text: 'Second Eulogy: Mind the Gap' by Grenadian filmmaker screened at Brooklyn Museum Caribbean Life, February 7-13, 2020 47 By Tangerine Clarke Grenadian-born artist Billy Gerard Frank received loud applause for his arresting short film, "Second Eulogy: Mind The Gap," after a special screening at Brooklyn Museum's First Saturdays, on Feb. 1. The autobiographical film deconstruction and re-positioning of memories of his father's life, and their complicated relationship. The movie, filmed entirely on the island of Grenada, gave a glimpse of life on the island in colonial times, and the filmmaker's childhood experience growing up as a gay man. "These memories became the instigator and compass of this new body of work. Sifting through my personal effects, I came across answered and unanswered letters exchanged between my father and I across continents, similar letters exchanged between him and my grandfather who had abandoned his family to live with another woman in Tobago, as well as letters exchanged between my father and his sister who migrated to America," said Frank. "The letters formed a pattern starting with my grandfather that marked our family's ancestry of global seafarers and mirrored my own early escape from home, a great divide not just by water but the emotional gulf that is the spine of these personal and collective narratives of loss, grief, displacement, and longing — the hitherto narratives of diasporas and exile experience," according to the artist's notes. During a Q&A, the Brooklynbased filmmaker spoke of living aboard for many years, returning to visit his sick father, and rediscovered the beautiful Caribbean island. "Even though it had always been in my thought process as a writer and artist, influenced by intellectuals, Derrick Walcott and Stuart Hall, returning and working with local artists was an incredible experience." "I hadn't returned for a long time because of internalize homophobia, and fear for my life and my body," said the filmmaker, who embraced the love he received from Granada, where the next generation of queer people lives freely, and with a sense of openness. The film, he said, has good and bad experiences, and applauded the powerful knowledge he, the founder of Nova Frontier Film Festival shares by showcasing films in the diaspora, by talented artists, from the Caribbean, that has a complex rich history, and untouched art. Frank, who shared his journey on a panel with Jamaicanborn artist and activist, Renee Cox, and Jamaican-heritage artist, Christopher Udemezue, moderated by Trinidadian writer and curator, Ebony L Haynes, spoke of rituals, religion and colonial influences he grew up with in the seventies, and portrayed in the film, still present in the Caribbean. A general audience in Grenada, and more so, the young Queer community and many intellectuals who had studied abroad and re-migrated had a positive response to the film. "It was amazing to see the shift and change in the younger Queer generation, who had a special screening," said Frank. "The main thing I want audiences to take away from this film is that there are complexities and nuances of the Caribbean, the beauty, landscape, and a sense of beauty within. The film is a celebration of culture, people, and the Queer. It's all about who we are as people from the Caribbean. We have a rich legacy of history, of slavery, colonialism, and the Caribs and Arawaks who lived there before," shared Frank. Frank's work is based on research, personal, political and social histories, that explore themes of migration, race, gender and queerness, related to post colonial subjects, presented in festivals and museums internationally. Movie Producer, Lauren Beck, thanked the audience for attending the screening to celebrate Frank, a multi disciplinary, multi media artist, and film director. "The experience of making this film with Billy was incredible. His spirit, and energy, during this process was incredibly invigorating." She thanked Susan Mains for facilitating the film's debut at the Grenada Pavilion Biennale di Venezia, at the 29th Venice Vianale, and the Brooklyn Museum, and who, Beck called, 'a tenacious champion of artists in the Caribbean.' Credits The film was shot in five production days, prior to casting, and pre production, scouting and casting was done in two days upon arrival. The team traveled through most parishes between scouting and shooting from Gouyave to Grand Anse — where the Tower Estate in the film was shot, to St. Paul's, St. David's, and beyond. The owner of The Tower Estate, Isabelle Slinger, was organically cast as the role of the mother. She also supported by lending the location. The La Boucan Creative Centre, which included the local theater company, run by Francis Urias & Ann Peters, supported through casting, art direction and wardrobe. Urias Peters starred as the father. His wife, Ann, was the production design and wardrobe hand. Jonty was a local non-actor, who Billy auditioned. Adam Donald, cinematographer, shot the film and island beautifully, with little support and lights made on the island, with a four-member crew. Two of the hired crew, were local Grenadians working and learning with the red camera, gear and areas of craft, new to them. It was a great exchange for all. James William Blades, a genius composer and sound artist from London, is new to Brooklyn. http://www.jameswilliamblades. com/about/ Brian Gonzalez, editor, lives in Brooklyn. He has a deep understanding of image. He is an artist, creator, and professor. Actors, father (Urias Peters) and son in a boat, in a scene from "Second Eulogy - Mind the Gap," by Grenada-born artist, fi lmmaker, Billy Gerard Frank. On stage at the Brooklyn Museum: Trinidadian writer and curator, Ebony L Haynes, moderator, Grenada-born, artist and fi lmmaker Billy Gerard Frank, Jamaica-born artist, activist, Renee Cox, and Jamaican-heritage, artist, Christopher Udemezue, at a special screening of "Second Eulogy - Mind the Gap" by fi lmmaker, Billy Gerard Frank. Photo by Tangerine Clarke Movie Producer, Lauren Beck addressing the crowd at Brooklyn Museum, before a special screening of "Second Eulogy - Mind the Gap" by Grenadian fi lmmaker, Billy Gerard Frank. Photo by Tangerine Clarke / / /


text:
Q: Is it possible to perform a Cross-Origin XMLHttpRequest from a content script in Chrome? The documentation for Cross-Origin XMLHttpRequest makes it seem like I should be able to access a http resource from a page loaded over https as long as I use the correct permissions. Yet I get the following error message when attempting this.
content.js:1 Mixed Content: The page at 'https://www.example.com/' was loaded over HTTPS, but requested an insecure resource 'http://www.example.com/'. This request has been blocked; the content must be served over HTTPS.

Manifest:
{
  "name": "Test Extension",
  "version": "0.1",
  "permissions": [
    "http://www.example.com/*",
    "https://www.example.com/*",
  ],
  "content_scripts": [
    {
      "matches": [
        "http://www.example.com/*",
        "https://www.example.com/*"
      ],
      "js": ["content.js"],
      "run_at": "document_start"
    }
  ],
  "manifest_version": 2
}

content.js:
fetch('http://www.example.com/').then(response => {
    console.log('Done!')
});

A: Your problem isn't CORS. It's mixed content, and you can't workaround even in extension.
You can move your request to backround page (by message passing).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Arctic Front On The WayIt's about to be frigid again in North Texas.
Heavy Police Presence At Denton High Schools After 'Unsubstantiated' ThreatsThree Denton high schools have been placed on lockdown after unsubstantiated threats, police said.
U.S. Army Corps Of Engineers Plan Includes $403M In Funding For Trinity River Flood Control ProjectThe U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has released a work plan that includes $403 million for the Trinity River Vision/Central City flood control project.
Dallas Officer Ambush
'To The Finish Line': Mike Rawlings Serving Last Days As Dallas MayorThe two-term Dallas mayor, who can't run again due to term limits, plans to work every last second until a new mayor takes over.
Dallas Police Department Unveils Portraits Of Officers Killed In 2016 AmbushIn a private ceremony Thursday, the Dallas Police Department unveiled portraits for the four Dallas Police officers killed in the downtown ambush on July 7, 2016.
DART Officer Sues Social Media Giants Over 2016 Downtown Police AmbushDART officer Jesus Retana was shot in the arm by a short fired from the second floor of El Cento College in July 2016. He blames social media companies for playing a role in the violence.
Dallas Officer Who Came To Colleagues' Aid While Injured During 2016 Ambush, Hailed A Hero AgainDespite being injured, Dallas police officer Gretchen Rocha still managed to arrest a burglary suspect overnight, and on Friday her superiors stressed that the officer has a history of bravery in bad situations.
Dallas Police To Honor Victims Of 7-7-16 AttackSaturday marks two years since a deadly ambush on police officers in Downtown Dallas during an anti-police brutality march.
DFW Moments: Dallas Police AmbushJuly 7, 2016 is considered one of the darkest days in DFW history when four Dallas Police officers and one DART Police officer was shot and killed in downtown Dallas.
Dallas Strong Releases Video About July 7 Tragedy To The PublicIt was just last month when Texas, and the nation, took time to remember five police officers ambushed in downtown Dallas. Today Dallas Strong released a video, previously only seen by relatives of the victims, to the public.
Dallas Ambush Survivors Remember Ordeal On 1st Anniversary"I knew today was coming, I just didn't realize it would be so painful for me," said Shetamia Taylor.
El Centro College, Linked To Police Ambush, Remembers 1 Year LaterDuring a ceremony at the college Friday morning, President Jose Adames read aloud the names of the fallen officers.
Quiet Effort Preserves the Mementos That Marked Dallas' SorrowThe tokens and mementos of a city in mourning have found a (albeit temporary) home.
Timeline of July 7 Dallas Police AmbushOne year later, the July 7 ambush on police officers in downtown Dallas is still considered an open investigation, therefore; an official account of events from that night have never been made public.
Dream Courts Rise Out Of Dallas TragedyOn the one-year anniversary of the Dallas police ambush, basketball courts are helping police and families heal.
Sniper Attack Was Part Of Chaotic Year For Dallas PoliceThe Dallas Police Department has weathered significant changes in the year since a sniper killed five law enforcement officers.
Remembering The Fallen On A Dark Day In Dallas HistoryRemembering five lives lost and the impact events had on North Texas. Today Dallas looks back on the one-year anniversary of a deadly police ambush.
Memorial Honoring 5 Fallen Police Officers In Dallas UnveiledOn this day before the one-year anniversary five police officers lost their lives in the ambush in downtown Dallas, their families, fellow officers and citizens they served gathered for the unveiling of the Dallas Circle of Heroes Memorial.
Crandall High School Dismisses Early Out Of 'Abundance Of Caution' Following Non-Specific Threat

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Continuing after crisis: District 65 regroups and rebounds for next school year
Jessica Sehgal, Bridget Baker, Marin Ubersox, Sophie Milner-Gorvine , and Zoe Kaufman|August 15, 2022
Photo courtesy of Ahania Soni
The 2021-2022 school year bore hardships for students across the country. Returning to a full-fledged school schedule after a year of isolation proved to be challenging for various reasons, and student behavior was representative of this difficulty. A July report by the National Center for Education Statistics revealed that 84 percent of public schools believe that the pandemic negatively affected student behavior, and 87 percent of public schools reported that the pandemic took a toll on student socio-emotional development. The Evanston community was no outlier in the midst of this trend.
"[With COVID-19] and being remote and coming back to school [in] August and September, [there] was a lot of readjustments, both for us as teachers and for the students," one District 65 teacher, Arnold*, shares. "For many of [students,] being away for those 16-18 months, they hadn't really interacted with a peer in front of an adult, maybe at the park or online, but never face to face, and never certainly with [school rules] like, 'No, we don't use that kind of language here at school,' or 'No, you cannot touch them,' 'No, you can't fight.' They really struggled with getting socialized and normalized back into what a real school day looks like."
*The teachers in this article spoke to the Evanstonian despite a mandate from District 65 that prohibited employees from talking to the press about some of the events that made headlines during the 2021-22 school year. As such, these teachers' names have been changed to provide anonymity.
In alignment with this teacher's perspective, students also noticed their peers struggling to adjust to the behavioral standards of in-person school. When two recent graduates of Haven Middle School considered their time in eighth grade, they both separately described this past year as "crazier" than previous years. One of the students, freshman Paula Hlava, recalls the increase in physical altercations amongst students.
"There [have always been] fights at Haven—like that's just always been a thing," she prefaces. "But it got a lot more violent and more intense this year and more frequent. On the first day of school, there was already a fight, and I remember thinking, 'Oh my God, this school's crazy' … That [became] a constant thing—the fights."
In late March, a Haven staff member required an ambulance after being punched by a student for attempting to break up a fight. In early April, a Haven teacher was sent to the hospital after her attempt to deescalate a student fight resulted in injury. The altercation caused the school to enter a soft lockdown, and Evanston police officers and paramedics were called to the scene. At the following Evanston/Skokie School District 65 Board of Education meeting, parents and guardians rallied for stronger safety precautions and protocols in District 65 schools.
"We, as a District 65 Board, share a concern for safety at Haven. Physical and emotional safety are a top priority given that it's foundational to the ability to learn. We have made sure that we are fully up to date and are authorizing and encouraging the necessary deployment of resources," Board President Anya Tanyavutti responded at the meeting.
Weeks later in early May, Nichols Middle School temporarily locked down after a student became violent with a staff member. Various reports disclose that the student was allegedly involved in a sexual assault case that occurred off campus, and the staff member sustained injury when confronting the student about the case.
Tensions continued to rise in the beginning of May, when it was also announced that several teachers were being transferred to teach at different schools, meaning they would also have to potentially teach different grades and subjects.
"It will be necessary to reduce 22 teaching positions for next school year; however, we are pleased that there will be no loss of educator jobs. While this will largely be accomplished through natural attrition (retirements, resignations, and leaves of absence), it will not be without impact," District 65 administrators wrote in a published letter. "In order to keep our teaching core intact and better align staffing to enrollment, it will require the transfer of some educators to other positions within their school or to another in the district."
A total of 40 teachers were to be transferred, 33 of which were involuntarily transferred.
"That was overwhelming to say the least. Like, I just couldn't believe it," a District 65 teacher, Elizabeth*, remarks in regards to the transfers.
Aside from just the staff, students were equally as upset by the news of the transfers.
"I think it's horrible that teachers that have worked [in the district] for so many years and have had a good reputation out here are getting moved to completely different grades and subjects from what they're [most] qualified to teach. I think it's horrible, because the teachers that they did move had already been working at [these schools] for a long time," says Hlava.
On Friday, May 13, Haven students organized a protest in response to the teacher transfers. Freshman and Haven graduate Devon Cravens describes the build-up to the protest.
"Before [the protest] happened, it was Monday, and a couple students and a couple teachers were talking about how they wanted to get together and do silent, peaceful protests on the first floor around the office. That's what I heard."
When the protest eventually came to life, it began as peaceful protest as intended. Reports of the protest recount that students exited their classrooms and quietly sat in the hallway. However, the original vision for the protest quickly became skewed when the tranquility shifted into disarray. Hlava recalls her experience that school day.
"On the announcements, they were like, 'Everybody go back to class,' but nobody listened, and you couldn't get up or down the stairs, because there were so many people," she shares. "Then, it turned into a lot of chaos, because people were throwing cups of water and people were slipping and doing backflips. It was kind of crazy. Then, the police cars came, and I don't think the police actually went into the school, but they were outside of the school."
The police were called during the protest but didn't take any action when arriving on the scene. While Haven staff members were filtering all of their attention towards attempting to regain control over the student population, three nooses were being hung on a tree between Haven and Kingsley Elementary School, but they weren't found until hours after the protest when Kingsley parents reported the scene to the police and the District 65 administration. At the time, it was rumored that, during the protest, Haven students had been chanting and bringing ropes towards the area where the nooses were found, and Evanston police officers were called to investigate the scene.
"This is a hate crime and a deliberate and specific incidence of an outwardly racist act. It resounds with a tone of hate and hurt that will impact members of our entire community, namely Black and African American students, staff, and families who have experienced generations of harm. What began as a peaceful protest by students is now tainted with hate and is part of a string of racist actions that continue to be directed at district and school administrators," District 65 Superintendent Devon Horton wrote that evening in a letter addressed to the District 65 Community.
In the days following this upsetting turn of events, Haven students were provided with various resources to help them process and learn from what had happened. District 65 organized sharing circles for students to express their feelings during the school day, and teachers led lessons on the historical meaning of nooses in America. Despite these efforts, students were left unsatisfied with the administrative response.
"When I first heard about [the nooses that were found], I was in disbelief. I was like, 'This isn't actually real,'" Hlava describes her reaction. "We had like a couple days worth of lessons [regarding the occurrence], and then right after the lessons that we had, [the school] never talked about it again [with us]. I feel like me and a lot of other students were left without answers and confused, because [the school] never told us anything. They educated us on what a noose [is] and the history behind it, but they never really addressed the event itself. Which was more confusing for students, because we weren't actually being told what was happening within our community."
Cravens reinforces this feeling of confusion surrounding the events that took place.
"The day [we got] back [after the protest], we had a sharing circle in almost every class, and [this happened] every couple of days," she recalls. "For a lot of us [students] it was annoying. [The school was] having us talk about it over and over again, but there's no answers. We have a lot of questions, and [the school] had us ask a lot of questions, but we never got any answers back. It was really frustrating."
The answers that these students crave regarding what exactly took place between Haven and Kingsley on May 13 didn't come until over a month later. In late June, the Evanston Police Department concluded their investigation of the incident and reported that a Haven student was accountable for the nooses. District 65 declared that it would hold a separate investigation that could result in disciplinary consequences for the student, but the police stated that "the actions and motive of the involved juvenile did not meet the legal, statutory elements of a hate crime." In short, the student will not be convicted of a Hate Crime Offense.
Despite all of the adversaries this past school year has held for District 65, the community still has hope entering next school year for a better experience.
"I've seen District 65 at its very best, and I've also struggled at District 65—it does come and go in waves," Elizabeth shares. "I think, while this was a painful year, I do believe wholeheartedly that better times and better years are to come. If we just give ourselves a little bit of grace and a lot of respect, and just give ourselves a chance to have a great school year, I think it definitely can happen."
As those events make clear, throughout the 2021-22 school year, District 65 faced many challenges and controversies. One of the longest lasting decisions on the community was the 40 teacher relocations that occurred mid-school year.
At Haven Middle School, this sudden movement of teachers across the district has led to discontent amongst parents, students and teachers. The impact of these relocations created a negative ripple effect throughout the community, leaving many questions unanswered. One District 65 teacher Arnold* sums up the events of the past year in a concise manner.
"What I've learned," Arnold says, "is that a system where words and actions among leaders don't support each other leaves only skepticism, unease and insecurity in those that are being led."
Hlava agrees, and sees the teacher reassignments as removing some of the stability within District 65 schools.
"They're moving all the teachers that have been there and successfully worked there for a long time," Hlava, who now attends ETHS as a freshman, says. "But a lot of those teachers were the reason [why] Haven didn't completely fall apart because they were [so helpful]. I think it's not fair, and it's really just terrible."
Elizabeth was involuntarily transferred and recalls their reaction to hearing the news.
"It broke my heart; I'm leaving my homeschool. I'm leaving a community that I helped build, that I think I'm a big part of. I'm going to a new school…not by my choice but by someone else's choice. I'm heartbroken," Elizabeth explains.
Students at Haven have not been informed of plans or programs for change in place for the next school year despite the events of last year and their concerns. When asked if she had any knowledge of any future plans in place, Hlava wasn't aware of any future plans that Haven had put into place.
"I know that it's the same administration," Hlava says, "so I don't know if they have plans, or if they're just kind of going to go into [next school year] acting like nothing happened, but I haven't heard of anything."
Hlava proceeded to mention that the school's response to the events that occurred at Haven last year weren't sufficient in changing how stakeholders felt about the direction of the school.
"I mean, [the Haven administration] tried to have assemblies and lessons and stuff—I think there was an attempt—but it wasn't very well thought out. I feel like the stuff they did do was more so that they could say that they did something and less less to actually help the students," Hlava continued.
Hlava believes that for change to occur, the school's staff must be fully committed to its vision for improvement.
"I understand the restorative justice thing, and I understand how that can be a more beneficial solution than punishing students, but I think that if they're going to use that curriculum, they need to really enforce it. I would say enforcing that way of teaching and learning more, instead of just letting [students] get away with anything—actually using restorative justice and not just saying that you're using it—is important."
Restorative justice is an alternative tactic to traditional disciplinary measures that was implemented by District 65 this past year. Elements of the restorative justice model are seen at ETHS as well.
The idea is that instead of simply punishing students with traditional methods, students who've broken rules would partake in constructive problem solving. However, as Hlava points out, this can only work if the practice is one to which all parties are fully committed.
In addition to full buy in, the preparation for new teachers and staff members must be stronger, Hlava believes.
"For the new teachers that they're hiring, actually telling them what they're in store for, because I know for my English teacher last year, they kind of painted a completely different picture for her," Hlava mentions. Hlava hopes that teachers will also receive better instruction on how to deal with student tensions.
"[The school needs to train teachers] on how to handle [difficult] situations," Hlava says. "[The school should train teachers] on what actually is a beneficial way to deal with…the fights."
Despite the general uncertainty in the student body, teachers are hopeful that next year will be a blank slate for the district, and that teachers, administrators and students can move forward positively.
"I think they have some recovery, and some healing to do there as well. So, I think across the district, we're trying to put the last year behind us and sort of start fresh with this year," Elizabeth* says.
"We can reset the rules and expectations, we can build our own community. So I think,
every school year, you have a chance to start afresh, and I think that'll happen this year."
When asked specifically about how the district should approach the rising tensions and fights that have been happening at Haven, Elizabeth says, "I don't think it's about discipline. I think it's about accountability and character. So I think we've got to say that we are Evanston, and this is how we act. And we're gonna hold each other accountable—all of us."
While staff and students had many ideas about how to build a sense of community this school year, Horton explains some programs being implemented that are designed to foster academic success as well as healthy relationships.
This year, a program dubbed the Academic Skill Center will be used to help students improve their standardized test scores. Students that tested between the 25-50 percentile on standardized tests are eligible for this program; their parents would sign a waiver to allow them access to 40 minutes of tutoring a day during school hours. Students would also take practice tests during this time. While COVID-19 affected students socially, the pandemic also led to challenges for many students' ability to engage academically at the same level as before, and additional time working on material is one way to build their academic skills up.
According to Horton, "Especially in African American and LatinX communities, we've seen improvements."
ASC isn't the only helpful program available to students this year, Horton explains.
"We're actually launching AVID here in the middle schools," he says.
AVID is a program currently being used by ETHS to prepare students for their post-high school careers. It focuses on studying and executive function skills. Horton hopes that by encouraging student success in these areas, the school environment will improve.
"AVID is designed to really target middle ground students … and give them access to tutoring during the school day," Horton says. "It also gives them all of these different resources that allow them to excel and meet the mark for success when they go into high school."
"Sometimes, when students struggle and get disconnected from the learning, it frustrates them as well as staff, and so it creates some tension," he explains.
One other program being implemented this year will hopefully build on this idea of connecting academic and social success.
"Groups of about 10 to 12 students that may have had some struggles will be given mentors, who'll work with these students to serve as a voice for them at the school, when they're having issues in the classroom. We also bring the families of these students to workshops around opportunities to create businesses, opportunities to know how to do credit repair for their families, opportunities, how to do job interviews, or just some of the other resources that some of our students or families may need," Horton explains.
The hope is that these programs, as well as better communication between everyone in the District 65 community, will create a better school experience in years to come.
"[What we've added] is going to be pretty significant, and [have a large] impact on the culture here."
Jessica Sehgal, Executive Editor
My name is Jessica Sehgal, my pronouns are she/her/hers, and I am an executive editor for The Evanstonian. As a senior, this will be my fourth and final year on staff. Throughout these past few years, I have had the opportunity to grow not only as a writer, but as a collaborator, thinker and leader. I love how The Evanstonian provides a space for me to work with people who share similar goals to myself but have a varying range of skill sets and strengths. Beyond the paper, I play volleyball, engage in community service, and spend time with my family and friends.
Bridget Baker, Staff Writer
Hi! My name is Bridget Baker (she/her/hers). I'm a junior, and I have been a staff writer for the Evanstonian for two years. I write for the In-Depth section. I love working on the articles that the In-Depth produces and the community feel that comes from working with others. I love how the Evanstonian allows me to meet new people and learn more about those around me. Outside of the Evanstonian, I enjoy writing, traveling, playing tennis, and spending time outdoors and with friends. I'm excited about this year's activities and being back at in-person school.
Marin Ubersox, Assistant In-Depth Editor
Hi! My name is Marin Ubersox, and I use she/her pronouns. I'm a sophomore, and this year I'm the Assistant In-Depth editor. Last year I was a staff writer for the Opinion section. I love writing about issues that plague our community, and I hope to continue raising awareness about them in In-Depth this year. I lead the ETHS Politics Club, am an active member of the Community Service Club, and also play tennis. In my free time, I love reading books and hanging out with my friends.
Zoe Kaufman
Just a 30-minute cab ride away: An inside look at North Cook Young Adult Academy
Student Voice Forum brings out opportunity for students to share their concerns with school policy
Offline: Avoiding social media in an ever-connected world
Individualizing instruction: 'student-centered' special education
Technological troubles in teaching: how mobile devices affect education, ETHS
Stressors in sports: the challenges student athletes face due to toxic cultures
I don't know about you but I'm feeling class of 22
It feels like a perfect day To celebrate our seniors And enjoy our summer, uh-uh, uh-uh It feels like a perfect day To stop ...
Superintendent Witherspoon details final days at ETHS
Stress and substances: the supports in place for students in Evanston
Banished and embellished: an analysis of appropriate content in high schools


Butler, R., Sargisson, R.J. & Elliffe, D. (2010). The efficacy of systematic desensitization for treating the separation-related problem behaviour of domestic dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 129(2-4), 136-145.
The evaluation of systematic desensitization to treat separation-related problem behaviours, such as destruction of property, excessive barking, or house-soiling, has tended to rely on single case-studies. Eight dogs exhibiting separation-related behaviour, and their owners, participated in a controlled experiment using a within-subjects design to evaluate the efficacy of a combination of systematic desensitization and counter-conditioning. Treatment produced significant reductions in both the frequency (T(9)) = 0.0, P = 0.008) and the severity (T(9)) = 0.0, P = 0.008) of separation-related behaviours compared to baseline. Six dogs, for which follow-up data were obtained three months after treatment ended, showed almost complete elimination of the problem behaviour. The use of counter-conditioning, and other behavioural advice, did not appear to be related to the success of the treatment, suggesting that systematic desensitization was the critical element. Speed of progress and final success was not related to the consistency with which the owners applied systematic desensitization, indicating that even when owners apply systematic desensitization haphazardly, it can still be successful in treating separation-related behaviour in dogs.


text:
PRESS RELEASESBLOGIN THE NEWSEVENTSEVENTS ARCHIVE
< back to overview
ONF Achieves "Milestone Moment" Democratizing Open Networking
Timon Sloane About the author
The Internet (ARPANET) was born when independent universities became empowered to build their own networks to interconnect with their peers. We all know the story - this network grew organically and eventually transformed the world, and open systems and open source played key roles along the way.
Over time networks ossified as they became more and more complex to the point that only the biggest companies could build them or the complex systems upon which they relied. What started as a democratic bottoms-up movement turned into a market controlled by fewer and fewer companies. It was with this background that the ONF was formed with a vision to re-democratize networking and bring back localized ownership and control through the use of SDN and open source.
This month, in a culmination of 10 years work, ONF achieved a remarkable milestone by open sourcing a complete end-to-end solution that now makes it possible for anyone to build their own 5G+Edge networks much like the arpanet enabled universities to build and control their own destinies. This project, Aether, is already being used to interconnect universities and other organizations, and it is now mature enough and easy enough to use that it's time to make it available as widely as possible.
For this milestone moment, ONF is hosting a live Webinar on March 30th, 9:00am PDT led by the ONF leadership team. Learn about Aether and its component platforms all now available in open source and how you can leverage and build upon these platforms to build your own 5G + edge solutions and more.
Come join the webinar, and let us help you take your next step towards open programmable networking!
Timon SloaneVP, Marketing & Ecosystem
Timon Sloane is the vice president of marketing and ecosystem of the Open Networking Foundation (ONF). He leads the organization's efforts building an open source ecosystem, thus helping to enable broad transformation of the networking industry through the adoption open source business practices.
#SDN #5G. #Edge
ONF Launches SD-RAN v1.4 as First Open Source Release
The SD-RAN community is pleased to announce the release of SD-RAN v1.4. This is the first Apache licensed open-source release, which has been made possible after incubating the project for over a y
Community Member Profile: Han Wang
In this community member profile, we would like to introduce Han Wang, a Staff Engineer at Intel Corporation's Switch and Fabric Group, based in San Jose, California, USA. He is an active contrib
[+]2023
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text:
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences
Professor Stuart Harrad
In 'People'
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Professor of Environmental Chemistry
+44 (0)121 41 47298
s.j.harrad@bham.ac.uk
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B15 2TT
Stuart is an environmental chemist whose research addresses all aspects of the environmental sources, fate and behaviour of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). He has particular interests in human exposure to POPs with a focus on indoor pathways. He is also active in research that explores the environmental forensics utility of chirality.
Stuart is part of the Birmingham Plastics Network, an interdisciplinary team of more than 40 academics working together to shape the fate and sustainable future of plastics. This unique team brings together chemists, environmental scientists, philosophers, linguists, economists, and experts in many other fields, to holistically address the global plastics problem.
Professor Harrad gained his BSc in Applied Chemistry from De Montfort University in 1984. He then moved to the University of East Anglia where he completed an MSc in Analytical Chemistry in 1985, and his PhD on Levels and Sources of PCDD/Fs in UK soils in 1989. After several postdoctoral appointments in both the USA and UK, he took up his present post in September 1994. He heads a National Network on Persistent Organic Pollutants, sits on the International Advisory Board of the Annual International Symposia on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants and chaired the 28th such symposium in Birmingham, August 17-22, 2008.
Stuart makes a significant contribution to the delivery of the BSc Environmental Science degree programme. He is module leader for:
GGM221 Environmental Transfer Processes, and
GGM341 Environmental Protection
He contributes to GGM109 Environmental Chemistry and Physics
He teaches on several other MSc programmes both within and external to GEES
Postgraduate supervision
Stuart Harrad's specific research foci are: the assessment of human exposure and the significance of indoor contamination; and the exploitation of the chiral properties of POPs. His current research projects include:
Utilising the chiral properties of POPs as a tool for furthering understanding of their environmental sources, fate and behaviour
Assessing human exposure to POPs (internal and external)
Elucidating pathways via which brominated flame retardants migrate from products into indoor dust
Environmental fate and behaviour of POPs in UK lakes
Emissions of brominated micropollutants from steel making
Emissions of brominated flame retardants associated with the treatment of waste electronics, furnishings and building materials
Professor Harrad welcomes enquiries from prospective doctoral researchers in his areas of interest.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), particularly polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorinated substances (PFSs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), "novel" brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and dioxins. Specific foci are:
Assessment of human exposure;
The significance of indoor contamination;
The exploitation of the chiral properties of POPs to provide new insights into their sources, environmental fate and behaviour
Current Research:
Assessing Human Exposure to POPs both internal (e.g. human milk, blood) and external via inhalation, dust ingestion, and diet
Elucidating pathways via which brominated flame retardants migrate from products into indoor dust (part of the INFLAME project "Indoor Contamination with Flame Retardant Chemicals: Causes and Impacts"
Past and present funding for Dr Harrad's research programme comes from: AEA Technology, the Big Lottery Fund, the European Commission, the European Science Foundation, the Food Standards Agency, the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), the Biotechnology and Biosciences Research Council (BBSRC), the Leverhulme Trust, the Royal Society, Corus plc, Unilever, Defra, the Department of Health, the West Midlands Office of the National Health Service Executive, and the Association of Commonwealth Universities. At any one time, Dr. Harrad's research group usually contains a number of overseas PhD students sponsored by government agencies within their own countries. Examples of such countries are: China, Egypt, Germany, Thailand, Iran, Mexico, Australia and Brunei. The Harrad group also welcomes research visitors from overseas, with previous visitors from countries such as Spain, Sri Lanka and Puerto Rico making an important contribution to our research.
Harrad, S, Drage, D, Sharkey, M, Stubbings, W, Alghamdi, M, Berresheim, H, Coggins, M & Rosa, AH 2023, 'Elevated concentrations of halogenated flame retardants in waste childcare articles from Ireland', Environmental Pollution, vol. 317, 120732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120732
Akinrinade, OE, Stubbings, WA, Abdallah, MA-E, Ayejuyo, O, Alani, R & Harrad, S 2022, 'Atmospheric concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants, and novel flame retardants in Lagos, Nigeria indicate substantial local sources', Environmental Research, vol. 204, no. Part B, 112091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112091
Harrad, S, Sharkey, M, Stubbings, WA, Alghamdi, M, Berresheim, H, Coggins, M, Rosa, AH & Drage, D 2023, 'Chlorinated organophosphate esters in Irish waste foams and fabrics: Concentrations, preliminary assessment of temporal trends and evaluation of the impact of a concentration limit value', Science of the Total Environment, vol. 859, no. 1, 160250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160250
Lin, L, Abdallah, MAE, Chen, LJ, Luo, XJ, Mai, BX & Harrad, S 2022, 'Comparative in vitro metabolism of short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) by human and chicken liver microsomes: First insight into heptachlorodecanes', Science of the Total Environment, vol. 851, no. Pt 2, 158261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158261
Al-Omran, LS, Stubbings, WA & Harrad, S 2022, 'Concentrations and isomer profiles of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in floor, elevated surface, and outdoor dust samples from Basrah, Iraq', Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 910-920. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EM00133K
Abdallah, M & Harrad, S 2022, 'Dermal uptake of chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants via contact with furniture fabrics; implications for human exposure', Environmental Research, vol. 209, 112847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.112847
Waiyarat, S, Boontanon, SK, Boontanon, N, Fujii, S, Harrad, S, Drage, DS & Abdallah, MA-E 2022, 'Exposure, risk and predictors of hexabromocyclododecane and Tetrabromobisphenol-A in house dust from urban, rural and E-waste dismantling sites in Thailand', Chemosphere, vol. 302, 134730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134730
Drage, D, Sharkey, M, Al-Omran, LS, Stubbings, WA, Berresheim, H, Coggins, M, Rosa, AH & Harrad, S 2022, 'Halogenated flame retardants in Irish waste polymers: Concentrations, legislative compliance, and preliminary assessment of temporal trends', Environmental Pollution, vol. 309, 119796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119796
Ageel, HK, Harrad, S & Abdallah, MA-E 2022, 'Occurrence, human exposure, and risk of microplastics in the indoor environment', Environmental Science Processes and Impacts , vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 17-31. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EM00301A
Gbadamosi, MR, Abdallah, MAE & Harrad, S 2022, 'Organophosphate esters in UK diet; exposure and risk assessment', Science of the Total Environment, vol. 849, 158368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158368
Sharkey, M, Drage, D, Harrad, S, Stubbings, WA, Rosa, AH, Coggins, M & Berresheim, H 2022, 'POP-BFRs in consumer products: evolution of the efficacy of XRF screening for legislative compliance over a 5-year interval and future trends', Science of the Total Environment, vol. 853, 158614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158614
Ma, Y, Stubbings, WA, Abdallah, MA-E, Cline-Cole, R & Harrad, S 2023, 'Temporal trends in concentrations of brominated flame retardants in UK foodstuffs suggest active impacts of global phase-out of PBDEs and HBCDD', Science of the Total Environment, vol. 863, 160956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160956
Ragnarsdóttir, O, Abdallah, MA-E & Harrad, S 2022, 'Dermal uptake: an important pathway of human exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances?', Environmental Pollution, vol. 307, 119478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119478
Ma, Y, Stubbings, WA, Abdallah, MA-E, Cline-Cole, R & Harrad, S 2022, 'Formal waste treatment facilities as a source of halogenated flame retardants and organophosphate esters to the environment: a critical review with particular focus on outdoor air and soil', Science of the Total Environment, vol. 807, no. Part 1, 150747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150747
Onoja, S, Nel, HA, Abdallah, MAE & Harrad, S 2022, 'Microplastics in freshwater sediments: analytical methods, temporal trends, and risk of associated organophosphate esters as exemplar plastics additives', Environmental Research, vol. 203, 111830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111830
View all publications in research portal
People's exposure to persistent toxic organic chemicals e.g. via inhalation and ingestion of dust and food; measuring levels of these chemicals; sources of persistent toxic chemicals, particularly in indoor environments
Exposure to persistent toxic organic chemicals, inhalation and ingestion of dust and food; measuring levels of these chemicals; sources of persistent toxic chemicals, particularly in indoor environments
Related Schools
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1.1 million euro grant awarded to ELUTE project to further understanding of brominated persistent organic chemicals
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var parseUrl = require('url').parse;
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
December 29 - St Thomas a Becket
On December 29, the Catholic Church remembers St. Thomas Becket, the other Thomas who was martyred for the Catholic Faith in England by a king named Henry over matters of Church governance.
Thomas was born in London on the 21st of December in either 1117 or 1118 to Gilbert Becket and Matilda Roheise. His parents were buried in Old St. Paul's Cathedral. When Thomas was 10 he learned to read at the Merton Priory in England and then traveled to the Mainland for further studies of canon and civil law in Paris, Bologna, and Auxerre.
After his studies were concluded he returned to England around 1141 where he gained the attention of Theobold, Archbishop of Canterbury, who sent him on several missions to Rome and ordained him a deacon in 1154. Soon after this, he was named Archdeacon of Canterbury. About this same time King Stephen died, leaving Henry the II as the new king. At Archbishop Theobold's urging, King Henry named Thomas the Lord High Chancellor of England. Thomas and King Henry were close friends and both spent a good deal of time "living it up."
Thomas was so zealous in carrying out his duties as chancellor that many of the English clergy distrusted him.
When Archbishop Theobold died in 1161, King Henry thought that naming Thomas the new Archbishop of Canterbury would solidify his position as sole head of England; something that had long been opposed by Archbishop Theobold.
Thomas warned the King that if he were to become the Archbishop, he would fulfill his duty as zealously for the Church as he had as chancellor for England. The King insisted, even obtaining a dispensation from the Pope for Thomas to hold both positions. In 1162 Thomas was named Archbishop of Canterbury and immediately the conflicts that he had warned King Henry about began.
He resigned as Chancellor, excommunicated one of the nobles, and successfully opposed a new land tax by the king. Within two years, Thomas fled to France in exile after more fighting with the king over the Constitutions of Clarendon which were an attempt by the king to define clearly the various spheres of authority between church and state.
King Louis VII of France welcomed Thomas and let him stay at the Cistercian Abbey of Pontigny for two years until threats by King Henry forced him to move. During this time, Thomas was in constant contact with Pope Alexander III who sympathized but wanted to try a more diplomatic approach to resolving the crisis than Thomas wanted.
In 1166 the pope granted Thomas permission to take what measures he saw fit to try to bring the matter to a close. Thomas immediately excommunicated several of the king's councilors. In 1167 the pope appointed arbiters to try to resolve the authority disputes peacefully, but Thomas refused to compromise. In 1169 Thomas excommunicated two bishops loyal to King Henry. In 1170 King Henry had himself crowned king by the Archbishop of York and the pope threatened to excommunicate all of Britain unless the king agreed to work out a compromise with Thomas.
Thomas returned to England in November of 1170 and immediately declared the Constitutions of Clarendon null and void. Henry, in a rage, said "Who will rid me of this troublesome priest?" or similar words. Four of his knights, Reginald Fitzurse, Hugh de Moreville, William de Tracy, and Richard le Breton, took this as a clear command from the king and murdered Thomas during vespers in Canterbury Cathedral on December 29, 1170.
Thomas Becket was canonized in 1173. On July 12, 1174, in an attempt to calm a revolt, King Henry II did public penance at Thomas' tomb.
In 1538, three years after having St. Thomas More beheaded for opposing the rule of the Catholic Church by the king, King Henry VIII had the shrine of St. Thomas Becket destroyed in an act of vengeance. He also had Thomas' relics destroyed and any mention of his name obliterated.
Mike Grady
Wow. Incredible story. What a Great Saint.


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Microsoft Office 365 review
Mary Branscombe Read more April 26, 2011
PREVIEW: Purchasing and maintaining software for a business, small or big, is a costly undertaking. It isn't just the licensing that affects your bottom line, but the man hours that go into keeping software patched and up to date, installing it on new machines and maintaining all the servers you need to provide email and online services.
Microsoft's Office 365, the public beta of which was unveiled this week, aims to make the job easier. It's the successor to the current Business Productivity Online Services, and shifts a raft of traditionally office-based products and services from the server room to the cloud.
Included are Microsoft Exchange with Forefront Online Protection for anti-virus and spam, SharePoint, Lync Online and the Office Web Apps with (optional) licences for the full Office Professional Plus, plus a SharePoint-based public website.
It can be used in two ways: alone as an online replacement for email, unified communication and file-sharing that delivers the full Office feature set as it was designed to work; or federated with your existing on-premise servers to give you the same level of control and configuration with far less management and maintenance.
For an enterprise it promises convenience, for a small business it's far cheaper and simpler than buying and managing a server. But how much of the on-premise server power do you get and is it ready for businesses to rely on?
To end users, Office 365 means extra features. By combining Exchange, Lync Online and SharePoint servers (something not every business has the wherewithal, time or money to do) Office 365 unlocks the full Office 2010 feature set.
Features such as getting a warning that someone's out of the office when typing an email address, and being able to see the person who made a change to one of your documents is online so you can ask them what they meant in an IM or video call, aren't available with an Exchange server alone. And there's a whole raft of other features worth having.
These include being able to attach a link to a shared file so you don't end up with five sets of comments to read and merge; to take shared files offline and automatically upload and merge changes when you get back to the office; and turn email replies into a database automatically.
Administrators will also benefit from going down the Office 365 route. Setting up Exchange, Lync Online and SharePoint servers can be a prohibitively expensive and complicated process, and requires ongoing management.
Signing up and signing in for Office 365 is simple, and takes you straight to an online management console. This covers the settings for the service, subscription management for Office 365 accounts and Office client licences, which you can allocate individually or by AD role or using specific policies.
It also displays service health, with warnings for any scheduled maintenance and wizards for creating migration and co-existence plans. All this makes moving to Office 365 a clear and manageable process.
If you've used the web management tools for Exchange Server, these are identical but with many of the management features for Forefront, SharePoint and (to a lesser extent) Lync. You can use a limited number of PowerShell management commands too.
How to Use an Xbox One Controller with a Mac
Jim Tanous January 18, 2022
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How to Check the DPI of an Image


The lineages of bony fishes can be traced with fair certainty back to the Silurian.
The lineages of bony fishes can be traced with fair certainty back to the Silurian. Their success is evidenced by the diversity of forms found throughout the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic, and because of the overwhelming dominance of teleosts today. However, another group of fishes also arose during the early Paleozoic that followed a very different course of development and that also radiated in the Mesozoic and is well represented today. These are the Chondrichthyes ("cartilaginous fishes"), a group that rapidly specialized as marine predators. By the Carboniferous, sharks made up as much as 60% of the species of fishes in some shallow tropical habitats (Lund 1990).
Although traditionally thought of as "primitive" because of their cartilaginous skeleton, it turns out that many of the characters of modern Chondrichthyes are secondarily derived and represent specializations for a very different, parallel mode of life in water. As with the sarcopterygian and actinopterygian divergence among the bony fishes, two major subclasses of chondrichthyans – the Holocephali and the Elasmobranchii – also developed. The two groups are united by several synapomorphies, chief among which are a prismatic type of calcifi cation of endoskeletal cartilage and the presence of pelvic claspers in males (Grogan & Lund 2004).
The common ancestor of the two groups remains to be discovered, and many "sharklike" fossils do not fit well into known groups, or are the subject of debate. Our knowledge of chondrichthyan phylogeny is constrained by the availability of fossil skeletal material; by its nature, cartilage does not fossilize readily and hence our ideas concerning many basal groups rest on incomplete specimens. Accordingly, interrelationships among the Chondrichthyes are, once again, the subject of considerable discussion. Fortunately, the last few decades have seen an upsurge in discoveries, clarifying if not solving many earlier points of contention but leaving others unresolved (again, see Nelson 2006 for a review).


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Posted on February 10, 2020 by Scott Gurvey	2 comments
It is over now. In the 241 year history of the United States there have only been three impeachment trials of a president. The impeachment of Donald J. Trump ended just as expected, with his acquittal by the United States Senate. The Senators sat as jurors but heard no live witnesses and read no documentary evidence other than that gathered by the House of Representatives. That was a marked departure from all other impeachment trials in the Senate.
What have we learned? We have learned that our government process has devolved into one where only party loyalty and raw political power counts. The House, with the Democrats in the majority, did not allow Republicans to call witnesses. The Senate, with the Republicans in the majority, blocked witnesses and documents and considered voting to "dismiss" the charges without even allowing the House managers to present their case.
We have also learned that the president is immune from impeachment as long as his political party controls at least one house of Congress. He is also immune from any oversight, free to spend funds as he sees fit even if his actions are in defiance of laws passed by Congress and signed by him, and free to ignore Congressional requests, even in subpoena form, for any documents or testimony.
In sum we have reached the stage where we have a president who has all the powers of an absolute monarch, save for the fact that he must win election and then reelection by the Electoral College. In that scheme neither the legislative nor the judicial branch are necessary.
There were a couple of unexpected moments in the impeachment proceedings. Utah Republican Mitt Romney voted to convict Trump on one of the two articles of impeachment. And West Virginia Democrat Joe Manchin, representing a very Republican state and thought to be learning toward acquittal, stood with his fellow Democrats and voted to convict on both articles. Their acts deprived Trump of his ability to claim a bipartisan acquittal or a unanimous display of loyalty by Republicans.
When President Bill Clinton was acquitted by the Senate in 1999 following his impeachment by the House, he addressed the nation with a contrite apology. Those who expected something similar a move toward healing from Trump, I'm thinking of you Susan Collins, Republican Senator from Maine, were shown to be fools. Again.
Trump's dance of vindication and retribution began the day before the final vote. Delivering the state of the union address to a joint session of Congress, Trump pointedly refused to shake the hand of the Speaker of the House, Democrat Nancy Pelosi of California. After his address, during which he was in full political rally mode, Pelosi pointedly torn up her copy of the speech.
The day after the vote Trump attended the National Prayer Breakfast. Trump spoke after an opening call for unity and promptly announced that he could not agree with the lead speaker. He then went into a tirade of attacks on his political opponents, including Speaker Pelosi, who was also seated on the dais.
Trump then adjourned to the White House, where he staged a full blown campaign event, the audience made up of the people who had fought favorably in his defense. The rant was wall to wall a recitation of false claims of success covering events of his first three years in office. And ad hominem attacks on his perceived opponents, including many of the core institutions of the government itself. The broadcast news media, itself a target of Trump's vitriol, covered it as if it were a news conference.
Trump finished the week with a little score setting and bloodletting. Trump threw Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman off the National Security Council. Vindman, an expert on Ukraine, had testified during the House impeachment hearings. An active duty soldier, the Purple Heart winner will be reassigned. Trump also recalled Gordon Sondland, the U.S. ambassador to the European Union. Sondland, a political appointee who bought his post by giving one million dollars to Trump's first campaign, also testified before the House committee.
Trump also dismissed Lt. Col. Yevgeny Vindman from the NSC. Yevgeny Vindman is a lawyer and the only reason he drew Trump's ire appears to be the fact that he is Alexander's twin brother. Both Vindmans were marched out of the White House by security officers, just like you expel an employee you have found stealing from the petty cash drawer.
Of course the Tweeter-in- Chief, who seems to have time to write scores of "Tweets" at all hours of the day and night, argues that all of these people were inadequate performers. His syncopates have defended all these actions, noting that a president's staff serves at the president's pleasure. That may be true but the civil rights violations here just beg for lawsuits.
For many people commenting on what has become of our government, it is a sad day. But one need only to have watched Trump's rambling disoriented performances on camera to realize that this has been the game plan all along. Better articulated by Trump's Svengali Steve Bannon on the Bill Maher HBO show, this is the destruction of what they call the "deep state." Others call it the destruction of our federal government and the rise of totalitarianism.
tagged with impeachment, purge, rant, Romney, Sondlund, Trump, Vindman
kraffel
February 10, 2020	10:21 pm
The GOP could and did call witnesses in the House hearings. Example: Tim Morrison, the former top National Security Council official for Russia and European affairs. Jonathan Turley, a law professor at GW Law School, was also a GOP witness. Dems also offered to let Trump's lawyers participate but they declined.
As I understood it, members drew up lists of people they would like to call. Turley and Morrison appeared on both lists. Names only on the Republican list were not called. Yes Trump's lawyers were offered the right to participate and they declined. It is also true that Republican committee members were present and asked questions at all hearings, both public and private.


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Bjelavići är en förstörd befolkad plats i Bosnien och Hercegovina.   Den ligger i entiteten Federationen Bosnien och Hercegovina, i den centrala delen av landet,  kilometer nordväst om huvudstaden Sarajevo. Bjelavići ligger  meter över havet och antalet invånare är .

Terrängen runt Bjelavići är huvudsakligen kuperad. Bjelavići ligger nere i en dal. Den högsta punkten i närheten är Teševsko Brdo,  meter över havet,  kilometer nordost om Bjelavići. Närmaste större samhälle är Visoko,  kilometer söder om Bjelavići.

Omgivningarna runt Bjelavići är en mosaik av jordbruksmark och naturlig växtlighet. Runt Bjelavići är det ganska tätbefolkat, med  invånare per kvadratkilometer.  Trakten ingår i den hemiboreala klimatzonen. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är  °C. Den varmaste månaden är juli, då medeltemperaturen är  °C, och den kallaste är januari, med  °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är  millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är maj, med i genomsnitt  mm nederbörd, och den torraste är juli, med  mm nederbörd.

Kommentarer

Källor

Orter i Federationen Bosnien och Hercegovina

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Seven Days in May is a 1964 American political thriller film about a military-political cabal's planned takeover of the United States government in reaction to the president's negotiation of a disarmament treaty with the Soviet Union. The film, starring Burt Lancaster, Kirk Douglas, Fredric March, and Ava Gardner, was directed by John Frankenheimer from a screenplay written by Rod Serling and based on the novel of the same name by Fletcher Knebel and Charles W. Bailey II, published in September 1962.

Background
The book was written in late 1961 and into early 1962 during the first year of the Kennedy administration, reflecting some of the events of that era. In November 1961, President John F. Kennedy accepted the resignation of vociferously anti-communist general Edwin Walker, who had been indoctrinating the troops under his command with radical right-wing ideas and personal political opinions, including describing Harry S. Truman, Dean Acheson, Eleanor Roosevelt and other active public figures as communist sympathizers. Although no longer in uniform, Walker continued to make headlines as he ran for governor of Texas and made speeches promoting strongly right-wing views. In the film version of Seven Days in May, Fredric March, portraying the narrative's fictional president Jordan Lyman, mentions General Walker as one of the "false prophets" who were offering themselves to the public as leaders.

As Fletcher Knebel and Charles W. Bailey II, primarily political journalists and columnists, collaborated on the novel, they also conducted interviews with another highly controversial military commander, the newly appointed Air Force chief of staff General Curtis LeMay, who was angry with Kennedy for refusing to provide air support for the Cuban rebels in the Bay of Pigs Invasion. The character of General James Mattoon Scott was believed to have been inspired by both LeMay and Walker.

President Kennedy had read the novel Seven Days in May shortly after its publication and believed that the scenario could actually occur in the United States. According to director John Frankenheimer, the project received encouragement and assistance from Kennedy through White House press secretary Pierre Salinger, who conveyed to Frankenheimer Kennedy's wish that the film be produced. In spite of Defense Department opposition, Kennedy arranged to visit the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port for a weekend when the film needed to shoot outside the White House.

Plot

In the 1970s, the Cold War remained a major security and political problem. The weak and unpopular U.S. President Jordan Lyman recently signs a nuclear disarmament treaty with the Soviet Union, and the subsequent ratification by the U.S. Senate has produced a wave of dissatisfaction, especially among Lyman's political opposition and the military, who believe that the Russians cannot be trusted. His popularity has reached an all-time low of 29%, there is rioting about the treaty right outside the White House and he is warned of a dangerous cardiac condition by the presidential physician, which he blithely disregards, too busy and beleaguered to take a prescribed two-week vacation.

United States Marine Corps colonel "Jiggs" Casey is the director of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He serves its chairman, four-star United States Air Force general James Mattoon Scott, a former air ace who earned six Purple Hearts, two Distinguished Service Crosses and the Medal of Honor.

Casey stumbles upon evidence that Scott is leading the Joint Chiefs to stage a coup d'etat to remove Lyman in seven days. Under the plan, disguised as a training exercise, a secret army unit known as ECOMCON, training at a secret Texas base, will take control of the country's telephone, radio and television networks while the president, participating in a staged "alert," is seized. Scott, who is busy advancing his charismatic public persona through nationally televised anti-treaty rallies, is planned to head a military junta. Although personally opposed to Lyman's policies, Casey is appalled by the plot and alerts Lyman.

Still somewhat skeptical, Lyman gathers a circle of trusted advisors to investigate: Secret Service White House detail chief Art Corwin, Treasury Secretary Christopher Todd, longtime advisor Paul Girard and Raymond Clark, the senior U.S. senator from Georgia and a close friend of 21 years.

Casey has deduced that the heads of all branches of the U.S. military but the Navy support Scott's coup scheme, with Vice Admiral Barnswell, then aboard an aircraft carrier in the Mediterranean, apparently the only invited officer to decline. Lyman cancels a previous commitment to participate in Scott's alert, offering the ruse that he will be away for a fishing weekend. He then dispatches Girard to Gibraltar to obtain Barnswell's confession, sends the alcoholic Clark to Texas to locate the secret base and tasks Casey to gather dirt on the general's private life. Meanwhile, the Secret Service surreptitiously films evidence of an attempt to kidnap the president during the phony fishing trip, removing all doubts about the existence of a plot.

Girard successfully secures Barnswell's confession in writing, but it disappears during a plane crash in Spain. Clark is taken captive when he reaches the secret base and held incommunicado for a day and a half before the Sunday coup. Exploiting Casey's longtime friendship with the base's deputy commander Colonel Henderson, Clark convinces Henderson of the actual intent of the impending "alert." Henderson frees Clark and leads an escape back to Washington but is abducted and confined in a military stockade there. In a radiophone conference call with the president, Barnswell denies knowledge of any conspiracy.

Knowing that he cannot prove Scott's guilt, Lyman nevertheless calls Scott to the White House to demand that he and the other conspirators resign. Scott refuses and denies the existence of any plot. Lyman argues that a coup would prompt the Soviets to launch a preemptive nuclear strike. Scott maintains that the American people are behind him. Lyman challenges him to resign and run for office in order to seek power legitimately, but Scott is unmoved. Lyman restrains himself from confronting Scott with the damning letters that Casey had obtained.

Scott meets the other three Joint Chiefs and reasserts his intention to execute the coup. He plans a nighttime network broadcast, but Lyman holds an afternoon press conference to announce that he has fired the four men. As he is speaking, Barnswell's confession, recovered from the plane crash, is handed to him and he delays the conference. In the interim, copies of the confession are delivered to Scott and the other plotters. As the press conference resumes, Scott abandons the plan when Lyman announces that the other three conspirators have resigned.

Lyman delivers a speech on the state of the nation and its values, declaring that the nation gains strength through peace rather than by conflict.

Cast

 Burt Lancaster as US Air Force General James Mattoon Scott, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
 Kirk Douglas as USMC Colonel Martin "Jiggs" Casey
 Fredric March as US President Jordan Lyman
 Ava Gardner as Eleanor Holbrook
 Edmond O'Brien as US Senator Ray Clark
 Martin Balsam as Paul Girard, White House Chief of Staff

 Andrew Duggan as Colonel "Mutt" Henderson, friend of Jiggs Casey
 Hugh Marlowe as Harold McPherson, TV commentator who is one of the conspirators
 Whit Bissell as US Senator Fred Prentice, another conspirator
 Helen Kleeb as Esther Townsend, secretary to the president
 George Macready as Chris Todd, Secretary of the Treasury
 Richard Anderson as Colonel Ben Murdock, aid to Scott and a conspirator
 Bart Burns as Art Corwin, head of Secret Service

Uncredited speaking roles (in order of appearance)
 Malcolm Atterbury (Horace, president's physician: "Why, in God's name, do we elect a man president and then try to see how fast we can kill him?")
 Jack Mullaney ("All properly decoded in four point oh fashion and respectfully submitted by yours truly, Lieutenant junior grade, Dorsey Grayson.")
 Charles Watts (Stu Dillard, Washington insider: "Oh, Senator, pardon me, come along, I want you to meet the wife of the Indian ambassador.")
 John Larkin (Colonel John Broderick, one of the conspirators: "Well, well, well, if it isn't my favorite jarhead himself, Jiggs Casey.")
 Colette Jackson (Girl speaking to Senator Clark in Charlie's Bar, near secret base in Texas: "You wonder what the country's comin' to. All those boys sittin' up in the desert never seein' no girls. Why, they might as well be in stir.")
 John Houseman (Vice Admiral Farley C. Barnswell, declined conspirator: "I'm sorry, sir. I can only recount to you the situation as it occurred. I signed no paper. He took nothing with him.")
 Rodolfo Hoyos Jr. (Captain Ortega, commander at airplane crash site in Spain: "There were only two American nationals on board — a Mrs. Agnes Buchanan from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and a Mister Paul Girard. His destination was Washington.")
 Fredd Wayne (Henry Whitney, official from the American embassy in Spain: "You find any effects of the Americans? Anything at all?")
 Tyler McVey (General Hardesty, NORAD commander: "Barney Rutkowski, Air Defense. He's screaming bloody murder about those twelve troop carriers dispatched to El Paso.")
 Ferris Webster [editor of Seven Days in May] (General Barney Rutkowski: "There's some kind of a secret base out there, Mr. President, and I think I should have been notified of it.")

Production

Kirk Douglas and director John Frankenheimer were the moving forces behind the filming of Seven Days in May; the film was produced by Edward Lewis through Douglas's company Joel Productions and Seven Arts Productions. Frankenheimer recruited screenwriter Rod Serling. Douglas intended to star in the film along with his frequent costar Burt Lancaster. Douglas offered Lancaster the General Scott role, while Douglas agreed to play Scott's assistant. Frankenheimer commissioned Nedrick Young to rewrite the scene in which Casey visits Holbrook at her apartment.

Lancaster's involvement nearly caused Frankenheimer to withdraw from the project, as the two men had conflicted during the production of Birdman of Alcatraz two years earlier. Only Douglas's assurances that Lancaster would behave kept Frankenheimer on the project. Lancaster and Frankenheimer were at peace during the filming, but Douglas and Frankenheimer sparred with one another. Frankenheimer was very happy with Lancaster's performance, especially the long scene toward the end between Lancaster and March, saying that Lancaster was "perfect" in his delivery. Frankenheimer stated decades later that he considered Seven Days in May among his most satisfying work. He saw the film as putting "a nail in the coffin of McCarthy."

The filming took 51 days and, according to the director the production, it was a happy affair, with all of the actors and crew displaying great reverence for Fredric March. Many of Lancaster's scenes were shot at a later time as he was recovering from hepatitis. Ava Gardner, whose scenes were shot in just six days, thought that Frankenheimer favored the other actors over her. Frankenheimer remarked that she was sometimes "difficult." Martin Balsam objected to Frankenheimer's habit of shooting pistols behind him during important scenes. Frankenheimer had been briefly stationed in the mailroom at the Pentagon early in his Korean war service, and stated that the sets were totally authentic, praising the production designer. Further providing authenticity, many of the scenes in the film were loosely based on real-life events of the Cold War.
 In an early example of guerrilla filmmaking, Frankenheimer photographed Balsam ferrying to the supercarrier  in San Diego without prior permission. Another example occurred when Frankenheimer wanted a shot of Douglas entering the Pentagon, but unable to receive permission, he rigged a camera in a parked car.

Frankenheimer recruited well-known producer and friend John Houseman to play Vice Admiral Farley C. Barnswell in his uncredited acting debut. Houseman agreed in return for a fine bottle of wine (seen during the telephone scene). Several scenes, including one with standins for nuns, were shot inside the recently built Washington Dulles International Airport, and the production team was the first to ever film there. The alley and car-park scene was shot in Hollywood, and other footage was shot in the Californian desert in 110-degree heat. The secret base and airstrip were specially built in the desert near Indio, California, and an aircraft tail was used in one shot to create the illusion of a whole plane off screen. The original script had Lancaster dying in a car crash at the end after hitting a bus, but this was dropped in favor of a scene showing him leaving for home in his limousine, a scene that was shot in Paris during production of The Train (1964).

Presidential press secretary Pierre Salinger conveyed to Frankenheimer that President Kennedy had read the book and hoped that the film would be produced. Kennedy arranged a visit to the family compound in Hyannis Port one weekend so that the riot scene could be filmed outside the White House.

Frankenheimer considered the scene in which Douglas's character visits the president to be a masterful bit of acting which would have been very difficult for most actors to sustain. He had done similar scenes on many television shows, and not only the acting but also every camera angle and shot were extensively planned and rehearsed. Frankenheimer paid particular attention to ensuring that all three actors in the scene were in focus for dramatic impact. Many of Frankenheimer's signature techniques were used in scenes such as this throughout the film, including his "depth of focus" shot with one or two people near the camera and another or others in the distance and the "low angle, wide-angle lens" (set at f/11) which he considered to give "tremendous impact" on a scene.

The film is set in 1970, several years in the future from the time of its release. The most obvious efforts are the appearance of the year itself, including on a Pentagon display and the registration sticker on the rear license plate of Senator Prentiss' Bentley sedan. Other nods include a situation room which was designed to seem futuristic, as well as the utilization of then-futuristic technology of video teleconferencing and the recently issued and exotic-looking M16 rifle. Additionally, the concept of a nuclear treaty between Cold War powers anticipated the actual existence of one.

Soundtrack

David Amram, who had previously scored Frankenheimer's The Manchurian Candidate (1962), originally provided music for the film, but Lewis was unsatisfied with his work. Jerry Goldsmith, who had worked with the producer and Douglas on Lonely Are the Brave (also 1962) and The List of Adrian Messenger (1963), was signed to rescore the project.

Goldsmith composed a very brief score (lasting around 15 minutes) using only pianos and percussion; he later scored Seconds (1966) and The Challenge (1982) for Frankenheimer.

In 2013, Intrada Records released Goldsmith's music for the film on a limited-edition CD (paired with Maurice Jarre's score for The Mackintosh Manalthough that film was produced by Warner Bros. while Seven Days in May was theatrically released by Paramount. The entire Seven Arts Productions library had been acquired by Warner Bros. back in 1967.

Reception
Seven Days in May premiered on February 12, 1964 in Washington, D.C., to good critical notices and audience response.

The film was nominated for two 1965 Academy Awards, for Edmond O'Brien for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, and for Best Art Direction-Set Decoration/Black-and-White for Cary Odell and Edward G. Boyle. In that year's Golden Globe Awards, O'Brien won for Best Supporting Actor, and Fredric March, John Frankenheimer and composer Jerry Goldsmith received nominations.

Frankenheimer won a Danish Bodil Award for directing the Best Non-European Film, and Rod Serling was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Drama.

Evaluation in film guides
Steven H. Scheuer's Movies on TV (1972–73 edition) gives Seven Days in May its highest rating of 4 stars, recommending it as "an exciting suspense drama concerned with politics and the problems of sanity and survival in a nuclear age", with the concluding sentences stating, "benefits from taut screenplay by Rod Serling and the direction of John Frankenheimer, which artfully builds interest leading to the finale. March is a standout in a uniformly fine cast. So many American-made films dealing with political subjects are so naive and simple-minded that the thoughtful and, in this case, the optimistic statement of the film is a welcome surprise." By the 1986–87 edition, Scheuer's rating was lowered to 3½ and the conclusion shortened to, "which artfully builds to the finale", with the final sentences deleted. Leonard Maltin's TV Movies & Video Guide (1989 edition) gives it a still lower 3 stars (out of 4), originally describing it as an "absorbing story of military scheme to overthrow the government", with later editions (including 2014) adding one word, "absorbing, believable story..."

Videohound's Golden Movie Retriever follows Scheuer's later example, with 3½ bones (out of 4), calling it a "topical but still gripping Cold War nuclear-peril thriller" and, in the end, "highly suspenseful, with a breathtaking climax." Mick Martin's & Marsha Porter's DVD & Video Guide also puts its rating high, at 4 stars (out of 5) finding it, as Videohound did, "a highly suspenseful account of an attempted military takeover..." and indicating that "the movie's tension snowballs toward a thrilling conclusion. This is one of those rare films that treat their audiences with respect." Assigning the equally high rating of 4 stars (out of 5), The Motion Picture Guide begins its description with "a taut, gripping, and suspenseful political thriller which sports superb performances from the entire cast", goes to state, in the middle, that "proceeding to unravel its complicated plot at a rapid clip, SEVEN DAYS IN MAY is a surprisingly exciting film that also packs a grim warning", and ends with "Lancaster underplays the part of the slightly crazed general and makes him seem quite rational and persuasive. It is a frightening performance. Douglas is also quite good as the loyal aide who uncovers the fantastic plot that could destroy the entire country. March, Balsam, O'Brien, Bissell, and Houseman all turn in topnotch performances and it is through their conviction that the viewer becomes engrossed in this outlandish tale."

British references also show high regard for the film, with TimeOut Film Guides founding editor Tom Milne indicating that "conspiracy movies may have become more darkly complex in these post-Watergate days of Pakula and paranoia, but Frankenheimer's fascination with gadgetry (in his compositions, the ubiquitous helicopters, TV screens, hidden cameras and electronic devices literally edge the human characters into insignificance) is used to create a striking visual metaphor for control by the military machine. Highly enjoyable." In his Film Guide, Leslie Halliwell provided 3 stars (out of 4), describing it as an "absorbing political mystery drama marred only by the unnecessary introduction of a female character. Stimulating entertainment." David Shipman in his 1984 The Good Film and Video Guide gives 2 (out of 4) stars, noting that it is "a tense political thriller whose plot is plotting".

Remake
The film was remade in 1994 by HBO as The Enemy Within with Sam Waterston as President William Foster, Jason Robards as General R. Pendleton Lloyd, and Forest Whitaker as Colonel MacKenzie 'Mac' Casey. This version followed many parts of the original plot closely, while updating it for the post–Cold War world, omitting certain incidents and changing the ending.

See also

 List of American films of 1964
 Politics in fiction
 A Very British Coup, a 1988 three-episode serial, based on Chris Mullin's novel about an attempted right-wing overthrow of a left-wing British government

References

Further reading
  Covers an actual plot during the Kennedy administration and within the Joint Chiefs of Staff to start a war.

External links

 Seven Days in May at TV Guide (revised form of this 1987 write-up was originally published in The Motion Picture Guide)

1964 films
1960s political thriller films
American political thriller films
American black-and-white films
Bryna Productions films
Cold War films
United States presidential succession in fiction
Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith
Films about coups d'état
Films about fictional presidents of the United States
Films about nuclear war and weapons
Films based on American novels
Films based on thriller novels
Films directed by John Frankenheimer
Films set in Washington, D.C.
Films set in Texas
Films set in New York (state)
Films set in 1970
Films set in the future
Films about United States Army Special Forces
Paramount Pictures films
Films with screenplays by Rod Serling
Films about World War III
American neo-noir films
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance
Films set in Spain
1960s English-language films
1960s American films


These fish are so cute one of them being an angel fish and the other a clown fish.
These are perfect for summertime embeds in candles.
Each one is a different size and type which gives them a distinct look. Also great for beach themes!


The main focus of our group is Rheumatoid arthritis, but our research has a strong relevance also for ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and other chronic inflammatory diseases. Taken together these diseases affect about 2 % of the population, and if they are not treated, they may lead to disability and joint destruction in most affected individuals.
Our research is aimed at understanding how environment/lifestyle interacts with genes, in giving rise to immune and inflammatory reactions that may cause arthritis. From a detailed understanding of these factors in different distinct subsets of arthritis disease, we will increasingly be able to prevent and treat patients based on knowledge of the specific disease-causing mechanisms active in that particular individual. We will also be able to advice healthy individuals (such as family members of these suffering from arthritis) a on preventive measures against arthritis.
Detailed molecular studies on immune reactions that cause arthritis in different genetic contexts are performed in the various research teams in CMM, with Leonid Padyukov being responsible for genetics, Vivianne Malmström for cellular immunology, Anca Catrina for studies of mode of action of anti-rheumatic therapies, and Jon Lampa for studies on interactions between the brain and the immune system in arthritis.. We also have a close collaboration with epidemiology temas led by Laprof Lars Alfredson and Johna Askling as well as with our clinical trials and treatment Unit at Karolinska, led by Prof Ronald van Vollenhoven.
Our group has a leading edge in the world concerning research aimed at understanding how genes, environment and immunity interact in causing disease. Thus, we use our large longitudinally followed patient cohorts as well as our control populations to perform detailed genetic studies on susceptibility genes. We use knowledge of methods to analyze gene-environment interactions describe such interactions in RA, and we use immunological studies to understand the fine specificity of immune reactions against citrullinated proteins/peptides and other autoantigenes that may be responsible for disease development in different subsets of RA.


Kann mir jemand helfen - wie heißt denn dieses amerikanische Gemälde eines älteren Paares vor ihrem Haus oder ihrer Scheune, beide stehen so steif wie Besenstiele da, und der Mann hält eine Rechen oder so etwas in der Art in der Hand? Oder von wem ist es? Ich würde es gerne Bilder-Googeln, aber ohne Titel oder Namen des Malers geht das natürlich nicht.
Grant Wood " American Gothic"
Mit dem berühmten Zitat in der Rocky Horror Picture Show!
Very sorry I wasn't here at the right time to answer this question.
danke vielmals, das war es.
I'm peeing a little. I actually have a version of myself on the farm, with pitchfork in hand. Doesn't everyone?
EDIT: I've seen the actual at the Chicago Art Institute. It's not all that.
too much information or what?
No, sometimes when you laugh too much, you pee your pants. It was in that vein, Spinatwachtel, since the pics of the alternative "American Gothic" are quite humorous.


text:
/**
 * @file    STM32F4xx/hal_lld.c
 * @brief   STM32F4xx/STM32F2xx HAL subsystem low level driver source.
 *
 * @addtogroup HAL
 * @{
 */

#include "hal.h"

/*===========================================================================*/
/* Driver local definitions.                                                 */
/*===========================================================================*/

/*===========================================================================*/
/* Driver exported variables.                                                */
/*===========================================================================*/

/**
 * @brief   CMSIS system core clock variable.
 * @note    It is declared in system_stm32f4xx.h.
 */
uint32_t SystemCoreClock = STM32_HCLK;

/*===========================================================================*/
/* Driver local variables and types.                                         */
/*===========================================================================*/

/*===========================================================================*/
/* Driver local functions.                                                   */
/*===========================================================================*/

/**
 * @brief   Initializes the backup domain.
 * @note    WARNING! Changing clock source impossible without resetting
 *          of the whole BKP domain.
 */
static void hal_lld_backup_domain_init(void) {

  /* Backup domain access enabled and left open.*/
  PWR->CR |= PWR_CR_DBP;

  /* Reset BKP domain if different clock source selected.*/
  if ((RCC->BDCR & STM32_RTCSEL_MASK) != STM32_RTCSEL) {
    /* Backup domain reset.*/
    RCC->BDCR = RCC_BDCR_BDRST;
    RCC->BDCR = 0;
  }

#if STM32_LSE_ENABLED
#if defined(STM32_LSE_BYPASS)
  /* LSE Bypass.*/
  RCC->BDCR |= RCC_BDCR_LSEON | RCC_BDCR_LSEBYP;
#else
  /* No LSE Bypass.*/
  RCC->BDCR |= RCC_BDCR_LSEON;
#endif
  while ((RCC->BDCR & RCC_BDCR_LSERDY) == 0)
    ;                                       /* Waits until LSE is stable.   */
#endif

#if HAL_USE_RTC
  /* If the backup domain hasn't been initialized yet then proceed with
     initialization.*/
  if ((RCC->BDCR & RCC_BDCR_RTCEN) == 0) {
    /* Selects clock source.*/
    RCC->BDCR |= STM32_RTCSEL;

    /* RTC clock enabled.*/
    RCC->BDCR |= RCC_BDCR_RTCEN;
  }
#endif /* HAL_USE_RTC */

#if STM32_BKPRAM_ENABLE
  rccEnableBKPSRAM(false);

  PWR->CSR |= PWR_CSR_BRE;
  while ((PWR->CSR & PWR_CSR_BRR) == 0)
    ;                                /* Waits until the regulator is stable */
#else
  PWR->CSR &= ~PWR_CSR_BRE;
#endif /* STM32_BKPRAM_ENABLE */
}

/*===========================================================================*/
/* Driver interrupt handlers.                                                */
/*===========================================================================*/

/*===========================================================================*/
/* Driver exported functions.                                                */
/*===========================================================================*/

/**
 * @brief   Low level HAL driver initialization.
 *
 * @notapi
 */
void hal_lld_init(void) {

  /* Reset of all peripherals. AHB3 is not reseted because it could have
     been initialized in the board initialization file (board.c).*/
  rccResetAHB1(~0);
  rccResetAHB2(~0);
  rccResetAPB1(~RCC_APB1RSTR_PWRRST);
  rccResetAPB2(~0);

  /* PWR clock enabled.*/
  rccEnablePWRInterface(FALSE);

  /* Initializes the backup domain.*/
  hal_lld_backup_domain_init();

#if defined(STM32_DMA_REQUIRED)
  dmaInit();
#endif

  /* Programmable voltage detector enable.*/
#if STM32_PVD_ENABLE
  PWR->CR |= PWR_CR_PVDE | (STM32_PLS & STM32_PLS_MASK);
#endif /* STM32_PVD_ENABLE */
}

/**
 * @brief   STM32F2xx clocks and PLL initialization.
 * @note    All the involved constants come from the file @p board.h.
 * @note    This function should be invoked just after the system reset.
 *
 * @special
 */
void stm32_clock_init(void) {

#if !STM32_NO_INIT
  /* PWR clock enable.*/
  RCC->APB1ENR = RCC_APB1ENR_PWREN;

  /* PWR initialization.*/
#if defined(STM32F4XX) || defined(__DOXYGEN__)
  PWR->CR = STM32_VOS;
#else
  PWR->CR = 0;
#endif

  /* HSI setup, it enforces the reset situation in order to handle possible
     problems with JTAG probes and re-initializations.*/
  RCC->CR |= RCC_CR_HSION;                  /* Make sure HSI is ON.         */
  while (!(RCC->CR & RCC_CR_HSIRDY))
    ;                                       /* Wait until HSI is stable.    */

  /* HSI is selected as new source without touching the other fields in
     CFGR. Clearing the register has to be postponed after HSI is the
     new source.*/
  RCC->CFGR &= ~RCC_CFGR_SW;                /* Reset SW */
  RCC->CFGR |= RCC_CFGR_SWS_HSI;            /* Select HSI as internal*/
  while ((RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_SWS) != RCC_CFGR_SWS_HSI)
    ;                                       /* Wait until HSI is selected.  */

  /* Registers finally cleared to reset values.*/
  RCC->CR &= RCC_CR_HSITRIM | RCC_CR_HSION; /* CR Reset value.              */
  RCC->CFGR = 0;                            /* CFGR reset value.            */

#if STM32_HSE_ENABLED
  /* HSE activation.*/
#if defined(STM32_HSE_BYPASS)
  /* HSE Bypass.*/
  RCC->CR |= RCC_CR_HSEON | RCC_CR_HSEBYP;
#else
  /* No HSE Bypass.*/
  RCC->CR |= RCC_CR_HSEON;
#endif
  while ((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_HSERDY) == 0)
    ;                           /* Waits until HSE is stable.               */
#endif

#if STM32_LSI_ENABLED
  /* LSI activation.*/
  RCC->CSR |= RCC_CSR_LSION;
  while ((RCC->CSR & RCC_CSR_LSIRDY) == 0)
    ;                           /* Waits until LSI is stable.               */
#endif

#if STM32_ACTIVATE_PLL
  /* PLL activation.*/
  RCC->PLLCFGR = STM32_PLLQ | STM32_PLLSRC | STM32_PLLP | STM32_PLLN |
                 STM32_PLLM;
  RCC->CR |= RCC_CR_PLLON;

  /* Synchronization with voltage regulator stabilization.*/
#if defined(STM32F4XX)
  while ((PWR->CSR & PWR_CSR_VOSRDY) == 0)
    ;                           /* Waits until power regulator is stable.   */

#if STM32_OVERDRIVE_REQUIRED
  /* Overdrive activation performed after activating the PLL in order to save
     time as recommended in RM in "Entering Over-drive mode" paragraph.*/
  PWR->CR |= PWR_CR_ODEN;
  while (!(PWR->CSR & PWR_CSR_ODRDY))
      ;
  PWR->CR |= PWR_CR_ODSWEN;
  while (!(PWR->CSR & PWR_CSR_ODSWRDY))
      ;
#endif /* STM32_OVERDRIVE_REQUIRED */
#endif /* defined(STM32F4XX) */

  /* Waiting for PLL lock.*/
  while (!(RCC->CR & RCC_CR_PLLRDY))
    ;
#endif /* STM32_OVERDRIVE_REQUIRED */

#if STM32_ACTIVATE_PLLI2S
  /* PLLI2S activation.*/
  RCC->PLLI2SCFGR = STM32_PLLI2SR | STM32_PLLI2SN;
  RCC->CR |= RCC_CR_PLLI2SON;

  /* Waiting for PLL lock.*/
  while (!(RCC->CR & RCC_CR_PLLI2SRDY))
    ;
#endif

#if STM32_ACTIVATE_PLLSAI
  /* PLLSAI activation.*/
  RCC->PLLSAICFGR = STM32_PLLSAIN | STM32_PLLSAIR | STM32_PLLSAIQ;
  RCC->DCKCFGR = (RCC->DCKCFGR & ~RCC_DCKCFGR_PLLSAIDIVR) | STM32_PLLSAIR_POST;
  RCC->CR |= RCC_CR_PLLSAION;

  /* Waiting for PLL lock.*/
  while (!(RCC->CR & RCC_CR_PLLSAIRDY))
    ;
#endif

  /* Other clock-related settings (dividers, MCO etc).*/
  RCC->CFGR = STM32_MCO2PRE | STM32_MCO2SEL | STM32_MCO1PRE | STM32_MCO1SEL |
              STM32_I2SSRC | STM32_RTCPRE | STM32_PPRE2 | STM32_PPRE1 |
              STM32_HPRE;

  /* Flash setup.*/
#if defined(STM32_USE_REVISION_A_FIX)
  /* Some old revisions of F4x MCUs randomly crashes with compiler
     optimizations enabled AND flash caches enabled. */
  if ((DBGMCU->IDCODE == 0x20006411) && (SCB->CPUID == 0x410FC241))
    FLASH->ACR = FLASH_ACR_PRFTEN | STM32_FLASHBITS;
  else
    FLASH->ACR = FLASH_ACR_PRFTEN | FLASH_ACR_ICEN |
                 FLASH_ACR_DCEN | STM32_FLASHBITS;
#else
  FLASH->ACR = FLASH_ACR_PRFTEN | FLASH_ACR_ICEN |
               FLASH_ACR_DCEN | STM32_FLASHBITS;
#endif

  /* Switching to the configured clock source if it is different from HSI.*/
#if (STM32_SW != STM32_SW_HSI)
  RCC->CFGR |= STM32_SW;        /* Switches on the selected clock source.   */
  while ((RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_SWS) != (STM32_SW << 2))
    ;
#endif
#endif /* STM32_NO_INIT */

  /* SYSCFG clock enabled here because it is a multi-functional unit shared
     among multiple drivers.*/
  rccEnableAPB2(RCC_APB2ENR_SYSCFGEN, TRUE);
}

/** @} */