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Sonja Rom
Sonja Rom (born 24 february 1969) studied from 1992 to 1996 at the German Film and Television Academy Berlin and then for a year at the American Film Institute. With the two feature films The Mediocre and Girl on the Ball and the TV movie An Almost Perfect Love debuted in 1995 as a cinematographer. She then made films like Ted Bundy, Tiptoes and Attack Force abroad. With her camerawork she was responsible for Die Wilden Kerle, Die Wilden Kerle 2 and Die Wilden Kerle 3 in Germany. For her work on the Kriminalfernsehserie KDD - Kriminaldauerdienst, for which she shot seven episodes, she was considered at the awarding of the German Television Award 2007 in the category for the Best Camera with a nomination.
For more information press link below:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonja_Rom
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This recipe for Mediterranean Salmon Foil Packets with Lentils is a quick, healthy and tasty 30 minute meal. Best of all, can be baked or grilled with summer veggies and protein-packed lentils. These are perfect for busy summer nights, camping and cookouts. Plus recipe video.
Thanks to USA Pulses and Pulse Canada for sponsoring this post. As always all opinions are 100% my own.
Summer is all about light and simple meals and you can't beat how easy foil packet dinners are. They are all the rage right now since they take hardly any effort to throw together.
The best part though? Clean-up is a breeze with virtually no pans to scrub and no dishes to wash.
Foil packets are tasty all year round and they're especially convenient during the summer when you're camping or grilling in the backyard. Plus, they are easy to customize with whatever veggies you have on hand.
These Mediterranean Salmon Foil Packets are one of our favorite healthy meals for busy weeknights. They are fresh, flavorful and loaded with fiber and tons of protein from the additional cup of pulses I added.
Are you guys on the pulses train yet? You can find pulses everywhere these days. They are known as dry peas, chickpeas, lentils and beans.
My kids are big fans and I love incorporating them into our meals whenever I can. They're hearty, low in fat and high in protein, fiber, vitamins, as well as minerals which will help you feel full longer.
Adding a 1/2 cup serving of pulses into your diet 3x per week is so easy! You can sign up for the 4 week challenge by heading over to Half-Cup Habit, and check out all of the recipes.
In a large mixing bowl, combine the lentils, vegetables and shrimp with olive oil, sea salt, black pepper and dried herbs.
Arrange evenly around the salmon then wrap tightly in foil.
You can toss the foil packets on the grill while you're camping or cook them in the oven on a busy weeknight.
This recipe makes a healthy all-in-one meal infused with tasty herbs and flavors that just scream summer.
This recipe for Mediterranean Salmon Foil Packets with Lentils is a quick, healthy and tasty 30 minute meal. Best of all, can be baked or grilled with summer veggies and protein-packed lentils. These are perfect for busy summer nights, camping and cookouts.
Place one salmon in the middle of each piece of foil. Season with salt and pepper and drizzle with 1 tablespoon of olive oil.
In a large bowl, combine the lentils, vegetables, shrimp with garlic, olive oil, salt, pepper and dried herbs.
Toss to coat then divide evenly into each foil packet, arranging them around the salmon. Top salmon with 1 or 2 tomato halves rubbing some seasoning on the salmon.
Fold the foil bringing all sides together and close off the packets.
If cooking on the grill: Place foil packets onto grill and grill for 6 minutes, then flip over and grill for an additional 4-6 minutes (depending on the thickness of the salmon) or until salmon is flaky and shrimp is opaque and pink.
If cooking in the oven: Place foil packets on a baking sheet and cook for 15-20 minutes (rotating tray once) or until salmon is flaky and shrimp is opaque and pink. Time varies depending on the thickness of the salmon. Remove baking sheet from oven.
Carefully open packets. Serve warm with a splash of lemon and top with chopped parsley.


text:
Delayed Primaries Involve More Than Just Choosing A New Date on the Calendar
March 25, 2020 by Dan McCue
A voter makes her choice during the Democratic Presidential primary voting Tuesday, March 3, 2020, in Richmond, Va. (AP Photo/Steve Helber)
WASHINGTON – As of this week, eight states – Connecticut, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Ohio and Rhode Island – and one territory – Puerto Rico – have postponed their presidential primary elections due to the coronavirus outbreak.
Additionally, three states – Alabama, Mississippi and North Carolina – have postponed specific congressional elections.
While for most of us these changes represent new marks on the pages of our calendars, state officials say announcing a new primary date is the easy part.
Behind the scenes, they say, is a much more difficult task of navigating unique state laws, election structures and other considerations while they confront a hidden enemy — the virus itself — and endeavor to hold an election in which voter safety is a top priority.
And if there's one phrase heard time and again from these officials, it's that the best solutions when an election coincides with a public health crisis are far from clear.
A Bipartisan Decision
In Kentucky, moving the state's presidential preference primary from May 19 to June 23, was a bipartisan decision undertaken by Democratic Gov. Andy Beshear and the Republican Secretary of State Michael Adams.
"Postponing the primary was not an easy decision, but these are unprecedented times," Adams told The Well News.
"My hope is that this delay will allow us to have a normal election," he added.
But Adams quickly acknowledged simply moving the election isn't, by itself, a solution.
"It might be, if things get better in terms of the pandemic, but what if they don't, that's the uncertainty all of us are facing right now," Adams said.
"In light of that, as someone overseeing elections, you have to look at moving the primary date as something more than simply kicking the can down the road. You have to see it as a way of giving yourself time to prepare for things, like deploying another method of voting … for example, expanded absentee voting," he said.
The biggest challenge for election officials across the country is they have essentially been forced by circumstance to play a game whose rules change as they play.
In practical terms that means they are trying to come up with a sound policy while monitoring a still evolving situation.
Right now, many sites traditionally used as polling places — nursing homes, for instance — are simply unusable for that purpose given that aged and vulnerable populations are most susceptible to the virus.
In addition there's the question of carrying out in-person voting in the age of social distancing. Will such distancing be necessary in early June, when most of the postponed elections have been scheduled? No one knows.
If social distancing is still recommended at that time, election officials will have to find polling places large enough to accommodate the extra space between voters, and that, Adams said, could also force them to close polling places that are more restrictive in size.
"It could be things ease up and we have a normal primary election in June," Adams said. "If it doesn't … we'll come up with the best answer out of, potentially, several less than perfect answers."
"What I can say is that we are not in a position yet to make those decisions. It'll probably be a few weeks before we are … but at this point, there are no easy answers," he said.
Seeking Looser Absentee Ballot Rules
In Connecticut, where the primary has been moved from April 28 to June 2, Gabe Rosenberg, spokesman for Secretary of State Denise Merrill, said uncertainties about next steps abound.
"That was the reason for the change," Rosenberg said. "We were concerned that we might still be in the middle of the crisis on April 28, knowing, at the same time, that June 2 might be as well. That said, the later date provides our poll workers and local election officials with more time to prepare."
Connecticut is one of nine states that has neither early voting nor no-excuse absentee ballot regulations.
It is also unique in that instead of having its elections run by its counties, the responsibility falls to its 169 small towns, each of which has its own election officials, a reality that makes extensive coordination key in a crisis.
As a first step toward simplifying the situation, Merrill has asked Gov. Ned LaMont to sign an executive order that would make it easier for Connecticut voters to cast absentee ballots.
According to Rosenberg, there were two reasons for this: Connecticut's population skews a bit older than other states, and the state also has some of the most restrictive absentee ballot rules in the country.
"Whether that request is granted or not, one thing we do know is that a lot more absentee ballots are going to be cast this year than in years past, and the cost associated with them is unknown," he said.
In Connecticut the towns do have discretion to cut election-related costs, the most likely being to assign poll workers multiple tasks, but ideally what Merrill would like to see is an expansion of absentee voting to reduce stress at the polls.
It is a cause Merrill has been championing for nearly a decade.
"They don't call Connecticut the land of steady habits for nothing," Rosenberg said. "It's difficult to get people to change here."
He went on to explain that implementing no-excuse absentee balloting would require a change to the state constitution by the legislature, which has long been reluctant to do so.
"Could this coronavirus outbreak be the wakeup call? Maybe," Rosenberg said. "But right now, we just don't know.
Mail-In Voting, Not So Easy
While there has been a call in some quarters for a switch to mail-in voting, Adams said it's just not possible in a state like Kentucky in the near term.
"The situation you have here is we are not a paper ballot state in the first place," he explained. "A lot of our counties vote on electronic voting machines. So we can't just flip a switch and suddenly have all the specific scanners we'd need for paper mail-in ballots. It's a long transition process.
"To get to a 100% mail-in ballot situation, you've got to decide on a ballot, and then the right machine to count that ballot. Then you've got to determine the appropriate thickness of the envelope you'd need to assure the secrecy of the voters' ballots," he said. "There are just logistics that we are obviously not prepared to address at this time."
On top of this, Adams said, a preliminary assessment found that a semi-automated system for reading mail-in ballots — having local officials run returned ballots through scanners — could extend uncertainty over the outcome of an election for weeks.
"So right there, that's not the best option. But we are looking at lots of options," he said.
The Cost Factor
Adams said that in theory, shifting the date of Kentucky's primary shouldn't substantially increase the cost of holding the election. "Typically, it costs about $10 million for Kentucky to hold an election … and that's fairly static," he said.
"Now, if we have increased postal costs associated with expanded absentee or mail-in voting, and need to invest in machines to process those votes, that could increase the cost of an election substantially," Adams said.
As it happens, the Kentucky legislature is still in session and is currently working on the state's next two-year budget, which is set to go into effect on July 1.
"Obviously, they're monitoring this election situation and assessing what additional funds may be necessary," Adams said.
"What we want to avoid at the end of the day is the situation we've seen in other states where government officials are tugging in different directions. We want to avoid the situation that you saw in a neighboring state (Ohio), where the governor and secretary of state were on one side and a judge was on the other, in a battle to decide whether to close the polls or keep them open," he said."That situation, unfortunately, seeped into primary day itself, and you had voters not knowing whether it was election day or not."
Speaking of Ohio, Maggie Sheehan, spokeswoman for Secretary of State Frank LaRose, said in an email to The Well News that "right now, our focus is on completing Ohio's primary election" and that legislation, The Ohio Voters First Act,has been introduced to institute voting-by-mail to make that happen.
In a letter sent to the Ohio General Assembly on Saturday, LaRose said the Act, which is backed by Gov. Mike DeWine, is "a path forward to complete this election as quickly as possible that will simultaneously protect public safety and ensure every eligible Ohio voter has the opportunity to have their voice heard."
The legislation authorizes LaRose to produce and mail a postage paid absentee ballot request form to every eligible Ohio voter who did not cast a ballot during Ohio's early voting period; to pay the postage for the voter to return their ballot; and to hold in-person voting on June 2.
LaRose goes on to tell the lawmakers that despite public speculation, June 2 is the earliest date the primary can be held "due to the logistical realities of conducting a vote-by-mail election and the ever-evolving health realities of protecting against the spread of coronavirus."
He also said the date would allow the state to assign delegates for the Democratic National Convention in a timely fashion.
"We know that eight other states have a primary scheduled for June 2 and each of those states will have time to get their delegates seated for the convention," he said.
What of November?
While most credible sources predict the coronavirus outbreak will subside by summer, some have suggested the outbreak and the economic recovery from it might be reason enough to postpone the November general election.
Kentucky's Adams again said this is a lot easier said than done.
"That's because, in my case, I'm constrained from delaying a general election by Kentucky state law," he said.
"So even if Congress moved the date of the federal balloting, it's not clear that I'd have the ability to move all of our voting to the new date," Adams said. "The date for our state elections is set by the state constitution, so you don't have the option of kicking the can down the road. You'd literally have to amend the state constitution to change the date of those contests."
He went on to say one advantage of the delayed primary is it will give Kentucky a test case for seeing how expanded absentee balloting might work in the state.
If successful — all this being hypothetical, of course — and if the pandemic were to stretch for months, Adams said he could foresee a scenario in which the governor calls a special legislative session to pass enabling legislation for a dramatic change to the state election law. State elections aside, Adams said other problems would quickly arise if all you were doing was moving the date of the federal elections.
"You'd run up against a number of federal deadlines, including when the Electoral College meets and, of course, setting a new inauguration day," he explained. "While it's way too soon to project what November will look like, it's a much harder situation to resolve than simply moving a primary."
delayed primaries

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Didn't originally want to cook, was focused on world travel.
Moved to Israel and lived in a kibbutz.
While cooking for the community, one of the women pointed out that Kate had some serious talent.
While studying at culinary school, she was the only female in an all-male class.
Decided no matter how hard it was going to be, she had to keep going.
Says it's necessary to keep a sense of humor if you want to survive in a kitchen full of men.
Realized cooking was her passion because she can't imagine herself doing anything else.
Her restaurant, Cibo, was a finalist in Cuisine magazine's Best Restaurant awards.
I had a burning passion for travel and then discovered I had a talent for cooking along the way.


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NOTE: This meeting will address team rules, practice schedules & collection of registration fees.
Players will NOT be able to practice unless Parent(s) have attended this meeting.
TO CONFIRM YOUR SPOT ON THE TEAM PLEASE CALL (630) 324-8237.
IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO SECURE PAYMENT PRIOR TO THE MEETING, PLEASE CALL (630) 324-8237.


text:
Viability and Electron Microscope Studies of Phages T3 and T7 Subjected to Freeze-drying, Freeze-thawing and Aerosolization
C. S. Cox1, W. J. Harris1, J. Lee1
Affiliations: 1 Microbiological Research Establishment,Porton Down,Salisbury,Wiltshire
First Published: 01 March 1974 https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-81-1-207
SUMMARY: Phages T3 and T7 were freeze-dried, freeze-thawed or aerosolized. Freezedrying and aerosolization caused dehydration and resulted in a loss of viability due mainly to one factor, loss of tails. However, the extent of loss of viability and tails was critically dependent upon the manner of rehydration, slow rehydration being best for the preservation of the head-tail complex and viability. Slow freezing (at about 1 °C/min), but fairly rapid thawing (at about 200 °C/min), resulted in marked loss of viability of T7 but only slight loss for T3, through causes other than loss of tails or lysis. Collection of aerosols of T3 and T7 by impinger resulted in much lower viabilities than were obtained by subsonic impaction (e.g. about 10 and 80 % respectively).
The results indicate that the dehydration induced by freeze-drying and aerosolization did not cause loss of viability, but that loss of viability occurred during rehydration. Dehydration of T3 and T7 did not appear to occur during slow freezing (at about 1 °/min). Mechanisms different from those operating through shear stresses induced by freeze-drying and aerosolization caused loss of viability when T3 and T7 were slowly frozen at about 1 °/min.
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-81-1-207
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Adams M. H. 1959 Bacteriophages New York and London: Interscience Publishers;
Anderson J. D., Cox C. S. 1967 Microbial Survival. Symposia of the Society for General Microbiology 17:204–226
Asahina E. 1965; Freezing process and injury in isolated animal cells. Federation Proceedings 24:S183–187
Bateman J. B., Stevens C. L., Mercer W. B., Carstensen E. L. 1962; Relative humidity and the killing of bacteria: the variation of cellular water content with external relative humidity or osmolality. Journal of General Microbiology 29:207–219
Benbough J. E. 1971; Some factors affecting the survival of airborne viruses. Journal of General Virology 10:209–220
Brachman P. S., Ehrlich R., Eichenwald H. F., Gabelli V. J., Kethley T. W., Madin S. H., Maltman J. R., Middlebrook G., Morton J. D., Silver I. H., Wolfe E. K. 1964; Standard sampler for assay of airborne micro-organisms. Science; New York: 1441295
Bull H. B. 1951 Physical Biochemistry London: Chapman and Hall;
Cox C. S. 1965; Protecting agents and their mode of action. First International Symposium on Aerobiology pp. 345–368 Oakland, U.S.A: Naval Biomedical Research Laboratory;
Cox C. S. 1966a; The survival of Escherichia coli atomized into air and into nitrogen from distilled water and from solutions of protecting agents, as a function of relative humidity. Journal of General Microbiology 43:383–399
Cox C. S. 1966b; The survival of Escherichia coli in nitrogen atmospheres under changing conditions of relative humidity. Journal of General Microbiology 45:283–288
Cox C. S., Baldwin F. 1964; A method for investigating the cause of death of airborne bacteria. Nature; London: 2021135
Cox C. S., Baldwin F. 1966; The use of phage to study causes of loss of viability of Escherichia coli in aerosols. Journal of General Microbiology 44:15–22
Cox C. S., Baxter J., Maidment B. J. 1973; A mathematical expression for oxygen-induced death in dehydrated bacteria. Journal of General Microbiology 75:179–185
Cox C. S., Heckly R. J. 1973; Effects of oxygen upon freeze-dried and freeze-thawed bacteria: viability and free radical studies. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 19:189–194
Dewald R. R., Browall K. W., Schaeffer L. M., Messer A. 1967; Effect of water vapour on lyophilized Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli . Applied Microbiology 15:1299–1302
Ehrlich R., Miller S., Idoine L. S. 1964; Effects of environmental factors on the survival of airborne T3 coliphage. Applied Microbiology 12:479–482
Falk M., Hartman K. A. Jun Lord R. C. 1962; Hydration of deoxyribonucleic acid. I. A gravimetric study. Journal of the American Chemical Society 84:3843–3846
Falk M., Hartman K. A. Jun Lord R. C. 1963; Hydration of deoxyribonucleic acid. II. An infrared study. Journal of the American Chemical Society 85:387–391
Hatch M. T., Warren J. C. 1969; Enhanced recovery of airborne T3 coliphage and Pasteurella pestis bacteriophage by means of a presampling humidification technique. Applied Microbiology 17:685–689
May K. R. 1945; The cascade impactor: an instrument for sampling coarse aerosols. Journal of Scientific Instruments 22:187–195
May K. R., Harper G. J. 1957; The efficiency of various liquid impinger samplers in bacterial aerosols. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 14:287–297
Mazur P. 1965; Causes of injury in frozen and thawed cells. Federation Proceedings 24:S175–182
Merryman H. T. 1966; The interpretation of freezing rates in biological materials. Cryobiology 2:165–170
Northcote D. H. 1953; The sorption of water vapour by yeast cell wall and other polysaccharides. Biochimica et biophysica acta 11:471–479
Rechsteiner J. 1970; The recovery of airborne respiratory syncytial virus. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Aerobiology London: Academic Press;
Silver I. H. 1965; Viability of microorganisms using a suspended droplet technique. First International Symposium on Aerobiology pp. 319–333
The Handbook of Biochemistry 1968; Section H. Sober H. A. Edited by Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A: Chemical Rubber Co;
Trouwborst T., de Jong J. C. 1972; Mechanism of inactivation of the bacteriophage T1 in aerosols. Applied Microbiology 23:938–941
Warren J. C., Hatch M. T. 1969; Survival of T3 coliphage in varied extracellular environments. I.Viability of the coliphage during storage and in aerosols. Applied Microbiology 17:256–261
Williams R. C., Fraser D. 1953; Morphology of the seven T-bacteriophages. Journal of Bacteriology 66:458–464
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Microbiology 81, 207 (1974); https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-81-1-207
10.1099/00221287-81-1-207


text:
High Performing Teams: 50 years of Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing
Does the Forming- Storming- Norming- Performing model sound familiar to you? If it does, it's probably because it will have been a leading theory of team development for an impressive half a century this year. It was in 1965 that Bruce W. Tuckman first published a review in which he identified four common stages which teams tend to move through on the path to high performance. Now it's 2015… we did the maths, we got excited and we thought we'd tell you.
Ok, 50 years is a long time. But surely such an old model can't be of much use today?
Actually, it really is. 1965 must have been a good year. Much like the Beatles album Help and our awareness that smoking is bad for you, Tuckman's model has stood the test of time.
Because the names of the stages rhyme, right? Forming, Storming… very clever.
Well, that might help, but it's certainly not just the mnemonic nature of Tuckman's labels that has made the model stick. The ideas still stand up to academic scrutiny and provide a great fit for the way we work in 2015.
What do you mean, how we work?
Since 1965 we've shifted more and more to working in teams and less hierarchical structures, which is what Tuckman's theory describes best.
Why has that happened?
Teamwork has a great track record. In an ideal situation a team outperforms what would be the sum of its members' individual accomplishments, caused by a process known as synergy. For that reason it's often cheaper to run companies that way. It also turns out that people get more satisfaction when they work together interdependently. It makes people happier!
Uh, I'm not so sure about that. It's pretty painful at times…
Ok, yes- sometimes managers go a bit overboard with the enthusiasm for teamwork. Hearing "come on guys, there's no I in team!" can be really irritating if you're in the middle of the Storming stage. Just designating a group of individuals as a team doesn't make them function as one.
What does?
Time, in some cases. As Tuckman says, some teams will become high performing on their own. But many won't ever make it past the Storming stage.
That sounds exhausting. Is that all the advice you can offer?
Of course not! We have to warn you that we're slightly biased, but we prefer the option where you don't leave it to chance. Be proactive and get some professionals involved. People like us, who build teams for a living.
Is this where you tell me all about the fantastic things you can do?
If you like… how convenient that you should prompt us! We use Tuckman's model in our High Performing Teams workshop along with other development and leadership theories. We bring all of those to life through interactive exercises, but the really "fantastic" (thanks) part of our workshop is the team build itself: Hells Bells. It's uncopiable.
You mean inimitable.
Uncopiable is a word! (We just Googled to check) Anyway, the reason we know that it is both of those things is that competitors have admitted to us that they have tried to copy it and have given up. It's a real mastermind creation. It was designed by Neil, our Creative Director (and resident mastermind), and it's one of our bestsellers. Hells Bells is a one-of-a-kind training tool which facilitates the process of developing high performing teams, and it's always fascinating to watch all of Tuckman's stages play out during it.
Well you would say that, wouldn't you.
We would, but the Head of Learning and Development of a major UK bank seemed pretty pleased too last week: "Hells Bells was a slick combination of mental and physical problem solving tasks combined to create the ultimate team exercise and a real sense of achievement on completion." (We're especially proud of the "ultimate")
But what's most important to us is that the intervention is actually useful to our clients. The Senior Programme Designer of the same bank said: "People were very impressed with the session and thought it was valuable for us and very relevant."
The best way to learn is through experiences, and Hells Bells provides the perfect platform for Tuckman's model. As a delegate told us recently: "During Hells Bells it clicked- I realised how the theory relates to my position at work."
So Tuckman did a pretty good job with the Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing model?
He certainly did! Oh, and he added a fifth stage over a decade later, called "Adjourning", which is where the group achieves closure and disbands. So, after saying congratulations to Tuckman and to every team which reaches high performance, it's goodbye from us for now!


text:
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Radical Leisure
by Eva Swidler
Topics: Ecology , Labor , Movements
Eva Swidler is an environmental political economist and social historian. She teaches at Goddard College and the Curtis Institute of Music.
Connections, both real and hoped for, between the labor movement and environmentalists have been news for at least fifteen years now. The possibility of such a connection came into wider view at the Seattle World Trade Organization protests in 1999, when alliances between trade unionists and other protest groups made headlines with catchy phrases like "Teamsters for Turtles"—or, more prosaically, the "blue-green alliance," in reference to blue-collar workers joining with green ecological activists. Despite the once-exciting and novel possibility being now institutionalized in such organizations as the Labor Network for Sustainability, the Blue-Green Alliance, and SustainLabour, the thrill seems to be gone for mainstream environmentalist discourse, and labor has largely faded from view.
To be fair, the environmental movement has incorporated labor into its thinking in some ways. "Green jobs" for the building trades are often cited as a social benefit of retrofitting structures for energy efficiency or new energy technologies, to prove that reducing energy consumption and carbon production need not harm the working class. Environmentalists point to the health hazards that workers face in environmentally toxic environments—farmhands handling pesticides, workers manufacturing chemicals, miners—as destructive to humans and the larger ecology alike. A general willingness to campaign for workers' rights alongside environmental responsibility is evident, as a sort of acknowledgment of the moral rectitude of fellow activists. Meanwhile, and in return, ecological activists hope that workers will take up environmental issues as part of a broad progressive agenda, creating a patchwork alliance.
Some environmentalists have even located capitalist dynamics at the heart of contemporary environmental destruction, while nevertheless failing to conclude that anti-capitalism is the way forward. The "voluntary simplicity" movement, zero-growth advocates, or the Transition Town movement all identify constant growth and ever-expanding consumption as motors of environmental destruction. Yet none of these groups seem to see the people whose labor enacts that destruction as key to their fight.
Union and labor activists understand the issue somewhat differently. They recognize the connections that environmentalists draw between dangerous work and the pollution that that work produces, or between energy efficiency plans for buildings and the employment those plans create. But labor often wants to claim a more central role in the fight for a sustainable world. SustainLabour, the International Labour Foundation for Sustainable Development, says: "Workplaces are at the center of production and consumption, therefore they should be central locations in any effort aimed to change production and consumption patterns at local, national and international levels." Yet even this organization focuses on familiar ways of linking workers and ecological destruction: training workers on chemical risks, campaigning for green jobs, or urging climate change researchers to consider the most vulnerable populations in their analysis. The Blue-Green Alliance likewise pushes for infrastructure works, efficiency initiatives, and funding to subsidize fuel-efficient vehicle production. Such campaigns to counter the incessantly repeated shibboleth of "jobs versus the environment" are important, but the strain of being so reasonable appears to have consumed labor's radical potential: to save the planet by challenging capitalism, profit, and even work itself.
Radicals hardly do better. In her recent bestseller This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, Naomi Klein claims the anti-capitalist mantle of the book's title and gives a brief shout-out to the idea of the shorter work week as an important strategy to reduce climate change. In interviews, she explains that shorter work weeks could reduce the size of the economy and thus limit environmental destruction, while still allowing for necessary production. They would also give people more time to live in less consumptive ways—to grow kitchen gardens, or to cook at home, or to walk and bike places instead of driving. Juliet Schor and organizations like the Take Back Our Time Network and the New Economics Foundation have all said the same for years. Rather than the so-called "productivity dividend" (the greater economic capacity that results from constant increases in worker productivity) going toward greater profits for capitalists, or occasionally to slightly higher wages, annual increases in worker productivity could lead to a decrease in the amount of time that people work, while leaving the quantity of goods and services produced unchanged. Voilà, a steady-state economy.
Unfortunately, calls for a shorter work week tend to sidestep the thorny question of just who will make it happen. After all, a call for shrinking economies is effectively a rejection of capitalism and the profit motive itself—and that will take a fight. If the goal of that fight is to reduce work hours, then workers seem like the strongest candidates to take it on. But the discourse around the shorter work week makes no mention of a labor movement, unions, or the working class. This vision seems to presume that people of all classes will get together and talk to their neighbors, then overthrow the world economy: a simplistic, just-do-it voluntarism meets anti-capitalism. But meanwhile, the prime concerns of working-class movements over past millennia (beyond sheer survival) have been struggles over time and leisure, and only the working classes have ever had success on that front. Clearly the working-class fight against work and for leisure is a missing keystone in the struggle to defend nature against incessant growth.
In his classic 1967 article "Time, Work-Discipline and Industrial Capitalism," E. P. Thompson described English workers' everyday struggles against the capitalist regimentation of life. Workers of many sorts resisted the very designation of time as the proxy for work, and time measurement as the measure of labor; people still held onto earlier, alternative ideas of work, time, and leisure. In studying pre-capitalist societies around the world, Marshall Sahlins and later anthropologists have documented other cultures' similar prioritization of a richness of social interaction over that of material goods. In what Sahlins called the "original affluent society," affluence was measured by leisure rather than by the accumulation of wealth. Building on this insight, agricultural historians have also grown increasingly intrigued by foraging peoples who understood the domestication of crops, but consciously chose to reject or abandon agriculture as simply too much work, preferring their non-agricultural lives of greater freedom—and greater free time.
In consonance with what we might call this "leisure ethic" of pre-capitalism, which rejects the work-intensifying proclivities of bosses, the recorded history of early capitalist production in Europe and North America—at least outside of slavery—shows work as an integrated part of daily life, accompanied by eating and socializing, much to the chagrin of emerging industrialists. As Eric Wolf writes in his classic Europe and the People Without History, in European economies on the eve of industrialization, as long as industrial work was merely supplementary to the central work of keeping a farm, and had to compete with far more attractive recreational activities, such as holidays and family life, the organizers of industrial production would be searching for ways to "subdue the refractory tempers of work-people accustomed to irregular paroxysms of diligence," in the words of one industrialist in 1835. The working-class life of balancing subsistence with leisure, which so irked the bourgeoisie, incorporated just enough production for capitalists as was necessary to satisfy a boss or tax man or to keep the wolf from the door, and no more.
The first attack on that independent working life was to create a system of measurement of labor based on time. The clock and the accompanying constant consciousness of time, and then the dedication of large portions of that now-measured time purely to a distinct activity called "work," are elements of everyday existence that most of us can hardly fathom living without. Yet workers fought long and hard against this imposition of the time measurement of labor, and against the way in which designated work hours ripped apart the fabric of daily household life, which had blended conversation and community with economic activities.
In other words, the working classes of Europe and North America a few centuries ago lived in a state of rough sufficiency, despite their poverty. They refused to work simply in order to obtain more. They preferred to honor "Saint Monday" with leisure. Only when they lost this battle against the measurement of time and the standardization of labor did workers turn from a fight against time to a fight over or for time—that is, to a fight for shorter working hours.
Once self-directed labor had been replaced by industrial regimes and time discipline had been imposed, workers still held onto the value of leisure, making shorter hours a key demand at least as important as higher pay; Paul Lafargue's anti-work manifesto The Right To Be Lazy, published in 1883, was a bestseller, reprinted many times and eagerly read throughout the global labor movement. The fight for shorter hours in Europe and North America lasted, by most reckonings, until the Second World War. Historian Benjamin Hunnicutt has devoted much of his career to describing labor's fight for shorter hours in the United States, describing a series of working-class visions of a life with greater purposes than either work or consumption: a religious vision of the divine destiny for humans, a secular vision of active citizenship, and ideas of self-improvement. As a result of that persistent struggle, for more than a century after the invention of industrial work time, work hours in the West declined steadily.
That fight for time, however, came to an end decades ago. Now those with jobs demand higher wages instead, and perhaps even overtime work, while the many unemployed and underemployed fight to work at all. Today the dominant idea of a working-class agenda is to fight to be allowed to sell one's time.
In the seventy years since organized labor gave up on shorter hours, not only did the length of the U.S. work week bottom out, then begin a steady climb that still continues, but labor force participation rates also rose. Women work for pay at ever-increasing levels; the elderly work until death. Ever-more hours work are siphoned from households, drawing in ever-more people. Multiple economic realities, as well as complex gender dynamics and drives toward women's economic independence, have propelled more members of the working class into the paid workforce. Yet beyond that, we seem to have missed the fact that the motivating proletarian hope for a better world, formerly defined by maximizing free time and leisure, has been increasingly replaced by a vision of ever-expanding personal consumption.
In a curious circle, the workday once again seems less distinct from the rest of life, without a clear division between what we owe our employer and what belongs to us and our families; we live more and more in a world without demarcated work and leisure. But unlike Thompson's loitering, sauntering, idle cottagers, who might choose to weave when pushed to it, who spent their days in self-direction and self-determination and resented the hours lost to paid work, this new, unbounded world is turned upside down. It is one in which all time is potential work time, and vacations are viewed as a theft from the boss.
Networks such as Take Back Our Time and movements such as voluntary simplicity have tried—without much broad appeal or success—to resurrect alternative understandings of prosperity. While undoubtedly some workers have continued to value time over money, the public discourse of "simplicity" has not attracted them or incorporated them. As the social movement that created and sustained a resistance to time discipline for centuries, and continued to fight for time once their fight against time was lost, the absence of labor from the simplicity forum is a striking and fatal flaw.
Labor historians—at least the few who have studied the struggle over work time—have noted a few key points worth recalling. First, no drop in work hours has been won without a fight by the working class. The leisure society that was promised into the 1970s never arrived, precisely because organized labor had abandoned the fight for shorter hours several decades earlier. Voluntary simplicity movements, whatever their name—work-life balance, life downsizing, slackerdom, the DIY movement—have never succeeded in reducing work hours on a social level. As a hodgepodge of individual actions, they fail to address the economic and social imperatives to work.
Professionals, in particular, have failed as a class to hold the line on work intensity or work volume, and academics writing about labor provide a prime example. With seemingly no personal experience of their own of either individual or communal work resistance or of a leisure ethic, researchers in labor history have been almost blind to the rejection of work, and have shaped the labor literature accordingly.
Those activities that the few working-class studies researchers examining the topic call "work resistance"—including drunkenness, absenteeism, loafing, and hoboism—could be considered proletarian forms of voluntary simplicity. Certainly capitalists have historically taken this grassroots working-class leisure ethic as a very serious threat indeed. Cultural wars against alcohol and laziness, legal sanctions against vagrancy, and the psychological training of children into obedience and work discipline through mass enforced schooling all reflect the intensity of the attack on proletarian resistance to work.
These maneuvers historically depended on even more basic punishments and tools, such as economic structures that threatened starvation and disaster for those who would not work. In earlier centuries, when the fight over time was more explicit, Western capitalists designed low pay levels to force workers into working more hours. In later years and in other parts of the globe, a variety of other strategies have been employed to extract work from the unwilling, including requiring taxes or fees from subsistence households in order to force people into participation in the cash economy, and dispossessing people of their means of subsistence or production in order to drive people into employment by others. Yet amidst all this enforcement of labor, workers maintained their own vision of leisure and independent time. This vision animated organized labor and drove the successful trajectory of decreasing work hours until the fateful mid-twentieth century moment when unions gave up the fight for time.
But why did organized labor stop fighting for shorter hours? No one seems to know. Clearly this choice coincided with other deeply conservative union developments, including purges of leftists from the ranks. A desire for free time was even painted as an effeminate demand of the weak and women. Whatever the causes, however, it is clear that since organized labor ceased its push for shorter hours, work hours leveled off and then began lengthening, despite ever-increasing worker productivity. If work time is to be reduced again, history shows that it is workers themselves who will have to accomplish this.
Students of the erosion of public life have focused in recent years on the cultural "commons"—the elements of social life that we (often unthinkingly) share, from cuisine to language to street fashion. But little has been done to connect either the concepts of the cultural commons or public life with the leisure ethic and the fight against work—a connection central to both spheres.
Without vital public spheres and cultures, leisure is unattractive; if and when we become individuals without an imperative to go to work, and if we are simultaneously without a community to be part of, we have "time on our hands," time to be filled, time to be "killed," time to be "passed." We need to "stay busy." When work so fills our lives and our society that we go to work even on days off to be in the company of others; when we do not take vacation days because we do not know what to do with ourselves outside work; when schoolchildren eagerly anticipate returning to their hated schools because time hangs so heavily on them in the summers; then there is no doubt that work reduction cannot be instituted individually. An alternate, collective, social world must co-exist with our work worlds, to provide an alternate home, an alternate web of connections, an alternate identity, an alternate constellation of values, activities, and purposes, even alternate markings of time.
Circularly, the commons and the public sphere require adequate leisure. To restore a social world independent of the market and the workplace, and to keep the commons vital, we need the leisure time to inhabit the commons. We also need our communities to have time to be there with us—hanging on the porch chatting, shooting hoops at the rec center, jamming in the basement. In other words, we need both a vital cultural commons beyond the world of paid labor and we need a leisure ethic, a constant challenge to the very concept and valorization of work. A leisure ethic and the public commons depend on each other. And for both of these, collectivity is key. With the communal revalorization of leisure, by pushing back against the constant attempts of capital to encroach on work-free time and the unmonetized forms of everyday life and community, we take up the most foundational struggle, the struggle against work itself.
I've already noted that academic professionals, notorious for their own ever-rising standards of work hours and productivity, have failed to appreciate the importance of work resistance, not merely as a weapon of class rebellion, but as an essential element of sustainability for the planet. Similarly, they have failed to appreciate the necessity of an ongoing community outside the workplace to advance an alternative to a world consumed by work. Rarely experiencing membership in such an external community themselves, they cannot imagine its centrality to breaking the stranglehold of laboring.
Activists for the commons, however, as well as proponents of voluntary simplicity, have zeroed in on the construction and maintenance of a shared social world and cultural commons as vital to the planetary future. Yet they have met with little notable popular success. Lacking a confrontational energy, they have failed to fundamentally reject work and work-time as we know it. This rejection has historically come successfully from only one source—the working classes.
The organized labor movement of the moment, fighting rearguard actions against neoliberalism, appears unable to mount such a cultural critique of work. Likewise, simplicity advocates seem entirely unaware of the working-class traditions of leisure, and uninterested in tapping them, failing to promote their vision outside their world of white professionals. Yet aside from unions, which, given a chance, might well surprise simplicity campaigners, working-class culture at large provides a wide wellspring of alternate conceptions of time, leisure, and the good life.
Surveying the last few centuries, it seems that there exists an undefined but discernible critical threshold. When relatively uncolonized spaces of everyday life and subsistence, rather than marketplace activity, prevail among the working classes, cultivating in working people a reality and a vision of self-determined life, capitalists must constantly use physical or economic force to draw workers into laboring. The lure of money and success alone failed to create a willing or self-motivated workforce in those historical circumstances. When the uncolonized spaces of everyday life shrank or were beaten back so much that they could no longer provide an independent foundation for self-determination, work filled the vacuum. The commons fell on the defensive, framed more as a missed opportunity for profit than a source of life itself. Only a powerful impetus for shorter work hours can reconstruct and defend the space necessary for the resurrection of a self-determined everyday life.
Movements for shorter work hours have met with ferocious opposition from capitalists not only because they threaten the primacy of the culture of work, but because they threaten the very source of profit. Even reform-minded campaigns for reduced hours are a direct attack on the basic mechanism of extraction from the working classes. Although pushes for higher wages attack profit as well, their focus on more money rather than time preserves the culture of work, and has therefore proven more palatable to capitalists. More leisure, in contrast, moves workers outside work into a world of economic and social self-determination, and is absolutely anathema.
True leisure does require some money, and more equally distributed money. First, leisure requires freedom from want. Starvation, homelessness, or cold, as well as the fear of these privations, preempt any possibility of more than momentary leisure. Second, the current levels of extreme inequality drive consumption and credit card debt, make public and communal efforts towards sustainability less likely to succeed, and reduce social support for environmentally motivated decision-making. Because adequate money and new patterns of distribution are essential to leisure, it is clear yet again that workers must lead the way to the largely immaterial joys of life, whether they are storytelling or music or friendships or napping in the sun.
We need to supplant endless consumption and production for the maw of the market, which, left unaltered, will ravage the earth to a degree presently unimaginable. But moralistic campaigns of individual voluntary simplicity will not suffice. Instead, we need to build, or rebuild, a shared culture of leisure. Whether that agenda is framed as a rational plea for a steady-state economy or as an apocalyptic battle against the cancerous imperative of growth, it must address the reality that the planet requires both a new economic system and a drastic reduction of material production, which means a drastic reduction in work.
The working class is perhaps the last remaining reservoir of a culture of leisure. The task ahead is to breathe new life into both the past and present proletarian values of slacking, napping, and lazing. Only laborers, and the refusal to labor, can achieve radical leisure and a future for the planet.
2016, Volume 68, Issue 02 (June)
About Eva Swidler
View all posts by Eva Swidler →
Beyond Opt Out
Marx's Ecology and the Left
June 2016 (Volume 68, Number 2) , The Editors
Marx's Ecology and the Left , John Bellamy Foster and Brett Clark
Beyond Opt Out , Howard Ryan
Vietnam and the Soldiers' Revolt , Derek Seidman
Self-Rule in the Balance , Seth Sandronsky
New from Monthly Review Press!


POLLUTION: WHAT WE CAN DO?
but without oxygen, we will die in a matter of minutes".
In the past ten years or so, the automobile industries have seen a tremendous growth in the research and development of new-age engine technologies. In this view point, an endeavor has been made here to outline the present critical state of engine technologies and a prudent step to resolve the issue in an elusive manner.
An environmental-foe invented by mankind that ever had a greater impact on society, the economy, and the environment is the reciprocating internal combustion engines, in general called as IC engines. Although several researchers made noteworthy contributions in the development of IC engines, the historical breakthrough by Nicolaus Otto (1876) and his counterpart Rudolf Diesel (1892) in the development of Spark Ignition (SI) engine and Compression Ignition (CI) engine is globally praised. For decades, their magnificent inventions proved to play a vital role in the automobile system, used almost exclusively today. Even though automobiles have become part and parcel of transportation, the high levels of emissions make these engines difficult to pass through the strict emission norms.
The industrial mining of fossil energy (in particular fossil fuels for IC engines) by the human being has destroyed the thermal insulating layer inside crust of the earth, and excessive heat from inside of the earth has come to the surface, which is the main cause of a warming globe. Year by year, rising global temperatures have been accompanied by dangerous shifts in climate and weather. A recent report by NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) National Climatic Data Center on global climate analysis for the year 2013 disclosed that the year 2013 (tied with 2003) was recorded to be the fourth warmest year globally since records began in 1880. In addition, the global CO2 emissions more than doubled over the last 40 years. Thus, global warming is now irreversible and in an accelerating trend. Even if humans stop emitting greenhouse gases, global warming will still continue for next 1000 years. On the whole, engine development opportunities of the future are down to the wire and there is a pressing need to develop a prudent step to safe guard mother earth by means of green technologies.
· Development of sophisticated emission control technologies is needed to combat high oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter levels.
· The current bio-fuel technologies are not proposed up to the stipulated level. So, a proper planning measure and standards are required to enforce such quality systems.
· Also, there is a need to develop highly consistent and competent technologies for advanced electric drive vehicles, as well as the problems related to power storage options in hybrid electric vehicles have to be extensively studied.
"Breathing is life. We know that we can survive without water for few days and without food for several weeks, but without oxygen, we will die in a matter of minutes". So, one person alone cannot save the planet's biodiversity, but each individual's effort will pave a way for better tomorrow.
Mr. A. Avinash was born at Theni of Tamil Nadu, India in 1992. He had accomplished his graduate Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering from K. S. Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode and received Gold Medal in B.E. Mechanical Engineering.He had completed his Master of Engineering in Internal Combustion Engineering at Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur and secured University second rank. He also received outstanding PG student award at Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur.
At present he is doing Ph.D. at Anna University, Chennai in the area of IC engines and working as an Assistant Professor, head Automobile research lab and research coordinator of Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore. His areas of interest comprise usage of bio-fuels in internal combustion engine and HCCI engine characteristics. He has authored/co-authored 20+ articles published in Journal of renewable & sustainable energy (AIP), Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, International Journal of Energy and Environment (IJEE), International Journal of Ambient energy, Alexandria Engineering Journal, Biofuels, etc., He has published a book entitled "Computational Studies on Combustion Phenomena of Diesel-HCCI Engine", ISBN: 978-3-659-96551-7, LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2016,Germany. Besides, he is available as reviewer in Wiley (IJER), Interscience (IJETP), ACS publications (Energy and Fuels), Taylor and Francis (Biofuels & International Journal of Ambient Energy), Elsevier (Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments), and Bentham Science Publishers (Current Alternative Energy). He was nominated and selected as an Ambassador of the Asian Council of science editors, 2016. He also has received Innovative professional award from Society of Professional Engineers, India and Young researcher award from Top Engineers, Chennai. Recently he has been selected for AUFAU International Young scientist award and GEPRA-Bharat Ratna Mother Teresa Gold Medal award. He is the member of ISTE, ISRD, ACSE and IARA.


Today 1.6 billion people live in regions that don't have access to a mobile broadband network. Connecting these remote parts of the world with existing technologies such as buried optical fiber or microwave links on towers is often cost-prohibitive. As part of our commitment to Internet.org, the Facebook Connectivity Lab is developing many new technologies to bring affordable internet access to more people, more quickly. One of the technologies we are building is a fleet of solar-powered aircraft called Aquila. Once they are fully operational, these high-altitude planes will stay airborne for up to 90 days at a time and beam broadband coverage to a 60-mile-wide area on the ground, helping to open the opportunities of the internet to people in underconnected regions.
After several months of flying scale models, our team has reached an important milestone: We successfully completed the first full-scale test flight. The low-altitude test flight lasted for 96 minutes — more than three times our planned mission length — and provided our aeronautics team with data on numerous aspects of Aquila's performance, including the autopilot, motors, batteries, radios, ground station, displays, basic aerodynamic handling, structural viability, and crew training. This post details some of our early learnings from the test flight and the data we collected, and looks ahead to some of the challenges we're working on next.
Aerodynamic model: Aquila will need to operate in both cold, thin air at high altitude and warm, thick air at low altitude. The air is 10x more dense at sea level than at cruising altitude, and the aerodynamics of the plane's wings and propellers vary greatly over that range. When designing the aircraft, we built computer models based on computational fluid dynamics that helped us understand how much power is required to propel the plane for the different altitudes and speeds at which it will operate. We then ran the model through thousands of tests, using different parameters, to ensure the plane would meet our performance, stability, and control requirements. We also performed a coarse verification of our drag model, which measures the force of air opposing the moving aircraft. Both the climb rate and the battery usage were close to the predicted values. We tested the autopilot and the aeroservoelastic model on which it is based when we flew our 1/5-scale aircraft earlier this year. Our initial analysis from the full-scale flight suggests our aerodynamic models are in line with what we observed.
Battery and power performance: While Aquila's power system will eventually include solar cells, our first few test aircraft are powered only by batteries to give us early indications about their aerodynamic performance, handling qualities, and autopilot performance, and to verify our structural models. Given the low drag and slow speed of 25 mph, Aquila flew on less than 2,000 W of power during its first flight. This matched well with our prediction, which suggests that the propeller efficiency, motor efficiency, and drag were also in line with predicted values.
Autopilot performance model: Like many modern UAVs, Aquila is controlled by a full-time autopilot. To make our large, flexible aircraft controllable requires that we understand how the aircraft deforms under the aerodynamic and inertial loads, and what the structural modes and frequencies look like. Our first flight verified that the autopilot design is correct at low altitude and low true airspeed. During all maneuvers, the autopilot was stable and accurate, and it brought the aircraft to the commanded condition in the predicted amount of time. The automatic landing algorithm also performed well, tracking the glide path and centerline with expected accuracy.
Real-world conditions: Our simulations and analysis predict how the aircraft will respond to wind, turbulence, and vertical gusts. Our first flight lasted three times longer than the minimum mission length, so we were able to gather data on how the structure and autopilot responded under a range of real-world conditions to help verify these predictions. We are still analyzing the results of the extended test, including a structural failure we experienced just before landing. We hope to share more details on this and other structural tests in the future. To prove out the full capacity of the design, we will continue to push the plane to its limits under more extreme conditions in a lengthy series of tests.
Kathryn Cook, technical program manager for Aquila, prior to takeoff.
Martin Gomez, head of aeronautical platforms, in the engineering station.
Mark, Jay, Yael, and the team watching the flight.
A crane lowers Aquila onto a dolly.
As we move toward the next phase of testing Aquila, we face a variety of unique challenges. Put simply, this has not been done before. Almost everything about Aquila — from remaining airborne for months at a time to transmitting wireless signal between other aircraft and the ground — will require continued advances in science, engineering, and design.
Challenge #1 — Getting enough sun. For a solar-powered airplane to work, enough energy must be collected during daylight hours to operate for the full 24-hour day. The amount of energy the airplane requires to power its propulsion, payload, avionics, heaters, lights, communications, and other systems has to be less than or equal to what the solar panels can collect. At its nighttime altitude of 60,000 feet, Aquila will require approximately 5,000 W of power — about as much as three hair dryers. During the winter, the solar panels must be able to collect enough energy during the short days to keep the batteries charged over the long nights, up to 14 hours at a time.
Challenge #2 — Batteries. Keeping the airplane aloft on a long winter night requires a lot of stored energy. Given current and projected battery performance, that means batteries will account for roughly half the mass of the airplane. The rest of Aquila's mass consists of motors, payload, avionics, and structure. We're pushing the edge of high energy-density batteries while exploring the best designs to ensure we have enough resilience in the system.
Challenge #3 — Size and speed. Aquila has a wingspan comparable to a commercial airliner's but weighs only one-third as much as a car. This ratio of weight to surface area means that Aquila is able to fly much slower than a typical airplane of the same size — about 25 mph at sea level, compared with 50 mph for a glider or more than 200 mph for a commercial airliner. Such stark differences challenge many of the assumptions relied upon in aeronautical engineering. There is little to no precedent to guide us as we continue to optimize Aquila's performance.
Challenge #4 — New cost paradigms. For Aquila to succeed, it needs to be an economically viable alternative to current network infrastructure. We need to develop more efficient onboard power and communication systems; ensure the aircraft are resilient to structural damage to reduce maintenance costs, and able to stay aloft for long periods of time to keep fleet numbers low; and minimize the amount of human supervision associated with their operation. We're working with the industry on ways to accelerate the development of new technologies that can drastically change the economics of deploying internet infrastructure.
Over the course of the next several months, we'll continue to study the data we obtained from this initial flight. As we conduct more test flights, we will add more aircraft to the test fleet, fly to higher altitudes, and explore both the high-speed regime — where the airframe's flexibility becomes limiting — and the low-speed loiter regime, where the aircraft will eventually provide connectivity to the ground. We will add instrumentation to the aircraft to help us learn about the structural dynamics, stability and control derivatives, and the all-important aerodynamic efficiency. We'll also experiment with different aircraft form factors, sizes, and weights as we learn more.
Stay tuned for more on this program as we dive deeper into the complex engineering challenges involved in building the interconnected systems of this aircraft.


Reporter / Anchor with experience in broadcast news reporting and sub-anchoring, including Television News Reporter / Sub-Anchor and Production Assistant with all major affiliates. Skills include broadcast journalism, field and studio reporting, writing stories, public speaking, news research and production, developing creative story ideas, using and confirming sources, suggesting camera angles and shots, studio and sound techniques, and related electronic media functions.
• Well-developed communication skills demonstrated through generation of in-depth written reports and news stories / articles, excellent on-air speaking voice, and the ability to interact favorably with individuals from all backgrounds.
• Technical skills include knowledge of production equipment, Sony DXC-3000A and Panasonic WV-V3 cameras, editing equipment, TelePrompTers, and lighting equipment.
• Knowledgeable in computer operations and applications including News Star, IBM-PC and laptops, Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Word, the Internet, and E-mail.
• Noted by station managers, professors, staff, and co-workers for superior job performance, creativity, solid work ethic, and timely completion of all assignments.
• Handle wide range of broadcast duties including general field reporting, developing story ideas, interviewing community, civic, educational, and business leaders, coordinating schedules with production crews, as well as sub-anchoring and production duties.
• Won Press Club of New Orleans Award for Deadline News Story.
• Won First Place in the Journalism Competition for a feature story on the ongoing problem of motorists speeding through school zones.
• Received recognition for various series.
• Performed general field reporting on a variety of news assignments, topics, and stories for the morning news program, as well as 5:00, 6:00, and 10:00 o'clock broadcasts.
• Assigned numerous sub-anchoring assignments, extensive producing, and related broadcast journalism duties.
• Conducted interviews for 26 News broadcasts, writing for the morning news, assisting reporters and the executive producer, operating the TelePrompter, ripped and organized scripts, and working with anchorwoman for the 10:00 p.m. evening news broadcasts.
• Prepped guests and wrote for the morning show, gathered and edited information on financial markets and community announcements, operated the TelePrompTer, and worked with anchorwoman.
Wrote and announced news for University's Department of Communications radio station on a variety of newsworthy and topical stories and subjects.
Performed various office and administrative duties, organized files, mailed documents and correspondence, answered phones, and other duties as assigned.
Honors: Selected as "Outstanding Journalism Student"
Good luck with the Television Reporter resume sample.


At KTTZ-TV we invest in building community, and we know as a local company, you do too. By becoming a corporate sponsor or underwriter of KTTZ, you are not only supporting our engaging on-air and digital content, you are building a community in Lubbock and the surrounding areas.
Partner with us to assist in providing educational, cultural, and entertaining opportunities for the South Plains. With our unique model of programming, your message reaches our audience in an uncluttered environment, meaning greater impact on every viewer. In a national survey over half of all television watchers said they appreciate the clear and uncluttered corporate messaging they get on PBS.


Here's where you can help. If you have a band instrument collecting dust in the garage, closet or under the bed, consider donating it to the LPS music department. It is cheaper in most cases to repair an older instrument than to purchase a new one. All donations are tax-deductible and we will provide a tax receipt. Donations can be dropped off at Lewistown Junior High or Lewis and Clark Elementary School.
Your instrument donation will be cleaned and repaired and rented to a student so they can participate in the band program.
Flutes, clarinets, alto saxophones, trumpets, and trombones.
For more information on how to donate and support of the Lewistown Public Schools Band program, contact Danny Wirtzberger, principal, at Lewis and Clark Elementary, 535-2811.


text:
Q: PHP Ternary Operator multiple statements Hello so I have a piece of code:
if($request['txt_!'] != "") {
  $randl1_1 = mt_rand(100000, 999999);
} else {
  $randl1_1 = '';
}

And when I convert it to a ternary operator:
$randl1_1 = ($request['txt_1'] != "") ? mt_rand(100000, 999999) : '';

What if I will add some in my if? Like,
if($request['txt_!'] != "") {
  $randl1_1 = mt_rand(100000, 999999);
  someFunction();
} else {
  $randl1_1 = '';
}

Is it possible in a ternary operator?

A: It's possible, but it would make the use of a ternary less useful as it would clutter it (especially if you wanted to keep it on a single line). If you had it in the expression as the RHS, its return value would also be assigned to $randl1_1.
If someFunction() returned something truthy, then...
$randl1_1 = ($request['txt_1'] != "") ? someFunction() && mt_rand(100000, 999999) : '';

If it didn't you could use ||. But as you can see, this is ugly. If someFunction() relies on $randl1_1, well, then you have worse problems. :)
In your second case, I would use the more verbose example that you cited. You want your code to communicate to yourself and others clearly its intent.
Trying to shoehorn everything into a ternary is a bad practice.

A: You can't put multiple statements into the parameters of the ternary operator. You can use the comma operator to evaluate multiple expressions, though:
$rand1_1 = ($request['txt_1'] != "") ? (someFunction(), mt_rand(100000, 999999)) : '';

However, the comma operator returns its last operand. If you want to execute something after computing the value you want to assign, it won't work, e.g.
$rand1_1 = ($request['txt_1'] != "") ? (mt_rand(100000, 999999), someFunction()) : '';

This will set $rand1_1 to the value returned by someFunction(), not the random value. You'd have to save the random value in a variable:
$rand1_1 = ($request['txt_1'] != "") ? ($temp = mt_rand(100000, 999999), someFunction(), $temp) : '';

All this extra clutter makes the ternary really hard to read, negating the value of using it instead of a regular if statement.

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Indoor Round Up - February
Loughborough Open
January 15th/16th saw the Loughborough Open where Lily Holt, competing for Birmingham University, got her season going.
Lily ran two 60m hurdles races on the 15th in 9.42. and 9.49 and on the 16th had a perfect high jump card up to 1.66m, but just couldn't get over 1.70m
London Indoor Games
The London Indoor Games for U13/U15/U17 took place on Jan 29th/30th with several Chiltern athletes in action. In 60m debutant Florence Owen (U15) ran 9.84 and 9.93. In 300m U15s Elizabeth Nickless (50.54) and Leila Pollard (53.39) both ran PBs. U17 John Nickless improved his 400m PB to an impressive 53.85.
In 800m Oakley Denson continued his busy indoor season with and 800m in 1.59.75 whilst fellow U17 Felix Palmer ran 2.17.34. There were PBs for U15s for Ffion Harman (2.39.44) and Florence Lee-Rubis (2.38.51). U17s Chisom Nwafor and Gabi Riley tackled 60m hurdles with Chisom running 8.84 (PB) and 8.92 and Gabi 10.22.
EA U15/U17/U20 Championships
The high point of the indoor season for age group athletes, the England Athletics U15/U17/U20 Championships, took place at the English Institute of Sport, Sheffield on the weekend of 12th/13th February.
The highlight was a gold medal for Chisom Nwafor in the U17 Women's Long Jump. In a close battle Chisom prevailed with a jump of 5.71m, just ahead of jumps of 5.65m and 5.60m in second and third.
There were three U17 men taking part in 800m. In Heat 2 Isaac Jessop-Tranter battled hard for second place in 2.04.88 but was down on his best time from last month and did not progress to the final. Going into the championships, Oakley Denson was ranked top 3 in the country and looked a good bet for a medal. Oakley looked good winning Heat 3 but was very unfortunate to be disqualified for a lane infringement and took no further part. In Heat 4 John Nickless led the race at a good pace but was overhauled in the second half of the race and was third, just missing out on the final. His strong pace did, however, result in a new PB of 1.59.98, John's first time below two minutes


If you are experiencing a healthy, low risk pregnancy, birth is generally very safe for both you and your baby regardless of care provider (midwife or doctor) and setting (home, birth centre or hospital).
There is excellent Canadian-based research analyzing the records of more than 45,000 low risk births attended by midwives at home and in hospital.
The research showed that the same number of babies are born healthy and well regardless of where the birth was planned to take place.
Regardless of what the research says, the most important thing is that YOU feel safe in your chosen birth environment. Your midwife will support your decision to birth where you feel the most comfortable!
*These pictograms are based on a meta-analysis of findings from four research studies that examined the records of more than 45,000 midwife-attended births in Ontario and British Columbia.


ALS/MND Support Group Forums > ALS and MND Support Group > Do I Have ALS? Is This ALS? > What are the symptoms of ALS?
I've been reading through a bunch of posts trying to peace together the symptoms and their progression. I understand that they very somewhat. Can anyone layout a typical list of findings as they would occur in an ALS patient.
Here's a possible format for the layout order that I'm looking for. Please correct and add anything to this list, IM SURE THERE ARE MANY THINGS WRONG WITH THIS LIST.
Some of the stuff I have been reading suggests that breathing can be an early issue or a late issue. Also, it seems that usually twitches will come after weakness. Wouldnt atrophy come before weakness since it is what causes weakness? Just some food for thought.
Nothing you have stated is really correct. There is no way you can say any one of those symptoms are early or late. It all depends on lower motor neuron death and upper motor neuron death and when they happen . . . where they happen . . . if they happen.
There are variants of ALS where the upper motor neurons are spared or the lower motor neurons are spared.
The EMG's are useful only when the lower motor neurons are affected. You state that the EMG is useful in mid to late stages of ALS: where did you read that? EMG's can detect subclinical symptoms when you have no clue you have ALS.
Muscle atrophy after 1 to 6 months of spasms is something I've never heard of . . . where on earth did you read that?
I really don't think it's worth continuing this response.
Please STOP trying to self-diagnose yourself. Go to a good neuro . . . preferably at an academic institution and let him/her give you the answers you need.
No, weakness precedes muscle atrophy in ALS.
Weakness is caused by denervation as is muscle atrophy but the weakness will occur immediately after the denervation and the muscle atrophy will follow. There will be a point in time when both will progress more or less evenly.
Wright- So what your saying is that you would feel the weakness and then later see the atrophy? I am just wondering because I am having some issues with my arm and this might give me some perspective. I was assuming that weakness would be a result of the atrophy. Would atrophy show up on an MRI?
I guess if we all listened to this guy then there would be no forum, but I say this forum has been very encouraging. Thanks to everyone for their posts and reply's and for not being impatient with us who are really seeking answers.
Is there a list of ALS symptoms on this board anywhere? Maybe if you posted a thread with the right symptoms, it might help clear up what is, and is not ALS. If you don't think it would scare anyone. Just a thought. I'd like to know more myself .
Interest: In the process of finding out what is wrong.
As a newcomer, I actually find Wright pretty entertaining and knowledgeable at the same time but I agree with L4ddybugg, I would love to see a lot of information in one place and Wright seems to be a good one for the task.
I'm not being impatient. You had a string of symptoms that are all attributed to ALS but you simply can't put a timeline on them because of the variability of the disease.
If you have specific questions, then I would be more than happy to help you. I'm here trying to get you to stop with your internet searches, because they are obviously driving your anxiety levels through the roof.
Make an appointment with a neuro because they're the ones who are going to ultimately help you. Again, if you have specific questions, then ask.
Again, if you notice the weakness initially, muscle atrophy will be seen later. Sometimes people don't notice their weakness initially, especially with ALS, because it's such an insidious disease.
Muscle atrophy can be seen on an MRI if it is specifically investigated. It is highly unlikely that any physician is going to give you an MRI to look for weakness, though . . . and even if they wanted . . . it's my bet, that would be a hard one to sell to an insurance company. Muscle atrophy can simply be visualized or measured.
Thanks wright, that certainly helps.
Geo. Washington U in St. Louis has a good neuro site with all the symptoms of the various MND's for those that require more than is found here or on the ALSA site. By the way, if anybody doesn't like the answers they get here, there are other sites available.
One of the things I've really benefitted from on this forum are those that have shared about the many, many, many other possibilities outside of ALS that could be causing their symptoms.
I'd like to encourage people to examine other muscular/neurological disorders before fixating on ALS as a probable cause for their condition. A treatable neuropathy is much more to be desired than an untreatable NMD.
I am guilty of trying to self-diagnose in the past (yep, went to those sites we've all been to that list symptoms common in ALS and I convinced myself I had most of them) and am glad to say I've now left it up to the MD's to figure out my case.
For those still without a DX, why not try focusing on the myriad of other possibilities?
Don't beat yourself up for taking charge of your health. Your probably much smarter than some self-serving egotists would like you to believe.


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American Greetings Take-Private Is Chance To Retool An Aging Business
American Greetings' announcement last week that it will be taken private by the Weiss family represents a chance for an established business to find new ways to cope with the digital age.
It's not unusual for founders to believe their companies are not being valued appropriately by the public markets. Excluding debt and including the dividend, the deal values American Greetings at about $580 million, a 13 percent premium, to the share price on the day of the announcement.
Mark Hahn, CFO of FLM Graphics and publisher of The Target Report, which tracks M&A in the paper and printing industries, said "the valuation (offered for American Greetings) doesn't seem very high." But he added: "It does seem as if they're catching a falling knife." American Greetings did not respond to a request for comment.
American Greetings is the third such attempt by the founders of a well-known US company in recent weeks.
In February, Michael Dell confirmed an offer to buy out his PC company for USD 24.4bn alongside Silver Lake Partners, which attracted competing bids from Carl Icahn and Blackstone. The same month, Barnes & Noble chairman and founder Leonard Riggio announced he is interested in buying the company's book business and website, but not the Nook tablet unit.
Like American Greetings, Dell and Barnes & Noble are in industries that are struggling to adapt to new technology, particularly the transition to mobile devices.
American Greetings is essentially a paper-based business though it does offer electronic delivery of cards and musical cards, Hahn said. "I doubt that paper cards are going away. The question is when does the market find a bottom for those paper-based products."
Dick May, managing director of American Working Capital, a private equity firm in Los Angeles and Chicago, said the family that founded American Greetings is taking advantage of low multiples in an out-of-favor industry, as well as inexpensive debt financing to bet on its future. "A huge block of family shares is backing management. To me it makes an awful lot of sense," May said.
American Greetings' market – printing of greeting cards and retail stores – has suffered a substantial disruption in the digital age. Now, May said, its customer demographic is bifurcated, with the 40+ crowd still gravitating to traditional greeting cards while younger people prefer electronic greetings. As a result, printed cards are a declining market.
Being private will enable the company to take its time making the necessary changes to compete, or so the theory goes. During this time they can make long-range investments in the company without worrying about quarterly profits. The company's chief rival, Hallmark, is also in private hands, May observed.
"PE has a long history of successfully take the company private out of the glare of the public arena," said investment banker Ken Marlin of Marlin & Associates. At the end of the holding period, when it's time to exit, they frequently take such companies public again, he noted. Whether or not this happens with American Greetings, the process of going private should give it time to augment growth so the family can decide what to do next, he said.
Of course, in the case of American Greetings, instead of a private equity firm, the founding family is teaming up with a subsidiary of privately held Koch Industries, which is contributing $240 million for non-voting preferred stock.
May predicted that some kind of employee stock ownership plan could very well be an element in the structuring of the American Greetings buyout. "I'm sure the family believes the future is brighter if employees had a vehicle where they could invest side-by-side. That's a good outcome."
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