text:
free speech and responsibility
In Germany, it's illegal to display Nazi symbols and symbols of similar nationalist parties, and it's illegal to be a member of such organizations. Which, as an American growing up under the influence of current U.S. free speech law and under the ACLU's defense of Nazis in the Skokie case, mostly seemed wrong to me.
This year, though, even before Charlottesville but especially after that, I'd been less sure that Germany's approach was wrong. I like general rules like free speech absolutism; but we're talking about banning Nazis here, do I seriously think that that banning Nazis leads to worse outcomes than letting them march around?
Thinking about it a little more, I can come up with two basic arguments in favor of free speech absolutism. One is a belief in the power of the marketplace of ideas, combined with the existence of examples of ideas that I now support that were once considered morally and politically abhorrent by many. I very much think the Catholic Church was wrong to sentence Galileo for heresy; I'm not confident that I don't have similar blinders myself, and I'm certainly not confident that our lawmakers don't have similar blinders. And I do have some faith in the ability of humanity to move in a more moral direction; if you combine those two, then an absolutist approach to free speech looks pretty attractive.
The other argument is based on a combination of slippery slopes and power dynamics. If you ban X, then it's tempting to ban things that are similar in some ways to X; and then my concern is what actually gets banned in practice starts to get strongly shaped by power dynamics. The concern here is that what starts as, say, a law against hate crimes against LGBT people turns into a law against negative speech based on sexual orientation turns into straight people using the law against gay people who say things that straight people don't like. I can say that that's ridiculous, that considerations about oppression have to take into effect structural power dynamics; but those of us with structural power have a strong vested interest in not having such considerations at the fore.
Both arguments come with responsibilities. Yes, in general I think that good ideas drive out bad, but it's not a passive process: people have to fight for the good ideas, fight against the bad ideas. So, if Germany were instead to have adopted a pure free speech approach, a moral imperative would come along with that: keep the horrors of the Nazi regime in the front of people's minds, to make it harder for people to pretend that it's a less objectionable form of nationalism. (And, as it turns out: Germany has done this as well, they're covering their bases.)
Whereas, for the slippery slope argument, the onus is on the other side: can you draw a bright line to set off the ideas that are so bad that they're considered beyond the pale, to prevent more and more ideas from getting banned? Here's my best candidate for a bright line: an idea that led your country into a war that it lost, and that in retrospect you feel was horrific from a moral point of view, is worthy of consideration to be banned. Because there aren't going to be many ideas like that, and any idea that satisfies that criterion has been seductive enough to be actively extremely dangerous, and hence a candidate for extra measures against it.
So: even though I'm still pretty sympathetic to free speech absolutism, I can't convince myself that Germany has made a bad choice here: what's the concrete harm that comes from their banning Nazi symbols? But, of course, I'm not German, I'm American. Should we make the same choice?
If we were to ban symbols, the argument above would mean that those symbols should represent something horrific in our past that led to a war that we lost. (To be clear, I'm not making an argument in this post that the US should ban Nazi symbols: I think that's worth considering, too, but that's a war that we won, and I'm rather more nervous about winners treating their victories as inherently moral than I am worried about losers using their losses as an opportunity for moral reflection.)
And there's one obvious candidate, though of course it's not a perfect fit for the above criterion, because, depending on who you think of as "we", it's a war that we both won and lost. (I grew up in the North, not the South.) Namely, the Confederacy, and symbols of similar white supremacist groups, e.g. the KKK. Slavery is the United States' great moral stain, and its aftereffects are not just still being felt but are actively being propped up a century and a half later.
On the one side have the First Amendment; I can imagine a version of the Fourteenth Amendment that would have taken a stronger stand against membership in white supremacist groups, but we didn't make that choice. That means that this is a hypothetical argument, since our Constitution is on the side of free speech absolutism; and, as said above, that in turn imposes responsibilities.
Which, as a nation, we have failed abysmally in. The fact that I didn't have to learn much about Reconstruction in school is, itself, a sign of that failing; my impression, though, is that Reconstruction had a lot going for it, but we gave up just over a decade into the process, and the South fell back very quickly into an extreme white supremacist society. Jim Crow continued until a full century after the Civil War ended; and, even now, we have a New Jim Crow with a shocking proportion of the African American population of the country under direct police control.
And, at the same time, explicitly pro-Confederate symbols and historiography are lamentably common. With that comes a recasting of the Civil War as being about "states' rights", without placing front and center the fact that the primary right that the Southern states were fighting for was the right to have slaves, a "right" which which is in fact horrifically wrong.
Also, Trump voters are apparently significantly more likely to think that white Americans are more discriminated against than black americans. Which is the slippery slope / power dynamic problem that I was worried about above; its presence here, though, suggests that I shouldn't think about it primarily in the context of speech bans, because it's happening anyways? Though I'm sure it would happen in the context of speech bans, too: so I guess it's another argument for keeping the horrors of white supremacy present enough that we can't sweep them under the rug.
We've fucked up as a nation, and are continuing to actively do so. And, at this point, I have no patience for arguments about freedom of speech and listening to all sides that treat this as an abstract question, divorced from our history and the ongoing affects of that history.
Published 9/3/2017 & Filed in General
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text:
package cz.zcu.kiv.jop.ioc;

/**
 * Singleton implementation of {@link InjectorProvider injector provider} which provides stored
 * instance of injector for actual thread. The injector manager for jUnit tests provides injectors
 * which integrates injector of Google Guice.
 *
 * @author Mr.FrAnTA
 */
public class InjectorManager implements InjectorProvider {

  /** Stored instances of provided injectors. */
  protected final ThreadLocal<Injector> injectors = new ThreadLocal<Injector>();

  /** Singleton instance of this this class. */
  private static InjectorManager instance;

  /** Constructs singleton instance of this class. */
  private InjectorManager() {
    // no prepared injectors
  }

  /**
   * Sets (stores) given injector for actual thread.
   *
   * @param injector the injector to set (store).
   */
  protected synchronized void set(Injector injector) {
    injectors.set(injector);
  }

  /**
   * Returns instance of stored injector for actual thread.
   *
   * @return Stored injector for actual thread.
   * @throws InjectorException If no injector was stored for actual thread.
   */
  public synchronized Injector get() throws InjectorException {
    Injector injector = injectors.get();
    if (injector == null) {
      throw new InjectorException("No injector was found");
    }

    return injector;
  }

  /**
   * Removes stored injector for actual thread.
   */
  protected void remove() {
    injectors.remove();
  }

  /**
   * Returns singleton instance of {@link InjectorProvider injector provider}. This method doesn't
   * return the instance of this class because the implementation shouldn't be required. Also brings
   * support for replacements of this class which may contain different implementation.
   *
   * @return Singleton instance of injector provider.
   */
  public static InjectorProvider getInstance() {
    if (instance == null) {
      instance = new InjectorManager();
    }

    return instance;
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Simon Smith (Talk | contribs)
Erik Groenhuis (Talk | contribs)
(Put no-break space in every occurence of RISC OS)
(15 intermediate revisions not shown)

17th October 2002. © Peter Naulls.

17th October 2002. © Peter Naulls.
8th Janaury 2003 - brought up to date.

8th January 2003 - brought up to date.

No reproduction without permission. Information in this document is given in good faith, but may be subject to errors
No reproduction without permission. Information in this document is given in good faith, but may be subject to errors or omissions, for which I cannot be responsible.
or omissions, for which I cannot be held responsible.

:''There has been a great deal of confusion over 32-bit in RISC OS over recent months. Not least, because of its technical nature, and secondly, because of the spin put on it by various parties. This document is in the same nature as my previous document - [http://www.riscos.info/unix/browser.html The RISC OS Browser Issue]. In short, to bring together information which is already available, and to cut through the issues and make them clear and easily understood by everyone.''

There has been a great deal of confusion over 32-bit in RISC OS
over recent months. Not least, because of its technical nature, and
secondly, because of the spin put on it by various parties. This
document is in the same nature as my previous document -
[http://www.riscos.info/unix/browser.html The RISC OS Browser Issue].
In short, to bring together information which is already available, and to cut through
the issues and make them clear and easily understood by everyone.

In order to make this document more palatable to non-programmers, certain
:''In order to make this document more palatable to non-programmers, certain technical issues have been simplified. I fully expect that programmers will be able to identify where this has been done, and appreciate the issue fully when it might concern them. Just be aware it is not my intention to simplify matters to the point of not doing them proper justice.''
technical issues have been simplified. I fully expect that programmers will be
able to identify where this has been done, and appreciate the issue fully when
it might concern them. Just be aware it is not my intention to simplify matters
to the point of not doing them proper justice.

==How it came about==

How it came about

Once upon a time, when Acorn designed the original range of ARM chips, certain

Once upon a time, when Acorn designed the original range of ARM chips, certain
design decisions were made. One of these was to limit the range of addresses in
which code can be executed to 64MB. This comes about, because the ARM's program counter
to 26-bits of the 32-bit ARM register 15. (ARM has 16 registers normally accessible,
numbered R0 to R15). The remainder of the bits in this register reflect processor
status.

At this point you may be wondering "hang on, but the RiscPC can use more than 64MB?".
At this point you may be wondering "hang on, but the RiscPC can use more than 64MB?".
And yes it can. The reason is two-fold. First off, the 64MB limitation only
applies to addresses where code is executed. All other registers can access data
in the full 4GB range of memory. More importantly, all modern machines use a layer
of memory mapping so that any physical address can appear at any logical
of memory mapping so that any ''physical'' address can appear at any ''logical''
location in RAM at any given time. This is why applications always appear at address
&8000, although many applications are running at once.

&8000, although many applications are running at once.

So the RiscPC (and all previous RISC OS machines) really are 32-bit machines in
So the RiscPC (and all previous RISC OS machines) really are 32-bit machines in
every sense of the word except the way their program counter works (and as we'll see
shortly, for ARM6 onwards this isn't the whole story). But we do refer to all current
versions of RISC OS as 26-bit, as they require the program counter to act in this
versions of RISC OS as 26-bit, as they require the program counter to act in this
fashion. And although not strictly correct, it is sometimes useful to refer to
current machines as 26-bit to differentiate them from any new machines which use
current machines as 26-bit to differentiate them from any new machines which uses
a 32-bit RISC OS.

a 32-bit RISC OS.
==So why 32-bit?==

So why 32-bit?

From ARM6 onwards, a 32-bit mode was added to ARM chips. In this mode, all1 the bits of the PC were dedicated to the address
of the currently executed mode. RISC OS continued to not take advantage

From ARM6 onwards, a 32-bit mode was added to ARM chips. In this mode, all(1) the bits of the PC were dedicated to the address
of the currently executed mode. RISC OS continued not to take advantage
of this mode, deferring the conversion to 32-bit until the present time. However,
the Unix variants of ARM Linux and NetBSD/arm32 developed for RiscPCs shortly afterwards
did take advantage of this mode.

did take advantage of this mode.

In this mode, the status bits present in the program counter in 26-bit mode are
In this mode, the status bits present in the program counter in 26-bit mode are
now available in a new register - the current program status register, or CPSR, which
is available via new instructions. On previous processors, such as ARM3, these instructions
are NOPs and do nothing. The instructions in question - MSR and MRS work equally well
in 26-bit and 32-bit modes.

in 26-bit and 32-bit modes.

So why do RISC OS machines need to move to 32-bit? Well, the StrongARM processor
So why do RISC OS machines need to move to 32-bit? Well, the StrongARM processor
used in RiscPCs supports this 26-bit mode, as do many of the variants in the same
generation, but the current generation of ARM chips - in particular XScale, ARM9,
etc. do not, as the manufacturers (ARM and Intel) have removed the 26-bit compatibility
etc do not, as the manufacturers (ARM and Intel) have removed the 26-bit compatibility
in preference for other logic such as Thumb support and various other embedded uses.

in preference for other logic such as Thumb support and various other embedded uses.

Therefore, if RISC OS wishes to move to newer processors, it must move to a 32-bit
Therefore, if RISC OS wishes to move to newer processors, it must move to a 32-bit
mode, if it wishes for a full hardware solution (the alternative is emulation on other
hardware such as x86, which will be much slower).

hardware such as x86, which will be much slower).
:1 Well, not all the bits. As in 26-bit modes, the bottom 2 bits are assumed to be zero, so all addresses lie on a multiple of 4. The use of these 2 bits is beyond the scope of this article.
==Moving to 32-bit==

1 Well, not all the bits. As in 26-bit modes, the bottom 2
bits are assumed to be zero, so all addresses lie on a multiple of 4. The use of these 2
bits is beyond the scope of this article.
It's been suggested that a move to a 32-bit RISC OS would lose a large amount
of the existing software base. For many reasons, this isn't true.
For a 32-bit RISC OS, such as on the [http://www.iyonix.com/ RISC OS 5], the problem is that a given program may not immediately run on this OS, because of differences in processor mode.
Whether it will or not depends upon the type of program it is:
;BASIC and other interpreted languages: As long as they don't contain any assembler (and the majority will not - as high as 99% has been suggested) then these programs will run without incident without modification as they only rely upon the interpreter acting correctly.

Moving to 32-bit

;C Programs and other compiled languages: A large number of RISC OS programs are written in C. These will also work correctly if recompiled to 32-bit using [http://www.drobe.co.uk/riscos/artifact449.html Castle's new 32-bit tools] or a [[GCCSDK|or a 32-bit GCC]], where appropriate. The programs will remain backwards compatible to 26-bit versions of RISC OS, as we'll see shortly.

It's been suggested that a move to a 32-bit RISC OS would lose a large amount
;Programs written in assembler or programs producing ARM output: these programs will need manual (or semi-automated) modification before they will run on a 32-bit RISC OS. This modification is not difficult, but it can be tedious. Also, some C programs can contain ARM code, and will need the same changes.
of the existing software base. For many reasons, this isn't true.

For a 32-bit RISC OS, such as on the [http://www.iyonix.com/ RISC OS 5], the problem is that a given program may not immediately run on this
At this point you might groan at the effort required to convert all these applications
OS, because of differences in processor mode.

Whether it will run or not depends upon the type of program it is:

BASIC and other interpreted languages - As long as they don't contain
any assembler (and the majority will not - as high as 99% has been suggested)
then these programs will run without incident without modification as they only rely
upon the interpreter acting correctly.

C Programs and other compiled languages - A large number of RISC OS programs
are written in C. These will also work correctly if recompiled to 32-bit using
[http://www.drobe.co.uk/riscos/artifact449.html Castle's new 32-bit tools]
or a [[GCCSDK|or a 32-bit GCC]], where appropriate.
The programs will remain backwards compatible to 26-bit versions of RISC OS, as
we'll see shortly.

Programs written in assembler or programs producing ARM output - these
programs will need manual (or semi-automated) modification before they will run
on a 32-bit RISC OS. This modification is not difficult, but it can be tedious.
Also, some C programs can contain ARM code, and will need the same changes.

At this point you might groan at the effort required to convert all these applications
to 32-bit. But hold on there a moment - these are most certainly not the only ways
existing applications can run on a 32-bit RISC OS. For the moment we'll stick with
existing applications can run on a 32-bit RISC OS. For the moment we'll stick with
conversion since it's a logical place to start, and come to the other ways shortly.

conversion since it's a logical place to start, and come to the other ways shortly.
===APCS===
APCS, or ARM Procedure Call Standard, is at the heart of the issue of conversion

APCS

APCS, or ARM Procedure Call Standard, is at the heart of the issue of conversion
to 32-bit. APCS defines a number of things, most of which we won't go into here,
except to say that they concern the saving of processor flags. If you wish to know
more, then refer to PRM 4.

more, then refer to PRM 4.

There are quite a number of APCS variants, even within the same processor mode.
There are quite a number of APCS variants, even within the same processor mode.
I'll simplify the matter somewhat, by just talking about "APCS-26" and "APCS-32"
which will refer to the two variants we care about. The former being using by
existing 26-bit RISC OS, and the latter by a 32-bit RISC OS.

existing 26-bit RISC OS, and the latter by a 32-bit RISC OS.

There are a number of specifics to conversion from APCS-26 to APCS-32, which
There are a number of specifics to conversion from APCS-26 to APCS-32, which
are covered in the documentation with Castle's tools, and I'll briefly summarise
here. These are simplications, but serve for illustrative purposes:

here. These are simplications, but serve for illustrative purposes:
*APCS-32 does not expect function calls to save processor flags. To do so would be an onerous burden, and in many cases, it isn't actually needed anyway. APCS-26 requires saving of flags, and this is facilitated by instructions that work incorrectly in 32-bit mode.

APCS-32 does not expect function calls to save processor flags. To do so
would be an onerous burden, and in many cases, it isn't actually needed anyway.
APCS-26 requires saving of flags, and this is facilitated by instructions that work
incorrectly in 32-bit mode.
*For C code, this generally means the compiler doesn't attempt to restore flags with the ^ flag on LDM, or MOVS PC, LR - and instead use LDM without the ^ or MOV PC, LR.

For C code, this generally means the compiler doesn't attempt to restore
*Instructions which attempt to modify the processor state by using TEQP etc. are out. Instead, they should modify it via MSR/MRS. The exception here is for code which also must work on ARM3, and does not have these instructions. This code is reasonably rare, and can easily be accomodated by checking for 32-bit mode, and taking advantage of the NOP status of MSR/MRS on these processors.
flags with the ^ flag on LDM, or MOVS PC, LR - and instead use LDM without the ^
or MOV PC, LR.
A crucial point I wish to make is that APCS-32 code '''will work correctly on 26-bit RISC OS ''and'' 32-bit RISC OS from ARM6 to XScale''' and also ARM3 if care is taken. This means once a program is 32-bit, there need be only one version. Having a profusion of versions of programs would certainly be confusing.

Instructions which attempt to modify the processor state by using TEQP etc.
So, to convert a C program to APCS-32 is simple - recompile it. Although you will
are out. Instead, they should modify it via MSR/MRS. The exception here is
for code which also must work on ARM3, and does not have these instructions.
This code is reasonably rare, and can easily be accomodated by checking for 32-bit
mode, and taking advantage of the NOP status of MSR/MRS on these processors.

A crucial point I wish to make is that APCS-32 code will work correctly on 26-bit
RISC OS and 32-bit RISC OS from ARM6 to XScale and also ARM3 if care is taken.
This means once a program is 32-bit, there need be only one version. Having a profusion
of versions of programs would certainly be confusing.

So, to convert a C program to APCS-32 is simple - recompile it. Although you will
need to recompile all its libraries too. For programs using Acorn C/C++, a recompile
using the default options with Castle's tools is exactly what you want.

using the default options with Castle's tools is exactly what you want.
==Assembler Conversion==
Manual assembler conversion can be rather tedious. Fortunately Castle's tools

Assembler Conversion

Manual assembler conversion can be rather tedious. Fortunately Castle's tools
do provide some macros to help you out, and the assembler will produce warnings for
non 32-bit code. It can be a little daunting at first, but with some practice, it
becomes quite easy. In future, I hope to produce a reference guide which shows
what instruction sequences to replace with what.

what instruction sequences to replace with what.

David Ruck has produced a tool, [http://www.armclub.org.uk/free/ Armalyser]
David Ruck has produced a tool, [http://www.armclub.org.uk/free/ Armalyser]
which is able to produce a disassembly of ARM code - whether it's an application, module
or other RISC OS binary format. Most importantly, it can output a format which lists
or other RISC OS binary format. Most importantly, it can output a format which lists
non 32-bit instructions, and which can be fed directly back into an assembler once
you have made changes. This is extremely useful if a program's source or libraries cannot
easily be obtained for recompilation, or for checking your existing applications and modules.

easily be obtained for recompilation, or for checking your existing applications and modules.

Other methods

Converting a program to 32-bit isn't the only way to have it run on a 32-bit RISC OS.
This is by no means the full list, but it's the most obvious.

Emulation - In this case, we provide a program that looks at each instruction
in a program to be executed, and gets the host processor - that is, the 32-bit
processor the machine is running on - to perform some equivalent action, either
directly, or via traditional emulation means. There are quite a number of ways
to implement this, but by and large they act similarly. The great advantage
of emulation, is that is quite reliable, and reasonably easy to implement and
get correct. The disadvantage is that it can be quite slow, with applications
running substantially slower than a native 32-bit application.

I have written my own proposal on how this might work. It actually refers to
emulation of an ARM3 processor on a RiscPC for the purposes of Archimedes emulation
in [http://arcem.sf.net/ ArcEm], but the problem is very similar
and the ideas suggested are sound. Since it's quite short, it fails to address
many of the specific problems, and is certainly far from being a complete specification.
Nevertheless, you can read about [http://web.archive.org/web/20030621031148/www.riscos.info/32bit/ARMEmu.txt ARM on ARM emulation].

JITing - Just in time compilation. This means the ARM instructions
are dynamically compiled to a version that is suitable for directly running
on the host machine. This has a significant speed advantage over emulation,
potentially approaching a significant fraction of a natively run application.
It can also deal with some dynamic sequences that may not be easily handled
in dynamic reassembly.

The problem with JITs is that they quite difficult to write, with the
author needing a somewhat advanced knowledge of compilation techniques.

[http://www.aemulor.com/ Aemulor] is an example of a JIT.

Jason Tribbeck has also pointed me at a project he was considering
with some JIT aspects to it, called Cloe (Code Lookahead
Optimal Emulator). There are 4 documents:

[http://www.chios.org.uk/cloe/cloe1.html cloe1]

[http://www.chios.org.uk/cloe/3b.html cloe3b]

Dynamic reassembly - This is a method best suited to programs compiled
from C, as they contain well structured code which is easily converted
automatically. In short, a program is disassembled, and then the APCS-26
only instructions are replaced with APCS-32 ones. There are also some issues
with C runtime fixup, but these are much the same for all programs. Finally,
the program is run.

Armalyser already does most of the work for this to work.
This type of scheme is only really failsafe for pure C programs, and it
could quite reasonably refuse to go on if it encountered any difficult
instruction sequences. But the great advantage is that programs run
at full speed.

You may also notice that this process could be done one off, statically,
then the new binary distributed, but this isn't always appropriate nor
as transparent. However, it may be exactly the ticket for software authors
of some programs.

==Other methods==
Converting a program to 32-bit isn't the only way to have it run on a 32-bit RISC OS.
This is by no means the full list, but it's the most obvious.

Conclusion

===Emulation===
In this case, we provide a program that looks at each instruction in a program to be executed, and gets the host processor - that is, the 32-bit processor the machine is running on - to perform some equivalent action, either directly, or via traditional emulation means. There are quite a number of ways to implement this, but by and large they act similarly. The great advantage of emulation, is that is quite reliable, and reasonably easy to implement and get correct. The disadvantage is that it can be quite slow, with applications running substantially slower than a native 32-bit application.

To recap, I will restate some of the points made in this document:

I have written my own proposal on how this might work. It actually refers to emulation of an ARM3 processor on a RiscPC for the purposes of Archimedes emulation in [http://arcem.sf.net/ ArcEm], but the problem is very similar and the ideas suggested are sound. Since it's quite short, it fails to address many of the specific problems, and is certainly far from being a complete specification. Nevertheless, you can read about [http://web.archive.org/web/20030621031148/www.riscos.info/32bit/ARMEmu.txt ARM on ARM emulation].
===JITing===

Most programs can be made to work without great difficulty on a 32-bit RISC OS
Just in time compilation. This means the ARM instructions are dynamically compiled to a version that is suitable for directly running on the host machine. This has a significant speed advantage over emulation, potentially approaching a significant fraction of a natively run application. It can also deal with some dynamic sequences that may not be easily handled in dynamic reassembly.
via one of a number of methods - many of which are mentioned here.

Programs compiled to be 32-bit will also correctly work on previous versions
The problem with JITs is that they quite difficult to write, with the author needing a somewhat advanced knowledge of compilation techniques.
of RISC OS.

You can view the conversion to 32-bit a little like the way the Y2K was dealt
[http://www.aemulor.com/ Aemulor] is an example of a JIT.
with. If it's tackled now, it won't be an issue, when it becomes an issue.

If you're developing RISC OS applications right now, make them 32-bit, as
Jason Tribbeck has also pointed me at a project he was considering with some JIT aspects to it, called ''Cloe'' (Code Lookahead Optimal Emulator). There are 4 documents:
that means less effort in the long run, and forward compatibility.

All my [http://www.riscos.info/unix/ Unix Ports] are fully 32-bit compatible.

*[http://www.chios.org.uk/cloe/cloe1.html cloe1]
*[http://www.chios.org.uk/cloe/3b.html cloe3b]
===Dynamic reassembly===
This is a method best suited to programs compiled from C, as they contain well structured code which is easily converted automatically. In short, a program is disassembled, and then the APCS-26 only instructions are replaced with APCS-32 ones. There are also some issues with C runtime fixup, but these are much the same for all programs. Finally, the program is run.

As a reminder, the important bits when it comes to running programs on
Armalyser already does most of the work for this to work. This type of scheme is only really failsafe for pure C programs, and it could quite reasonably refuse to go on if it encountered any difficult instruction sequences. But the great advantage is that programs run at full speed.
32-bit RISC OS:

You may also notice that this process could be done one off, statically, then the new binary distributed, but this isn't always appropriate nor as transparent. However, it may be exactly the ticket for software authors of some programs.
==Conclusion==

C programs need to be recompiled with a 32-bit compiler.

Pure Basic programs will work unmodified.

To recap, I will restate some of the points made in this document:

ARM programs will need changes made to work correctly.

*Most programs can be made to work without great difficulty on a 32-bit RISC OS via one of a number of methods - many of which are mentioned here.
*Programs compiled to be 32-bit will also correctly work on previous versions of RISC OS.
*You can view the conversion to 32-bit a little like the way the Y2K was dealt with. If it's tackled now, it won't be an issue, when it becomes an issue.
*If you're developing RISC OS applications right now, make them 32-bit, as that means less effort in the long run, and forward compatibility.

Finally

*All my [http://www.riscos.info/unix/ Unix Ports] are fully 32-bit compatible.

Some thoughts of my own that have somewhat less basis in fact:

As a reminder, the important bits when it comes to running programs on 32-bit RISC OS:
*C programs need to be recompiled with a 32-bit compiler.
*Pure Basic programs will work unmodified.
*ARM programs will need changes made to work correctly.
==Finally==

Emulation (or emulation-like) 26/32 technologies such as the mentioned emulators
and MicroDigital's Omega may actually hinder or slow the eventual conversion to
32-bit, as there will not be an immediate need to convert applications.

Software vendors may well charge for 32-bit upgrades to this software. This
Some thoughts of my own that have somewhat less basis in fact:
is quite reasonable given the effort involved, and I expect the charges
to be quite minimal. It will also give a helpful cash injection into the
market and encourage developers.

*Emulation (or emulation-like) 26/32 technologies such as the mentioned emulators and MicroDigital's Omega may actually hinder or slow the eventual conversion to 32-bit, as there will not be an immediate need to convert applications.
*Software vendors may well charge for 32-bit upgrades to this software. This is quite reasonable given the effort involved, and I expect the charges to be quite minimal. It will also give a helpful cash injection into the market and encourage developers.
17th October 2002. © Peter Naulls.
There has been a great deal of confusion over 32-bit in RISC OS over recent months. Not least, because of its technical nature, and secondly, because of the spin put on it by various parties. This document is in the same nature as my previous document - The RISC OS Browser Issue. In short, to bring together information which is already available, and to cut through the issues and make them clear and easily understood by everyone.
In order to make this document more palatable to non-programmers, certain technical issues have been simplified. I fully expect that programmers will be able to identify where this has been done, and appreciate the issue fully when it might concern them. Just be aware it is not my intention to simplify matters to the point of not doing them proper justice.
1 How it came about
2 So why 32-bit?
3 Moving to 32-bit
3.1 APCS
4 Assembler Conversion
5 Other methods
5.1 Emulation
5.2 JITing
5.3 Dynamic reassembly
How it came about
Once upon a time, when Acorn designed the original range of ARM chips, certain design decisions were made. One of these was to limit the range of addresses in which code can be executed to 64MB. This comes about, because the ARM's program counter (PC), which contains the location of the currently executing program is limited to 26-bits of the 32-bit ARM register 15. (ARM has 16 registers normally accessible, numbered R0 to R15). The remainder of the bits in this register reflect processor status.
At this point you may be wondering "hang on, but the RiscPC can use more than 64MB?". And yes it can. The reason is two-fold. First off, the 64MB limitation only applies to addresses where code is executed. All other registers can access data in the full 4GB range of memory. More importantly, all modern machines use a layer of memory mapping so that any physical address can appear at any logical location in RAM at any given time. This is why applications always appear at address &8000, although many applications are running at once.
So the RiscPC (and all previous RISC OS machines) really are 32-bit machines in every sense of the word except the way their program counter works (and as we'll see shortly, for ARM6 onwards this isn't the whole story). But we do refer to all current versions of RISC OS as 26-bit, as they require the program counter to act in this fashion. And although not strictly correct, it is sometimes useful to refer to current machines as 26-bit to differentiate them from any new machines which uses a 32-bit RISC OS.
So why 32-bit?
From ARM6 onwards, a 32-bit mode was added to ARM chips. In this mode, all1 the bits of the PC were dedicated to the address of the currently executed mode. RISC OS continued to not take advantage of this mode, deferring the conversion to 32-bit until the present time. However, the Unix variants of ARM Linux and NetBSD/arm32 developed for RiscPCs shortly afterwards did take advantage of this mode.
In this mode, the status bits present in the program counter in 26-bit mode are now available in a new register - the current program status register, or CPSR, which is available via new instructions. On previous processors, such as ARM3, these instructions are NOPs and do nothing. The instructions in question - MSR and MRS work equally well in 26-bit and 32-bit modes.
So why do RISC OS machines need to move to 32-bit? Well, the StrongARM processor used in RiscPCs supports this 26-bit mode, as do many of the variants in the same generation, but the current generation of ARM chips - in particular XScale, ARM9, etc do not, as the manufacturers (ARM and Intel) have removed the 26-bit compatibility in preference for other logic such as Thumb support and various other embedded uses.
Therefore, if RISC OS wishes to move to newer processors, it must move to a 32-bit mode, if it wishes for a full hardware solution (the alternative is emulation on other hardware such as x86, which will be much slower).
1 Well, not all the bits. As in 26-bit modes, the bottom 2 bits are assumed to be zero, so all addresses lie on a multiple of 4. The use of these 2 bits is beyond the scope of this article.
Moving to 32-bit
It's been suggested that a move to a 32-bit RISC OS would lose a large amount of the existing software base. For many reasons, this isn't true.
For a 32-bit RISC OS, such as on the RISC OS 5, the problem is that a given program may not immediately run on this OS, because of differences in processor mode.
BASIC and other interpreted languages
As long as they don't contain any assembler (and the majority will not - as high as 99% has been suggested) then these programs will run without incident without modification as they only rely upon the interpreter acting correctly.
C Programs and other compiled languages
A large number of RISC OS programs are written in C. These will also work correctly if recompiled to 32-bit using Castle's new 32-bit tools or a or a 32-bit GCC, where appropriate. The programs will remain backwards compatible to 26-bit versions of RISC OS, as we'll see shortly.
Programs written in assembler or programs producing ARM output
these programs will need manual (or semi-automated) modification before they will run on a 32-bit RISC OS. This modification is not difficult, but it can be tedious. Also, some C programs can contain ARM code, and will need the same changes.
At this point you might groan at the effort required to convert all these applications to 32-bit. But hold on there a moment - these are most certainly not the only ways existing applications can run on a 32-bit RISC OS. For the moment we'll stick with conversion since it's a logical place to start, and come to the other ways shortly.
APCS, or ARM Procedure Call Standard, is at the heart of the issue of conversion to 32-bit. APCS defines a number of things, most of which we won't go into here, except to say that they concern the saving of processor flags. If you wish to know more, then refer to PRM 4.
There are quite a number of APCS variants, even within the same processor mode. I'll simplify the matter somewhat, by just talking about "APCS-26" and "APCS-32" which will refer to the two variants we care about. The former being using by existing 26-bit RISC OS, and the latter by a 32-bit RISC OS.
There are a number of specifics to conversion from APCS-26 to APCS-32, which are covered in the documentation with Castle's tools, and I'll briefly summarise here. These are simplications, but serve for illustrative purposes:
APCS-32 does not expect function calls to save processor flags. To do so would be an onerous burden, and in many cases, it isn't actually needed anyway. APCS-26 requires saving of flags, and this is facilitated by instructions that work incorrectly in 32-bit mode.
For C code, this generally means the compiler doesn't attempt to restore flags with the ^ flag on LDM, or MOVS PC, LR - and instead use LDM without the ^ or MOV PC, LR.
Instructions which attempt to modify the processor state by using TEQP etc. are out. Instead, they should modify it via MSR/MRS. The exception here is for code which also must work on ARM3, and does not have these instructions. This code is reasonably rare, and can easily be accomodated by checking for 32-bit mode, and taking advantage of the NOP status of MSR/MRS on these processors.
A crucial point I wish to make is that APCS-32 code will work correctly on 26-bit RISC OS and 32-bit RISC OS from ARM6 to XScale and also ARM3 if care is taken. This means once a program is 32-bit, there need be only one version. Having a profusion of versions of programs would certainly be confusing.
So, to convert a C program to APCS-32 is simple - recompile it. Although you will need to recompile all its libraries too. For programs using Acorn C/C++, a recompile using the default options with Castle's tools is exactly what you want.
Assembler Conversion
Manual assembler conversion can be rather tedious. Fortunately Castle's tools do provide some macros to help you out, and the assembler will produce warnings for non 32-bit code. It can be a little daunting at first, but with some practice, it becomes quite easy. In future, I hope to produce a reference guide which shows what instruction sequences to replace with what.
David Ruck has produced a tool, Armalyser which is able to produce a disassembly of ARM code - whether it's an application, module or other RISC OS binary format. Most importantly, it can output a format which lists non 32-bit instructions, and which can be fed directly back into an assembler once you have made changes. This is extremely useful if a program's source or libraries cannot easily be obtained for recompilation, or for checking your existing applications and modules.
Converting a program to 32-bit isn't the only way to have it run on a 32-bit RISC OS. This is by no means the full list, but it's the most obvious.
I have written my own proposal on how this might work. It actually refers to emulation of an ARM3 processor on a RiscPC for the purposes of Archimedes emulation in ArcEm, but the problem is very similar and the ideas suggested are sound. Since it's quite short, it fails to address many of the specific problems, and is certainly far from being a complete specification. Nevertheless, you can read about ARM on ARM emulation.
JITing
Aemulor is an example of a JIT.
Jason Tribbeck has also pointed me at a project he was considering with some JIT aspects to it, called Cloe (Code Lookahead Optimal Emulator). There are 4 documents:
cloe1
cloe3b
Dynamic reassembly
Most programs can be made to work without great difficulty on a 32-bit RISC OS via one of a number of methods - many of which are mentioned here.
Programs compiled to be 32-bit will also correctly work on previous versions of RISC OS.
You can view the conversion to 32-bit a little like the way the Y2K was dealt with. If it's tackled now, it won't be an issue, when it becomes an issue.
If you're developing RISC OS applications right now, make them 32-bit, as that means less effort in the long run, and forward compatibility.
All my Unix Ports are fully 32-bit compatible.
As a reminder, the important bits when it comes to running programs on 32-bit RISC OS:
C programs need to be recompiled with a 32-bit compiler.
Pure Basic programs will work unmodified.
ARM programs will need changes made to work correctly.
Emulation (or emulation-like) 26/32 technologies such as the mentioned emulators and MicroDigital's Omega may actually hinder or slow the eventual conversion to 32-bit, as there will not be an immediate need to convert applications.
Software vendors may well charge for 32-bit upgrades to this software. This is quite reasonable given the effort involved, and I expect the charges to be quite minimal. It will also give a helpful cash injection into the market and encourage developers.
Retrieved from "http://www.riscos.info/index.php/32bit"
This page was last modified on 6 February 2009, at 18:01.
Content is available under Attribution 2.5.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Hiroki Aratani (født 6. august 1975) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Omiya Ardija og Ventforet Kofu.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This baby tent is colorful and lightweight. It provides comfortable shelter for outdoor trips. It equips sticky pads to seal the curtain and makes the structure sturdy. No assembly or accessories required to fix this tent. Mesh cloth is breathable and easy to clean.
- This foldable tent can be set up and put away in seconds, very convenient.
- The water-resistant mat keeps tent dry and clean.
- Mesh cloth ensure its comfort and do not block the view.
- Made of cloth, it is light weight and foldable.
- Dice shape with bright color, it will add fun to your outside activity.


text:
Season 2 introduced the threatening Dark Troopers.
This review contains spoilers for The Mandalorian season 2. If you have not watched it and plan to, this is your warning.
The Mandalorian is a Star Wars spin-off series set after the original Star Wars trilogy. This show attempts to branch out from the usual content of Star Wars films such as Jedis and Siths. Instead, the show focuses more on a bounty hunter and his life. Each episode has its own small story that will eventually tie into the second season as a whole.
The season starts with Mando attempting to protect a small town from a vicious creature. As a reward, Mando will claim what he thinks is armor from his home planet: Mandalore. However, it is soon revealed that the armor belongs to a bounty hunter named Boba Fett. Although I wanted "The Mandalorian" to create new stories unrelated to previous Star Wars work, I appreciated that they added this character to satisfyingly tie in another story arc. Hopefully, fans will soon find out how Boba Fett survived the mighty Sarlacc monster in the upcoming show, "The Book of Boba Fett".
Boba Fett returns to team up with our main hero.
Throughout the season, they bring back other nostalgic characters such as Ahsoka. This was important to benefit Mando on his journey to finally return Grogu (Baby Yoda) to his rightful Jedi master.
One of my favorite episodes is "Chapter 10: The Passenger". This episode does a great job of reminding the audience about who Mando really is. He doesn't necessarily care for everyone, he's still a bounty hunter who's trying to make a living. Although he develops a strong attachment with his companion, Grogu. The special effects in this episode are also impeccable. For example, the spider-like creatures invading Mando and his crew really immerse you in the show with its realism. It's insane how close computer-generated imagery (CGI) is to reality. I think the only scenes where the effects lack is during his jetpack scenes.
Towards the end of the season, Mando encounters a not so epic final showdown with the main villain, Moff Gideon. Moff Gideon is no match for Mando's pure Beskar staff, one of the strongest metals in the galaxy. Instead, Mando has to put up a fight against the menacing Dark Troopers.
In the end, the season is nicely concluded with Luke Skywalker arriving in search of his future Jedi student. For the older generation, adding Luke was a perfect ending. On the other hand, the younger generation couldn't appreciate this conclusion as much as kids who grew up with this vintage character. "The Mandalorian" season 2 earns an 8/10.
By: Bryce Nall
Season 2 unveils new exciting adventures.
The T in LGBTQ+
Made of Rain album review by the Psychedelic Furs
Fire drill by Melanie Martinez
Rea's Corner
My Experience With Online School
Letter to my Freshman self


text:
Q: Spring Tools 4 for Eclipse info about running app I am new to Spring and trying to understand a few things. In spring docs read about spring tools and thought to give it a try.
I installed Spring Tools 4.9.0 from Eclipse Marketplace and use it to import a tutorial project (File > New > Other > Import Spring Getting Started Context). Run the app with Boot Dashboard and it works as it should.
Saw in some tutorial videos when the app runs annotations become greenish and if you hover over them you get info like bean id etc.
In my case nothing like that happens. Do i need to configure something in eclipse or am i missing something else?
Thanks in advance.

A: The feature you are referring to is the "Live Application Information", the user guide section for this is here: https://github.com/spring-projects/sts4/wiki/Live-Application-Information.
In order to have an app showing that live information in the tools, it has to have the spring boot actuators on the classpath: https://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/current/reference/html/production-ready-features.html.
Depending on the exact guide that you chose it might not have actuators on the classpath out-of-the-box. In that case, add the actuator dependency to your pom.xml file, do a "Maven -> Update Project" from the context menu and start the app again using the dashboard. Then the green live information highlights should appear.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I can live in a swimsuit all day.
When you live in the Philippines, it's not unusual to have an overflowing collection of bikinis. We can wear our swimwear all year long. I've gotten used to it that even when I travel, I pack a bunch of swimsuits with me even if I'm not going to a tropical place. My bikini doubles as underwear and work out gear too. While my one pieces also becomes a top when I pair with shorts. They are so much more than just for swimming! Sometimes I like to lounge in it when I'm in the hotel room because they're extremely comfy. (If you haven't tried to, you should!) During one afternoon in Leondaro Plaza Tiberias, I did just that.


I enjoy walking around one of my favorite universities, Santa Clara University, because of the beautiful Mission which is located on the university grounds. Santa Clara University is one of the oldest "private universities" in California. Many times I get to see the set up or break down of weddings and events held over summer weekends.
This weekend (2013) I saw this behind-the-scenes set up of the Santa Clara University Law School Graduation which took place yesterday. I don't know any of these graduates personally, I still pause as I know this is an accomplishment for our students.
The green lawn was covered with hundreds of perfect aligned white chairs on both sides of the stage waiting for their arrivals the next day and uniquely placed around the palm trees throughout the area.
I talked with the kind, friendly security officer, who let me wander a bit behind the closed off areas and on the stage.
What questions do you ask during the trip?
The trip is planned and now you are ready to leave.
I know it is fun to start reading favorite blogs and websites for additional region stories and information. Yet, I wonder why am I still asked the same, repeat questions from travelers during their trips?
I chose three of the most frequent asked questions that people ask me, whether the trips are for business or leisure. The answers to these questions are not readily available by social media.
And remember, if you arrive in the evening or over the weekend, people in tourism and information centers will most likely NOT be available to help.
Where is the toilet, bathroom, or restroom?
I did a Google search for "how to ask where is the restroom internationally" and received about 4,830,000 results (0.38 seconds).
words are different in each country.
This is even true when you travel across the USA. I giggle as I mention this because I know even New York City is very different from Los Angeles and San Francisco.
Italian = Mi scusi, dov'è il bagno?
Do you have wi-fi? And, how much does internet access cost, what is the code to use to connect?
I admit, I am spoiled living in Silicon Valley and Northern California where most towns offer free (complimentary) wi-fi , or connection to the internet. I take it for granted. This is not always provided for you or sometimes a challenge to find the code access.
Luxury hotels and resorts charge for this additional service. Less expensive hotels usually provide this service, yet sometimes it is only provided in the lobby.
On my trips, I ask where the local public libraries, coffee shops, or internet cafes are located. By doing this, I get the additional benefit of talking with the local people by doing this.
Where may I charge my smartphone?
This is an active question now. Even people locally ask this question when they attend meetings and conferences. There is not that many electrical outlets available. And, if you are traveling internationally, you may not have the right plug-in connection.
Modern airports now have more convenient outlets to use in the sitting areas, how many times do we see someone sitting in a chair next to an outlet yet not using it? Should we add a sign on the chair saying, 'reserved for those wanting to re-charge'? Or add more re-charge stations per chair?
There are many lightweight, inexpensive, emergency smart phone re-chargers available now. I use these to recharge my phone while on the plane or at dinner. I keep my phone with me which eliminates a chance of someone stealing the phone.
There was one hotel in Germany that I stayed at with a lobby bar that had phone/computer charging stations in the center of their tables - how cool is this?
I also try to buy equipment like small cameras with re-chargeable batteries. Don't forget the cords! You may put cords in your extra socks and shoes to keep organized.
I want to go on vacation now! My latest trips to go on are at my website. Ask.


text:
Broadcast Solutions delivers new HD OBVan to German public Broadcaster BR
Starting in 2010, German public broadcaster Bayerischer Rundfunk has started the modernization of its infrastructure from SD to HD. As part of this conversion process, Broadcast Solutions GmbH has been commissioned to build the new BR FÜ2 OB Van. The OB truck specialist from Bingen delivered the 8-camera van to the customer at the end of 2014. The BR FÜ2 has since then been used in various productions, including the ski jumping World Cup in Lillehammer, the 4-Hills Tournament in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, the G7 Summit 2015 (at the press centre in Garmisch-Partenkirchen), the Queen's visit to Berlin, and productions for the famous Waldbühne in Berlin (in 5.1. Audio).
The BR FÜ2 with its five comfortably sized areas provides enough space, to even manage large productions in a relaxed way. The areas in detail: production, slow motion, VTR / slow motion, vision control, Sound / Intercom. All hardware to be controlled is located at the rear of the trailer in centralized equipment racks.
Built as a trailer-based OB Van, BR FÜ2 can be operated with up to 12 cameras. Ex-factory the vehicle is equipped with 8 Sony HDC-1400 cameras, including Fujinon lenses. In the Production Area, a Sony MVS-7000X is used. The monitor wall is equipped with Sony PVM and VTS TFTs. The monitor wall in turn is controlled by an Evertz multiviewer system VIPX-6867. As router an Evertz EQX 576x576 is used. For the areas slomo resp. VTR/slomo a range of 3 EVS XT3 systems are running.
Digital Glue Equipment consists of, among others, of Lynx 5000 and Lawo V__pro 8. In the Vision Control area Tektronix SPG-8000 and WFM-5250 devices are in use.
Vision Mixer
The spacious audio area in BR FÜ2 provides a Lawo mc266 mixing console including a Lawo core with Dalli frames that can handle up to 512 channels summarized. As Intercom Solution Broadcast Solutions and Bayerischer Rundfunk rely on a Riedel Artist system (128 x 128) with wireless talkback by Motorola.
The complete control within the OB Van is realized using the VSM system from L-S-B Broadcast Technologies.
Sound Area
"The BR FÜ 2 is one of the bigger OB vans Broadcast Solutions delivered. The customer Bayerischer Rundfunk put the highest requirements on the quality and flexibility of this production tool. We are very pleased that – in close connection with the customer – we were able to develop a highly flexible and innovative vehicle, additionally in the shortest time. It enables our customer to manage the most diverse productions easily," says Stefan Breder, Managing Director at Broadcast Solutions GmbH.
Vision Control
In addition to the tailor-made and specifically designed OB Vans that meet any of the customer's wishes, Broadcast Solutions, with the Streamline OB Van family, offers OB Vans that are pre-engineered vehicles and are available in five different versions.
Visit Broadcast Solutions at IBC 2015 at the outside area, Stand O.B01, and learn more about the Streamline OB Van family, which are all available with full 4K functionality. At the stand the company presents a Streamline S8 4K OB van.
Broadcast Solutions is one of Europe's biggest and fastest growing system integrators. For more than ten years the German based company stands for innovation and engineering "Made in Germany" in the business fields of OB-Vans, SNGs and ENGs. With subsidiaries in Europe, Asia and the Middle East Broadcast Solutions plans, implements and realises projects in the areas of Satcom, fixed Studio and MCR installations, sport arena multimedia solutions as well as mobile Surveillance units. A further emphasis of the company is to consult our customers when it comes to workflow optimization, trainings and production consultancy. With more than 100 employees worldwide and working as a hardware independent system integrator Broadcast Solutions offers its customers tailor-made solutions – from layout to implementation.
BR FÜ1
Bayerischer Rundfunk Studio FM1
Broadcast Solutions


Individual workspaces are getting ever smaller, but workers still need storage. File banks are utilitarian, yet they need to blend in and complement the interior design, and they must be rock solid and secure. Kimball Office metal filing and storage solutions are engineered and built for long-term durability, and they offer a range of aesthetic options.


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For more than 15 years, Sunwest has been the agency of record for one of the nation's leading build-to-suit developers and investment companies. KDC has relied on Sunwest to provide strategic public relations planning and implementation for more than 80 projects including office, industrial, broadcast studios, data centers, and corporate-anchored mixed-use developments across the country. Sunwest has worked directly with KDC and its clients on major projects for Toyota North America, State Farm (Dallas and Atlanta), FedEx, and JPMorgan Chase & Co. to name a few.
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text:
French envoy says it's time to mend Moscow-Paris relations
MOSCOW, January 24. /TASS/. French Ambassador to Russia Sylvie Bermann has said the time has come to improve relations between Russia and France in all areas.
France disapproves of US extraterritorial sanctions leading to tension with Russia
"I am very happy to be appointed to Russia. After getting acquainted with Great Britain and China (Bermann was the French ambassador to those countries), I am glad to get to know Russia. It is an important time now for a reset in relations between France and Russia," she told reporters at a news conference on Wednesday.
"I believe that political relations, even if they have never interrupted, bear the burden of a number of circumstances. Therefore, my ambitions are to strengthen the ties between the two countries, including at citizens' level as part of the Trianon Dialogue (the Russian-French civil society forum)," she stressed.
ASS news agency will be the forum's general information partner.


text:
Linguistics Meta
Linguistics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for professional linguists and others with an interest in linguistic research and theory. It only takes a minute to sign up.
How do accents of a whole town drift?
I've heard it said that accents of towns drift over time. I find this hard to comprehend as how could an accent of a whole town change?
I think it is established that we mainly pick up our accent from our peers at school. But this is also odd, since if we are separated by age, peers in an age group should not really interact that much from other age groups, so where do their accents come from in the first place? Perhaps, maybe this is the answer, that because in schools we are separated from older children to a large degree, the accent can drift as it has no correction from older children.
But this still seems unlikely to me as universal schooling is a quite recent thing, and before then we had mainly apprenticeships which children would learn from adults and presumably pick up their accents.
Another (to me) unlikely idea is that a town's accent (e.g. Liverpudlian) has changed due to people talking over machinery in factories or mills so it gets higher pitched. Can an accent of a town really change that quickly?
But what I do see is that immigration affects accents a lot, for example the Jamaican accent changing the London cockney accent. Or the Geordie accent with lots of Scandinavian words also from immigration.
So in essence, is accent drift a real thing (has it been observed) and what is the main cause?
language-change sound-change accent
curiousdannii♦
zoobyzooby
In the area where I live (South Germany, Schwäbische Alb), it is said that experts know which village a person grew up in just from listening to them for a while. This works/worked well with older people; teenagers show a lot less differences.
– Guntram Blohm
Nearly my entire workplace has incorrectly replaced the first person pronoun "me" with "myself" because one very outspoken high ranking manager would misuse "myself" in every meeting.
– Keeta - reinstate Monica
This does indeed happen! It tends to follow the same processes that make whole languages change over time. Just on a smaller scale: smaller area, smaller changes, smaller timespans. (Intuitive example: surely the first American colonists spoke "British English", since what would be the alternative? And look at what that's led to now.)
One way to think of it is, language is a tool for communication, and if it's not serving its purpose, it'll evolve with ruthless efficiency until it is. For a dramatic example, look at how quickly people stopped using capital letters in text messages: they were getting in the way of fast and efficient communication, so they were pruned away. Then, within five years, they were brought back, with a new purpose: SHOUTING, Distinctly Emphatic Tone, SaRcAsTiC MoCkErY, and so on. This helped communication, so it's stuck.
It might start with a "random mutation", just by chance. One man in the town pronounces his /a/ a little more like [æ]. He teaches this pronunciation to his children, who might influence their peers, until everyone pronounces that vowel slightly more to the front. This starts crowding /æ/, so over time that starts to shift upward in order to remain distinct. And so on, and so on…a small initial shift like that can lead to a complete restructuring of the vowel system, given enough time.
Draconis♦Draconis
Hmm, but if this was just random, this sounds like it would take an awful long time for things to spread. On the other hand, if it was by people of influence, or importance, I can see that people would tend to mimic those people they admire. Just as people mimic the royal family's clothes, and even Christmas. But then again slang terms originate by 1 or 2 people and they can spread quite fast. So maybe vowel sounds can too. But this seems like a more conscious effor to sound cool than purely randomness. (Like when Londoners started mimicking the accent of the Beatles or Oasis.)
– zooby
@zooby Depends! Children are extremely impressionable, linguistically, and it's very easy for them to pick up little quirks. But high-status people like the Royal Family do indeed tend to create their own standards: see "Received Pronunciation" or "the Queen's English".
– Draconis ♦
British English has changed too. Many features of American English are conservative.
– Adam Bittlingmayer
Is there any evidence of this process happening? I mean for the 'nudges' you describe, individual quirks getting amplified. It seems plausible, and comparable phenomena do happen in genetics (see founder effect), yet these mechanisms are observed in controlled experiments too (e.g. Petri dishes) while I can't picture a parallel with linguistics. Do you know something I don't?
– mattecapu
Every community has "influencers". This isn't a social media invention. An influencer is someone who has an above average impact on their surroundings. Think of this like how Genghis Khan has more genetical ancestors today than some random farmer. While it may not always be visible, some people simply impact the world more.
Maybe they're a well known and respected person and their mannerisms therefore rub off on others who copy them, subconsciously or not.
Maybe they're infamous and their mannerisms turn into a comical impersonation/stereotype, which becomes so well known that people start using things unironically.
Maybe they simply raised many children (or taught them) who then go on to spread the things they've learned.
There are many ways to become such an influencer. Not all cases are a matter of intentionally wanting to create this influence. Some cases are just luck of the draw or random selection.
At any point, anyone could become an influencer in the future. We simply don't know.
So we've established that the spreading behavior exists but cannot always be pinned down or predicted. All that's left to consider is random variation. Like in nature, mutations always exist. Given a large group of people, you're likely to find that some people have different linguistical ideas.
Maybe they pronounce things differently because of a physical reason.
Maybe they apply a word in a novel way because to them it's similar to another thing (which the word comes from)
Maybe they misunderstand the meaning/context of a saying and therefore alter it to make more sense to them
Whatever the reason, you will over time encounter people who deviate from the regionally normal language. Random selection ensures that it's possible that these people happen to end up being an influencer (possibly for completely unrelated reasons), and thus end up making a regional impact, causing a shift in linguistics for e.g. their entire town.
FlaterFlater
There are very many causes. There are many phenomena which exhibit fashion, trends, or shifts over time, and accents are one of them.
First off, an individual's accent can change over time. Possibly the best example is when going through puberty, boys undergo rapid changes in their anatomy which directly changes their accent as well as indirectly requiring them to re-learn to speak. Not to mention they wish to sound more mature and distinctive, to show they will push boundaries and break rules. Of course they generally imitate each other to be part of the club.
Second, an individual's accent changes in different company. When addressing friends one speaks a little differently to when one is, say, addressing customers. Or parents. Or in-laws. We don't have fixed accents within a single day, and this creates a degree of pliability.
That pliability is limited—it is hard for someone to shift from British to American English. However, this is partly because of how incompatible they are. The way all the muscles are configured needs to make a big shift. But when a town's accent shifts, the change has much higher "compatibility". Things change that are not a difficult change for most people there. (Even if some do not end up making that change.)
When we talk to people we take subconscious cues about the degree of effort they are putting into understanding you and adjust our own behaviour. Subconsciously. Usually to make it easier for them, but certain people have an urge to make others uncomfortable.
Coming back to trends and fashions. Some trends seem to morph into being, while others are catalysed by trendsetters. There is a human desire to chase "the new thing". We are impressioned by our friends.
As for what might actually cause changes, it can be everything from wanting to sound more posh to wanting to sound more vulgar. Sometimes families with a particular accent are more successful than other families and grow in size or are simply more influential. Often it's just a kind of laziness of speech. Sometimes accent changes would lead to an inability to distinguish words (e.g. cot/caught merger). This might affect some places more than others, potentially based on their local economy, local place names—basically how often people go to the effort of making that distinction. By the same token, if accent changes have absolutely no effect on identifying words, then those changes may quite easily occur.
So, there is no simple answer. Language is a sum of billions of small decisions...
ArteliusArtelius
I live in an exceptionally remote village in the West of England (UK). The local dialect/accent among the older generation took a long time for us to understand when we moved here 7 years ago. My wife is a reading mentor at the local primary school. She has noticed that since the introduction of Phonics as a (highly effective) technique for teaching the children to read, much of the local accent is disappearing from the children's speech. Phonics provides a standard, and they are all eager to read. Phonics is widely used in UK schools, and must be standardising speech sounds in many places, changing the accents of towns and regions.
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Norma Cortez recovered $300,000.00 from the City of Anaheim
Steering Law OfficesPolice Brutality Headline Cases of Jerry L. Steering, Esq.Norma Cortez recovered $300,000.00 from the City of Anaheim
Investigators gather evidence at the scene of a gun battle on the 91 freeway between Brookhurst and Euclid, in Anaheim. June 22, 2008.
Norma Cortez recovered $300,000.00 from the City of Anaheim for using motorists on the 91 freeway as human traps for man sought by Anaheim Police.
By Rachanee Srisavasdi | Orange County Register
November 1, 2010 at 7:57 a.m.
ANAHEIM – The city has settled a federal lawsuit filed by two Anaheim women after one of the innocent bystanders was injured during a freeway shootout, the women's lawyer said.
Anaheim paid $300,000 to Norma Alicia Cortez-Gomez, 32, and her mother, Teresa Gomez, 53, who were ensnared in traffic on the eastbound 91 freeway on June 23, 2008, Newport Beach lawyer Jerry Steering said.
Traffic came to a halt because Anaheim police were trying to catch David Michael Abrams, a parolee who authorities said shot a police officer the morning before.
Police encountered Abrams while investigating an indecent exposure report at Western Raffles Inn & Suites. Police said Abrams shot one of the officers at the motel, and then fled in a Honda Civic.
Authorities spotted him driving on the I-605 after midnight, and then followed him onto the east 91 freeway.
Abrams, trapped by the traffic, came out of his car and shot at officers. Police returned fire, and several bullets clipped the Gomez's car – which was next to Abram's vehicle, Steering said.
Norma, who was injured in her abdomen and shoulder, was treated and released from UCI Medical Center in Orange, he added. She and her mother filed the lawsuit in January 2009.
Abrams, 40, of Long Beach was killed in the hail of bullets. He had been released from prison in 2006 after serving 10 years for burglary related charges and was placed on parole, according to Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation records.
Contact the writer: 714-834-3773 or rsrisavasdi@ocregister.com


Earth-Prime or the DC Extended Universe is a reality in which superheroes such as Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman reside in. Having many similarities to the Prime Earth and New Earth respectively.
From an outside perspective, it is a massive franchise of multiple different movie series created by Warner Bros. Studios in order to compete with Walt Disney's Marvel Cinematic Universe. Starting in mid-summer of 2013, the franchise has been generally successful and is currently thriving with the exclusive rights to all of DC Comics iconic and legendary superheroes.
Since the 1980s Warner Bros. had been creating films centered around their DC Comics properties, with Superman and Batman in particular finding success with audiences throughout the world. In spite of this however there was never any real attempt to crossover the DC superheroes in live-action similar to how they often did within the comics. In the mid 1990s the idea was pitched but ultimately shut down after Warner Bros. deemed the idea too risky to yield positive results or substantial profit.
Noting the wild success of the Disney's Marvel Cinematic Universe, Warner Bros. re-opened talks to creating their own response in the form of a DC Extended Universe. In 2009 comic book enthusiast and knowledgable writer Geoff Johns was hired to make this idea become a reality, with him announcing at the 2010 summer Comic Con that a film based on Green Lantern was in development and would be released in 2013, acting as the starting point for a shared universe of DC heroes, with the plan being they would eventually form into The Justice League.


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Archives de catégorie : lotus 바카라
Former navy recruit denied ptsd treatment by veterans affairs department as the government refuses to pay them
5 septembre, 2020 lotus 바카라더킹 카지노 먹튀, 바카라 프로그램, 예스 카지노 가입 쿠폰, 카지노 환치기 알바, 테크노 바카라MT196372610
A Navy recruit's treatment by a veterans' affairs departm바카라ent could be considered « abuse », according to his lawyer.
Peter Wright was one of nine former members of the Royal Australian Navy who were subjected to physical and mental abuse by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VVA) in 2012-2013, as part of a government-funded investigation into sexual violence in the Australian armed forces.
It appears that the department has refused to pay the $3 million in legal costs that the defence barrister claims he and his client must shoulder over their treatment at the hands of the federal government.
But he is adamant they will not be treated in the same wagospelhitzy as other victims.
« I think what the VVA (the state government's internal watchdog) did in those cases is go to court and ask for redress – and that's what they've done – because it's outrageous, » he told news.com.au on Wednesday.
Wright said the government's position was that while it would not « accept » that his client had been physically or mentally harmed, the Department of Veterans Affairs had made it clear that it would not compensate or seek any compensation for his treatment.
« A lot of these allegations were covered by the media becaugospelhitzse it's not like they're going to turn around and say, 'Oh, there was no harm' and it's just another incident, » he said.
The defence barrister's statement comes after the Government rejected earlier offers by his client to pay $30,000 to avoid further exposure of his abuse.


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Gabrielle Williams
State Member for Dandenong
Dandenong Electorate
ABBOTTS ROAD LEVEL CROSSING TO GO FOLLOWING BLITZ
The dangerous Abbotts Road level crossing will be history by early September following a 10-day construction blitz that will complete the new single-track rail bridge ahead of schedule.
Member for Dandenong Gabrielle Williams said that the removal of the level crossing would mean a safer and better-connected community.
From the evening of Tuesday 28 August to the morning of Saturday 8 September, buses will replace trains between Dandenong and Cranbourne as crews put the finishing touches on the 410-metre-long bridge over Abbotts Road.
Traffic management will remain in place however no extended closures of Abbotts Road are expected during these works, with access also maintained for local businesses.
Works will include the removal of the boom gates and existing track, and installing and connecting the new track, signalling and power.
The new rail bridge, located between Dandenong and Lynbrook stations on the Cranbourne line, began to take shape last month following the delivery and installation of the first L-shaped concrete segments.
In total, 30 segments up to 31 metres long are being craned into place and joined together in pairs, forming the viaducts that trains will eventually run on.
The completion of this bridge will mean that the 22,000 vehicles using Abbotts Road each weekday will never again be frustrated by boom gate delays and, along with train drivers, will no longer have to fear a level crossing which has sadly been a scene of tragedy over the past decade.
In addition to the significant safety benefits, the much-needed separation between road and rail also ensures that enough space remains for duplication of both rail and road in the future.
Planning for the future duplication of the Cranbourne line and associated works at the Dandenong and Caulfield junctions has been funded in the Victorian Budget 2018/19, with $572 million allocated to deliver further upgrades to Melbourne's busiest rail corridor.
The road network surrounding the Abbotts Road level crossing is also set for an upgrade, with a two-kilometre section of Pound Road West and Remington Drive to be duplicated from two to four lanes and connected by a new road bridge over the Cranbourne line.
The Abbotts Road level crossing was originally scheduled for removal in 2019, with this announcement confirming delivery many months earlier than planned.
Commuters are also reminded that other works will be taking place elsewhere on the Cranbourne/Pakenham lines at times leading up to – and during – the Abbotts Road construction blitz.
For disruption information and to find your Plan B travel option, visit bigbuild.vic.gov.au
Authorised by Gabrielle Williams, Shop 1, 8-10 Halpin Way, Dandenong VIC 3175


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Q: How do I render all posts of the same category in same layout? I have several posts that share the same layout but have different title and content.
This layout is different from that on the site.
I can use single.php to render them, but then ALL posts will have this layout.
If I add some category for this posts, could I render all post in this category in the same way?
I tried using category-{category-name}.php but it just rendered the page for this category.

A: I believe you are talking about single post pages. The template hierarchy does not make provision for single templates according to the category a post belongs to, so single-{$category}.php does not exist.
To make single-{$category}.php work, we can make use of the single_template filter
add_filter( 'single_template', function ( $template )
{
    global $post;
    // Check if our post has our specific category
    if ( !has_category( 1, $post ) ) // Change to your specific category
        return $template;

    // Locate and load our single-{$category}.php template
    $locate_template = locate_template( 'single-my_category.php' ); // Change to your exact template name
    if ( !$locate_template )
        return $template;

    // single-my_category.php exists, load it
    return $locate_template;
});

You can now just create our own custom single template and use it for any single post that belongs to the specific category you need to target

A: The category templates are just for post archives listing you would need to do this within the single.php template.
You can use has_category()within the single.php template to detect if the post has the category. Then just include different files. eg:
if ( has_category( $category, $post ) ) {
    include "template-one.php";
} else {
    include "template-two.php";
}

Ref: https://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/has_category


We understand that the changes our body go through as we embrace different stages of our lives can leave unsightly reminders (i.e. stretch marks, surgical or injury scars). Stretch marks that appear during puberty or pregnancies can easily be improved with little down time or discomfort with the Picosure Workstation from Cynosure and Palomar Icon™ Aesthetic System. Even traumatic/surgical scars can be significantly improved with a few sessions of the treatments. SculpSure is the world's first FDA-cleared laser treatment for non-invasive lipolysis of the abdomen, flanks, back, inner thighs, outer thighs and is now available for the submental (under the chin) area. It's designed to safely and effectively eliminate unwanted fat cells. The result is a permanent reduction in stubborn fat to achieve a more ideal body contour and tighter skin without surgery or down-time. Patients who have had liposuction or previous childbirth will also benefit from smoothening of their contours and tighter skin. Best part – you will only need 2-3 treatments or less to achieve your goals!


text:
Further delays in immigration hearing of Mexican journalist
CJFE is concerned by the news of further delays in the immigration case of Emilio Gutiérrez Soto, a Mexican journalist now living in New Mexico, and one of the winners of CJFE's 2010 International Press Freedom Awards. The Texas Tribune reports that the hearing has been postponed until May 2012 after Gutiérrez's lawyer, Carlos Spector, was subpoenaed to appear in another case causing a conflict with the scheduled hearing. Gutiérrez has been seeking asylum since he was forced to flee Mexico with his son in 2008. For the full story click here
International Press Freedom Award type-media_releases