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Background: Air pollution is a major threat to human health. World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 4.2 million premature deaths due to ambient air pollution in 2016. It's a serious problem in metropolitan cities like Delhi, Patna and Gwalior in India. Average daily exposure of traffic policemen to dust particles and toxic gases from automobile exhaust exceeds about 8-10 hr/day.
Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of ambient air pollution on pulmonary functions of the traffic policemen.
Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study with 100 traffic policemen was conducted. The inclusion criteria were non- smoker males, aged between 25-50 years, working for last 1-5 years in the traffic department. The exclusion criteria were history of respiratory or cardiovascular disease or declined participation. Anthropometric measurements of the subjects were taken as per standard protocols, approved by the WHO. Pulmonary functions of the traffic policemen were assessed by determination of Forced vital capacity (FVC), Forced expiratory volume in 1st second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC%, Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and Forced expiratory flow during 25-75% of expiration (FEF25-75%) by using the nomogram of Indian settings with a computer based Spirometer, Spiro Excel manufactured by Medicaid Systems Pvt. Ltd. The association of percentage of predicted values of the pulmonary function parameters with the duration of exposure to air pollutants was analysed by using Pearson correlation.
Results: There were significant correlation between the duration of exposure to ambient air pollution and pulmonary function parameters FEV1(r=-.041), FEV1/FVC% (r=-.349), PEFR (r=-.027), & FEF25-75% (r=-.401) expressed as correlation-coefficient (rvalue).
Conclusion: The findings showed that prolonged exposure to ambient air pollution leads to a trend of development of obstructive features among traffic policemen.
Keywords: Ambient air pollution, pulmonary function test, Correlation-coefficient and Obstructive features.
Kumar T, Kumar M, Sunita, Sakshi P, Sharan A. Effects of Ambient Air Pollution on Pulmonary Functions of Traffic Policemen. J Indira Gandhi Inst Med Sci 2019;5:42-5
Kumar T, Kumar M, Sunita, Sakshi P, Sharan A. Effects of Ambient Air Pollution on Pulmonary Functions of Traffic Policemen. J Indira Gandhi Inst Med Sci [serial online] 2019 [cited 2023 Feb 1];5:42-5. Available from: http://www.jigims.co.in/text.asp?2019/5/1/42/301076
Air pollution is a major threat to human health in most of the countries of the world. It reduces the life expectancy of people who are constantly exposed to it. According to the World Health Organization (Update 2016), air pollution is the world's largest single environmental health risk in urban areas.[1] WHO estimates 4.2 million premature deaths worldwide in 2016 from exposure to outdoor air pollution. The Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) Study 2015 estimated 4.2 million anthropogenic PM2.5- related premature deaths per year.[2]
According to the global estimate made by the United Nations Environment Programme, 1.1 billion people breathe unhealthy air.[3] This increases daily deaths and hospital admissions throughout the world due to its wide range of effects on human health, especially the cardiopulmonary system.[4],[5],[6],[7] It is also estimated that urban air pollution is responsible for approximately 800,000 deaths and 4.6 million loss of lives each year around the globe.[8] Global daily death from diseases related to air pollution is put at 8000 and a yearly death toll due to air pollution about 2.4 million.[9]
The 2016 Environmental Performance Index ranked India 141 out of 180 countries surveyed.[10] Air pollution from automobile exhaust and vehicular traffic density has become a serious problem, particularly in metropolitan cities in India. Air quality crisis is mainly due to vehicular emission.[11] Automobile exhaust consists of Nitrogen, Carbon monoxide, particulate matter and others which may cause injury to terminal bronchioles and a decrease in the pulmonary compliance and vital capacity.[12]
The particles from the vehicular exhaust of more than 10 micron may be held in upper respiratory tract and accumulates in the lung and produces airway respiratory problems.[13] Fine particles of 2.5 micron causes asthma, respiratory inflammation, jeopardizes lung functions and even promotes lung cancer.[14] The occupational exposure to vehicular exhaust among traffic policemen is an important risk factor for the development of respiratory signs and symptoms.[15]
Average daily exposure of traffic policemen to dust particles and toxic gases (chemicals) generally exceeds about 8-10 hr/day. Many studies have been conducted to determine the long term effects of air pollutants among traffic policemen in different parts of our country. The situation is made worse due to gradual increase in number of vehicles and most of them are old and poorly maintained.
Patna is one of the few most polluted cities in India. Therefore this study was conducted to determine the effects of ambient air pollution on the pulmonary functions of the traffic policemen within five years to avoid worst condition and review current policies for their services for amendment by the government accordingly, so that preventive measures can be taken early for their good health.
Materials & Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study with 100 participants recruited from the traffic police department of Bihar government. The study was conducted in April and May 2018, at Traffic police station, Gandhi Maidan, Patna.
The inclusion criteria were non-smoker male subjects, aged between 25-50 years, working for last 1-5 years in the traffic department without history of previous respiratory illness or treatment for the same.
The exclusion criteria were past history of respiratory diseases (asthma, tuberculosis and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases), cardiovascular diseases, anaemia, congenital anomalies, history of haemoptysis, drug history (such as anti-tuberculosis and ant-asthmatics), declined participation and improper completion of the questionnaire.
A questionnaire of 26 items selected from the Compendium of Respiratory Standard Questionnaire for adults, due to its high internal consistency and reliability.[16] The questionnaire consists of three sections: A, B and C. Section A included information regarding the participant's sociodemographic data such as age, educational level, ethnicity, area and nature of residence (number of rooms for family members and ventilation available for each room). Section B included questions regarding the participant's life style habits such as smoking status, alcohol intake, nutritional habits and status of baseline physical activity. Section C gathered information regarding the participants' work characteristics and the environment such as duration and nature of job, usage of any precautionary measure like mask and number of hours per day/ week.
Three basic measurements included anthropometric, spirometric and air quality indices.
The anthropometric indices were measured as weight (kg) and height (m) using standard protocols as approved by the WHO.[17] Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m2). BMI of 18.5 - 24.9 was regarded as normal, 25-29.9 overweight and ?30 obese.
The pulmonary function assessment was done by measurement of Forced vital capacity (FVC), Forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1), Ratios of FEV1 to FVC (FEV1/FVC), PEFR and FEF25-75% of the subjects by using the nomogram of Indian settings. These parameters were measured by using Computer based Spirometer, Spiro Excel of Medicaid System Pvt. Ltd. Every subject performed forced expiratory manoeuvre thrice while sittng with free mobility and nostrils was closed with a nose clip to prevent the passage of air through the nose to ensure reproducibility of results. Average values and Standard deviation (SD) of these pulmonary function parameters of the traffic policemen were recorded and percentage of the predicted values of the same parameters were calculated and correlated with the duration of their exposure to the ambient air pollution.
The air quality was determined by measurement of the pollutants like Carbon monoxide, Sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide, Ozone and particulate matter. Evidence-based studies have shown that air pollutants are categorised in a number of different ways, but most of the air pollutants are generally not found in isolation but in a complex mixture, that creates the potential for synergistic effects on pulmonary functions of human beings.[18] The scenario creates a high level of traffic-related ambient air pollution. Statistical analysis was done by using the software 'Epi Info 7.2 version'. Various parameters of Pulmonary Function Test were recorded and their Mean+SD were calculated. Then association between the duration of exposure and percentage of predicted values of the various parameters of pulmonary function tests was determined by using Pearson correlation.
According to the questionnaire, 23% of the traffic policemen were suffering from mild to moderate breathlessness, 19% from occasional cough, 8% from mild chest pain and 21% from irritation in the respiratory tract. Mean age of the traffic policemen was 43.48 years (SD= ±10.63). Mean weight of the traffic policemen was 73.85±9.64 and mean height was 172.49±6.75. Mean BMI was 24.82 kg/m2 (SD=±2.95).
The average data of ambient air quality of Indira Gandhi Science Complex Planetarium during the study showed 1.26 mg/m3 of Carbon monoxide (CO), 10.6 mgm/m3 of Sulfur dioxide (SO2), 36.4 mgm/m3 of Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 54.2 of mgm/m3 Ozone (O3) and particulate matter, 73.7 mgm/m3 of PM2.5. Most of the traffic policemen (>62%) were living away from their families in common halls in the areas near busy traffic, therefore they were continuously exposed to high level of air pollutants.
Following table shows the Mean±SD of the parameters of pulmonary function (PFT) tests:
Table 1: shows predicted and recorded values (Mean±SD) of various parameters of PFT.
Following table shows the correlation between % of predicted values of the various parameters of PFT and duration of exposure to the ambient air pollution:
Table 2: shows correlation of various parameters of pulmonary function tests with duration.
Occupational health hazard is a serious matter of concern for traffic policemen as they spend major portion of their life in highly polluted environment during their services. Delhi saw its worst Smog very similar to Great London Smog from 1st to 9th November, 2016 and is also named as Great Delhi Smog according to ambient air pollution, Database, WHO, May 2016. India has thirteen cities in the world's top twenty most polluted cities with Delhi leading the pack along Patna, Gwalior and Raipur respectively.[19] Patna is one of the most rapidly growing cities of India with increasing number of vehicles adding to more pollution and crowding. Present study was therefore focused on the effect of air pollutants on the pulmonary function of traffic policemen in Patna.
In a study done by Pravati P. et al, a significant reduction was observed in VC (P<0.05), FEV1 (P<0.01), FEF-25 (P<0.05) and PIF (P<0.05) in traffic police personnel in Pondicherry.[20] Many studies have also shown that the long term exposure to particulates and vehicular exhaust is associated with adverse effect on health.[21],[22],[23],[24],[25]
In the study done by Dockery et al, continuous vehicular exhaust inhalation was found to be associated with symptom of lower respiratory tract such as cough, shortness of breath and pain during inspiration.[26],[27] Particulate matters less than 10 micrometre were positively associated with symptom of chronic productive cough and increased severity of airway obstruction disease and asthma.[28]
In our study, 100 traffic policemen were selected on the basis of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Mean+SD values of various pulmonary function parameters FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEFR and FEV25.75% of the traffic policemen were recorded and correlated with the duration of their exposure to the ambient air pollution. It was found that there were significant negative correlation of percentage of predicted values of FEV1, FEV1/FVC%, PEFR and FEV25- 75% with the duration of exposure. FVC was also reduced among traffic policemen but its correlation with duration was not very significant because the ambient air pollutants from vehicular exhaust mainly cause obstructive features. Pinkerton KE et al observed that it is the finer particles (< 2.5 μm diameter) that are responsible for tissue remodelling. They also showed marked differences between particle retention and remodelling in the first-, second-, and third-generation respiratory bronchioles. The major site of impact and injury appeared to be the terminal bronchiole and adjacent first-generation respiratory bronchioles, with progressive decrease in both retention of particles and injury in the second- and third-generation respiratory bronchioles.[29]
The findings of this study showed a trend towards development of obstructive features amongst traffic policemen after prolonged exposure to ambient air pollution during their job. The results have important policy implications for the introduction of stringent measures towards reducing ambient air pollution in our cities. This could include ban over the old vehicles, not fulfilling the norms of pollution from the traffic control board, monitoring of traffic policemen at interval of certain period for the evaluation of their health impact of air pollution and avoidance of building air pollution hot spots in cities like old factories and brick-kilns.
Also, the workplace approach that addresses both individual and environmental factors could help ameliorate the adverse respiratory effect of ambient air pollution. Individual intervention could include the avoidance of exposure to indoor air pollutants, life style modifications such as well-ventilated houses, cessation of smoking, obesity preventive measures (eg. good nutrition, physical activity), avoidance of second-hand smoking, proper psychosocial stress management, and choice of residential area away from air pollution hot spots.
Also, effort should be directed towards tackling the problem of socioeconomic inequalities by encouraging early childhood education. Empirical evidences have shown that, the educational level can modify the effect of exposure to air pollutants on mortality, with higher risk among people with lower educational levels.[30]
Acknowledgement: I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to my Prof. & HOD, Dr. Ashok Sharan for his continuous support and encouragement during my study. I would like to thank wholeheartedly Dr. Shishir Punai, Assistant Professor, Community Medicine who helped in statistics. I'm also grateful to other faculty members, tutors and my postgraduate students Dr. Sanaul Mustafa Ansari, Dr. Siddarth, Dr. Abhishek & Dr. Suman and technicians for their helping hands.
There was no conflict of interest.
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The 2016 Environmental Performance Index is a project led by the Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy (YCELP) and Yale Data- Driven Environmental Solutions Group at Yale University (Data- Driven Yale), the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) at Columbia University, in collaboration with the Samuel Family Foundation, McCall MacBain Foundation, and the World Economic Forum.
Chowdhury, Sourangsu & Dey, Sagnik. Cause-specific premature death from ambient PM2.5 exposure in India: Estimate adjusted for baseline mortality. Environment International 91 (2016); 283-290.
Schwartz J, Dockery DW, Neas LM. Is daily mortality associated specially with particles? J Air Waste Manag Assoc 1996; 46:927-39. [PubMed]
Sopan T ingle et al, Exposure to vehicular pollution and respiratory impairment of traffic police in Jalgaon city, India. Industrial health 43:656-662 (2005).
Yu-Fei Xing, Yue-Hua Xu, Min-Hua Shi and Yi-Xin Lian. J of Thoracic Diseases. 2016 Jan; 8(1): E69-E74.
Singh Rita, Garg Rajiv, Singh M and Chaudhary JK. Rising ambient air pollution and risk of respiratory impairmentin traffic policemen, Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2014 Oct; 5(4):293-298.
Pistelli F, Viegi G, Carrozzi L, et al. Appendix 3, Compendium of respiratory standard questionnaires for adults (CORSQ). Eur Respir Rev 2011;11:118-43.
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Pravati P, John RA, Dutta TK et al. Pulmonary function tests in traffic police personnel in Pondicherry. Indian J Physiology Pharmacol 2010;54:329-36 [PubMed].
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Rojas-Martinez R, Perez-Padilla R, Olaiz-Fernandez G, Mendoza- Alvarado L, Moreno-Macias H, Fortoul T, et al. Lung function growth in children with long term exposure to air pollutants in Mexico City. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176:377-84. [PubMed]
Devalia JL, Rusznak C, Davies RJ. Air pollution in the 1990s - cause of increased respiratory disease? Respire Med. 1994;88:241-4. [PubMed]
Gotschi T, Heinrich J, Sunyer J, Kunzli N. Long-term effects of ambient air pollution on lung function: A review. Epidemiology. 2008;19:690- 701. [PubMed]
Brunekreef B, Beelen R, Hoek G, Schouten L, Bausch-Goldbohm S, Fischer P, et al. Effects of long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution on respiratory and cardiovascular mortality in the Netherlands: The NLCS-AIR study. Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2009;139:5-71. [PubMed]
Dockery DW, Pope III CA. Acute respiratory effects of particulate air pollution. Annu Rev Public Health 15: 107-32, (1994).
Pope III CA, Dockery DW, Schwartz J. Review of epidemiological evidence of health effects of particulate air pollution. InhalToxicol 7: 1-18, (1997).
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Pinkerton KE, Green FHY, Saiki C, Vallyathan V, Plopper CG, Gopal V,etal. Distribution of particulate matter and tissue remodeling in human lung. Environ Health Perspect. 2000;108: 1063-1069.
Beelen R, Hoek G, Van den Brandt PA, et al. Long term effects of traffic related air pollution on mortality in a Dutch cohort (NLCS-Air Study). Environ Health Perspect 2018;116:196-202 [PubMed].
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Civil Engineers Keep it Clean
Home > Trending > Interview > Civil Engineers Keep it Clean
Posted on 31st May 2017
In Interview, Trending
What goes around comes around as a business
Faith Diketane and Zwelibanzi Mnguni grew up in Tembisa, on the East Rand. This is "one of the many townships that have a large number of informal settlements," says Zwelibanzi. "The lack of infrastructure and service delivery are factors which have aggravated the land and air pollution problem. As kids, we couldn't enjoy playing outdoors as we were exposed to health and safety hazards to a large degree."
Both graduated from Wits as civil engineers in 2015 and they have started a business called Destination Green Recyling.
In a way, the career chose me.
At high school, Faith wanted to be an architect, but Wits accepted her for Civil Engineering instead and she began to find it fascinating. "In a way, the career chose me."
Zwelibanzi always had an urge to work towards improving the quality of life of his community. After matriculating, he spent a year working in the engineering industry to get experience of practice and procedures. This helped him decide on Civil rather than Mechanical Engineering as the best way to make the impact he wanted to.
Finding direction
They both credit lecturers Dr Precious Biyela, Prof Akpofure Taigbenu, Dr Anne Fitchett and Prof Adesola Ilemobade for shaping their thinking and the way they should look at the environment. "Dr Biyela also helped structure our business."
Their interest in recycling was sparked by the final year course in Integrated Resource Management, especially a research project which dealt with surface water management in the Diepsloot informal settlement. Students were given the challenge of finding an effective and realistic solution that was easy to implement.
The campus environment itself was another catalyst for Destination Green. "We realised that there were designated areas with recycling bins and asked ourselves why students were not making effective use of these bins. This led to a study of students' attitude to recycling and environmental sustainability, and the trends of consumption among students on campus."
Students and lecturers were supportive of their efforts to start a business, and so was the recycling industry, especially Plastics SA. "We started by collecting recyclables in Tembisa, from taxi ranks, supermarkets, schools and community streets, and have always had the aim of raising awareness and educating the public about recycling and environmental sustainability," says Zwelibanzi.
Support from the industry
"Because of our passion, enthusiasm and drive we have received a tremendous amount of support from large entities and organisations in the recycling industry. The key members of Destination Green Recycling have been appointed as the youth ambassadors of the National Recycling Forum. This has allowed for crucial networking opportunities, access to markets and great exposure in industry."
The company, in turn, trains young volunteers in waste management and environmental sustainability.
How does one make money from waste? The company started by focusing on collection and sorting of recyclable materials. "The materials are sold to the nearest buy-back centre offering the best prices," explains Faith. "Recently Destination Green Recycling has upgraded to the buying and transportation stage in the recycling value chain. The company continues to do collections from businesses and households but also buys recyclable materials from community members who are dependent on selling these materials for their household income. Destination Green Recycling is also looking at ways in which recyclables can be reused into something else. This also plays an important role in diverting recyclables from landfills."
Negative perceptions
"The biggest barrier to recycling," says Zwelibanzi, "is the negative attitude that people have towards it. The greater society has classified recycling as a dirty trade which is meant for the poor. The earth and its resources cannot be sustained if people continue with a mind-set such as this. It is the responsibility of every individual to ensure a bright future for present and future generations."
The association in some people's minds of waste materials with poverty is one reason we South Africans tend to mismanage waste, Faith argues. "What we have observed is the undermining of people who are dealing with waste materials." She says Destination Green is struggling to get even the municipality to work with it.
"South Africans are very good at shifting blame and not taking responsibility," adds Zwelibanzi.
South Africans are very good at shifting blame and not taking responsibility,
Original Article here: https://www.wits.ac.za/news/sources/alumni-news/2017/civil-engineers-keep-it-clean.html
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Email: info@destinationgreen.co.za
Zwelibanzi Mnguni: +27 (0) 78 465 5022
Faith Diketane: +27 (0) 78 222 5270
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Senior HealthNews
The 15 Most Common Health Concerns for Seniors
Getting older can bring senior health challenges. By being aware of these common chronic conditions, you can take steps to stave off disease as you age.
By Madeline R. Vann, MPHMedically Reviewed by Pat F. Bass III, MD, MPH
Everyday Health Archive
Take steps now to ensure a healthful future.Getty Images
People in America today can expect to live longer than ever before. Once you make it to 65, the data suggest that you can live another 19.3 years, on average, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). For many, then, senior living includes carefully managing chronic conditions in order to stay healthy.
Making healthy lifestyle choices, like quitting smoking and losing weight, can help you avoid senior health risks, though "you also need to be physically active and eat a healthy diet," explains Jeanne Wei, MD, PhD, executive director of the Reynolds Institute on Aging at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences in Little Rock. Including a geriatrician, a doctor who specializes in the health concerns of aging, on your senior healthcare team can help you learn how to live better with any chronic diseases.
Then you too can be among the 41 percent of people over 65 who say their health is very good or excellent, according to the CDC.
1. Arthritis
"Arthritis is probably the number one condition that people 65 or older contend with," says geriatrician Marie Bernard, MD, deputy director of the National Institute on Aging in Bethesda, Maryland. The CDC estimates that it affects 49.7 percent of all adults over 65 and can lead to pain and lower quality of life for some seniors. Although arthritis can discourage you from being active, it's important to work with your doctor to develop a personalized activity plan that, along with other treatment, can help maintain senior health.
2. Heart Disease
According to the CDC, heart disease remains the leading killer of adults over age 65, accounting for 489,722 deaths in 2014. As a chronic condition, heart disease affects 37 percent of men and 26 percent of women 65 and older, according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics. As people age, they're increasingly living with risk factors, such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol, that increase the chances of having a stroke or developing heart disease. Dr. Bernard's advice for addressing this senior health risk not only helps with heart disease but can improve senior health across the board: "Exercise, eat well, get a good night's rest. Eating well means eating in a fashion that will allow you to keep a healthy weight with a well-balanced and healthy diet."
Cancer is the second leading cause of death among people over age 65, with 413,885 deaths in 2014, according to the CDC. The CDC also reports that 28 percent of men and 21 percent of women over age 65 are living with cancer. If caught early through screenings, such as mammograms, colonoscopies, and skin checks, many types of cancer are treatable. And though you're not always able to prevent cancer, you can improve your quality of life as a senior living with cancer, including during treatment, by working with your medical team and maintaining their healthy senior living recommendations.
4. Respiratory Diseases
Chronic lower respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are the third most common cause of death among people 65 and older, with 124,693 deaths in 2014, according to the CDC. Among people 65 and older, about 10 percent of men and 13 percent of women are living with asthma, and 10 percent of men and 11 percent of women are living with chronic bronchitis or emphysema, according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics. Although having a chronic respiratory disease increases senior health risks, making you more vulnerable to pneumonia and other infections, getting lung function tests and taking the correct medication, or using oxygen as instructed, will go a long way toward preserving senior health and your quality of life.
5. Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's disease accounted for 92,604 deaths of people over age 65 in 2014, according to the CDC. The Alzheimer's Association reports that one in nine people age 65 and older, which is about 11 percent, have Alzheimer's disease, but because diagnosis is challenging, it's difficult to know exactly how many people are living with this chronic condition. Still, experts acknowledge that cognitive impairment has a significant impact on senior health across the spectrum, from issues of safety and self-care to the cost burden of care, either in the home or a residential facility.
6. Osteoporosis
"Osteoporosis can contribute to becoming less mobile and potentially disabled should you fall and have a fracture or as the vertebral bodies collapse," Bernard said. The National Osteoporosis Foundation estimates that 54 million Americans over age 50 are affected by low bone mass or osteoporosis, putting them at risk for a fracture or break that could lead to poor senior health and reduced quality of life. What's more, they estimate that by the year 2020 that number will rise to 64.4 million.
7. Diabetes
The CDC estimates that 25 percent of people ages 65 and older are living with diabetes, a significant senior health risk. According to CDC data, diabetes caused 54,161 deaths among adults over age 65 in 2014. Diabetes can be identified and addressed early with simple blood tests for blood sugar levels. The sooner you know that you have or are at risk for diabetes, the sooner you can start making changes to control the disease and improve your long-term senior health outlook.
Although the flu and pneumonia aren't chronic conditions, these infections are among the top eight causes of death in people over age 65, according to the CDC. Seniors are more vulnerable to these diseases and less able to fight them off. Senior healthcare recommendations include getting an annual flu shot, and getting the pneumonia vaccine if recommended by your doctor, to prevent these infections and their life-threatening complications.
9. Falls
The risk for falls requiring emergency room care increases with age. Each year, 2.5 million people ages 65 and older are treated in emergency departments because of falls, according to the CDC. That's more than any other age group. And, one-third of people who go to the emergency room for a fall may find themselves there again within one year, according to a study published in August 2015 in the American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Also be aware that most falls occur in the home, where tripping hazards include area rugs and slippery bathroom floors, according to a study published in January 2013 in the Journal of Injury and Violence Research.
10. Substance Abuse
An analysis of data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions suggests that one in five people over 65 have had a substance or alcohol abuse problem at some point in their lives. Alcohol and tobacco topped the list of nonmedical substances abused by survey participants. Substance and alcohol abuse are a concern for senior health because of possible interactions with prescription medication, their impact on overall health, and the increased senior health risks, such as falls, associated with intoxication.
11. Obesity
Obesity is an important senior health risk factor for heart disease, diabetes, and cancer — all chronic conditions that impact quality of life. As the numbers on the scale increase, so does the risk for disease. Of the adults between 65 and 74, 36.2 percent of men and 40.7 percent of women are obese — meaning that their body mass index is greater than or equal to 30 — according to the CDC. It can also be a signal that an older adult isn't as active or mobile as he or she once was.
According to the American Psychological Association, 15 to 20 percent of Americans over 65 have experienced depression. A threat to senior health, depression can lower immunity and can compromise a person's ability to fight infections. In addition to treatment with medication and therapy, other ways to improve senior living might be to increase physical activity — 59.4 percent of adults 65 and older don't meet CDC recommendations for exercise— or to interact socially more — seniors report spending just 8 to 11 percent of their free time with family and friends, according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics.
13. Oral Health
Healthy teeth and gums are important not just for a pretty smile and easy eating, but also for overall senior health. According to the CDC, 25 percent of adults over 65 have no natural teeth. As you age, your mouth tends to become dryer and cavities are more difficult to prevent, so proper oral health care, including regular dental checkups, should be a senior healthcare priority, Dr. Wei said.
RELATED: 6 Ways Your Body Gets Better With Age
14. Poverty
In 2013, 45 percent of adults ages 65 and older had incomes below the poverty level, according to a 2015 Kaiser Family Foundation report. This number takes into account available financial resources, liabilities such as taxes, value benefits like food stamps, out-of-pocket medical expenses, geographic variations in housing expenses, and other factors. Older women are slightly more likely than men to be living in poverty, and that gap widens in those over 80. Single older adults are also significantly more likely to live alone with fewer resources. Poverty affects senior health if you're unable to afford doctor visits, medication for chronic conditions, and other essential senior healthcare needs.
15. Shingles
Remember that bout of chicken pox you had as a kid? It can come back as shingles when you're an adult. According to the National Institutes of Health, one out of three people over 60 will get shingles, and 50 percent of all Americans will experience it before they're 80. It usually affects only one side of your body, starting out with severe pain or tingling and then developing into an itchy rash and possibly blisters. There is a vaccine available, so talk to your doctor about it.
Additional reporting by Carey Rossi
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In a new study, older adults with mild cognitive impairment experienced improved brain function after doing crossword puzzles regularly for 3 months.
By Lisa Rapaport October 28, 2022
Feeling forgetful? Preserving your mental abilities as you get older is easier than you might think — and it can even be fun.
By Krisha McCoy July 28, 2022
Many people prescribed antibiotics in the U.S. don't need them, and a study suggests this is particularly true for Black and Hispanic individuals.
Smoking Speeds Cognitive Decline in Seniors, Study Warns
New research shows cause and effect in aging Americans.
By Carmen Chai February 9, 2022
Experiencing a Higher Level of Fatigue May Predict Death in Older Adults
Study finds older people reporting feeling run down were more likely to die within the following 3 years.
By Becky Upham January 28, 2022
How Much Does Life Alert Cost? Review and Comparisons
Life Alert is a well-known medical alert system brand, but how much does it actually cost? Learn more about the system's pricing and features and compare...
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Medical Guardian home and mobile medical alert systems provide 24/7 emergency monitoring. Find out whether Medical Guardian is the right choice for you...
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Kasih FOundation (Yayasan Kasih, Co No: 791567-T) was incorporated on 10-Oct-2007 as a company limited by guarantee, and is governed by a board of directors. The objects for which the company is established are to reveice and administer funds to initiate, promote, organize and develop programs, activities, and services for charitable purposes, especially in medical care and education irrespective of Race, Creed or Religion. Funds donated will benefit from tax exemption by the Inland Revenue of Malaysia.
Kasih Hospice Care Society came to befriend with and involved in.


VCMI's teachers and GIZ staff worked hard on building up the training cabins, setting up the workshop electricity systems, re-arranging and organizing the new electric workshop.
On 8th March 2019, the new Electrics Workshop of the Vocational College of Machinery & Irrigation (VCMI) was open for the first group of trainees. This is the result of great efforts of teachers from VCMI's Mechanics Faculty and Electrics – Electronics Faculty, together with support of Mr Bernd Meuer, Development Advisor from GIZ.
The plan for the establishment of the new workshop was made in October 2018 after the school management board discussed ideas, designs, lists of needed material and tools. During the last six months, VCMI's staff worked hard to build up the training cabins, set up the workshop electricity systems, re-arrange and organise the new workshop. The new workshop it is now ready to provide a practical training environment for current trainees of VCMI. In the future, this will also be the training location for further training for teachers as well as relevant parts of the cooperative training programmes for the two new occupations namely "Electronics for Energy and Building Technology" and "Mechanics for Sanitary, Heating and Climate Technology".
The activity is organised within the field of activity "Support of Centres of Excellence (CoEs) for TVET" as part of the Vietnamese-German Programme "Reform of TVET in Viet Nam". The programme is financed by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), implemented by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH in cooperation with the Vietnamese Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs (MoLISA).


LHP Agency (Le Havre Project Agency) is a port operator, a key player in the Port of Le Havre, the largest French port in terms of container.
Shipping agency, port logistics, sea fastening … all our skills allow us to respond effectively to your needs, both technical and administrative. We represent and defend your interests in the Port of Le Havre.
We manage our own qualified and experienced staff and a strong network of partners (ship-owners, brokers, freight forwarders), allowing us to provide an effective service.


text:
Загородная — название населённых пунктов.

Белоруссия
 Загородная — деревня в Каменецком районе Брестской области.
 Загородная — деревня в Оршанском районе Витебской области.

Россия
 Загородная — деревня в Старорусском районе Новгородской области.

Разное
  — название улиц в различных населённых пунктах государств бывшего СССР

См. также

 Загородская

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
HBO Max Drops Westworld, Will License to Free Streaming Services
Warner Bros. Discovery will license several other shows—including The Nevers, Raised by Wolves, and FBOY Island—to ad-supported streaming services.
https://www.pcmag.com/news/hbo-max-drops-westworld-in-cost-saving-effort
Jeffrey Wright and Thandiwe Newton in 'Westworld' (Credit: HBO/John Johnson)
UPDATE: Warner Bros. Discovery says some of the content it's pulling off of HBO Max will wind up on free video-streaming services.
The company says it will license select content to free ad-supported streaming television (FAST) services as "part of a packaged offering." It didn't specify which ones, but FAST services include Tubi, Amazon Freevee, and Crackle, plus the services found via smart TV and media streamer interfaces, like The Roku Channel.
These shows are confirmed as going to FAST services, though HBO didn't say when:
Westworld – seasons 1, 2, 3, 4
The Nevers – season 1
Raised by Wolves – seasons 1, 2
FBOY Island – seasons 1, 2
Legendary – seasons 1, 2, 3
Finding Magic Mike – season 1
Head of the Class – season 1
The Time Traveler's Wife – season 1
Warner Bros. Discovery also says it will pull the following shows off HBO Max in the coming days, but they are not yet guaranteed to show up on FAST services. "HBO Max is speaking with the studio partners about opportunities to further expand the reach of the shows, including but not limited to licensing the series to third party FAST platforms," the company said.
Gordita Chronicles – season 1
Love Life – seasons 1, 2
Made for Love – seasons 1, 2
The Garcias – season 1
Minx – seasons 1, 2
One-time HBO darling Westworld is reportedly getting scrubbed from HBO Max.
A number of entertainment news outlets, including Variety(Opens in a new window) and Deadline(Opens in a new window), confirmed the show's back catalog will be cleared from the streaming platform this week—less than three months after the now-canceled series aired its season four finale.
Created by Jonathan Nolan and Lisa Joy and produced by J.J. Abrams, Westworld debuted in 2016, capturing HBO's highest viewership ratings for a premiere since True Detective two years earlier. The show, based on the 1973 film of the same name written and directed by Michael Crichton, begins in the fictional Westworld, a technologically advanced Wild West-themed amusement park populated by android "hosts."
Despite early praise from critics and audiences, the show's fourth season, which concluded this summer, saw a drop in ratings. It November, HBO announced that it had canceled the series.
Victorian-era sci-fi drama The Nevers—which aired part one of its first season in spring 2021 and planned to drop part two next year—has also been pulled from HBO Max. There may still be hope for the back half of the Laura Donnelly and Ann Skelly-led season, according to Variety, which suggested the finished episodes could air on another platform.
What to Watch on HBO Max in February 2023
We Must Save Streaming Video Before It's Too Late
In the Streaming Wars, Men Are From HBO Max, Women Are From Discovery+?
This is the latest in ongoing fallout from the consolidation of HBO Max and Discovery+ into a combined service under the umbrella of Warner Bros. Discovery. Culling lesser-watched programs (like the 42 titles already dropped this year) makes way for new content and helps the studio save on residuals—union-negotiated payments received by writers, actors, directors, etc., when their movie, TV show, or online production airs in reruns or is used in a different medium.
HBO Max already removed several series, including Vinyl, Camping, Mrs. Fletcher, Run, Here and Now, At Home With Amy Sedaris, Generation, Infinity Train, 12 Dates of Christmas, Aquaman: King of Atlantis; The Fungies!, Ravi Patel's Pursuit of Happiness, and Yabba Dabba Dinosaurs. Not to mention more than 200 classic episodes of Sesame Street.
Warner Bros. Discovery's continued thinning of its library isn't exactly a surprise: CEO David Zaslav, whose post-pandemic approach to entertainment focuses on theatrical releases over streaming originals, previously shelved DC Comics movie Batgirl and Scoob! Sequel Holiday Haunt—both produced exclusively for HBO Max.
The streaming service, meanwhile, tied with Netflix this week for the most 2023 Golden Globe Awards nominations(Opens in a new window), earning 14 noms each. Major contenders include White Lotus (four nods), Hacks (three), Barry and House of the Dragon (two each), as well as Euphoria, The Staircase, and The Flight Attendant, with one nomination per program.


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text:
Category: February 2020
Post author By Amanda Corrigan
Join the Mason Staff Senate at the 2020 Winter Warm-Up Staff Appreciation Events. Enjoy some donuts, warm beverages, enter the raffle with a variety of prizes, and receive some special giveaways courtesy of the Staff Senate.
Science and Technology: Thursday, February 20, from 1 p.m. – 2 p.m. in the Katherine Johnson Hall Atrium.
Arlington: Tuesday, February 25, from 1 p.m. – 2 p.m.in the Van Metre Multipurpose Room.
Fairfax: Thursday, February 27, from 1 p.m. – 2:30 p.m. in the Johnson Center, Dewberry Hall. A departmental information fair will be held at the Fairfax event only.
February Staff Senate Newsletter
The February edition of the Staff Senate newsletter is now available. Check it out!
Profile of a Senator February 2020
Meet Kathy Dodd: Staff Senator and Social Media Manager
Photo by: Creative Services/George Mason University
Role: My biggest responsibility is to manage the university-level high-profile social media channels (see list below). This translates into developing and overseeing the execution of the strategic marketing initiatives for those channels and collaborating with other campus units to strive to have a singular voice on our multiple social media outlets. The more fun way to say it – it's like I'm the person behind the curtain in The Wizard of Oz.
Ohio Girl: I was born and raised in Akron, Ohio – so that makes me a Cleveland sports fan. I've said the phrase, "There is always next year" more times than I can count! Pop is also soda. Sorry.
Best thing about working at Mason: I started at Mason in 2014 and I have to say that it's the people, hands down. There are so many talented and hard-working people here in the Mason Nation that it brings me so much joy to come to work every day. I love that my job allows me to work with so many folks on campus, regardless of what they do in their daily job – from students to high-level administrators.
Why serve on Staff Senate: I come from a long line of service. My father was a union representative for United Rubber Workers during his time at Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, so I saw that employee advocacy was important at a very early age. When I got to Mason, I knew that I wanted to help be that voice for the employees. With the role that I have at Mason, I get a really good sense of what is going on at the ground level to bring topics to the Senate and advocate for the employees here.
At the end of the day: I always feel connected to the Mason Nation and I am very proud to work for such a fine institution of higher education. Sure, in my role I get calls late at night about something that may have happened on campus, or have to monitor a situation from home – but I love my job and there is nothing else that I would rather do. This place feels like family, especially since most of my family are so far away! I'm proud to be a Patriot!
Follow George Mason University! If you aren't already – you should follow the Mason Nation on Social Media!
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/georgemason
Twitter: https://twitter.com/georgemasonu
Twitter: https://twitter.com/georgemasonnews
Twitter: https://twitter.com/todayatmason
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/georgemasonu/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/school/george-mason-university/
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/georgemasonuniversity
And use the hashtag #MasonNation to stand out in your posts!
Homecoming Headliner: Colin Jost (Faculty/Staff Discount)
Student Involvement Presents
Colin Jost: Homecoming Comedy Headliner 2020
Thursday, Feb. 20, at 8 p.m.
Colin Jost serves as a head writer for Saturday Night Live (SNL). He started writing for SNL in 2005 and has been co-anchor of "Weekend Update" since 2014.
Jost has won four Writers Guild Awards, a Peabody Award, and has been nominated for multiple Emmy Awards for his writing on SNL.
Special ticket discount available for Mason faculty, staff, and alumni ($5 off). Purchase tickets online or at the Center for the Arts Box Office.
Visit the Homecoming website for more details.
Homecoming Week: Feb. 17-23
The George Mason University Alumni Association has expanded the Homecoming event lineup to cover a week of unforgettable experiences from Feb. 17–23. Enjoy Mason basketball games, show off your creativity by decorating your office door for the contest, party with us at the Alumni Faculty and Staff Soiree, and more!
Visit alumni.gmu.edu/homecoming2020 for a full list of events.
Celebrate Homecoming with Patriot Pets
In honor of Homecoming, the Mason Staff Senate will be collecting photos of your furry, feathered, or otherwise friends! Send all submissions to staffsenate@gmu.edu, post on our Facebook page, or tag us on Twitter @gmustaffsenate.
In your submission, include the name, age, and breed of your pet (if applicable)! Feel free to also briefly share their adoption stories. Bonus points are awarded if your pet is showing off their Mason spirit! The deadline for submissions is February 19.
Look for an album to be published on our Facebook page on February 22 to display our Patriot Pets.
Latest Announcements: January
In addition, each month, the Mason Staff Senate presents the Employee of the Month with a gift, attends Human Resources and Payroll's New Staff Orientations to welcome new employees and introduce them to the work of the Staff Senate, recognizes the service of Mason retirees with a letter of appreciation, and publishes the Staff Senate newsletter.
March Staff Senate Meeting
Lester L. Arnold Sr., vice president for Human Resources and Payroll, Human Resources/Payroll. Photo by Evan Cantwell/Creative Services
The March Staff Senate meeting will feature guest speaker Lester Arnold, vice president for Human Resources and Payroll. He will share recent updates from Human Resources and Payroll.
10 a.m. to noon (10 to 10:30 a.m for guest speaker, followed by the general meeting from 10:30 a.m. to noon)
Fairfax: Merten Hall, Room 1201
Arlington: Van Metre Hall, Room B119 (videoconferenced)
SciTech: Colgan Hall, Room 221 (videoconferenced)
WebEx: gmu.webex.com / Meeting Number (access code): 648 314 965 / Meeting password: 2ktMam99 or join by phone: 1-240-454-0879
The Staff Senate represents all classified and non-student wage employees at George Mason University. Working closely with university administration, we address concerns that have an impact on the quality of work-life for the Mason community. The work of the senate is accomplished through open and continuous communication with its constituents.
All are welcome to attend the Staff Senate general meeting.
For questions, contact staffsenate@gmu.edu.
Faculty/Staff Meal Plan Promotion
Sodexo would like to announce a faculty/staff meal plan promotion. To sign up, go to the Mason Card Office, SUB I, Lower Level.
For more information, visit masonid.gmu.edu or contact 703-993-2870.


Randstad Canberra is looking for a Draftsman to join a fantastic team. The position is open to experienced applicants and has an attractive salary package attached. You will join a well-established dynamic team based locally that thrives in a supportive environment.
5 years of experience in a similar role.
Full-time Australian work rights required for this position.


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Dogs come in different sizes and characteristics. While there are some that are cuddly and sweet, others are tough and strong.
This is why there are dog toys for aggressive chewers to help them keep preoccupied. These dogs normally need a tough dog toy that they can play around with.
Otherwise, your dog may end up getting bored and will tear through your home. When you're picking out a toy for your dog, you have to make sure that it suits his behavior.
This is because when you give an aggressive dog the wrong type of toy, it will likely get torn apart in less than an hour. Apart from costing you money, it can also put your dog at risk for harming himself.
This is why it is important for you, as a dog owner, to purchase the right chew toys for aggressive chewers. In doing so, you can keep your dog safe and not end up buying so many dog toys that will get ruined so quickly.
Rubber – Most of the best toys for aggressive chewers are made from rubber. This is because this is a durable and almost indestructible material safe for dogs. If you are buying a dog toy, this should be your first choice. Remember to look for a rubber dog toy that have soft, malleable edges. These dog toys are also great for puppies who are teething.
Thick Rope Material – Another material that makes a great choice as a dog toy for aggressive chewers is thick rope. This material comes as a durable and safe option for dog toys. At the same time, it is easy to clean since you just have to throw it in the wash. This dog toy also makes as a great way to bond with your dog since you can play tug-of-war with him.
One thing you have to remember though is that no material is truly indestructible. The dog toy will eventually get ruined, depending on how often your dog gnaws on the toy. But by picking out the right material for the dog toy, you can be sure that you are choosing something that is durable enough to withstand the pressure.
In addition to the material, you should also remember to look for a toy with the right size for your dog. If you pick out a dog toy that's too small for your aggressive chewer, it could end up causing your dog to choke.
This is particularly true if you end up buying a small toy for your large dog. Your dog could end up choking on the toy and causing him danger. This is why you need to make sure you pick out a toy is too large for your dog to swallow. A larger toy will also be more durable for your dog's teeth and jaw.
After knowing the type of material and size used on the best chew toys for aggressive chewers, it is also important to know which dog toys you should avoid. This is because not every single dog toy will be safe and compatible with your dog.
To add, there are some chew toys that are made of poor quality that they break apart so easily. When that happens, they could pose a choking hazard on your dog and it could be detrimental for his health.
Latex/Vinyl Toys – These toys are not recommended for your aggressive chewer because it is not built for heavy play. Once your dog bites through these toys, there could be a sharp edge in the toy that could harm your dog's mouth. It could also lead to extreme discomfort and an infection.
Plush/Fleece Dog Toys – Plush or fleece toys may be cute but these are not really recommended for heavy chewers. This is because these toys are not indestructible. If you have an aggressive chewer, he will easily tear through the toy and eat the insides. When this happens, it could cause discomfort, digestive issues, or even more serious health issues to your dog.
Squeaker Toys – Sure, squeaker toys may be a lot of fun for dogs. But if you have an aggressive chewer, the risks outweigh how much fun you can expect your dog to have. Most squeaker toys are made of material that rough dogs can tear through easily. This is because these dogs will stop at nothing to find whatever it is that's causing the squeaky noise. As soon as they tear through the toy and find the device, they might eat it. If you wish to give your dog a squeaker toy, you can still do so but make sure to keep a close eye on your dog.
One thing to remember about dogs is that there is no one generalization on what breed needs a tough toy. As a matter of fact, aggressive chewers come in various sizes, shapes, and breeds. This is why it is always important to know your dog well and know if he is the type who will need a durable and tough dog toy.
If you have a dog with any of these breeds, it may be best to pick out a durable and tough toy for them to play with.
When you want to buy the best dog chew toys for aggressive chewers, you have to remember that they don't necessarily come with a cheap price. Truthfully, dog ownership can often be expensive.
As a pet parent, you need to make sure that you provide only the best for your pet. Although there are some areas where you can skimp on, there are other things that you should spend for. This includes the best dog bones for aggressive chewers and their toys.
One of the biggest reasons why you should not buy cheap toys for your power chewer is because it could potentially endanger your dog. If you buy a cheap toy, it could end up with you bringing your dog to a vet and spending thousands of dollars for his medical or emergency bills.
In addition to posing a health hazard for your dog, cheap toys won't save you money in the long run. If you have an aggressive dog, he could easily tear through the toy and you'll end up replacing it more quickly. In the process, you tend to spend more money buying a new toy every time. This is why it is best to purchase a durable dog toy for aggressive chewers.
There are a lot of dog toy manufacturers that market their product as a durable and tough one. However, only a few are able to stand up to the test. This is why you will need to check out the tested and proven durable dog toys before you purchase one for your aggressive chewer.
If you are looking for a durable dog toy that you can play with your dog, the Flossy Chews Cottonblend Color 3-Knot Rope Tug is one option to really love. It is a durable rope toy that lets you spend some time with your dog.
A good thing about this dog toy is that it manages to clean your dog's teeth while he plays with. The rope fibers of the toy help in flossing your dog's teeth while he tugs and chews on them.
The Flossy Chews Cottonblend Color 3-Knot Rope Tug is available in a variety of sizes and colors so you are free to pick out a size and design you want your dog to play with.
One of the truly indestructible dog toys available in the market is the Goughnuts Indestructible Chew Toy MAXX 50 Ring. Because of how tough this toy is, you will get to save money on your purchase because you won't need to replace it ever again.
And when it's time to replace this dog toy, you'll know it because the red indicator can already be seen. If this visual indicator is already exposed, you can send it back to Goughnuts to get a free replacement.
Despite its tough, heavy, and super-durable material, the Goughnuts Indestructible Chew Toy MAXX 50 Ring manages to stay afloat. This is why your dog can play with it anyway he wants to.
This dog toy is often pricier compared to other options. But if it's any consolation, you get what you pay for with this particular toy.
When it comes to durable dog toys, the Kong Rubber Flyer is one popular option for pet lovers. This is because this dog toy has been ranked as among the best chew toys for aggressive chewers. You can play with this toy and let your dog fetch it.
Some of the reasons why many dog owners love this particular toy is because it is tough and durable. The Kong Rubber Flyer is made of natural rubber that is non-toxic to your dog. This material also makes it softer on your dog's teeth and gums compared with plastic frisbees.
A good thing about this dog toy is that it is available in various sizes, which can fit your dog's size as well.
One of the best dog toys that you can buy for an aggressive chewer is the Nylabone Dental Dinosaur Power Chew Durable Dog Toy. This is because this dog toy does not only serve as entertainment for your dog. At the same time, it is a dental chew toy that helps clean your dog's teeth as he munches through the T-rex.
Nylabone has created this particular dog toy for tough chewers that weight up to 50 lbs. Because of this, it has become a crowd favorite since it helps clean dog's teeth. The toy comes with rounded nubs and bristles that manage to control plaque and the build-up of tartar.
Apart from being available in a T-rex design, the Nylabone Dental Dinosaur Power Chew Durable Dog Toy is also available in other dinosaur models, such as the Stegosaurus and Brontosaurus. You can complete the set and let your dog play with them.
As compared to other dog toys available in the market, the Tuffy Mega Boomerang is an option that is made of fabric. The good thing about this is that the fabric used in this particular dog toy is able to withstand an aggressive dog's teeth.
Despite its fabric material, it is very durable since it has gone through layers of stitching and material. You can also toss it in the machine to clean it.
Some of the features of this particular dog toy include its availability in various colors. If you are not fond of the tiger design, you can opt for the chain link or brick pattern. This dog toy also floats and can be used to play tug or as a frisbee fetch toy.
If you would like to keep your dog busy, the West Paw Zogoflex Tux Interactive Treat Dispensing Dog Chew Toy for Aggressive Chewers is one dog toy that will keep him entertained for hours. This is because this dog toy can be stuffed with different treats and goodies that your dog can try to get.
West Paw has created this dog toy with a hollow space where dog treats can be hidden. As a result, your dog gets to focus his time and energy on dispensing the treats inside of the toy.
This will keep him stimulated for hours, especially since it is not so easy to dispense. Apart from hiding dog treats, this particular dog toy can be used for playing fetch. It is also able to float on water, which helps if you want your dog to enjoy swimming as well.
West Paw has created a toy that is easy to clean. It can easily be tossed in the dishwasher to clean the toy thoroughly. With its sturdy material, it is perfect for dogs that love to gnaw.
Another dog toy that's worth checking out is West Paw Zogoflex Hurley Tough Dog Bone. West Paw has created a dog toy that is perfect for aggressive chewers who like to play alone.
Because of how durable the material is, West Paw Zogoflex Hurley Tough Dog Bone is one of the best dog bones for aggressive chewers. If it gets damaged or destroyed, West Paw will even send you a new one right away.
Just like the previous West Paw dog toy, the West Paw Zogoflex Hurley Tough Dog Bone can float in water. It can also be used to play fetch with your dog. You can also clean it in the dishwasher. Not to mention, the dog toy is non-toxic, BPA and Phthalate-free, and FDA compliant.
If you opt for a cheap dog toy, it will break apart right away once an aggressive chewer starts playing with it. In the end, you'll only have to keep buying a new dog toy to replace the old one that your dog destroyed. Plus, a cheap dog toy can also be dangerous for your dog.
When you're shopping around for a dog toy, see to it that it is able to withstand the tear and pull of your aggressive chewer. This is the best way you can make sure you are providing your dog a durable toy that won't get destroyed so quickly. In the process, you can save money with your dog toy purchase.


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Mark Schultz ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Mark Schultz (Comicautor) (* 1955), US-amerikanischer Comicautor und -zeichner
 Mark Schultz (Ringer) (* 1960), US-amerikanischer Ringer
 Mark Schultz (Musiker) (* 1970), US-amerikanischer Musiker


For the first decade after the Federation, the Prime Minister (who then also held the External Affairs portfolio) relied on the Department of External Affairs to help him govern the country. In July 1911, the Prime Minister's Department was created but it wasn't until 1968 the Department of the Cabinet Office came into being. In 1971, the two were merged to form the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (PM&C).
Like the Executive Office of the President in the USA or the Cabinet Office in the UK, PM&C is Australia's central department. It has broad responsibilities including assisting the Prime Minister manage his or her Ministers and providing sound policy advice to both the Prime Minister and Ministers. PM&C oversees intergovernmental and whole of government policy coordination. It coordinates the implementation of government programs, provides leadership to the broader Australian Public Service, administers ceremonies and overseas visits, manages Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander policy and oversees policies relating to national security, counterterrorism, regulatory reform, cities, population, data and women.
It is structured around four policy and program groups. These are: the Domestic Policy Group; the National Security and International Policy Group; the Governance Group and the Indigenous Affairs Group. PM&C is run by the Secretary of PM&C, who is supported by a senior management team made up of Senior Executive Service Band 3 officials.
PM&C makes all selection decisions on merit and aims for a fair and consistent assessment process. As a public-sector employer, it champions inclusion. In recent years, it has introduced initiatives such as an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Employment Strategy, a Disability Action Plan and Reconciliation Action Plan. The Department has a 'Diversity Champion', who is supported by a Gender Champion, Indigenous Champion and Disability and LGBTI Champion.
While politicians talk about improving the lives of Australians, it's public servants, especially those in PM&C, who have the challenging task of turning those aspirational visions into reality. As a PM&C staffer, you'll be suggesting and helping implement policies that will (hopefully) have a positive impact on many of your fellow citizens' lives.
You can be from any academic discipline with an interest in; and understanding of Government, policy and/or the work of the Department.
Given the nature of the work you'll be expected to undertake, you'll also need to demonstrate excellent verbal and written communication skills, the ability to quickly develop effective relationships with people from a range of backgrounds, analytical abilities, innovative thinking, a knack for absorbing new information, processes and technologies, and a resilient and agile mindset.
You also need to be (or eligible to be) an Australian citizen, to have finished a bachelor degree in the last five years and to be willing to undergo a security clearance process.
The recruitment process starts with an online application. If successful, your knowledge areas, critical skills, motivation and fit for the role will be further assessed. This will be done through: online critical thinking and behavioural exercises; and attending an assessment centre incorporating interviews and group tasks.
If you get an offer, you'll need to move to Canberra, though there may be some opportunities available in the Department's regional network. Once in Canberra, you'll take part in a structured, on-the-job development program, undertake rotations across various areas of the Department and be provided with a range of on-the-job training, networking and mentoring opportunities, and tailored learning and development activities.
You'll soon find a career spent striding the halls of power is neither as glamorous or as absurd as it's commonly made out to be in works of fiction. That said, you'll be working at the heart of government and having experiences, such as meeting heads of state or helping the Minister for Defence devise counter-terrorism strategies, that most grads can only dream about. You can also look forward to working with passionate overachievers and enjoying a supportive workplace culture and reassuring sense of job security.
Our expertise spans Indigenous affairs, social and women's policy, economic and international policy, defence, national security and everything in between. With such diverse responsibilities, we can offer a large variety of opportunities.
Opportunities – what we offer our students.
At PM&C we believe that the journey is more important than the destination. Our program empowers graduates to discover, learn and grow through diverse opportunities.
Working across PM&C gives you the opportunity to develop broad knowledge and understanding of the Government's priorities. You will gain experience developing and implementing government policy. The opportunity to work in our regional network will give you first-hand experience of government policies in action.
We provide an environment focused on working smarter. Through the rollout of Working Your Way across our offices, we work flexibly and collaboratively with great technology, tools and systems.
The program is based in Canberra.
Rotations are completed at our national office and in our regional network.
You will be provided on-the-job training, and structured learning and development.
You will work on exciting projects and activities at the heart of government.
We are a workplace that respects and values diversity. We encourage applications from people with diverse experience and backgrounds including: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people; Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex people; Culturally and Linguistically Diverse people; mature age and people with a disability.
PM&C is proud to be a member of the Diversity Council of Australia, the Australian Network on Disability, and Pride in Diversity. We are also White Ribbon Accredited. "
GradAustralia surveyed 15 graduates working at Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (PM&C). Read on to get an insider's view on life as a graduate. 15 responses.
PM&C provides a large variety of areas to work across, so graduates and other employees can get incredible amounts of experience while there.
The different and diverse experiences you can have all within the one department. Each work area has a different perspective and unique view which allows you to continue to learn and build upon new skills.
The diversity of work that is offered across the department, and the effort of the grad program to make sure you work across as many different areas as possible.
Broad experience at the forefront of government.
The exposure to a wide range of Government processes and core policy. The focus on work-life balance and well being.
The turnover at PM&C is very high. Supervisors and coworkers can leave and be replaced quickly, which can make working there slightly more difficult if you prefer a consistent environment.
At times the department misses the mark on work life balance and some areas are less willing to change work practices in line with the rest of the department.
Working within the Public Service hierarchy and working directly to (sometimes unstable) politics.
Sometimes hard to achieve what you want, it's a big machine that needs significant push to get moving.
Managing situations that you may personally disagree with and continuing to effectively performing your job.
Murray Colless is an adviser at the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, he joined as a graduate in 2015.


A Texas Court Struck Down the 2016 Overtime Rules. Again. Now What?
On Aug. 31, 2017, the same Texas Court that previously enjoined the commencement of the Obama Administration's changes to the overtime rules again struck down the 2016 regulations; this time through a final judgment on the merits. The Court ruled the U.S. Department of Labor's ("DOL's") use of a salary test effectively supplanted the duties test and thus violated the DOL's authority to promulgate rules interpreting the Fair Labor Standards Act.
U.S. District Judge Amos Mazzant granted summary judgment to a collection of more than 50 business groups who joined together to oppose the DOL's 2016 regulations. The proposed regulations only changed the salary thresholds and did not modify the test used to determine the duties, functions or tasks. Proposed changes to the salary threshold were significant, however, raising the minimum salary threshold for the "white collar exemption" to just over $47,000, with planned increases every three years, and increasing overtime eligibility for highly compensated employees from $100,000 to approximately $134,000.
On Sept. 5, 2017, the DOL filed a short, unopposed motion to withdraw its pending appeal of the earlier injunction. The DOL's action hints it will not appeal Judge Mazzant's summary judgment ruling, which will remain the final word on the 2016 overtime rules.
So, what is next? The DOL indicated it will propose new rules and has already requested public comment on the salary requirements. Secretary of Labor Acosta previously testified he supports changes to the salary threshold but at a much lower threshold than the 2016 rules, and the DOL, in briefs filed in the appellate action, noted the current administration supports lower salary increases than the 2016 rules.
Even so, adhering to the required rule-making steps will take months. In the meantime, the 2004 salary threshold of $23,660 annually is still in effect, and there have been no changes to the duties test.
Going forward, employers should still review and conform to the controlling state laws. In addition, there are plenty of traps to employers who may desire to roll-back previously implemented 2016 increases. In these cases, please contact Catherine L. Strauss or any member of Ice Miller's Labor, Employment and Immigration Group for assistance.


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Errors of Perfect Propriety in James Cameron's "Titanic," Vol. 11, Issue 8
Ladies and gentlemen of Discernment are observing the centennial of the sinking of the RMS Titanic this weekend. Please note Etiquetteer's choice of verb; one does not "celebrate" the death of over 1,500 people. The rerelease of director James Cameron's epic, Oscar-winning, fictional account of the disaster at this time is also cause to note the many errors of period manners scripted into the film. Some, of course, were added for effect, such as the gigantic array of silverware at Jack Dawson's place in the first-class dining saloon. Others are just plain mistakes not likely to be caught or contemplated by the film's key audience - emotional 14-year-old girls. So, kindly bear with Etiquetteer during this exercise. (Etiquetteer is really doing his best to remain focused on etiquette errors, rather than errors of fact. For instance, Rose points out Benjamin Guggenheim in the first class dining saloon with his mistress, Madame Aubart. But Madame Aubart's ticket didn't include meals, so she (and presumably Mr. Guggenheim) would have dined in the a la carte restaurant. You see Etiquetteer's dilemma.)
There are two overarching Errors of Perfect Propriety throughout the film. First, Rose DeWitt Bukater (Kate Winslet) never wears a hat on board ship when other ladies are hatted. For all Etiquetteer knows, it was part of Ms. Winslet's contract only to wear that stunning black hat when boarding the ship. But a young lady of the Main Line traveling to her wedding would have been properly dressed -- especially when traveling with her fierce mother (Frances Fisher).
Naughty naughty! While smoking was certainly not Perfectly Proper for ladies in 1912, not even gentlemen would smoke at the table.
Second, passengers are smoking all over the ship, when in fact smoking would have been confined to smoking rooms in each class. This happens so much Etiquetteer doesn't even want to enumerate the instances, but the most egregious Lapse of Perfect Propriety occurs when Cal Hockley (Billy Zane) tries to light up in the first-class dining saloon, leading Jack Dawson (Leonardo DiCaprio) to toss him a box of matches. Well-bred gentlemen never smoked in the presence of ladies at this time. It would take World War I to lead people to break down barriers about smoking. (Rose would have known that the only Perfectly Proper place to smoke was the first-class smoking room. Allegedly men only, it is said that the Titanic's smoking room was penetrated by Mrs. Henry B. Harris and Charlotte Cardeza at least once.)
And now, some specific errors:
The costumers decided to ignore the cold hard fact of the cold hard temperatures of the mid-Atlantic in April. Everyone on deck is underdressed for the weather! There should be a lot more fur coats, knitted caps, shawls, etc. than one sees. Jack Dawson ought to have frostbite and chilblains after that whole "I'm king of the world!" thing.
Trudy Bolt (Amy Gaipa), the lady's maid for Rose and her mother, is shown incorrectly wearing a maid's uniform. A lady's maid had sufficient status as a servant to wear her own (very plain) clothes while traveling, without an apron. She was also properly addressed by her last name, not her first, the same way a butler is called by his last name. It's worth noting that the Titanic included a private lounge for the servants of first-class passengers.
In real life, Margaret Brown (Kathy Bates) was much more accepted in Best Society. The whole "Unsinkable Molly Brown" thing got started after her death.
As Mrs. Brown passes Rose and her mother to the elevator, we see the latter ladies in full evening dress on the way to the dining saloon. What the writers have failed to remember is that no one dressed for dinner on the first night out, or the last. Presumably this was because one's servants were still unpacking, or packing. Anyone showing up in full dress on the first night would have been pegged as a parvenu on his or her first appearance.
During the first dinner scene in the first-class dining saloon, a gentleman sitting next to Mrs. Dewitt Bukater is seen gesturing with his oyster fork. Well-bred ladies and gentlemen were taught (and should still be taught) never to gesture with their utensils! You could put someone's eye out at worst, or even propel a gobbet of food onto someone's clothes.
Etiquetteer recognizes that it's necessary for the plot, but the idea of a young gentleman going into his fiancée's bedroom in his pajamas ... gracious sakes! Even having them share a suite like that is stretching Perfect Propriety, especially since it appears her mother is not sharing her stateroom.
Only the vulgar seek out such large stones ... which explains the Duchess of Windsor.
"Philadelphia Society" is not correct. "Main Line Society" is correct.
J. Bruce Ismay, smoking in the Palm Court. Not possible! He would only have done so in the smoking room (see above).
That whole spitting lesson thing absolutely strains credulity.
At a dinner table that large, conversation would not have been general, simply because one would have to shout to be heard at the other end of the table (and this was a public dining room). One talked one's neighbor on one side during the first course and the other side during the next course, alternating throughout the meal. This is called "turning the table" and if done properly means that no one is left out of the conversation.
Oh, Etiquetteer does love Frances Fisher! God bless the grandes dames of yore, who knew how to put a climber in the proper place.
It would have been much too cold for Rose to breakfast on that private promenade deck in that practically sleeveless negligée.
Inconceivable that Rose would make a "splendid gesture" like that to a servant.
Thank you for indulging Etiquetteer in this little exercise.
← Destination Weddings, Vol. 11, Issue 9Easter Traditions, Vol. 3, Issue 14 →


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How to decide which infant can have robotic surgery? Just do the math.
Julia B. Finkelstein, MD, Alison C. Levy, BA, Mark V. Silva, MD, Lauren Murray, CPNP, Christina Delaney, CPNP, Pasquale Casale, MD.
Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
Background: In pediatric urology, robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery has overcome several impediments of conventional laparoscopy. It has been previously reported that, in an artificial environment, collisions occurred more frequently in smaller workspace. There is currently no consensus on which infants can undergo robotic intervention, and furthermore no parameters to assist in decision-making. We evaluated our experience with infants to create an objective standard to determine which patients are most suitable for robotic surgery.
Methods: We prospectively evaluated 45 infants, aged 3 to 12 months of age, who underwent a robotic intervention for either upper or lower urinary tract pathology. At the preoperative office visit we measured the distance between both anterior superior iliac spines (ASIS) as well as the puboxyphoid distance (PXD). We then recorded the number of robotic collisions as well as console time. All surgeries were performed utilizing the da Vinci Si Surgical System by a single surgeon.
Results: There were 24 males and 21 females. There were no differences in ASIS, PXD, collisions or console time stratified by gender. Mean age was 6.6±1.6 months. There was no significant correlation between age and number of collisions (r = -0.242, p = 0.11). Similarly, there was no correlation between age and console time (r = -0.184, p = 0.23). Mean console time was 87.5±31.4 min. The median number of collisions was 1 (range 0-11, mean 1.9±3.0). There was a strong inverse relationship between ASIS distance and the number of collisions (r =-0.775, p < 0.001). There was also a strong inverse relationship between PXD and collisions (r = -0.746, p < 0.001). Additionally, there was a strong correlation between number of collisions and console time (r = 0.768, p < 0.001).
Dividing the cohort into few collisions (zero or one) versus several collisions (two or more), the ASIS and PXD were significantly smaller in those patients with several collisions (ASIS: 10.5 vs. 15.3 cm, p < 0.001; PXD: 12.6 vs. 17.9 cm, p < 0.001). Put another way, using a cutoff of 13.5 cm for the ASIS, there were significantly fewer collisions in the ≥ 13.5 cm group as compared to the < 13.5 cm group (0.4 vs. 5.1 collisions, p < 0.001). This was also true for the PXD using a cutoff of 15 cm: there were significantly fewer collisions in the > 15 cm group as compared to the ≤ 15 cm group (0.3 vs. 4.8 collisions, p < 0.001).
Conclusions: We found that surgeon ability to perform robotic surgery in an infant is restricted by collisions when the patient has an ASIS measurement of 13.5 cm or less or a PXD of 15 cm or less. Our objective assessment of puboxyphoid and ASIS distance is the best parameter to aid in selecting which infants can safely undergo robotic intervention with a minimum of instrument collision, thereby reducing operative time.


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Q: How to change d path of a svg to flip the direction of the image? I have this d path for an svg but I want to flip the direction of the diagonal lines, how would I do that with this d path?
d:'M 0 0 L 10 10 M 9 -1 L 11 1 M -1 9 L 1 11'
I want to switch it to this direction?
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Dairy policy in Senegal: The need to overcome a technical mindset. Magnani S.D., Ancey V., Hubert B. 2019. European Journal of Development Research : 19 p.
Benefit¿cost analysis of foot-and-mouth disease vaccination at the farm-level in South Vietnam. Truong D.B., Goutard F., Bertagnoli S., Delabouglise A., Grosbois V., Peyre M.I. 2018. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5 : 11 p.
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