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Hiperbarična medicina je specifična medicinska disciplina koja proučava i u praksi primjenjuje povoljne terapijske učinke kisika pod povišenim tlakom i atmosfere povišenog tlaka uopće.

Hiperbarična medicina se temelji na prirodnom lijeku: čistom (100%) medicinskom kisiku koji se primjenjuje pod povećanim tlakom, (većem od  atmosferskog koji na površini  mora iznosi 1 bar ) u tzv. hiperbaričnim barokomorama.

Na prvom svjetskom kongresu medicine u Amsterdamu dr. J. H. Jakobson iz bolnice Mount Sinaj, svoje izlaganje započeo je riječima:

Povijest

Razvoj HBOT u svijetu

Prvi put u povijesti medicine s primjenom stlačenog plina u liječenju medicinskih poremećaja, daleke 1662. godine započeo je britanski svećenik po imenu Henshau. U to vrijeme je stlačeni zrak u zatvorenoj komori poznat je "Domicillium". Bez jasnih dokaza, Henshau iznosi pretpostavke da akutni poremećaji svih vrsta mogu imati koristi od povećanog tlaka.
Francuski znanstvenik Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) otkriva da se plinovi prilikom disanja razmjenjuju u plućima i da se udahnuti kisik u plućima zamjenjuje ugljičnim dioksidom, a da se dušik izbacuje iz pluća u nepromijenjenom obliku. Kada je Joseph Pristley 1772. godine otkrio toksične osobine kisika on započinje eksperimente na životinjama, a kasnije i na ljudima u barokomorama.

Joseph Pristley (1733-1804) nakon pronalaska kisika prvi postavlja sumnju da je moguće njegovo štetno djelovanje na organizam čovjeka. - (Beddos) - i - (Watt) - 1799. godine opisuju promjene na plućima mačića koje su eksperimentalno izlagani zraku s 80% kisika. Francuski kirurg Fontaine projektira pokretnu komoru, čiji rad zasniva na povećanju tlaka zraka u komori i tim postupkom povećava količinu kisika u krvi bolesnika za vrijeme davanja dušik-oksidula kao anestetika, čime je sprječavao pad razine kisika u krvi, što se događa prilikom operativnih zahvata u dubokoj anesteziji.

Godine 1900. Kaningem je primijetio različitost promjena u zdravstvenom stanju bolesnika koji boluju od iste vrste kardiovaskularnih bolesti, u zavisnosti od nadmorske visine na kojoj žive. On to povezuje s promjenom atmosferskog tlaka i donosi zaključak da je razlog za to povišeni atmosferski tlak. Na temelju ovih saznanja konstruira valjkastu komoru veličine 3 m  27 m i istu koristi za liječenje bolesti srca, visoki krvni tlak (hipertenziju), reumatsku groznicu, šećerne i mnoge druge bolesti. Nažalost primjena ove komore se nije dugo održala, jer medicinski autoriteti toga vremena nisu imali razumijevanja za ovakav način liječenja.

Za početak suvremene hiperbarične medicine uzima se 1937. godina, kada su Benke i Šeiv počeli koristiti hiperbaričnu komoru za liječenje dekompresijske bolesti ronilaca. Od 1955. godine Churchill i Davidson koriste hiperbaričnu oksigenaciju i za liječenje drugih bolesti i rana koje su nastale kod oboljelih od karcinoma kao posljedica  radioterapije.

Berm u Nizozemskoj 1956. izvodi prvu operaciju na srcu u hiperbaričnoj komori, a iste godine u Europi počinje i sve češći primjena hiperbaričnog kisika u medicinskoj praksi.
Od trenutka uvođenja u liječničku praksu hiperbarična medicina prolazi kroz više faza razvoja od masovnog prihvaćanja do povremene stagnacije u razvoju. Češća primjena HBO (hiperbarične oksigenoterapije) kao osnovne metode hiperbarične medicine u liječenju sve većeg broja bolesti uvjetovala je razvoj ove grane medicine i njeno izdvajanje iz pomorske medicine (koja se uglavnom bavi selekcijom, trenažom i liječenjem ronilaca) i razvija kao posebna podspecijalistička grana pomorske medicine namijenjena liječenju bolesnika.

Razvoj HBOT u Hrvatskoj

Principi djelovanja hiperbaričnog kisika
Udisanjem zraka, pri normalnom tlaku, zasićenost hemoglobina kisikom iznosi 97%. U 100 ml krvi ima 19,5% vol/% kisika kemijski vezanog i 0,32% vol/% otopljenog u plazmi. Ako se udiše 100 % kisik pri normalnom tlaku u plazmi se otapa 2,09 (vol%), a pri udisanju kisika u hiperbaričnim uvjetima pri tlaku 3 bara, postotak otopljenog kisika u plazmi raste na 6,2 vol%, (ova količina jednaka je količini kisika koji tkiva u mirovanju troše između arterijskog i venskog dela kapilara) dok hemoglobin veže 20.1 vol/% kemijskim putem.

Indikacije za primenu HBOT
Sljedeće indikacije odobrene su za uporabu hiperbarične oskigenoterapije, na temelju odluke Odbora za kisik, UHMS;

1. HITNA STANJA
arterijska plinska embolija
ronilačke bolesti (dekompresijska bolest, barotraumatska plinska embolija i druge)
opekline
trovanja s CO, inhalacije dima i para
nekrotizirajuće infekcije mekih česti i plinska gangrena
naglo nastala gluhoća i/ ili šum u uhu
naglo nastala sljepoća
Bellova pareza

2. U KIRURGIJI
termička oštećenja (opekotine, ozebline i smrzotine)
Crush i blast povrede
nekrotizirajuće infekcije mekih česti, akutni nekrotizirajući fascitis
plinska gangrena (klostridijalna mionekroza)
akutni i kronični osteomijelitis
aseptična nekroza kuka
nezacijeljeni prijelomi kosti
ugroženi kožni režnjevi
Mb. Burger, Sy. i Mb. Raynaud, Mb. Sudeck
subakutna i kronična arterijska insuficijencija različitog porijekla
kronične refraktorne infekcije
radijacijsko oštećenje tkiva
teške povrede (traumatske ishemije)
masivni gubitak krvi
sporocijeleće rane; periferni vaskularni ulkusi (arterijalni, venski, dekubitalni, dijabetički, *trofički, neuropatski)

3. U NEUROLOGIJI I NEUROKIRURGIJI
vrtoglavice, glavobolje, migrene
multipla skleroza
cerebralna paraliza i traumatske povrede mozga
moždani abscesi
selekcionirani moždani udari te povrede mozga i kičmene moždine
moždani edem (toksična encefalopatija, vazogeni,traumatski)
postanoksična encefalopatija
rani organski moždani sindrom (bolest malih krvnih žila)

4. U OTORINOLARINGOLOGIJI
neuralgija trigeminusa
vestibularni poremećaji
iznenadna gluhoća i šum u uhu

5. U OFTALMOLOGIJI
iznenadna sljepoća, okluzija središnje arterije mrežnice i tromboza središnje vene mrežnice
dijabetička retinopatija
optikoneuritis
glaukom otvorenog kuta

6. U INTERNOJ MEDICINI
Crohn-ova bolest, ulcerozni kolitis, pseudomembranozni kolitis
akutni reumatoidni artritis
peptička grizlica (ćir)
šećerna bolest s komplikacijama

Liste indikacija su puno šire od ovdje navedenog gdje smo nastojali prikazati najučestalije koje se primenjuju u Hrvatskoj.,,

Priprema bolesnika za HBOT

Bolesnik koji se podvrgava HBOT mora biti spreman na potpunu suradnju s medicinskim osobljem, strpljiv i discipliniran u provedbi sljedećih sanitarno-tehničkih i bezbedonosnih procedura;
Da se temeljito okupi i sa sebe skine sve tragove masnoće, lak s kose i noktiju, lokalne dermatike (lijekove koji mu je liječnik propisao za nanošenje na površinu kože), dezodorans i druga kozmetička sredstva,
Da sa sebe skine slušna, zubna, očna (leće i naočale) i druga protetska pomagala, i razne metalne, plastične i keramičke Ukrasne predmete i sl.
Sva mjesta tretirana lokalnim dermaticima i kozmetičkim preparatima temeljito se prije kupanja tretiraju alkoholom ili sličnim preparatima a otvorene rane i druge kožne promjene medicinski se tretiraju od strane med.osoblja i prekriva gazom navlaženom fiziološki otopinom.
Pacijent liječenju pristupa potpuno nag, a prije ulaska u barokomoru na sebe oblači specijalni mantil i platnene kaljače, a na glavu stavlja specijalnu kapu (sve od 100%) pamuka.
Kosa mora biti navlažena kako ne bi došlo do elektriziranja. Po ulasku u barosalu bolesnik se hvata za specijalnu šipke (uzemljenje) i sa sebe prazni sav Statički elektricitet.
Ishrana na dan HBOT mora biti lagana bez celuloze, gaziranih napitaka i alkohola. Posljednji obrok prije HBOT uzima se najkasnije 1,5 sati, a pacijent ne smije se liječiti HBOT na tašte jer može doći do pojave hipoglikemija.
Dva sata prije i dva sata poslije HBOT pacijentu se preporuča da ne puši, kako se nebi smanjio učinak liječenja, a lijekove koji su mu propisani uzima po ustaljenoj shemi prije ulaska u barokomoru.
Obavezno prije HBOT treba obaviti fiziološki potrebe, kako se liječenje, koja traje najmanje 60 min. ne bi prekidalo.
Po završenoj HBOT bolesnik je dužan da ostane pod kontrolom liječnika najmanje 20 minuta.

Faze liječenja
Proces liječenja u barokomorama prolazi kroz više faza koje moraju osigurati maksimalnu sigurnost i visoku kvalitetu liječenja.

Proces upravljanja i priprema sustava za rad
Stanica na tekući (ili plinoviti) kisik za opskrbu barokomora 100% kisikom podliježe svakodnevnoj kontroli tijekom HBOT.
Rad u hiperbaričnom centru mora započeti sljedećim pripremnim radnjama:
Dnevna kontrola ispravnosti opreme i sustava
Upuštanje sustava
Specifična priprema opreme i procedura koje zavise od stanja bolesnika
Kompletna evidencija opreme i sustava
Stanje ispravnosti protupožarne zaštite i sustava komunikacije (personala međusobno i personala s bolesnikom).

Liječnički pregled bolesnika
Prije prijema pacijenta za liječenje u barokomori potrebno je steći uvid u kompletnu medicinsku dokumentaciju i uzeti iscrpno anamnezu drugih bolesti, kako bi se otkrila eventualna ograničenja za ovaj vid terapije.
Priprema pacijenta za boravak i liječenje u barokomori obuhvaća sljedeće procedure, kojima se konstatira da li je liječenje u baro komori moguće;
specijalistički pregled liječnika hiperbarične medicine i konzultativni pregled jednog ili više specijalista drugih grana medicine,
rutinske dijagnostičke procedure koje obuhvaćaju;
radiografiju srca i pluća sa spirometrijom,
radiografiju paranazalnih šupljina,
Dopler krvnih žila (ovisno od lokacije promjena)
eho srca, elektrokardiogram a prema potrebi i holter monitoring,
osnovne i biokemijske laboratorijske analize.

Boravak pacijenata u barokomori podrazumijeva i vođenje određene medicinske dokumentacije koja sadrži;
Izjavu pacijenta da je upoznat s hiperbaričnom oksigenacijom i da je prihvaća kao vid liječenja;
Evidenciju zadanih parametara;
vrijeme trajanja HBO, brzina komp / dek, zadati tlak,
vrsta monitoringa
način pripreme bolesnika,
vrijednost ostvarenih parametara tijekom boravka bolesnika u barokomori,
izvanredni događaji i otkaz opreme
ime i prezime liječnika i med.tehničara koji je pacijenta pratio tijekom liječenja,
povijest bolesti

Sanitarno tehnička obrada bolesnika
Opisana je u poglavlju; "Priprema bolesnika za HBOT".

Neposredni proces liječenja

Nakon završetka ove faze pacijent ulazi u barokomoru i započinje proces liječenja koji se odvija prema niže navedenim fazama;

1. Provjetravanje
Traje od 1-3 min i ima za cilj da se iz barokomore istisne zrak i postigne koncentracije kisika unutar komore od 85-95%, i nastavlja se fazom kompresije tijekom koje se postiže 100% koncentracije kisika

2. Kompresija
Ima za cilj da s laganim prirasta tlaka (koji u prosjeku iznosi od 0,1 .kgc/sm2 do 1.kgc/sm2), dosegne željena razina tlaka određen za liječenje. U toku ove faze koja traje u prosjeku 10-15 min. (ovisno od brzine prirasta tlaka), raste temperatura i vlažnost zraka unutar barokomore. 3. Izopresija (liječenje HBO)Traje u prosjeku 40 do 90. minuta, na apsolutnom pritisku u prosjeku od 1,5 do 2,5 bara ovisno od prirode bolesti i svrhe liječenja. Prema potrebi u ovoj fazi liječenja vrši se korekcija temperature i vlažnosti unutar komore iu barosali posebnim postupkom provjetravanja u cilju stvaranja optimalnih uvjeta za liječenje bolesnika. 3. Dekompresija'Započinje po isteku vremena izopresije pa sve do izjednačavanja tlaka u komori s atmosferskim pritiskom. Ova faza traje koliko i faza kompresije (10 do 15 min.). Vanredna dekompresija'': ovim režimom ostvaruje se brzo skidanje tlaka u komori i njegovo dovođenje na razinu atmosferskog tlaka. Ova faza u prosjeku traje od 30 do 150 sekundi, i primjenjuje se samo u izvanrednim situacijama; pogoršanje zdravlja bolesnika, kvar na opremi, požar, jer predstavlja veliki rizik za nastanak barotraume u organizmu bolesnika.

Kontraindikacije za primjenu HBOT

Apsolutne kontraindikacije

 Neliječeni Pneumotoraks
 Neliječeni metastatski  malignitet, izuzev ako postoji potreba za primjenom HBOT (kod  Ugljični monoksid, plinske gangrene ili drugih opasnosti koje ugrožavaju život bolesnika)
 Kardiogeni šok
 Anamnestički podaci o komplikacijama tijekom ranijeg liječenja HBOT.
 Bolesti pluća ( kaverna, absces pluća, zračna embolija).
 Podaci o povećanoj preosjetljivosti na kisik.
 Urođena sverocitoza
 Lijekovi: Cilj-Platinium (zbog pojačane citotoksičnosti), Doksorubicin - Adriamicin (povećan mortaliteta na eksperimentalnim životinjama), Bleomicin (teži oblici pneumonitisa, najčešće fatalan čak i kod primjene normobaričnog kisika ili hiperbaričnog zraka, Mafenide acetat (Sulfamylon ®), Disulfiram ( Antabuse ®) (stvara uvjete za pojačanu toksičnost kisika).

Relativne kontraindikacije
  Strah (fobija) od zatvorenog prostora.
 Epilepsija i slični poremećaji
 Teži oblici  hipertenzivne bolesti.
 Infekcije gornjeg respiratornog trakta
 Teži oblici narušeno prohodnosti  Eustahijeve cijevi, nosnih kanala i sinusa: polipi nosa, sinusa, uha, upalni procesi u nosu sinusima srednjem uhu i urođene anomalije u ORL regiji.
 Opstruktivne bolesti pluća
 Stanja nakon operativnih zahvata na grudnom košu
 Trudnoća (u 3 mjesecu i kasnije)

Komplikacije u toku HBOT
Komplikacije tijekom HBOT su izuzetno rijetke, ako se prije liječenja provede propisani dijagnostički postupak, a u tijeku primijene sve procedure monitoringa. Prema istraživanjima Američkog udruženja za hiperbaričnu medicinu na oko 10.000 slučaja može doći do jedne komplikacije, što je iznimno rijetko.
Barotrauma srednjeg uha
Bol u zubima i / ili čeljusti
Barotrauma pluća (pneumotoraks)
Dekompresiona bolest.
Bol u sinusima
kratkovidost i katarakta
Kisička epilepsija (trovanje kisikom)
Strah od zatvorenog prostora (klaustrofobija) sve do panike
Kisičko uvo
Požar i / ili eksplozija

Vidi još
Barokomora
Hipoksija
Kisičko uho

Izvori

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Year 3 have been studying the Russian artist, Wassily Kandinsky. The children learned all about biographies, before writing their own on the great artist. They looked at examples of his work, learned about the type of art he loved (abstract) and what inspired him. Children used oil pastels to recreate one of Kandinsky's famous pieces 'Squares with Concentric Circles'.


=) Glad you two are back safe and sound!
I traveled all over Germany after I graduated high school and it was so much fun!
wow what an amazing trip. Oh and please tell me more about that pizza. If there's anything I seem to forget when I am on a trip, it's always my diet. Diet does not exist in my vocabulary. I hope you had a fun yummy vacay.
I love your pictures! I was in Munich last summer and I LOVED it! Definitely enjoyed the Hofbrauhaus! Have you been to the English Gardens? SO beautiful! Look for the surfers!
We were just there in August and went to all those places too! We loved it:-) Can't wait to hear about the rest of your trip!
ohhh I loveee Germany, I can't wait to read all your recaps!!! you guys did so much in Munich what great tourists you are!! beautiful pics!!
Tracy ~ loved your recap of Munich!
Those are my people....and Kurt and I stayed at the Sheraton too! It was the only time we stayed in an American hotel while we were in that area. We were longing for a big bed and large shower! I can't wait to hear more about your trip!
I may have to steal your itinerary! It looks like a great trip so far! Can't wait to see more.
Oh my gosh, how beautiful!!!! I am SO SO jealous!! I love that shot of y'all on top of the tower.
I can't wait to read more! A long Europe trip is definitely on our bucket list!
YAY! So happy you are starting your trip posts! I've always wanted to go to Munich. I mean look at those beers!
My gosh, the size of that beer haha I think my boyfriend would die. I can't wait to hear/see more about your trip!
Oh it looks gorgeous! I love living vicariously through other people who travel... until we do one day! The beer looks yummy. The city looks so quaint. In the photo where you're drinking the beer, do you know those people in the background? Or is it common to sit with strangers at a big table like that? Love the recaps, keep them coming please!!
Agh! That beer is bigger than your head! Love it! :) What fabulous photos! And what a beautiful place! I love that last pic.. gosh what an amazing backdrop! Ya'll are too adorable together. I know I know. I say that a lot, but seriously... I kinda want to watch your trip on television or something like "Tracy and TL Explore Europe tonight at 5!" haha.. I'd be hooked! And finally, I stalked...er...looked at...you fbook photos from the trip and have a random compliment.. I'm DIGGING your scarves. I am obsessed with scarves. Seriously. I think I have a problem. Yours are all so fabulous and I just wanted you to know, friend! Have a great evening!
I cannot wait to see the rest of the posts, WHAT a fabulous trip!!!
So pretty! I'm behind on checking these posts out, but I'm hooked by the first one!
I've always wanted to visit Germany, especially since I'm German! That beer and food looks delish.
Love Munich! Hofbrauhaus is so fun and yummy!
Loved reading all your travel tales!


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1736. Tomb Raider Chronicles - RAZZIE AWARDS PAN YEARS WORST MOVIES
Throw out the envelope, please. Tom Green is Tinseltown's top turkey. Comedian Green and his big screen debut Freddy Got Fingered were panned as the worst of the merely bad at the 22nd Annual Razzie Awards, given to Hollywood's most dubious achievements on the eve of its biggest night.
1737. Tomb Raider Chronicles - ANGEL OF DARKNESS EXCLUSIVELY ON PS2
Eidos Interactive has announced a partnership with console giant Sony Entertainment to keep the forthcoming Tomb Raider series exclusively on the Playstation 2 video-game console as well as the PC, dispelling earlier rumours of a possible Lara Croft debut on Microsoft Corp's XBOX entertainment system.
1738. Tomb Raider Chronicles - BECKHAM CAN'T STOP ROUT AT RAGE
Rage Software, a UK games developer, yesterday stunned the market with a warning that second half sales would disappoint after turnover in the six months to December fell short of expectations. The gloomy outlook came just two days after rival games group Eidos gave its own profits alert. It knocked Rage's shares down 12 per cent to 3.75p.
1739. Tomb Raider Chronicles - JILL DE JONG ANNOUNCED AS NEW LARA
Eidos Interactive has appointed Dutch model Jill De Jong as the new face of computer game heroine Lara Croft, replacing Lucy Clarkson following her two year tenure. At 6ft tall and measuring 34-26-38, Jill is a perfect incarnation of the worlds number one cyber-babe.
1740. Tomb Raider Chronicles - EIDOS LAUNCH THE ANGEL OF DARKNESS
A new Lara Croft for a new generation. Eidos Interactive and Core Design announce the return of the world's most famous video game character in Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness. The game will be released on PlayStation 2 and PC towards the end of 2002.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Short-time employment in Estonia is permitted to an alien, who stays legally in Estonia on the temporary basis (for example, on the basis of a visa or visa-free) and whose employment has been registered with the Police and Border Guard Board before the employment commences.
Short-time employment can be registered for up to 365 days during 455 day period. Short-term employment can be registered for a longer period of time for employment as a teacher or a lecturer, for research work, for employment as a top specialist or at a start-up company. Short-time employment for participation in seasonal work can be registered for up to 270 days during a year.
an employer is registered in Estonia.
an employer shall pay an alien remuneration in the amount of the annual average gross monthly salary in Estonia last published at the time of the application. Here you can find additional information on the remuneration requirement and exceptions to whom it does not apply and to whom applies a higher rate.
working as a posted worker must comply with the Working Conditions of Workers Posted in Estonia Act.
On the above named cases, a short-term employment in Estonia can also be registered if this is a temporary agency work with a user undertaking.
Temporary agency work can be registered as short-term employment, if an employer registered in Estonia operates as an intermediary of temporary agency work and the employer holds assets covering at least ten percent of the salary fund on a deposit account opened in a credit institution registered in Estonia during the whole short-term employment period.
An employer may apply for registration of short-term employment in person, via an authorized representative at a Service Office, by post or by e-mail.
in the case of employment at a start-up, provide an opinion of the expert committee or a number of the application of the expert committee, unless the company is one of the start-up companies listed in the Directive of the Minister of the Interior.
More detailed requirements to documents issued in foreign countries can be found here.
for participation in seasonal work if an alien has been employed as a seasonal worker in Estonia during the last five years and his or her registration of short-term employment has not been declared invalid.
In the case of registration of short-term employment, an alien can set to work in Estonia starting from the same calendar date when the employer registered the alien's short-term employment in Estonia with the Police and Border Guard Board.
In the case of for registration of short-term employment, the registration of short-term employment shall not be refused. The conformity of the application and the compliance with the requirements shall be checked after the registration of short-term employment, and, if necessary, the registration shall be repealed.
On regular basis the short-term employment is registered or refused to register within 10 working days as of the day following the date of acceptance of the application for proceeding or as of the date when the deficiencies of the application are eliminated.
More detailed information about the employer's obligations (salary criterion and obligation of notification) can be found here.


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Singers invited for 'Power of Song'
Music on the Hill invites singers, including students, to join the Festival Chorus for a themed concert, The Power of Song, led by artistic director David H. Connell.
Rehearsals are Tuesdays from 7 to 9 p.m. beginning Sept. 12, at the WEPCO church complex in Wilton, 48 New Canaan Road. The concert takes place on Sunday, Oct. 15, at the Unitarian Church in Westport.
The Festival Chorus of roughly 40 singers is one of Music on the Hill's four performing ensembles. Participants join for one music project at a time — one four- to six- week rehearsal/concert cycle. Ensembles include new and returning members, and new participants are always welcome.
Advance registration, with voice part, required. With questions and to register, e-mail ellen@musiconthehillCT.org or call 203-529-3133. There is no cost to participate.
Music on the Hill is an independent non-profit organization led by artistic directors David H. Connell and Ellen Dickinson. It is funded through donations and by a grant from the state Department of Economic and Community Development, Office of the Arts, which receives support from the National Endowment for the Arts, a federal agency.


text:
Q: Sending PHP mail from a server without a domain name I'm running a wordpress multisite install on a linux AWS ec2 server.
We're having some issues with emails sent via sendmail being blocked by the end user. The issue is generally not a problem with personal email accounts, more so with larger organisations with nasty firewalls.
At the moment, the server doesn't have a public domain name... So I'm not sure how to configure my php.ini file's sendmail_from
Any help would be great!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
MoHE Grants
https://www.ucsiuniversity.edu.my/sites/default/files/eblast_on_mohe_grants.pdf
https://www.ucsiuniversity.edu.my/sites/default/files/congratz-low-carbon.pdf
https://www.ucsiuniversity.edu.my/sites/default/files/pg-satu-a3.pdf
Research & Scholarly Facilities
Research & Scholarly Achievements
Researcher's Achievement
Research Newsletters
Press & Media Release
+603-9101 8880 ext: 2256
Assoc. Prof. Dr Grrace Ng, Director, CERVIE
Phone ext: 2257
Dr Wang Kang Han, Research Manager, CERVIE
Our researchers are committed to transmitting research ideas and findings beyond the academic community. Find out more about their particular skills.
Faculty of Applied Sciences View List
Faculty of Business and Management View List
Faculty of Hospitality & Tourism Management View List
Faculty of Engineering, Technology & Built Environment View List
Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences View List
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Institute of Computer Science and Digital Innovation View List


There's a lot of ground to cover on a visit to the majestic site of Machu Picchu.
The ruins of the ancient citadel extend through an area of 326 square kilometres (126 square miles). It can take around half a day to explore. Having a knowledgeable guide helps to explain each section of the ancient ruins and learn about the history of the Incas but there's another reason to get a guide. Peru's new rules have created a game changer in accessing the site on your own.
New regulations (introduced by the Peruvian Ministry of Culture in July 2017 ) state that it's now mandatory for visitors to have an accredited tourist guide on their first visit. On the second visit, you need to present your first ticket to be allowed entry on your own.
Here are a few of the main sites you can expect to see inside the grounds of Machu Picchu.
For those arriving at the front entrance of the site by bus (if you're not hiking the Inca Trail) this is the main starting point before entering Machu Picchu. A good tip to know: you can get a Machu Picchu stamp added to your passport at the front office as you're arriving or leaving the site.
The Intihuatana stone is an ancient sundial carefully carved to consist of four sides, a wide pillar and pedestal standing 1.8 metres (6 feet) tall. It was used as an astrological clock and is associated with the Inca calendar. The stone also played an important role in religious ceremonies.
A spectacular entrance witnessed by trekkers finishing the Inca Trail. Day trippers to Machu Picchu won't miss out with the option to do the two-hour return hike. It is believed that Sun Gate was a security check point for those entering the ancient city and offers sweeping views over the site of Machu Picchu.
These furry photo-bombing cuties are easy to spot and have sky-rocketed into the social streams of public popularity. Llamas are related to the camel family and grow up to twice the size of an alpaca. They were important resources for the Incas – not having other domesticated animals such as horses, goats or sheep to rely on. See if you can spot the difference between a llama and alpaca while on your trip in Peru.
The natural cave of the Royal Tomb can be found at the base of the Temple of the Sun. Archaeologists suggest the site was used as a final resting place for the royal family, although no evidence of mummies were ever found.
Machu Picchu is roughly divided into an urban sector and agricultural sector, suggesting to archaeologists the area was inhabited by humans and intended for long-term use. Upon arriving, you will notice a series of terraces built into the hillside; these were used for crop production during the Inca period.
Huayna Picchu (also known as Wayna Pichu or Wayna Pikchu) means 'young peak' in Quechua. Access to the top is known as the 'stairs of death' – a climb capped at 400 people a day reaching the Temple of the Moon. The hair-raising climb takes about three hours return trip. Intrepid does not assist travellers in reaching Huayna Picchu, as safety can not be guaranteed.
The Incas were advanced in astronomy and their building achievements without metal tools or mortar are recognised as an engineering feat. Take your time at the site – it's the little details that will leave a lasting impression.
Ready for Machu Picchu? Check out Intrepid's range of small group adventure trips to Peru.


The scholarship is provided to a female undergraduate Indigenous student in one of theatre, music theatre or music performance. The scholarship may be awarded for multiple years across the recipient's bachelor degree, provided the student continues to make satisfactory progress in her course.
Refer to the Open and Closing Dates section above for the application link. Only one application is required to be considered for all indigenous scholarships available.


우리는 중국에서 구두약 Iso Gear Pump 제조 업체 및 공급 업체 / 공장 전문화되어 있습니다. 구두약 Iso Gear Pump 중 하나 인 Botou Honghai Pump Co.,Ltd 중국 유명 브랜드 중 하나 인 저렴한 가격 / 저렴한 가격으로 고품질의 구두약 Iso Gear Pump 도매업.
Wholesale 구두약 Iso Gear Pump from China, Need to find cheap 구두약 Iso Gear Pump as low price but leading manufacturers. Just find high-quality brands on 구두약 Iso Gear Pump produce factory, You can also feedback about what you want, start saving and explore our 구두약 Iso Gear Pump, We'll reply you in fastest.


The Stanno Prestige T-Shirt is a sporty tee with Prestige design has a modern feel, with clean lines and subtle tone-on-tone colours. The ClimaTec finish ensures optimal moisture transport and the breathable mesh fabric on the shoulders and sleeves makes the shirt feel light. The seams run diagonally forward, making the contrast panel visible from the front and making the waist look smaller. This is a T-shirt from our Prestige collection, with a design that brings the athlete to 'the next level'.


Regular membership is available to those persons engaged in the practice of Human Resource Management, faculty members of accredited colleges and universities, or those persons who own or are employed by a consulting firm, employment agency, temporary staffing firm, vendor, professional employer organization (sales), and others who have a bona fide connection with Human Resource Management and the purpose of AHRM.
The cost for a Regular Member is $75.00 annually + meeting fees. Membership duration is on a rolling calendar year basis; if you join AHRM on May 1, 2018, your membership will expire on April 30, 2019.


American foursquare interior design photos (2 homes), villa terranova a waterfront spanish colonial estate in. Dalworthington gardens estate $1,390,000 pricey pads. Makeup vanities, master bedrooms and ideas for small.
Jessica alba house, featured community: estilo at rancho mirage, california. Traditional bathrooms austin impressions. 196 inglewood drive heaps estrin real estate.


text:
#pragma once

#include "il2cpp-config.h"

#ifndef _MSC_VER
# include <alloca.h>
#else
# include <malloc.h>
#endif

#include <stdint.h>

#include "UnityEngine_UI_UnityEngine_UI_BaseMeshEffect2306480155.h"

#ifdef __clang__
#pragma clang diagnostic push
#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Winvalid-offsetof"
#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-variable"
#endif

// UnityEngine.UI.PositionAsUV1
struct  PositionAsUV1_t4062429115  : public BaseMeshEffect_t2306480155
{
public:

public:
};

#ifdef __clang__
#pragma clang diagnostic pop
#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Instagram, which is owned by Facebook, banned a leading GOP spokeswoman's access from the social media site after she posted a photo of Sen. Elizabeth Warren's registration form for the Texas Bar in which the senator identified as a Native American.
The Washington Post tweeted it first.
Instagram shut down Kayleigh McEnany's access to the platform for posting the photo.
Republicans and Conservatives have to worry about everything they say on social media. Leftists can threaten to kill people or spread racist comments and that's okay.
On Twitter, if you simply tweet, "learn to code," even if you're not mocking journalists, you get warned or banned.
The Daily Caller Editor-in-Chief Geoffrey Ingersoll was locked out of his Twitter account Tuesday night after tweeting "learn to code" at The Daily Show.
The Daily Show's Twitter account made a video game-related joke about President Donald Trump's State of the Union Address, teasing that the president unlocked the "asymmetrical background" achievement by getting Vice President Mike Pence to stand but House Speaker Nancy Pelosi to remain seated.
"Learn to code," Ingersoll replied as a joke.
He wasn't mocking reporters who lost their jobs which is how it became a problem in the first place. Of course, reporters used the phrase first to mock miners who were put out of work.
If you merely say the words, 'learn to code', you are a hater according to Twitter.
One of these tweets is real.
Next articleDemocrats in Blackface! Sweaters Can Be Blackface Too!
It seems liberals can say or do anything on social media, but conservatives are held to a different standard.
That is what happens when the "rabble" – twitter, facebook et al – are confronted by superior beings…in every respect…their inferiority complex rises to the fore !!!


text:
Center Field is an online publication presented by the Marist College Center for Sports Communication.
Founded in the Spring of 2018 by Professor Leander Schaerlaeckens, Marco Schaden, and Matt Rzodkiewicz, Center Field aims to comprehensively cover Marist Athletics like never before.
Founders Corner
Marco Schaden • Co-Founder
Marco was Center Field's first Editor-in-Chief in the Spring of 2018. He carries with him the lessons learned from the earliest challenges of getting Center Field off the ground as he hopes to begin his career in professional journalism.
Matt Rzodkiewicz • Co-Founder
Matt took the helm as Editor-in-Chief in the Fall of 2018 aiming to increase Center Field's multimedia content. Promoting graphic design and publishing diverse multimedia stories, such as The Ink That Links Marist Swimming and Around the Horns, Matt certainly accomplished his goal. He is now employed by MLB Network.
Kristin Dolan
Kristin took on the challenging role of Center Field's first Managing Editor. Her work established a respectable precedent for Center Field around campus and developed a streamlined system of reporting. Drawing on her experiences with Center Field and as manager for the Marist Football Team, Kristin is now a Social Operations Coordinator for the NFL.
Nick Rudzewick
Nick "Rudz" played to his strengths as Center Field's first Multimedia Director. His talents are best noted in his collaboration with Will Bjarnar in The Foxspys and his short film on Marist Hockey's Road to Nationals. Nick now works for AOL In The Know as an Associate Video Editor.


text:
X/1
X/10
COP 10 Decision X/5
X/5.Implementation of the Convention and the Strategic Plan
Taking note of the report on progress in the implementation of the Strategic Plan contained in the note by the Executive Secretary on implementation of the Strategic Plan and progress towards the 2010 biodiversity target, and in-depth review of goals 1 and 4 of the Strategic Plan, 24
Welcoming the substantial progress made by Parties towards some of the goals and objectives of the Strategic Plan, in particular with regard to the development of national biodiversity strategies and action plans, the engagement of stakeholders, and the widespread recognition of the 2010 biodiversity target,
Expressing concern over the limitations in the financial, human and technical resources available to Parties to fully implement the Convention, especially for developing countries, in particular the least developed countries and small island developing States, as well as countries with economies in transition,
Emphasizing the need for a balanced and enhanced implementation of the Convention's three objectives,
Recognizing that the fulfilment of biodiversity targets and obligations by developing countries depends in part on calls for the effective implementation by developed countries of the provisions of the Convention in Articles 16, 20 and 21,
Recalling its earlier decisions related to capacity-building, in particular decisions VIII/8 and IX/8,
Recognizing that implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 is facilitated by the coherent and synergistic implementation of biodiversity-related conventions and agreements at all levels,
1.Emphasizes the need for increased support to Parties, especially developing countries, in particular the least developed countries and small island developing States, as well as countries with economies in transition, to strengthen capacity for the implementation of the objectives of the Convention, in line with the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the Strategy for Resource Mobilization, including:
(a)Support for the updating of national biodiversity strategies and action plans as effective instruments to promote the implementation of the Strategic Plan and the mainstreaming of biodiversity at the national level, taking into account synergies among the biodiversity-related conventions, in a manner consistent with their respective mandates;
(b)Human resource development, including training on technical topics and communication skills and stakeholder involvement, with emphasis on strengthening the expertise of local partners;
(c)Strengthening of national institutions to ensure the effective provision, exchange and use of biodiversity-related information, to provide monitoring of implementation, and to ensure policy coherence and facilitate coordination among sectors so as to promote implementation in all sectors;
(d)Strengthening of cooperation at regional and subregional levels;
(e)Enhanced knowledge management to facilitate improved access to and effective use of relevant knowledge, information and technologies, through a strengthened central clearing-house mechanism and national clearing-house mechanism nodes, in accordance with national legislation;
(f)Support to assess, on a scientific basis, the economic and other values of biodiversity and ecosystems in order to increase awareness and understanding of the importance of biodiversity, and thereby contribute to the mobilization of additional resources for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity;
2.Invites Parties to establish mechanisms at all levels to foster the full and effective participation of indigenous and local communities, civil-society organizations and all stakeholders in the full implementation of the objectives of the Convention, the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets;
3.Invites Parties and Governments to involve national focal points of all the biodiversity-related agreements, as appropriate, in the process of updating and implementation of national biodiversity strategies and action plans and related enabling activities;
4.Requests the Global Environment Facility to provide adequate and timely financial support for the updating of national biodiversity strategies and action plans and related enabling activities, and requests the Global Environment Facility and its implementing agencies to ensure that procedures are in place to ensure an expeditious disbursement of funds;
5.Invites other donors, Governments and multilateral and bilateral agencies to provide financial, technical and technological support to developing countries, particularly least developed countries and small island developing States, as well as countries with economies in transition, to strengthen their capacities to implement the Convention, including support for relevant initiatives and strategies of indigenous and local communities;
6.Requests the Executive Secretary, subject to the availability of resources, in collaboration with Parties, other Governments and relevant international organizations such as the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environment Programme, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and other partners, to continue facilitating the provision of support to countries for capacity-building activities, including through regional and/or subregional workshops on updating and revising national biodiversity strategies and action plans, the mainstreaming of biodiversity and the enhancement of the clearing-house mechanism;
7.Further requests the Executive Secretary, subject to the availability of resources, to:
(a)Prepare a further and in-depth analysis of the main reasons why the 2010 biodiversity target has not been met despite the activities undertaken by Parties, drawing upon the third edition of the Global Biodiversity Outlook, the fourth national reports and other relevant sources of information;
(b)Continue to develop guidance on integrating biodiversity into relevant sectors and cross sectoral policies, plans and programmes; and
(c)Collaborate with the secretariats of the other biodiversity-related conventions to facilitate the participation of national focal points of these agreements, as appropriate, in the updating and implementation of national biodiversity strategies and action plans and related enabling activities.
24 UNEP/CBD/WG-RI/3/2


Metropolitan Pediatric Dental came to Eviva Media after working with a dental specific agency. They wanted something unique and not like every other pediatric dentist. We built them a custom solution that really captured their brand as well as integrated with their various marketing efforts.
We chose Eviva because they came highly recommended by a friend. The team is smart, attentive, efficient, and super fun to work with!


text:
Life's Good
Life's Good is an upcoming Hindi-language Indian drama film produced by Anand Shukla under his banner EktAnand Pictures, and directed by Anant Mahadevan.
Life's Good story
Rameshwar, a shy accountant, avoids relationships and spirals into despair when his mother dies.
Mishti, a 6-year-old girl, decides that Rameshwar is her new best friend, and as she grows older, he fears she will leave him alone once again.
Release date: 9 December 2022 (India) Director: Anant Mahadevan Cinematography: Alphonse Roy Music director: Abhishek Ray Producer: Anand Shukla
Life's Good- Cast
Jackie Shroff Ananya vij Saniya Anklesaria Nakul sahdev Rajit Kapur
Life's Good- Release date:
Release date: 9 December 2022
Visit us-->


india-esthe.me 9 out of 10 based on 400 ratings. 100 user reviews.
View and Download Polaris 120 XC rider's safety manual and owner's operation and maintenance manual online. 120 XC Offroad Vehicle pdf manual download.
Where do you ad coolant to polaris 325 trail boss?
On the left side of machine by footrest there is a plastic tank , where you add coolant .
polaris recommends that all riders take a safety training course. do not attempt maneuvers beyond your capability. always wear a helmet and other safety apparel.


Anxiety caused by environmental problems is increasingly widespread. There are, however, remedies available for the anxiety, and the best of them have one common feature: they are implemented in forests.
Panu Pihkala, Research Professor at the Faculty of Theology in the University of Helsinki, recently described the guilt experienced because of the climate change as so massive that people avoid talking about it altogether. Instead, "concern for the environment is felt in secret," Pihkala wrote in the periodical Kanava (6/2018).
And when the concern is not in plain sight, the usual interpretation is that it does not exist. Which, in turn, is likely to intensify the anxiety, up to actual physical pain.
Sini Harkki, Programme Manager of Greenpeace Nordic in Finland, quoted by the newspaper Tekniikka &Talous (2 October 2018), expressed concern over the "increasing general feeling that there is nothing to be done" about the climate change and that we have missed the train. She later expressed the same concern in the daily Helsingin Sanomat (7 October 2018), saying that she herself believes in accelerating the new technologies.
Ojala was one of the keynote speakers at the 13th European Forest Pedagogics Congress last week in Pudasjärvi, northern Finland. This year, the annual meeting of the forest pedagogues' network was hosted by the Finnish 4H organisation and the Finnish Forest Association.
According to Ojala, there are two principal ways of coping with environmental anxiety: you either cope with the emotion or the problem causing that emotion. In practice, most of us use both methods.
Some focus more on the emotion, others on the problem. Each individual will consider the matter in light of their intention, or of what they actually want to achieve.
"Forests can be used here to formulate the problems in a more concrete way. The potential actions become more concrete and relevant," says Ojala.
In Pudasjärvi, Ojala spoke about young people, but most of what she said also applies to adults. Adults, too, have emotions, and if young people do not always know that much about the problem causing anxiety, we may also ask whether the adults' knowledge is all that profound.
According to a survey report published in September by the consulting company Pöyry, one in every ten Finns thinks that most of the carbon dioxide emissions are caused by nuclear power, when in fact, it does not cause any at all. Only seven percent of the respondents were able to name peat as the most polluting energy source in Finland.
Both young people and adults look for support from other people. But when the young look for support from adults, they have very high demands.
When the young look for trustworthiness in an adult, they often view adults with quite a lot of cynicism. What we're dealing with here is the role of educator and teacher. The young basically want to be able to trust their teachers, and in this they should not be let down," says Ojala.
How, then, should we respond to the concern expressed by the young? "You must be honest," says Ojala.
Many think that honesty means painting threatening images. This, however, is only one side of the matter. "Of course you need to speak about threats, for they may even make the most likely scenario. But you also need to talk about utopias, and in addition to them, about possible futures," says Ojala.
Anxiety is eased when you show the pathway to a future that is possible. Still, it should be a pathway that everyone is able to construct.
"You should not paint the future as something that is inevitable. The most honest truth is that the future is something that we construct. After saying that, you can ask if they want to be a part of this work and if yes, what their objectives are and how they can reach them," says Ojala.
There are many tools, also with young people. Ojala would recommend that they try to find adults who work with environmental problems. In this way, you can begin to feel confident that you are not alone with your concerns, and it may even lead to cooperation.
Ojala would also discuss how to affect environmental problems by how we lead our daily lives. And a forest is a very good place for talking about precisely those things.
"You should steer the young towards going beyond individual consumer decisions and striving for genuine citizenship – influencing the process of transforming individual decisions into practical outcomes," says Ojala.
To the teachers Ojala speaks about critical emotional awareness. People always regulate their emotions, though sometimes on the basis of norms that they are not aware of.
Teachers are familiar with the problems caused by emotions. Anxiety may even lead to a situation where the young refuse to discuss its cause in the classroom. This worries teachers not only in itself, but also because it makes teaching and learning difficult.
When encountering anxiety, the individuals' ways of coping should be brought under scrutiny. In order for this to succeed, teachers and educators should have examined their own coping mechanisms in advance.
Teachers are important role models for the young. "A teacher sets up, most often consciously, the emotional norms and rules for the classroom. How pupils perceive the teacher's response to negative emotions can be directly seen in their coping strategies in similar situations," says Ojala.
The importance of emotions for learning should be recognized, put into words and brought under conscious control. In a learning situation, the learners' emotions should be taken seriously and not dismissed as irrelevant. When emotions are dealt with constructively, hopelessness will be replaced by meaningful action and constructive hope.
For some, it is easier to focus on hopelessness and helplessness, because then you need not do anything and can simply avoid taking responsibility. And if we want to help the world, we cannot do it from the depths of anxiety.
The young often view the world through problems. If we succeed in turning this into a strength, we will not only address the cause of anxiety – the environmental problem – but will also feel we can make a difference, live according to our conscience, learn new things and cooperate with our friends.
Then, if all this is done out in nature, we will have the added advantages of exciting experiences, practical and creative activities and occasions for both showing and receiving approval among like-minded people.
I am a professional on education involved in the community to rise awareness of environment problems among people and political leaders. I am interested in indicators of the worries of youth facing the present situation. Thank you for sharing any information related, such as reports, newpapers, TV, conferences etc.
Dear Ms Ruelland, nice to hear that this article was useful for you. Thanks.


text:
Creator of Famed Obama Poster Sentenced for Vandalism Charges
Feb. 3, 2009: Artist Shepard Fairey poses beside his "Obama HOPE" image, part of an exhibit of his work at the Institute of Contemporary Art. (AP/Boston Herald)
BOSTON – The artist who created the "Hope" poster of President Obama was sentenced to two years of probation Friday after pleading guilty to three vandalism charges. Prosecutors dropped 11 other charges.
Shepard Fairey pleaded guilty in Boston Municipal Court to one charge of defacing property and two charges of wanton destruction of property under $250, all misdemeanors.
The 39-year-old Los Angeles street artist, who became famous for plastering his posters and stickers throughout cities, must pay $2,000 to a graffiti removal organization and cannot possess tagging materials — such as stickers or paste — in Boston except for authorized art installations. He also must tell officials when he plans to visit Suffolk County, where Boston is located.
"I think that people should be responsible about sharing their art, and that's not a transition or an evolution of my philosophy," Fairey said outside court. "Fortunately, I'm at a place in my career where I can get sanctioned spaces, so it's not an issue that I'll ever have to worry about again."
Fairey was arrested in February when he was in Boston for an event kicking off a solo exhibit at the Institute of Contemporary Art. The arrest came three days after he failed to appear in court on a charge of placing a poster on a Boston electrical box in September 2000.
In the plea deal, Fairey admitted to the 2000 incident and two others this past January: placing a sticker on the back of a traffic sign and affixing a poster to a private condominium building.
He faces no further vandalism charges in Suffolk County. Prosecutors dropped 14 charges last month, saying they could not prove Fairey had placed stickers on properties in Boston's Roxbury neighborhood.
"I share my art and it works virally. People make printouts from the Internet and people buy my stickers online," he said. "There was absolutely no way for the city of Boston to assert that Obama posters put up when I wasn't even in town were done by me, which is ridiculous."
Assistant District Attorney Josh Wall said prosecutors aren't responsible for judging the artistic merits of street artists when they break the law to display their work.
Fairey intends to return to Boston on July 31 to attend a party at the museum for his exhibit, which ends next month.
In a separate case, Fairey and The Associated Press have sued each other over the "Hope" poster, which Fairey's lawyers acknowledge was derived from a photo taken for the AP.
The AP has said his uncredited and uncompensated use of the image violates copyright laws. Fairey says he didn't violate copyright law because he dramatically changed the image.


text:
Q: how to fix getDataTask method error? below is my code there is a problem some where in  getDataTask if i remove this class is work fine and print Toast message      Toast.makeText(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); but what is problem in my  getDataTask im parsing below json file   problem is some where in doinbackground method  help me please
 {"status":0,"message":"No such school found"}

           public class thirdstep extends Activity {

ListView listCategory;

String status;
String message;
String MenuSelect;
ProgressBar prgLoading;
long Cat_ID;
String Cat_name;

String CategoryAPI;
int IOConnect = 0;
TextView txtAlert;
thirdstepAdapter cla;
static ArrayList<String> Category_ID = new ArrayList<String>();
static ArrayList<String> Category_name = new ArrayList<String>();
static ArrayList<String> Category_image = new ArrayList<String>();

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    setContentView(R.layout.category_list2);
    ImageButton btnback = (ImageButton) findViewById(R.id.btnback);
    listCategory = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.listCategory2);
       prgLoading = (ProgressBar) findViewById(R.id.prgLoading);
       txtAlert = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.txtAlert);
    cla = new thirdstepAdapter(thirdstep.this);

    new getDataTask().execute();

    listCategory.setAdapter(cla);

    btnback.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener()

    {

        public void onClick(View arg0) {
            // TODO Auto-generated method stub
            finish();
        }
    });

    Intent iGet = getIntent();
    Cat_ID = iGet.getLongExtra("category_id", 0);
    Cat_name = iGet.getStringExtra("category_name");

    Toast.makeText(this, Cat_ID + Cat_name, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

    MenuSelect = Utils.MenuSelect;

    listCategory.setOnItemClickListener(new OnItemClickListener() {

        public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> arg0, View arg1,
                int position, long arg3) {
            // TODO Auto-generated method stub
            Intent iMenuList = new Intent(thirdstep.this,   fourthscreen.class);

            iMenuList.putExtra("Cat_ID",Cat_ID);
            iMenuList.putExtra("Menuitem", Category_ID.get(position));

            startActivity(iMenuList);

        }
    });

}

void clearData() {
    Category_ID.clear();
    Category_name.clear();
    Category_image.clear();
}

 public class getDataTask extends AsyncTask<Void, Void, Void>{

        getDataTask(){
            if(!prgLoading.isShown()){
                prgLoading.setVisibility(0);
                txtAlert.setVisibility(8);
            }
        }

        @Override
         protected void onPreExecute() {
          // TODO Auto-generated method stub

        }

        @Override
        protected Void doInBackground(Void... arg0) {
            // TODO Auto-generated method stub
            parseJSONData();
            return null;
        }

        @Override
        protected void onPostExecute(Void result) {
            // TODO Auto-generated method stub
            prgLoading.setVisibility(8);
            if((Category_ID.size() > 0) || IOConnect == 0){
                listCategory.setVisibility(0);
                listCategory.setAdapter(cla);
            }else{
                txtAlert.setVisibility(0);
            }
        }
    }

public void parseJSONData() {

    CategoryAPI = Utils.MenuList + Cat_ID;

    clearData();
    try {

        HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient();
        HttpConnectionParams
                .setConnectionTimeout(client.getParams(), 15000);
        HttpConnectionParams.setSoTimeout(client.getParams(), 15000);
        HttpUriRequest request = new HttpGet(CategoryAPI);
        HttpResponse response = client.execute(request);
        InputStream atomInputStream = response.getEntity().getContent();
        BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
                atomInputStream));

        String line;
        String str = "";
        while ((line = in.readLine()) != null) {
            str += line;
        }

        JSONObject json = new JSONObject(str);

        JSONObject json2 = new JSONObject(str);

        status = json2.getString("status");
        message = json2.getString("message");

        if (status.equals("1")) {

        JSONObject data = json.getJSONObject("data");

        JSONArray school = data.getJSONArray("menu_groups");

        for (int i = 0; i < school.length(); i++) {
            JSONObject object = school.getJSONObject(i);

            Category_ID.add(object.getString("id"));
            Category_name.add(object.getString("title"));
            Category_image.add(object.getString("image"));

        }

        }
        else
        {

            Toast.makeText(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
        }

    } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
        // TODO Auto-generated catch block
        e.printStackTrace();
    } catch (IOException e) {
        // TODO Auto-generated catch block
        IOConnect = 1;
        e.printStackTrace();
    } catch (JSONException e) {
        // TODO Auto-generated catch block
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
}

}

A: You are calling parseJSONData() in doInbackground and you have this
  Toast.makeText(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); // in parseJSONData()

you cannot update ui from doInbackground. You need to update ui on the ui thread. Return result in doInbackground. In onPostExecute update ui.


Indian gastronomy has captivated both locals and foreigners alike with one of the most stimulating diets in the world. The exotic mix of flavors and textures have contributed to the opening of many Indian restaurants in big cities all over the world, and Barcelona is no exception. Like the cosmopolitan city that it is, Barcelona houses a number of restaurants offering this highly sought out cuisine, and some, of course, are better than others. In this article from ShBarcelona, we'll be talking about the best Indian restaurants in the Ciudad Condal – come along with us!
The Indian kitchen is tremendously rich, and has been fairly influenced by the colonizing countries that took part in India's history. One of most notable characteristics of Indian food is the use of spices, that are added to practically all of their plates. The most commonly used ingredients in Indian food include rice, bread, vegetables and legumes. Another interesting thing about this type of gastronomy are the specific rituals when it comes time to eat. For example, it is common to eat the food seated directly on the floor and using your hands to eat everything, usually using your four fingers, minus your index finger, on your right hand. Over time people have begun to use eating utensils more frequently, including the spoon.
In Barcelona we find the restaurant SWAD, characterized by the Indian food prepared in-house. Punit Gupta is the owner and head chef of SWAD, located in the Poblenou district at Sancho de Ávila 167. You can enjoy their daily specials or their consistent menu items, all of which are full of delicious aromas, flavors and textures that you transport you to other worlds. Our next restaurant suggestion for Indian food is Rasoi. Here, you also find dishes that are made completely in-house, that offer possibilities and adaptations for all tastes and preferences. All the dishes, in addition, are prepared in traditionally, creating a more authentic experience.
This aspect is very important to be able to truly enjoy Indian gastronomy, since sometimes the use of spices and sauces is so overwhelming that few find a taste for it. It is helpful when these ingredients are enjoyable for all customers, including those that don't have much experience with spicy food, so they can enjoy and appreciate their meal. Lastly, we'll head over to Córcega 211 bis in the Ciudad Condal to visit Sindur, a reference for Indian cuisine in Barcelona. Since 2004, Sindur has been creating the perfect Indian food, locating the best chefs in Calcutta, importing the most authentic and glamorous furniture from the state of Rajastán and the kitchen utensils from the traditional kitchens of New Delhi. They have adapted the levels of spice to European palates in general and in Barcelona in particular, instructing all their personnel in a fashion that makes the service absolutely exquisite. The result? One of the best Indian restaurants in Barcelona.
Have you visited any of these restaurants? What did you think? Are there other Indian restaurants in Barcelona you would recommend?
Where to Find Latin Food in Barcelona?


The temptation when we read this passage is to go all theological about the afterlife. When we do I think that we miss some important points. Firstly, faith or love are not implicitly mentioned but it seems that the rich man had neither when it came to how he treated this man who was in excruciating pain. This parable further reveals the state of many who are wealthy, both in Christ's time and in ours. The indifference that this unnamed man had is an abomination.
Do you not think that it was God's plan all along that someone on earth would comfort Lazarus, take him to their side and care for him? Does it concern you that this care only came after he died? Is it not a condemnation on each of us who see such people and do nothing presuming that God will care for them as if he can do it apart from us? This parable is way more troubling than any message about heaven and hell. To whom much is given much is required.
Help us Lord to care for the Lazarus' of our time. May we be more like you than the rich man in the parable.
Bob, you are so right....we need to see the application in all Scripture, and this story certainly reminds us of that statement...To whom much is given much is required. Lord I join Bob in this prayer for my soul.


Within the fire service, each of us has a duty and responsibility to leave the service better than when we came in. This includes bettering ourselves along the way. Each generation firefighter receives the theoretical baton from those who came before. The baton symbolizes the rich history of the fire service, where we came from, where we are today, and where we're headed. Modern fire science, through the work of Underwriters Laboratories – Firefighter Safety Research Institute (UL-FSRI) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), has been working hard to forge the fire service path to modern fire tactics, but are some insisting on going down a path we've seen before?
I entered the fire service in the late 70s as a volunteer firefighter. I became a paid firefighter in the early 80s and retired in 2017. The training foundation I received throughout much of that time was basically the same foundation of training born from the 70s and before. In the 80s and 90s, the popular trade books that taught firefighter strategy and tactics came from many popular and well known chief officers from big city departments across the USA. These books, like many of the firefighter service manuals were experienced based and served us well based on what was known at the time. However, fire science has advanced our understanding of modern fire dynamics and modern tactics, and points out what we didn't know we didn't know. It brings context to the discussion of modern fire, clarifies terminology, and in some cases introduces us to new terms and definitions.
Today, many of those same books have been updated to reflect changing times. The authors, many of whom are well known speakers at our popular seminars like the Fire Department Instructors Conference (FDIC), recognize as technology evolves so too does fire science. UL-FSRI and NIST began conducting research to better understand the evolving fire ground. The results of their studies have and continue to offer valuable information and insight. In fact, some of their proven findings debunk our understanding of some of the tactics many of us understood as tried and true, like ventilation leads to cooling or attacking fire from a window pushes fire or firefighters must always attack from the unburned side.
Over the course of my combined 36 years, like many veteran firefighters, I saw my share of changes. Some change seems to go full circle from what we saw before, as it seems our departments spin in change only to eventually come back to the same place they started. Some of the study information uncovers statements made by fire service predecessors like Lloyd Layman, who said, "The most effective and practical method of extinguishing fires involving ordinary combustibles is by cooling the involved and exposed combustibles to a degree lower than their ignition temperatures." Today's modern fire science is again saying something very similar. Modern fire science teaches us about stream application, water mapping and the effectiveness of surface cooling to significantly reduce temperatures and improve interior conditions. It shows us fast water is critical to firefighter success, regardless of where it comes from. Thanks to modern fire science, we better recognize flow path, how it's influenced, and how we can often control it with door control.
Change is constant within the fire service, whether acknowledged or not. As our environments change and evolve, so too must firefighters. It is essential to remaining effective. We see evolutions in technology that offer increased personal protection in the form of turnouts, breathing apparatus, better suppression apparatus and equipment, larger water tanks, high volume low pressure nozzles, and thermal imaging cameras. These are all good things that make the fire service better than before.
Experiential learning is a great and essential tool firefighters rely on to build their knowledge, skills, and abilities. At a time when fire science was limited, experience forged the way to creating our firefighting learning foundation. Our firefighting manuals were written from this experience. However, experience is a trial and error proposition that comes with time. In the past, fire departments had opportunities to fight more fires than most firefighters see today. Live fire training in acquired structures was more prevalent and more closely resembled real structure fires. Today's fire service is younger, has less experience, and regulations intended to improve firefighter safety and wellbeing limit their ability to train under real world fire conditions that mimic the modern fires we see today. However, knowledge and understanding of fire science can offer them a foundation to allow them to recognize fire behavior and understand the fire dynamics to mitigate their fires effectively and efficiently, while reducing the threats to trapped savable occupants and firefighters.
When it comes to modern fire science and experienced based knowledge, the debates are fierce. Some believe they have to choose and support one or the other, and depending on what you choose, will often define the kind of firefighter you are in the social media forum. The fact is none of us have to choose. It is essential we embrace both equally. Modern fire science bridges the gaps between our experience and our knowledge and understanding of modern fire dynamics and modern tactics. It offers information we can use before the fires occur, so our experience does not have to rely on trial and error, but instead, can rely on proven and successful. The first step in changing our ways is to believe and have faith in the science, even when our experience may tell us otherwise.
In order to leave the fire service better than when we entered it, firefighters must also be better. Disregarding modern fire science continues a cycle of firefighting born from our earlier days. Today's firegrounds have evolved and no longer resemble yesterday's fires involving ordinary combustibles. We live in a world of synthetics, which seem to have had more influence on our fires than any other factor except modern building construction.
Teaching modern fire dynamics and applying modern fire tactics is a step in the right direction to leaving it better. We should be teaching from a modern learning foundation that is better suited for today's fires instead of repeating what we've always done because that's what we've always done. What many of us have always done was based in experience, even when we didn't necessarily understand what was truly occurring on our fire grounds and how our actions or inactions were influencing the fires. Today's firefighters are tomorrow's fire service leadership. Do not do them a disservice by having them repeat our past.
The Fire Service must lead from its future not from its past to leave it better. Modern fire science is forging a path to greatly improve firefighting mitigation efforts, not through trial and error, but through proven success. When you get to the fork in the road, which way will you go to leave it and yourself better?
NICK J. SALAMEH is a 36 year veteran of the fire service. He was a Fire/Emergency Medical Services Captain II and previous Training Program Manager for the Arlington County (VA) Fire Department, with which he served 31 years. He is a former Chair of the Northern Virginia Fire Departments Training Committee and was a former volunteer firefighter for the Fairfax County, VA Fire and Rescue Department, Bailey's Crossroads Fire Station 10. Nick is a contributor to Fire Engineering www.fireengineering.com and Stop Believing Start Knowing (SBSK), https://www.facebook.com/StopBelievingStartKnowing/.


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In Charlottesville's Wake, Avoiding the "Ivory Tower"
Here is how I will respond to the horrors of Charlottesville as a student activist. Discussion is great, activism (in this case) is better.
Topics: Community Organizing, Schools
Shulamith Katznelson
Shulamith Katznelson helped make Israel a home for a wider range of people as both a pioneer of Hebrew-immersion programs and an advocate for Israeli-Palestinian dialogue.
Combatting Sexual Harassment and Assault in Schools
by Sara Lebow
Esther Warkov, a Jewish enthnomusicologist, describes herself as a latecomer to activism. She is now the Executive Director and Co-Founder ofStop Sexual Assault in Schools, an organization that focuses on sexual harassment and assault in K-12 schools.
Making a Deal with Governor Deal
Having received excellent sex education when in middle school, I have become somewhat of a "sex educator" for my peers, and I am often shocked by how unknowledgeable some of them are. With the safety and healthy development of Georgia's youth in mind, I urge you to support comprehensive sex education.
Nutritious School Lunches for All
Sometimes when I babysit, kids don't like the meals I prepare for them. They scrunch their noses and whine "ewww!" at the nutritious food on their plates; but then I explain to them how carrots make their eyesight sharper, yogurt makes their bones stronger, and whole-grain pasta gives them the energy to play. Wanting to be strong and healthy, the kids listen and eat up.
Topics: Schools, Food, Civil Service, Social Policy
Tuition-Free College: Good for Students and Good for Massachusetts
My name is Lili Klayman, and I am a junior at Mansfield High School. I am writing to you in the hopes that you and your administration will consider implementing tuition-free college for students in Massachusetts who struggle to pay for college. Many of my fellow students are unable to attend college due to their socioeconomic status; this is simply unfair, and prohibits promising students from reaching their full potential, and contributing all they can to society.
Topics: Schools, Economics, Social Policy
Please, Sir, May We Have Some More?
by Diana Myers
I have attended city public schools all my life, and know firsthand the various difficulties Philadelphia students have faced over the years, especially those as a result of extensive budget cuts. Even though I'm very fortunate to go to a high-performing and well-funded school, I'm aware that that's not the case for every school in the city.
Topics: Schools, Civil Service, Social Policy
Balancing Academic Freedom and the Right to Bear Arms
by Hannah Himmelgreen
Gun control is an undeniably controversial topic, and while an individual may be entitled to their constitutional right to bear arms, allowing unrestricted carry of weapons does nothing to prevent mass school violence.
A Girl Grows Up in Brooklyn
"It was the magic age of growing up in Brooklyn," my grandmother Helene told me as she recounted her idyllic 1940s and 1950s childhood. "A lot of people came out of Brooklyn, and it was a great place to grow up…Bernie Sanders was in my class...Ruth Bader Ginsburg graduated a year ahead of my brother…"
Topics: Jewish Education, Schools, Children, Motherhood
She Has Pink Hair and Just Doesn't Care
Lucy is easy to find. It's easy to spot her bobbing pink hair in the crowd, though it might have a blue or purple undertone now. Even before she started dying her hair last year, Lucy made herself known. Whether it's by singing at the top of her lungs – with perfect pitch, by the way – or boldly introducing herself to strangers left and right, Lucy is not like everyone else.
Topics: Schools, Music, Cantors
Sexism, Spirituality, and Science: The Story of Laila Goodman
by Eden Olsberg
Laila Goodman isn't your average high school biology teacher. Her class is regularly filled with personal anecdotes from her life, and her office is regularly filled with students seeking advice. One of my most memorable interactions with her was talking about her experiences as a doula, and then later looking at an album of birthing photos.
Topics: Jewish Education, Schools, Teachers, Spirituality and Religious Life, Science
Cecile Ruth Sands
Cecile Ruth Sands served for six years as the only woman on the New York City Board of Education, where she took a stand against McCarthyism and advocated for school integration.
The 21st Century Scarlet Letter: A Look at How the High School Rumor Mill Affects Teenage Sexuality
I was a sophomore when I first stumbled across Easy A on my Netflix browser one lonely Friday night. The green poster, exclaiming in bold lettering, "Let's Not and Say We Did," was the first thing to pop up under the "Top Picks For Hannah" banner. It instantly grabbed my attention. Intrigued, I clicked play.
Henriette Herz
Henriette de Lemos Herz exercised her intellectual passions through both the salons she hosted and the school she created.
Henriette Goldschmidt
At a time when women were banned from universities, Henriette Benas Goldschmidt championed women's education as a crucial building block of a healthy society.
Education for a Crumbling Nation
One of my biggest problems with Christie has to do with his education policies. As governor, Christie has brought many changes to the New Jersey education system. Overall, his policies tend to benefit families that send their children to private, parochial, or charter schools, and to take money away from districts that need more school supplies, classrooms, and teachers.
Topics: Schools, Teachers, Politics and Government
Get Educated
Betsy DeVos and I are about as close to enemies as two advocates for children could be, and about as different as two white Midwestern women have ever been. We both believe in the power of education, but we see the purpose of education very differently.
The Power of My Daily Renewal
After long afternoons turn into endless evenings and restless nights, I still wake up in the morning feeling wholly replenished. With the ring of my alarm clock comes the thought that I can take on the day, no matter how tired I am.
Topics: Schools, Prayer, Spirituality and Religious Life
Martha Minow
Martha Louise Minow has shaped laws to help the disempowered, and as dean of Harvard Law School, has also shaped the next generation of lawmakers.
Brenda Brown Rever
From empowering and educating young girls, to preserving the oral histories of women over 75, Brenda Brown Rever has helped shape women's stories and been shaped by them in return.
As hospital chaplain, Rabbi Susan Harris has worked to make Boston Children's Hospital more sensitive to the needs of LGBTQ patients and families.
Tongue-Tied
There's pretty much only one way to make sure your opinions are heard: speaking up. While this might be the best way to get your ideas out there, it's not always easy.
Cleaning The World of Mansplaining
"It doesn't seem to matter if you have a PhD in neuroscience, that won't stop some [man] from assuming you are ignorant on the subject and carefully explaining what he learned in his high school bio class." This quote, from an article by Lily Feinn published on Bustle, perfectly explains the art of mansplaining.
My Power Outfit Deserves Its Name
Although I've learned to embrace my short stature and recognize its impact on my confidence as a woman, when I was younger, my height was my biggest insecurity.
I Walk the Line: The Shaky Tightrope of Male Validation
by Katy Ronkin
Freshman year, my new friend John (name changed to protect the male ego) made a lot of gay jokes, and I laughed at every one of them. He would make all these jokes about Jews, egged on by his Jewish friends, and I laughed at every one of them. Freshman year, John would joke about rape, and when I didn't laugh, John laughed at me.