Notes: Basic class design was repeatedly modified, chiefly by additional AA and radar. Transverse hangar-deck catapult in CV-10, 11, 12, 17, 18 (later removed). CV-9 commissioned with no flight deck catapults; CV-10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20 with one; all others with two. CV-34 completed postwar to much-altered design.
The Essex class was a class of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy that constituted the 20th century's most numerous class of capital ships. The class consisted of 24 vessels, which came in "short-hull" and "long-hull" versions. Thirty-two ships were originally ordered, but as World War II wound down, six were canceled before construction, and two were canceled after construction had begun. No Essex-class ships were lost to enemy action, despite several vessels sustaining very heavy damage. The Essex-class carriers were the backbone of the U.S. Navy's combat strength during World War II from mid-1943 on, and, along with the addition of the three Midway-class carriers just after the war, continued to be the heart of U.S. naval strength until the supercarriers began to come into the fleet in numbers during the 1960s and 1970s.
The preceding Yorktown-class aircraft carriers and the designers' list of trade-offs and limitations forced by arms control treaty obligations shaped the formative basis from which the Essex class was developed — a design formulation sparked into being when the Japanese and Italians repudiated the limitations proposed in the 1936 revision of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 (as updated in October 1930 in the London Naval Treaty) — in effect providing a free pass for all five signatories to resume the interrupted naval arms race of the 1920s in early 1937.
At the time of the repudiations, both Italy and Japan had colonial ambitions, intending on or already conducting military conquests. With the demise of the treaty limitations and the growing tensions in Europe, naval planners were free to apply both the lessons they had learned operating carriers for fifteen years and those of operating the Yorktown-class carriers to the newer design.
Designed to carry a larger air group, and unencumbered by the latest in a succession of pre-war naval treaty limits, Essex was over sixty feet longer, nearly ten feet wider in beam, and more than a third heavier. A longer, wider flight deck and a deck-edge elevator (which had proven successful in the one-off USS Wasp (CV-7)) facilitated more efficient aviation operations, enhancing the ship's offensive and defensive air power.
Machinery arrangement and armor protection were greatly improved from previous designs. These features, plus the provision of more anti-aircraft guns, gave the ships much enhanced survivability. In fact, during the war, none of the Essex-class carriers were lost and two, USS Franklin (CV-13) and USS Bunker Hill (CV-17), came home under their own power and were successfully repaired even after receiving extremely heavy damage. Some ships in the class would serve until well after the end of the Vietnam War, when the class was retired and replaced by newer classes.
Debates raged regarding the effect of strength deck location. British designers' comments tended to disparage the use of hangar deck armor, but some historians, such as D.K. Brown in Nelson to Vanguard, see the American arrangement to have been superior. In the late 1930s, locating the strength deck at hangar deck level in the proposed Essex-class ships reduced the weight located high in the ship, resulting in smaller supporting structures and more aircraft capacity for the desired displacement. Subsequently, the larger size of the first supercarriers necessitated a deeper hull and shifted the center of gravity and center of stability lower, enabling moving the strength deck to the flight deck, thus freeing US Naval design architects to move the armor higher and remain within compliance of US Navy stability specifications without imperiling seaworthiness. One of the design studies prepared for the Essex project, "Design 9G", included an armored flight deck but reduced aircraft capacity, and displaced 27,200 tons, or about 1,200 tons more than "Design 9F", which formed the basis of the actual Essex design; 9G became the ancestor of the 45,000-ton Midway class.
After the abrogation of disarmament treaties by Japan in 1936, the U.S. took a realistic look at its naval strength. With the Naval Expansion Act of Congress passed on 17 May 1938, an increase of 40,000 tons in aircraft carriers was authorized. This permitted the building of Hornet, which was the third Yorktown-class carrier, and Essex, which was the lead ship of a new class.
1941 design plans for the Essex class.
CV-9 was to be the prototype of the 27,000-ton (standard displacement) aircraft carrier, considerably larger than Enterprise, yet smaller than Saratoga (a battlecruiser converted to a carrier). The Navy ordered the first three of the new design, CV-9, CV-10 and CV-11, from Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock on 3 July 1940. These were to become known as Essex-class carriers. Under the terms of the Two-Ocean Navy Act, ten more of these carriers were programmed. Eight were ordered on 9 September, CV-12 through CV−15 from Newport News, and CV-16 through −19 from Bethlehem Steel's Fore River Shipyard; the last two, CV-20 and CV-21, were ordered eight days after Pearl Harbor from the Brooklyn Navy Yard and Newport News respectively.
After the US declaration of war, Congress appropriated funds for nineteen more Essexes. Ten were ordered in August 1942 (CV-31 and 33-35 from Brooklyn, CV-32 from Newport News, CV-36 and -37 from the Philadelphia Navy Yard, CV-38 through -40 from the Norfolk Navy Yard) and three more in June 1943 (CV-45 from Philadelphia, -46 from Newport News and -47 from Fore River). Only two of these were completed in time to see active World War II service. Six ships ordered in 1944 (CV-50 through -55) were canceled before construction was begun.
The Essex-class carriers combined the policy of naming aircraft carriers after historic battles begun with the Lexington class with the policy of naming them for historic navy ships generally followed for the Yorktown class. The first eight hulls were originally assigned names from historic Navy ships (Essex, Bon Homme Richard, Intrepid, Kearsarge, Franklin, Hancock, Randolph, Cabot). Lexington was originally laid down as Cabot, but was renamed during construction after the previous USS Lexington (CV-2) was lost in the Battle of the Coral Sea in May 1942. Yorktown, originally to be named Bon Homme Richard, was renamed after the previous USS Yorktown (CV-5) was lost at the Battle of Midway on 7 June 1942. Lexington and Yorktown share the unique distinction of being named after both historic ships and historic battles.
Likewise, Wasp's name was changed from Oriskany after the original USS Wasp (CV-7) was sunk in September 1942 in the South Pacific near Guadalcanal, and Hornet's name was changed from Kearsarge after the original USS Hornet (CV-8) was lost in October 1942 in the Battle of Santa Cruz Islands. The erstwhile Valley Forge was renamed Princeton after USS Princeton (CVL-23) was sunk in the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944. The names of Ticonderoga and Hancock were swapped while they were under construction: the John Hancock life insurance company had offered to conduct a bond drive to raise money for Hancock if that name was used for the carrier under construction in the company's home state of Massachusetts. USS Shangri-La was named after a facetious remark by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt suggesting that the Doolittle Raiders flew from the fictional Himalayan kingdom setting of the novel Lost Horizon.
At the conclusion of the war, the six ships ordered but never laid down (CV-50 through 55) were canceled. Of the nine still unfinished six were completed, two (Reprisal and Iwo Jima) were scrapped, and Oriskany was taken in hand for modification to an improved design, completing in 1950. In summary, during World War II and until its conclusion, the US Navy ordered 32 aircraft carriers of the Essex class, including the Ticonderoga subgroup, of which 26 were laid down and 24 actually commissioned.
In drawing up the preliminary design for Essex, particular attention was directed at the size of both the flight and hangar decks. Aircraft design had come a long way from the comparatively light planes used in carriers during the 1930s. Flight decks now required more takeoff space for the heavier aircraft being developed. Moreover, US carrier doctrine was premised on the "deck-load strike", launching as rapidly as possible as many aircraft as could be spotted on the flight deck beforehand. Most of the first-line carriers of the pre-war years were equipped with flush deck catapults, but, owing to the speed and size of these ships, very little catapulting was done except for experimental purposes.
With the advent of war, airplane weights began to go up as armor and armament got heavier; aircrew complements also increased. By the war's end in 1945, catapult launches would become more common under these circumstances, with some carrier commanding officers reporting up to 40% of launches by catapult.
The hangar area design came in for many design conferences between the naval bureaus. Not only were the supporting structures to the flight deck required to carry the increased weight of landing and parked aircraft, but they were to have sufficient strength to support the storing of spare fuselages and parts (50% of each operational plane type aboard, hence 33% of carried aircraft) under the flight deck and still provide adequate working space for the men using the area below.
One innovation in Essex was a portside deck-edge elevator in addition to two inboard elevators. The deck-edge elevator was adopted in the design after it proved successful on Wasp. Experiments had also been made with hauling aircraft by crane up a ramp between the hangar and flight decks, but this method proved too slow. The Navy's Bureau of Ships and the Chief Engineer of A.B.C. Elevator Co. designed the engine for the side elevator. It was a standard elevator, 60 by 34 ft (18 by 10 m) in platform surface, which traveled vertically on the port side of the ship. There would be no large hole in the flight deck when the elevator was in the "down" position, a critical factor if the elevator ever became inoperable during combat operations. Its new position made it easier to continue normal operations on deck, irrespective of the position of the elevator. The elevator also increased the effective deck space when it was in the "up" position by providing additional parking room outside the normal contours of the flight deck, and increased the effective area on the hangar deck by the absence of elevator pits. In addition, its machinery was less complex than the two inboard elevators, requiring about 20% fewer man-hours of maintenance.
Ongoing improvements to the class were made, particularly with regard to the ventilation system, lighting systems, and the trash burner design and implementation.
These carriers had better armor protection than their predecessors, better facilities for handling ammunition, safer and greater fueling capacity, and more effective damage control equipment. Yet, these ships were also designed to limit weight and the complexity of construction, for instance incorporating extensive use of flat and straight metal pieces, and of Special Treatment Steel (STS), a nickel-chrome steel alloy that provided the same protective qualities as Class B armor plate, but which was fully structural rather than deadweight.
The original design for the class assumed a complement of 215 officers and 2,171 enlisted men. However, by the end of World War II, most crews were 50% larger than that.
The tactical employment of U.S. carriers changed as the war progressed. In early operations, through 1942, the doctrine was to operate singly or in pairs, joining together for the offense and separating when on the defense—the theory being that a separation of carriers under attack not only provided a protective screen for each, but also dispersed the targets and divided the enemy's attack. Combat experience in those early operations did not bear out the theory, and new proposals for tactical deployment were the subject of much discussion.
As the new Essex- and Independence-class carriers became available, tactics changed. Experience taught the wisdom of combined strength. Under attack, the combined anti-aircraft fire of a task group's carriers and their screen provided a more effective umbrella of protection against marauding enemy aircraft than was possible when the carriers separated.
When two or more of these task groups supported each other, they constituted a fast carrier task force. Lessons learned from operating the carriers as a single group of six, as two groups of three, and three groups of two, provided the basis for many tactics that later characterized carrier task force operations, with the evolution of the fast carrier task force and its successful employment in future operations.
The pride of the carrier, known as the "Sunday Punch", was the offensive power of 36 fighters, 36 dive bombers and 18 torpedo bombers. The Grumman F6F Hellcat would be the standard fighter, the Curtiss SB2C Helldiver the standard scout aircraft and dive-bomber, and the Grumman TBF Avenger was designed as a torpedo bomber but often used in other attack roles. Later in the war some Essexes, such as Bunker Hill, also included Vought F4U Corsairs in fighter-bomber squadrons (VBFs), the precursor to modern fighter-attack squadrons (VFAs). In the last year of the Pacific War, all of the carrier-based combat aircraft could mount several 5-inch High Velocity Aircraft Rockets (HVARs), which greatly improved their effectiveness against ground targets.
Ordnancemen working on bombs amid F6F-3 Hellcats parked on the carrier's hangar deck, c. October–December 1943. Other crewmen are watching a movie in the background.
The defensive plan was to use radio and radar in a combined effort to concentrate anti-aircraft fire.
The design mounted twelve 5 in (127 mm)/38 calibre gun turrets (4 twin turrets located near the island on the starboard side and 4 single open mounts located on the port side forward and port side aft), these guns had a maximum range of seven miles and a rate of fire of fifteen rounds per minute. In addition there were seventeen quadruple Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft guns and 65 single Oerlikon 20 mm cannon. The 5-inch guns could fire VT shells, known as proximity fuzed-shells, that would detonate when they came close to an enemy aircraft. The 5-inch guns could also aim into the water, creating waterspouts which could bring down low flying aircraft such as torpedo planes. The Bofors 40 mm guns were a significant improvement over the 1.1 in/75 caliber guns mounted in the earlier Lexington and Yorktown classes.
The Essex class also made use of the latest technology and communications equipment. All units were commissioned with SK air-search and SC and SG surface-search radars. Several of the class received SM fighter-direction radar. Two Mark 37 fire control directors fitted with FD Mark 4 tracking radar for the 5"/38 battery were installed; the Mk4 proved inadequate at distinguishing low-level intruders from surface clutter and was quickly replaced with the improved Mark 12/Mark 22 combination. 40mm AA batteries were controlled by Mark 51 optical directors with integrated gyro gun-sight lead-angle calculators. A Plan Position Indicator (PPI) display was used to keep track of ships and enabled a multi-carrier force to maintain a high-speed formation at night or in foul weather. The new navigational tool known as the Dead Reckoning Tracer was also implemented for navigation and tracking of surface ships. Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) was used to identify hostile ships and aircraft, especially at night or in adverse weather. The four-channel Very High Frequency (VHF) radio permitted channel variation in an effort to prevent enemy interception of transmissions. It also allowed for simultaneous radio contact with other ships and planes in the task force.
Beginning in March 1943, one visually very significant change was authorized for ships then in the early stages of construction. This involved lengthening the bow above the waterline into a "clipper" form. The increased rake and flare provided deck space for two quadruple 40mm mounts; these units also had the flight deck slightly shortened forward to provide better arcs of fire. Of the Essex-class ships laid down after 1942, only Bon Homme Richard followed the original "short bow" design. The later ships have been variously referred to as the "long-bow units", the "long-hull group", or the "Ticonderoga class". However, the U.S. Navy never maintained any institutional distinction between the long-hull and short-hull members of the Essex class, and postwar refits and upgrades were applied to both groups equally. Less immediately visible aspects of the March 1943 design modification included safer ventilation and aviation-fuel systems, moving the Combat Information Center below the armored deck, the addition of a second flight-deck catapult, the elimination of the hangar deck catapult, and a third Mk 37 fire-control director; some of these changes were also made to short-bow ships nearing completion or as they returned to the yards.
Modifications were made throughout the Essex building program. The number of 20 mm and 40 mm anti-aircraft guns was greatly increased, new and improved radars were added, the original hangar deck catapult was removed, the ventilation system was substantially revised, details of protection were altered, and hundreds of other large and small changes were executed. In the meantime, earlier ships were continually modified as they returned to the yard for repair and overhaul. For example, Intrepid, one of the first to be commissioned, by the end of the war had received two H-4B flight deck catapults in place of her original single H-4A; three quad 40mm mounts below the island to starboard, three more on the port side and one additional on both the starboard quarter and the stern; 21 additional 20mm mounts; SM fighter-control radar; FD Mk 4 radar replaced with Mk 12/22; and an enlarged flag bridge. In fact, to the skilled observer, no two ships of the class looked exactly the same.
Ticonderoga with angled flight deck.
The large numbers of new ships, coupled with their larger Midway-class contemporaries, sustained the Navy's air power through the rest of the 1940s, the Korean War era, and beyond. While the spacious hangars accommodated the introduction of jets, various modifications significantly improved the capability of fifteen of the ships to handle the jets' increased weight and speed. These modifications included jet-blast deflectors (JBDs); an optical landing system (a British innovation); greater aviation fuel capacity; stronger decks, elevators, and catapults; and ultimately an angled flight deck.
All of the short-hulls were laid up in 1946–47 along with five of the long-hulls. Eight of the last nine ships completed stayed on active duty to form, with three Midways, the backbone of the post-war Navy's combat strength. Though the Truman administration's defense economies sent three of the active Essexes into "mothballs" in 1949, these soon came back into commission after the Korean War began. Ultimately, all but two short-hulls and all thirteen long-hulls had active Cold War service.
Oriskany, which had been left unfinished at the end of the war, was completed to an improved design between August 1948 and September 1950, with a much stronger (straight) flight deck and a reconfigured island. Eight earlier ships were thoroughly rebuilt to the Oriskany design under the SCB-27A program in the early 1950s. Six more of the earlier ships were rebuilt to an improved 27C design as the last stage of the SCB-27 program; these ships received steam catapults instead of the less powerful hydraulic units. The otherwise unmodified Antietam received an experimental 10.5 degree angled deck in 1952. An angled flight deck and enclosed hurricane bow became the distinctive features of the SCB-125 program, which was undertaken concurrently with the last three 27C conversions and later applied to all 27A and 27C ships except Lake Champlain. Shangri-La became the first operational United States angled deck aircraft carrier in 1955. Oriskany, the first of the modernized ships but the last angled-deck conversion, received a unique SCB-125A refit which upgraded her to 27C standard, and included steam catapults and an aluminum flight deck.
Korean War and subsequent Cold War needs ensured twenty-two of the twenty-four ships had extensive post–World War II service (Bunker Hill and Franklin had suffered heavy damage and were never recommissioned). All initially carried attack air groups; however by 1955 seven unconverted Essexes were operating under the anti-submarine warfare carrier (CVS) designation established in August 1953. As the Forrestal-class "supercarriers" entered the fleet, the eight 27A conversions were designated CVS to replace the original unconverted ships; the latter began to leave active service in the late 1950s. Two 27C conversions were designated CVS in 1962 (although CVS-11 Intrepid would operate as an attack carrier off Vietnam) and two more in 1969. The seven angle-deck 27As and one 27C received specialized CVS modifications including bow-mounted SQS-23 sonar under the SCB-144 program in the early 1960s. The updated units remained active until age and the growing number of supercarriers made them obsolete, from the late 1960s into the middle 1970s. However, one of the very first of the type, Lexington, served until 1991 as a training ship. Four of the modernized ships have been preserved as museums; the remainder were scrapped starting in the 1970s save Oriskany, which the Navy contemplated reactivating in the 1980s and which was eventually scuttled as an artificial reef in 2006.
Of the unmodernized Essexes, Boxer, Princeton, and Valley Forge were redesignated Landing Platform Helicopter (LPH) amphibious assault ships for the Marine Corps, and remained in commission with their original straight decks until about 1970. The remainder decommissioned in the late 1950s and early 1960s and were promptly reclassified as aircraft transports (AVT), reflecting their very limited ability to operate modern aircraft safely. An unmodernised Essex was offered to the Royal Australian Navy in 1960 as a replacement for HMAS Melbourne but the offer was declined due to the expense of modifications required to make it operationally compatible with the RAN's primarily British-designed fleet. All were scrapped, most in the 1970s.
For a typical attack carrier (CVA) configuration in 1956–57 aboard Bennington, the air wing consisted of one squadron each of the following: FJ-3 Furies, F2H Banshees, F9F Cougars, AD-6, AD-5N, and AD-5W Skyraiders, AJ-2 Savages, and F9F-8P photo Cougars.
By the mid-to-late 1960s, the attack air wing had evolved. Oriskany deployed with two squadrons of F-8J Crusaders, three squadrons of A-4E Skyhawks, E-1 Tracers, EKA-3B Skywarriors, and RF-8G photo Crusaders. In 1970, the three A-4 squadrons were replaced by two squadrons of A-7A Corsair IIs. The F-4 Phantom II and A-6 Intruder were considered too heavy to operate from the Essex-class.
Tasked and fitted out as an ASW carrier (CVS), the air wing of an Essex such as Bennington in the 1960s consisted of two squadrons of S2F Trackers and one squadron of SH-34 Seabat ASW helicopters (replaced in 1964 by SH-3A Sea Kings). Airborne early warning was first provided by modified EA-1Es; these were upgraded in 1965 to E-1Bs. A small detachment of A-4B's or A-4C's (4 aircraft) were also embarked to provide daylight fighter protection for the ASW aircraft.
Landing Platform Helicopter converted ships such as Boxer never had an angled landing deck installed and flew only helicopters such as the UH-34 Seahorse and CH-46 Sea Knight. Four converted Essex-class ships served alongside the purpose built Iwo Jima-class amphibious assault ships providing floating helicopter bases for US Marines. The LPHs were sometimes also used as aircraft ferries for all branches of the U.S. armed forces. The AV-8A arrived into Marine Corps inventory too late to see regular fixed wing operations return to these ships. It was possible to launch and recover small aircraft like the OV-10 Bronco without need of catapult or arresting wires, but this was very rarely permitted on these straight-deck ships for safety reasons and to avoid interruption of helicopter operations.
One author called the Essex class "the most significant class of warships in American naval history", citing the large number produced and "their role in making the aircraft carrier the backbone of the U.S. Navy."
Essex-class ships played a central role in the Pacific theater of World War II from 1943 through the end of the war, beginning with raids in the central Pacific and the invasion of Tarawa in the Gilbert Islands. The ships successfully performed a number of missions, included air superiority, attacking the Japanese fleet, supporting landings, fleet protection, bombing the Japanese home islands, and transporting aircraft and troops. Along the way, the carriers survived bombs, torpedoes, kamikazes, and typhoons without one ship being sunk.
Eleven of the Essex carriers participated in the Korean War. These ships played a major role throughout the entire war. Missions included attacks on all types of ground targets, air superiority, and antisubmarine patrols.
Thirteen of the 24 carriers originally built participated in the Vietnam War, including the prelude and follow-up. However, their inability to support the latest aircraft constrained some of those ships to specialized roles as helicopter carriers or antisubmarine platforms. The ships still performing an attack mission generally carried older aircraft types than the supercarriers. Yet, the Essex class still made significant contributions to all aspects of the U.S. war effort. In one notable event, during the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, aircraft from Ticonderoga fired at North Vietnamese torpedo boats that had attacked a U.S. destroyer.
The carriers also contributed between the wars, projecting U.S. power around the world and performing antisubmarine patrols. When the Cold War heated up, the Essex carriers were often involved, including Quemoy and the Matsu Islands, the Bay of Pigs Invasion, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also, from 1957 through 1991 an Essex-class ship served as the Navy's training carrier—Antietam from 1957 through 1962 and Lexington for the remainder of the time.
Several Essex-class ships played a part in the United States' human spaceflight program, as recovery ships for unmanned and manned spaceflights, between 1960 and 1973.
USS Valley Forge was the recovery ship for the unmanned flight of Mercury-Redstone 1A on 19 December 1960. The first spaceflight by an American was on Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7), recovered by Lake Champlain on 5 May 1961. Randolph recovered the next flight, Mercury-Redstone 4 (Liberty Bell 7), on 21 July 1961, and she was the primary recovery ship for Mercury-Atlas 6 (Friendship 7), the first orbital flight by an American. The next manned flight, Mercury-Atlas 7 (Aurora 7), was picked up by Intrepid on 24 May 1962, and Kearsarge recovered the last two Mercury spacecraft, Mercury-Atlas 8 (Sigma 7), on 3 October 1962, and Mercury-Atlas 9 (Faith 7), on 16 May 1963.
When the Mercury program's successor, Project Gemini, got underway, Essexes were again closely involved. Lake Champlain recovered the second unmanned flight, Gemini 2, on 19 January 1965; and Intrepid recovered the first manned flight, Gemini 3. Wasp recovered the crew of Gemini IV on 7 June, and on 29 August, Lake Champlain picked up Gemini 5 after eight days in space. In December 1965, Wasp made history by picking up two spacecraft in just over two days: Gemini VI-A on 16 December, and Gemini 7 on 18 December, after their orbital rendezvous test flight. She also recovered Gemini 9A on 6 June 1966 and the final Gemini spaceflight, Gemini 12 on 15 November.
The Apollo program exhibit aboard Hornet.
The successful use of the carriers as recovery ships continued into the Apollo program. On 26 February 1966, Boxer recovered the command module from AS-201, the first unmanned flight of a production Apollo Command and Service Module. AS-202, another sub-orbital test flight of the command module, was recovered in August by Hornet; the command module from that flight is currently on display aboard Hornet. Bennington recovered the command module of Apollo 4, the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V launch vehicle, on 9 November 1967.
Eleven months later, Essex recovered the astronauts of Apollo 7, the first manned mission in the Apollo program, after eleven days in orbit. Yorktown recovered the astronauts of Apollo 8, after their historic flight around the Moon in December 1968; and Princeton recovered the second crew to orbit the Moon, aboard Apollo 10, in May 1969.
Hornet rejoined the program and recovered the astronauts from the first two moon landing missions, Apollo 11 in July 1969 and Apollo 12 in November. The first steps on Earth of returning astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Mike Collins, are marked on her hangar deck, as part of her Apollo program exhibit. The three subsequent missions utilized amphibious assault ships as support vessels; however, Ticonderoga recovered the astronauts of the last two moon missions, Apollo 16 and Apollo 17 in April and December 1972.
In the post-Apollo era, Ticonderoga again acted as a recovery ship for the astronauts of Skylab 2, the first manned mission to Skylab, the first U.S. orbital space station, in June 1973.
Lexington, at Corpus Christi, Texas.
Until Midway opened at San Diego, every preserved aircraft carrier in the U.S. was an Essex.
Oriskany was scuttled in 2006 to form an artificial reef off the coast of Pensacola, Florida, and can be visited by experienced divers.
Hull numbers 22–30 in the aircraft carrier sequence were assigned to the Independence-class light carriers (CVL); hull numbers 41–44 were assigned to the large carriers (CVB) of the Midway class.
Reprisal, laid down in July 1944 at the New York Navy Yard and launched in 1945, had her construction cancelled due to an accident on 12 August 1945 when the ship was about half complete. She was scrapped incomplete after tests. Iwo Jima (CV-46) was laid down at Newport News Shipbuilding yards in January 1945 but cancelled in August 1945 and broken up on the slipway.
Six fiscal-year 1945 ships, none of which received names, were assigned to Fore River (CV-50), Brooklyn Navy Yard (CV-51 and CV-52), Philadelphia Navy Yard (CV-53) and Norfolk Navy Yard (CV-54 and CV-55). Their construction was canceled in March 1945.
Oriskany (CV-34) was ordered and laid down as an Essex-class vessel, was completed in 1950 to the much modified SCB-27 design, and from commissioning until her reconstruction 1957–59 was listed as the lead ship of the separate Oriskany class.
^ a b St. John 1999, p. 10.
^ Faltum 1996, p. 12.
^ Friedman, table 7-1. "Evolution of Schemes for the Essex Design, 1939–40". 9G had a 2.5 inch STS armored deck, a length on the waterline of 830 ft and a beam of 96.3 ft compared to 820 ft by 91 ft for Design 9F.
^ Although this classification was later dropped in the 1950s when Essex, after her SCB-27A reconstruction, joined what was then the Oriskany class.
^ Faltum 1996, p. 28.
^ Faltum 1996, p. 6.
^ Faltum 1996, p. 29.
^ Roberts 1982, p. 11.
^ Faltum 1996, p. 39.
^ USS Bennington, "Action Report, Operations in Support of the Occupation of Okinawa Including Strike Against Kanoya Airfield, Kyushu. 28 May to 10 June 1945", p. 18. On June 5, 1945, USS Bennington reported that her maximum hangar capacity was 51 aircraft, 15 SB2Cs and 36 F4Us, and that 52 were carried as a deck park. At that time she carried 15 TBMs, 15 SB2Cs and the rest were a mix of F6Fs and F4Us. She was prompted to utilize, and report on, her maximum hangar storage due to a Typhoon.
^ Sowinski 1980, p. 30.
^ Sowinski 1980, pp. 30, 97.
^ Raven 1988, pp. 42, 56.
^ Fahey 1950, p. 5.
^ Friedman 1983, p. 151.
^ a b St. John 2000, p. 11.
^ Faltum 1996, pp. 116, 132.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Cross, Richard F., III. "Essex: More than a Ship, More than a Class". United States Naval Institute Proceedings, September 1975, pp. 58–69.
^ This was not in fact because they were in poor condition, but paradoxically because they were in excellent condition thanks to their having been effectively rebuilt following battle damage; the Navy reserved them for a proposed "ultimate Essex conversion" which never came about.
^ Frame, Tom (1992). Pacific Partners: a history of Australian-American naval relations. p. 101. ISBN 0-340-56685-X.
^ a b "AIR GROUPS - USS BENNINGTON". www.uss-bennington.org. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
^ VA-93 Blue Blazers Archived 4 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. The Skyhawk Association Homepage. Accessed 10 July 2009.
^ Faltum 1996, p. 1.
^ a b Faltum 1996, pp. 167–74.
^ Faltum 1996, p. 141.
^ Faltum 1996, pp. 139–40.
^ Faltum 1996, pp. 134, 154, 169.
^ This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury Archived 13 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine. NASA Special Publication-4201. Loyd S. Swenson Jr., James M. Grimwood, Charles C. Alexander, 1989.
^ On The Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini Archived 7 December 2003 at the Wayback Machine. NASA Special Publication-4203. Barton C. Hacker and James M. Grimwood, 1977.
^ a b c Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft Archived 9 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine. NASA Special Publication-4205. Courtney G Brooks, James M. Grimwood, Loyd S. Swenson, 1979.
^ "NVR Home Page". www.nvr.navy.mil. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
Fahey, James (1950). The Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet (Sixth Edition). Washington, DC: Ships and Aircraft. ISBN 0-87021-645-7.
Faltum, Andrew (1996). The Essex Aircraft Carriers. Baltimore, MD: The Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America. ISBN 1-877853-26-7.
Raven, Alan (1988). Essex-Class Carriers. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-021-1.
Roberts, John (1982). Anatomy of the Ship: The Aircraft Carrier Intrepid. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-251-X.
Sowinski, Lawrence (2000). "The Essex Class Carriers". Warship Volume II. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-976-6.
St. John, Philip (1999). USS Essex (CV/CVA/CVS-9). Nashville, TN: Turner Publishing Company. p. 104. ISBN 1-56311-492-5.
St. John, Philip (2000). USS Randolph (CV/CVA/CVS-15). Nashville, TN: Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 1-56311-539-5.
This page was last edited on 13 April 2019, at 14:37 (UTC).


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Список ссавців Фінляндії містить перелік видів, зареєстрованих на території Фінляндії (північна Європа) згідно з МСОП. Список не містить свійських та забрідлих тварин. Список налічує 18 видів ряду Хижі (Carnivora), 8 — ряду Cetartiodactyla, 11 — Рукокрилі (Chiroptera), 8 — Комахоїдні (Eulipotyphla), 2 — Зайцеподібні (Lagomorpha) і 22 видів з ряду Гризуни (Rodentia).

Природоохоронні статуси
Із 69 зазначених в таблиці видів, 1 перебуває під критичною загрозою, 1 — уразливий, 3 — близькі до загрозливого стану.

Природоохоронні статуси за оцінками МСОП позначено так:

Список

Джерела
 Складений за допомогою розширеного пошуку на вебсайті МСОП

Фінляндія
Списки:Фінляндія

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I did what any sane thinking and responsible person would have done when faced with a slowdown in word count.
I jacked the whole thing in for three days. This included a lot of video games being played and the first episode of the American Gods TV show watched.
It wasn't writer's block because I knew where the story was going to go and I could write it but it was reaching a part which was always going to be a difficult job to do. This is the first chapter in which there is something clearly alien in the story. It's perhaps a bit of a tonal shift to go from matters of guilt and regret over never finding a lost child to getting some kind of creature added to the mix. It has to be right, it has to be handled well and that pressure to pitch it correctly is probably what had me running for the hills.
I actually went back to it today and deleted the opening of the chapter entirely. It was far too inward and just prattled on about what this particular character was thinking all the time rather than what he was doing or where he was going. It did cut off about two hundred words of the total but I've since made them up again and then some. It might not be perfect but I feel I've gone through the tunnel on this now and the light is shining on the other side.
I'm now on the 16,200 word mark. More shall follow tomorrow.


text:
Crime fiction has a dynamic new duo
By Elly Griffiths
Review by Barbara Clark
Now and then—too seldom, really—one stumbles onto an addictive, engrossing novel. Every once in a while it's also possible to find a fresh, engaging romance. And sometimes, as in The Crossing Places by Elly Griffiths, you're lucky enough to find both in one book.
Archaeologist Ruth Galloway is overweight and pushing 40, not your typical fictional heroine. Detective Chief Inspector Harry Nelson is brusque, with a dangerous side and nary a poetic bone in his body. Plus, he's married. This unlikely twosome sets the sparks flying in a story that unfolds at the edge of the Saltmarsh, a line of sand and mudflats where land meets ocean and ocean meets sky. This is Ruth's home, in North Norfolk on the English coast. The lonely yet strangely inviting landscape of rain, tides, silent drifting swans and calling birds forms a unique backdrop for an atmospheric story about the discovery of a body in the marsh that police think may be that of a young local girl who disappeared some 10 years earlier.
Inspector Nelson seeks Ruth's advice on the remains, which instead turn out to be the body of a young girl preserved for nearly 2,000 years in the peaty bog, near a circle of ancient standing stones. Ruth, excited by the discovery of ancient remains, is nevertheless drawn into the mysteries of the present when more recent human remains are found. She begins to unravel the clues posed in a series of anonymous letters dating back over a decade—clues that point to the location of the missing local youngster.
In this dark and witty novel, Griffiths makes each paragraph seem effortless, with just the right amount of description, pathos or humor. In addition to the book's intriguing duo, the supporting characters in this story are carefully drawn, each believable and entertaining.
The first in a new crime series, The Crossing Places reassures readers of the continuing power of fiction to envelop and entertain. This is a book to save for a rainy dark day when you need a reward. And instead of saying, as you hit the last paragraph, "Well, that's done," you'll be moved to hope, "please, let there be a next one!"
Barbara Clark writes from Yarmouth, Massachusetts.
The Crossing Places

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Acupuncture has been used to treat clinical conditions all around the world for years. There are mental and physical health benefits of acupuncture that can play an enormous role in addiction treatment. When used in combination with behavioral therapies and even medicinal therapies, the benefits of acupuncture can alter the path of the recovery process and lead patients toward a sober life.
During acupuncture, certain points along the human body are stimulated in order to release chemicals into the central nervous system. In most cases, these acupuncture points are stimulated by pushing fine, clean needles into the skin. Some acupuncturists will also use heat or pressure to increase the effects of the treatment.
When natural chemicals are released into the central nervous system through acupuncture, many positive changes can be seen. Most people who go some kind of acupuncture treatment are going there to help relieve pain, stress, or anxiety. There are, however, many other benefits of acupuncture for patients going through addiction treatment.
Any of these issues can arise during addiction treatment, especially early on in the recovery process. The number of acupuncture treatments you need in order to ease the health issues will depend on you, but with the right acupuncturists, you should go through the treatment process as quickly and easily as possible.
Due to the nature of acupuncture, many addiction treatment patients will find that the sessions help them relax after other strenuous treatment programs. Others can rely on the programs to ease other chronic issues and allow them to focus on their recovery process. How you use the benefits of acupuncture during your treatment is up to you.
If you decide to enter an acupuncture program during your recovery, it's important to take enter other treatment programs. Although acupuncture can be beneficial, alone it's not going to be particularly effective. In fact, entering only acupuncture therapy can keep you from the sober life you really need. In order to get the most benefits of acupuncture, you need to enter other therapy programs in tandem with acupuncture treatment.
No matter where you live, traveling to Beaches Recovery in sunny Florida for addiction treatment can be the best option. Along with our acupuncture treatment, we offer a number of programs that can help you work toward a sober life. Each of our programs is headed by a medical professional who will help make each program work for your mind, your body and your life.
To start your treatment with us, you simply need to reach out to us. Call Beaches Recovery today at 866.605.0532 to talk with someone about our acupuncture and other effective treatment options.


text:
Our Complaints Mechanism
Home • About Us • Our Members
Stichting ICCO (ICCO Cooperation)
Aim of the organisation
We envision a world where people are empowered to build sustainable livelihoods within a society that upholds their rights. Our mission is to strengthen sustainable agricultural systems and realize resilient communities, with a special focus on women and youth.
Our goals are:
- Food and Nutrition Security of Smallholder Farmers and Their households
- Economic Empowerment of Smallholder Farmers and Small and Medium Enterprises
- Resilient and Disaster-Prepared Communities
Our focus areas are:
- Blending Finance
- Climate Resilient Food Systems
- New Technologies
- Youth Entrepreneurship
Our goals are closely aligned to the Sustainable Development Goals 2 and 8:
- Zero hunger
- Decent work and economic growth
In addition, they also contribute to the SDGs 6, 10, 11, 12, 17:
- Clean water and sanitation
- Reduced inequalities
- Sustainable cities and communities
- Responsible consumption and production
- partnership for the goals
Organisation activities
1. Food and nutrition security: We strengthen the capacities of individual households to produce sufficient food, while also earning an income from farming. We build the capacity of producer organizations so they can support poor households and contribute to awareness raising and advocacy at promoting healthy and sustainable food and nutrition practices for all household members.
2. Economic empowerment: We support poor farmers and producer organizations to seize economic opportunities to improve and sustain farmers' livelihoods. The Market Systems Development approach is used to facilitate access to resources. Capacity development helps to enhance farmers' technical and business skills.
3. Emergency response: We respond to emergencies and create resilient communities that are adequately prepared for, and can effectively respond to disasters. We integrate disaster risk reduction and resilience strategies in our food security, economic empowerment and humanitarian programs.
www.icco-cooperation.org/en/
If you are an employee of Stichting ICCO (ICCO Cooperation) you can update your organisation details by clicking here
If you would like to update your organisation details or submit a case study, enter your email below. If permitted, you will receive a verification link giving you access.
I have read and accept the CHS Alliance's privacy policy
© CHS Alliance 2021
Created by Outlandish
For your best experience, this website uses cookies. By continuing to browse you agree to this. You can read our cookie policy here.


Most of the companies that develop monitoring systems include within their proposals products associated with IT Asset Management (ITAM) processes.
This is sensible if we consider that the processes of collection, maintenance and presentation of the monitoring data, once implemented, can easily be used to carry out the administration of IT resources.
On the other hand, the professionals that are responsible of maintaining the optimal functioning of a company's platform and systems are usually also responsible of the control and management of computing resources.
Therefore, it is not unusual to raise the issue of ITAM in meetings dedicated to the advantages of monitoring systems.
Now, what is an IT Asset Management system?
According to Wikipedia, ITAM is the set of business practices that join financial, contractual and inventory functions to support life cycle management and strategic decision making for IT environments.
This concept sounds a little bit abstract but in practice, it is easy for all of us, whatever our role in an organization is, to recognize that it is worth maintaining and protecting the investment made in technology.
However, many times what leads companies from the general objective of protecting their investment in technology to the final implementation of processes associated with ITAM is usually a crisis.
This crisis could be a failed internal or external audit process, the unforeseen payment of a maintenance contract, the sudden need to apply patches of a system without knowing how it is distributed in our platform, etc.
Improving the IT services quality.
Having a better knowledge about the cost associated with assets.
Performing better processes of retirement and disposal.
Saving money in acquisition, installation and maintenance of technology.
If we consider that an asset is every piece of software and hardware that is part of our platform an obvious core activity will be to have a complete list of assets, or inventory.
Software: operating systems, development tools, utilities (like office tools, web browsers, antivirus systems, etc.) database systems, end user application software, server application software, etc.
Hardware: computers, monitors, netbooks, keyboards, removable media (like CD-ROMs, DVDs, portable hard drives, PC card storage devices, USB storage devices, etc.), servers, wiring elements (like cable, patch panels, extension cables, patch cords, etc.), network switches, routers, firewalls, modems, PBXs and phones, power supplies, printers, etc.
Serial Number or License number: For most of the assets we can determine a serial number or a License number but we also have to consider those assets that don't have any serial number like memory modules, pen drives, wiring, printing consumables, etc. Maybe for this kind of products, a lot number (identification number assigned to a lot of material from a single manufacturer) should be used instead.
Type: an internal classification like software, office equipment, server, printer, etc.
Custodian: maybe it is possible to designate a person to be a custodian for a group of assets, for example, a branch office manager.
Let's consider for a moment an asset like server type bladecenter. This kind of product is formed by many other assets like chassis, disk controllers, hard disks, memory, blade servers, etc.
We can say the server contains the other assets, but every one of them must be inventoried separately. Now, our IT asset management system has to be designed to reflect this and other kinds of relationships.
WE should also bear in mind the relation between equipment and consumables or equipment and pieces, like printer and toner cartridges or printer and its main tray. It is possible that you request answers from your IT asset management system to questions such as how many consumable of a given kind a printer has consumed in a period of time? or how many times the main tray of a certain printer had to be replaced in a period of time?
Whether you are starting a project from scratch or IT asset management processes have already been implemented, discovering and obtaining asset's information and inventorying all that information can be hard.
The main goal is to achieve the automation level we need to reduce time and errors associated with manual procedures. Here, the relation between ITAM and monitoring system could be helpful.
This is the case of Pandora FMS Inventory system, which allows to retrieve and store this kind of useful information. We invite the reader to check out our website for more information about it.
In the market we can find some solutions of ITAM integrated on an overall IT help desk solution. Among the benefits of this approach, there is the quality improvement of IT services as well as more information about the assets usage. On this same blog you can read about Help Desk System and how to avoid user's resistance.
It is clear that the assets' base is changing with the emergent new technologies such as virtualization of servers, containers and cloud computing.
The challenges of software licensing, cost optimization, data collection, and security risks involved in these new technologies are very complex.
Therefore, it is obvious that the asset management system must adapt itself and evolve. We recommend the article that was published in The ITAM Review in this regard.
What would our life without Internet be like?
Terrific! The ISO/IEC 19770-3:2016 opens us the posibility about use XML for machine readable and fully automated! Machine learning for catch this information (ISO/IEC 19770‑1), and Blockchain (between the customer and software manufacturer ) for storing ISO/IEC 19770‑2 is our NEW horizon for Monitoring, great! Note: discussing software entitlements recolected (an important part of software licenses) will be for lawyers, afterwards.


Please click here to read an article, courtesy of Michigan State University Extension, on composting.
Composting… What, Why, Where and How?
Click here for information regarding composting from the City of Livonia's Department of Public Works website.
The link below allows you to locate Recycling Centers in your area. Just select the search distance and the type of material you wish to recycle. This link is found on the Lowe's website.
Livonia Public Schools collect printed materials and recycles them for fundraising purposes. Recycling containers are located at Livonia Public Schools.
Magazines, catalogs, newspaper, office & school papers, and mail are collected in the recycling container located on the east side of the building. Please DO NOT include plastic, glass, metal or other trash.
What is reduce, reuse, recycle (R3)? Click here for more information.


text:
News / Banking
BNY Mellon To Keep Focusing on Crypto and its Underlying Ledger Tech
Speaking on this Friday's earnings call, BNY Mellon's CEO called cryptocurrencies the bank's "longest-term play".
Published on January 13, 2023 10:51 PM EST
Robin Vince, the CEO of the world's oldest continuously operating bank BNY Mellon, revealed in Friday's earnings call that his organization is committed to continuing the exploration of digital assets, albeit carefully. The chief executive officer identified cryptocurrencies as the bank's "longest-term play".
BNY Mellon Mainly Interested in "Broader Opportunity Offered by Digital Assets
Robin Vince, the CEO of BNY Mellon, reiterated his opinion that digital assets should remain a key focus for his bank. Vince, however, also stated that the focus will not be so much on cryptocurrencies themselves, but more on "the broader opportunity that exists across digital assets and distributed ledger technology."
Mellon's CEO also expressed his belief that the calamities that shook the broader crypto industry throughout 2022—with perhaps the biggest one being the recent collapse of FTX—only highlight "the need for trusted regulated providers in the digital asset space." BNY Mellon officially enter the digital assets custody business with the launch of its dedicated platform last October.
In the call, Vince also stated that he does not believe cryptocurrencies will become a major source of revenue for the bank in the near future. According to the CEO, they are expecting digital assets to be negligible from a revenue point of view for maybe another five full years. While calling cryptocurrencies the bank's "longest-term play", Vince acknowledged that ignoring digital assets "would be like being the custodian of 50 years ago and sticking with paper and not adopting a computer" but also added that any investments made in the sector are done both carefully and deliberately.
Major institutions Increasingly Interested in Digital Assets
Despite the "crypto winter", 2022 has proven that many major traditional financial institutions share Vince's opinion that it is not wise to disregard digital assets and have started engaging with the sector. Perhaps the two most notable institutions to take an interest in cryptocurrencies—primarily Bitcoin—are BlackRock and Fidelity.
Already in April 2021, it was reported that BlackRock has been quietly trading BTC futures, and by May, its CEO Larry Fink, previously a digital asset skeptic, revealed to shareholders that BlackRock is in the process of studying cryptocurrencies. By August 2022, BlackRock reached a landmark agreement with Coinbase and started offering direct exposure to spot Bitcoin to institutional investors.
Fidelity, on the other hand, has a history with Bitcoin dating back to at least 2014. However, it also made leaps forward with regard to digital assets over the previous year. In September, Fidelity announced its plans to start offering the cryptocurrency to its 34 million retail customers and has maintained its offering of Bitcoin in its 401(k)s despite coming under pressure from a group of US Senators on three separate occasions in 2022.
Do you think more major banks and traditional institutions will start dealing with digital assets in 2023? Let us know in the comments below.
BNY Mellon Crypto Crypto Adoption
/ Banking, Policy
HM Treasury Seeking Head of CBDC as UK Moves Closer to the Digital Pound
Why Japan's Central Bank Remains Dovish, and its Global Implications
/ Banking, Blockchain
IBM's Web3 Exec: CBDCs Are the Future, Stablecoins Just a Stopgap
German Regulator Sounds Alarm Bells Over Crypto and Banking Malware
/ Banking, Stocks
Silvergate Shares Down 41% Premarket as $8.1B Bank Run Revealed
Looking Back at Crypto's Utility During the Russian Invasion of Ukraine in 2022
/ Banking
Banks Worldwide Might Soon Have to Back Bitcoin With Traditional Capital
Credit Suisse Estimates $1.6B Loss After $88.3B Withdrawn in Bank Run
Silvergate's SEN Transfers Down 41% to $112B In Q3 2022


Henry McMaster holds a more than $249,000 fundraising edge over Democrat James Smith with about two weeks to go until the Nov. 6 election.
COLUMBIA — In what has become most expensive statewide race in S.C. history, Republican Gov. Henry McMaster holds a more than $249,000 fundraising edge over Democrat James Smith with about two weeks to go until the Nov. 6 election.
McMaster, who is running for his first full term as governor, raised more than $1.66 million between July 1 and Oct. 22.
That compares to more than $1.44 million raised by Smith between July 1 and Oct. 16.
McMaster's campaign spent about $1.27 million during that period. Combined with more than $220,000 cash on hand at the start of the filing period, McMaster's was left with $611,693 available to spend in the campaign's final weeks.
Smith had $362,347 in cash on hand after his campaign spent more than $1.2 million during the period. He had $127,663 in cash to start the period.
The contributions to both campaigns came overwhelmingly from inside South Carolina. About 94 percent of Smith's more than $1.4 million quarterly total came from S.C. donors. McMaster raised 83 percent of his more than $1.6 million quarterly total within the Palmetto State.
Much of Smith's contributions came from small-dollar donors. His average contribution was roughly $200 from more than 4,000 donors. That compares to an average contribution of more than $1,000 from less than half that number of donors to McMaster, who has received more help from businesses.
The governor received $3,500 each from Koch Industries — an oil, gas and manufacturing behemoth owned by wealthy, conservative donors Charles and David Koch — Anheuser Busch and BlueCross BlueShield of South Carolina.
Walmart also contributed to McMaster's campaign, along with political action committees linked to Grand Strand golf, restaurant and lodging interests, the trucking industry, S.C. Realtors, cash advance centers, convenience store owners and Duke Energy.
Smith also received $3,500 from BueCross BlueShield of South Carolina, as well as $3,500 from California billionaire Tom Steyer, who has launched a campaign to impeach President Donald Trump, a close ally of Republican McMaster.
"To us, he's just a guy who invests in good government," Smith's campaign said.
Political action committees tied to Planned Parenthood; the S.C. AFL-CIO, which represents labor unions in the state; and SC Equality PAC, an LGBT civil rights group, also contributed to Smith's campaign.
The governor's race has become the most expensive in S.C. history.
More than $20 million has been raised thus far during the 2018 election cycle, including the June primaries, surpassing the previous record set in 2010. The 2010 candidates for governor raised more than $17 million for their election cycle, when then-state Rep. Nikki Haley, R-Lexington, staged an upset victory.
Year to date, McMaster has raised more than $7.3 million and spent more than $6.7 million in the race for governor. Smith has raised nearly $2.9 million and spent more than $2.5 million. Other Democratic and GOP candidates in the June primaries spent millions more.
Smith won the June 12 Democratic primary for governor in a three-way race, while McMaster was pulled into a runoff following a bitter five-way GOP primary.
Here's a look at the largest contributors to each candidate made during the primary, runoff and general election campaigns, based on totals from individuals, corporations and subsidiaries that share the same address.


text:
Rawle Results
Matthew G. Chapman
< Back to Attorney Search
mchapman@rawle.com
Matthew G. Chapman is an associate in the West Virginia office of Rawle & Henderson LLP. He focuses his law practice on environmental, mass and toxic torts, product liability, construction, insurance coverage and employment relations.
Matthew earned his J.D. from West Virginia University College of Law in 2010. While attending law school, he was inducted into the Order of the Barrister and served as President of the Lugar Trial Association. He was active in the Public Interest Advocates and the Student Bar Association. Upon graduation, he served as a law clerk for Judge O. C. "Hobby" Spaulding in Putnam County.
He earned his B.A. in Political Science, magna cum laude, from West Virginia University in 2006. He was an Academic Certificate of Achievement Recipient and a Mortar Board Honorary Senior. He received a West Virginia University Academic Promise scholarship and a Chilton scholarship.
Matthew is admitted to practice in West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Ohio, and also the U.S. District Courts for the Northern and Southern Districts of West Virginia and the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio.
Matthew was selected as a West Virginia Rising Star by Super Lawyers in 2018, 2019 and 2020. Prior to joining Rawle & Henderson LLP, he was an attorney with a civil litigation defense law firm in Wheeling, West Virginia.
Co-Author, Practitioner's Guide to Attorney Fees in West Virginia, West Virginia Law Review, September 2019
Co-Author, 2015 West Virginia Legislation Update: Part II, West Virginia Law Review, November 2015
Co-Author, 2015 West Virginia Legislation Update: Part I, West Virginia Law Review, September 2015
Environmental, Toxic and Mass Torts
United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia
United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia
United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio
West Virginia University College of Law, J.D., 2010
Inducted into Order of the Barrister
President, Lugar Trial Association
Public Interest Advocates
Student Bar Association
West Virginia University, B.A. in Political Science, magna cum laude, 2006
Academic Certificate of Achievement Recipient
Mortar Board Hororary Senior
West Virginia University Academic Promise Scholarship
Chilton Scholarship
West Virginia State Elections Commission, 2018–Present
West Virginia Law Institute, 2018–Present
Young Lawyers Section, West Virginia State Bar Association, 2015–2019
Seminars, Speeches & Publications
Matthew G. Chapman joins West Virginia office of Rawle & Henderson LLP
Attorney Advertising. This Web site may be considered advertising under the rules of some states. Prior results described on this site cannot and do not guarantee or predict a similar outcome with respect to any future matter that we or any lawyer may be retained to handle.
© Copyright 2014 Rawle & Henderson, LLP. All rights reserved.


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And don't forget to read customer reviews across all Belts & Hoses product categories in our catalog. Buy with confidence by leveraging past customer experiences of our aftermarket and OEM parts.
At Advance Auto Parts, we don't think top quality Belts & Hoses products have to cost top dollar, and we prove it. Browse our top Dodge Ram 3500 Belts & Hoses products below, order online to ship to your home, or head into your nearest Advance Auto Parts location to get started.
What are the most purchased Belts & Hoses products for the Dodge Ram 3500?
What are the Dodge Ram 3500 Belts & Hoses products with the best customer ratings?


text:
require 'date'
require 'google/apis/core/base_service'
require 'google/apis/core/json_representation'
require 'google/apis/core/hashable'
require 'google/apis/errors'

module Google
  module Apis
    module FcmdataV1beta1

      class GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1AndroidDeliveryData
        class Representation < Google::Apis::Core::JsonRepresentation; end

        include Google::Apis::Core::JsonObjectSupport
      end

      class GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1Data
        class Representation < Google::Apis::Core::JsonRepresentation; end

        include Google::Apis::Core::JsonObjectSupport
      end

      class GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1DeliveryPerformancePercents
        class Representation < Google::Apis::Core::JsonRepresentation; end

        include Google::Apis::Core::JsonObjectSupport
      end

      class GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1ListAndroidDeliveryDataResponse
        class Representation < Google::Apis::Core::JsonRepresentation; end

        include Google::Apis::Core::JsonObjectSupport
      end

      class GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1MessageInsightPercents
        class Representation < Google::Apis::Core::JsonRepresentation; end

        include Google::Apis::Core::JsonObjectSupport
      end

      class GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1MessageOutcomePercents
        class Representation < Google::Apis::Core::JsonRepresentation; end

        include Google::Apis::Core::JsonObjectSupport
      end

      class GoogleTypeDate
        class Representation < Google::Apis::Core::JsonRepresentation; end

        include Google::Apis::Core::JsonObjectSupport
      end

      class GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1AndroidDeliveryData
        # @private
        class Representation < Google::Apis::Core::JsonRepresentation
          property :analytics_label, as: 'analyticsLabel'
          property :app_id, as: 'appId'
          property :data, as: 'data', class: Google::Apis::FcmdataV1beta1::GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1Data, decorator: Google::Apis::FcmdataV1beta1::GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1Data::Representation

          property :date, as: 'date', class: Google::Apis::FcmdataV1beta1::GoogleTypeDate, decorator: Google::Apis::FcmdataV1beta1::GoogleTypeDate::Representation

        end
      end

      class GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1Data
        # @private
        class Representation < Google::Apis::Core::JsonRepresentation
          property :count_messages_accepted, :numeric_string => true, as: 'countMessagesAccepted'
          property :delivery_performance_percents, as: 'deliveryPerformancePercents', class: Google::Apis::FcmdataV1beta1::GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1DeliveryPerformancePercents, decorator: Google::Apis::FcmdataV1beta1::GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1DeliveryPerformancePercents::Representation

          property :message_insight_percents, as: 'messageInsightPercents', class: Google::Apis::FcmdataV1beta1::GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1MessageInsightPercents, decorator: Google::Apis::FcmdataV1beta1::GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1MessageInsightPercents::Representation

          property :message_outcome_percents, as: 'messageOutcomePercents', class: Google::Apis::FcmdataV1beta1::GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1MessageOutcomePercents, decorator: Google::Apis::FcmdataV1beta1::GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1MessageOutcomePercents::Representation

        end
      end

      class GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1DeliveryPerformancePercents
        # @private
        class Representation < Google::Apis::Core::JsonRepresentation
          property :delayed_device_doze, as: 'delayedDeviceDoze'
          property :delayed_device_offline, as: 'delayedDeviceOffline'
          property :delayed_message_throttled, as: 'delayedMessageThrottled'
          property :delayed_user_stopped, as: 'delayedUserStopped'
          property :delivered_no_delay, as: 'deliveredNoDelay'
        end
      end

      class GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1ListAndroidDeliveryDataResponse
        # @private
        class Representation < Google::Apis::Core::JsonRepresentation
          collection :android_delivery_data, as: 'androidDeliveryData', class: Google::Apis::FcmdataV1beta1::GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1AndroidDeliveryData, decorator: Google::Apis::FcmdataV1beta1::GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1AndroidDeliveryData::Representation

          property :next_page_token, as: 'nextPageToken'
        end
      end

      class GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1MessageInsightPercents
        # @private
        class Representation < Google::Apis::Core::JsonRepresentation
          property :priority_lowered, as: 'priorityLowered'
        end
      end

      class GoogleFirebaseFcmDataV1beta1MessageOutcomePercents
        # @private
        class Representation < Google::Apis::Core::JsonRepresentation
          property :delivered, as: 'delivered'
          property :dropped_app_force_stopped, as: 'droppedAppForceStopped'
          property :dropped_device_inactive, as: 'droppedDeviceInactive'
          property :dropped_too_many_pending_messages, as: 'droppedTooManyPendingMessages'
          property :pending, as: 'pending'
        end
      end

      class GoogleTypeDate
        # @private
        class Representation < Google::Apis::Core::JsonRepresentation
          property :day, as: 'day'
          property :month, as: 'month'
          property :year, as: 'year'
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
WEAI Data Goes Public
By Team Leader for Monitoring and Evaluation
Last year we launched an innovative tool to measure women's empowerment in agriculture. Last month, we celebrated its one-year anniversary. This month, we're highlighting how you, yes you, can access data from the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index and the tool itself.
First, some quick background—the WEAI tracks women's engagement in agriculture in five areas: production, resources, income, leadership, and time use. Developed by USAID, the International Food Policy Research Institute and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, the WEAI is the first tool of its kind to measure women's empowerment in agriculture relative to men in their households.
Feed the Future uses the WEAI to measure the impact of our programs and to identify constraints to women's empowerment and engagement in agriculture. As a diagnostic tool, the WEAI helps us strategize about what interventions can best help women make gains in those constrained areas. Beyond Feed the Future, we've worked to make the WEAI a tool that the broader development community and partner nations can use.
This week, you may be hearing a lot about open data thanks to the G8 International Conference on Open Data for Agriculture. Open data is important to help achieve Feed the Future's goals, including our goal of empowering women in agriculture. By making Feed the Future data sets, like those from the WEAI, available to the public, we enable collaboration among data users and others that can spur innovation toward our goals.
Already, by releasing materials on the WEAI as soon as it was finalized, we've seen several development partners adopting the WEAI or its components for monitoring and evaluation:
Partners like Michigan State University and CARE Australia have included the WEAI in their monitoring of development programs.
The International Livestock Research Institute used an adapted version of the WEAI, adding in livelihood and rights indicators, to measure the impacts of livestock microcredit and value chain projects on women's empowerment.
And CARE USA is using an adaptation of the WEAI to measure changes in women's empowerment in six countries (Ghana, Malawi, Mali, India, Bangladesh and Tanzania) in their Pathways to Empowerment in Agriculture program.
Now it's your turn. This week as the G8 holds its conference on open data for agriculture, we're highlighting anew what is out there on the WEAI for you to use:
The WEAI brochure provides an overview of the tool and how we use it.
The WEAI survey instruments provide pilot questionnaires and manuals and the WEAI module of the Feed the Future population-based surveys.
The WEAI instructional guide assists you in using the tool, pointing out critical considerations and best practices.
The WEAI discussion paper provides insight on how we developed the WEAI and presents pilot study data.
The WEAI data sets from our pilot studies in Bangladesh, Guatemala and Uganda.
A "think piece" on the uses of the WEAI, by Ruth Meinzen-Dick.
You can also click on over to the International Food Policy and Research Institute's website to explore the WEAI Resource Center for these items and more.
And, speaking of population-based surveys, don't miss out on the data we just released from Feed the Future household surveys in Bangladesh and Ghana. Over the past year, we've collected data for the WEAI through these surveys and the full WEAI modules for Bangladesh and Ghana are available.
Check back for more data sets, including more WEAI modules, as we will continue to publish data that can be used to improve food security and women's empowerment.
Are you using the WEAI or data from it? We'd like to hear from you. Send us your comments on Agrilinks or let us know on Twitter or Facebook.
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text:
Medical Comorbidity and Complications
Scott E. Hadland, Leslie Renee Walker
Like their peers in the general youth population, youth with chronic medical conditions (YCMC) are at risk for substance use, including nonmedical use of prescription medications. However, given dangerous disease-substance interactions, the stakes for detecting and intervening on substance use are perhaps even higher for YCMC. Given the risk for nonadherence with chronic disease management, it is incumbent on primary care providers, specialty providers, and behavioral health specialists to be vigilant in asking about substance use and providing brief counseling and referral to substance use treatment when appropriate.
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2016.02.006
10.1016/j.chc.2016.02.006
Dive into the research topics of 'Medical Comorbidity and Complications'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Disease Management Medicine & Life Sciences 42%
Counseling Medicine & Life Sciences 36%
Prescriptions Medicine & Life Sciences 35%
Chronic Disease Medicine & Life Sciences 31%
Referral and Consultation Medicine & Life Sciences 31%
Hadland, S. E., & Walker, L. R. (2016). Medical Comorbidity and Complications. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 25(3), 533-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2016.02.006
Hadland, Scott E. ; Walker, Leslie Renee. / Medical Comorbidity and Complications. In: Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2016 ; Vol. 25, No. 3. pp. 533-548.
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title = "Medical Comorbidity and Complications",
abstract = "Like their peers in the general youth population, youth with chronic medical conditions (YCMC) are at risk for substance use, including nonmedical use of prescription medications. However, given dangerous disease-substance interactions, the stakes for detecting and intervening on substance use are perhaps even higher for YCMC. Given the risk for nonadherence with chronic disease management, it is incumbent on primary care providers, specialty providers, and behavioral health specialists to be vigilant in asking about substance use and providing brief counseling and referral to substance use treatment when appropriate.",
author = "Hadland, {Scott E.} and Walker, {Leslie Renee}",
note = "Funding Information: Dr S.E. Hadland is supported by the Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine at Boston Children's Hospital , the Leadership Education in Adolescent Health Training Program T71 MC00009 (MCH/HRSA) and a National Research Service Award 1R03DA037770-01 , 1T32HD075727-01 ( NIH/NICHD ). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2016 Elsevier Inc.",
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Hadland, SE & Walker, LR 2016, 'Medical Comorbidity and Complications', Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 533-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2016.02.006
Medical Comorbidity and Complications. / Hadland, Scott E.; Walker, Leslie Renee.
In: Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, Vol. 25, No. 3, 01.07.2016, p. 533-548.
T1 - Medical Comorbidity and Complications
AU - Hadland, Scott E.
AU - Walker, Leslie Renee
N1 - Funding Information: Dr S.E. Hadland is supported by the Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine at Boston Children's Hospital , the Leadership Education in Adolescent Health Training Program T71 MC00009 (MCH/HRSA) and a National Research Service Award 1R03DA037770-01 , 1T32HD075727-01 ( NIH/NICHD ). Publisher Copyright: © 2016 Elsevier Inc.
N2 - Like their peers in the general youth population, youth with chronic medical conditions (YCMC) are at risk for substance use, including nonmedical use of prescription medications. However, given dangerous disease-substance interactions, the stakes for detecting and intervening on substance use are perhaps even higher for YCMC. Given the risk for nonadherence with chronic disease management, it is incumbent on primary care providers, specialty providers, and behavioral health specialists to be vigilant in asking about substance use and providing brief counseling and referral to substance use treatment when appropriate.
AB - Like their peers in the general youth population, youth with chronic medical conditions (YCMC) are at risk for substance use, including nonmedical use of prescription medications. However, given dangerous disease-substance interactions, the stakes for detecting and intervening on substance use are perhaps even higher for YCMC. Given the risk for nonadherence with chronic disease management, it is incumbent on primary care providers, specialty providers, and behavioral health specialists to be vigilant in asking about substance use and providing brief counseling and referral to substance use treatment when appropriate.
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DO - 10.1016/j.chc.2016.02.006
JO - Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
JF - Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
Hadland SE, Walker LR. Medical Comorbidity and Complications. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2016 Jul 1;25(3):533-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2016.02.006


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text:
Q: iOS - Objective C, Sort NSArray of NSDictionary(s) via key name How to sort NSArray of dictionaries on the basis of NSDictionary's key name.
lets say, JSON format of NSArray is
[
 {
   "keyName" : "C",
   "value"   : "0.1"
 },
 {
   "keyName" : "A",
   "value"   : "1.1"
 },
 {
   "keyName" : "B",
   "value"   : "2.1"
 }
]

A: Sorting an array of dictionaries in iOS is very easy simple NSSortDescriptor do the drill.
[yourArray sortUsingDescriptors:[NSArray arrayWithObjects:[NSSortDescriptor sortDescriptorWithKey:@"keyName" ascending:YES], nil]];

A: You can use    sortedArrayUsingComparator
NSArray *sortedArray;
sortedArray = [unsortedArray sortedArrayUsingComparator:^NSComparisonResult(id a, id b) {
Dictionary *dictoinary1 = (Dictionary*)a;
Dictionary * dictoinary2 = (Dictionary*)b;
return [[dictoinary1 objectForKey:@"keyName"] caseInsensitiveCompare:[dictoinary2 objectForKey:@"keyName"]];
}];

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We love the dirt splat on this invitation from Zazzle. The scroll font in pint on top of dirt just says chic while having fun. The greens and the paper circles together are amazing.
Get this Invitation from Small Moments.
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We love the dirt splat on this invitation from Zazzle What a lovely Dirty Thirty Birthday Invitation, especially for women.
Camilla is an award-winning photographer who captures fashion images telling vibrant colorful and Continue Reading. Another seriously dirty and Lovely. How to Balayage Ombre Step by Step Hair Painting. Bathroom signs Stock Vectors and Bathroom signs Royalty Free Illustrations, dirty 30 bday decorations. What a lovely Dirty Thirty Birthday Invitation, especially for women.


I read Classics at Oxford before doing a doctorate in Comparative Philology and General Linguistics. I was appointed a Research Fellow at Peterhouse in 2010, and am now a Lecturer in Classical Linguistics and Comparative Philology in the Classics Faculty.
The linguistic history and development of Latin and the languages of Ancient Italy, the Celtic languages, and Proto-Indo-European.


Andrew Coyne is a columnist with Postmedia; his columns appear in the National Post, the Ottawa Citizen, and other papers in the chain. His writing has also appeared in Maclean's, Saturday Night, the Globe and Mail, the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, and Time. Coyne appears frequently as a commentator on television political affairs programs, including the "At Issue" panel on CBC's The National.


Part of the tool for data extraction from captured network communication is a design of declaration language for the description of protocols. In the extractor are included third-party tools for analysis particular packets and reconstruction network flows. These tools together with designed declarative language are used due to the requirement on easy extendability of the designed tool.
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text:
Jeffco
Publisher - K-12 & Higher Ed in the Centennial State
Colorado State plans to return to face-to-face lessons for the autumn semester of 2021
By Ed News Editor On May 3, 2021
Colorado State University, like the University of Northern Colorado and Aims Community College in Weld County, has released plans for a return to face-to-face learning for the fall semester of 2021.
CSU Provost and Executive Vice President Mary Pedersen sent a notice to the university community on Friday outlining plans to "re-personalize the vast majority of our classes for personal vaccine requirements".
The CSU, along with other public higher education institutions in Colorado – including the UNC – announced last week that faculties, staff and students must be given a COVID-19 vaccine before the start of the fall semester.
The CSU's fall semester begins on August 23, just like UNC and Aims.
Pedersen said the university's plan for personal return had been approved by University President Joyce McConnell and the CSU Pandemic Preparedness (PPT) team. The information has been divided into three parts: academics, student life and public health measures.
The CSU expects this element to be completed by mid-June, with most of the online and hybrid classes going back to being fully in-person over the next few weeks. In light of this shift, the teaching method of many courses will change and the university will refer students, faculties and staff to their weekly RAMweb timetable for changes, as well as email in case an academic department shares new options for in-person classes.
"We will work with students who prefer online courses but cannot promise that every course will be available in this format," Pedersen's message said.
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Students who signed up in person at registration and were declined due to limited class numbers will be asked to register for a waiting list.
This fall's campus experience will be more personal on campus and across the university, including:
We expect full personal capacity at The Rec and the return of intramural and sports clubs.
Guests will likely have access to campus accommodation and there will be expanded on-campus seating in restaurants and the Lory Student Center.
More face-to-face events will be held at the university, including student organizations, cultural and resource centers, and on-campus activities.
Public health actions
As we prepare for fall, we remain COVID aware. The CSU, along with every university in the nation, must follow state and regional public health guidelines for COVID-19. This means that public health requirements at locations vary from state to state and from county to county. CSU leaders and health professionals work closely with the Larimer County's Department of Health and Environment to ensure we follow public health guidelines as the pandemic environment evolves.
To ensure the health and well-being of our entire community, we ask that you do the following:
Follow all public health guidelines in your community during the summer.
Complete your COVID-19 vaccination (s) before the fall semester begins. Preferably, get your shots completed early enough to make sure you are fully vaccinated when you return to CSU.
The system announcement states: "We recognize that people come to this topic from different perspectives and that the exceptions permitted under state and federal law are unrestrictedly available to all faculties, employees and students as soon as the requirements are met. "According to Pedersen's message.
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The Ballinger Neighborhood Association Board of Directors is comprised of community members. The Board Directors are elected by the general membership (you). Officers are elected by the Directors out of the elected board members.


text:
Roochie Toochie and the Rag Time Shepherd Kings turn back the clock
By Steve Wildsmith, Weekend editor, The Daily Times · Maryville, Tennessee · March 7, 2018
Suffice it to say, whether you're in the audience for the band's abbreviated "Blue Plate Special" show or Friday night at The Laurel Theater, you haven't seen — or heard — anything quite like Roochie Toochie and the Rag Time Shepherd Kings.
In person, the quintet draws inspiration from traveling minstrel shows that roamed the countryside during the turn of the last century; part musical act and part vaudeville entertainment, they make it their mission, according to the band's website, "to perform the weirdest songs from the early days of Tin Pan Alley on the format on which they were first recorded — wax cylinder."
The band's sole album was recorded on wax cylinder, a now-rare process by which sound was captured on literal cylinders; they were the earliest commercial media for recording and reproducing sound and predated disc records, as LPs are also known. Only a handful of studios can still record via the wax cylinder method, ukulele player Timmy Findlen told The Daily Times recently, and Roochie Toochie was determined to find one in America at which to record.
"Wax cylinders were (Thomas) Edison's contribution to recording technology in its infancy," Findlen said. "At that point, there were more records that we know today as spinning discs, but the wax cylinder was Thomas Edison's format that Edison Records used. A lot of the most popular songs from the 1880s to the 1920s were recorded on wax cylinder, so if you were a person in 1910 and you were hearing the newest Irving Berlin song — which was the biggest pop music of the day — you were likely hearing it on a wax cylinder player."
Findlen first fell in love with wax cylinder recordings in Portland, Maine; a retired minstrel who played with a family of vaudeville banjoists started a 24-hour radio station that specialized in wax cylinder recordings, and the tinny sounds, the hisses and pops that are hallmarks of wax cylinder recordings, fascinated him, Findlen said.
"When I heard it for the first time, I really felt transported back to a different era," he said. "At the time, I was developing a fascination with turn-of-the-century America and the changes that were happening and the history of that era; hearing those records and getting a little more familiar with the novelty songs and the political songs of the era really helps transport you back and puts you in that time. It helps you use your imagination and lets you unlock the door of understanding of a different time."
Almost immediately, he said, he began learning the songs he heard — "the comic songs are my favorite, just because it's so funny to hear what people found funny back then," he added — and started assembling a group of fellow musicians with similar interests. That was in 2007, and it took a few years, but eventually Roochie Toochie and the Rag Time Shepherd Kings were ready to make an authentic wax cylinder album.
"All of us were on board with it, and come heck or high water, we were gonna figure out a way to do it," he said. "That's when we met Martin Fisher in Nashville; he works at (Middle Tennessee State University) and is an audio engineer, and he's able to record on wax cylinder."
Recorded songs are just one facet of the Roochie Toochie experience, however, and not exactly an easy one for contemporary ears to digest in one sitting, Findlen added.
"If you're experiencing the recording, you have to think about it as an experience like reading a book," he said. "The background noise, the cylinder itself, is part of the recording and part of the world we're trying to create. To us, it's not distracting from what we're trying to do; it's part of the story. But it's not easy on the ears if you're not used to it. You can get lost in another world, like in a novel, but we don't recommend trying to listen to our entire album all at once. It can be hard on the listener, but we're trying to present to people an experience, and the noise of it all is part that experience."
And the live show is another beast altogether. At the 2016 Knoxville Stomp celebration of Old Time string band, jug band and other primitive forms of American music, Roochie Toochie was one of the biggest hits of the weekend; credit much of that to the work Findlen and his bandmates put into setting up and recreating the experience of a show from the distant past.
"I think the correlation between the cylinder recordings and the live show is that the wax cylinder has a lot of constraints, meaning that certain instruments don't show up on old recordings, and with time constraints, we have to change arrangements of songs and mash things up," he said. "If you want to get a musical joke into a song, you have to be pretty clever about how you do it, because you only have so long to do it. It's a ballet of doing the recording and making our our songs sort of madcap, so when we do the live show, we take that frenetic energy and then we pair it with touches from a classic vaudeville show, which is also kind of representative of the general era of the material that we play."
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You are planning a vacation and feel a bit nervous about how will you spend your precious holidays in Pakistan? Best answer is: Active Holidays in Pakistan. Excursions, marvelous Tours and day trips are exciting and a great way to fulfill your vacation schedule. Different activities which include exploring hidden paths of ancient ruins and wrecks, or maybe adrenalin adventures such as zipline or snorkeling in a blue lagoon could offer you dream time. If you see yourself as an adventurer and you love exploring amazing places, then private tours in small groups may be something interesting for you.
The private guided tours can be just a sightseeing or active excursions and active and full adrenalin day trips like canoeing, rafting, zip-line and more. Weather you like water sports, hiking, rock climbing or easy walk in a forest with delicious lunch at the end. We should all agree that active holidays are the right solution for you.
Choosing a tour domain shouldn't be your main factor. Other important factors are tour length since tours and excursions can be full-day and half-day long. Depending on your physical shape, you must decide how long you want to be on a trip. Private tours are always flexible and they are no time framed, but there is always a difference between half and full day excursion. Even tough all tours represent active holidays, some tours include lots of actions and your occupation in something.
Travel agents will suggest you the best excursions, and present you the most important highlights of the tours. Still, be sure that you will read all descriptions about the trip you are looking for, and prepare yourself. It increases your know - how and quality time spent during the tour. You will pay for it, so at least read and learn what you are paying for.
Be physically and mentally strong for the upcoming activities on the tour. Some tours can be really hard to handle with. Hot and burning sun, wet climates and extremely tough areas can make you trouble on a tour. It is important that you select a tour that you can handle physically.
Your budget should be a really important factor, but definitely not the most important. It is always tricky to decide how much is something worth. Unwritten rule is: better to pay more than to calculate and let someone rule your vacation.
Simply enjoy and memory everything. We are living for moments, try to capture them. Don't ruin a perfect moment with unnecessary selfie or stupid move which can eventually hurt you.