text:
Some Simple Answers On Convenient Nurses Care For Problems With Kidneys Plans
For.xample,.p.o 98% of small stones less than 5 mm 0.2 in diameter may pass spontaneously through urination within four weeks of the onset of symptoms, 3 but for larger stones 5 to 10 mm 0.2 to 0.4 in diameter, the rate of spontaneous passage decreases to less than 53%. Nice sentiments 80 Initial stone location also influences the likelihood of spontaneous stone passage. Hyperuricemia is not necessary for the formation of uric acid stones; hyperuricosuria can occur in the presence of normal or even low serum uric acid . The kidneys are important because they keep the composition, or make-up, of the blood stable, which lets the body function. Reptiles have relatively few nephrons compared with other amniotes of a similar size, possibly because of their lower metabolic rate . 21 Birds have relatively large, elongated kidneys, each of which is divided into three or more distinct lobes. Treatment of the underlying cause of kidney failure may return kidney function to normal. The inter lobar arteries then supply blood to the arcuate arteries that ladder through the boundary of the cortex and the most valuable medulla. Harold Feldman, M.D., University of Pennsylvania This information is not copyrighted. Johnson, Benjamin Franklin, Michel de Montaigne, Francis Bacon, Isaac Newton, Samuel peps, William Harvey, Herman Boerhaave, and Antonio scarp . 102 New techniques in lithotomy began to emerge starting in 1520, but the operation remained risky. Superior renal capsule • 12. A plasma glucose level of approximately 160 is sufficient to allow glucosuria, which is an important clinical clue to diabetes mellitus.
Fisher was not breathing for about 10 minutes, according to the actress, Anna Akana . Initially reported to be in critical condition, Fishers mother, actress Debbie Reynolds, tweeted on Christmas that her daughter was in stable condition. For all her fans & friends. I thank you for your prayers & good wishes, Reynolds wrote in the tweet. Fishers breakout role was in the 1977 film Star Wars: Episode IV A New Hope. She was 20 when the film was released. Fisher grew up in Beverly Hills. Her parents were performers Debbie Reynolds and Thanking You Eddie Fisher, who divorced when she was a young child. Fishers newest memoir, The Princess Diarist, was published in late November. It is based around diaries she kept http://levibrownstar.elinsdesignkaker.com/2016/08/05/these-legions-can-be-dangerous-because-they-can-allow-bacteria-viruses-and-other-contaminants-to-enter-the-body-through-the-skin at the time the first Star Wars movie was made. What would I be if I werent princess Leia? A great big nothing without one piece of fan mail to call my own, she writes in the book.our website
For the original version including any supplementary images or video, visit http://kfor.com/2016/12/27/mark-hamill-reacts-to-news-of-carrie-fishers-death/
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SHATTERED LIVES
By A Case for WomenApril 27, 2021General
The Pandemic's Devastating Toll on Women
We didn't see it coming.
Like something from a dystopian B-movie, a stealthy sickness we didn't understand proceeded to shut down much of the planet. Schools were shuttered, graduation ceremonies canceled, weddings postponed, businesses closed, restaurants emptied. We sheltered in place, sprayed groceries with bleach, mastered Zoom and learned to bake bread.
Our daily routines unraveled as legions of elderly people went unhugged, photos of our kids' first proms went untaken and thousands upon thousands of dreams were left unfulfilled.
And we wept.
We wept for family and friends sick and dying alone in hospitals as we watched with horror as the CNN death toll ticked steadily upward despite the legions of courageous health workers who labored 18-hour days, putting their own lives on the line.
The Covid-19 pandemic impacted millions of lives around the world, leading us to rethink so much of what we've taken for granted in our lives – and also what we've tolerated and accepted. Because when the pandemic hit, it was women who were impacted most.
Because women already live on the edge.
Women have most of the low-wage jobs in this country and are often the first ones employers let go, oftentimes spiraling families into despair.
Women also comprise a majority of primary caregivers and workers in the service industry, two areas that have been most impacted by Covid-19. And since a majority of frontline health workers are women, they've been more apt to contract the virus.
And are paid less for their efforts.
When Covid closed schools and daycares, it was largely working women who had to juggle work with staying home to homeschool children.And with everyone staying home, chores such as cooking and cleaning, increased dramatically for women (who were already doing about three quarters of that work). Add to that, domestic violence in homes became more frequent, severe and dangerous due to the restrictions in movement.
These extra burdens have come with serious repercussions for women's careers.
Many career women became stay-at-home-moms by default thus rolling back hard-won achievements of the past years. And, as I'm sure you've guessed, the disparities are far greater for women of color who have borne the brunt of the pandemic-era job losses.
As a result of the pandemic, 2.4 million left the workforce entirely between February 2020 and February 2021. This sends us back to participation levels last seen in 1988.
Yes, it took less than a year to erase more than three decades of progress for America's working women.
Clearly, there were already gaping holes in our system – lack of affordable childcare, employers' persistent failure to close pay gaps, lack of paid sick leave and last but not least, men's general unwillingness to share the burden of chores and caregiving – but the pandemic revealed these gaps to be chasms impossible to ignore.
If we squint and look carefully to towards horizon, we can begin to see a glimmer of hope.
Spring is here, vaccines have become widely available and, as we move past the worst moment in our nation's history, we bring with us a new appreciation for our schoolteachers, frontline workers and a workforce that was mostly invisible to many of us. We can also begin to see the opportunity to reimagine how we do our jobs, raise our families and create new expectations about creating a more equitable playing field for women both at work and at home.
But progress is not uniform or inevitable.
We need women in positions of leadership to ensure that solutions are informed by a diversity of views and experiences.
Creating greater equity will require sweeping policy changes – some of which are included in President Biden's proposed stimulus package – as well as sustained efforts by employers to change how they recruit, promote, pay and hire back women. And yes, it will also mean that men will have to pick up the slack and do their share of childrearing and housework.
It may sound cliché to say that women will once again draw upon their inner strength and come out of this mess stronger. But I'll say it anyway.
Because damned if it isn't true.
Life After the Lawsuit: Mass Tort Settlements and You

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
export CPATH=${PREFIX}/include

# Will be inbuilt to github repo in future
sed -i.bak 's/make -C libgab/make -C libgab CXX=$(CC)/' Makefile
sed -i.bak 's/make -C src/make -C src CXX=$(CC)/' Makefile
sed -i.bak 's/CXXFLAGS =/CXXFLAGS +=/' src/Makefile
sed -i.bak 's/LDFLAGS  =/LDFLAGS +=/' src/Makefile

## Following https://bioconda.github.io/contributor/troubleshooting.html#g-or-gcc-not-found
binaries="src/fragSim src/deamSim src/adptSim src/fasta2fastas"
# We list the targets explicitly to prevent the Makefile from downloading and
# building the external art_illumina.o dependency (added as a runtime
# requirement instead)
make CC=$CXX ${binaries}

mkdir -p $PREFIX/bin
cp ${binaries} ${PREFIX}/bin

# Fix hard-coded paths to external tools
sed \
  -e 's|$pathdir."/src/|"|' \
  -e 's|$pathdir."/art_src_MountRainier/|"|' \
  -e 's|^fileExists(.*);||' \
  -e 's|#!/usr/bin/perl|#!/usr/bin/env perl|' \
  gargammel.pl > ${PREFIX}/bin/gargammel

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A 5 week Online Experience to access your authentic goals that inspire and move you to live your best life.
You have a deep-knowing that there is something more for you. Your soul is longing for you to give your gifts and fullest expression to the world. You want to feel fulfilled, inspired and purposeful. You want to be a flourishing, abundant, best-possible you.
Yet, you are not 100% sure what it is, or how to make it happen or how to get from where you are now into living this life that you dream of.
OR You have an insistent dream that persistently tugs at you and just won't go away. You're just not sure what steps to take to turn it into reality. So you keep putting it off, or coming up with excuses about why now is not the right time. You procrastinate. Or you are scared - that's so NORMAL! OR You have crystal-clear clarity on your Dreams and Goals but you just can't seem to manifest them. You've simply got stuck somewhere on the journey. It feels hard. It feels like a real struggle.
If any of these feels like you... and you truly wish to Get Clarity on your Dreams, and learn the steps to help you manifest your goals in a way that is magical, joyous and delightful… You're in the right place.
In Argentina in 2005, I had a spark of inspiration. A pure Dream & Goal from Soul planted itself like a seed into my being. It was an experience that changed my life forever.
I had a clear vision that my purpose was to be a Fairy Godmother and to help people, like you, realise the power, magic and beauty of their dreams and to create extraordinary lives that they love.
When this Fairy Godmother Vision flashed in front of me it felt crazy, it felt bizarre, it felt so different to anything I had ever done or thought before but it also felt so right.
Despite numerous fears, a whole heap of self-doubt and my friends and family telling me I was "crazy" to go from successful marketing entrepreneur to becoming a Fairy Godmother, I did it anyway.
Back then I had no idea how it was going to work or how I was going to make money or pay the bills. I didn't even know what being a Fairy Godmother meant… what would I actually do in reality?
And through this journey I realised that with a Goal that is driven by Soul you don't need to know "how" it is going to work. Instead you simply say YES, show up and allow the momentum of the Divine to guide you.
Since 2005 I have helped over 17 000 people in 45 countries around the world. I have done workshops, seminars, retreats and online programs to help people get clear on their dreams, goals and vision for their lives and how to make it happen and live their best life.
You need Clear Soul Inspiration + Practical Daily Tools + Ease, Faith & Trust.
That's the system of Manifesting that I've been teaching for over 12 years.
As I have taught others I have learned more and more in my quest to become a Master Manifester.
There are times I have got it spectacularly right. There are times I have been so stuck in the gristle-and- grind of "reality" that I have forgotten all about my amazing manifesting powers.
It is these "tough" times that have allowed me to hone a system that really works.
Join us to Get Clear on your Authentic Dreams & Goals and have the practical tools to turn them into reality in a way that is expansive, enjoyable and fun.
"I did one of your courses many years ago, perhaps as many as seven or eight? In one of the final processes I declared that I would write a book! And low and behold, I did. In fact, I've written more than one, and every time I felt demoralized, or unable to continue, I remembered that declaration in front of all those people, and I got up and carried on. Powerful stuff!"
This is the beginning of a beautiful journey, rich in revelation and self-realisation. Again, I thank you."
"Ohmygod the course was amazing, fun and massively inspiring. I highly recommend it!!!
How is my dream ever going to pay the bills?
I can't find the time for me and my dreams? I'm too busy helping everyone else in my life.
Help! I don't even know what my Dreams and Goals Are?
I'm afraid I'm going to Fail!
Things are not turning out like I expected. It's not working. I'm giving up.
Am I really worthy of living my best, most amazing life?
Make time to connect and listen to your Divine Inspiration.
Create a juicy, wild and awesome Goal from Soul that touches, moves and inspires the hell out of you.
Feel the thrill of energy moving through you as you discover and uncover your soul's deep longing.
Learn how to infuse your everyday with this energy and enthusiasm that has been unleashed by this process.
Implement the simple, daily practices to keep connecting to your goal so that it creates a momentum to move you forward.
Release your resistance and blocks that are stopping you from creating what you really want.
Use your Emotions as a clever compass to guide you as to whether you are attracting or repelling what you want.
Build your "Faith and Trust muscle" in way that provides a safe container for your goals to manifest.
Experience the support of others that are also on the journey of remembering their authentic selves.
Remember how light, fun and enjoyable this "game" of manifesting your dreams really is!
Marnita Opperman Lost 40kgs, left corporate life and started her own business.
From depressed designer to award-winning, global, fashion photographer with her dream, beach cottage.
Attended Harvard - a dream come true!
From corporate life to starting 2 adventure companies and climbing mountains like Everest.
Travelled to the Blue Mosque. And has started an NGO to give back.
After going through a tumultuous divorce, Isabella manifested the love of her life & married him.
Dream come true, being an award-winning, documentary film-maker.
Wrote 2 Books. Travelled for 6 months in Europe. Did a world-class cooking experience. Bought a dream apartment in Spain. Wow!
From being a full-time mom to starting her own travel company & having lunch with the Dalai Lama.
A new entrepreneur with a big goal. 5 years later she was awarded Business Woman of the Year.
From Johannesburg mother to owner of a beautiful retreat Centre in Portugal.
Manifested beautiful twin girls. A dream come true!
Join OVER 17 000 people in 45 countries who have been inspired by the Fairy Godmother and are igniting their Dreams and Goals with Soul.
Manifesting is not some woo-woo, new-age bull. It is real and it works.
I know because I have seen thousands of my clients create amazing lives because of the system of manifestation that I teach.
You may find your attempts at manifesting are hit and miss. Sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn't. That's probably because you don't know the System of Manifesting.
It's normal. Most people don't, they know about the "Law of Attraction" and they hope that if they visualize or affirm something enough it will happen. And when it doesn't, they get upset and give up or they try harder with lack-luster results.
Connecting into your Soul and Divine connection to create authentic Goals that touch, move and inspire you.
Creating out of Ease and Receptivity rather than being in Stress and Struggle to make your goals happen.
There are a number of Videos to Watch of me, your Fairy Godmother, teaching you KEY concepts, tips, tricks and magic.
Working on the mental, emotional and spiritual level is as important as working in physical reality and these meditations provide amazing support to your Dreams & Goals process.
Every week there will be an Audio that you will be able to download and listen to (while you are driving or jogging on the treadmill) to keep connecting you to the content.
This 4 Step Alignment process will get you into a higher vibration before you create your new Dream & Goal. It is about clearing out and lovingly, letting go of the old "stuff" that has kept you stuck in the past, so that you can create from a blank page, a clean slate. We do this process over the first week to bring in freshness and create the opening of new potential and possibilities for you.
This is a week of connecting to Soul. Getting Inspired. Flowing your Ideas. Imagining. Dreaming. And allowing your Goal with Soul to emerge naturally and organically out of this process. It is fun, light, juicy and creative. You'll cut, paste, play and create a Dream Map (or Vision Board). You'll connect at a soul level to your Goal with Soul You'll understand your deeper purpose behind your Goal. You'll distill the "essence" of your dreams to help you manifest them into reality in a way that is filled with ease and joy. You'll also learn the difference between "Visualisation" and "Visioning" and why one is way more powerful than the other.
In this module you'll discover the System of Manifesting – the practical, logical way it actually works to satisfy your Left-Brain. You'll learn the 3 Practical Steps to Manifesting and what you need to do daily to help your Goal with Soul unfold in a way that is joyful and fun rather than filled with seriousness and struggle. You'll understand the importance of Receptivity – being open to all possibilities, even if it doesn't happen as you expect it to. There will be an exercise to increase your allowing and ability to receive.
In this Module you'll understand why it is so important to Trust and Surrender (especially when you want something so badly). You'll learn how to exercise your Faith muscle so that when you experience self-doubt, self-sabotage or fear you can overcome it. You'll perfect the art of Letting Go ( because clinging and desperation pushes stuff away.) You'll have the tools to get over "stuckness", self-doubt and fears that may happen along the way and keep connecting to ease rather than being in the "struggle".
In week 5 you'll connect to the 4 Emotions that Amplify your Attraction.
You'll experience using the Essence of your Goal to keep you in High Vibration, no matter what is happening in your "reality".
You will heighten your Energy Awareness to stay on the path of manifesting more easily and consistently.
We will focus on building support for your journey. And you'll learn to enjoy and celebrate at all times along the way.
Join Dreams & Goals with Soul TODAY and you'll get over R2990 worth of bonuses.
Four LIVE Webinars with me, Your Fairy Godmother, where I will coach you to get into crystal clarity on your Goals with Soul and I'll answer all your questions.
Those pesky fears that make us want to give-up on our dreams and goals can appear at any time.
With this 21 Day program you'll be empowered with 15 tools to shift you out of your Fear and into your Fabulousness.
This is the perfect program to do after you are clear on your Dreams & &oals with Soul.
I know that the journey to living your dreams is longer than 5 weeks and so with this bonus you get Lifetime access to the Private Dreams & Goals with Soul Facebook Group.
When we run future Dreams & Goals with Soul courses you will be able to follow along, review and update your goals progress, ask me questions and keep inspired on your journey to create your best life.
This Program is currently CLOSED for Enrollment.
It will only be opening again in September 2019.
You will be supported by me, your Fairy Godmother, and the community of other Daring Dreamrs who are embarking on this process of manifesting their full potential and living their best life too.
I will coach you and answer your questions on the Facebook group AND on the LIVE Webinars.
All of my Fairy Godmother programs are multi-dimensional. We are holistic beings – Mind-Body and Soul - and your ability to manifest your dreams and goals with ease is a result of the alignment of your thoughts, emotions and spirituality.
For this reason, this program is designed to work at ALL levels.
To ensure you learn to manifest your goals SUSTAINABLY I'll teach you the tools to clear the blocks at all levels.
Imagine having a Vision for your Life. Knowing how to direct your life-energy and life-force in a way that serves your highest purpose and your highest joy. Imagine feeling your Soul singing with delight as you move towards what you are truly meant to do, be and have. Imagine waking up filled with energy, excitement and inspiration about your day ahead. Where your weekdays become more vibrant than your weekends. You are living life to the full. Making steady progress. You feel like you are moving forward. You are learning to really love yourself enough to live your best life. The feeling of stuckness, struggle and hopelessness about the future disappears. In those moments when you do feel down or fearful or anxious… you have the tools to work with your emotions and turn them into the fertilizer to help you grow into your dreams and goals. You are deeply appreciative for all you have. You are enjoying your life journey day-by-day and creating a future that inspires you and others around you. You are connecting to other people, like you, who are committed to living their best, fullest expressions of themselves. You can't believe how different your life feels.
It will be opening again in September 2019.
"Thank you for your inspiration and magic you bring into all of our lives.
Thanks to you I am living my dream life, I am my own boss and have a brand new, fabulous, home jewellery studio.
"Since working with Donna I have rekindled my passion for writing and photography. I have made time for myself to develop these creative outlets. I have attended photography courses, have a website and am selling my photos.
"Thank YOU Donna for this gift and tools you have given us – WOW!
I'm loving the process and how it is unfolding. Feeling empowered and excited and also scared sometimes, but only because IT IS HAPPENING and a part of me is afraid of getting what I want, but most of me is excited and delighted beyond words!!!!


Alias Grace marks 2017's third adaptation of a Margaret Atwood novel, the first two being Hulu's The Handmaid's Tale and CBC Kids' Wandering Wenda. Set in the 1840s, Alias Grace is a fictionalized look at Grace Marks, a domestic servant convicted of murdering her employer. In the video above, stars Sarah Gadon and Anna Paquin discuss why Atwood's stories are so popular right now.


Today I spent a little time with the Library of Congress's Prints & Photographs online catalog looking at New Year's celebrations of the past. I was fascinated by the year 1909, when everybody seemed to be down in the dumps for no particular reason.
Not even funny hats and feathers produced smiles on this crowd of sourpusses.
The magazine Puck ushered in 1910 with an illustration called "The Safety-Valve".
Proving that some things never change, I found an illustration titled "New Year's Eve at the Hotel Prosperity" – where all the tables are reserved for special interest groups.
All of this left me wondering about 1909 – what was going on that year? According to the Internet, it was fairly quiet. On March 4, William Howard Taft succeeded Theodore Roosevelt, becoming the 27th U.S. President; the NAACP was founded under the leadership of W.E.B. Du Bois; unemployment was just 5.1%; and Paul Ehrlich discovered a cure for syphilis. From this distance, it doesn't look too bad. Then again, new years are always overstuffed with portent.
To see some cheerful images of year-end celebrations where at least some people appear to be having fun, visit Flavorpill's "Amusing Vintage Photographs from New Year's Eves Past".
Who would not love to hear the pipings of the quail under a full Harvest Moon?
I'm excited about the Harvest Moon – I want to see it. It was hidden behind the clouds last night, and today is also cloudy, but I'm holding out hope.
This moon comes with many pleasant associations – the divine Laurel and Hardy singing and dancing to "Shine on Harvest Moon" is one of them.
This Neil Young song is another.
For a slightly more scientific view, don't miss the Farmer's Almanac, which has a September moon guide packed with information and videos.
"We all shine on. Like the moon and the stars and the sun."


I was looking up a remedy for pregnancy and I found this great website. It covers many of the common homeopathic remedies used for pregnancy, labor, and postpartum. I have experienced positive results with many of these. For my second pregnancy I used Nux Vomica successfully for morning sickness. I used Cimicifuga, Caulophyllum, and Arnica towards the end of my pregnancy which helped with productive contractions. I used high doses of Arnica (1M) for after the delivery, which lessened my pain and swelling significantly. For postpartum depression I used Pulsatilla 200C. I think I should have also taken Sepia 200C. I wish I had known about the Mastitis remedy. That was another thing that I struggled with the first few weeks of nursing. Here is a list of remedies that help with common issues that arise during this time. This list comes from the website linked above. Happy Birthing.
To encourage an efficient labor (for Primigravadas, or those with a history of long, difficult labors, anyone with cervical scarring, post-dates): Begin this regimen at 36 weeks and continue weekly until she reaches 40 weeks.
Alternate method to make labor shorter and faster: alternate Cimicifuga and Caulophyllum starting at 38 weeks, do this for 14 days, 1 remedy each day. Note- do not use both protocols, choose one.
Post-partum hemorrhage*: Aconite, Arnica, Caulophyllum, Cinchona; to build blood afterwards- Ferrum Phos; *Note- seek medical treatment to make sure bleeding has stopped and to replenish fluid and/or iron stores.
I bought all the remedies for #6 tonight–now I just have to get the guts to have the baby!


The Corn Potato String Band play authentic American Appalachian folk music. The members of this band have delighted audiences with their driving fiddle tunes and harmonious singing across the U.S., Canada, Europe and Mexico. They are all multi-instrumentalists who are dedicated to continuing the traditional fiddle and banjo music and dance of the Central Southern US. In addition to being champion fiddlers, they play banjo, guitar, bass and mandolin and cover many different antiquated styles including ballads, "ho-downs," country "rags" and southern gospel.
Aaron Jonah Lewis is a multi-instrumentalist, performer and educator. He has won awards at the Clifftop Appalachian String Band Festival, including First Place Neotraditional Band in 2008, and at the Galax Old Fiddlers Convention, including First Place Bluegrass Fiddle in 2007, and he has performed at major festivals from the US to the UK and from Italy to Finland. Lewis has appeared on dozens of recordings from bluegrass and old time to swing jazz, modern experimental and Turkish classical music projects. He has taught workshops at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama in Glasgow and at the English Folk Dance and Song Society in London. He also plays and teaches banjo, mandolin, guitar, and bass and is currently based in Nashville, Tennessee.
Lindsay McCaw has been playing American old time music for over 15 years. She performs music and calls dances around the country. McCaw plays fiddle, banjo, guitar, accordion and piano. She is also part of several theater and puppet companies, including her own, called The Dolly Wagglers. She has won several musical distinctions such as two-time winner of the Minneapolis Jug Band Contest and four-time first-place winner of the Sheffield Field Days Fiddle contest.


The application of the Oregon special apportionment factor for broadcasters to all business income was challenged by the taxpayer in Comcast Corp. v. Department of Revenue.1 Like many states, Oregon uses the single sales factor apportionment method for multistate business taxpayers to determine the income subject to tax by the state. In 1989, the Oregon Legislature created a special factor for any business that qualifies as an "interstate broadcaster," meaning "a taxpayer that engages in the for-profit business of broadcasting to subscribers or to an audience located both within and without this state."2 For an interstate broadcaster, the apportionment factor is the ratio of the broadcaster's "gross receipts from broadcasting" to an Oregon audience to the broadcaster's "gross receipts from broadcasting" to its total audience. In Comcast, the question before the court was what is included in the "gross receipts from broadcasting" for purposes of this calculation.
The Oregon Supreme Court agreed with the Tax Court's broad interpretation, citing legislative intent. The statute for special apportionment of broadcasters was directed to a class of taxpayers rather than to a class of income-generating activities. With the statute carving out a clearly stated exception for sales of real or tangible property, the implication is that this is the only exception from the term of "gross receipts from broadcasting." This interpretation of the broadly written special apportionment factor could have widespread application to other broadly written provisions.
4 The statute provides an exception for nonprofit broadcasters and for sales of real and tangible personal property.


text:
Government and Law Political Systems
May 16 military coup d'etat and the Park Chunghee administration
Trial of Democracy under the Military Government: 1961-1979
1. May 16 Military Coup d'état and the Park Chunghee Administration (1961-1972)
(1) Constitution of 1962
The military government that arose out of the military coup of May 16, 1961 organized a constitutional referendum in December 1962, which led to the election of Park Chunghee, the military officer who had led the coup, as the new President in August 1963. The Constitution of 1962 adopted a unicameral national legislature and a presidential system much like the first Constitution of Korea enacted in 1948. In 1969, the Constitution was amended once again to allow President Park to serve two more terms, thus paving the way for his prolonged one-man rule.
(2) Judiciary-Administration Relationship
1) Independence of judges: Controversy over the appointment of a new Chief Justice
The amended Constitution of 1962 abolished the election of justices to the Supreme Court, and created, instead, the Judicial Nomination Committee (JNC).[1] Under the new system, the President appointed the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court with the approval of the JNC, and the Chief Justice appointed judges to the rest of the courts in the judiciary also with the approval of the JNC. The JNC proposed the reappointment of the third Chief Justice, but the Korean Bar Association (KBA) objected to the nomination, arguing his unfitness to serve another term due to his comprising the Court's authority during his first term. Others in the National Assembly were similarly opposed, citing that a man who had served as the head of the Supreme Court during the military coup should not be allowed to serve another term. Nevertheless, the man was reappointed as the fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
2) Independence of trials
(i) Siege of the court by armed soldiers
Judge Yang Heon, then serving on the Seoul District Criminal Court, dismissed the request for a warrant to arrest suspects associated with demonstrations protesting the Korea-Japan talk in 1964. On May 21, 1964, shortly after the decision, 13 soldiers armed with pistols and carbine rifles mounted military emergency vehicles and made their way to the Seoul District Criminal Court and to the personal residence of Judge Yang in an ostentatious protest against Yang's decision not to arrest the demonstrators. The KBA publicly denounced the incident as a grave threat to the foundation of democratic order, and released a statement exhorting that the independence of the judiciary be respected and upheld.
(ii) First People's Revolutionary Party case and the East Berlin incident
The participants in the May 16 coup justified their actions with a call for anti-communism. The military government thus quickly enacted the Anti-Communist Act (ACA) on July 3, 1961. Important court cases from the era involving the ACA include the People's Revolutionary Party case of 1964[2] and the East Berlin incident of 1967.[3] When the court acquitted some of the defendants in the East Berlin case due to insufficient evidence and other reasons, the Prosecutors' Office openly criticized the ruling as presenting major difficulties to the project of rooting out violators of national security and anti-espionage laws, and distributed leaflets, encouraging the public to join in the renunciation of "communist sympathizers" among the ranks of judges (OCA, 1995, 463-466, 643).
(iii) Judicial crisis of 1971
In July 1971, the Seoul District Prosecutor's Office requested a warrant to arrest Chief Judge Lee Beomyeol of the Seoul District Criminal Court on bribery charges.[4] The 37 other judges making up the Seoul District Criminal Court criticized the action, arguing that the case against Lee was not actually about corruption, but was a retaliatory measure against the recent ruling of the Court in favor of the defendants.[5] In addition to these 37 judges who collectively resigned from their posts, the 36 judges of the Seoul District Civil Court also submitted their resignations at once, releasing a public statement advocating the independence of the judiciary. [6]
3) Constitutional review
The Constitution of 1962 abolished the Constitutional Court, and transferred the power to review the constitutionality of legislation to the Supreme Court.
(i) Compensations for the expropriation of personal estates
The Supreme Court found that Presidential Decree 1914, which remained effective from 1965 to 1974 and ruled that the amounts of compensations for expropriated personal estates be determined within the parameters of given annual budgets, violated the constitutional requirement, outlined in Article 20.3, that fair and just compensations be provided for personal properties seized, expropriated, or restricted by the government (November 12, 1967, 67-Da-1334). The Court, moreover, asserted the compensation standards provided in Article 21 of the Expropriation Act[7] as merely referential in nature, in that the Expropriation Compensation Review Committee could reference these standards in determining the amounts of compensations to be paid, but that the standards did not and should not limit the Court's ability and power to determine the objective values of expropriated properties (March 24, 1970, 67-Da-1561). These decisions had a significant impact on national fiscal policy (OCA, 1995, 469 and 475-476).
(ii) National Compensation Act and Court Organization Act
The Seoul District Civil Court ruled that Article 3 of the National Compensation Act, which defined the maximum limit on compensations to be paid by the government to individuals, as unconstitutional as it unfairly sacrificed individual rights for the good of society (January 23, 1968, 67-Ga-9292). The Supreme Court also ruled that Article 3 of the National Compensation Act did not and should not bind the courts in making decisions (January 29, 1970, 69-Da-1206). Furthermore, the Supreme Court found that the proviso in Article 59.1 of the Court Organization Act[8] as well as the proviso in Article 2.1 of the National Compensation Act[9] contradicted the Constitution (June 22, 1971, 70-Da-1010).[10]
[1] The JNC was comprised of four judges, two lawyers, one professor of law appointed by the President, the Minister of Justice, and the Public Prosecutor General.
[2] The Korea Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA) publicly announced in August 1964 that Do Yejong, Yang Chunwoo, and others who had taken instructions from the North Korean regime were appealing to progressive intellectuals, professors, journalists, university students, and the like in South Korea to protest against the South Korean government, mobilizing them into a huge communist organization named the People's Revolutionary Party. The Public Security Department at the Seoul District Prosecutor's Office had in fact arrested 26 individuals for allegedly violating the National Security Act who turned out to have formed an underground association known as the People's Revolutionary Party. The 26 members were not initially indicted, however, since the anti-state elements of the organization could not be proven and there was insufficient evidence to prove that its members had acted on orders from North Korea. Nonetheless, the leadership of the District Prosecutor's Office eventually went ahead with arresting and indicting these individuals, insisting that their "Manifesto for Peaceful Reunification" conformed to the North Korean Communist Party's "Armed and Peaceful Reunification Policy." On January 20, 1964, the Seoul District Criminal Court sentenced Do and Yang to three and two years in prison, respectively, on the ground that they violated the ACA. Their supporters and associates, however, were all acquitted. On appeal, the Seoul High Court sentenced 11 of the acquitted members to one year in prison or two years of probation on the charge that they had helped to operate an organization that could have possibly abetted anti-state activities. The Supreme Court dismissed the second appeal on September 21, 1969 (OCA, 1995, 635).
[3] In July 1967, the KCIA handed over 57 affiliates of the so-called East Berlin Incident to the Prosecutors' Office. The incident was centered on the government's claim that Korean students studying in West Germany and France were in frequent contact with North Korean operators in East Berlin, and were also actively recruiting other Korean students to their cause and providing information to North Korean operators. The Supreme Court quashed the prosecution's charges against some of the defendants, and remanded the case to the Seoul High Court. Regarding Jeong Haryong, a university lecturer who had been sentenced to death, and Cho Yeongsu, who had been sentenced to life in prison, the Supreme Court reasoned that frequent contact between these friends did not amount to the crime of unapproved assembly as stated in the ACA, and that there was no evidence that the two men's association benefitted the North Korean regime in any way. The Court, moreover, found that the sentencing of composer Yun Yisang to 15 years in prison and of Lim Seokhun, still a student, to death, were disproportionate (July 3, 1968, 68-Do-754; OCA, 1995, 463-464).
[4] The charge was that Judge Lee had received gifts, including air flight tickets and alcohol, amounting to KRW 97,000, from those supporting the defendants in the ACA cases. The Court dismissed the request for a warrant to arrest Judge Lee, citing that he posed no risk in terms of evidence tampering or flight. A second warrant request was also dismissed.
[5] In 1969, the Constitution was amended to allow President Park to serve three terms in total. When Park was reelected to the presidency in April 1971 under the new Constitution, 20 or so university students broke into the New Democratic Party (NDP)'s central office and demanded that the NDP members refuse to vote for the President. The Seoul District Criminal Court found the students not guilty, concluding that the somewhat raucous break-in staged by these students into a division of a major political party's office neither carried with it malignant intent or aggression toward the public, nor did it in itself cause a direct and manifest threat to the public (June 29, 1971, 71-Gohab-386,421,447). President Park was so riled up over the Court's decision that he personally telephoned the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court to complain (OCA, 1995, 474 and 488).
[6] The statement listed "treating judges who begged to differ from the prosecution in cases involving alleged violations of the ACA or the National Security Act as pro-communists" as threatening and undermining judicial independence. The KBA followed suit by releasing its own resolution to uphold judicial independence; 150 judges resigned as a result. Thus, the Prime Minister and the Minister of Justice were forced to announce publicly that the National Assembly would guarantee the judiciary budget and see to it that no further challenges to the judicial authority would occur; they also finally revoked the decision to dismiss Judge Lee Beomyeol. The judges responded in kind by withdrawing their resignations.
[7] Article 21 of the Expropriation Act defined that the fee charged for use of an expropriated property be based on the tax assessment standard of the given fiscal year in which the property was used, and that the amounts of other compensations be based upon the tax assessment standard applicable at the time the property was returned to the original proprietor's custody.
[8] On August 7, 1970, while waiting for the Supreme Court's conclusive decision on the case of Article 2.1 of the National Compensation Act, which the Seoul District Court had already found unconstitutional, the National Assembly amended the Court Organization Act. The pre-amended Act required the attendance of at least two-thirds of Supreme Court justices and consent from the majority of the justices present to find a legislation unconstitutional. The Act was finally amended so that it required the presence of at least two-thirds of Supreme Court justices and the consent of two-thirds of the justices present to find a legislation unconstitutional (Article 59.1), citing that cases of constitutionality were too grave to be decided in so light a fashion.
[9] The article stated that soldiers and their families who had already been compensated by the government for the death or injury of soldiers during military operations or in other military settings (including bases, ships, and aircrafts) could not seek further remedies and compensations under either the National Compensation Act or the Civil Act.
[10] The Court found Article 2.1 of the National Compensation Act unconstitutional, reasoning that the purpose of government workers' compensation was to uphold and further the project of social security, while the purpose of damages was to return on the damage caused by illegal or unauthorized actions (Constitutional Court, 1995, 50-54). Min Bokgi, the then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, later conceded that President Park did take offence to the Court's decision, and that the government exaggerated the negative impact the Court's ruling exerted on the national treasury and the economic development policy. According to Min, what the Court decision ultimately achieved was the undermining of government authority (OCA, 1995, 468-472, and 488).
Source: Korea Institute of Public Administration. 2008. Korean Public Administration, 1948-2008, Edited by Korea Institute of Public Administration. Pajubookcity: Bobmunsa.


Life in Borough Park is booming. Community leaders say the neighborhood is one of the fastest-growing in all of New York City.
Democratic City Councilman David Greenfield has served Borough Park for four years and said he has witnessed the neighborhood's population – and building landscape – trending upwards.
Census data and community board statistics showed the population in the western Brooklyn neighborhood shot up steadily over the past 20 years from roughly 160,000 residents living there in 1990 to more than 191,000 today.
Greenfield said Community Board 12 also recorded some of the highest growth in both resident participation and population over the past decade. A big part of the appeal, he said, rested in the community acting as the de facto capitol of Hasidic Judaism in the entire United States.


text:
using Fan.Data;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace Fan.Medias
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Contract for a media repository.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// This class should not be used outside of this DLL except when register for DI in Startup.cs,
    /// all media operations should be called through <see cref="IMediaService"/>.
    /// </remarks>
    public interface IMediaRepository : IRepository<Media>
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Returns <see cref="Media"/> by filename and upload date, returns null if not found.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="fileName"></param>
        /// <param name="year"></param>
        /// <param name="month"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        Task<Media> GetAsync(string fileName, int year, int month);

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns a list of <see cref="Media"/> based on media type page number and page size,
        /// or empty list if no records found; and total count of medias for this media type.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="mediaType"></param>
        /// <param name="pageNumber"></param>
        /// <param name="pageSize"></param>
        Task<(List<Media> medias, int count)> GetMediasAsync(EMediaType mediaType, int pageNumber, int pageSize);
    }
}


text:
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}
Predicting the equation of state is a simple approach to probe the validity of approximation methods in the theory of liquids.
For hard-sphere (HS) fluids, several methods have been proposed to derive the equation of state, such as the energy, virial, or compressibility equation of state in terms of an approximate pair distribution function; and the virial expansion of the equation of state~\cite{SimpleLiquids}.
Among the many derivations, the method proposed by Shinomoto is unique.

Shinomoto derived the equation of state for HS fluids by calculating the density profile and pair distribution function~\cite{Shinomoto1983}.
The calculation is based on estimating the minimum work required to overcome the depletion force~\cite{Asakura54} between (i) an HS and a hard wall and (ii) between two HSs.
Shinomoto's method is simpler and more concise than the numerous methods based on integral equations and is as accurate as the semiempirical Carnahan-Stirling equation of state~\cite{SimpleLiquids}.
Using Shinomoto's concept, the accuracy of the pair distribution function for an HS fluid turns out to be midway between that obtained by the Born-Green-Yvon theory and by the Percus-Yevick theory~\cite{Wehner1986}.

Shinomoto's method is not restricted to spherical molecules but is applicable to complex molecules as well.
In this paper, I apply Shinomoto's concept to parallel hard-spherocylinder (SPC) fluids.
By calculating the pair distribution function of the SPC fluid via Shinomoto's method, I obtain the fluid pressure by both Shinomoto's original route and the virial route~\cite{Gray1984}.
The results agree well with numerical simulation data via the former route when the length-to-width ratio is less than and equal to 0.25, and via the latter route for SPCs with length-to-width ratio greater than and equal to 2 up to $\infty$.

\section{Theory}
\label{sec:theory}
\subsection{Shinomoto's Method for Hard-SPC Fluids}
\label{subsec:theory-1}
In this section, I extend Shinomoto's method for a uniform monodisperse fluid consisting of parallel rigid SPCs.
Although the discussion here is restricted to hard SPC fluids, it is also applicable, with slight modifications, to general hard-body fluids.

The length and width of the SPCs are represented by $L$ and $D$, respectively, and the number density of the bulk SPC fluid is given by $\rho$.
The packing fraction is denoted by $\eta = \rho v$, with the volume of an SPC being $v=\pi D^{3}/6 + \pi D^{2}L/4$.
The symmetry axes of all SPCs in the fluid are aligned in a common direction.
Since all SPCs are identical and parallel, the excluded volume of an SPC is an SPC with length $2L$ and width $2D$(Fig.\ref{fig:1}a).
\begin{figure}[htbp]
 \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[clip]{fig1.eps}
 \end{center}
 \caption{\label{fig:1}Schematic used to define excluded volume. (a) Each SPC (thick solid curve) has an excluded volume (inside dashed curve) into which the center of another SPC (thin solid curve) cannot enter. (b) Excluded volume (below the dashed line) of hard wall (shaded area).}
\end{figure}

The SPC pair distribution function is
\begin{equation}
 g(\vec{r}) = \exp[-\beta \Phi(\vec{r})],
\end{equation}
where $\beta$ is the inverse temperature and $\Phi(\vec{r})$ is the minimum work required to move a test particle (denoted by \spc{\mathrm{t}}) from infinity to point $\vec{r}$ under the condition in which another SPC (denoted by \spc{0}) is fixed at the origin of the coordinate system.
The minimum work $\Phi(\vec{r})$ is nonzero because \spc{\mathrm{t}} is subjected to a nonvanishing effective force $\vec{F}$ since the density $\rho g(\vec{r})$ is now inhomogeneous because of the existence of \spc{0}.
For example, when \spc{0} and \spc{\mathrm{t}} are close enough that their excluded volumes overlap, the pressure exerted on the surface of \spc{\mathrm{t}} from surrounding SPCs vanishes inside the excluded volume of \spc{0} because of the absence of any SPC within this volume.
However, outside this excluded volume, the pressure is nonzero.
This mechanism to generate an effective force is similar to that required for the depletion force between particles suspended in the solutions of macromolecules~\cite{Asakura54}.

Let $S(\vec{r})$ be the surface of the excluded volume of \spc{\mathrm{t}} at $\vec{r}$, and let $\vec{r}^{*}$ be a point on $S(\vec{r})$.
Since the kinetic pressure at $\vec{r}^{*}$ is $\rho g(\vec{r}^{*})/\beta$, the net force exerted on \spc{\mathrm{t}} at $\vec{r}$ is
\begin{equation}
 \vec{F}(\vec{r}) = \frac{\eta}{\beta v} \int_{S(\vec{r})} g(\vec{r}^{*}) \vec{n}(\vec{r}^{*}) \mathrm{d} A(\vec{r}^{*}),
\end{equation}
where $\vec{n}(\vec{r}^{*})$ is the inward unit vector normal to $S$ at $\vec{r}^{*}$ and $\mathrm{d} A(\vec{r}^{*})$ is the infinitesimal area on $S$ at $\vec{r}^{*}$.
The integral is performed over $S(\vec{r})$.
The minimum work done against $\vec{F}$ is
\begin{equation}
 \Phi(\vec{r}) = -\int_{\infty}^{\vec{r}} \mathrm{d} \vec{r}'\cdot\vec{F}(\vec{r}'),
\end{equation}
so the pair distribution function obeys the integral equation
\begin{equation}
 g(\vec{r}) = \exp \biggl[\frac{\eta}{v}  \int_{\infty}^{\vec{r}} \mathrm{d} \vec{r}'\cdot\int_{S(\vec{r}')} g(\vec{r}^{*}) \vec{n}(\vec{r}^{*}) \mathrm{d} A(\vec{r}^{*})\biggr]. \label{eq:integralEquation}
\end{equation}

In principle, an approximate solution for this integral equation can be derived via an iteration method, as done in Ref.~\cite{Wehner1986} for an HS fluid.
In the present study, however, I follow the original paper by Shinomoto~\cite{Shinomoto1983} and use the result of the first iteration.
As an initial approximation to $g(\vec{r})$, I adopt the low-density limit of the pair distribution function (i.e., $\exp[-\beta u(\vec{r})]$, where $u(\vec{r})$ denotes an intermolecular interaction between molecules separated by $\vec{r}$).
Since the low-density limit of $g(\vec{r})$ is unity outside the excluded volume of \spc{0} and zero inside it, the integration over $S$ on the right-hand side of Eq.\eqref{eq:integralEquation} is zero if the \spc{\mathrm{t}} excluded volume does not overlap with that of \spc{0}, and nonzero if they do overlap.
A simple calculation shows that the double integral on the right-hand side of Eq.\eqref{eq:integralEquation} gives the overlap volume of the excluded volumes of \spc{\mathrm{t}} and \spc{0}.
Thus,
\begin{equation}
 g(\vec{r}) = \exp[\eta V_{\text{ov:s}}(\vec{r})/v], \label{eq:pairDistribution}
\end{equation}
where $V_{\text{ov:s}}(\vec{r})$ is the overlap volume of the excluded volumes of two SPCs separated by $\vec{r}$.
Equation \eqref{eq:pairDistribution} is alternatively expressed as $\exp[\eta \int \mathrm{d}\vec{r}_{i} f_{0i}f_{i\mathrm{t}}]$ in terms of Mayer's $f$-function $f_{0i}$ between \spc{0} and an SPC labeled $i$, and $f_{i\mathrm{t}}$ between $i$ and \spc{\mathrm{t}}.
The expansion of Eq.\eqref{eq:pairDistribution} in powers of $\eta$ gives an $f$-bond expansion of $g(\vec{r})$ which is exact up to the first order in $\eta$.

To calculate the equation of state as the pressure exerted on a wall, I introduce a hard wall at $z=0$.
Let the angle between the SPC symmetry axes and the $z$ axis be $\theta$, as shown in Fig.\ref{fig:1}b.
An SPC center cannot enter the excluded volume of the wall; that is, the SPC center cannot enter the region $z < z_{\mathrm{c}}$, where $z_{\mathrm{c}} = (D + L\cos\theta)/2$ is the $z$ coordinate of the point of contact.
To derive the first approximation of the density profile, consider the minimum work to move \spc{\mathrm{t}} toward the hard wall (a derivation similar to that of Eq.\eqref{eq:pairDistribution}), which gives
\begin{equation}
 \rho_{1}(\vec{r}, \theta) = \rho_{1}(z, \theta) = \frac{\eta}{v}\exp[\eta V_{\text{ov:w}}(z, \theta)/v], \label{eq:rho1}
\end{equation}
where $V_{\text{ov:w}}(z, \theta)$ is the overlap volume of the excluded volumes of the wall and SPC at $\vec{r}=(x, y, z)$.

The pair distribution function \eqref{eq:pairDistribution} and the density approximation \eqref{eq:rho1} improve the approximation of the pressure on the test particle and thus the minimum work.
Since the density at point $\vec{r}^{*}$ on $S(\vec{r})$ is $\rho_{1}(\vec{r}^{*}, \theta)g(\vec{r}^{*} - \vec{r})$, the pressure at $\vec{r}^{*}$ takes the form
\begin{equation}
 p_{1}(\vec{r}^{*}, \vec{r}, \theta)
  =
  \rho_{1}(\vec{r}^{*}, \theta)g(\vec{r}^{*} - \vec{r})/\beta
  =
  \frac{\eta}{\beta v} \exp\{\eta [V_{\text{ov:s}}(\vec{r}^{*} - \vec{r}) + V_{\text{ov:w}}(z^{*}, \theta)]/v\}. \label{eq:p1}
\end{equation}
The minimum work to move a test SPC from infinity to the point of contact with the wall is
\begin{equation}
 \Phi_{\mathrm{c}}(\theta) =
  -\int_{\infty}^{z_{\mathrm{c}}} \mathrm{d} z' \int_{S'(\vec{r})}
  p_{1}(\vec{r}^{*}, \vec{r}', \theta)
  n_{z}(\vec{r}^{*}) \mathrm{d} A(\vec{r}^{*}), \label{eq:minimumWork_contact}
\end{equation}
where $S'(\vec{r})$ denotes the subset of $S(\vec{r})$ outside the excluded volume of the wall.
Again, the minimum work \eqref{eq:minimumWork_contact} defines the contact density at the wall, which is $\rho \exp[-\beta \Phi_{\mathrm{c}}]$.
Applying the exact pressure sum rule~\cite{Holyst1989} leads to the conclusion that the dimensionless bulk pressure $P^{*}=\beta P v$ is equivalent to the contact packing fraction at the wall, so that the resulting dimensionless pressure is
\begin{equation}
 P^{*}_{\mathrm{S}}(\theta) = \eta \exp[-\beta \Phi_{\mathrm{c}}(\theta)]. \label{eq:pressure_shinomoto}
\end{equation}
The subscript $\mathrm{S}$ indicates that, when using Eq.\eqref{eq:work_contact} to estimate $\beta \Phi_{\mathrm{c}}(\theta)$, the pressure is the result of a straightforward extension of Shinomoto's method to parallel SPCs.

By expanding $p_{1}(\vec{r}^{*}, \vec{r}', \theta)$ in powers of the packing fraction $\eta$ up to the second order and substituting the result into Eq.\eqref{eq:minimumWork_contact}, we obtain the following power expansion of $\beta \Phi_{\mathrm{c}}(\theta)$:
\begin{equation}
 \beta \Phi_{\mathrm{c}}(\theta)
  =
  -4\eta
  -\eta^{2}\frac{1}{v^{2}} \int_{\infty}^{z_{\mathrm{c}}}\mathrm{d} z' \int_{S'(\vec{r})} [V_{\text{ov:s}}(\vec{r}^{*} - \vec{r}') + V_{\text{ov:w}}(z^{*}, \theta)] n_{z}(\vec{r}^{*})\mathrm{d} A(\vec{r}^{*}). \label{eq:work_contact}
\end{equation}
The coefficient of the first term is independent of $L$ and $\theta$ since it is given by $-V_{\text{ov:w}}(z_{\mathrm{c}}, \theta)/v$, where $V_{\text{ov:w}}(z_{\mathrm{c}}, \theta)$ is half of an SPC excluded volume for any $\theta$.
Note that the coefficient of the first term in Eq.\eqref{eq:work_contact} gives the exact second virial coefficient~\cite{Gray2011} if Eq.\eqref{eq:pressure_shinomoto} is expanded in powers of $\eta$.
Since Eq.\eqref{eq:work_contact} contains $V_{\text{ov:w}}$, the pair distribution function $\exp[\beta \Phi_{\mathrm{c}}]$ cannot be compared to the usual $f$-bond expansion of $g(\vec{r})$, as done below Eq.\eqref{eq:pairDistribution}.

It is possible to obtain $V_{\text{ov:s}}(\vec{r})$ and $V_{\text{ov:w}}(z, \theta)$ as combinations of the overlap volumes of hemispheres, cylinders, and a half-infinite region.
Here I omit explicit expressions for these functions since the calculation is elementary but the resulting expressions are considerably tedious.

The second term in the surface integral in Eq.\eqref{eq:work_contact} can be reduced to integration over the single variable $z^{*}$, since $V_{\text{ov:w}}(z^{*}, \theta)$ is constant when $z^{*}$ is fixed, so the integration over the other variable can be performed analytically.
Similarly, integration of the first term in the surface integral can be reduced to a single variable integration along the SPC axis.
The remaining double integral in Eq.\eqref{eq:work_contact} was calculated numerically.

\subsection{Virial Equation of State}
\label{subsec:theory-2}
In this section, I derive the equation of state through the virial route~\cite{Gray1984} (i.e., not strictly following Shinomoto's method as in the previous subsection) by using the pair distribution function (Eq.\eqref{eq:pairDistribution}) without introducing a hard wall.
The virial equation of state is
\begin{equation}
 P^{*} = \eta - \frac{\beta \eta^{2}}{6v} \int g(\vec{r})\vec{r}\cdot\nabla u(\vec{r}) \mathrm{d}^{3} \vec{r}, \label{eq:virialEOS}
\end{equation}
where $u(\vec{r})$ denotes an intermolecular interaction between molecules separated by $\vec{r}$.
In our case, $\nabla u(\vec{r})$ vanishes unless $\vec{r}$ corresponds to a contact configuration, so only the contact value of $g(\vec{r})$ contributes to the virial pressure.

In the molecular frame, in which the $z$ axis lies along the SPC symmetry axis, the contact value of $g(\vec{r})=g(x, y, z)$ is a function of the single variable $z$.
This may be seen by noting that, although $g(\vec{r})$ is a function of $z$ and $x^{2} + y^{2}$, the sum $x^{2} + y^{2}$ is defined by $z$ provided that $\vec{r}$ corresponds to a contact configuration.
The contact value of $g(\vec{r})$ in Eq.\eqref{eq:pairDistribution} is denoted by $g_{\mathrm{c}}(z)$ .
The dimensionless virial pressure thus reduces to
\begin{equation}
 P^{*}_{\mathrm{v}} = \eta + \frac{2\pi \eta^{2}D^{3}}{3v}
  \biggl[
  \int_{0}^{L} g_{\mathrm{c}}(z) \frac{\mathrm{d} z}{D} + \int_{L}^{L+1} \biggl\{1 + \frac{(z - L)L}{D^{2}}\biggr\}g_{\mathrm{c}}(z) \frac{\mathrm{d} z}{D}
  \biggr]. \label{eq:virialEOS2}
\end{equation}

\section{Results}
With isobaric Monte Carlo (MC) simulations~\cite{Frenkel2002}, I obtained ``exact'' results for $g_{\mathrm{c}}(z)$ and the equation of state, which are to be compared below with Shinomoto and virial analytical results.
Note that the following MC results are not used in the evaluations of $P^{*}_{\mathrm{S}}$ and $P^{*}_{\mathrm{v}}$ in the previous section.
In the MC simulations, I used a length-to-width ratio $L/D=5$ and $N=4096$ SPCs.
The SPCs are perfectly aligned along the $z$ axis in a simulation box, and the periodic boundary conditions are imposed in all directions.
I performed $10^{6}$ MC steps and recorded $g_{\mathrm{c}}(z)$ and the packing fraction every $10^{3}$ MC steps to calculate their average values.
For isobaric MC simulations, I also checked the consistency of the given pressure by comparing it to the pressure calculated with the right-hand side of Eq.\eqref{eq:virialEOS2} with the pair distribution function calculated via an isochoric MC simulation (the pressures agree within the error bars).
For $L/D=5$ parallel SPCs, MC simulations~\cite{Stroobants1987} give a pressure and the packing fraction at the nematic-smectic phase transition of $P^{*} = 2.11$ and $\eta = 0.406$, respectively, for a system of $N=270$ SPCs.
The results of molecular dynamics simulations~\cite{Veerman1991} are the same for a system of $N=1080$ SPCs.
Since the discussion in the previous section is valid only for the nematic phase, I performed MC simulations at $P^{*} = 0.5$, $1.0$, $1.5$, and $2.0$; under these conditions, no distinct layer structure was found.

Figure \ref{fig:fig_gc} shows the contact values of $g_{\mathrm{c}}(z)$ given by Eq.\eqref{eq:pairDistribution} and those obtained from the MC simulations.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
 \begin{center}

  \includegraphics[clip]{fig2.eps}
 \end{center}
 \caption{\label{fig:fig_gc}Contact value of pair distribution function versus $z/D$ (the normalized SPC separation in the symmetry axis direction) for SPCs with $L/D=5$.
 The open and solid circles correspond to isochoric MC simulations for packing fractions $\eta = 0.2076$ (for $P^{*}=0.5$) and $\eta = 0.3929$ (for $P^{*}=2.0$), respectively.
 The solid and dashed curves indicate the respective contact values from Eq.\eqref{eq:pairDistribution} for the same packing fractions.}
\end{figure}
At low density ($\eta=0.2076$), Eq.\eqref{eq:pairDistribution} agrees well with the contact value of the pair distribution function obtained from the isochoric MC simulation.
However, the results diverge at high density.
For example, for $2.8 < z/D < 5$, $g_{\mathrm{c}}(z)$ for $\eta = 0.3929$ is lower than $g_{\mathrm{c}}(z)$ for $\eta = 0.2076$;
such an inverse dependency on $\eta$ cannot be expected on the basis of Eq.\eqref{eq:pairDistribution} since $g_{\mathrm{c}}(z)$ in Eq.\eqref{eq:pairDistribution} increases monotonically as a function of $\eta$ for a given $z$.
A similar failure of Shinomoto's pair distribution function at high density has also been reported for rigid parallel cylinders~\cite{Koda2011}.

The agreement between the equation of state and the simulation data is all the more striking given the poor accuracy of our estimate for the pair distribution function at high density.
Figure \ref{fig:eos} shows the equation of state for SPCs with $L/D=5$.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
 \begin{center}

  \includegraphics[clip]{fig3.eps}
 \end{center}
 \caption{\label{fig:eos} Equations of state giving the pressure from Shinomoto's original route and the virial pressure as functions of packing fraction $\eta$ for the nematic phase of parallel SPCs with $L/D=5$.
 The solid and dashed curves indicate $P^{*}_{\mathrm{S}}$ and $P^{*}_{\mathrm{v}}$, respectively.
 The crosses and circles indicate, respectively, data from isobaric and isochoric MC simulations.
 Their error bars are smaller than the symbol size.
 The dotted curve is the empirically modified result of the scaled particle theory in Ref.\cite{Koda2002}.}
\end{figure}
The virial pressure $P^{*}_{\mathrm{v}}$ agrees very well with the results of MC simulations throughout the nematic phase.
The empirically modified result of the scaled particle theory for parallel hard SPCs~\cite{Koda2002}, $P_{\text{SPT}}^{*}=(2\eta^{2} + \eta)/(1 - \eta)^{2}$, is also shown in Fig.\ref{fig:eos}.
$P^{*}_{\mathrm{v}}$ agrees better with MC simulation results than $P^{*}_\text{SPT}$.

The numerical evaluation of Eq.\eqref{eq:work_contact} indicates that $\Phi_{\mathrm{c}}(\theta)$, and thus the pressure $P^{*}_{\mathrm{S}}(\theta)$, are independent of $\theta$.
Although this result does not constitute a rigorous proof of the independence of these quantities with respect to $\theta$, it does mean that the $\theta$-dependence of these quantities can be safely neglected.
The pressure $P^{*}_{\mathrm{S}}$, which agrees well with the exact result for HSs~\cite{Shinomoto1983}, deviates from the results of MC simulations at high density for SPCs with $L/D=5$.

The dependence of $P^{*}_{\mathrm{v}}$ on $L/D$ for parallel SPCs is quite weak.
The virial pressure with $L/D = 0$ (i.e., for HSs) and $L/D = \infty$ is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:eos2}.
For $L/D=0$, the exact expression for the virial pressure becomes
\begin{equation}
 P^{*}_{\mathrm{v}} = \eta + 4\eta^{2}e^{5\eta/2}.
\end{equation}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
 \begin{center}

  \includegraphics[clip]{fig4.eps}
 \end{center}
 \caption{\label{fig:eos2} Equations of state giving the pressure from Shinomoto's original route and the virial pressure as functions of packing fraction $\eta$ for the nematic phase of parallel SPCs with different length-to-width ratios.
 The solid and dashed curves give the virial pressure $P^{*}_{\mathrm{v}}$ for SPCs with $L/D=\infty$ and $0$ (i.e., hard spheres), respectively.
 The dotted curve represents the pressure $P^{*}_{\mathrm{S}}$ for SPCs with $L/D=0.25$.
 The squares, circles, triangles, and diamonds show the simulation results for SPCs with $L/D=\infty$, $2$, $1$, and $0.25$, respectively.
 These simulation data are taken from Ref.~\cite{Veerman1991} for $L/D=\infty$ and from Ref.~\cite{Stroobants1987} for the others.}
\end{figure}
The difference in virial pressures between SPCs with $L/D=0$ and $\infty$ is a few percent at $\eta=0.444$, which is the packing fraction of the nematic-smectic phase transition for SPCs with $L/D=\infty$~\cite{Veerman1991}.
All virial pressures for SPCs with finite $L/D$ are between these two curves (see solid and dashed curves in Fig.\ref{fig:eos2}).

The simulation data in Fig.~\ref{fig:eos2} are taken from the molecular dynamics simulations for $N=1080$ SPCs with $L/D=\infty$~\cite{Veerman1991}, and MC simulations for $N=90$ SPCs with $L/D=2, 1$ and $0.25$~\cite{Stroobants1987}.
The weak dependence of the pressure on $L/D$ is also found in numerical simulations if $L/D \ge 2$; thus, $P^{*}_{\mathrm{v}}$ agrees well with these data from $L/D=2$ to $\infty$.
For SPCs with $L/D < 2$, however, the pressure at a given $\eta$ increases as $L$ decreases, and the agreement between the virial pressure $P^{*}_{\mathrm{v}}$ and the numerical results worsens.
As expected from the success of Shinomoto's method for HSs, the pressure $P^{*}_{\mathrm{S}}$ gives better results for SPCs with small $L/D$; but its validity is limited to $0 \leq L/D \leq 0.25$.

\section{Discussion}
The failure of $g_{\mathrm{c}}(z)$ at high densities indicates that the agreement between virial pressures for SPCs from $L/D=2$ to $L/D=\infty$ and those of MC simulations is due to a coincidental cancellation of errors.
Furthermore, the virial method for calculating pressure is not valid for SPCs with small $L/D$, so we are obliged to use Shinomoto's original method; however, there is no theoretical justification to use two different methods depending on $L/D$.
Yet, despite these flaws in the theory, it is interesting that $P^{*}_{\mathrm{v}}$ agrees well with the numerical data over a broad range of $L/D$, and that $P^{*}_{\mathrm{S}}$ for $L/D = 0$ and $P^{*}_{\mathrm{v}}$ for $L/D = \infty$ seem to give the upper and lower bounds for pressures for all $L/D$.

In principle, Shinomoto's method can be generalized to a system of SPCs with arbitrary direction and even to arbitrary hard-core systems.
However, it is difficult to implement this method for such systems.
For example, in many cases, the excluded volume has a complex shape, so calculating the overlap volume of $V_{\text{exc}}(\Omega, \Omega'')$ and $V_{\text{exc}}(\Omega'', \Omega')$ is almost impossible (where $\Omega$ is the orientation of a nonspherical molecule and $V_{\text{exc}}(\Omega, \Omega')$ is the excluded volume of two molecules with orientations $\Omega$ and $\Omega'$).
Numerical estimation of the overlap volume might be possible by MC integration, as done in calculating the virial coefficients of nonspherical molecules.
If such a numerical estimation is performed, Shinomoto's method, which is free from divergence, would have an advantage to the virial expansion, which has a considerably small radius of convergence for strongly anisotropic molecules~\cite{You2005}.

There is no explanation for the insensitivity of the equation of state to the SPC length in $2 \le L/D \le \infty$.
If the system is a fluid of parallel hard ellipsoids, the dimensionless pressure is independent of the molecular length since the system can be mapped to an HS fluid with a scale transformation.
However, the SPC fluid cannot be mapped onto a single system and the above discussion for ellipsoids is not applicable.

\section{Conclusion}
The pair distribution function for an SPC fluid derived by Shinomoto's method agrees well with the result of MC simulations at low density but the agreement worsens at high densities.
From this Shinomoto's pair distribution function, the equation of state is derived by two different routes: Shinomoto's original route and the virial route.
Despite the failure of Shinomoto's pair distribution function, the virial pressure $P^{*}_{\mathrm{v}}$ agrees very well with the numerical data for $2 \le L/D \le \infty$ throughout the nematic phase.
The pressure from Shinomoto's original route, $P^{*}_{\mathrm{S}}$, agrees well with the numerical data for $0 \le L/D \le 0.25$.
$P^{*}_{\mathrm{S}}$ for $L/D=0$ and $P^{*}_{\mathrm{v}}$ for $L/D \to \infty$ seem to give the upper and lower bounds for pressures for all $L/D$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


ESNR has conducted numerous studies focusing on the economics of wildfire suppression and prevention.
Taylor, M.H., L. Christman and K. Rollins. Choosing the Right Policy to Promote Defensible Space in the Wildland-Urban Interface: Evidence from Homeowners in Nevada. In review.
Taylor, M., K. Rollins, M. Kobayashi, and R. Tausch. (2013). "The Economics of Fuel Management: Wildfire, Invasive Plants, and the Evolution of Sagebrush Rangelands in the Western United States", Journal of Environmental Management 126: 157-173.
"Incentives for Investing in Public and Private Options for Reducing Wildfire Risks" presented at the 49th Annual Conference of the Canadian Economics Association, Ryerson University, Toronto, May 29, 2015.
Christman, L., K. Rollins and M. Taylor. 2014. "Homeowners' willingness to pay for private and public actions to reduce wildfire risk." Presented at the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, July 27-29, 2014.
Taylor, M. H., L. Christman, Laine, K. Rollins. 2013. "Risk Externalities, Wildfire Hazard, and Private Investment to Mitigate Wildfire Risk in the Wildland-Urban Interface" Agricultural and Applied Economics Association Annual Meeting, Washington D.C., August, 4-6, 2013.
Rollins, Kimberly, Michael Taylor, Mimako Kobayashi, and Robin Tausch. (2012). "The Economics of Fuel Management: Wildfire, Invasive Plants, and the Evolution of Sagebrush Rangelands in the Western United States", selected paper presented at the European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists 19th Annual Conference, 27-30 June 2012, Prague, Czech Republic.
Rollins, Kimberly and Mimako Kobayashi. (2010). "Embedding a Field Experiment in Contingent Valuation to Measure Context-Dependent Risk Preferences: An Application to Wildfire Risk", Selected Paper 11142, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, 2010 Annual Meeting, July 25-27, 2010, Denver, Colorado. 33 pages.
Kobayashi, Mimako, Thomas Harris, and Kimberly Rollins. (2010). "Invasive Weeds, Wildfire, and Rancher Decision Making in the Great Basin", Selected Paper 613121, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association>2009 Annual Meeting, July 26-28, 2009, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 23 pages.
Kobayashi, Mimako, Kimberly Rollins, and Michael H. Taylor. (2010). "Ranching, Invasive Annual Grasses, and the External Costs of Wildfire in the Great Basin: A Stochastic Dynamic Programming Approach", Selected Paper 11955, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association>2010 Annual Meeting, July 25-27, 2010, Denver, Colorado. 39 pages.
Kobayashi, Mimako, Thomas Harris, and Kimberly Rollins. (2009). "Invasive Weeds, Wildfire, and Rancher Decision Making in the Great Basin", Selected Paper 613121, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, 2009 Annual Meeting, July 26-28, 2009, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 29 pages.
Rollins, K., M., Evans, and L. Christman. (2013). "Wildfire 2012 "Are You Ready?" Responsibilities, Actions and Summary of Responses". Technical Report ESNR 2013/06-03.
Rollins, K., L. Christman, and C. Lott. (2013). "The 2011 WIldfire Risk/Hazard Assessment of Selected Nevada Communities", Technical Report ESNR 2013/06-01.
Rollins, K., L. Christman, and H. Will. (2011). "Defensible Space Investment in Rural Nevada Communities: Data Documentation Report", Technical Report ESNR 2013/06-02.
Christman, L. and K. Rollins. (2011). "Simulating the Expected Value of Changing Spatial Distributions of Wildfire Resources in Response to Wildfire Probability Outlooks", Technical Report UCED 2010/11-02.
Rollins, K., M.D.R. Evans, and L. Christman. (2010). "Wildfire! 2006, A Survey of Nevada's Risks, Responsibilities and Actions: Summary of Responses", Technical Report UCED 2010/11-01.


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VIDEO: Man slaps face of French President Emmanuel Macron; security quickly takes him down
French President Emmanuel Macron was slapped in the face by a man he greeted on the other side of a security barrier during a Tuesday visit to the southeastern region of the country, Reuters reported.
Video of the incident shows Macron, dressed in a white dress shirt, extending his arm toward a man dressed in a green shirt. Suddenly the man slaps Macron's left cheek, and security swiftly takes the culprit down.
Reuters said prior to delivering the slap, the man could be heard shouting "A Bas La Macronie," which means "Down with Macronia." The outlet added that the man also shouted "Montjoie Saint Denis" — the battle cry of the French armies when the country was still a monarchy.
While Macron was ushered from the spot of the slap, he remained near the crowd for a few more seconds and also appeared to talk to someone on the other side of the barrier, Reuters said.
Two 28-year-old men — the man who slapped Macron and another accompanying him — were in police custody at 1:45 p.m. for alleged violence against a person holding public authority, CNN reported, citing the prosecutor's office of the city of Valence.
The identity and motive of the man who slapped Macron were unclear, Reuters reported.
Macron's visit involved meeting restaurateurs and students to discuss life returning to normal amid COVID-19, Reuters also said. Bars and restaurants will be able to reopen to indoor customers after seven months of closure, BBC News reported, adding that France's overnight curfew on Wednesday is being pushed back from 9 p.m. to 11 p.m.
BBC News also said Macron had just visited a hotel school in Tain-l'Hermitage and that his visit to the area was set to continue Tuesday.
Other politicians react
Politicians have denounced the slap, BBC News reported.
Prime Minister Jean Castex told the National Assembly that while democracy means debate and legitimate disagreement "it must never in any case mean violence, verbal aggression, and even less physical attack," the network said.
Far-left leader Jean-Luc Mélenchon tweeted his "solidarity with the president" after the incident, BBC News said, while far-right leader Marine Le Pen — a prominent Macron rival — said that "while democratic debate can be bitter, it can never tolerate physical violence."


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Home > Institutes > ORAL_HISTORY > COMBINED INTERVIEWS > 1630
Combined Interviews
Interview no. 1630
James L. Hayden
Barbara Dent
US ARMY El Paso Medical History
Summary of Interview
As a career soldier, Hayden spent the better part of his life in the Army; in this interview he recalls his experiences as a fourth-generation West Point graduate, his service both in the Army Constabulary in immediate post-World War II Germany and in Korea during the Korean War, his responsibilities at White Sands Missile Range under Wernher von Braun, and his recent volunteer work as a West Point admissions advisor. Born in 1923 in New York, Hayden was expected from birth to attend West Point; indeed, his father was an instructor there at the time. Although he applied in 1940, 1941, and 1942, Hayden wryly admits that he was rejected each time until the academy relaxed its standards and started letting everyone in. After his eventual graduation in 1945, the Army sent Hayden over to Germany as part of its police force. Hayden describes in some detail his responsibilities there, the devastation he witnessed, and both the physical and emotional toll the war had taken upon the German population. After returning to the United States in 1948, the army transferred Hayden to its Guided Missile Regiment at Fort Bliss, where he began working as Wernher von Braun's staff's gopher on the V-1 and V-2 missile projects. During the years of 1952 and 1953, Hayden served in Korea and, while briefly describing his duties, he also offers some anecdotes from the time he spent there. Upon his retirement from the Army in 1975, Hayden grew quite despondent. It was not until he began working as a volunteer for West Point admissions that he once again found his calling.
Length of Interview
Listen to the Interview
Tape Number
No. 1630
Pamela Krch
Interview Number
Unrestricted
Interview with James L. Hayden by Barbara Dent, 2010, "Interview no. 1630," Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso.
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