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Derek Alton Walcott (Castries, 23 de enero de 1930-17 de marzo de 2017) fue un poeta, dramaturgo y artista visual santalucense, ganador del Premio Nobel de Literatura en 1992.

Trayectoria
Su experiencia de crecimiento en un isla volcánica aislada, una excolonia española tuvo una fuerte influencia en la vida de Walcott y su trabajo. Sus abuelas habían sido descendientes de esclavos. Su padre un bohemio pintor de acuarelas, murió cuando Derek y su hermano gemelo Roderick tenían pocos años de vida. Su madre se cambió al pueblo en donde estaba la escuela metodista. Después de estudiar en St. Mary's College en su isla nativa y en la University of the West Indies en Jamaica. Al mismo tiempo continuaba escribiendo poesía y a los 18 años, debutó con 25 Poemas y después publica su segundo poemario, Epitaph for the Young (1949), con el subtítulo de XII Cantos en homenaje a Ezra Pound. Se mudó en 1953 a Trinidad, donde trabajó como crítico de teatro y de arte. En 1959, fundó el Trinidad Theatre Workshop que produjo muchos de sus trabajos iniciales. Como poeta su consagración vino con la colección de poemas, Green Night (1962).

En su formación tuvieron una importancia fundamental los clásicos ingleses como John Milton, John Donne y el resto de metafísicos y los dramaturgos Marlowe y Shakespeare, los norteamericanos Robert Lowell y Elizabeth Bishop, y también T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden y Dylan Thomas.

Fue contratado como profesor por la Universidad de Boston en los Estados Unidos, donde fundó el Teatro de los dramaturgos de Boston en 1981. Ese año también recibió una beca de la Fundación MacArthur. Walcott enseñó literatura y escritura en la Universidad de Boston durante más de dos décadas, publicando nuevos libros de poesía y obras de teatro regularmente y retirándose en 2007. Se hizo amigo de otros poetas, entre ellos el ruso Joseph Brodsky, que vivió y trabajó en los Estados Unidos, después de ser exiliado en la década de 1970, y el irlandés Seamus Heaney, que también enseñó en Boston.

Poco a poco se fue convirtiendo en una de las voces fundamentales de la poesía caribeña y su Collected Poems 1948-1984 (1986) fue aclamado por crítica y lectores.

En 1990 se publica el poema épico Omeros que causó un gran impacto, se tradujo a multitud de idiomas y está considerado una de las obras poéticas básicas de la literatura contemporánea. Tras la repercusión de la publicación de Omeros, en 1992 recibió el Premio Nobel de Literatura.

En 2009, Walcott comenzó una estancia de tres años en la Universidad de Alberta como poeta en residencia. También fue profesor de Poesía en la Universidad de Essex entre 2010 y 2013.

Posteriormente a ser ganador del premio Nobel, recibió muchos reconocimientos literarios durante el curso de su carrera, incluido un Obie Award en 1971 por su juego Dream on Monkey Mountain, un MacArthur Foundation "genius" award, un Royal Society of Literature Award, the Queen's Medal for Poetry, the inaugural OCM Bocas Prize for Caribbean Literature, the 2011 T. S. Eliot Prize para su libro de poesías White Egrets and the Griffin Trust For Excellence In Poetry Lifetime Recognition Award en 2015.

Obra

Su obra se encuentra intensamente relacionada con el simbolismo de los mitos y con su relación con la cultura, sin embargo; la misma fue desarrollada en forma independiente a las escuelas del realismo mágico que emergían por esa misma época en Sudamérica y Europa. Es especialmente conocido por su poema épico  Omeros, (1990) considerado el mejor trabajo de Walcott, una historia alusiva, y reescrita de la historia y tradición homérica, sobre la tradición de un viaje por el mar Caribe y más allá hasta África, Nueva Inglaterra, el Oeste Norteamericano, Canadá, y Londres (con abundantes referencias a las islas griegas).
Walcott ha publicado más de veinte dramas, que en su mayoría han sido montados por la Taller de Teatro de Trinidad, así como en un gran número de otros escenarios. Muchas tratan sobre la liminalidad de las Indias Orientales durante el período poscolonial. Algunos temas recurrentes en sus obras son la epistemología, la ontología, la economía, la política, y lo social.

Su obra presenta una gran riqueza verbal, visual y conceptual que refleja las costumbres, las tensiones y la historia de una región colonizada. En ella son evidentes los aportes amerindios, europeos (en particular ingleses y holandeses) y africanos, los cuales son para el autor la base de la riqueza cultural del Caribe; dentro de este contexto, cabe resaltar la importancia que tienen para el autor el simbolismo de los mitos y su relación con la cultura.

Walcott trabaja con la tradición poética en lengua inglesa, con los clásicos y con los poetas modernos. Sus poesía se caracteriza por la plasticidad de las imágenes y la fuerza moral del discurso. Desde el punto de vista formal hace hincapié en el ritmo y una métrica muy elaborada que consiguen una poesía elegante y de alto nivel intelectual.

Walcott es autor de una vasta obra que incluye más de quince libros de poesía y alrededor de treinta obras de teatro. Dentro de sus textos destacan Otra vida (1973), El reino del caimito (1979), El testamento de Arkansas (1987) y, en 1990 su principal texto, Omeros, un poema épico basado en la Odisea.

Sueño en la montaña del mono 1970 es la más famosa de sus obras de teatro.

En 2006 recibió el Premio Grinzane Cavour.

Omeros
El poema épico de Walcott, Omeros, se publicó en 1990 y fue aclamado por la crítica. El poema refleja muy vagamente y se refiere a Homero y a algunos de los personajes principales de La Ilíada. Algunos de los personajes principales del poema incluyen a los pescadores de la isla, Achiles y Hector, al oficial jubilado inglés Major Plunkett y a su esposa Maud, a la criada Helen, al ciego Seven Seas (que representa simbólicamente a Homero) y al propio autor.

Aunque la narrativa principal del poema tiene lugar en la isla de Santa Lucía, donde Walcott nació y se crio, Walcott también incluye escenas de Brookline, Massachusetts (donde Walcott vivía y enseñaba en el momento de la composición del poema). El personaje de Aquiles imagina un viaje desde África en un barco de esclavos que se dirige hacia las Américas. También, en la parte quinta del poema, Walcott narra algunas de sus experiencias de un recorrido por varias ciudades alrededor del mundo, incluyendo a Lisboa, Londres, Dublín, Roma, y Toronto.

Compuesta en una variante de la terza rima, la obra explora los temas que recorren la obra de Walcott: la belleza de las islas, la carga colonial, la fragmentación de la identidad caribeña y el papel del poeta en un mundo postcolonial.

Omeros ha sido elogiado críticamente "como el mayor logro de Walcott". El libro recibió elogios de publicaciones como The Washington Post y The New York Times Book Review, que eligió a Omeros como uno de sus "Mejores Libros de 1990".

Apreciación crítica
El trabajo de Walcott ha recibido elogios de los grandes poetas, incluyendo a Robert Graves, quien escribió que Walcott "maneja el inglés con una comprensión más profunda de su magia interna que la mayoría, si no todos, de sus contemporáneos", y Joseph Brodsky, quien elogió el trabajo de Walcott, escribiendo: "Durante casi cuarenta años sus líneas palpitantes e implacables llegaron en el idioma inglés como maremotos, coagulando en un archipiélago de poemas".

La mayoría de las críticas del trabajo de Walcott son muy positivas. Por ejemplo, en la revista The New Yorker en el artículo The Poetry of Derek Walcott, Adam Kirsch alabó la obra de Walcott describiendo su estilo de la siguiente manera:

"Combinando la gramática de la visión con la libertad de la metáfora, Walcott produce un estilo hermoso que es también un estilo filosófico. La gente percibe el mundo en canales dobles, el verso de Walcott sugiere, a través de los sentidos y a través de la mente, y cada uno está constantemente filtrado en el otro. El resultado es un estado de pensamiento mágico perpetuo, una especie de mundo de Alicia en el País de las Maravillas en el que los conceptos tienen cuerpos y paisajes siempre capaces de levantarse y comenzar a hablar."

El poeta Andrés Sánchez Robayna dice de su obra: "La radical plasticidad de su visión del mundo pudo ser observada desde su primer libro, 25 Poems, en 1948, y quedó confirmada en 1962 con la edición de su primera gran recopilación poética, In a Green Night (En una noche verde), título procedente de un verso del metafísico inglés Andrew Marvell en el que este habla de las relucientes naranjas de las Bermudas como lámparas doradas en la noche verde del árbol (like golden lamps in a green night). Pocas imágenes más apropiadas para simbolizar una obra poética caracterizada por la abundancia, la variedad, el colorido de la cornucopia."

Martín López-Vega dice de su estilo: "Si algo distingue a Walcott es su fraseo, inconteniblemente épico, que transforma cualquier experiencia, por banal que sea, en un arrebato de intensidad que envuelve al lector, atrapado en una poesía que apela a los cinco sentidos como pocos autores han sido capaces antes. A los seis sentidos, habría que decir en realidad, pues a la sensualidad pluriforme de su verso hay que añadir su capacidad para apelar a nuestro sentido de la historia."

Teju Cole dice de su poesía: "Es poesía escrita con mano de pintor, una pincelada paciente tras otra. La aspiración inicial de Walcott fue pintar, habitar el "mundo virginal, nunca pintado" del Caribe y ocuparse de la "tarea de dar nombres a las cosas". Aprendió los rudimentos de la pintura a la acuarela, que se convirtió en el más serio de sus pasatiempos. A lo largo de los años, las cubiertas de sus libros han exhibido sus diestras y delicadas representaciones pictóricas de escenas campestres tropicales. Pero el ejercicio más profundo y significativo fue la poesía. Trasladó a sus poemas la sensibilidad paciente y acumulativa de un pintor realista. Sus composiciones son pilas enormes de embriagadora descripción, siempre alerta a las exigencias de la métrica y la forma, que utilizan con frecuencia la rima consonante o asonante y grandes capas de adjetivos que concretan el bosquejo del sustantivo. Como modelos suele citar a pintores más que a poetas: Pissarro, Veronés, Cézanne, Manet, Gauguin y Millet circulan por las páginas. Y acoge el detalle observado con la misma pasión con que lo haría un pintor flamenco. Como escribió en el poema "Pleno verano", bromeando solo a medias, "La sangre holandesa que hay en mí se dibuja con detalle".

Principales publicaciones traducidas

 Sueño en la montaña del mono (teatro, 1970).
 El burlador de Sevilla (1974). Trad. de Keith Ellis. Madrid: Vaso Roto, 2014.
 Otra vida (1973). Trad. de Luis Ingelmo. Ed. bilingüe. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg, 2017.
 Uvas de mar negro en la Tierra húmeda seca-transparente (1976)
 El reino del caimito (1979).
 El viajero afortunado (1981). Trad. de Vicente Araguas. Madrid: Huerga y Fierro, 2003. ed. inglés-castellano.
 Verano. Midsummer (1984). Trad. de Vicente Araguas. Madrid: Huerga y Fierro,1999, ed. inglés-castellano.
 El testamento de Arkansas (1987). Trad. de Antonio Resines y Herminia Beviá. Madrid: Visor, 1994.
 Omeros (1990). Trad. de Ferran Estellés. Valencia: Edicions Alfons el Magnànim-IVEI, 1993, ed. inglés-catalán. Trad. de José Luis Rivas: Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores, 1995, y Barcelona: Anagrama, 2002.
 Islas. Trad. de José Carlos Llop. Granada: Comares, 1993. Antología; ed. inglés-español.
 La voz del crepúsculo. Trad. de Catalina Martínez Muñoz. Madrid: Alianza, 2000. Ensayo.
 La abundancia. Trad. de Jenaro Talens. Madrid: Visor, 2001.
 La odisea. Trad. de Jenaro Talens. Madrid: Visor, 2005.
 Poemas escogidos. Trad. de José Luis Rivas. Madrid: Vaso Roto, 2009.
 Poemas. Trad. de José Carlos Llop. Granada: Festival Internacional de Poesía de Granada, 2010.
 Garcetas blancas. Trad. de Luis Ingelmo. Ed. bilingüe inglés-español. Madrid: Bartleby, 2010.
 Pleno verano. Poesía selecta. Trad. de José Luis Rivas. Madrid: Vaso Roto, 2012.
 La luz del mundo. Trad. de Mariano Antolín Rato. Granada: Valparaíso, 2017.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página de Derek Walcott en el Nobel e-Museum (en inglés)
 Página con varios poemas de Derek Walcott traducidos al español
 Página con información sobre Derek Walcott y el poema Archipiélagos traducido al español
 Extensa entrevista de David Huerta a Derek Walcott en Letras Libres
 Bitácora con reflexiones sobre el poemario Garcetas blancas (trad. de Luis Ingelmo; Madrid, Bartleby, 2010) y una pequeña selección de poemas extraídos de ese libro
 Reseña del poemario Garcetas blancas en el suplemento "El Cultural" del periódico El Mundo (26 de noviembre de 2010), en la que se incluye también un poema extraído del libro
 Entrevista emitida en Onda Regional de Murcia a Luis Ingelmo, traductor de Garcetas blancas, el 21 de noviembre de 2010

Personas de Castries
Becarios MacArthur
Doctores honoris causa por la Universidad de Alcalá
Escritores de Santa Lucía
Escritores en inglés del siglo XX
Escritores en inglés del siglo XXI
Gemelos
Escritores modernos de ficción relacionada con la mitología griega
Orden del Mérito (Jamaica)
Santalucianos laureados con el Premio Nobel de Literatura
Graduados honorarios del Trinity College Dublin
Laureados con el Premio Nobel de Literatura por idioma inglés
Laureados con el Premio Nobel 1992


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TV-InnerView
LOPA Sets New Record for Organ Donation in 2021
In 2021, for the first time, Louisiana had 242 organ donors who provided 763 organs to waiting transplant recipients. The number of donors increased 15% over last year, despite the challenges of a continuing pandemic and the devastation of Hurricane Ida.
There were also 479 people who donated tissue last year for use in procedures such as heart valve transplants for children born with congenital heart defects, skin grafts for burn victims, and a variety of orthopedic rehabilitation surgeries. One tissue donor can provide life-saving grafts for up to 75 individuals.
More than 62% of these donor heroes made the decision for themselves by registering in advance as donors. This action not only helps ensure an individual's end of life decision is honored while also taking the burden off family members to make a decision during such a traumatic time.
Throughout the year, LOPA remained focused on supporting the families of its donors, whether it was adapting remembrance ceremonies to socially distanced outdoor events or trying to find ways for loved ones to say goodbye with hospital visitation restrictions in place.
In addition to organ and tissue donation, LOPA has a research team that identifies new projects to help with medical advancements and therapies. A particular area of focus in 2021 was brain donation, which not only provides families additional donation opportunities but also helps with groundbreaking work in traumatic brain injury and autism research.
"We are in a unique position to help facilitate transplant recipients getting a second chance at life and provide support to families on their grief journey," said Kelly Ranum, LOPA's CEO. "The selflessness of our donors and their families offer the potential for healing. With almost 2,000 people in Louisiana waiting for a lifesaving organ, it is important we continue to set and achieve bold goals so that we are able to help and heal even more individuals in the coming years."
US HEALTHCARE JOURNALS © 2020

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Blaine Franger Photography Blog: Happy birthday Colin!!!
It's my brothers birthday today, and my email isn't working here in Thailand... so Col I know you read my blog.... Happy 22nd birthday! Love ya.
I'm gonna try and dig up an old funny picture for good times sake... give me a couple days though.
Added 03/24/08: Better late than never!
Nevertheless Blaine, this comment is for you too. Thank you for keeping my live and my 3 kids live so colourfoul with your amazing photos! You even have a very special place in our family blog, ya know? 'course it's a portuguese baby kind of blog but we do link and refer to your blog as one of the good wonders of the world wide web.
Thanks bro. I look forward to that funny photo. I am about to move in about a month! Northern Cali here I come. Me and my VW bus.


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REVIEW: "The Wretched" (2020)
April 30, 2020 by Keith
In "The Wretched" teenager Ben (John-Paul Howard) is still adjusting to his parents' recent divorce. It hasn't gone well. After getting into some legal trouble while living with his mother (resulting in a broken arm), Ben is sent to spend the summer with his father who lives in a lakeside tourist town. While there he will work for his dad (played by Jamison Jones) at the local marina and hopefully get a fresh start.
But this is a supernatural horror movie so there are no easy paths to happiness and contentment. Aside from the evil terror brewing in a nearby forest, things get off to a rough start for Ben. For starters, his father already has a new girlfriend, Sara (Azie Tesfai). And it doesn't help that all of the local teens are rich, obnoxious brats. The lone exception is his co-worker Mallory (Piper Curda), a free-wheeling breath of fresh air who instantly takes a liking to Ben.
Photo Courtesy IFC Films
Now about that malevolent presence in the woods. Ben begins to suspect something sinister is going on in the two-story rent house next door. After a hipster couple and their two children move in, Ben notices some bizarre behavior. The wife (Zarah Mahler) disappears into the forest with her infant baby. The husband suddenly denies they even have children. The couple makes constant trips into their padlocked basement. In this angle plucked straight out of 1985's "Fright Night", Ben spies on his neighbors, pokes around their house at night, even calls the police but to no avail. Of course Ben is right. A wicked entity has been let lose, preying on children and using their parents as hosts.
The film is written and directed by Brett and Drew T. Pierce who employ several well-worn horror movie tropes. But their movie doesn't rely on them, instead working more in suspense than abject terror. And they aren't afraid to let their influences show. There are little hints of everything from "Jaws" to "Close Encounters" and the Pierce Brothers' keen mixture of score and cinematography would make Spielberg smile.
The creature/demon/witch thing is pretty frightening with its pale veiny skin, jagged claws, and wicked body contortions. It's not terrible original, but it gets the job done. The brothers smartly embrace the idea that less is more, only giving us a few glimpses of the full being. Instead we mostly see it through the person it is possessing along with the sometimes grotesque effects it has on them. Overall the entity manages to be effectively chilling even though keeping up with its host-hopping became a chore especially in the final act.
Photo Courtesy of IFC Films
From the very start "The Wretched" commits a surprising amount of time to its characters. They come across as authentic and fleshed-out even though their stories are nothing especially new. Yet their stories are important especially once the movie positions itself as a metaphor for forgotten children in the wake of divorce. And generally speaking the performances are okay, shaky at times, but serviceable. You won't find a big name anywhere in the cast, but for the most part the fresh faces manage (some better than others).
What ends up standing out most is the movie's crisp pacing and tone management. The Pierce brothers keep things moving at just the right speed, deftly balancing character and tension-building while working within a familiar genre space. Yet "The Wretched" is a movie that can't fully hide its limitations despite its ability to rise above them. It's still very much worth a watch, and if you're looking for a horror movie you could do a lot worse.
VERDICT – 3 STARS
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2 thoughts on "REVIEW: "The Wretched" (2020)"
ninvoid99 says:	 April 30, 2020 at 4:16 pm
This looks pretty fucked up with the deer-heads and shit. I might check it out when it comes on TV. Do they use NIN's "The Wretched"?
Keith says:	 May 1, 2020 at 1:26 am
Nope. No NIN anywhere to be found. 😁


Yay, it's the weekend and it's warm again in Vienna! What are you up to? There's a lot happening this weekend, so here are a few tips to help you decide!
The street performance scene in Vienna is so amazing. I swear, sometimes I feel like I'm in a movie when I'm walking in the first district and suddenly hear live classical music. So magical. Speaking of magic, the Buskers Festival has magicians on the program! There's also dancers, musicians, comedians, acrobats, and graffiti artists. Happening this weekend, September 5-7, from 2 to 10 PM. Best of all, it's free!
If you're in a partying mood after the shows, hit up the After-Party at the TU.
Indulge your palate this weekend. Genussmarkt is a culinary festival of local, fresh, and organic food and products. I've been wanting to visit Stadtbiotop because they always have cool events, shops, and food in their containers.
Eames and Panton chairs and other cult designer furniture at discounted prices? Umm, yes!
Spotted this little one in Grossglockner.


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Home » New search arrangements under the Companies Ordinance?
New search arrangements under the Companies Ordinance?
On June 18 this year, the Companies Registry gazette the new search arrangement under the Companies Ordinance, and the first phase of the arrangement was officially implemented on August 23 (the provisions were passed by the Legislative Council in 2012, but not yet effective), all those who intend to set up a company, or have become a company proprietor, need to understand the possible impact behind the arrangement.
According to the new search arrangements under the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 622), there are two types of information previously available for public inspection of the companies register that will become "protected information", including:
• the director's correspondence address in lieu of the usual residential address;
• Partial identification numbers of directors, company secretaries, and other related persons in lieu of full identification numbers.
Likewise, a company can choose to keep the usual residential address, and full identification number (except the first part) contained in the register from public inspection. In general, protected data can only be obtained through application by "specified persons", including data subjects, authorizers, etc.
Purpose of the new arrangement
The Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau have disclosed the purpose of the new arrangement. On the one hand, the Bureau believes that the public is increasingly concerned about the personal data contained in the Register; on the other hand, the Bureau should ensure a certain degree of transparency in the Register while enhancing such information, and therefore believes that it is an appropriate time to revise the " Companies Ordinance (Cap. 622).
The new arrangement will be implemented in three phases
The implementation of the new search arrangements under the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 622) will be carried out in three stages. December 27, 2023, is the start date of the third phase. The specific details are as follows:
• Phase 1 (starting 23 August 2021)
The company may substitute the director's correspondence address in its register for the usual residential address.
and making the partial identification numbers of directors and company secretaries available for public inspection instead of full numbers.
• Phase 2 (starting 24 October 2022)
In the Companies Register, the usual residential address and full identification number contained in the Director's Index may be replaced by the correspondence address and part of the identification number for public inspection.
From the second stage, only "specified persons" can access the protected information contained in the document.
• Phase 3 (starts 27 December 2023)
The data subject may apply to the Companies Registry to have the above-mentioned protected data retracted and replaced by his mailing address and part of his identification number.
"Specified person" includes?
According to the Companies Registry, with reference to legal procedures and responsibilities, the bureau has compiled a list of relevant "specified persons" on the premise of ensuring the soundness of Hong Kong's financial and commercial governance system with reference to issues such as anti-money laundering and balancing the difficulty of law enforcement.
The list of persons with access to protected data, "specified persons", includes:
• the data subject;
• the party's authorized;
• relevant company members;
Data access is required for the performance of statutory functions:
• public officials and public bodies;
• Lawyers practicing in law firms;
• Certified Public Accountants;
• Banking institutions authorized by the Banking Ordinance;
• Financial institutions and designated non-financial persons under the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing Ordinance.
The above information is for reference only. If you have any questions about the Companies Ordinance, the new search arrangement, we welcome your inquiries.


Who's that excessively jolly fellow with the fake beard, shifty eyes, sweaty hands, and boozy breath? Why, it's not just Santa but sketchy Santa! Yes, 'tis the season for awkward photos of small children posed precariously on the laps of some of the most clownish, irritable, and just plain weird-looking Santa wannabes—guys you'd give a wide berth to if you passed them on the street.
Inside this painfully hilarious collection of holiday photos, you'll discover the pop culture history of the sketchy Santa, and how to identify sketchy Santas in shopping malls everywhere . . . making this the perfect gift for anyone who understands that "He sees you when you're sleeping" is a deeply disturbing thought.


Reference: Samerkhanova E, Krupoderova E, Krupoderova K, Bahtiyarova L, Ponachugin A. Networking of Lecturers and Students in the Information Learning Environment of Higher School by Means of Cloud Computing. Int Elect J Math Ed. 2016;11(10), 3551-3559.
Reference: Samerkhanova, E., Krupoderova, E., Krupoderova, K., Bahtiyarova, L., & Ponachugin, A. (2016). Networking of Lecturers and Students in the Information Learning Environment of Higher School by Means of Cloud Computing. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 11(10), 3551-3559.
Reference: Samerkhanova, Elvira, Elena Krupoderova, Klimentina Krupoderova, Ludmila Bahtiyarova, and Alexandr Ponachugin. "Networking of Lecturers and Students in the Information Learning Environment of Higher School by Means of Cloud Computing". International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education 2016 11 no. 10 (2016): 3551-3559.
Reference: Samerkhanova, E., Krupoderova, E., Krupoderova, K., Bahtiyarova, L., and Ponachugin, A. (2016). Networking of Lecturers and Students in the Information Learning Environment of Higher School by Means of Cloud Computing. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 11(10), pp. 3551-3559.
Reference: Samerkhanova, Elvira et al. "Networking of Lecturers and Students in the Information Learning Environment of Higher School by Means of Cloud Computing". International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, vol. 11, no. 10, 2016, pp. 3551-3559.
Reference: Samerkhanova E, Krupoderova E, Krupoderova K, Bahtiyarova L, Ponachugin A. Networking of Lecturers and Students in the Information Learning Environment of Higher School by Means of Cloud Computing. Int Elect J Math Ed. 2016;11(10):3551-9.
The main purpose of fostering information learning environment of higher school is to create conditions for raising the quality of education, providing access to education and ensuring its openness. One of the most promising technologies that allows to create a single learning environment and to organize an effective networking of teachers and students is the technology of cloud computing. The article reveals didactic capabilities of cloud computing for construction of information learning environment, which serves the medium for training, project, and research activities of students and for organizing an effective networking of students and teachers. As an example, a draft of the information learning environment developed by the Department of Applied Informatics and Information Technologies in Education of Kozma Minin Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University. A Google Apps for Education package was employed, which is a universal tool for building information environment and which promotes effective interaction of all participants of the educational process, planning joint activities, properly allocation of resources and provision of the necessary tools for solving learning tasks.
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Krupoderova, E.P. & Slepysheva, E.A. (2015) Creation of information learning environment with the aid of networking services. In the world of scientific discoveries. Social sciences and the arts, 3(63), 626-636.
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Samerkhanova, E.K. & Krupoderova, K.R. (2011) Networking of lecturer and students as a principal condition for creation of a single information learning medium. School of Future, 6, 65-68.
Samerkhanova, E., Krupoderova, E., Krupoderova, K., Bahtiyarova, L. & Ponachugin, A. (2016) Students' Network Project Activities in the Context of the Information Educational Medium of Higher Education Institution. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 11(11), 4578-4586.
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Zakharova, I.G. (2013) Information technologies in education. Moscow: Akademiia.


get some court space. 'Professionals' owe a duty of care.
apply common sense judgement or you may be liable.
situation at home (with infants especially) where you call a doctor.
clients to be discharged from his care into the ambulance service.
the effects of the unnecessary drugs.


Poproque has attached these 4 pictures. The message is below.
This is the lot of stuff to sell. Some of the feathers were obviously no good so I tossed them. The feathers flat on the table were in his fly tying tackle box.
Posts: 3 This is the lot of stuff I need help with a valuation. Thank you!
After looking at all your pictures of the flies and fly tying material I sincerely doubt you could get $40 for the entire lot. The flies in the cardboard box on the right side of the picture are beginner quality with no value. Like I said earlier I would suggest donating them to some Boy Scouts fly tying class, Casting for Recovery, or just keeping a few items for yourself as momentos.
Posts: 3 Thank you so much. I found a local charity that teaches not so fortunate kids to fish so that is what I will most likely do with the package. I truly appreciate you honest input!!
You are most welcome. I felt it important to tell you the true value of the goods rather than an inflated unrealistic one.
Posts: 2345 To those who don't know Matt, he will always give you an honest answer, whether you like it or not! And yes, Matt, this is intended to be a compliment!
Thanks Jon, I appreciate your comment. I don't believe in sugar coating comments and then people get their high hopes dashed when they go to sell the items.
Re: What is this bug?


1. Pashupatinath Temple: Pashupatinath, a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site, is among the oldest temples situated in Gaushala, Kathmandu. It is believed that the temple is more than two thousand years old. Pashupati is the incarnation of Lord Shiva, who was one among the eight Rudras and who holds the place of fire. Pashupati has the five faces symbolizing different avatars of Lord Shiva- Sadyojata or Barun facing west, Vamdeva also called Uma Maheswara facing north, Tatpurusha facing east, Aghor facing south and Ishana facing Zenith. The Pashupati area in total has 559, big and small, Shiva shrines and temples.
2. Doleshwar Mahadev Temple: Doleshwar Mahadev Temple of Bhaktapur, Nepal, is 20 km from Kathmandu city center. It is an approximately a 30-minute drive from Kathmandu to Doleshwar. For all the Shiva devotees, it is believed that the trip to Kedarnath is incomplete without Doleshwar Mahadeva and Pashupatinath yatra. Visit all these three holy places is believed to wash off sins of one's lifetime. Doleshwor Mahadev is believed to be the missing head of the Kedarnath.
3. Gokarna Mahadev Temple: Legends explain how Lord Shiva was roaming the Gokarna forests in the disguise of a deer and when the Gods came down looking for him. They recognized him and "captured" him by the horns. In the process, the horn broke into three pieces and the spot where Brahma buried these pieces is where the temple is located. The inscriptions found at Gokarneshwor Temple, which in its current form was built in 1582 AD by a Gopiran Bharo, describes the origins of the spot well before the Lichhavi period and informs us that the place was of great significance even before them. People visit this temple in memory of their fathers on Gokarna Aunsi, which falls around September.
4. Santaneshwor Mahadev Temple: According to legends, as Lord Shiva was distressfully carrying the body of Sati all around the world, the breast of Sati fell on top of the hill where Santaneshwor Mahadev temple stands. It is located in Jharuwarasi in Lalitpur. It is believed that the people who do not have children, once they please Lord Shiva visiting Santaneshwor Mahadev Temple, then their lap would not get barren.


text:
Shootings Leave 3 People, Including 2 Women, Dead, Two Others Injured Monday Night, Baltimore Police Say
By CBS Baltimore Staff December 21, 2020 at 11:29 pm
Filed Under:Baltimore, Baltimore News, Local TV, Shooting, Talkers
BALTIMORE (WJZ) — Three people were killed and two people were injured in shootings in Baltimore Monday evening and Monday night, city police said.
The first shooting happened around 5:30 p.m. at Eutaw and Fayette streets. When officers got to the scene, they found a man with a gunshot wound to the leg.
Officers also found a person with gunshot wounds to the leg and back near Royal Farms Arena.
Both victims were taken to hospitals in stable condition, police said.
Around 7:15 p.m., officers were called to an area hospital for a report of a walk-in shooting victim. When they got to the hospital, they found a 19-year-old man with multiple gunshot wounds.
Doctors pronounced him dead at the hospital, police said.
A preliminary investigation found he was shot in the 800 block of Beaumont Avenue.
READ MORE: 5 Killed, 7 Other Shootings Reported In Violent Baltimore Weekend; Guns And Drugs Tied To Crimes
The third shooting happened around 9:30 p.m. in the 1300 block of West Pratt Street. Officers responded to a ShotSpotter alert to find a woman with multiple gunshot wounds.
The woman, later identified as 41-year-old Natalie Wright, died at an area hospital.
A second woman was found nearby with multiple gunshot wounds; she died at the scene, police said.
Anyone with information about either shooting should call police or Metro Crime Stoppers at 1-866-7LOCKUP.


text:
'The Rise of Skywalker' director says critics of the movie are 'right' and he knew it would 'infuriate' fans
Denise Petski,
Daisy Ridley plays Rey in the film franchise.
JJ Abrams was asked about the criticism of "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker" during an interview on Friday.
The film's director said he believed people who didn't like the movie were "right," adding, "The people who love it more than anything are also right."
"We knew starting this that any decision we made — a design decision, a musical decision, a narrative decision — would please someone and infuriate someone else," Abrams said. "And they're all right."
"The Rise of Skywalker" is one of the lowest-rated "Star Wars" movies in history, with a score of 57% on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes.
JJ Abrams was asked about the criticism of "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker" during an interview Friday following a screening of the film at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Hollywood. The film has received less-than-stellar reviews from critics as well as intense debate among fans (it's received a B-plus CinemaScore, the lowest ever for a "Star Wars" live-action film). When asked by Vanity Fair's Anthony Breznican whether fans weren't getting something from the final film in the franchise, the director replied, "No, I would say that they're right," adding, "The people who love it more than anything are also right."
Noting that it's impossible to please everyone, Abrams said: "We knew starting this that any decision we made — a design decision, a musical decision, a narrative decision — would please someone and infuriate someone else. And they're all right."
Abrams also put to rest any notion that there was any discord between him and the "Last Jedi" filmmaker Rian Johnson. "It would be a much more interesting answer if there were conflict," Abrams said. "The truth is when I was getting ["The Force Awakens"] up and running, I was nothing but grateful that a director and writer I admire as much as Rian was coming in to do [the next one.] Not expecting to come back to this, it was just fun to watch what was happening and get to respond to it."
According to industry estimates, "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker's" opening weekend is projected at about $179 million at the box office.
You can watch the exchange below:
—kaila ren (@ar1aster) December 21, 2019
Read the original article on Deadline. Copyright 2019. Follow Deadline on Twitter.
SEE ALSO: 'Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker' director says someone put the real script for sale on eBay after one of the actors left it under their bed
DON'T MISS: The new 'Star Wars' movie is getting savaged by critics, and already has a terrible Rotten Tomatoes rating — here's how the rating system works
More: Star Wars The Rise of Skywalker JJ Abrams Deadline


Decorate your Hollywood theme party with our Lights, Camera, Action Mylar Balloon. This movie camera is 32" and printed on both sides. Create fantastic balloon centerpieces when you use our Lights, Camera, Action Mylar together with our solid color latex balloons.


text:
\section{Introduction}

With the rapid development of machine learning (ML) techniques, emerging applications, including virtual and augmented reality, Internet of things, autonomous driving and e-health services, are penetrating into human lives \cite{park2018wireless}. ML models for these applications are typically trained in central clouds. However, centralized training leads to high communication costs, and causes privacy concerns in applications that involve sensitive personal data.

Meanwhile, the end devices such as smart phones, vehicles and sensors and the infrastructures like base stations (BSs) and road side units are being equipped with more computing resources, enabling intensive computations at the network edge, namely  \emph{multi-access edge computing} \cite{yao2017mec,li2018iot,zhou2019exploiting}.
With the help of edge intelligence and to address the privacy concerns, a distributed ML framework called \emph{federated learning} (FL) has been proposed recently \cite{googleai,flatscale,li2019federated}, where end devices, called \emph{workers}, learn a shared ML model collaboratively using their local data, with the help of a central \emph{parameter server (PS)} which aggregates the global model and coordinates the training process. Since the PS acquires the model update from each worker rather than their data, the privacy is preserved.

The high communication costs and non-independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) data are the two major bottlenecks in FL \cite{li2019federated}.
According to \cite{zhao2018federated}, when using highly non-i.i.d. data for FL, the accuracy drops by $11\%$ for MNIST and $51\%$ for CIFAR-10 as compared to using i.i.d. data.
They prove that the non-i.i.d. level, i.e., the difference between the local and global data distributions, is the root cause of the performance degradation.
This problem is tackled by sharing publicly available i.i.d. data with the workers in \cite{zhao2018federated}, or workers sharing a limited portion of their data with the PS in \cite{yoshida2019hybrid}.

The communication burden of FL mainly comes from the global model aggregation, which can be reduced by efficient scheduling and resource allocation \cite{yang2019scheduling,zeng2019energy,wang2019adaptive,tran2019federated, abad2019hierar}, gradient quantization and sparsification \cite{abad2019hierar, mma2019machine,mma2019federated}, or via analog aggregation \cite{mma2019machine,mma2019federated,zhu2019broadband}.
An analytical study on the convergence rate achieved by random, round robin and proportional fair scheduling policies is carried out in \cite{yang2019scheduling}. An energy-efficient bandwidth allocation and worker scheduling scheme is proposed in \cite{zeng2019energy}, minimizing the energy consumption while maximizing the fraction of workers scheduled. A more general resource constraint, including both communication and computing resources, is considered in \cite{wang2019adaptive,tran2019federated}.
In \cite{abad2019hierar}, a hierarchical FL architecture is proposed, and the end-to-end latency is minimized by jointly considering model sparsification and the two-tier update interval.
Quantization and error accumulation techniques are further considered in \cite{mma2019machine,mma2019federated} to reduce the communication cost.

Most papers on FL consider digital transmission for global model aggregation. However, the communication latency scales with the number of workers \cite{zhu2019broadband}. Observing that the PS is interested only in the \emph{average} of local models rather than their individual values, a promising solution is to use \emph{analog aggregation} which exploits the \emph{waveform-superposition property} of a wireless multiple access channel (MAC) \cite{mma2019machine,mma2019federated,zhu2019broadband}. If the workers synchronize with each other and align the transmit power, the summation of local models can be carried out \emph{over-the-air}. The tradeoff between signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the amount of exploited data is analyzed in \cite{zhu2019broadband}, while gradient compression and error accumulation are considered in \cite{mma2019machine,mma2019federated} to further improve the bandwidth efficiency of FL. While over-the-air aggregation requires channel state information at the workers, it is shown in \cite{mma2019collaborative} that this requirement can be released if the PS has multiple antennas.

Existing papers on analog aggregation mainly consider power allocation under specific channel models, and have not addressed the non-i.i.d. data.
In this work, we consider \emph{analog aggregation} for FL, where each worker has a \emph{long-term energy budget}, and \emph{data redundancy} is introduced to the system via data exchange or overlapped data collection. We propose an \emph{energy-aware dynamic} worker scheduling policy, which maximizes the average weighted fraction of scheduled workers without assuming specific channel models or requiring any future information, and analyze its performance based on Lyapunov optimization. Experiments using MNIST dataset show that, data redundancy can bring significant accuracy improvement when data is non-i.i.d., while the proposed policy can smartly utilize the available energy to achieve close-to-optimal accuracy.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II, we introduce the system model and problem formulation. The worker scheduling policy is proposed in Sec. III, along with its performance analysis. Experiment results are presented in Sec. IV, and the paper is finally summarized in Sec. V.

\section{System Model and Problem Formulation}
\subsection{Federated Learning Architecture}

 \begin{figure*}[!t]
	\centering
	\subfigure[Architecture of FL, where redundancy comes from data exchange between workers.]{\label{sys1}
		\includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth]{FLsystem.eps}}
	\hspace{7mm}
	\subfigure[Overlapped data collection.]{\label{sys_re}
		\includegraphics[width=0.28\textwidth]{FLredundancy.eps}}
	\caption{Illustration of a FL system and the acquisition of data redundancy.}
	\label{system}
\end{figure*}

As shown in Fig. \ref{sys1}, we consider an FL system with a single PS and $N$ homogeneous workers $\mathcal{N}=\{1,2,\cdots,N\}$.
To tackle non-i.i.d. data, we consider introducing \emph{data redundancy} to the system via 1) \emph{data exchange}, i.e., workers exchange their local data with neighboring workers they trust, or 2) \emph{overlapped collection}, i.e., in IoT networks, the sensing area of sensors (workers) are overlapped with each other. For example, in Fig. \ref{sys_re}, there are 4 data collection points, and each worker collects data from 2 points.
As opposed to \cite{zhao2018federated} and \cite{yoshida2019hybrid}, this does not require sharing any data samples at the PS.
We assume that there are $K$ original datasets $\mathcal{D}_{1}, \cdots, \mathcal{D}_{K}$ generated by workers (in data exchange case) or data collection points (in overlapped collection case), each has the same number of data samples, denoted by $D$.
The global dataset is defined as $\mathcal{D}=\bigcup_{k=1,2,\cdots, K}\mathcal{D}_k$, with $K\!D$ data samples $\{{\boldsymbol{x}}_1,\cdots, {\boldsymbol{x}}_{K\!D}\}$.
For simplicity and without loss of generality, we assume $K=N$ in the following.

The data redundancy of the system is denoted by $r$, indicating that each original dataset is stored at $r$ different workers.
The local dataset owned by worker $n$ is denoted by $\mathcal{L}_{n}$, with $|\mathcal{L}_{n}|=rD$.
One example to obtain redundancy $r$ is to collect or exchange the original datasets in a cyclic manner: Let worker $n$ stores $\mathcal{L}_{n}=\bigcup_{n\in \mathcal{H}_n}\mathcal{D}_n$, where the set of indexes is $\mathcal{H}_n=\{H(n),~\cdots, H(n+r-1)\}$, with
\begin{align} \label{cyclic_r}
	H(n)=
	\begin{cases}
	n, &1\leq n \leq N,  \\
	n-N, &n>N.
	\end{cases}
\end{align}
Fig. \ref{sys_re} is an example of obtaining redundancy $r=2$ in the data collection scenario, with $K=N=4$.

The goal of FL is to minimize the global loss
\begin{align}
\min_{{\boldsymbol{w}}} F({\boldsymbol{w}})\triangleq\frac{1}{ND} \sum_{i\in\mathcal{D}} f({\boldsymbol{w}},{\boldsymbol{x}}_i),
\end{align}
where $f({\boldsymbol{w}},{\boldsymbol{x}}_i)$ is a loss function designed for the FL task, and ${\boldsymbol{w}}\in \mathbb{R}^{s}$ is the parameter vector to be optimized.

In the $t$-th training round, the PS broadcasts the global parameter vector ${\boldsymbol{w}}(t-1)$  obtained in the last round to all the workers.
We assume that the PS is a more capable node with sufficient energy resources (e.g., a BS); therefore the broadcast of the global parameter vector is error-free.
Each worker randomly picks up a fraction $\lambda_n(t)$ of data samples $\mathcal{L}_n(t)\subseteq \mathcal{L}_n$, with $|\mathcal{L}_n(t)|=\lambda_n(t) rD$, to evaluate its local gradient estimate ${\boldsymbol{g}}_n(t)$ as:
\begin{align} \label{up_gra}
{\boldsymbol{g}}_n(t)=\frac{1}{\lambda_n(t) rD} \sum_{{\boldsymbol{x}}_i\in\mathcal{L}_n(t)}\nabla f\left({\boldsymbol{w}}(t-1),{\boldsymbol{x}}_i\right) .
\end{align}
Here we can let $\lambda_n(t)=\frac{1}{r}$, so that data redundancy \emph{does not} bring additional computing workloads to the workers for training, but only increases the storage cost.

We define an indicator function $\beta_n(t)$, where $\beta_n(t)=1$ if worker $n$ is scheduled to upload gradient in the $t$-th round, and $\beta_n(t)=0$ otherwise.
Further define the set of workers scheduled in round $t$ as $\mathcal{B}(t)=\{n\in\mathcal{N}: \beta_n(t)=1\}$. The global parameter vector ${\boldsymbol{w}}(t)$ is updated according to
\begin{align}\label{up_model}
{\boldsymbol{w}}(t)={\boldsymbol{w}}(t-1)-\eta_t \frac{1}{|\mathcal{B}(t)|}\sum_{n\in\mathcal{B}(t)} \boldsymbol{g}_n(t),
\end{align}
where $\eta_t$ is the learning rate.

\subsection{Analog Aggregation}
For the aggregation of the local gradients, we consider \emph{analog transmission} via a wireless MAC with $M$ sub-channels.
If worker $n$ is scheduled, its local gradient ${\boldsymbol{g}}_n(t)$ is evenly partitioned into $M$ segments ${\boldsymbol{g}}_n(t)=\left[{\boldsymbol{g}}_{1,n}(t),~\cdots,~{\boldsymbol{g}}_{M,n}(t)\right]$, where, for $m=1,\cdots,M$, ${\boldsymbol{g}}_{m,n}(t)$ is a vector with either $\left\lceil \frac{s}{M}\right\rceil$ or $\left\lfloor \frac{s}{M}\right\rfloor$ entries, and transmitted via sub-channel $m$.

In order to carry out the summation of the local gradients over-the-air, all the scheduled workers need to be synchronized and align their transmit power. Specifically, in round $t$, denote the power allocated to worker $n$ within sub-channel $m$ by $p_{m,n}(t)$, which satisfies
\begin{align}
p_{m,n}(t)=\frac{\beta_n(t)\sigma_m(t)}{h_{m,n}(t)},
\end{align}
where $h_{m,n}(t)$ is the channel gain between worker $n$ and the PS in sub-channel $m$, and $\sigma_m(t)$ is a power scalar to determine the received SNR.
We assume that $h_{m,n}(t)$ remains constant within each round, but we do not limit $h_{m,n}(t)$ to any specific distribution.
We also assume that each worker $n$ has perfect knowledge of its current channel gains $h_{m,n}(t)$, $\forall m$.
Within sub-channel $m$, each scheduled worker $n \in \mathcal{B}(t)$ transmits $p_{m,n}(t){\boldsymbol{g}}_{m,n}(t)$ to the PS.
The total communication latency in each round is $\left\lceil \frac{s}{M}\right\rceil$ times the symbol duration, regardless of the number of workers scheduled.
We remark that, the consideration of sub-channels enables us to implement analog aggregation in the current digital transmit systems such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with minor changes \cite{zhu2019broadband}.
However, we consider a worker-level schedule $\beta_n(t)$ rather than a sub-channel-worker-level schedule $\beta_{m,n}(t)$ in this work, so that the PS can receive the whole gradients of the scheduled workers, as shown in \eqref{up_model}.

At the PS side, the received signal over sub-channel $m$ can be written as
\begin{align} \label{agg_y}
{\boldsymbol{y}}_m(t)=\sum_{n\in\mathcal{B}(t) } h_{m,n}(t) p_{m,n}(t) {\boldsymbol{g}}_{m,n}(t)+{\boldsymbol{z}}_m(t) =\sigma_m(t)\sum_{n\in\mathcal{B}(t)}{\boldsymbol{g}}_{m,n}(t)+{\boldsymbol{z}}_m(t),
\end{align}
where ${\boldsymbol{z}}_m(t)$ is an i.i.d. additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) vector, with each entry following the standard normal distribution.
The $m$-th segment of the global parameter vector, ${\boldsymbol{w}}_m(t)$, is updated according to
\begin{align} \label{model_update}
{\boldsymbol{w}}_m(t)&={\boldsymbol{w}}_m(t-1)-\frac{\eta_t}{\left|\mathcal{B}(t)\right|\sigma_m(t)}{\boldsymbol{y}}_m(t) \nonumber\\
&={\boldsymbol{w}}_m(t-1)-\frac{\eta_t}{\left|\mathcal{B}(t)\right|} \sum_{n\in\mathcal{B}(t)}{\boldsymbol{g}}_{m,n}(t) - \frac{\eta_t}{\left|\mathcal{B}(t)\right|\sigma_m(t)}{\boldsymbol{z}}_m(t).
\end{align}
And finally, the global parameters are concatenated into vector ${\boldsymbol{w}}(t)=\left[{\boldsymbol{w}}_1(t),~\cdots,~{\boldsymbol{w}}_M(t)\right]$.

\subsection{Problem Formulation}
Our objective is to minimize the global loss $F({\boldsymbol{w}}(T-1))$ after $T$ training rounds, by optimizing the worker schedule $\{\beta_n(t)\}$ and power allocation $\{\sigma_m(t),p_{m,n}(t)\}$. Meanwhile, we also want to explore how data redundancy $r$ impacts the performance. The problem is formulated as:
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
&\mathcal{P}1: \min_{\left\{\beta_n(t),~\sigma_m(t),~p_{m,n}(t)\right\}} F({\boldsymbol{w}}(T-1)) \\
&\text{s.t.} ~~~~ \frac{1}{T}\sum_{t=0}^{T-1}\sum_{m=1}^{M}\left\lVert   p_{m,n}(t) {\boldsymbol{g}}_{m,n}(t)\right\rVert_2^2 \leq \bar{E}_n,  ~ \forall n, \label{cons_en} \\
&~~~~~~~~p_{m,n}(t)h_{m,n}(t)=\sigma_m(t)\beta_n(t),~\forall m,n, t, \label{cons_align}\\
&~~~~~~~~ \beta_n(t)\in\{0,1\}, \forall n, t. \label{cons_beta}
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
The first constraint \eqref{cons_en} states that the average energy consumed by each worker in each training round cannot exceed budget $\bar{E}_n$, due to the battery limitation of wireless devices.\footnote{We unify each round to a unit time length, and use power and energy interchangeably in this paper without any ambiguity.}
The second constraint \eqref{cons_align} states that all the scheduled workers align their power to enable over-the-air computation.

Since the loss function $F({\boldsymbol{w}})$ is usually different for different kinds of machine learning tasks, and the evolution of the parameters during the training process is very complex, it is hard to express $F({\boldsymbol{w}}(T-1))$ explicitly.
Meanwhile, the convergence rate of distributed SGD is found to be positively correlated to the number of workers scheduled, as shown in \cite{zeng2019energy} and references therein. Therefore, we consider an alternative optimization problem that maximizes the average weighted fraction of scheduled workers:
\begin{align}
	\max \frac{1}{T}\sum_{t=0}^{T-1}\frac{\gamma(t)\sum_{n=1}^{N}\beta_n(t)}{N},
\end{align}
where $\gamma(t)$ characterizes the importance of scheduling more workers in the $t$-th round.

We further fix $\sigma_m(t)$ to a predefined value $\sigma$ for $\forall t$.
This assumption is based on the fact that, with analog aggregation, the convergence speed of the FL task is not very sensitive to the SNR or the average transmit power, according to \cite{mma2019federated}.
Then $p_{m,n}(t)=\frac{\sigma\beta_n(t)}{h_{m,n}(t)}$ can be obtained from \eqref{cons_align} after deciding whether to schedule worker $n$ or not. Finally, the energy consumption is given by
\begin{align} \label{energy}
	E_n(t)=\sum_{m=1}^{M}\left\lVert   \frac{\sigma}{h_{m,n}(t)} {\boldsymbol{g}}_{m,n}(t)\right\rVert_2^2.
\end{align}
The alternative problem can be formulated as
\begin{subequations}
	\begin{align}
	\mathcal{P}2: &\min_{\left\{\beta_n(t)\right\}}~ \frac{1}{T}\sum_{t=0}^{T-1}u(t)\triangleq\gamma(t)\left( 1- \frac{\sum_{n=1}^{N}\beta_n(t)}{N} \right) \\
	&~~~\text{s.t.} ~~~\frac{1}{T}\sum_{t=0}^{T-1}\beta_n(t) E_n(t)\leq \bar{E}_n, ~\forall n, \label{cons_en_p2}\\
	&~~~~~~~~~~\beta_n(t)\in\{0,1\},~\forall n,t.
	\end{align}
\end{subequations}

\section{Energy-aware Worker Scheduling}
The key challenge to solve $\mathcal{P}2$ is that, constraint \eqref{cons_en_p2} is a long-term energy budget. However, in practice, the channel gains $h_{m,n}(t)$ and the power of the gradients $\left\lVert {\boldsymbol{g}}_{m,n}(t)\right\rVert_2^2$ cannot be acquired before the $t$-th round, and they may not be i.i.d. over time. Therefore, we design \emph{online} worker scheduling policies in this section, and carry out performance analysis without assuming any specific distributions for the channel.

For any worker $n$, it is easy to see that, its energy constraint \eqref{cons_en_p2} and the scheduling decision $\beta_n(t)$ are independent of other workers. Then $\mathcal{P}2$ can be \emph{equivalently} decoupled into $N$ individual problems
\begin{subequations}
	\begin{align}
	\mathcal{P}3: &\min_{\left\{\beta_n(t)\right\}} \frac{1}{T}\sum_{t=0}^{T-1}u_n(t)\triangleq \gamma(t) \frac{ 1- \beta_n(t)}{N} \\
	&~~~\text{s.t.}~~ \frac{1}{T}\sum_{t=0}^{T-1}\beta_n(t) E_n(t) \leq \bar{E}_n, \label{cons_en_p3} \\
	&~~~~~~~~~\beta_n(t)\in\{0,1\},~\forall t.
	\end{align}
\end{subequations}
The combination of the optimal solution of  $\mathcal{P}3$ for all workers is the optimal solution of $\mathcal{P}2$. And by solving $\mathcal{P}3$, each worker can decide whether or not to update gradient \emph{individually}.
In what follows, we design online solutions to $\mathcal{P}3$.

\subsection{Myopic Scheduling for Short-term Fixed Energy Constraint}

\begin{algorithm} [!t]
	\caption{Energy-Aware Dynamic Scheduling Policy for FL via Analog Aggregation}
	\begin{algorithmic}[1]
		\State \textbf{Initialization}: initialize global model ${\boldsymbol{w}}(-1)$, input $N$, $\sigma$, $ \bar{E}_n$, $\gamma(t)$, $V$,  and let $q_n(0)=q_{\text{min}}$, $\forall n$.
		\For {$t=0,1,\cdots, T-1$}
			\State Broadcast ${\boldsymbol{w}}(t-1)$ to all the workers. \Comment{\textit{PS}}
			\State Update ${\boldsymbol{g}}_n(t)$ from \eqref{up_gra}. \Comment{\textit{Each worker, in parallel}}
			\State Acquire channel gains $\{h_{m,n}\}$ for $m=1,\cdots, M$, and calculate energy consumption $E_n(t)$ according to \eqref{energy}.
			\State Make scheduling decision:
			\begin{align}\label{beta_t}
					\beta_n(t)=
				\begin{cases}
				1,~&\text{if }q_n(t)E_n(t) \leq \frac{V\gamma(t)}{N},\\
				0, ~ &\text{if }q_n(t)E_n(t) > \frac{V\gamma(t)}{N}.
				\end{cases}
			\end{align}
			\State Update virtual queue $q_n(t)$ according to \eqref{queue_evo}.
			\State Transmit $\frac{\sigma}{h_{m,n}(t)}{\boldsymbol{g}}_{m,n}(t)$ in sub-channel $m$, $\forall m$.
			\State Aggregate received signal ${\boldsymbol{y}}_m(t)$ according to \eqref{agg_y}, and update global model ${\boldsymbol{w}}(t)$ according to \eqref{model_update}.\Comment{\textit{PS}}
		\EndFor
	\end{algorithmic}
\end{algorithm}

A simple way to handle the average energy constraint \eqref{cons_en_p3} is to remove the long-term summation, and transform it to a short-term fixed energy constraint $\beta_n(t) E_n(t) \leq \bar{E}_n$, for $\forall t$.
Then the \emph{myopic scheduling} policy can be given by
\begin{align}
\beta_n(t)=
\begin{cases}
1,~&E_n(t) \leq \bar{E}_n,\\
0, ~ &E_n(t) > \bar{E}_n.
\end{cases}
\end{align}
In the $t$-th round, worker $n$ acquires the current channel gains $\{h_{m,n}(t)\}$ and the powers of the gradient $\{\lVert   {\boldsymbol{g}}_{m,n}(t)\rVert_2^2\}$ for $m=1,2,\cdots, M$, and calculates the required energy $E_n(t)$ to send its gradient estimate. If the required energy is no more than the budget $\bar{E}_n$, worker $n$ is scheduled.

\subsection{Energy-Aware Dynamic Scheduling for Long-term Average Energy Constraint}
Although the myopic scheduling policy is simple and can satisfy the original long-term average energy budget, it actually introduces a much tighter energy constraint. In other words, the worker uses its energy in a more conservative manner, and is less likely to be scheduled compared with that allowed by the original energy budget \eqref{cons_en_p3}.

To schedule workers more efficiently, we propose an \emph{energy-aware dynamic scheduling} policy, as shown in Algorithm 1. We construct a virtual queue $q_n(t)$ with $q_n(0)=q_{\text{min}}\geq 0$, and its evolution is given by
\begin{align} \label{queue_evo}
q_n(t+1)=\max\{q_n(t)+\beta_n(t)E_n(t)-\bar{E}_n, q_{\text{min}}\}.
\end{align}
The value of the virtual queue indicates the deficit between the current energy consumption and the budget.

As shown in Lines 3-4 in Algorithm 1, in each round, first, the PS broadcasts the up-to-date global parameter vector, and each worker runs a local gradient estimation step \emph{in parallel} based on its local data. In Lines 5-6, each worker makes the scheduling decision $\beta_n(t)$ by comparing the \emph{weighted energy} $q_n(t)E_n(t)$ and the \emph{weighted utility} $\frac{V\gamma(t)}{N}$, where $V$ is an adjustable weight parameter.
The virtual queue $q_n(t)$ transforms the long-term energy budget into instantaneous energy constraint: if $q_n(t)$ is large, it is more likely that $q_n(t)E_n(t)>\frac{V\gamma(t)}{N}$, so that the worker tends to not update the gradient to save energy; and vice versa.
Also, by introducing $q_n(t)$, $\beta_n(t)$ can be obtained without any future information, or other workers'  states and decisions. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is \emph{energy-aware}, \emph{online} and \emph{distributed}.
As shown in Lines 7-9, all the workers then update their virtual queues, and the scheduled workers transmit their gradients to the PS synchronously.
The global parameter vector is finally aggregated by the PS.

\subsection{Performance Analysis}
To analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm, we assume that $q_{\text{min}}=0$ in this subsection, and refer to the Lypunov optimization technique \cite{neely2010stochastic}. We consider a non-ergodic version of Lyapunov optimization, i.e., all the random variables can be non-i.i.d. across time; that is, 1) the distribution of the power of the gradient $||{\boldsymbol{g}}_{m,n}(t)||^2_2$ is unknown; 2) the channel and user mobility are not limited to specific models; 3) the total number of rounds $T$ is finite.

Define $u_n^*$ as the optimal utility of $\mathcal{P}3$ achieved by the offline genie-aided solution, and $u_n^{\dagger}$ the average utility achieved by Algorithm 1. Let $u^*=\sum_{n=1}^{N}u_n^*$ be the optimal utility of $\mathcal{P}2$,  and $u^\dagger=\sum_{n=1}^{N}u_n^\dagger$.
By applying the energy-aware dynamic scheduling policy, we get the following theorem.
\begin{theorem}
	When $q_{\text{min}}=0$, the average weighted fraction of scheduled workers achieved by Algorithm 1 satisfies:
	\begin{align} \label{bound_u}
		u^{\dagger}&\leq u^*+ \frac{T}{2V}\sum_{n=1}^{N} \alpha_n^2,
	\end{align}
	and the total energy consumption of worker $n$ is bounded by:
	\begin{align} \label{bound_en}
		\sum_{t=0}^{T-1} \beta_n(t)E_n(t) \leq T\bar{E}_n+\sqrt{T^2\alpha_n^2+2VTu_n^*},
	\end{align}
	where $\alpha_n=\max_t \left\{\left|\beta_n(t)E_n(t)-\bar{E}_n\right|\right\}$.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
	See Appendix A.
\end{proof}

Theorem 1 shows that, the average utility and the total energy consumption achieved by the proposed energy-aware dynamic scheduling policy have deviation bounds, compared with the optimal genie-aided policy and the energy budget, respectively. Both deviations are positively correlated to the maximum energy deficit $\alpha_n$, and can be traded-off by the weight parameter $V$.

\subsection{Discussions}
We remark that, according to \eqref{beta_t}, when $q_{\text{min}}=0$, the scheduling indicator $\beta_n(t)=1$ if $q_n(t)=q_{\text{min}}$. However, the energy cost $E_n(t)$ may be very high, leading to a large upper bound on the energy deficit $\alpha_n$, and thus a large deviation from the optimal genie-aided solution. Moreover, the worker cannot be scheduled for many rounds afterwards, which in turn reduces the average utility. Therefore, although $q_{\text{min}}=0$ in the classical Lyapunov optimization, and the worst-case utility and energy consumption can be guaranteed, in the experiments, we set $q_{\text{min}}>0$, which is more reasonable.

In Algorithm 1, the weight parameter $\gamma(t)$ is also involved in balancing the utility and energy consumption.
In practice, we can set $\gamma(t)$ as a relatively large value at the beginning of the training process, and decrease it across time, since
1) Scheduling more workers at the initial training rounds helps the learning process converge faster;
2) The power of the gradients reduces across time, according to the experiments in the following;
3) The battery level decreases as time goes by, so that we should use energy more and more conservatively.

\section{Experiments}
In this section, we evaluate the gain of data redundancy $r$ and the performance of the proposed worker scheduling policy for a digit recognition FL task, using the MNIST dataset\footnote{http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/} with $60000$ training samples and $10000$ test samples. We consider $N=50$ workers, $M=100$ sub-channels and $T=100$ training rounds.
We divide the dataset in either an i.i.d. or a non-i.i.d. fashion. For i.i.d. data partition, the data samples are randomly partitioned into $N$ datasets $\mathcal{D}_1, \cdots, \mathcal{D}_N$. For the non-i.i.d case, the data samples are first sorted by the order of digits, and each dataset is formed by $1200$ data samples from a single digit. Each worker stores $r$ of these datasets in a cyclic manner according to \eqref{cyclic_r}, a total of $1200r$ samples. During each round, a fraction $\lambda_n(t)=\frac{1}{r}$ of data samples are randomly chosen from the $1200r$ data samples worker $n$ stores for training, so that the amount of computation for training is the same under different data redundancies.

\begin{figure}[!t]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{fig_20190930_113740_acc_fix.eps}
		\vspace{-3mm}
	\caption{The accuracy of the MLP under different data redundancies using the myopic scheduling policy.}	\label{acc_fix}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!t]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{fig_20191008_101600_power_gradients1.eps
	\vspace{-3mm}
	\caption{Variation of the power of the gradients with training rounds.}	\label{power}
		\vspace{-7mm}
\end{figure}

We train a multilayer perceptron (MLP) with a 784-neuron input layer, a 64-neuron hidden layer, and a 10-neuron softmax output layer. The total number of parameters is 50890. Cross entropy is adopted as the loss function, and rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation is used. We set the learning rate $\eta_t$ as 0.05, the dropout probability as 0.5, and use a momentum of 0.5.
We consider Rayleigh fading channels from the workers to the PS, where the channel gain $h_{m,n}(t)$ follows the standard complex normal distribution, and each entry of the additive noise vector ${\boldsymbol{z}}_m(t)$ follows standard normal distribution. Also, the power scalar is set as $\sigma=1$.
For the energy-aware dynamic scheduling policy, we let $V=1500$, and $q_{\text{min}}=0.3$.

In Fig. \ref{acc_fix}, we first explore the impact of data redundancy by evaluating the accuracy of the MLP using the myopic scheduling policy under both i.i.d. and non-i.i.d. data. The energy budget of each worker is set the same, with $\bar{E}_n=\bar{E}=7.5~\mathrm{J}$ or $5~\mathrm{J}$. Overall, the accuracy with i.i.d. data outperforms that with non-i.i.d. data. When data is i.i.d., redundancy hardly brings any benefit to the system, as the workers can already use images of different digits to train the model even if $r=1$. However, data redundancy can significantly improve the accuracy of the MLP under non-i.i.d. data. Specifically:
1) Given the energy budget, as the data redundancy increases, the accuracy of the model increases with diminishing marginal gain. When $\bar{E}=5$, an improvement of $9.8\%$ is achieved by increasing redundancy from $r=1$ to $r=2$, and $6\%$ from $r=2$ to $r=3$.
2)  Increasing the energy budget helps to improve the performance of the MLP since more workers can be scheduled in each round, while the system is less sensitive to the energy constraint in the case of i.i.d. data. Comparing $\bar{E}=5$ with $\bar{E}=7.5$, the accuracy improves by $5.5\%$ when $r=1$, by $3.8\%$ when $r=2$, but less than $1\%$ when $r=3$.

In Fig. \ref{power}, we plot the power of the gradients $||{\boldsymbol{g}}_n(t)||_2^2$ to guide the parameter design of the energy-aware dynamic scheduling policy.
Each scatter point represents the power of the gradient of a worker in that round, and the lines are obtained by averaging these across workers, i.e., $\frac{1}{N}\sum_{n=1}^{N}||{\boldsymbol{g}}_n(t)||_2^2$.
We find that, the power of the gradients reduces dramatically in the first 10-15 training rounds, and is quite stationary afterwards.
Motivated by this observation, the weight parameter $\gamma(t)$ is set as:
\begin{align}
	\gamma(t)=
	\begin{cases}
	2, &0\leq t < 9,  \\
	2-0.2(t-9), &10\leq t < 15, \\
	1,&t\geq 15.
	\end{cases}
\end{align}

 \begin{figure}[!t]
	\centering
	\subfigure[Accuracy.]{\label{dyn_acc}
		\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{fig_20190930_113330_acc_dynV1500.eps}} \\%{fig_20190930_113330_acc_dynV1500.pdf}}
	\subfigure[Fraction of workers scheduled.]{\label{dyn_frac}
		\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{fig_20191009_210716_frac_dynV1500.eps}}\\
		\subfigure[Cumulative energy consumption.]{\label{dyn_en}
		\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{fig_20190930_113330_energy_dynV1500.eps}}
	\caption{The performance of the proposed energy-aware dynamic scheduling policy, compared with the myopic scheduling policy and the upperbound.}
	\label{dyn}
	\vspace{-5mm}
\end{figure}

The performance of the proposed energy-aware dynamic scheduling policy is then presented in Fig. \ref{dyn}.
As shown in Fig. \ref{dyn_acc}, we compare the accuracy of the dynamic scheduling policy with the myopic policy and an upperbound, which is achieved by setting $\bar{E}=\infty$, so that all the workers can be scheduled in each round. We can see that, under both i.i.d. and non-i.i.d. data distributions, the proposed algorithm can achieve close-to-optimal accuracy, while outperforming the myopic policy. Note that under i.i.d. data distribution, we further reduce the energy budget to $\bar{E}=4.5~\mathrm{J}$.
Since the power of the gradient is high at the beginning of training, no worker can satisfy the energy constraint using the myopic policy. However, the dynamic scheduling policy enables workers to borrow energy from the future, so that workers can be scheduled.
Fig. \ref{dyn_frac} and Fig. \ref{dyn_en} present the fraction of workers  $\frac{\sum_{n=1}^{N}\beta_n(t)}{N}$ scheduled in each round, and the maximum cumulative energy consumption $\max_{\{n\in\mathcal{N}\}}\sum_{\tau=0}^{t}\beta_n(\tau)E_n(\tau)$ over workers, respectively. By using the dynamic scheduling policy, more workers can be scheduled compared with the myopic policy, and the energy can be fully utilized.
Specifically, with non-i.i.d. data, when $\bar{E}=5~\mathrm{J}$ and data redundancy is $r=2$, dynamic policy schedules an average of $90.9\%$ workers in each round, while myopic policy can only schedule $84.6\%$ workers.
Moreover, the dynamic scheduling policy schedules more workers at the beginning while the energy is sufficient, so that the convergence of the MLP is accelerated.

\section{Conclusions}
We have considered analog aggregation for FL over wireless channels and introduced data redundancy to the system to deal with non-i.i.d. data. We have proposed an energy-aware worker scheduling policy to maximize the weighted fraction of scheduled workers, which works in an online, distributed manner with performance guarantee. Experiments on the MNIST dataset have been carried out, showing that for non-i.i.d. data, increasing data redundancy to $r=2$ can improve the accuracy by $9.8\%$ under a stringent energy budget. Further increases in redundancy lead to diminishing improvements in accuracy. We have also shown that, the proposed energy-aware dynamic scheduling policy can achieve close-to-optimal performance without violating the energy budget, and on average schedule $6\%$ more workers than a heuristic myopic policy.
In the future, we plan to quantify the impact of data redundancy, and consider gradient compression and error accumulation to further reduce the communication cost.

\section*{Acknowledgment}
This work is sponsored in part by the European Research Council (ERC) under Starting Grant BEACON (grant No. 677854), the Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 61871254, No. 91638204, No. 61571265, No. 61861136003, No. 61621091), National Key R\&D Program of China 2018YFB0105005, and Intel Collaborative Research Institute for Intelligent and Automated Connected Vehicles.

\appendices{}
\section{Proof of Theorem 1}
Let $y_n(t)=\beta_n(t)E_n(t)-\bar{E}_n$. From \eqref{queue_evo}, we have $y_n(t)\leq q_n(t+1)-q_n(t)$, $q_n^2(t+1) \leq \left(q_n(t)+y_n(t)\right)^2$, $|q_n(t+1)-q_n(t)|\leq |y_n(t)|$, and $(q_n(t+1)-q_n(t))y_n(t)\leq y_n^2(t)$.
When $q_{\text{min}}=0$, $q_n(0)=0$, and thus
\begin{align} \label{yn_sum}
\sum_{t=0}^{T-1}y_n(t)=\sum_{t=0}^{T-1}\beta_n(t)E_n(t)-T\bar{E}_n\leq q_n(T).
\end{align}
Define the Lyapunov function as $L_n(t)\triangleq \frac{1}{2} q_n^2(t)$, and the one-slot Lyapunov drift as:
\begin{align}
\Delta_n^{[1]}(t)&\triangleq L_n(t+1)-L_n(t)=\frac{1}{2}q_n^2(t+1)- \frac{1}{2}q_n^2(t) \nonumber\\
&\leq \frac{1}{2}y_n^2(t) + q_n(t)y_n(t) \leq    \frac{1}{2} \alpha_n^2+ q_n(t)y_n(t),
\end{align}
where $\alpha_n=\max_t \left\{ |y_n(t)|\right\}$. The one-slot drift-plus-penalty function is given by:
\begin{align} \label{drift_plus_penalty}
\Delta_n^{[1]}(t)+Vu_n(t)\leq \frac{1}{2} \alpha_n^2+ q_n(t)y_n(t)+Vu_n(t).
\end{align}

The main idea of the proposed dynamic scheduling policy is to minimize the right-hand-side of \eqref{drift_plus_penalty}.
We have:
\begin{align} \label{dyn_opt}
\min_{\beta_n(t)}  q_n(t)y_n(t)+Vu_n(t)
\Leftrightarrow \min_{\beta_n(t)} \beta_n(t) \left(q_n(t)E_n(t) - \frac{V\gamma(t)}{N} \right)-q_n(t)\bar{E}_n+\frac{V\gamma(t)}{N}.
\end{align}
Since $\beta_n(t)\in \{0,1\}$, the optimal solution of \eqref{dyn_opt} is:
\begin{align} \label{policy_q0}
\beta_n(t)=
\begin{cases}
1,~&q_n(t)E_n(t) \leq \frac{V\gamma(t)}{N},\\
0, ~ &q_n(t)E_n(t) > \frac{V\gamma(t)}{N}.
\end{cases}
\end{align}

Define the $T$-slot drift as $\Delta_n^{[T]}\triangleq L_n(T)-L_n(1)=\frac{1}{2}q_n^2(T)$. Then the $T$-slot drift-plus-penalty function can be bounded by:
\begin{align} \label{t_slot}
\Delta_n^{[T]}+V\sum_{t=0}^{T-1}u_n(t)&\leq \sum_{t=0}^{T-1} \left(\frac{1}{2} \alpha_n^2+q_n(t)y_n(t)\right)
+V\sum_{t=0}^{T-1}u_n(t)\nonumber\\
&\leq \frac{T}{2} \alpha_n^2 + \sum_{t=0}^{T-1} \left(q_n^*(t)-q_n(0)\right)y_n^*(t)+VTu_n^* \nonumber\\
&\leq  \frac{T}{2} \alpha_n^2 +\sum_{t=0}^{T-1} t\alpha_n^2+VTu_n^*= \frac{T^2}{2}\alpha_n^2 +VTu_n^*,
\end{align}
where $u_n^*$, $q_n^*(t)$ and $y_n^*(t)$ are the optimal utility of $\mathcal{P}3$ obtained by the optimal genie-aided policy, and the corresponding value of queue and energy deficit. The inequality is obtained since the proposed algorithm minimizes $q_n(t)y_n(t)+Vu_n(t)$ in each round.

Since $\Delta_n^{[T]}\geq 0$ and $u_n(t)\geq 0$, from \eqref{yn_sum} and \eqref{t_slot}, we have
\begin{align}
	\sum_{t=0}^{T-1}\beta_n(t)E_n(t)-T\bar{E}_n&\leq q_n(T)\leq \sqrt{T^2\alpha_n^2+2VTu_n^*}, \nonumber\\
	u_n^{\dagger}&\leq u_n^*+ \frac{T}{2V} \alpha_n^2 . \label{bound_un}
\end{align}
By summing \eqref{bound_un} over $n=1,\cdots,N$, we prove Theorem 1.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


PANDAS and Lyme Disease | What is Lyme Disease?
Dr. Nancy O'Hara, a pediatrician at the Center for Integrative Health in Conneticuit, gives a presentation of treatment of Lyme Disease relating to kids afflicted with PANS/PANDAS/PITANDS. This presentation was part of a larger weekend panel of experts presenting and answering questions for the Northeast PANS/PANDAS Parent Association.


Our network of coast-to-coast coverage helps get your temp controlled LTL shipments delivered by reliable carriers timely and efficiently, whether to the coldest mountain or sunniest beach.
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text:
Bikini Beach (Br: A Praia dos Biquinis) é um filme estadunidense de 1964, dirigido por William Asher e estrelado por Frankie Avalon e Annette Funicello. Este é o terceiro de uma série de sete filmes produzidos pela American International Pictures (AIP).

Enredo
Mais uma vez chegam as férias e Frankie (Avalon), Dee Dee (Funicello) e a Turma da Praia buscam diversão, dança e muito surfe em seu já costumeiro destino: a Praia dos Biquínis. Mas tudo muda no local com a chegada de Potato Bug: um rico, admirado e famoso inglês que é um cantor de sucesso e exímio piloto de corridas. Enquanto Frankie e Potato iniciam uma disputa particular pelo coração de Dee Dee, o editor de um jornal e dono de um resort para idosos faz uma campanha pública contra os surfistas. Ele tentará provar o quão primitivos são os adolescentes americanos, comparando-os ao seu inteligente mascote gorila Clyde e isso o torna aliado da Gangue dos Ratos na tentativa de expulsar a turma da Praia dos Biquinis

Trilha sonora
A partitura original para este filme foi composta por Les Baxter. Guy Hemric e Jerry Styner escreveram várias músicas para o filme: "Bikini Beach", interpretada pelo elenco, "Love's a Secret Weapon", cantado por Donna Loren; "Gimmie Your Love" cantado por Avalon; "This Time It's Love" cantado por Funicello, "Because You're You" cantada por Avalon e Funicello.

Elenco

 Annette Funicello...Dee Dee
 Frankie Avalon...Frankie / Inseto da Batata (Peter Royce Bentley)
 Keenan Wynn...Harvey Huntington Honeywagon III
 Martha Hyer...Vivian Clements
 Harvey Lembeck...Eric Von Zipper
 Don Rickles...Big Drag
 John Ashley...Johnny
 Jody McCrea...Deadhead
 Candy Johnson...Candy
 Danielle Aubry...Yvonne, a Lady Bug
 Elizabeth Montgomery...Voz de Yvonne, the Lady Bug
 Meredith MacRae...Animal
 Delores Wells...Sniffles
 Donna Loren...Donna
 Janos Prohaska...Clyde, o gorila
 Timothy Carey...Slim Dacota do Sul
 Little Stevie Wonder...Ele mesmo
 Alberta Nelson...Puss / Alberta
 Boris Karloff...Comerciante de arte

Filmes da American International Pictures
Filmes dirigidos por William Asher
Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1964
Filmes de comédia romântica dos Estados Unidos
Filmes em língua inglesa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It's almost time for the annual Catering Insight awards in which foodservice distributors and suppliers from up and down the country will be attending, and so will the Alset Partners team!
Organised by Catering Insight and sponsored by Atosa, the awards will take place on Thursday 29th November at London's lavish Bloomsbury Ballroom in Holborn and our directors, Richard and Ian, will be attending and supporting those there from the industry.
The decision to host the event at the Bloomsbury Ballroom comes after the success the event has gained over the past few years, with around 250 senior catering equipment industry executives expected to attend this year.
The awards for 2018 are split into two main categories for distributors and suppliers, with awards going out to suppliers for their hard work within areas such as sustainability, business development, service and support and many others.
For the distributor awards, there are categories for 'Distributor of the Year' in the north and south of England as well as the rest of the UK, and also for areas such as project management and the emerging distributor of the year.
As well as this, there will also be a special headline honours award for the 'Lifetime Achievement' award.
Richard Goodchild, Alset Partners director, said: "I am looking forward to seeing an industry stalwart recognised for their dedication and commitment to the industry at the Catering Insight Awards.
The Alset Partners team are very much looking forward to the awards and catching up with industry experts and our good friends in the foodservice sector, so come and say hello to us if you're attending!


ADD work in partnership with networks of disabled people in some of the poorest communities in the world, to help them to campaign for the rightful inclusion of disabled adults and children in society.
A leading European provider of electoral and democratisation assistance.
Find Your Feet (FYF) is a UK-based development NGO working in partnership with NGOs in south Asia and southern Africa.
The Public Law Project is an independent, national legal charity based in London which aims to improve access to Public law remedies for those whose access is restricted by poverty, discrimination or other similar barriers. To fulfill its objectives Public Law Project undertakes research, policy initiatives, casework and training across the range of public law remedies.
Socialist International Women is the international organisation of the womens organisations of the socialist, social democratic and labour parties affiliated to the Socialist International.
Time and space for children's thinking. Global education facilitator based in Leicester, specialising in trade justice, fair trade and Philosophy for Children (P4C).


text:
Rich countries starve the developing world of vaccines. Omicron Shows the Price of This Greed
By Nation World News Desk
We do not yet know how dangerous the new Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 will prove to be. Preliminary evidence suggests it may be more transmissible than other types, and the World Health Organization has raised concerns about its potential to spark another global surge in infections.
If currently available vaccines protect us from serious illness and death, which are likely to occur at this stage, those vaccinated in developed countries should heave a sigh of relief.
But with a yawning gap between vaccination rates in high- and low-income countries, Omicron could present a bigger problem for the world. It could lead to another wave of preventable disease and premature death in developing countries, and exacerbate poverty in parts of the world that are already battling the pandemic.
And unless governments take immediate action to correct these disparities, we risk the emergence of further forms, some of which can be avoided by vaccines.
Read more: The best hope of fair distribution of COVID-19 vaccines globally is at risk of failing. Here's how to save it
Inequality in access to COVID-19 vaccines
As of the end of November, about 54.2% of the global population had received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. For low-income countries, however, the rate was only 5.8%.
COVID vaccination dose per person.
The gap in vaccination coverage is particularly deep between high-income and upper-middle income countries on the one hand and low-income countries on the other.
The dose of the COVID-19 vaccine is given per 100 people by income group.
Vaccination rates in Africa are particularly concerning. About 40 or more countries still have less than 10% of their population fully immunized, most of them in Africa.
Comparison between the most highly vaccinated nations and the bottom most countries, most of which are in Africa.
Experts have warned about uneven distribution of COVID-19 vaccines since the beginning of the pandemic, so why is there still a problem?
COVAX's failure to deliver on its promise
First, COVAX, the global program for the procurement and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, has struggled to secure adequate vaccine doses since its inception.
About 100 low-income countries depend on the vaccine program. COVAX initially aimed to deliver 2 billion doses by the end of 2021, enough to vaccinate only the most at-risk groups in developing countries. However, its delivery forecast in September was limited to only 1.425 billion doses by the end of the year.
A shipment of COVAX vaccines arrives in Madagascar, which is still one of the least vaccinated countries in the world.
Alexander Joe / AP
And by the end of November, fewer than 576 million doses had actually been delivered.
This predictable failure is largely due to wealthy countries eliminating more than half of the first 7.5 billion vaccine doses developed through pre-purchase agreements, leaving pieces only for COVAX.
Persistently low investment in COVAX (both in terms of dosage and money), and the hoarding of vaccine doses in wealthy countries for boosters, have led to the continued supply of COVAX to be distributed to those most in need.
Read more: Are newer COVID variants like Omicron linked to lower vaccine coverage? here's what the science says
Failure to meet promised vaccine donation
Rich countries are ashamed of pledging to donate large numbers of supplements to low- and middle-income countries. But some of these pledges have yet to translate into vaccines in weapons.
As of October 25, more than 1.3 billion vaccine doses had been pledged, but only around 10% had been distributed.
COVID-19 vaccines donated to COVAX.
Meanwhile, many high-income countries have ignored the WHO's pleas until booster vaccinations are provided in the rest of the world. Even after the boosters are administered, Médecins Sans Frontires estimates that ten high-income countries will be sitting on more than 870 million additional doses by the end of the year.
Take Australia as an example. It has promised to deliver 60 million doses to developing countries in the Indo-Pacific, but less than 9.3 million have been delivered so far. None of these doses are scheduled for equitable distribution through COVAX, and none are currently committed to Africa.
Meanwhile, the Australian government has invested more than $8 billion (US$5.7 billion) in pre-purchase agreements for 280.8 million vaccine doses for Australians. This equates to more than 10 doses per person.
Failure to agree to a temporary change in business rules
Some wealthy countries have also continued to oppose a proposal to temporarily suspend trade rules protecting pharmaceutical companies' monopolies over COVID-19 health products and technologies.
Initially proposed by India and South Africa in October 2020, the so-called TRIPS exemption will enable companies around the world to independently produce COVID-19 products and technologies without the fear of litigation over potential infringement of intellectual property rights.
It is now co-sponsored by 63 countries and supported by more than 100 of the 164 member states of the WTO. The US signaled its support for a waiver (limited to vaccines) in May, but it did not formally co-sponsor the proposal. The European Union, Britain and Switzerland continue to oppose it, with Germany being particularly staunch opponents.
A BioNTech vaccine production facility in Marburg, Germany.
Michael Probst / AP
The TRIPS exemption, if adopted as sponsored by 63 countries, would cover all health products and technologies used to prevent, treat, and treat COVID-19, including vaccines, treatments, diagnostic tests, medical devices and personal protective equipment. and are necessary to control.
It would waive the rules in the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) that cover patents, anonymized information (such as information submitted to regulatory agencies or protected as trade secrets), copyright and industrial applied to the designs. And it will last for at least three years from the date of adoption of the exemption, and then be reviewed annually.
However, more than a year after the waiver was proposed, discussions at the WTO remain deadlocked.
Read more: US support for waiving COVID vaccine IP is a huge step
The European Union emphasizes that it would be sufficient to change the existing provisions in the TRIPS Agreement which allows the exploitation of the subject matter of a patent – compulsory licensing – without the permission of the patent holder. However, it does not include undisclosed information, which is essential for manufacturing vaccines.
Several countries, including the UK, the European Union, China and Australia, are now supporting a separate resolution at the WTO that addresses other trade-related issues, such as export restrictions and customs procedures. However, it fails to lift the intellectual property rights that have been maintaining a monopoly on COVID-19 products.
To further delay matters, the emergence of the Omicron version resulted in the postponement of the WTO Ministerial Council meeting this week, where these proposals were to be discussed. While the debate will continue in the TRIPS Council in December, the momentum to arrive at a decision in the near future may have been lost.
urgent action needed
Wealthy countries have hoarded vaccines, starved COVAX for money and supplements, promised to slow donations, and stalled a global deal to lift barriers to the widespread manufacture of vaccines in developing countries. Have given.
We should do better. The Omicron version clearly shows that the world can't wait any longer.
This article is republished from – The Conversation – Read the – original article.
Nation World News Deskhttps://nationworldnews.com
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