–61 DOI: http://doi.org/10.17925/USOR.2012.05.01.59
Authors: Zélia Maria S Corrêa, James Jay Augsburger
Although ocular treatments of the primary uveal melanoma are effective to eradicate the primary tumor locally, its impact on survival remains unclear. The reason we believe local treatment has limited or no impact on survival is because, despite the increase in diagnostic accuracy over the past several decades and development of globe-sparing treatments, the mortality rates of patients with uveal melanomas of any given size have not changed appreciably during this period. Development of metastases is a complex multi-step process that occurs almost exclusively via a hematogenous route. Due to the complexity of this process it is difficult to isolate individual events in patients that are important in the overall progression of the disease from primary tumor to metastasis. Because most uveal melanomas are currently managed by eye-preserving methods that do not yield a pathologic specimen, a number of investigators are currently performing biopsy (usually fine needle aspiration biopsy) of these tumors prior to, or at the time of, ocular treatment to obtain representative tumor specimens for cytopathologic, cytogenetic, and/or molecular biologic analysis. Many new discoveries about the cytogenetic and molecular biologic abnormalities in uveal melanoma cells, and the ways these features influence development and prognosis of metastatic tumors have been published. Hopefully these findings will help us understand the process and improve patient survival since the impact of surveillance testing for metastasis and systemic therapy on the survival of patients with metastatic uveal melanoma is still uncertain.
Uveal melanoma, fine needle aspiration biopsy, cytogenetic, gene expression profile, metastasis, surveillance testing for metastasis, treatment for metastasis
Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults and often results not only in vision loss but also in metastatic death.1,2 The goals of ocular treatment of the primary uveal melanoma are: to prevent, or reduce the risk of, metastasis; to prevent further growth of the tumor and destruction of ocular tissues; to preserve as much vision as possible; and to achieve a cosmetically acceptable appearance. Although reducing the risk of metastasis is the foremost goal, the impact of local tumor treatment on survival remains unclear. The reason we believe local treatment has limited or no impact on survival is because, despite the increase in diagnostic accuracy over the past several decades and development of globe-sparing treatments such as plaque radiotherapy, proton beam irradiation, and local resection, the mortality rates of patients with uveal melanomas of any given size have not changed appreciably during this period.3
Uveal Melanoma—From Local to Systemic Disease
In patients who develop metastasis from primary uveal melanoma, the liver is usually the first site of clinically detectable metastasis; however, some patients present with extrahepatic metastasis and a substantial proportion eventually develop metastatic tumors in sites such as lungs and bones. The development of metastases is a complex multi-step process that occurs almost exclusively via a hematogenous route. A cell must be capable of detaching from the primary tumor, and subsequently invade through the extracellular matrix and blood vessel walls to enter the bloodstream, survive in the systemic circulation, implant, and then proliferate at the site of metastasis. This entire chain of events has been described as the metastatic cascade.4 Due to the complexity of this process it is difficult to isolate individual events in patients that are important in the overall progression of the disease from primary tumor to metastasis.
Multiple clinical, histopathologic, cytogenetic, and molecular biologic factors related to the prognosis of uveal melanoma have been identified. Clinical features associated with metastatic death include larger tumor size, involvement of the ciliary body, older patient age, and extrascleral tumor extension.5 Histopathologic features associated with poor prognosis include epithelioid cell type, extracellular matrix pattern, mitotic figures, heterogeneous nuclear and nucleolar size, and tumor infiltration by macrophages and/or lymphocytes.6–8 Cytogenetic factors associated with poor prognosis include monosomy 3 and gain of chromosome 8q.9–11 Molecular biologic factors associated with poor prognosis include class 2 gene expression profile12 and overexpression or underexpression of specific genes.13
Because most uveal melanomas are currently managed by eye-preserving methods such as plaque and proton beam radiotherapy that do not yield a pathologic specimen, a number of investigators are currently performing biopsy (usually fine needle aspiration biopsy [FNAB])14 of uveal melanomas prior to, or at the time of, ocular treatment to obtain representative tumor specimens for cytopathologic, cytogenetic, and/or molecular biologic analysis. Gene expression profiling of tumor cells seems to distinguish accurately between tumors having low metastatic potential (class 1 signature) from those who also have a short term low metastatic potential but slightly higher mid to long term risk (class 1B), and those having short term high metastatic potential (class 2 signature).16 Gene expression profile assays use a RT-PCR to determine the expression of a panel of 15 genes, three of them controls, in the tumor sample. This assay can be performed in fresh/frozen tumor aspirates or paraffin preserved tissue.16
The Melanoma Molecular Map Project
In recent years, many new discoveries about the cytogene tic and molecular biologic abnormalities in uveal melanoma cells, and the ways these features influence development and prognosis of metastatic tumors, have been published.12,16,17 Because of the sheer volume of information available in multiple scientific journals, no single clinician or basic scientist can keep up with all of this information. This circumstance allows us to suppose we may already have the pieces of information necessary to solve the puzzle of metastatic uveal melanoma but have not done so because of the complexity of putting them together.18 The Melanoma Molecular Map Project college website (www.mmmp.org) was launched recently as an ambitious non-profit initiative to enable the scientific community dedicated to melanoma research to gather and share the ever-growing published knowledge on melanoma in a systematic fashion and in a translational perspective. Hopefully, this initiative will lead us closer to solving our puzzle and in turn ultimately lead to improved patient survival.
Treatment of Metastatic Uveal Melanoma
Unfortunately, the impact of systemic therapy on the survival of patients with metastatic uveal melanoma is uncertain. Metastatic uveal melanoma has a dismal track record of responding to conventional intravenous chemotherapy.16–20 Most chemotherapy regimens that have been evaluated in prospective Phase I or Phase II clinical trials of metastatic uveal melanoma have produced few, if any, sustained objective favorable responses,19 and no chemotherapy regimen has been shown to prolong survival of patients with metastatic uveal melanoma in a randomized Phase III clinical trial.20 Unfortunately, chemotherapy is about the only anticancer therapy that can be offered to most patients with widespread metastatic disease.21
In patients with a limited substage of metastatic uveal melanoma (e.g., single or few metastatic tumors, small tumors, single organ involvement), aggressive local-regional treatments such as hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy with or with embolization (if the liver is the only involved site of metastasis)22–27 or surgical metastasectomy28–30 are frequently employed as first-line therapy in certain centers. While metastasectomy clearly reduces the tumor burden and hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy induces an objective response in a substantially higher percentage of patients with uveal melanoma metastasis than does intravenous chemotherapy,21–23 neither method of treatment has ever been evaluated in a randomized Phase III clinical trial that included untreated, placebo-treated, sham-treated, or intravenous chemotherapy-treated patients with a similar limited substage of metastatic uveal melanoma. Consequently, the magnitude of any survival benefit of such treatments (if one exists at all) cannot be determined at present.
Although the median survival of selected groups of patients with limited substage metastatic uveal melanoma subjected to metastasectomy or hepatic infusion chemotherapy is usually substantially longer than the median survival of unselected groups of patients with advanced symptomatic metastatic uveal melanoma treated by intravenous chemotherapy or supportive care only, factors such as selection bias and surveillance bias are likely to explain much, if not all, of this difference.20
Adjuvant Therapy for Patients with Uveal Melanoma
In spite of the absence of compelling scientific evidence of any substantial survival benefit of any method of treatment for any substage of metastatic uveal melanoma at this time, several adjuvant therapy trials of different agents (including imatinib mesylate,24 bortezomib, vorinostat, sorafenib, sunitinib, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) Trap,25 AZD2171,26 and lenalidomide) have been initiated in recent years in an attempt to prevent or delay the emergence of clinically detectable metastasis from primary uveal melanoma (see www.clinicaltrials.gov). Unfortunately, because none of the agents being tested in adjuvant trials has shown proven effectiveness against established metastatic uveal melanoma when administered systemically, there is little reason for optimism regarding any of them.
Surveillance Testing for Metastasis
Many, if not most, patients with primary uveal melanoma are currently advised to undergo regular periodic surveillance testing for metastasis following excision of the primary tumor (e.g., enucleation, trans-scleral tumor resection) or obliterative treatment of the tumor (e.g., plaque radiation therapy, proton beam irradiation).
Although surveillance testing clearly identifies a higher percentage of the patients who eventually develop metastasis at an asymptomatic, limited substage of their metastasis than does systemic evaluation prompted by tumor-induced symptoms27–29 and although patients with limited substage metastasis clearly have a longer life expectancy after initial detection of the metastasis than do patients with advanced substage metastasis,30 there is really no evidence that performing frequent and/or intensive surveillance testing for metastasis really improves our patients' survival.31,32 Consequently, we do not currently advocate regular periodic surveillance testing for metastatic uveal melanoma except in patients enrolled in prospective clinical trials. ■
Zelia M Correa, MD, PhD, Deptartment of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 260 Stetson Street, Suite 5300, PO Box 670527, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0527. E: correazm@uc.edu
Augsburger JJ, Damato BE, Bornfeld N, Uveal Melanoma. In: Yanoff MD, Duker JS (eds), Ophthalmology, 3rd edn, Mosby Elsevier, 2009;895–905.
Kujala E, Makitie T, Kivela T, Very long-term prognosis of patients with malignant uveal melanoma, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2003;44(11):4651–9.
Singh AD, Topham A, Survival rates with uveal melanoma in the United States: 1973-1997, Ophthalmology, 2003;110(5):962–5.
Pantel K, Brakenhoff RH, Dissecting the metastatic cascade, Nat Rev Cancer, 2004;4(6):448–56.
Augsburger JJ, Gamel JW, Clinical prognostic factors in patients with posterior uveal malignant melanoma, Cancer, 1990;66(7):1596–600.
Mooy CM, De Jong PT, Prognostic parameters in uveal melanoma: a review, Surv Ophthalmol, 1996;41(3):215–28.
Augsburger JJ, Schroeder RP, Territo C, et al., Clinical parameters predictive of enlargement of melanocytic choroidal lesions, Br J Ophthalmol, 1989;73(11):911–7.
Seddon JM, Polivogianis L, Hsieh CC, et al., Death from uveal melanoma. Number of epithelioid cells and inverse SD of nucleolar area as prognostic factors, Arch Ophthalmol, 1987;105(6):801–6.
Scholes AG, Damato BE, Nunn J, et al., Monosomy 3 in uveal melanoma: correlation with clinical and histologic predictors of survival, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2003;44(3):1008–11.
Horsman DE, Sroka H, Rootman J, White VA, Monosomy 3 and isochromosome 8q in a uveal melanoma, Cancer Genet Cytogenet, 1990;45(2):249–53.
Sisley K, Rennie IG, Cottam DW, et al., Cytogenetic findings in six posterior uveal melanomas: involvement of chromosomes 3, 6, and 8, Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 1990;2(3):205–9.
Harbour JW, Molecular prognostic testing in uveal melanoma: has it finally come of age?, Arch Ophthalmol, 2007;125(8):1122–3.
Ehlers JP, Worley L, Onken MD, Harbour JW, Integrative genomic analysis of aneuploidy in uveal melanoma, Clin Cancer Res, 2008;14(1):115–22.
Augsburger JJ, Correa ZM, Schneider S, et al., Diagnostic transvitreal fine-needle aspiration biopsy of small melanocytic choroidal tumors in nevus versus melanoma category, Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 2002;100:225–32; discussion 232–4.
Tschentscher F, Husing J, Holter T, et al., Tumor classification based on gene expression profiling shows that uveal melanomas with and without monosomy 3 represent two distinct entities, Cancer Res, 2003;63(10):2578–84.
Onken MD, Worley LA, Harbour JW, A metastasis modifier locus on human chromosome 8p in uveal melanoma identified by integrative genomic analysis, Clin Cancer Res, 2008;14(12):3737–45.
Onken M, Worley LA, Long MD, et al., Oncogenic mutations in GNAQ occur early in uveal melanoma, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2008;49(12):5230–4.
Mocellin S, Rossi CR, The melanoma molecular map project, Melanoma Res, 2008;18(3):163–5.
Woll E, Bedikian A, Legha SS, Uveal melanoma: natural history and treatment options for metastatic disease, Melanoma Res, 1999;9(6):575–81.
Augsburger JJ, Corrêa ZM, Shaikh AH, Quality of evidence about effectiveness of treatments for metastatic uveal melanoma, Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 2008;106:128–35; discussion 135–7.
Rivoire M, Kodjikian L, Baldo S, et al., Treatment of liver metastases from uveal melanoma, Ann Surg Oncol, 2005;12(6):422–8.
Bedikian AY, Legha SS, Mavligit G, et al., Treatment of uveal melanoma metastatic to the liver: a review of the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience and prognostic factors, Cancer, 1995;76(9):1665–70.
Fong Y, Fortner J, Sun RL, et al., Clinical score for predicting recurrence after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis of 1001 consecutive cases, Ann Surg, 1999;230(3):309–18; discussion 318-21.
Pereira PR, Odashiro AN, Marshall JC, et al., The role of c-kit and imatinib mesylate in uveal melanoma, J Carcinog, 2005;4:19.
Kadenhe-Chiweshe A, Papa J, McCrudden KW, et al., Sustained VEGF blockade results in microenvironmental sequestration of VEGF by tumors and persistent VEGF receptor-2 activation, Mol Cancer Res, 2008;6(1):1–9.
Wedge SR, Kendrew J, Hennequin LF, et al., AZD2171: a highly potent, orally bioavailable, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of cancer, Cancer Res, 2005;65(10):4389–400.
Diener-West M, Reynolds SM, Agugliaro DJ, et al., Development of metastatic disease after enrollment in the COMS trials for treatment of choroidal melanoma: Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group Report No. 26, Arch Ophthalmol, 2005;123(12):1639–43.
Diener-West M, Reynolds SM, Agugliaro DJ, et al., Screening for metastasis from choroidal melanoma: the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group Report 23, J Clin Oncol, 2004;22(12):2438–44.
Kaiserman I, Amer R, Pe'er J, Liver function tests in metastatic uveal melanoma, Am J Ophthalmol, 2004;137(2):236–43.
Eskelin S, Pyrhonen S, Summanen P, et al., Screening for metastatic malignant melanoma of the uvea revisited, Cancer, 1999;85(5):1151–9.
Rietschel P, Panageas KS, Hanlon C, et al., Variates of survival in metastatic uveal melanoma, J Clin Oncol, 2005;23(31):8076–80.
Maeda T, Tateishi U, Suzuki S, et al., Magnetic resonance screening trial for hepatic metastasis in patients with locally controlled choroidal melanoma, Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2007;37(4):282–6.


Please explain Lion's Eye Diamond.
Can I cast Summoner's pact before Lion's eye Diamond discard?
Sacrifice Lion's Eye Diamond, Discard your hand: Add three mana of any one color to your mana pool. Play this ability only any time you could play an instant.
if you're going all out, why not add Lion's Eye Diamond ? It's a free cast for any storm triggers, it's added mana that you can use whenever you'd like, and a fantastic card.
Felix_b_01 on Fblthp - Look Ma, no creatures!!
Thanks for the feedback, it really depends on your meta. I have a group where we play roughly 80-90 percent decks so with the edition of Lion's Eye Diamond this is kind of suitable for me. However, I can understand your stance on it, not every play group tolorates these kind of combos.
Is it worth considering the old modern eggs deck engine cards such as Second Sunrise and Faith's Reward ?
These might function as rituals when you are mid going off with various iterations of Lion's Eye Diamond Lotus Petal Commander's Sphere and of course anything you have sacrificed to one of your altar effects. It can also lead to ritual effects if you ghost quarter your own lands and crack fetchlands then return them to play.


Get these bright Pink 6" Chains – while supplies last! Perfect for Valentine's Day events, Breast Cancer awareness events, anti-bullying campaigns, or just to get your students in the spring spirit. Chains are coated in a long-lasting epoxy that will not rust.


text:
Q: Why does my JupyterLab cell turn orange with every new edit or when I type in it? I recently installed Cron via jupyterlab_scheduler in the anaconda extensions in a conda environment I usually work in. This was to schedule my jupyterlab notebooks. However, there was a problem with the application and so I deleted it. Though it seems to have left some of its features like turning the cell orange and leaving an asterisk to the left of the cell number. The picture below demonstrates this:

I created a new environment though it seems to still be affecting it other environs. Is there any reason why this is still happening? Its a problem because previously, when I use to undo (ctrl + z), it used to undo everything in the cell and only the cell in question. But now it undoes everything across all cells. This is a problem for me as it changes the overall code I am working with.
Any idea how to rectify this?

A: As explained in the JupyterLab 3.1 changelog, specifically the user-facing changes section, a new new visual indicator was introduced to highlight cells in which the code changed in the editor since last execution:

The indicator is currently implemented by changing the cell collapser and the cell execution counter color to orange, and adding a filled orange circle icon left execution counter.
Hopefully, this will improve the situational awareness of the users and lead to more consistent state of the notebooks on save. If you come to like this solution you may be interested in using nbsafety which takes it a step further by actually analysing the dependencies and preventing out-of-order execution.

A:
previously, when I use to undo (ctrl + z), it used to undo everything in the cell and only the cell in question. But now it undoes everything across all cells. This is a problem for me

Recently I've also experienced the same annoying problem. Here is a picture to illustrate how to disable "document-wide undo/redo".
JupyterLab -> Settings -> Advanced Settings Editor -> Notebook -> Ctrl-F to find "undo" -> check the box "Experimental settings to...".
After that remember to close and re-open JupyterLab...


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<driver name="remote_fs">
	<actions uuidAttr="name">
		<action name="next_to_remote">
			<processing>
				<serverCallback methodName="switchAction"></serverCallback>
			</processing>
		</action>
		<action name="trigger_remote_copy">
			<processing>
				<serverCallback methodName="switchAction"></serverCallback>
			</processing>
		</action>
	</actions>
</driver>


text:
Rebound Northeast Ohio
Local Coronavirus News
Main Coronavirus Page
COVID-216 Podcast
Quick links... Vaccinating Ohio Rebound Northeast Ohio We're Open Local Coronavirus News Main Coronavirus Page Testing locations COVID-216 Podcast
10 new cases of coronavirus in Cleveland, brings total to 485
By: Courtney Shaw
CLEVELAND — The Cleveland Department of Public Health (CDPH) was notified Wednesday of 10 new positive COVID-19 tests in Cleveland residents, bringing the total confirmed cases in the city to 485.
Two more fatalities were reported, bringing the total number of deaths to 20.
The new cases include both males and females with ages ranging from less than one-year-old to their 90's.
CDPH is working to identify any close contacts of these residents who would require testing or monitoring for symptoms of COVID-19.
As of Wednesday, there are more than 13,609 confirmed cases and 584 fatalities in the State of Ohio. There are more than 846,000 confirmed cases and 46,000 deaths in the United States.
Additional Coronavirus information and resources:
Read our daily Coronavirus Live Blog for the latest updates and news on coronavirus.
We're Open! Northeast Ohio is place created by News 5 to open us up to new ways of thinking, new ways of gathering and new ways of supporting each other.
Click here for a page with resources including a COVID-19 overview from the CDC, details on cases in Ohio, a timeline of Governor Mike DeWine's orders since the outbreak, coronavirus' impact on Northeast Ohio, and link to more information from the Ohio Department of Health, the Cuyahoga County Board of Health, the CDC and the WHO.
See data visualizations showing the impact of coronavirus in Ohio, including county-by-county maps, charts showing the spread of the disease, and more.
The federal government has begun distributing $1,200 Economic Impact Payments to millions of Americans to help relieve the economic burden caused by coronavirus. Click here for everything you need to know about checking the status and receiving these payments.
The CDC and the Ohio Department of Health are now recommending the use of cloth face coverings in public to slow the spread of COVID-19.
Read more about the CDC's recommendation here. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to make a face mask from common household materials, without having to know how to sew.
View a global coronavirus tracker with data from Johns Hopkins University.
Here is everything you need to know about testing for coronavirus in Ohio.
Here's a list of things in Northeast Ohio closed due to coronavirus concerns
See complete coverage on our Coronavirus Continuing Coverage page.


text:
Justia › US Law › Case Law › Federal Courts › Courts of Appeals › Fifth Circuit › 1973 › United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Ricardo Chavez et al., Defendants-appellants
Receive free daily summaries of new opinions from the US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.
United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Ricardo Chavez et al., Defendants-appellants, 482 F.2d 1268 (5th Cir. 1973)
US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit - 482 F.2d 1268 (5th Cir. 1973) Aug. 1, 1973
John L. Fashing, El Paso, Tex., on appeal for defendants-appellants.
Victor Arditti, El Paso, Tex., (Court-appointed) for Chavez.
Paul C. Moreno, El Paso, Tex., (Court-appointed) for Barraza-Acevedo.
Larry Victorson, El Paso, Tex., (Court-appointed) for Campos.
Joseph A. Calamia (Court-appointed), John L. Fashing, El Paso, Tex., for Escobedo.
William S. Sessions, U. S. Atty., San Antonio, Tex., Edward S. Marquez, El Paso, Tex., Asst. U. S. Atty., for plaintiff-appellee.
Before WISDOM, GEWIN and CLARK, Circuit Judges.
WISDOM, Circuit Judge:
This case concerns the sufficiency of an affidavit to support the issuance of a search warrant. The four defendants were convicted of possessing, with intent to distribute, marijuana, a schedule I controlled substance, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a) (1). Customs agents found 526 pounds of marijuana during a search of defendant Jose Barraza-Acevedo's residence. The four defendants rest their appeal primarily on the ground that the affidavit on which the warrant authorizing this search was based was insufficient to show probable cause to search defendant Barraza-Acevedo's home. We agree that the affidavit was insufficient, and accordingly we reverse the convictions of the four defendants.
Some time on or before July 27, 1972, Agent Herbert P. Hailes of the U. S. Customs Agency had a conversation with a confidential informant which led him to place Barraza-Acevedo's residence at 7501 Acapulco Avenue in El Paso, Texas, under surveillance. On July 28, Agent Hailes obtained a warrant from a federal magistrate to search the premises at that address. This warrant was never executed, and was returned three days after it was issued. On the day following its return, August 1, Hailes had a second conversation with the informant. After this conversation, the federal agents sought and were issued a second search warrant for Barraza-Acevedo's residence. The affidavit for this warrant was sworn to by Special Agent Phillip DeHoyos of the Customs Agency. It alleged grounds for believing there was cause to search as follows:
Information received from a confidential source of proven reliability. The source of the information, stated below, previously has furnished information on four occasions and pursuant to the information furnished by the source, large quantities of Schedule I controlled substances were seized by law enforcement officers. As a result of the information furnished by the source on the previous occasions mentioned above, warrants of arrest for six defendants were issued by competent courts of jurisdiction. The source of the information, stated below, is familiar with traffickers in controlled substances within the El Paso area. The source of information has informed the affiant that a large quantity of a Schedule I controlled substance, namely marijuana, will be moved from the premises of 7507 Acapulco Avenue, El Paso, Texas, within the next twenty-four hours.
After the second warrant was issued, the agents placed the house under renewed surveillance. Then, at about 2:30 p. m. that same day, Hailes and DeHoyos, accompanied by at least seven other customs agents, went to 7507 Acapulco to execute the warrant. When the agents entered the house, they found five men-Ricardo Chavez, Ricardo Escobedo, Jose Barraza-Acevedo, Ignacio Campos, and Manuel Reyes-in the living room of the home.1 They found 224 bricks of marijuana in the kitchen, two bricks in a storage room, and four more in a bedroom. In the course of their search they discovered and seized a number of other incriminating items later introduced into evidence at the trial. These included two fully loaded pistols and a fully loaded revolver, two marijuana roaches and one marijuana cigarette, a crumpled dollar bill in which a quarter gram of cocaine was wrapped, some cigarette wrapping paper, and a weighing scale.
After their indictment each of the five defendants filed a motion to suppress the evidence seized during the August 1 search. The trial judge denied these motions. The case was tried on Thursday, October 26. On October 30, the jury, after a day and a half of deliberation, returned with verdicts of guilty for the four defendants who are appealing here. The jury reported that it could not reach a verdict on the fifth defendant, Manuel Reyes. The four convicted defendants were sentenced on November 29.
The sole issue we need decide on this appeal is the sufficiency of Agent DeHoyos' affidavit. In a similar case, Chief Justice Burger has described the issue as "the recurring question of what showing is constitutionally necessary to satisfy a magistrate that there is a substantial basis for crediting the report of an informant known to the police, but not identified to the magistrate," United States v. Harris, 1971, 403 U.S. 573, 575, 91 S. Ct. 2075, 2078, 29 L. Ed. 2d 723, 729 (Burger, C. J., announcing judgment of the Court). To decide this case we look to three cases in which that "recurring question" was presented to the United States Supreme Court in the last decade.
Aguilar v. Texas, 1964, 378 U.S. 108, 84 S. Ct. 1509, 12 L. Ed. 2d 723, is the first and most important of the three decisions. The affidavit in that case had recited merely that "Affiants have received reliable information from a credible person and do believe that heroin, marijuana, barbiturates, and other narcotics . . . are being kept at the above described premises." 378 U.S. at 109, 84 S. Ct. at 1511. In holding this affidavit insufficient to support a magistrate's finding probable cause, the Court established what has become the basic standard for determining when a search warrant may issue on information received from a confidential informer. The Court said:
[T]he magistrate must be informed of some of the underlying circumstances from which the informant concluded that the narcotics were where he claimed they were, and some of the underlying circumstances from which the officer concluded that the informant, whose identity need not be disclosed, [citations omitted], was 'credible' or his information 'reliable'.
378 U.S. at 114, 84 S. Ct. at 1514.
This test is typically referred to as "Aguilar's two-pronged test." Spinelli v. United States, 1969, 393 U.S. 410, 413, 89 S. Ct. 584, 587, 21 L. Ed. 2d 637, 642. See United States v. Mendoza, 5 Cir. 1970, 433 F.2d 891; Gonzales v. Beto, 5 Cir. 1970, 425 F.2d 963; United States v. Marihart, 8 Cir. 1972, 472 F.2d 809, 811; Note, The Supreme Court-1970 Term, 85 Harv. L. Rev. 40, 55 (1971). The first "prong" requires that the affidavit disclose particular facts or circumstances which justify concluding that the informant is a reliable or trustworthy person. The second requires specific facts or circumstances tending to demonstrate that the informant, in the instance in question, had gathered his information in a reliable manner. The theory underlying these twin requirements is that they are dictated by the long-standing principle that determinations of probable cause are to be made by "neutral and detached magistrate [s]," rather than by "officer [s] engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime." Johnson v. United States, 1948, 333 U.S. 10, 14, 68 S. Ct. 367, 369, 2 L. Ed. 436, 440.2 If a magistrate accepted an affidavit which did not meet the first prong of the test, the theory went, he would abandon to the officer his constitutional function of making an independent determination; for his determination would then be entirely dependent upon the officer's judgment of the informant's credibility. Similarly, if he accepted an affidavit not meeting the second prong, he would abandon his function to the informant; then his determination would depend entirely upon the informant's judgment about the facts of the case. See Aguilar v. Texas, 1964, 378 U.S. 108, 114-115, 84 S. Ct. 1509, 12 L. Ed. 2d 723; United States v. Harris, 403 U.S. 573, 590-591, 91 S. Ct. 2075, 2084, 29 L. Ed. 2d 723, 738 (Harlan, J., dissenting).
This test was reaffirmed five years after Aguilar in Spinelli v. United States, 1969, 393 U.S. 410, 89 S. Ct. 584, 21 L. Ed. 2d 637. Spinelli involved the reversal of a conviction for travelling interstate with the intention of conducting gambling activities which violated state law. The description of the informant's tip was a bald statement that a confidential informant had told police that gambling paraphernalia would be found in the premises to be searched. That statement was of course no more detailed or illuminating than the one held inadequate in Aguilar. But the affidavit had detailed other supposedly corroborating information gathered by the independent investigative efforts of the police. The Court ruled that the tip, though in itself insufficient under Aguilar to constitute probable cause, might be assessed along with other allegations in the affidavit in evaluating the magistrate's finding. But it held that in the case before it there was nothing in the other parts of the application "which would permit the suspicions engendered by the informant's report to ripen into a judgment that a crime was probably being committed," 393 U.S. at 418, 89 S. Ct. at 590, and so struck down the defendant's conviction. The aspect of Spinelli most significant for our purposes is the stress it laid on the second prong of the Aguilar test, the requirement of details concerning the way the informant gathers his information. Justice Harlan's opinion for the Court suggested that this prong was if anything more important than the first. Justice Harlan repeatedly emphasized the need for the affidavit to provide either "a statement detailing the manner in which the information was gathered," or, failing that, a "descri [ption of] the accused's criminal activity in sufficient detail that the magistrate may know he is relying [upon] something more substantial than a casual rumor circulating in the underworld." 393 U.S. at 416, 89 S. Ct. at 589, 21 L. Ed. at 643-644.
The final case in the trilogy is United States v. Harris, 1971, 403 U.S. 573, 91 S. Ct. 2075, 29 L. Ed. 2d 723. In Harris the Supreme Court upheld the validity of the search. The affidavit related that a confidential informant whom the affiant regarded as "prudent" had reported that over a period of two years, and most recently within the two weeks preceding the time of the affidavit, he had purchased illicit whiskey at the premises to be searched, and that he had personal knowledge that liquor on which taxes were not paid was kept there. In Harris it was apparent that the allegations of the informant's purchases and of his personal knowledge sufficed to meet the requirements of the second prong of the Aguilar test. The difficulty was whether the first prong, the requirement of details supporting a conclusion that the informant was credible, was met. The Court found that it was, on the basis of a cumulation of four different circumstances. These were: (1) the allegation of the affiant that he regarded the informant as "prudent"; (2) the detail provided in the tip; (3) the fact that the affidavit also alleged that the accused had a reputation for being a trafficker in nontaxpaid liquor; and (4) the fact that the information given, with the allegations of the informant's purchases, was a declaration against the informant's penal interest.
Given the doctrines inherited from this line of cases,3 it takes little strain to see why the affidavit in this case is insufficient. For the affidavit here offers virtually nothing which might meet the second prong of the Aguilar test: it, like the affidavit in Spinelli, utterly "fail [s] to set forth any of the 'underlying circumstances' necessary to enable the magistrate independently to judge of the validity of the informant's conclusions." 393 U.S. at 413, 89 S. Ct. at 587. The only two items in the affidavit which even may be called specific details-the allegation that the informant had given fruitful information before, and the allegation that he was "familiar" with El Paso narcotics traffickers-both appear to be addressed only to the question of the informant's personal reliability; neither in any way answers questions about the way the informant acquired the particular information he related to the agents. Nor do we find in this affidavit a description of criminal activity with anything approaching the detail Spinelli and Harris suggest might suffice to meet Aguilar's second requirement. The only detail related is that the marijuana was to be moved within 24 hours. That can hardly be said to fit under the language in Spinelli calling for "sufficient detail that the magistrate may know that he is relying on something more substantial than a casual rumor circulating in the underworld," 393 U.S. at 416, 89 S. Ct. at 589, 21 L. Ed. at 643-644. Thus the conclusion appears inescapable to us that Officer DeHoyos' affidavit did not meet the second prong of the Aguilar test.4
Chavez, Barraza-Acevedo, Escobedo, and Campos are the four appellants here. Reyes is not a party to this appeal, because the jury was unable to reach a verdict as to him, and he was therefore not convicted of any offense. A sixth man, Raul Salas, was found in the house at the time of the search. Salas was not with the defendants in the living room, but rather was found in the kitchen. Salas was not indicted by the grand jury which indicted the other five men on September 11, 1972, and he was not brought to trial with them
See Spinelli, 393 U.S. at 415, 89 S. Ct. 584, 21 L. Ed. 2d 637; Aguilar, 378 U.S. at 110-111, 84 S. Ct. 1509, 12 L. Ed. 2d 723. See also Byars v. United States, 1929, 273 U.S. 28, 47 S. Ct. 248, 71 L. Ed. 520; Giordenello v. United States, 1957, 357 U.S. 480, 486, 78 S. Ct. 1245, 1250, 2 L. Ed. 2d 1503, 1509; United States v. Lefkowitz, 1931, 285 U.S. 452, 464, 52 S. Ct. 420, 423, 76 L. Ed. 877, 882
The American Law Institute's Model Code of Pre-Arraignment Procedures, Off. Draft No. 1 (1972) states the test as follows:
Section 201 "Contents of Application. The application shall describe with particularity the individuals or places to be searched and the individuals or things to be seized, and shall be supported by one or more affidavits particularly setting forth the facts and circumstances tending to show that such individuals or things are in the places, or the things are in possession of the individuals, to be searched. If an affidavit is based in whole or in part on hearsay, the affiant shall set forth particular facts bearing on the informant's reliability and shall disclose, as far as practicable, the means by which the information was obtained." The explanatory note to this sub-section points out: "In Subsection (3) the word 'particular' has been added to qualify 'facts' and 'practicable' has been substituted for 'possible.' The second sentence embodies special requirements of particularity with respect to hearsay affidavits, in line with such decisions as Aguilar v. United States, 378 U.S. 108 [84 S. Ct. 1509, 12 L. Ed. 2d 723] (1964) and Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410 [89 S. Ct. 584, 21 L. Ed. 2d 637] (1969)." The Commentary explains: "The Byars case and others in its wake have indicated the Court's disapproval of conclusory statements in the affidavits. The question of probable cause vel non must be decided on the basis of what is put before the magistrate, and he must be given enough to make up his own mind, and not have to rely on the applicant's judgment. Hearsay evidence which would not be admissible in evidence at the trial may be considered, but in that event the affiant must set forth the grounds for treating the hearsay as credible. p It is around the matter of hearsay leads or tips from 'informers' that the Court has recently been divided. From the opinions one may gather at least two desiderata: (1) that the affiant state the grounds for his belief that the informer is reliable, and (2) that the affiant indicate how the informer acquired his knowledge. The last sentence of Section (3) embodies those criteria."
The appellants assert three other grounds for reversal. They claim that certain of the prosecutor's arguments to the jury were incurably prejudicial, that the trial judge erred in certain remarks he made in his charge to the jury, and that verdicts of acquittal should have been directed on the ground that the defendants as a matter of law could not have been held to have been in possession of the marijuana. Our holding on the question of the search makes it unnecessary for us to decide any of these points