Securities and Exchange Commission v. Timothy Hansen and Private Funding, Inc., Civil No. 2:01CV-0706K (USDC D.UT).
On September 12, 2001 the Commission filed an application for an order to enforce an investigative subpoena served on Timothy Hansen and Private Funding, Inc. on August 23, 2001. The subpoena sought documents and testimony from Hansen and Private Funding related to their activities as sales agents for notes issued by The Wynn Company, a Utah corporation headquartered in Salt Lake City.
Hansen and Private Funding refused to comply with the subpoena on the ground that the notes in question are not securities. In its motion, the Commission argues: (1) the Commission may conduct relevant investigations within its prescribed authority in order to determine whether the investment product in question is, in fact, a security and whether there have been violations of the federal securities laws; and (2) the notes offered by the Wynn Company appear to be securities as defined by the federal securities laws. A hearing on the Commission's motion has been scheduled for September 27, 2001.


Large Shaped Incontinence Pads are for moderate to heavy urinary incontinence and faecal smearing; offering superior absorbency levels to shaped pads, although bulkier. If you require protection from heavy or faecal incontinence, we recommend you consider the All In One range.
Large shaped incontinence pads provide greater protection if you wear them with Stretch Pants as they are held close to the body.


text:
Topic: Interpersonal Influence
David Bradford
Dr. Bradford's interests are in the areas of leadership, interpersonal influence, and executive teams.
In all of these, he has focused on the question, "What does it take to achieve high performance?" The results have suggested that, especially in knowledge-based organizations, excellence is most likely when leaders build strong teams where the members' role is significantly expanded so that they share responsibility for the management of the unit (including making the core decisions jointly and holding each other accountable for performance).
His recent work on influence has led to exploring the conditions for a "feedback rich organization" where team members, through a structured process, give each other face-to-face feedback to improve individual and team performance.
David Bradford is the Eugene O'Kelly II Senior Lecturer Emeritus in Leadership. He received his PhD in social psychology from the University of Michigan and taught at the University of Wisconsin-Madison before coming to Stanford in 1969. His research interests have led to five books, numerous articles, and three training programs on leadership, team performance, and the influence process.
He also has consulted and conducted executive programs to a variety of organizations in the for-profit and not-for-profit sector, including Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Cisco Systems, Levi Strauss & Co., Roche Pharmaceutical, Raychem, and the Whitney Museum of American Art.
In addition, Dr. Bradford has been involved with educational innovation at the college level. He was the founder of The Organizational Behavior Teaching Society and the first editor of their journal. He received the Exemplar of Excellence in Education award from The University of Phoenix.
Dr. Bradford is on the editorial board of The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, The Journal of Management Education, and The Academy of Management Learning and Education.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Lean, QRM and DDMRP: they're all the same!
Not long ago, QRM was heralded as the new Lean, and now we are bombarded with DDMRP as the panacea for all our problems. It seems as if the different schools, in their hunger to sell more books, software, and / or advice, put more energy into highlighting the differences than celebrating what unites them. Meanwhile, they leave many an entrepreneur, supply chain professional and process improver behind in despair. Too bad, because believe me, essentially the three schools are all the same.
Of course Lean, Quick Response Manufacturing (QRM) and Theory of Constraints (TOC, the origin of DDMRP) also have fundamental differences. Lean for example advises you to balance your work cells based on takt time and eliminate stocks, while TOC accepts different capacities and promotes time buffers. Lean stresses the importance of waste elimination and value creation, while QRM distinguishes good and bad complexity. TOC wants us to identify and exploit bottlenecks and make the rest subordinate to them. And while Polca is pushed by QRM, Kanban is widely known thanks to Lean. Are you still there?
Many have given up long ago or have never even tried, and keep having unlimited confidence in established techniques like MRP and DRP or just Min / Max and Camp's formula. Is it not simply a matter of good planning and hard work? Of saying what you do and doing what you say? Which is a pity for them, because in this way they fail to do justice to the achievements of the new schools and more importantly, deny themselves the benefits.
In his classic "The 5th Discipline" Peter Senge claims that the majority of our problems is the result of our inability to understand the ever growing complexity, let alone cope with it. Consequently, we often limit ourselves to addressing the symptoms, which after temporary relief is usually followed by even greater turmoil. Too often unfortunately, our confidence in resource efficiency, MRP, DRP, Min / Max and Camp is a poignant example of this. With their deceptive simplicity, they seem to promise control but in reality lead to the opposite. A major source of bad complexity and lost productivity of our scarce resources. So watch out!
In the same book a little later, Peter Senge recommends us to really start to understand which forces actually prevent us from achieving our goals. To find our limiting factor. The real source of our complexity. Senge calls this "Systems Thinking". Brilliant idea! Unfortunately, Senge subsequently fails to guide us in this quest. What to do?
Should your challenge also lie in improving responsiveness and efficiency, then good old Pollaczek may offer a solution. Pollaczek has taught us that lead time progressively increases with utilisation, especially if the variability in demand and / or process is high. So if we want to structurally improve our responsiveness and efficiency, then according to Pollaczek we only have three options: (1) eliminate waste and (2) bad variability and (3) avoid overload. Or as they say in Japan (1) eliminate muda and (2) mura and (3) avoid muri.
Indeed, you have recognized them correctly. Muda, mura and muri, Toyota's 3 m's and the cornerstones of Lean. So Lean actually does not do anything else than try to force breakthroughs by beating Pollaczek! And witnessing TOC's compelling advice to exploit your bottleneck (1), make the rest subordinate to its drumbeat (2) and avoid overload (3), it is looking into the exact same direction. The same applies to QRM, given its advice to (1) accelerate and preferably eliminate (2) hand-overs and avoid utilisation levels of 80% and more (3).
So essentially Lean, TOC and QRM are trying to do the same thing: achieve a breakthrough by beating Pollaczek! Only the chosen routes differ, as we can conclude from their very different and by now well-filled toolboxes. Which is not surprising given their very different histories. Lean originated in a high volume / low-mix environment, where investing in highly reliable and balanced flow shops is often beneficial. Kanban, Supermarkets and Heijunka boxes are at their best here.
TOC on the other hand has originated in a low volume make-to-order environment, where process uncertainties and service rate differences are factors that cannot be denied. Time, capacity and stock buffers are important concepts here. Finally, QRM originated in a typical job shop environment that is full of dependencies. This is the world of QRM cells and Polca.
Whether you build ships, produce chips, fill oil barrels, maintain networks or develop new products. Whether you pursue either efficiency or responsiveness or both. If you consciously or unconsciously keep denying Pollaczek, there is a big risk that you will keep getting into trouble. But if you recognise the importance of fighting Pollaczek, you cannot avoid the rich toolboxes of Lean, TOC and QRM. Since at their harts, Lean, TOC and QRM are exactly the same. And as long as we realize that we use them as a means, not as an end, they are not each other's opponents but they supplement each other.
Lean, QRM or DDMRP after all?
Over the last decades we have witnessed the arrival of a large variety of new process improvement methodologies and philosophies….


text:
/*
 * To change this template, choose Tools | Templates
 * and open the template in the editor.
 */

/*
 * SFormTaxGroupEntry.java
 *
 * Created on 21/10/2009, 04:20:33 PM
 */

package erp.mfin.form;

import erp.data.SDataConstants;
import erp.lib.SLibConstants;
import erp.lib.form.SFormComboBoxGroup;
import erp.lib.form.SFormField;
import erp.lib.form.SFormUtilities;
import erp.lib.form.SFormValidation;
import erp.mfin.data.SDataTaxGroupEntry;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
import java.util.Vector;
import javax.swing.AbstractAction;
import sa.lib.SLibTimeUtils;

/**
 *
 * @author Alfonso Flores
 */
public class SFormTaxGroupEntry extends javax.swing.JDialog implements erp.lib.form.SFormInterface, java.awt.event.ActionListener {

    private int mnFormType;
    private int mnFormResult;
    private int mnFormStatus;
    private boolean mbFirstTime;
    private boolean mbResetingForm;
    private java.util.Vector<erp.lib.form.SFormField> mvFields;
    private erp.client.SClientInterface miClient;

    private erp.mfin.data.SDataTaxGroupEntry moTaxGroupEntry;
    private erp.lib.form.SFormComboBoxGroup moComboBoxGroup;
    private erp.lib.form.SFormField moFieldPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId;
    private erp.lib.form.SFormField moFieldPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId;
    private erp.lib.form.SFormField moFieldFkTaxBasicId;
    private erp.lib.form.SFormField moFieldFkTaxId;
    private erp.lib.form.SFormField moFieldApplicationOrder;
    private erp.lib.form.SFormField moFieldDateStart;
    private erp.lib.form.SFormField moFieldDateEnd_n;

    /** Creates new form SFormTaxGroupEntry */
    public SFormTaxGroupEntry(erp.client.SClientInterface client) {
        super(client.getFrame(), true);
        miClient = client;
        mnFormType = SDataConstants.FIN_TAX_GRP_ETY;

        initComponents();
        initComponentsExtra();
    }

    /** This method is called from within the constructor to
     * initialize the form.
     * WARNING: Do NOT modify this code. The content of this method is
     * always regenerated by the Form Editor.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    // <editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Generated Code">//GEN-BEGIN:initComponents
    private void initComponents() {

        jPanel2 = new javax.swing.JPanel();
        jPanel8 = new javax.swing.JPanel();
        jPanel3 = new javax.swing.JPanel();
        jPanel16 = new javax.swing.JPanel();
        jlPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId = new javax.swing.JLabel();
        jcbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId = new javax.swing.JComboBox();
        jbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId = new javax.swing.JButton();
        jPanel17 = new javax.swing.JPanel();
        jlPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId = new javax.swing.JLabel();
        jcbPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId = new javax.swing.JComboBox();
        jbPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId = new javax.swing.JButton();
        jlDummy01 = new javax.swing.JLabel();
        jPanel21 = new javax.swing.JPanel();
        jlFkTaxBasicId = new javax.swing.JLabel();
        jcbFkTaxBasicId = new javax.swing.JComboBox();
        jbFkTaxBasicId = new javax.swing.JButton();
        jPanel22 = new javax.swing.JPanel();
        jlFkTaxId = new javax.swing.JLabel();
        jcbFkTaxId = new javax.swing.JComboBox();
        jbFkTaxId = new javax.swing.JButton();
        jPanel18 = new javax.swing.JPanel();
        jlApplicationOrder = new javax.swing.JLabel();
        jtfApplicationOrder = new javax.swing.JTextField();
        jPanel19 = new javax.swing.JPanel();
        jlDateStart = new javax.swing.JLabel();
        jftDateStart = new javax.swing.JFormattedTextField();
        jbDateStart = new javax.swing.JButton();
        jPanel20 = new javax.swing.JPanel();
        jlDateEnd_n = new javax.swing.JLabel();
        jftDateEnd_n = new javax.swing.JFormattedTextField();
        jbDateEnd_n = new javax.swing.JButton();
        jPanel1 = new javax.swing.JPanel();
        jbOk = new javax.swing.JButton();
        jbCancel = new javax.swing.JButton();

        setDefaultCloseOperation(javax.swing.WindowConstants.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);
        setTitle("Detalle de grupo de impuestos");
        setResizable(false);
        addWindowListener(new java.awt.event.WindowAdapter() {
            public void windowActivated(java.awt.event.WindowEvent evt) {
                formWindowActivated(evt);
            }
        });

        jPanel2.setBorder(javax.swing.BorderFactory.createTitledBorder("Datos del registro:"));
        jPanel2.setLayout(new java.awt.BorderLayout(0, 5));

        jPanel8.setLayout(new java.awt.BorderLayout(0, 5));

        jPanel3.setLayout(new java.awt.GridLayout(8, 2, 5, 1));

        jPanel16.setLayout(new java.awt.FlowLayout(0, 2, 0));

        jlPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId.setForeground(java.awt.Color.blue);
        jlPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId.setText("Tipo de identidad de impuestos del emisor: *");
        jlPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(250, 23));
        jPanel16.add(jlPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId);

        jcbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId.setModel(new javax.swing.DefaultComboBoxModel(new String[] { "Item 1", "Item 2", "Item 3", "Item 4" }));
        jcbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(275, 23));
        jPanel16.add(jcbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId);

        jbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId.setText("jButton1");
        jbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId.setToolTipText("Seleccionar tipo de identidad de impuestos");
        jbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId.setFocusable(false);
        jbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(23, 23));
        jPanel16.add(jbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId);

        jPanel3.add(jPanel16);

        jPanel17.setLayout(new java.awt.FlowLayout(0, 2, 0));

        jlPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId.setForeground(java.awt.Color.blue);
        jlPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId.setText("Tipo de identidad de impuestos del receptor: *");
        jlPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(250, 23));
        jPanel17.add(jlPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId);

        jcbPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId.setModel(new javax.swing.DefaultComboBoxModel(new String[] { "Item 1", "Item 2", "Item 3", "Item 4" }));
        jcbPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(275, 23));
        jPanel17.add(jcbPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId);

        jbPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId.setText("jButton2");
        jbPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId.setToolTipText("Seleccionar tipo de identidad de impuestos");
        jbPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId.setFocusable(false);
        jbPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(23, 23));
        jPanel17.add(jbPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId);

        jPanel3.add(jPanel17);
        jPanel3.add(jlDummy01);

        jPanel21.setLayout(new java.awt.FlowLayout(0, 2, 0));

        jlFkTaxBasicId.setText("Impuesto básico: *");
        jlFkTaxBasicId.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(150, 23));
        jPanel21.add(jlFkTaxBasicId);

        jcbFkTaxBasicId.setModel(new javax.swing.DefaultComboBoxModel(new String[] { "Item 1", "Item 2", "Item 3", "Item 4" }));
        jcbFkTaxBasicId.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(375, 23));
        jPanel21.add(jcbFkTaxBasicId);

        jbFkTaxBasicId.setText("jButton3");
        jbFkTaxBasicId.setToolTipText("Seleccionar impuesto básico");
        jbFkTaxBasicId.setFocusable(false);
        jbFkTaxBasicId.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(23, 23));
        jPanel21.add(jbFkTaxBasicId);

        jPanel3.add(jPanel21);

        jPanel22.setLayout(new java.awt.FlowLayout(0, 2, 0));

        jlFkTaxId.setText("Impuesto: *");
        jlFkTaxId.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(150, 23));
        jPanel22.add(jlFkTaxId);

        jcbFkTaxId.setModel(new javax.swing.DefaultComboBoxModel(new String[] { "Item 1", "Item 2", "Item 3", "Item 4" }));
        jcbFkTaxId.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(375, 23));
        jPanel22.add(jcbFkTaxId);

        jbFkTaxId.setText("jButton4");
        jbFkTaxId.setToolTipText("Seleccionar impuesto");
        jbFkTaxId.setFocusable(false);
        jbFkTaxId.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(23, 23));
        jPanel22.add(jbFkTaxId);

        jPanel3.add(jPanel22);

        jPanel18.setLayout(new java.awt.FlowLayout(0, 2, 0));

        jlApplicationOrder.setText("Orden de aplicación: *");
        jlApplicationOrder.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(150, 23));
        jPanel18.add(jlApplicationOrder);

        jtfApplicationOrder.setHorizontalAlignment(javax.swing.JTextField.TRAILING);
        jtfApplicationOrder.setText("0");
        jtfApplicationOrder.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(75, 23));
        jPanel18.add(jtfApplicationOrder);

        jPanel3.add(jPanel18);

        jPanel19.setLayout(new java.awt.FlowLayout(0, 2, 0));

        jlDateStart.setText("Fecha inicial vigencia: *");
        jlDateStart.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(150, 23));
        jPanel19.add(jlDateStart);

        jftDateStart.setText("dd/mm/yyyy");
        jftDateStart.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(75, 23));
        jPanel19.add(jftDateStart);

        jbDateStart.setIcon(new javax.swing.ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("/erp/img/cal_date_day.gif"))); // NOI18N
        jbDateStart.setToolTipText("Seleccionar fecha");
        jbDateStart.setFocusable(false);
        jbDateStart.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(23, 23));
        jPanel19.add(jbDateStart);

        jPanel3.add(jPanel19);

        jPanel20.setLayout(new java.awt.FlowLayout(0, 2, 0));

        jlDateEnd_n.setText("Fecha final vigencia: ");
        jlDateEnd_n.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(150, 23));
        jPanel20.add(jlDateEnd_n);

        jftDateEnd_n.setText("dd/mm/yyyy");
        jftDateEnd_n.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(75, 23));
        jPanel20.add(jftDateEnd_n);

        jbDateEnd_n.setIcon(new javax.swing.ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("/erp/img/cal_date_day.gif"))); // NOI18N
        jbDateEnd_n.setToolTipText("Seleccionar fecha");
        jbDateEnd_n.setFocusable(false);
        jbDateEnd_n.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(23, 23));
        jPanel20.add(jbDateEnd_n);

        jPanel3.add(jPanel20);

        jPanel8.add(jPanel3, java.awt.BorderLayout.NORTH);

        jPanel2.add(jPanel8, java.awt.BorderLayout.NORTH);

        getContentPane().add(jPanel2, java.awt.BorderLayout.CENTER);

        jPanel1.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(392, 33));
        jPanel1.setLayout(new java.awt.FlowLayout(2));

        jbOk.setText("Aceptar");
        jbOk.setToolTipText("[Ctrl + Enter]");
        jbOk.setPreferredSize(new java.awt.Dimension(75, 23));
        jPanel1.add(jbOk);

        jbCancel.setText("Cancelar");
        jbCancel.setToolTipText("[Escape]");
        jPanel1.add(jbCancel);

        getContentPane().add(jPanel1, java.awt.BorderLayout.SOUTH);

        java.awt.Dimension screenSize = java.awt.Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getScreenSize();
        setBounds((screenSize.width-600)/2, (screenSize.height-400)/2, 600, 400);
    }// </editor-fold>//GEN-END:initComponents

    private void formWindowActivated(java.awt.event.WindowEvent evt) {//GEN-FIRST:event_formWindowActivated
        windowActivated();
    }//GEN-LAST:event_formWindowActivated

    private void initComponentsExtra() {
        moComboBoxGroup = new SFormComboBoxGroup(miClient);

        moFieldPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId = new erp.lib.form.SFormField(miClient, SLibConstants.DATA_TYPE_KEY, true, jcbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId, jlPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId);
        moFieldPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId.setPickerButton(jbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId);
        moFieldPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId = new erp.lib.form.SFormField(miClient, SLibConstants.DATA_TYPE_KEY, true, jcbPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId, jlPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId);
        moFieldPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId.setPickerButton(jbPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId);
        moFieldFkTaxBasicId = new erp.lib.form.SFormField(miClient, SLibConstants.DATA_TYPE_KEY, true, jcbFkTaxBasicId, jlFkTaxBasicId);
        moFieldFkTaxBasicId.setPickerButton(jbFkTaxBasicId);
        moFieldFkTaxId = new erp.lib.form.SFormField(miClient, SLibConstants.DATA_TYPE_KEY, true, jcbFkTaxId, jlFkTaxId);
        moFieldFkTaxId.setPickerButton(jbFkTaxId);
        moFieldApplicationOrder = new SFormField(miClient, SLibConstants.DATA_TYPE_INTEGER, true, jtfApplicationOrder, jlApplicationOrder);
        moFieldDateStart = new SFormField(miClient, SLibConstants.DATA_TYPE_DATE, true, jftDateStart, jlDateStart);
        moFieldDateStart.setPickerButton(jbDateStart);
        moFieldDateEnd_n = new SFormField(miClient, SLibConstants.DATA_TYPE_DATE, false, jftDateEnd_n, jlDateEnd_n);
        moFieldDateEnd_n.setPickerButton(jbDateEnd_n);

        mvFields = new Vector<SFormField>();
        mvFields.add(moFieldPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId);
        mvFields.add(moFieldPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId);
        mvFields.add(moFieldFkTaxBasicId);
        mvFields.add(moFieldFkTaxId);
        mvFields.add(moFieldApplicationOrder);
        mvFields.add(moFieldDateStart);
        mvFields.add(moFieldDateEnd_n);

        jbOk.addActionListener(this);
        jbCancel.addActionListener(this);
        jbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId.addActionListener(this);
        jbPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId.addActionListener(this);
        jbFkTaxBasicId.addActionListener(this);
        jbFkTaxId.addActionListener(this);
        jbDateStart.addActionListener(this);
        jbDateEnd_n.addActionListener(this);

        AbstractAction actionOk = new AbstractAction() {
            @Override
            public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { actionOk(); }
        };

        SFormUtilities.putActionMap(getRootPane(), actionOk, "ok", KeyEvent.VK_ENTER, KeyEvent.CTRL_DOWN_MASK);

        AbstractAction actionCancel = new AbstractAction() {
            @Override
            public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { actionCancel(); }
        };

        SFormUtilities.putActionMap(getRootPane(), actionCancel, "cancel", KeyEvent.VK_ESCAPE, 0);
    }

    private void windowActivated() {
        if (mbFirstTime) {
            mbFirstTime = false;
            if (jcbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId.isEnabled()) jcbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId.requestFocus(); else jcbFkTaxBasicId.requestFocus();
        }
    }

    private void actionFkTaxIdentityEmisorId() {
        miClient.pickOption(SDataConstants.FINU_TAX_IDY, moFieldPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId, null);
    }

    private void actionFkTaxIdentityReceptorId() {
        miClient.pickOption(SDataConstants.FINU_TAX_IDY, moFieldPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId, null);
    }

    private void actionFkTaxBasicId() {
        miClient.pickOption(SDataConstants.FINU_TAX_BAS, moFieldFkTaxBasicId, null);
    }

    private void actionFkTaxId() {
        miClient.pickOption(SDataConstants.FINU_TAX, moFieldFkTaxId, moFieldFkTaxBasicId.getKeyAsIntArray());
    }

    private void actionDateStart() {
        miClient.getGuiDatePickerXXX().pickDate(moFieldDateStart.getDate(), moFieldDateStart);
    }

    private void actionDateEnd_n() {
        miClient.getGuiDatePickerXXX().pickDate(moFieldDateEnd_n.getDate(), moFieldDateEnd_n);
    }

    private void actionOk() {
        SFormValidation validation = formValidate();

        if (validation.getIsError()) {
            if (validation.getComponent() != null) {
                validation.getComponent().requestFocus();
            }
            if (validation.getMessage().length() > 0) {
                miClient.showMsgBoxWarning(validation.getMessage());
            }
        }
        else {
            mnFormResult = SLibConstants.FORM_RESULT_OK;
            setVisible(false);
        }
    }

    private void actionCancel() {
        mnFormResult = SLibConstants.FORM_RESULT_CANCEL;
        setVisible(false);
    }

    // Variables declaration - do not modify//GEN-BEGIN:variables
    private javax.swing.JPanel jPanel1;
    private javax.swing.JPanel jPanel16;
    private javax.swing.JPanel jPanel17;
    private javax.swing.JPanel jPanel18;
    private javax.swing.JPanel jPanel19;
    private javax.swing.JPanel jPanel2;
    private javax.swing.JPanel jPanel20;
    private javax.swing.JPanel jPanel21;
    private javax.swing.JPanel jPanel22;
    private javax.swing.JPanel jPanel3;
    private javax.swing.JPanel jPanel8;
    private javax.swing.JButton jbCancel;
    private javax.swing.JButton jbDateEnd_n;
    private javax.swing.JButton jbDateStart;
    private javax.swing.JButton jbFkTaxBasicId;
    private javax.swing.JButton jbFkTaxId;
    private javax.swing.JButton jbOk;
    private javax.swing.JButton jbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId;
    private javax.swing.JButton jbPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId;
    private javax.swing.JComboBox jcbFkTaxBasicId;
    private javax.swing.JComboBox jcbFkTaxId;
    private javax.swing.JComboBox jcbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId;
    private javax.swing.JComboBox jcbPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId;
    private javax.swing.JFormattedTextField jftDateEnd_n;
    private javax.swing.JFormattedTextField jftDateStart;
    private javax.swing.JLabel jlApplicationOrder;
    private javax.swing.JLabel jlDateEnd_n;
    private javax.swing.JLabel jlDateStart;
    private javax.swing.JLabel jlDummy01;
    private javax.swing.JLabel jlFkTaxBasicId;
    private javax.swing.JLabel jlFkTaxId;
    private javax.swing.JLabel jlPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId;
    private javax.swing.JLabel jlPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId;
    private javax.swing.JTextField jtfApplicationOrder;
    // End of variables declaration//GEN-END:variables

    @Override
    public void formClearRegistry() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet.");
    }

    @Override
    public void formReset() {
        mnFormResult = SLibConstants.UNDEFINED;
        mnFormStatus = SLibConstants.UNDEFINED;
        mbFirstTime = true;

        moTaxGroupEntry = null;

        for (int i = 0; i < mvFields.size(); i++) {
            ((erp.lib.form.SFormField) mvFields.get(i)).resetField();
        }

        moFieldDateStart.setFieldValue(SLibTimeUtils.getBeginOfYear(miClient.getSessionXXX().getWorkingDate()));
        jcbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId.setEnabled(true);
        jcbPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId.setEnabled(true);
        jbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId.setEnabled(true);
        jbPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId.setEnabled(true);

        moComboBoxGroup.reset();
    }

    @Override
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public void formRefreshCatalogues() {
        moComboBoxGroup.clear();
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        SFormUtilities.populateComboBox(miClient, jcbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId, SDataConstants.FINU_TAX_IDY);
        SFormUtilities.populateComboBox(miClient, jcbPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId, SDataConstants.FINU_TAX_IDY);
    }

    @Override
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                break;
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        if (!validation.getIsError()) {
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                validation.setMessage("La fecha del campo '" + jlDateEnd_n.getText() + "' no puede ser anterior a la fecha del campo '" + jlDateStart.getText() + "'.");
                validation.setComponent(jftDateEnd_n);
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        return validation;
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    @Override
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        setVisible(visible);
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    @Override
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    @Override
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    @Override
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        moFieldPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId.setKey(new int[] { moTaxGroupEntry.getPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId() });
        moFieldFkTaxBasicId.setKey(new int[] { moTaxGroupEntry.getFkTaxBasicId() });
        moFieldFkTaxId.setKey(new int[] { moTaxGroupEntry.getFkTaxBasicId(), moTaxGroupEntry.getFkTaxId() });
        moFieldApplicationOrder.setFieldValue(moTaxGroupEntry.getApplicationOrder());
        moFieldDateStart.setFieldValue(moTaxGroupEntry.getDateStart());
        moFieldDateEnd_n.setFieldValue(moTaxGroupEntry.getDateEnd_n());

        if (!moTaxGroupEntry.getIsRegistryNew()) {
            jcbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId.setEnabled(false);
            jcbPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId.setEnabled(false);
            jbPkTaxIdentityEmisorTypeId.setEnabled(false);
            jbPkTaxIdentityReceptorTypeId.setEnabled(false);
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    @Override
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Come down to the Anne Arundel County Fair and enjoy the haunted barn and hayrides! Check out the all new Beer & Wine Garden, and be sure to have fun on all the rides. The kids are sure to love the pony and camel rides!


text:
Home » Browse » Academic journals » General Science and Technology Journals » Genetics » Article details, "A Covariance Structure Model for the Admixture..."
Academic journal article Genetics
A Covariance Structure Model for the Admixture of Binary Genetic Variation
By Grote, Mark N.
I derive a covariance structure model for pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD) between binary markers in a recently admixed population and use a generalized least-squares method to fit the model to two different data sets. Both linked and unlinked marker pairs are incorporated in the model. Under the model, a pairwise LD matrix is decomposed into two component matrices, one containing LD attributable to admixture, and another containing, in an aggregate form, LD specific to the populations forming the mixture. I use population genetics theory to show that the latter matrix has block-diagonal structure. For the data sets considered here, I show that the number of source populations can be determined by statistical inference on the canonical correlations of the sample LD matrix.
(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)
ADMIXTURE, the mixing of genetically differentiated populations via migration and subsequent intermating, can create linkage disequilibrium (LD) between genes, even when the genes are not physically linked (see, e.g., Cavalli-Sforza and Bodmer 1971, p. 69; Prout 1973). In this work, I show that admixture contributions to LD can be statistically quantified and distinguished from LD attributable to the shared ancestry of linked alleles. Ohta (1982) used Wright's island model to decompose a squared coefficient of LD into within- and between-population terms, in analogy withWright's (1940) decomposition of the inbreeding coefficient. These decompositions assume that populations connected by migration can be identified and sampled for genetic variation. The method I propose uses a pairwise LD matrix sampled from an admixed population of unknown composition; the number of source populations and the components of LD are inferred by use of a multivariate statistical model.
The data: blocks of binary markers: It is convenient to develop the model using gametes as the basic units of observation. The data are then n random binary vectors of the form x = (x1, . . . xL)9, with xl ∈ {0, 1}; l = 1, . . . , L. Each vector represents the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation on one sampled gamete, under an arbitrary binary coding scheme, with xl indicating the allele on gamete x at the lth marker locus. The markers are assumed to be selectively neutral and variable in the sample.
Before statistical analysis begins, the markers in x are to be grouped into blocks by the investigator, based on physical criteria (e.g., the markers in a block share a localized region on a physical map), along with empirical evidence (e.g., the markers in a block are known by a previous linkage-mapping study to form a linkage group) independent of the sample under consideration. Each marker belongs to exactly one block; however, a particular marker may be the only member of a block. Any two markers l, m within the same block are assumed to be linked, with recombination fraction clm [much less than] ½. In contrast, markers l, j from different blocks are assumed to be unlinked, with recombination fraction clj [asymptotically =] ½.
In the development below, block structure derives from physical and linkage relationships between markers, with blocks analogous to linkage groups; this is to be distinguished from empirical descriptions of "haplotype block structure" (see, e.g., Gabriel et al. 2002; Phillips et al. 2003). Recent work of the International HapMap Consortium (2005) and Myers et al. (2005) suggests that haplotype block structure results from variation in recombination rates over small physical distances. The fine-scale rate estimates obtained by Myers et al. (2005) demonstrate new tools for constructing blocks of tightly linked markers. In the data examples to follow, I form two blocks of markers on the arms of the human X chromosome, using simple physical criteria.
To fix notation, I assume that x can be partitioned into B blocks, labeled 1, . . . , B in any convenient order (though the same partitioning and labeling scheme is used for all gametes). …
Publication: Genetics
Volume/issue: Vol. 176, No. 4
Grote, Mark N.
Genetic Markers
From Molecular Genetics to Genomics: The Mapping Cultures of Twentieth-Century Genetics By Jean-Paul Gaudillière; Hans-Jörg Rheinberger Routledge, 2004
The Genomics Age: How DNA Technology Is Transforming the Way We Live and Who We Are By Gina Smith AMACOM, 2005
Crossing Over: Genomics in the Public Arena By Edna Einsiedel; Frank Timmermans University of Calgary Press, 2005
Consent and Population Genomics: The Creation of Generic Tools By Wallace, Susan Lazor, Stephanie Knoppers, Bartha Maria IRB: Ethics & Human Research, Vol. 31, No. 2, March-April 2009
Rural Population Change in Nova Scotia, 1991-2001: Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis of Key Drivers By Millward, Hugh The Canadian Geographer, Vol. 49, No. 2, Summer 2005
Molecular Population Genetics By Casillas, Sònia Barbadilla, Antonio Genetics, Vol. 205, No. 3, March 2017
Appointments By Times Higher Education, No. 2083, January 10, 2013
Genomics Heralded as New Tool for Improving Public Health: Emerging Science By Johnson, Teddi Dineley The Nation's Health, Vol. 38, No. 4, May 2008
Determinants of Profitability of Banks in India: A Multivariate Analysis By Bodla, B. S. Verma, Richa Journal of Services Research, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2007
Why Size Makes a Big Difference to Amorous Squid By Western Mail (Cardiff, Wales), August 11, 2011
Why Medics Need to Know about Genetics; Dr Emma Tonkin Is a Senior Research Fellow within the Genomics Policy Unit (GPU) at the University of Glamorgan. She Is Currently Looking at the Role Nurses and Midwives Play in Providing Genetics Information to Individuals and Families By Western Mail (Cardiff, Wales), September 24, 2012
Calves That Are Tailor Made for Our Needs; GENOMICS CONFIRMS GENETICS PROGRESS AT MARIAN MAWR By Forgrave, Andrew Daily Post (Liverpool, England), October 27, 2016
FREE! gene pool The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2018
FREE! genetics The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2018
FREE! Adam (in genetics) The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2018


text:
package com.springmvc.filters.rd;

public interface FilterInterface {

	 String getSession();

}


This is the first of three BA essays on bodily sensations in the philosophy of mind, asking whether pains are mental objects.
Rather slavishly adherent to Tim Crane's ideas (garbled, no doubt).
See also Sensations as Perceptions1 and Extraneous Bodily Sensations2.
Are there any good reasons to suppose that pains are mental objects?
The question asks us what pains are, and suggests that they might be mental objects, a possibility we are asked to evaluate. The short answer to this question is "no". In this essay, I closely follow Tim Crane's "The Intentionality of Bodily Sensation3" in which he argues that pains are intentional states whose objects, real or illusory, are bodily locations. Other material in the essay derives from lecture and backup class material.
What is the motivation for thinking that pains are mental objects or, equivalently, that there might be such things as pain-objects? To address the question, we need to determine what a pain is. Pains can be viewed from several aspects, but the most important two are the public and the private. From the private perspective, the most important for someone in pain, is of pain as a noxious and private experience that we wish would stop immediately! However, pain-behaviour (screaming, hopping up and down, etc) can be a very public affair. Hence, it would appear that while pains have a heavy mental component, there is sometimes a public component as well. We will need to consider what pains are for (ie. why they have evolved). Their interpretation as perceptions of bodily damage explains this two-fold nature, to inform the owner of that body that there is something wrong, and the owner's conspecifics likewise, in the hope of receiving aid.
A point in favour of pains being objects is that we can individuate pains – we can count, locate and distinguish them. If I have a pain in my right hand and another in my left foot, that makes two distinct pains, not one hand-foot pain amalgam. There may be limits to the amount of individuation possible. If one is unfortunate enough to suffer pains in too many locations, such as when one has had an unpleasant encounter with a swarm of bees or gone for a roll in the stinging nettles, the overwhelming sensation could be that the body as a whole is in pain. We've already introduced location. This is the felt location, which may be precise – the thumb I've just banged – or more generally located. The important thing is that the felt location is within the confines of the body (or, in exceptional circumstances, its former confines).
When we say that we have a pain in the left foot, we are slightly ambivalent about what we mean by location. We are certain – though we can nevertheless be mistaken – that the foot is the cause of the trouble, and that there's something wrong with it, and that the pain feels to be situated there. However, if we were thinking of pains as mental objects, we wouldn't think of the mental object being in the foot. If mental objects are the sort of things that have locations, they would be in the brain. The idea would be something like the pain object being the brain's interpretation of the sensory signals received from the pain receptors in the foot. Alternatively, in the case of phantom limb pain, the interpretation of signals arising somewhere along the nerve pathway from the former foot, so as to give the impression of pain located there.
What about alternative accounts, dispensing with the need for pain-objects? We can say that we count the feelings of pain, or the parts of the body that hurt (the bodily locations) and so have no need of mental pain-objects. As we have noted, there are other alternatives, such as pains as perceptions of bodily damage. Instead of pain-objects we might have the adverbial explanation – that sensations of pain are feelings "in a certain manner".
Should the existence of mental objects imply objectivity? Can things be objective to a single subject? Something is objective if it's public, but pains are intrinsically private – "I feel your pain" is a figure of speech. But, this is muddling up objects and objectivity. The existence of mental objects and the lack of objectivity of mental events are quite consistent with one another. In any case, we have seen that some pains do have a public aspect.
Crane accepts that there are objects of pain, but denies that these objects are mental. Following Crane, we can distinguish between the state of being in pain and the pain felt in that state. "x is in pain" is a one-place predicate giving a property of the subject, x. "x feels a y in z" is a 3-place predicate where y could be satisfied by other sensation-words and z is satisfied by a part of the body. Crane uses the terms pain-state for the one-place predicate of being in pain, and pain-object, for the object apparently related to the subject when he is conscious of a pain. This discussion is about what the status of the pain-object is, whether it is a mental object or something else.
Given an analysis of pain-statements such as that above, it is natural to consider pains, and bodily sensations generally, as the intentional objects of the pain-states (or other states). In order for this to be the case, we need to identify the elements that go to make up intentional states in the case of pain-states.
Any intentional state is the presentation of something, the intentional object, to the mind.
The thought is directed on this object, which is what the thought is about.
For the state of mind to have aspectual shape is for it to present the intentional object in a certain way, which gives it intentional content, which is what is in the mind.
Intentional states involve relations from intentional modes (eg. beliefs) to intentional contents (eg. propositions) which together give the nature of the intentional state. Every intentional state has an intentional object at which it is directed.
Consequently, for sensations – and, in particular, pains – to be genuinely intentional, we must be able to distinguish three things – the intentional object, the mode and the content. Translating from the case of thoughts to that of pain-states, Crane analyses the example of a pain in one's ankle. This is, in Crane's terminology rather than Armstrong's, a transitive form of awareness – an awareness of one's ankle, which is the object of the state and which is presented to one in a certain way. In the case of thoughts, the answer to the question "what is your thought about?" gives the intentional object of your thought. Pains are not about things, Crane says, so instead of asking what your pain is about, we ask where it hurts, and the answer gives the intentional object of the pain. That there is a relational structure is shown by the distinction between the subject of the experience and the object, the region that hurts; and that there is an intentional object is shown by the mind being directed on that region. As with other intentional objects – such as beliefs about Father Christmas – there are cases where the object doesn't exist; in the case of pain, phantom limbs.
Searle and others had objected to the intentionality of pain-states in favour of an alternative presentation. In "X is conscious of Y", Y is usually the intentional object of X's consciousness, as when Y is an approaching bus or a knock on the door. Consequently, it is natural to think of "X is conscious of a pain" as an intentional relation between X and a pain-object. However, in the case of buses or knocks on doors, my conscious state is intentional because it makes reference to something outside itself, whereas in the case of a pain, say Searle and company, the pain is not intentional because it doesn't represent anything beyond itself. There are two ways of defending against this criticism. One is to defend the "consciousness of pain-objects" thesis directly, but Crane's preferred approach is to abandon pain-objects and present the intentionality of pain-states as given in previous paragraphs; namely, by attempting a better understanding of the locations of pains.
Having a feeling of a bodily location is essential to normal sensations. Attending to a sensation is attending to the apparent part of the body where the sensation appears to be; not necessarily a precise location (for sensations such as nausea or exhaustion), but the point is that it must be felt somewhere in one's body. This explains why making sense of a sensation of one's own ten inches outside one's left shoulder is so difficult. Phantom limbs are not counter-examples because in this case the body is felt to extend further than in fact it does, so the pain is still felt within the body insofar as the body feels to the sufferer.
Crane continues to spell out what's involved in his intentional interpretation of pain. The intentional object of one's pain is not necessarily presented as it is anatomically. One may have a pain in one's liver without knowing that the liver is where the pain is, or even that one has a liver, but merely that it's "over here". This is the aspectual shape of bodily sensations; their objects are presented in certain ways to the exclusion of others, so that two sensation-states could converge on the same object presented in different ways. The content of the sensation-state is how it presents the part of the body as being, so that the content of a phantom-limb pain "in" a leg can correctly be "my leg hurts".
The intentional mode is a mode of feeling. Crane draws an analogy between internal and external sensations; pain is a kind of feeling just as seeing is a kind of perceiving. The various ways of feeling one's body are the intentional modes, which have parts of the body as their intentional objects.
What are the Intentional Objects of Pain-States?
So, Crane favours parts of the body over pain-objects as the intentional objects of pain states. Parts of the body are straightforward real things that can be individuated. Pain objects are obscure in that they would have to be partly like objects (as they can move and return) and partly like events (in that they have duration). What this means is that a pain that moves from the shoulder to the back, say, would be considered as the same object – a complete thing that's moving about. An event – a flood being the classic example – isn't a complete thing, but consists in changes occurring in other things.
However, Crane owes us more of an explanation of how his intentional objects remain the same over time. If pains can really move and be the same pain, what connects the pain in my back to the pain in my shoulder that it once was, especially if pains are individuated by location? He might try the analogy of a wave. At any particular instant, the wave is located in the water of which it is constituted. However, the wave moves – it is located in different stretches of water as it does so (individual water molecules simply bob up and down as the wave passes). So, a moving pain can be located in different parts of the body as it moves, and yet remain the same pain.
The pain is in my hand.
The pain is in my pocket".
This is invalid, as Block has pointed out; but why, asks Crane, should it be invalid if pains are objects that occupy space and therefore occupy a space containing that space? As I've remarked above, I'm not convinced any self-respecting mental-object supporter would say that pain-objects occupy space. Block's paradox is puzzling, since it only seems to depend on the transitivity of the relation "x is in y". It is important for our purposes to understand this paradox, as otherwise it might be possible that some resolutions could resurrect pain-objects.
I want to be in a ghetto.
Crane is not convinced by Tye, since he thinks the invalidity of (4)-(6) is obviously due to the fact that one can represent the object of one's desire without revealing all the facts about it (ie. "provided it's not located somewhere ghastly"). While Crane agrees that Tye is right that "in" is not ambiguous in this case, there's no parallel to (1)-(3) where no object is being presented in multiple ways. I think I agree with Block, that when we're saying the pain is in my hand, we're not using "in" in the same sense as we're using it in saying the hand is in my pocket, though Crane comes to discuss this shortly.
The hole is in my trousers.
The hole is in the cupboard.
This looks like the same sort of argument as (1)-(3) but with no intensional context. Casati's explanation is that "in" is ambiguous in this case. In (7) it represents causal or ontological dependence of the hole on the trousers, while in (8) there is no such dependence.
Crane asks whether this explanation would work for (1)-(3), ie. could the "in" in (1) represent the causal or ontological dependence of the pain on the hand, which, together with the fact that my hand is not dependent on my pocket explain the ambiguity of (1)-(3)? Crane thinks not, because a pain cannot be ontologically or causally dependent on a phantom limb, and a phantom limb patient could rehearse the argument (1)-(3).
Crane thinks the right answer is that the pain-state, while not ontologically or causally dependent on the hand, is intentionally individuated by the hand. The pain-state requires an object to complete it, just as a thought does; my pain is individuated by my hand, which is part of what makes it the pain it is. But, just as we can think about a non-existent Pegasus, so I can have a pain in a non-existent hand. "In" expresses intentional individuation, when it comes to pain states, but not when it comes to hands in pockets. If this is the case, I can't see why Crane objects to the ambiguity of "in". Presumably it's just the reason for the ambiguity he's objecting to.
Intentional individuation is not relational, since X can intentionally individuate Y even when X doesn't exist. This contrasts with causal or ontological dependence. Crane says that Jackson is right that the phantom limb case shows that sensation statements don't essentially relate persons to parts of their body, but wrong to bring in mental objects. The problem is not with the object (body-part versus pain-object) but with relational versus intentional individuation.
Crane thinks that an advantage of his view is that it allows him to talk of pains being "in" parts of the body without talk of literal pain-objects. Crane is suspicious of pain-objects, not only because they are unnecessary, but because not all languages talk about pains as if they were objects, so talk of pain-objects may simply be an artefact of English idiom.
While I'm not convinced that pains as mental objects fall prey to knock-down paradoxical arguments, they don't seem to be ontologically necessary, and should fall prey to a swish of Occam's razor.
§24 of "Crane (Tim) - Consciousness".
See "Crane (Tim) - Mind".
Existential inference ("Father Christmas exists").


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text:
Media Ownership Monitor Egypt
This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on2022/01/21 at 21:09
Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & [PartnerName] - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Nogoum FM
Nogoum FM was launched in 2003. It is the first private radio station of the country and broadcast from the Media Production City. It reaches about 30 million listeners in Greater Cairo and its suburbs (Cairo, Giza and Qalyoubia governorates). Nogoum FM offers free entertainment content as well as coverage of political and cultural issues. Nogoum FM launched Nogoum FM TV in May 2015 and became the first radio available on television in the Middle East. Nogoum TV can be accessed via Nilesat and on the Internet.
Both Nogoum FM and TV are owned by Nile Radio Productions (NRP), a private company headed by Ayman Salem, that also owns NileFM, Nogoum Records and NRP Music.
Data Unavailable
ownership data is not publicly available, company/channel denies the release of information or does not respond, no public record exists
Nile Radio Productions (NRP)
NRP is owned by Taher Helmy and the Good News Company, which in turn is owned by Emad El Din Adeeband his family. There is no information available about other shareholders of NRP.
Taher Helmy
Emad El Din Adeeb
Ayman Salem, is the CEO Nile Radio Productions (NRP).
Rami Mohsen, is Nogoum FM & TV Network Director.
Public Free Media Zone, Media City, Gate 2
6th Of October, Cairo
nogoumfm.net
There is no information available on the station's listening rates. However, the MOM team relied on its advisory group to include Nogoum FM in the database as one of Egypt most popular radio stations.
Nogoum FM (2017). Four new successes for "Nogoum FM" in 2017. Accessed on 27 October 2018.
Nogoum FM. About Us. Accessed on 7 January 2019.
Youm 7 (2017). بالصور.. للعام الثانى على التوالى..نجوم إف إم تحصد جائزة أفضل راديو. Accessed on 7 January 2019.
English اللغة العربية
State-Owned Media
Secret Services on Air
Unfriendly Takeovers
Censorship and Beyond
Political Affiliations
Reporter ohne Grenzen e. V., Potsdamer Str. 144, 10783 Berlin
Phone : +49 30 60989533 - 0
Fax: +49 30 60989533 - 29
Email : mom@reporter-ohne-grenzen.de
This website is updated regularly. Do not hesitate to contact us, should you have information questions or remarks to share: mom@reporter-ohne-grenzen.de


text:
Chaldea () was a small country that existed between the late 10th or early 9th and mid-6th centuries BC, after which the country and its people were absorbed and assimilated into the indigenous population of Babylonia. Semitic-speaking, it was located in the marshy land of the far southeastern corner of Mesopotamia and briefly came to rule Babylon. The Hebrew Bible uses the term  (Kaśdim) and this is translated as Chaldaeans in the Greek Old Testament, although there is some dispute as to whether Kasdim in fact means Chaldean or refers to the south Mesopotamian Kaldu.

During a period of weakness in the East Semitic-speaking kingdom of Babylonia, new tribes of West Semitic-speaking migrants arrived in the region from the Levant between the 11th and 9th centuries BC. The earliest waves consisted of Suteans and Arameans, followed a century or so later by the Kaldu, a group who became known later as the Chaldeans or the Chaldees. These migrations did not affect the powerful kingdom and empire of Assyria in Upper Mesopotamia, which repelled these incursions.

These nomadic Chaldeans settled in the far southeastern portion of Babylonia, chiefly on the left bank of the Euphrates. Though for a short time the name commonly referred to the whole of southern Mesopotamia in Hebraic literature, this was a geographical and historical misnomer as Chaldea proper was in fact only the plain in the far southeast formed by the deposits of the Euphrates and the Tigris, extending about  along the course of these rivers and averaging about  in width.
 There were several kings of Chaldean origins who ruled Babylonia. From 626 BC to 539 BC, a ruling family referred to as the Chaldean dynasty, named after their possible Chaldean origin, ruled the kingdom at its height under the Neo-Babylonian Empire, although the final ruler of this empire, Nabonidus (556–539 BC) (and his son and regent Belshazzar) was a usurper of Assyrian ancestry.

Name
The name Chaldaea is a latinization of the Greek  (), a hellenization of Akkadian  or . The name appears in Hebrew in the Bible as  () and in Aramaic as  ().

The Hebrew word possibly appears in the Bible (Book of Genesis 22:22) in the name "Kesed"(כשד), the singular form of "Kasdim"(כַּשְׂדִּים), meaning Chaldeans. Kesed is identified as son of Abraham's brother Nahor (and brother of Kemuel the father of Aram), residing in Aram Naharaim. Jewish historian Flavius Josephus (37 – c. 100) also links Arphaxad and Chaldaea, in his Antiquities of the Jews, stating, "Arphaxad named the Arphaxadites, who are now called Chaldeans."

Land
In the early period, between the early 9th century and late 7th century BC, mat Kaldi was the name of a small sporadically independent migrant-founded territory under the domination of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–605 BC) in southeastern Babylonia, extending to the western shores of the Persian Gulf.

The expression  mat Bit Yâkin is also used, apparently synonymously. Bit Yâkin was the name of the largest and most powerful of the five tribes of the Chaldeans, or equivalently, their territory.
The original extension of Bit Yâkin is not known precisely, but it extended from the lower Tigris into the Arabian Peninsula. Sargon II mentions it as extending as far as Dilmun or "sea-land" (littoral Eastern Arabia). "Chaldea" or mat Kaldi generally referred to the low, marshy, alluvial land around the estuaries of the Tigris and Euphrates, which at the time discharged their waters through separate mouths into the sea.

The tribal capital Dur Yâkin was the original seat of Marduk-Baladan.

The king of Chaldea was also called the king of Bit Yakin, just as the kings of Babylonia and Assyria were regularly styled simply king of Babylon or Assur, the capital city in each case. In the same way, what is now known as the Persian Gulf was sometimes called "the Sea of Bit Yakin", and sometimes "the Sea of the Land of Chaldea".

"Chaldea" came to be used in a wider sense, of Southern Mesopotamia in general, following the brief ascendancy of the Chaldeans during 608–557 BC. This is especially the case in the Hebrew Bible, which was substantially composed during this period (roughly corresponding to the period of Babylonian captivity). The Book of Jeremiah makes frequent reference to the Chaldeans (King James Version Chaldees following LXX ; in Biblical Hebrew as Kasdîm ).
Book of Habakkuk 1:6 calls them  "that bitter and hasty nation" (). Book of Isaiah 23:13 DRB states, "Behold the land of the Chaldeans, there was not such a people, the Assyrians founded it: they have led away the strong ones thereof into captivity, they have destroyed the houses thereof, they have brought it to ruin."

Ancient Chaldeans
Unlike the East Semitic Akkadian-speaking Akkadians, Assyrians and Babylonians, whose ancestors had been established in Mesopotamia since at least the 30th century BC, the Chaldeans were not a native Mesopotamian people, but were late 10th or early 9th century BC West Semitic Levantine migrants to the southeastern corner of the region, who had played no part in the previous 3,000 years or so of Sumero-Akkadian and Assyro-Babylonian Mesopotamian civilization and history.

The ancient Chaldeans seem to have migrated into Mesopotamia sometime between c. 940–860 BC, a century or so after other new Semitic arrivals, the Arameans and the Suteans, appeared in Babylonia, c. 1100 BC. According to Ran Zadok, they first appear in written record in cylinder inscriptions of the King of Mari Aššur-ketta-lēšir II (late 12th-early 11th century BC), which record them reaching Messopotamia as early as the 11th century BC. They later appear in the annals of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III during the 850s BC. This was a period of weakness in Babylonia, and its ineffectual native kings were unable to prevent new waves of semi-nomadic foreign peoples from invading and settling in the land.

Though belonging to the same West Semitic speaking ethnic group and migrating from the same Levantine regions as the earlier arriving Aramaeans, they are to be differentiated; the Assyrian king Sennacherib, for example, carefully distinguishes them in his inscriptions.

The Chaldeans were for a time able to keep their identity despite the dominant native Assyro-Babylonian (Sumero-Akkadian-derived) culture although, as was the case for the earlier Amorites, Kassites and Suteans before them, by the time Babylon fell in 539 BC, perhaps before, the Chaldeans ceased to exist as a specific race of people.

In the Hebrew Bible, "Ur of the Chaldees" (Ur Kaśdim) is cited as the starting point of the patriarch Abraham's journey to Canaan.

Language
Ancient Chaldeans originally spoke a West Semitic language similar to ancient Aramaic language. During the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III introduced an Eastern Aramaic dialect as the lingua franca of his empire in the mid-8th century BC. As a result of this innovation, in late periods both the Babylonian and Assyrian dialects of Akkadian became marginalized, and Akkadian influenced Mesopotamian Aramaic took its place across Mesopotamia, including among the Chaldeans, and later, also the Levant. One form of this once widespread Aramaic language was used in some books of the Hebrew Bible (the Book of Daniel and the Book of Ezra). The use of the name "Chaldean" (Chaldaic, Chaldee) to describe it, first introduced by Jerome of Stridon (d. 420), became common in early Aramaic studies, but that misnomer was later corrected, when modern scholars concluded that the Aramaic dialect used in the Hebrew Bible was not related to the ancient Chaldeans and their language.

History

The region that the Chaldeans eventually made their homeland was in relatively poor southeastern Mesopotamia, at the head of the Persian Gulf. They appear to have migrated into southern Babylonia from the Levant at some unknown point between the end of the reign of Ninurta-kudurri-usur II (a contemporary of Tiglath-Pileser II) circa 940 BC, and the start of the reign of Marduk-zakir-shumi I in 855 BC, although there is no historical proof of their existence prior to the late 850s BC.

For perhaps a century or so after settling in the area, these semi-nomadic migrant Chaldean tribes had no impact on the pages of history, seemingly remaining subjugated by the native Akkadian speaking kings of Babylon or by perhaps regionally influential Aramean tribes. The main players in southern Mesopotamia during this period were Babylonia and Assyria, together with Elam to the east and the Aramaeans, who had already settled in the region a century or so prior to the arrival of the Chaldeans.

The very first written historical attestation of the existence of Chaldeans occurs in 852 BC, in the annals of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III, who mentions invading the southeastern extremes of Babylonia and subjugating one Mushallim-Marduk, the chief of the Amukani tribe and overall leader of the Kaldu tribes, together with capturing the town of Baqani, extracting tribute from Adini, chief of the Bet-Dakkuri, another Chaldean tribe.

Shalmaneser III had invaded Babylonia at the request of its own king, Marduk-zakir-shumi I, who, being threatened by his own rebellious relations, together with powerful Aramean tribes pleaded with the more powerful Assyrian king for help. The subjugation of the Chaldean tribes by the Assyrian king appears to have been an aside, as they were not at that time a powerful force or a threat to the native Babylonian king.

Important Kaldu tribes and their regions in southeastern Babylonia were Bit-Yâkin (the original area the Chaldeans settled in on the Persian Gulf), Bet-Dakuri, Bet-Adini, Bet-Amukkani, and Bet-Shilani.

Chaldean leaders had by this time already adopted Assyro-Babylonian names, religion, language, and customs, indicating that they had become Akkadianized to a great degree.

The Chaldeans remained quietly ruled by the native Babylonians (who were in turn subjugated by their Assyrian relations) for the next seventy-two years, only coming to historical prominence for the first time in Babylonia in 780 BC, when a previously unknown Chaldean named Marduk-apla-usur usurped the throne from the native Babylonian king Marduk-bel-zeri (790–780 BC). The latter was a vassal of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser IV (783–773 BC), who was otherwise occupied quelling a civil war in Assyria at the time.

This was to set a precedent for all future Chaldean aspirations on Babylon during the Neo-Assyrian Empire; always too weak to confront a strong Assyria alone and directly, the Chaldeans awaited periods when Assyrian kings were distracted elsewhere in their vast empire, or engaged in internal conflicts, then, in alliance with other powers stronger than themselves (usually Elam), they made a bid for control over Babylonia.

Shalmaneser IV attacked and defeated Marduk-apla-user, retaking northern Babylonia and forcing on him a border treaty in Assyria's favour. The Assyrians allowed him to remain on the throne, although subject to Assyria. Eriba-Marduk, another Chaldean, succeeded him in 769 BC and his son, Nabu-shuma-ishkun in 761 BC, with both being dominated by the new Assyrian king Ashur-Dan III (772–755 BC). Babylonia appears to have been in a state of chaos during this time, with the north occupied by Assyria, its throne occupied by foreign Chaldeans, and continual civil unrest throughout the land.

The Chaldean rule proved short-lived. A native Babylonian king named Nabonassar (748–734 BC) defeated and overthrew the Chaldean usurpers in 748 BC, restored indigenous rule, and successfully stabilised Babylonia. The Chaldeans once more faded into obscurity for the next three decades. During this time both the Babylonians and the Chaldean and Aramean migrant groups who had settled in the land once more fell completely under the yoke of the powerful Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BC), a ruler who introduced Imperial Aramaic as the lingua franca of the empire. The Assyrian king at first made Nabonassar and his successor native Babylonian kings Nabu-nadin-zeri, Nabu-suma-ukin II and Nabu-mukin-zeri his subjects, but decided to rule Babylonia directly from 729 BC. He was followed by Shalmaneser V (727–722 BC), who also ruled Babylon in person.

When Sargon II (722–705 BC) ascended the throne of the Assyrian Empire in 722 BC after the death of Shalmaneser V, he was forced to launch a major campaign in his subject states of Persia, Mannea and Media in Ancient Iran to defend his territories there. He defeated and drove out the Scythians and Cimmerians who had attacked Assyria's Persian and Median vassal colonies in the region. At the same time, Egypt began encouraging and supporting the rebellion against Assyria in Israel and Canaan, forcing the Assyrians to send troops to deal with the Egyptians.

These events allowed the Chaldeans to once more attempt to assert themselves. While the Assyrian king was otherwise occupied defending his Iranian colonies from the Scythians and Cimmerians and driving the Egyptians from Canaan, Marduk-apla-iddina II (the Biblical Merodach-Baladan) of Bit-Yâkin, allied himself with the powerful Elamite kingdom and the native Babylonians, briefly seizing control of Babylon between 721 and 710 BC. With the Scythians and Cimmerians vanquished, the Medes and Persians pledging loyalty, and the Egyptians defeated and ejected from southern Canaan, Sargon II was free at last to deal with the Chaldeans, Babylonians, and Elamites. He attacked and deposed Marduk-apla-adding II in 710 BC, also defeating his Elamite allies in the process. After defeat by the Assyrians, Merodach-Baladan fled to his protectors in Elam

In 703, Merodach-Baladan very briefly regained the throne from a native Akkadian-Babylonian ruler Marduk-zakir-shumi II, who was a puppet of the new Assyrian king, Sennacherib (705–681 BC). He was once more soundly defeated at Kish, and once again fled to Elam where he died in exile after one final failed attempt to raise a revolt against Assyria in 700 BC, this time not in Babylon, but in the Chaldean tribal land of Bit-Yâkin. A native Babylonian king named Bel-ibni (703–701 BC) was placed on the throne as a puppet of Assyria.

The next challenge to Assyrian domination came from the Elamites in 694 BC, with Nergal-ushezib deposing and murdering Ashur-nadin-shumi (700–694 BC), the Assyrian prince who was king of Babylon and son of Sennacherib. The Chaldeans and Babylonians again allied with their more powerful Elamite neighbors in this endeavour. This prompted the enraged Assyrian king Sennacherib to invade and subjugate Elam and Chaldea and to sack Babylon, laying waste to and largely destroying the city. Babylon was regarded as a sacred city by all Mesopotamians, including the Assyrians, and this act eventually resulted in Sennacherib's being murdered by his own sons while he was praying to the god Nisroch in Nineveh.

Esarhaddon (681–669 BC) succeeded Sennacherib as ruler of the Assyrian Empire. He completely rebuilt Babylon and brought peace to the region. He conquered Egypt, Nubia and Libya and entrenched his mastery over the Persians, Medes, Parthians, Scythians, Cimmerians, Arameans, Israelites, Phoenicians, Canaanites, Urartians, Pontic Greeks, Cilicians, Phrygians, Lydians, Manneans and Arabs. For the next 60 or so years, Babylon and Chaldea remained peacefully under direct Assyrian control. The Chaldeans remained subjugated and quiet during this period, and the next major revolt in Babylon against the Assyrian empire was fermented not by a Chaldean, Babylonian or Elamite, but by Shamash-shum-ukin, who was an Assyrian king of Babylon, and elder brother of Ashurbanipal (668–627 BC), the new ruler of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.

Shamash-shum-ukin (668–648 BC) had become infused with Babylonian nationalism after sixteen years peacefully subject to his brother, and despite being Assyrian himself, declared that the city of Babylon and not Nineveh or Assur should be the seat of the empire.

In 652 BC, he raised a powerful coalition of peoples resentful of their subjugation to Assyria against his own brother Ashurbanipal. The alliance included the Babylonians, Persians, Chaldeans, Medes, Elamites, Sultans, Arameans, Israelites, Arabs and Canaanites, together with some disaffected elements among the Assyrians themselves. After a bitter struggle lasting five years, the Assyrian king triumphed over his rebellious brother in 648 BC, Elam was utterly destroyed, and the Babylonians, Persians, Medes, Chaldeans, Arabs, and others were savagely punished. An Assyrian governor named Kandalanu was then placed on the throne of Babylon to rule on behalf of Ashurbanipal. The next 22 years were peaceful, and neither the Babylonians nor Chaldeans posed a threat to the dominance of Ashurbanipal.

However, after the death of the mighty Ashurbanipal (and Kandalanu) in 627 BC, the Neo-Assyrian Empire descended into a series of bitter internal dynastic civil wars that were to be the cause of its downfall.

Ashur-etil-ilani (626–623 BC) ascended to the throne of the empire in 626 BC but was immediately engulfed in a torrent of fierce rebellions instigated by rival claimants. He was deposed in 623 BC by an Assyrian general (turtanu) named Sin-shumu-lishir (623–622 BC), who was also declared king of Babylon. Sin-shar-ishkun (622–612 BC), the brother of Ashur-etil-ilani, took back the throne of empire from Sin-shumu-lishir in 622 BC, but was then himself faced with unremitting rebellion against his rule by his own people. Continual conflict among the Assyrians led to a myriad of subject peoples, from Cyprus to Persia and The Caucasus to Egypt, quietly reasserting their independence and ceasing to pay tribute to Assyria.

Nabopolassar, a previously obscure and unknown Chaldean chieftain, followed the opportunistic tactics laid down by previous Chaldean leaders to take advantage of the chaos and anarchy gripping Assyria and Babylonia and seized the city of Babylon in 620 BC with the help of its native Babylonian inhabitants.

Sin-shar-ishkun amassed a powerful army and marched into Babylon to regain control of the region. Nabopolassar was saved from likely destruction because yet another massive Assyrian rebellion broke out in Assyria proper, including the capital Nineveh, which forced the Assyrian king to turn back in order to quell the revolt. Nabopolassar took advantage of this situation, seizing the ancient city of Nippur in 619 BC, a mainstay of pro-Assyrianism in Babylonia, and thus Babylonia as a whole.

However, his position was still far from secure, and bitter fighting continued in the Babylonian heartlands from 620 to 615 BC, with Assyrian forces encamped in Babylonia in an attempt to eject Nabopolassar. Nabopolassar attempted a counterattack, marched his army into Assyria proper in 616 BC, and tried to besiege Assur and Arrapha (modern Kirkuk), but was defeated by Sin-shar-ishkun and chased back into Babylonia after being driven from Idiqlat (modern Tikrit) at the southernmost end of Assyria. A stalemate seemed to have ensued, with Nabopolassar unable to make any inroads into Assyria despite its greatly weakened state, and Sin-shar-ishkun unable to eject Nabopolassar from Babylonia due to constant rebellions and civil war among his own people.

Nabopolassar's position, and the fate of the Assyrian empire, was sealed when he entered into an alliance with another of Assyria's former vassals, the Medes, the now dominant people of what was to become Persia. The Median Cyaxares had also recently taken advantage of the anarchy in the Assyrian Empire, while officially still a vassal of Assyria, he took the opportunity to meld the Iranian peoples; the Medes, Persians, Sagartians and Parthians, into a large and powerful Median-dominated force. The Medes, Persians, Parthians, Chaldeans and Babylonians formed an alliance that also included the Scythians and Cimmerians to the north.

While Sin-shar-ishkun was fighting both the rebels in Assyria and the Chaldeans and Babylonians in southern Mesopotamia, Cyaxares (hitherto a vassal of Assyria), in alliance with the Scythians and Cimmerians launched a surprise attack on civil-war-beleaguered Assyria in 615 BC, sacking Kalhu (the Biblical Calah/Nimrud) and taking Arrapkha (modern Kirkuk). Nabopolassar, still pinned down in southern Mesopotamia, was not involved in this major breakthrough against Assyria. From this point however, the alliance of Medes, Persians, Chaldeans, Babylonians, Sagartians, Scythians and Cimmerians fought in unison against Assyria.

Despite the sorely depleted state of Assyria, bitter fighting ensued. Throughout 614 BC the alliance of powers continued to make inroads into Assyria itself, although in 613 BC the Assyrians somehow rallied to score a number of counterattacking victories over the Medes-Persians, Babylonians-Chaldeans and Scythians-Cimmerians. This led to a coalition of forces ranged against it to unite and launch a massive combined attack in 612 BC, finally besieging and sacking Nineveh in late 612 BC, killing Sin-shar-ishkun in the process.

A new Assyrian king, Ashur-uballit II (612–605 BC), took the crown amidst the house-to-house fighting in Nineveh, and refused a request to bow in vassalage to the rulers of the alliance. He managed to fight his way out of Nineveh and reach the northern Assyrian city of Harran, where he founded a new capital. Assyria resisted for another seven years until 605 BC, when the remnants of the Assyrian army and the army of the Egyptians, whose 26th Dynasty had formed a brief allied coalition with the Assyrians, were defeated at Karchemish. Nabopolassar and his Median, Scythian and Cimmerian allies were now in possession of much of the huge Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Egyptians had belatedly come to the aid of Assyria, which they would have hoped to support as a secure buffer between Egypt and the new powers of Babylon, Medes and Persians, having already been raided by the Scythians.

The Chaldean king of Babylon now ruled all of southern Mesopotamia (Assyria in the north was ruled by the Medes), and the former Assyrian possessions of Aram (Syria), Phoenicia, Israel, Cyprus, Edom, Philistia, and parts of Arabia, while the Medes took control of the former Assyrian colonies in Ancient Iran, Asia Minor and the Caucasus.

Nabopolassar was not able to enjoy his success for long, dying in 604 BC, only one year after the victory at Karchemish. He was succeeded by his son, who took the name Nebuchadnezzar II, after the unrelated 12th century BC native Akkadian-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar I, indicating the extent to which the migrant Chaldeans had become infused with native Mesopotamian culture.

Nebuchadnezzar II and his allies may well have been forced to deal with remnants of Assyrian resistance based in and around Dur-Katlimmu, as Assyrian imperial records continue to be dated in this region between 604 and 599 BC. In addition, the Egyptians remained in the region an attempt to revive the Asian colonies of the ancient Egyptian Empire.

Nebuchadnezzar II was to prove himself to be the greatest of the Chaldean rulers, rivaling another non-native ruler, the 18th century BC Amorite king Hammurabi, as the greatest king of Babylon. He was a patron of the cities and a spectacular builder, rebuilding all of Babylonia's major cities on a lavish scale. His building activity at Babylon, expanding on the earlier major and impressive rebuilding of the Assyrian king Esarhaddon, helped to turn it into the immense and beautiful city of legend. Babylon covered more than , surrounded by moats and ringed by a double circuit of walls. The Euphrates flowed through the center of the city, spanned by a beautiful stone bridge. At the center of the city rose the giant ziggurat called Etemenanki, "House of the Frontier Between Heaven and Earth," which lay next to the Temple of Marduk. He is also believed by many historians to have built The Hanging Gardens of Babylon (although others believe these gardens were built much earlier by an Assyrian king in Nineveh) for his wife, a Median princess from the green mountains, so that she would feel at home.

A capable leader, Nebuchadnezzar II conducted successful military campaigns; cities like Tyre, Sidon and Damascus were subjugated. He also conducted numerous campaigns in Asia Minor against the Scythians, Cimmerians, and Lydians. Like their Assyrian relations, the Babylonians had to campaign yearly in order to control their colonies.

In 601 BC, Nebuchadnezzar II was involved in a major but inconclusive battle against the Egyptians. In 599 BC, he invaded Arabia and routed the Arabs at Qedar. In 597 BC, he invaded Judah, captured Jerusalem after the siege of Jerusalem (597 BC) and deposed its king Jehoiachin, carrying the Israelites into captivity in Babylon. Egyptian and Babylonian armies fought each other for control of the Near East throughout much of Nebuchadnezzar's reign, and this encouraged king Zedekiah of Judah to revolt. After an eighteen-month siege, Jerusalem was captured in 587 BC, thousands of Jews were deported to Babylon, and Solomon's Temple was razed to the ground.

Nebuchadnezzar successfully fought the Pharaohs Psammetichus II and Apries throughout his reign, and during the reign of Pharaoh Amasis in 568 BC it is rumoured that he may have briefly invaded Egypt itself.

By 572, Nebuchadnezzar was in full control of Babylonia, Chaldea, Aramea (Syria), Phonecia, Israel, Judah, Philistia, Samarra, Jordan, northern Arabia, and parts of Asia Minor. Nebuchadnezzar died of illness in 562 BC after a one-year co-reign with his son, Amel-Marduk, who was deposed in 560 BC after a reign of only two years.

End of the Chaldean dynasty
Neriglissar succeeded Amel-Marduk. It is unclear as to whether he was in fact an ethnic Chaldean or a native Babylonian nobleman, as he was not related by blood to Nabopolassar's descendants, having married into the ruling family. He conducted successful military campaigns against the Hellenic inhabitants of Cilicia, which had threatened Babylonian interests. Neriglissar reigned for only four years and was succeeded by the youthful Labashi-Marduk in 556 BC. Again, it is unclear whether he was a Chaldean or a native Babylonian.

Labashi-Marduk reigned only for a matter of months, being deposed by Nabonidus in late 556 BC. Nabonidus was certainly not a Chaldean, but an Assyrian from Harran, the last capital of Assyria, and proved to be the final native Mesopotamian king of Babylon. He and his son, the regent Belshazzar, were deposed by the Persians under Cyrus the Great in 539 BC.

When the Babylonian Empire was absorbed into the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the name "Chaldean" lost its meaning in reference to a particular ethnicity or land, but lingered for a while as a term solely and explicitly used to describe a societal class of astrologers and astronomers in southern Mesopotamia. The original Chaldean tribe had long ago became Akkadianized, adopting Akkadian culture, religion, language and customs, blending into the majority native population, and eventually wholly disappearing as a distinct race of people, as had been the case with other preceding migrant peoples, such as the Amorites, Kassites, Suteans and Arameans of Babylonia.

The Persians considered this Chaldean societal class to be masters of reading and writing, and especially versed in all forms of incantation, sorcery, witchcraft, and the magical arts. They spoke of astrologists and astronomers as Chaldeans, and it is used with this specific meaning in the Book of Daniel (Dan. i. 4, ii. 2 et seq.) and by classical writers, such as Strabo.

The disappearance of the Chaldeans as an ethnicity and Chaldea as a land is evidenced by the fact that the Persian rulers of the Achaemenid Empire (539–330 BC) did not retain a province called "Chaldea", nor did they refer to "Chaldeans" as a race of people in their written annals. This is in contrast to Assyria, and for a time Babylonia also, where the Persians retained the names Assyria and Babylonia as designations for distinct geo-political entities within the Achaemenid Empire. In the case of the Assyrians in particular, Achaemenid records show Assyrians holding important positions within the empire, particularly with regards to military and civil administration.

Legacy
The term Chaldean was still in use at the time of Cicero (106–43 BC) long after the Chaldeans had disappeared, who in one of his speeches mentions "Chaldean astrologers", and speaks of them more than once in his De Divinatione. Other classical Latin writers who speak of them as distinguished for their knowledge of astronomy and astrology are Pliny the Elder, Valerius Maximus, Aulus Gellius, Cato the Elder, Lucretius, and Juvenal. Horace  in his Carpe diem ode speaks of the "Babylonian calculations" (Babylonii numeri), the horoscopes of astrologers consulted regarding the future.

In the late antiquity, a variant of Aramaic language that was used in some books of the Bible was misnamed as Chaldean by Jerome of Stridon. That inaccurate usage continued down the centuries in Western Europe, and it was still customary during the nineteenth century, until the misnomer was corrected by scholars. In West Asian, Greek and Hebraic sources, however, the term for the language spoken in Mesopotamia was commonly "Assyrian" and later also "Syriac".  Accordingly, in the earliest recorded "Western" mentions of the Christians of what is now Iraq and nearby countries, "Chaldean" is used with reference to their language. In 1220/1, Jacques de Vitry wrote that "they denied that Mary was the Mother of God and claimed that Christ existed in two persons. They consecrated leavened bread and used the 'Chaldean' (Syriac) language". In the fifteenth century the term "Chaldeans" was first applied specifically to Assyrians living in Cyprus who entered a union with Rome, and no longer merely with reference to their language but the name of a new church.

The common ethnic term for the Aramaic-speaking inhabitants of Northern Mesopotamia used by the people themselves and their Persian, Armenian, Arab, Greek, Georgian and Kurdish neighbours both before and after the advent of Christianity in Iraq, Northeast Syria, Southeast Turkey and Northwest Iran, however, was always Assyrian, and also Syrian (a later derivation of Assyrian), the Assyrian continuity in these regions being well documented.

References

Sources

External links

States and territories established in the 10th century BC
States and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC
Ancient peoples
Babylonia
Ancient Mesopotamia
Ur of the Chaldees
Former kingdoms

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It was a weekend of close calls for GB Judo as six judoka made it through to bronze medal contests in European Opens held in Rome and Oberwart.
Saturday started off in furious style as Neil MacDonald (-60kg) displayed excellent judo throughout a flawless morning as he made his way to the semi finals despatching Adonis Diaz (USA) and Bas Koffijberg (NED), but he came up against a tough opponent, and eventual champion, Taikoh Fujisaka (JPN) in the quarter-finals. This proved a step too far for the 19 year old as Fujisaka used his experience to win be a single wazari. MacDonald made his way into the repechage as he defeated Sakhavat Gadzhiev but fell to World No.11 Vincent Limare in the bronze medal contest.
Sam Hall (-66kg) displayed a similar level of intensity of MacDonald as he brushed aside home favourite Gabriele Sulli, before going on to defeat Michal Bartusik (POL), Daniel Cargnin (BRA), and Joao Crisostomo (POR) before falling to defeat against Matteo Medves (ITA) at the semi final stage. This meant Sam would also fight for bronze where he came up against Joshiro Maruyama (JPN) but could not bring back the bronze.
In the -73kg category, Daniel Powell started the day well with victory in the first round but could not progress past the second round falling to Frenchman Guillaume Chaine. Eric Ham, however, looked like he might be able to claim his first European Open medal as he started the morning in good form to move into the quarter final but came up against eventual bronze medal winner Marcelo Contini (BRA) and fell to a well executed ippon and suffered a similar fate in the repechage. A seventh place finish none the less!
Top seeded -100kg British Champion Ben Fletcher had looked on course for the final before being defeated by Johannes Frey (GER) by a single wazari. This moved the Team Bath judoka into the bronze medal contest where he used his experience to oust Italian Giuiliano Loporchio to bring back the medal. Andrew Melbourne (+100kg) also progressed to the bronze medal fight but could not find a way past Tamerlan Bashaev (RUS) and was awarded 3 shidos.
In Oberwart, the female GB squad looked in similar form as Kimberley Renicks (-48kg) showed good composure to move into the quarter finals but came up against inspired World No.2 Bokyeong Jeong (KOR) but this proved too much for Renicks as she moved into the repechage. She came up against Italian Michela Fiorini and defeated her via a single wazari but again fell to a Korean fighter, this time Yujeong Kang in the bronze medal fight.
It wasn't to be for Chelsie Giles (-52kg) as she was eliminated in the first round along with returning Amy Livesey (-63kg) and Michelle Boyle (+78kg), while Lubjana Piovesana (-63kg) fared one round better before elimination in the second round.
Gemma Howell (-70kg) flew the GB flag in the bronze medal contest as the Wolverhampton judoka won her two opening fights via ippon to move into the quarter final but came up against World No.5 Kelita Zupancic (CAN) and fell into the repechage. A quick victory over Brazilian Barbara Timo meant she would be fighting for bronze against Alica Bellandi (ITA) and she pulled off a great victory throwing for waza-ari before finishing the contest with 60 seconds with some great newaza.
Anglia Ruskin and Wolverhampton Universities put in particularly strong showings with Coventry, Edinburgh and Edinburgh Napier also prominent in the medal tables.
Notably Loughborough, typically a dominant force across student sport, only took home one gold medal from Saturday's Judo.
Notably Emmanuel Nartey followed through on a promise to defend his title, claiming Gold in the men's under 73kg category for more experienced Judokas, graded at 1st Kyu and above. The University of East London PhD student is currently the 50th ranked Judoka in the world and expected nothing less than gold at the BUCS Nationals.
Other male champions in the more experienced ranks included Anglia Ruskin's Ben Caldwell (under 60kg) and Billy Goldsmith (under 66kg), and to finish off Anglia Ruskin's batch of champions Mateja Glusac triumphed in the under 100kg category. Bath's Jan Gosiewski (-81kg), Coventry's Jamal Petgrave (-90kg) also took gold and Sheffield Hallam's James Austin scored a win for the home team in the over 100kg category.
For the women graded at 1st Kyu and above there was more success for Coventry as Olivia Piechota took gold in the under 48kg category. Olivia has been practicing Judo since the age of six and is one of the most experienced competitors at the BUCS Nationals. Emma Reid also racked up a gold for Coventry in the under 78kg category.
The other women taking gold in the 1st Kyu and above categories included Kate Saunders (over 78kg) representing St. Andrews, Bath's Prisca Awiti-Alcaraz (-63kg) and Julia Scardone (-52kg) who represented the University of East London. Wolverhampton also racked up a double with Acelya Toprak and Ebony Drysdale-Daley taking gold in the -57kg and -70kg categories respectively.
Amy Platten (3rd) and Yasmin Javadian (2nd) continued their fine recent form with a bronze and silver medal respectively this weekend. The pair both medalled last week in their previous competitions at Italy. There was also a silver medal for Daniel Rabbitt (Silver, -55kg) and placings for Thomas Lish (7th, -90kg), Beau Farrance and Matthew Boyce (both 7th, +90kg), and Emily Cooper (5th, -63kg). The team will be hoping that they can continue their fine start to 2017, once the Antalya European Cup arrives on 4th and 5th March.


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