text:
\section{Introduction \label{sec:intro}}

A plasma wakefield accelerator (PWFA)~\cite{PWFAChen} uses a relativistic particle bunch as driver. %
The energy gain by a witness bunch (electrons, positrons, muons, etc.) is smaller than, or equal to the energy lost by the drive bunch. %
Two options exist to produce very high-energy (TeV) witness bunches carrying kJ of energy, i.e., with $\approx 10^{10}$\,particles: staging of multiple plasma sections with wakefields driven by $\approx 100$\,J energy level bunches~\cite{staging} or using a single plasma
with wakefields driven by a multi-kJ energy bunch, such as a proton bunch~\cite{SMI}. %
High-energy proton bunches available today have a root mean square (rms) length $\sigma_z$ of 6 to 12\,cm (corresponding to an rms duration $\sigma_t$ of 200 to 400\,ps), e.g., CERN SPS and LHC, and Brookhaven RHIC.

In a plasma with density $n_{e0}$, a bunch with a Gaussian longitudinal profile can effectively drive wakefields when the plasma wavelength $\lambda_{\mr{pe}}$ is on the order of its rms length $\sigma_z$ as $\lambda_{\mr{pe}} = \left(\frac{\pi}{n_{e0}r_e}\right)^{1/2} \approx \sigma_z$, where $r_e$ is the classical electron radius.
In that case, the amplitude of the driven accelerating wakefields is on the order of the wave-breaking field~\cite{Dawson} $E_{WB}(\sigma_z) = 2\pi\frac{m_e c^2}{e}\frac{1}{\sigma_z}$, where $m_e$ is the rest electron mass, $e$ its charge, and $c$ is the speed of light in vacuum. %
This scaling yields $< 55$\,MV/m fields for these long proton bunches. %
To drive wakefields with an amplitude in the order of GV/m, a long proton bunch must undergo the process of self-modulation (SM)~\cite{SMI}.

Self-modulation occurs when a long, relativistic, charged particle bunch propagates in a dense plasma, i.e., when $\sigma_z \gg \lambda_{\mr{pe}}$. %
To avoid filamentation~\cite{bib:filamentation} the bunch must have an rms width $\sigma_r < \lambda_{\mr{pe}}$.
The SM transforms the long bunch into a train of microbunches shorter than, and with a periodicity of approximately $\lambda_{\mr{pe}}$. %
The bunch train then resonantly drives wakefields with amplitudes that can reach a significant fraction of $E_{WB}(\lambda_{\mr{pe}})$.
The plasma density can thus be adjusted so the amplitude of the wakefields can exceed the GV/m level in a plasma with $n_{e0} > 10^{14}\,\mr{cm}^{-3}$, even with a cm-long bunch. %

During the SM growth of a long beam, the phase velocity of the wakefields is slower than the velocity of the drive bunch $v_b$ and evolves along the bunch $\xi = z - ct$ and plasma $z = ct$~\cite{phasePukhov,phaseSchroeder,gradexp}. %
The difference between the phase velocity and the bunch velocity is given by~\cite{phasePukhov} %

\begin{equation}
|\Delta v| \approx \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\xi}{z}\right)^{1/3}\left(\frac{n_b m_e}{n_{e0}m_p\gamma_p}\right)^{1/3}v_b,
\label{eqn:vpukhov}
\end{equation}

where $n_b$ is the bunch density, $m_p$ is the proton mass, and $\gamma_p$ is the gamma factor of the protons. This slow velocity causes a phase shift between the microbunches and the wakefields during the SM growth and possibly after that. %
The effect of $\Delta v$ is cumulative along the bunch and thus more important at the back of the bunch than in its front. %
This means that particles of the drive bunch do not necessarily remain in the focusing or defocusing phase of the wakefields all along their propagation in the plasma, which affects the process of the microbunch train formation. %
Similarly, they do not necessarily remain in the accelerating or decelerating phase of the wakefields, which also affects the amplitude of the wakefields.   %

The use of a positive plasma density gradient was proposed to produce an effective positive additional phase velocity to compensate at least for some of the deleterious effects of phase velocity variations during SM growth~\cite{phasePukhov,phaseSchroeder}. %
The effect of positive gradients is to shorten $\lambda_{\mr{pe}}$ along the bunch path, causing any given constant phase point to move toward the seeding position (Eq.~\ref{eqn:vpukhov}), thereby counteracting the backwards phase shift. %
The effect of negative gradients is to lengthen $\lambda_{\mr{pe}}$, enhancing the phase shift.
This is most important for the acceleration of electrons injected early along the plasma. %
In a constant density plasma, i.e., no gradient, these electrons could quickly dephase in the slow wakefields and gain little energy or even be defocused and lost. %
Plasma density gradients are also useful for maintaining particles of the drive bunch in phase with the wakefields, leading to trains with more microbunches~\cite{gradexp}, possibly leading to larger accelerating fields~\cite{Gorn_2020}. %

We showed the effects of plasma density gradients $g$ on the SM of a 400\,GeV proton bunch in an experimental paper~\cite{gradexp}. %
These results clearly show that positive gradients along the plasma lead to a higher number of microbunches in the train with more charge per microbunch. %
Measurements also show that the bunch modulation frequency $f_{\mr{mod}}$, measured after 10\,m of plasma, changes as a function of gradient value.

While the experimental results show many of the features expected in the presence of density gradients, limitations with access to the SM process (observation of the bunch only after propagation in plasma and vacuum), as well as the lack of plasma density perturbation diagnostics, restrict the ability to measure many characteristics of the SM process along the plasma and as a function of $g$ values. %
However, in numerical simulations one has access to the beam, plasma, and wakefields characteristics all along the plasma. %

Here we show simulation results obtained with the particle-in-cell code OSIRIS 4.4.4~\cite{osiris} using parameters similar to those of the experiment. %
We show that there is a remarkable agreement between simulation and experimental results.
We look into the details of the evolution of the proton bunch and wakefields along the plasma to explain the results obtained after the plasma. %
We relate the amount of charge in the core of the microbunch train to the dephasing of the wakefields with respect to the proton bunch, as well as to the amplitude of the wakefields. %
We show that the off-axis, time-resolved proton distribution carries information about $f_{\mr{mod}}$ earlier along the plasma and that $f_{\mr{mod}}$ for the microbunch train core evolves very differently along $z$ for positive and negative gradients. %
We also show that, among the values we use, there is indeed a positive gradient value that leads to a larger amplitude of the transverse wakefields when compared to the constant density case. %
We show however that a linear density gradient does not eliminate the issue of decreasing amplitude of the wakefields along the plasma past the SM saturation point. %

\section{General Setup \label{sec:setup}}

The SPS at CERN provides the proton bunch for the experiment. %
For the experimental results presented here, it has a population of $(2.98 \pm 0.16)\times 10^{11}$ protons, each with an energy of 400\,GeV. %
The rms duration of the bunch is $\sigma_t = 230$\,ps (or equivalently a rms length $\sigma_z = 6.9$\,cm). %
As we use the same data as was used in~\cite{Gorn_2020}, we also consider that the bunch is focused to an rms transverse size of $\sigma_{r0} \approx 200$\,\textmu m at the entrance of the 10\,m-long plasma and that it has a normalized emittance $\epsilon_N = 3.6$\,mm-mrad. %

The SM process is seeded, in the experiment by a relativistic ionization front (RIF)~\cite{gordon,modulationexp,SMISSM}, and in simulations by a step in the density profile of the proton bunch at the same position along the bunch as that of the RIF.
Here, the two seeding methods are considered to be equivalent. %

The plasma has a linear density gradient $g$ in a $\pm$2\,\%/m range.
With $g = 0$\,\%/m the density is constant along the plasma. %
In the experiment, the measured $g$ values are: $-1.93, -0.93, -0.52, +0.03, +0.43, +0.87, +1.30,$ and $+2.00$\,\%/m. %
In simulations, we use nine values: $-2, -1.5, -1, -0.5, 0, +0.5, +1, +1.5,$ and $+2\,$\%/m, in order to cover the same range as that of the experiment. %
In the rest of the text and for simplicity, we refer to experimental measurement using their respective closest half-integer value, e.g., $g = -2$\,\%/m for $g = -1.93$\,\%/m. %

\section{Simulation parameters \label{sec:simpar}}

\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.5}
\begin{footnotesize}
\input{tables/partablegradsim.tex}
\end{footnotesize}

We perform simulations in 2D axisymmetric geometry, using the parameters in Table \ref{tab:simpar} chosen after suitable convergence tests. %
We also compared results with a wider simulation window (0.32 cm) for selected $g$ values, and showed that for this study the halo effects~\cite{Gorn_2020} are negligible and we can use a narrow window to save computation time. %
The use of 2D simulations excludes 3D effects, which could have appeared in the experiment, such as the hosing instability~\cite{bib:HosingSchroeder}. %
However, 2D simulations reproduce the SM and many of the effects observed experimentally, while no severe hosing was observed. %
The simulation window is moving at $c$ together with the proton bunch. %
The simulation output data is saved every $\approx 10\,$cm (i.e., every 36928 time steps). %
We propagate simulation particles in vacuum to the locations of the screens in the experiment, 2\,m and 3.5\,m downstream from the plasma end. %

In the experiment, bunch %
parameters are measured as a function of time at a fixed position (that of the second screen). %
In the simulations, all quantities are measured at a fixed time, over the spatial extent of the proton bunch. %
However, the evolution of the proton distribution over its duration or length is sufficiently small that the results do not have significant differences. %

\section{Experimental parameters and diagnostics \label{sec:exppar}}

The plasma is created by a 120\,fs-long laser pulse, with a radius of $\approx 1\,$mm and an energy of $\approx$ 110\,mJ, ionizing a Rb vapor and co-propagating within the proton bunch, 128\,ps ahead of its density peak. %
The laser pulse ionizes the outermost electron of each Rb atom. %
It creates a RIF much shorter than the period of the wakefields ($> 8$\,ps). %
The interaction of the bunch and the plasma starts suddenly at the RIF, which provides seed wakefields for the SM to grow from~\cite{modulationexp,SMISSM}. %
When seeded, the phase of the bunch modulation with respect to the RIF is reproducible, from event to event, within a small fraction of a modulation period~\cite{SMISSM}.

The plasma density is obtained by measuring the Rb vapor density with white-light interferometry with an uncertainty of 0.5\,\%~\cite{interferometry}. %
The Rb and plasma densities agree with each other~\cite{modulationexp}. %
We therefore quote the plasma density hereafter, even though the Rb density is measured. %

The density gradient is created by controlling the temperature of the reservoirs that evaporate Rb into the source at the plasma entrance and exit~\cite{gennady,vaporsource}. %
The experimental density gradient is calculated by dividing the difference in densities at the entrance and exit of the plasma by its length. %
In all cases, we keep the density at the plasma entrance, $n_{e0}=1.81 \times 10^{14}$\,cm$^{-3}$, constant and vary that at the exit. %

After the plasma, the proton bunch propagates in vacuum towards screens where it is characterized. %
We image onto the entrance slit of a streak camera the backward, incoherent, optical transition radiation (OTR) produced when protons enter the metallic screen located 3.5\,m downstream from the plasma exit~\cite{modulationexp,streak}. %
The camera gives a time-resolved image of the transverse density distribution of the proton bunch in a $\approx 74$\,\textmu m-wide slice of the bunch about its axis. %
We obtain experimental images from multiple short-time-scale (209\,ps) images stitched together in time~\cite{FabianStitching}. %
The fact that these stitched images form long trains of microbunches (see Fig.~\ref{fig:allprofiles} (a,c,e)) as opposed to a blur, confirms that the SM process is in the seeded~\cite{SMISSM} and not in the instability regime~\cite{SMI}. %

\section{Density profiles of the microbunch train \label{sec:density}}

\begin{figure*}[!ht]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=12.9cm]{figs/allprofiles.pdf}
    \caption{Time-resolved experimental (a,c,e) and simulation (b,d,f) images and profiles of the modulated bunch with $g = -1$\,\%/m (a,b),  $g = 0$\,\%/m (c,d), and  $g = +1$\,\%/m (e,f). %
    Longitudinal profiles obtained by summing counts within $\sigma_{r,\mr{screen}}$: $|x|=\pm 0.536$\,mm (red lines on image) of the axis. %
    Images from 2D simulations are mirrored about the bunch axis for a more direct comparison with experimental ones. \label{fig:allprofiles}}
\end{figure*}

We display in Fig.~\ref{fig:allprofiles} time-resolved images of the charge density distribution from the experiment~\cite{streak} and from simulations for selected $g$ values, together with their on-axis time profiles. %
These images are part of a series that includes all measured $g$ values. %
The experimental images for $g = -2$ and $+2$\,\%/m are displayed in~\cite{gradexp} and together with the images displayed here show the same features. %
We emphasize here the similarities and differences between experimental and simulation images. %

We generate the experimental profiles by summing counts of the images up to a transverse extent of $|x|= \sigma_{r,\mr{screen}} = 0.536$\,mm from the axis (red lines on Fig.~\ref{fig:allprofiles}), where $\sigma_{r,\mr{screen}}$ is the rms width of the incoming (no plasma) bunch at the screen position. %
We obtain this width from a Gaussian fit to the transverse profile of the part of the bunch ahead of the ionization front ($t < 0$\,ps on Fig.~\ref{fig:allprofiles} (a,c,e)). %
In simulations, we sum the charge of macroparticles in bins with size equal to that of a pixel from the experimental images, and divide by the volume in the ring corresponding to each bin (2D simulations). %
We calculate on-axis time profiles by summing the density profiles transversely up to $\sigma_{r,\mr{screen}}$, as for the experimental images. %

It is clear that the resolution of the simulation images is better than that of the experimental ones. %
These are subject to the space ($\approx 180$\,\textmu m) and time resolution ($\approx 3$\,ps) of the diagnostic. %
We use $g = 0$\,\%/m as reference to compare to the other two cases.

Figure~\ref{fig:allprofiles} shows that images (c) from the experiment and (d) from simulations with $g = 0$\,\%/m look quite similar.
In both cases, the density of the microbunch train decreases from the $t = 0$\,ps seeding position to $t \approx 200$\,ps. %
After that point, there is a series of microbunches with a small and relatively constant density when compared to that of the ones at the front. %
We also note that as a result of focusing, the first two or three microbunches have a charge density larger than that of the incoming bunch ($t < 0$\,ps on experimental images, not shown on simulation images). %

Images with negative gradient ($g = -1$\,\%/m, Fig.~\ref{fig:allprofiles} (a,b)) also show similar characteristics between simulations and experiment. %
In this case, the microbunch train is shorter than with $g = 0$\,\%/m.
Only a few microbunches remain, between $t = 0$\,ps and $t \approx 100$\,ps. %
The defocused charge can be seen away from the axis, outside the red lines at $t > 100$\,ps. %

In the positive gradient case ($g = +1$\,\%/m, Fig.~\ref{fig:allprofiles} (e,f)), the charge density of the microbunches remains approximately constant up to $t \approx \sigma_t = 230$\,ps. %
In that region there are 27 microbunches at this plasma density, both in simulations and in the experiment. %
After that point, there is a sudden decrease of the charge density per microbunch on the experimental image and profile (Fig.~\ref{fig:allprofiles} (e)). %
In the simulation result (Fig.~\ref{fig:allprofiles} (f)), the charge density starts decreasing after $t \approx 300$\,ps and reaches a value close to zero at $t \approx 500$\,ps. %

This quick analysis of Fig.~\ref{fig:allprofiles} shows that there is a good general agreement between experimental and simulation results. %
It also shows that experimental results with possible 3D effects (Fig.~\ref{fig:allprofiles} (e)) differ somewhat from simulation results obtained in 2D (Fig.~\ref{fig:allprofiles} (f)), especially at later times along the bunch. %
Since the bunch train is generally longer with $g > 0$, the measurement is more sensitive to possible misalignment between the bunch and the streak camera slit. %
With the longer bunch train with more charge, the non-axisymmetric hose instability~\cite{bib:HosingSchroeder} is more likely to develop and steer the bunch centroid away from, and sideways along, the slit of the camera as shown by the slight wiggles of the microbunches around the axis (between $t \approx 100$\,ps and $\approx 250$\,ps) in Fig.~\ref{fig:allprofiles} (e).
These effects may explain the longer train observed in simulations with $g = +1$\,\%/m. %
Figure~\ref{fig:allprofiles} shows that the effect of the plasma density gradient on the bunch charge density distribution can be threefold: %
change the length of the bunch train, i.e., the number of microbunches in the train; %
change the charge density and charge of individual microbunches; %
increase the likelihood of developing observable non-axisymmetric effects.

\section{Charge of the modulated proton bunch \label{sec:charge}}

In the experiment, we determined the charge fraction in the core of the microbunch train (charge within one rms width normalized to the charge in the same volume of an unmodulated proton bunch) from time-integrated images of the transverse bunch distribution for each $g$ value. %
We obtain these images 2\,m downstream from the plasma exit. %
The results were published in~\cite{gradexp} and are reproduced in Fig.~\ref{fig:bunchfrac} (blue squares). %
The figure shows that there is a clear difference in the amount of charge measured with $g > 0$ and $g \le 0$. %
As mentioned in~\cite{gradexp}, charge variations can be attributed to changes in phase velocity and amplitude of the wakefields along the plasma due to the density gradient. %

\begin{figure}[h]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=8.6cm]{figs/bunchfrac119s1den.eps}
    \caption{Proton bunch charge fraction within one rms width at the screen of the unmodulated proton bunch versus $g$ from experimental~\cite{gradexp} (blue squares) and from simulation (orange dots) results. %
    The number of measurements considered for the average of the experimental data are, from $g = -2$ to $+2$\,\%/m: 60, 51, 33, 38, 10, 14, 16, and 29. %
    Error bars are standard deviations for each data set. \label{fig:bunchfrac}}
\end{figure}

With simulation data we obtain the charge of the microbunch train that is within one rms width of a bunch propagating in vacuum, after 2\,m of propagation from the plasma end. %
We then normalize it to the charge of an unmodulated bunch in the same volume.
We finally add the fraction of charge ahead of the step in the density profile ($\approx 29$\,\%), which is not present in simulations, but is in the experiment. %

Figure \ref{fig:bunchfrac} shows that there are essentially two charge fraction values, one for $g > 0$ and one for $g \le 0$. %
The values are similar between simulation and experiment for $g > 0$, while the simulation values are $\approx 0.15$ lower than the experimental ones for $g \le 0$. %

To better understand this feature, we now investigate with numerical simulations the evolution of the bunch charge fraction along the plasma, displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig:charge_evolution}. We calculate it as explained above, as a function of propagation distance in the plasma ($z < 10$\,m) and until the screen ($z \geq 10$\,m) for all $g$ values. %
We calculate the bunch transverse size at each $z$-position: $\sigma_{r}(z) = \sigma_{r0}\left(1+\frac{z^2\epsilon_N^2}{\gamma_p^2\sigma_{r0}^4}\right)^{1/2}$. %
The charge fraction values at $z = 12$\,m in Fig.~\ref{fig:charge_evolution} correspond to the ones on Fig.~\ref{fig:bunchfrac}. %

\begin{figure}[ht]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=8.6cm]{figs/chargeevolutionn120.eps}
    \caption{Proton bunch charge fraction within one $\sigma_r$ radius of the unmodulated proton bunch along $z$, for various $g$ values, calculated from simulation results. %
    Black dashed line: position of plasma end. %
    Blue dashed line: position of the peak in the mean defocusing wakefields for $g = 0$\,\%/m (see Fig.~\ref{fig:meandefocusing}).
    \label{fig:charge_evolution}}
\end{figure}

The figure shows that, in all cases, the charge fraction increases over the first 3\,m due to the overall focusing effect of the transverse wakefields and of the plasma adiabatic response. %
After that there is significant loss of charge due to the SM process and microbunch train formation. %
Figure~\ref{fig:charge_evolution} shows that past $z \approx 5$\,m, the charge fraction continues to decrease for all $g$ values due to the continuous evolution of the wakefields and proton distribution. %

Figure~\ref{fig:meandefocusing} (similar to Fig. 9 in \cite{Gorn_2020}) shows that the mean defocusing wakefields~\footnote{We plot the mean value of the wakefields, averaged over the whole simulation window, because transverse wakefields depend on the position along the bunch ($\xi$) and across the bunch (radius or $x$) and protons may not be subject to their maximum value or to the value at the incoming bunch radius location (usually plotted).}
reach their maximum amplitude, i.e., saturation, between 3 and 5.5\,m, sooner for $g < 0$ (red lines) and later for $g > 0$ (blue lines). %
For $g < 0$, the charge fraction decreases more than for $g > 0$, and it does so faster immediately after saturation, between $z \approx 3$\,m and $z \approx 7$\,m, and slower afterwards. %
The charge fraction value for $g = 0$\,\%/m (black line) is between the ones for $g \neq 0$\,\%/m and ends with a value similar to those of $g < 0$ at the measurement location. %
We note here that Fig.~\ref{fig:meandefocusing} shows that $g = +0.5$\,\%/m yields the largest mean transverse wakefield amplitudes and it is the only one with a significantly larger value than $g = 0$\,\%/m.

\begin{figure}[h]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=8.6cm]{figs/meandefocusing.eps}
    \caption{Mean amplitude of the defocusing wakefields, averaged over the whole simulation window, along $z$ for various $g$ values, from simulation results.  \label{fig:meandefocusing}}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}[!ht]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=17.2cm]{figs/chargefielddephasingxi1471allgrads.eps}
    \caption{(a) to (c): Position $x_0$ of the zero-crossing of the longitudinal wakefields on axis, normalized to half the initial plasma wavelength $\lambda_{\mr{pe0}}/2$. %
    (d) to (f): Mean amplitude of the defocusing wakefields within $\xi_0 \pm \lambda_{\mr{pe}}(z)/2$. %
    (f) to (i): Charge fraction within $\xi_0 \pm \lambda_{\mr{pe}}(z)/2$ and within one $\sigma_r(z)$. %
    All quantities plotted as a function of $z$ starting at three positions along the bunch: (a,d,g) $\xi_0 = 1$\,cm; (b,e,h) $\xi_0 = 7$\,cm; and (c,f,i) $\xi_0 = 14$\,cm. %
    Horizontal dashed lines: $-1(\lambda_{\mr{pe0}}/2)$ and $-2(\lambda_{\mr{pe0}}/2)$. %
    Vertical dashed lines: position of the peak in the mean defocusing wakefields for $g = 0$\,\%/m (see Fig.~\ref{fig:meandefocusing}). %
    Each set of curves in (g) to (i) is normalized to the charge within $\pm \lambda_{\mr{pe}}(z)/2$ and $\sigma_r(z)$ of the unmodulated proton bunch. The initial charge values ($z = 0$\,m) are: 235, 608, and 617\,pC respectively. %
    \label{fig:dephasing}}
\end{figure*}

We investigate in simulations the evolution of the phase and amplitude of the wakefields to provide a more detailed explanation for the evolution of the charge fraction seen on Fig.~\ref{fig:charge_evolution}. %
Since the transverse position of the maximum value of transverse wakefields changes along the plasma, we use the longitudinal wakefields to analyze the phase of the wakefields.
To get a handle on the phase, we follow the position $x_0$ of the zero-crossing of the on-axis longitudinal wakefields and its consequences on the local bunch charge along the plasma, as opposed to the evolution at fixed $\xi_0$ positions. %
The rationale is that since wakefields and charge distributions shift in phase along the plasma, we follow the wakefields rather than single protons. %
For that purpose we choose three representative initial positions along the bunch, near the step in the density profile in the front of the bunch ($\xi_{0} \approx 1$\,cm), after the peak of the bunch density and of the amplitude of the wakefields ($\xi_{0} \approx 7$\,cm), and to the rear of the bunch ($\xi_{0} \approx 14$\,cm). %

To calculate the charge fraction evolution and mean amplitude of the defocusing wakefields at the different $\xi_0$ positions, we consider that, with a linear plasma density gradient, the plasma wavelength changes along the plasma as $\lambda_{\mr{pe}}(z) = \lambda_{\mr{pe0}} \left(1+\frac{g}{100}z\right)^{-1/2}$, with $\lambda_{\mr{pe0}} = \lambda_{\mr{pe}}(z = 0\,\mathrm{m})$. %
Figure~\ref{fig:dephasing} (a-c) shows that the position of $x_0$ shifts backwards for $g = 0$\,\%/m and shifts more the further along the bunch.
They also show that it does not shift according to a local adjustment of the plasma wavelength as $\lambda_{\mr{pe}} \propto n_e(z)^{-1/2}$, because it is a combination of the velocity difference described by Eq.~\ref{eqn:vpukhov}, the further evolution of the microbunch train after saturation, and the effect of the density gradient. The magnitude of the shift in $x_0$ is also different between $g > 0$ and $g < 0$, being larger in the latter. %

Early along the bunch ($\xi_{0} = 1$\,cm, $\approx 4\lambda_{\mr{pe0}}$),  Fig.~\ref{fig:dephasing} (c) shows that the dephasing of the wakefields is small ($< 2(\lambda_{\mr{pe0}}/2)$, wakefields change from focusing to defocusing or vice versa over $\lambda_{\mr{pe}}/2$) and their amplitude is small ($< 10$\,MV/m, Fig.~\ref{fig:dephasing} (f)) in all cases. %
Thus, most of the charge loss (Fig.~\ref{fig:dephasing} (i)) occurs after $z \approx 4$\,m, after the initial focusing phase, and is dominated by the continuous evolution of the wakefields past their saturation point.
This early along the bunch, all quantities are similar among the various $g$ values because the cumulative effect of the change in period of the wakefields caused by the change in plasma density is small after only $\approx 4\lambda_{\mr{pe0}})$. %
The charge fraction remaining at the end of the plasma ($\approx 70\,\%$) is in general larger than further along the bunch (Fig.~\ref{fig:dephasing} (h,g)), because of the interplay between the low transverse wakefields protons are subject to, which allows them to be recaptured by the focusing wakefields after having been weakly radially pushed out by the defocusing ones. %

The situation is quite different near the middle of the bunch ($\xi_{0} = 7$\,cm, $\approx 28\lambda_{\mr{pe0}}$).
There, the gradients cause a split (Fig.~\ref{fig:dephasing} (b,h)) between $g > 0$ for which dephasing remains small ($\lesssim \lambda_{\mr{pe0}}/2$) and $g \le 0$ for which dephasing exceeds $-\lambda_{\mr{pe0}}/2$ (Fig.~\ref{fig:dephasing} (b)) and reaches $-8\lambda_{\mr{pe0}}/2$ (for $g = -2$\,\%/m). %
The maximum amplitude of the mean defocusing wakefields exceeds 50\,MV/m in all cases and varies by a factor of almost two with $g$ (Fig.~\ref{fig:dephasing} (e)). %
However, with $g = +0.5, +1,$ and $+1.5$\,\%/m, despite
the larger amplitude of the wakefields than earlier along the bunch (Fig.~\ref{fig:dephasing} (f)), the small dephasing leads to less charge loss.
With these $g$ values one observes an effect close to what is desired from the SM process that may be obtainable with a plasma density step~\cite{lotovdensitystep}: small or no charge loss after saturation, signifying the driving of wakefields with constant amplitude over a long distance. %
That amplitude depends on the charge in each microbunch, but also on the position of the microbunches within the accelerating and decelerating wakefields.
Thus, even with a similar amount of charge, amplitudes might differ. %
With $g > 0$, the charge fraction remains larger than 50\,\% at $z = 10$\,m, with the most charge for $g = +1$\,\%/m. %
Cases with $g \le 0$ have very low charge fraction values at $z = 10$\,m.

At the back of the bunch ($\xi_{0} = 14$\,cm, $\approx 56 \lambda_{\mr{pe0}}$), Fig.~\ref{fig:dephasing} (a) shows that the dephasing is similar to that observed in the middle of the bunch (Fig.~\ref{fig:dephasing} (b)), although cases with $g < 0$ have a larger dephasing. %
With $g > 0$, $x_0$ takes positive values, i.e., the wakefields become superluminal.
The amplitudes of the wakefields (Fig.~\ref{fig:dephasing} (d)) are in general smaller than those in $\xi_{0} = 7$\,cm.
With $g = +0.5$\,\%/m (Fig.~\ref{fig:dephasing} (g)), the charge fraction remains high at $z = 10$\,m and the phase (with respect to the bunch) after saturation remains relatively constant when compared to other $g$ values. %
This is the result of the focusing of the charge in the region $r > \sigma_r$ to the axis, in addition to considering off-axis charge trapped between focusing and defocusing wakefields, but still within $r < \sigma_r$, which leads to charge fraction values larger than 1.
We note here that the charge at this $\xi_0 = 14$\,cm position along the bunch (235\,pC initially in the $\xi_0 \pm \lambda_{\mr{pe0}}/2$ interval, $> 600\,$pC at the other two locations) weakly contributes to the total charge variations.

These results are consistent with what is observed on the bunch images of Fig.~\ref{fig:allprofiles}. %
Simulation results show that the charge preservation or loss depends on a combination of the effects of the phase and amplitude of the wakefields at the location of the protons along the bunch and all along the plasma.
The case with $g = +0.5\,$\%/m shows quite a constant phase velocity along the bunch, and in general the largest amplitude of the wakefields and a high charge fraction remaining. %

\section{Proton bunch modulation frequency \label{sec:freq}}

In the experiment, we demonstrated that, after propagating in 10\,m of plasma, the bunch modulation frequency is equal to the plasma frequency $f_{\mr{pe}}$ as $f_{\mr{mod}} = f_{\mr{pe}} = \left( \frac{c^2 n_{e0} r_e}{\pi} \right)^{1/2}$~\cite{modulationexp}. We used different values for the plasma density, covering a range of one order of magnitude. For each value, the plasma density was kept constant (no gradient).
When using a plasma with a linear density gradient ($g \ne 0$\,\%/m), $f_{\mr{mod}}$ lies between the plasma frequencies at the plasma entrance and exit~\cite{gradexp}. %
Two different measurement methods were used and they showed good agreement: the CTR diagnostic~\cite{CTR} and applying a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) frequency analysis to time profiles of time-resolved images of the bunch
such as those of Fig.~\ref{fig:allprofiles}. %

Carefully observing bunch images on Fig.~\ref{fig:allprofiles} (a-f), one notices that the charge distribution of the microbunches curves away from the beam axis, showing a general C-shape for $g = -1$\,\%/m (Fig.~\ref{fig:allprofiles} (a,b)). %
The distribution appears quite straight for $g = 0$\,\%/m (Fig.~\ref{fig:allprofiles} (c,d)).
These curvatures are displayed also for $g = -2$ and $+2$\,\%/m in the inset of Fig.~\ref{fig:fvsrgm20}.
Assuming a modulation that starts at the seeding position, such features could be an indication of $f_{\mr{mod}}$ variations across the charge distribution at that location. %
Knowing that with density gradients the plasma frequency varies along the plasma, it may be expected that protons reaching a larger radial position at the screen have left the wakefields earlier along the plasma. %

We performed a DFT analysis on time profiles from simulation and experimental images after propagating 10\,m in plasma and 3.5\,m in vacuum. %
In both cases, we used a time window starting 12\,ps behind the seeding position to exclude from the analysis the first microbunch, which is usually longer than the following ones~\cite{bib:annamaria}. %
The window extends to 467\,ps ($\approx 2\sigma_t$) behind the seeding position. %
The width of the DFT frequency bin for this time window is 2.2\,GHz. %
By zero-padding the profiles, the width is reduced to 0.3\,GHz, which is similar to that obtained from the accuracy of the plasma density measurement~\cite{interferometry}.
We take the frequency of the highest peak in the DFT power spectrum %
as $f_{\mr{mod}}$.

\begin{figure}[ht]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=8.6cm]{figs/fvsg.eps}
    \caption{$f_{\mr{mod}}$ as function of $g$, after propagating 10\,m in plasma and 3.5\,m in vacuum using a narrow (filled symbols, $|x| \le 0.36$\,mm) and a wide (empty symbols, $|x| = [0.36,1.8]$\,mm) transverse extent for the DFT analysis of time-resolved images, for both simulations (red symbols) and experiment (blue symbols). %
    Black lines: plasma frequencies at plasma entrance $f_{\mr{pe0}}$ (dashed) and exit $f_{\mr{pe}}(g,z = 10\,\mr{m}) = f_{\mr{pe0}}\sqrt{1 + \frac{g}{100}z}$ (continuous). %
    }
    \label{fig:fvsg}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{fig:fvsg} shows $f_{\mr{mod}}$ as measured in simulations (red symbols) and in the experiment (blue symbols), in both cases using a narrow transverse extent of $|x| \le 0.36$\,mm (filled symbols), that includes only the microbunch train, and a wide one of $|x| = [0.36,1.8]$\,mm (empty symbols) for the time profiles. %

Simulation and experimental results are in very good agreement with each other. %
The value of $f_{\mr{mod}}$ is proportional to $f_{\mr{pe}}(z = 10\,\mr{m})$ over the $-0.5\le g\le +0.5$\,\%/m range in simulations and experiments.
For $g > +0.5$\,\%/m, $f_{\mr{mod}}$ saturates at $\approx 3$\,\% above $f_{\mr{pe0}}$. %
For $g < -0.5$\,\%/m, $f_{\mr{mod}} \approx f_{\mr{pe0}}$ in the wide window case, whereas it follows $f_{\mr{pe}}(z = 10\,\mr{m})$ for the narrow window case. %

\begin{figure}[ht]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=8.6cm]{figs/fvsrginset.pdf}
    \caption{Modulation frequency $f_{\mr{mod}}$ of 180\,\textmu m-wide slices along the transverse direction $x$ of the bunch from experimental (crosses) and simulation (circles) images with (a) $g = -2$\,\%/m, (b) $g = 0$\,\%/m, and (c) $g = +2$\,\%/m. %
    Simulation results (2D) are mirrored to compare to both sides of the experimental data. %
    Dashed red line: $f_{\mr{pe0}}$. %
    Dashed blue line: $f_{\mr{pe}}(z = 10\,\mr{m})$. %
    Insets: time-resolved simulation (top) and experimental (bottom) images of the modulated bunch in a 40\,ps range (from the same series as those in Fig. \ref{fig:allprofiles}), showing the curvature of charge distributions for each $g$ value.}
    \label{fig:fvsrgm20}
\end{figure}

To further explore the behavior of $f_{\mr{mod}}$ with respect to the distance from the axis, we perform a DFT analysis using multiple time profiles starting at the beam axis and with radial extents equivalent to the transverse resolution of the optical system in the experiment: 180\,\textmu m. %
For the figure, we mirror about the beam axis the frequency values from 2D simulations. %

Figure~\ref{fig:fvsrgm20} (a), for the gradient value that shows the largest difference in Fig.~\ref{fig:fvsg} ($g = -2$\,\%/m), shows that $f_{\mr{mod}}$ is equal to $f_{\mr{pe}}(z = 10\,\mr{m})$ near the axis ($|x| \le 0.36$\,mm) and transitions to $f_{\mr{pe0}}$ for $|x| \ge 0.96$\,mm.
On the contrary, Fig.~\ref{fig:fvsrgm20} (b) shows that with $g = 0$\,\%/m the frequency remains close to $f_{\mr{pe0}}$ at all radii, in agreement with the single frequency expected.
Figure~\ref{fig:fvsrgm20} (c) for $g = +2$\,\%/m, shows a slight increase in frequency with radius, unlike Fig.~\ref{fig:fvsrgm20} (a).
There is very good agreement between the experimental and simulation results. %
The result for $g = -2$\,\%/m is consistent with the above hypothesis that protons reaching larger radii at the screen left the wakefields earlier along the plasma, carrying information about the plasma frequency at that location. %
In the other two cases (b,c), the variations are too small to draw strong conclusions from these results.
The variation of $f_{\mr{mod}}$ with radius also explains the curvature of the distributions visible on Fig.~\ref{fig:allprofiles} images and insets of Fig.~\ref{fig:fvsrgm20}.

\begin{figure}[h]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=8.6cm]{figs/trackcolor.eps}
    \caption{Mean radial position along the plasma and up to the screen position of simulation macroparticles that reach the screen position in 180\,\textmu m-wide slices for $g = -2$\,\%/m. %
    Lines are colored once the $f_{\mr{mod}}$ of the distribution along the plasma matches the $f_{\mr{mod}}$ measured at $z = 13.5$\,m.
    }
    \label{fig:meantracksgm20}
\end{figure}

To confirm the origin of the proton distributions carrying certain frequencies, we back-track simulation particles along the plasma. %
We identify the macroparticles in each radial slice at the screen position ($z = 13.5$\,m) and calculate their mean radial position at each location along the plasma. %
Figure~\ref{fig:meantracksgm20} shows that indeed, for $g = -2$\,\%/m, particles reaching the larger radii at the screen left the wakefields early along the plasma ($z \approx 3$\,m) and carry a $f_{\mr{mod}}$ equal to $f_{\mr{pe0}}$. %
The figure also shows in essence two populations: one that leaves the wakefields early and one that remains within the wakefields over most of the plasma length, both of them carrying the local plasma frequency as $f_{\mr{mod}}$, as shown on Fig~\ref{fig:fvsrgm20} (a). %
The proton distributions, especially in the core, continue evolving even after the plasma, as they move towards or away from the axis due to their transverse momentum.

\begin{figure}[ht]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=8.6cm]{figs/fvsgz.eps}
    \caption{On-axis ($|x| \le 180$\,\textmu m) proton bunch modulation frequency $f_{\mr{mod}}$ as a function of propagation distance for various $g$ values, from simulations. %
    Continuous lines: $f_{\mr{pe}}(z)$ with corresponding $g$ value colors. %
    }
    \label{fig:fvsgz}
\end{figure}

We explore the difference in the frequency response among the various $g$ values by following the evolution of $f_{\mr{mod}}$ near the bunch axis ($|x| < 180$\,\textmu m) along the plasma and up to the screen position. %

In Fig.~\ref{fig:fvsgz}, the modulation frequencies start around 124\,GHz, higher than $f_{\mr{pe}}(n_{e0}) = 120.8$\,GHz, because the presence of the proton bunch density introduces an additional restoring force on plasma electrons, which increases their initial oscillation frequency: $f_{\mr{pe}}(n_{e0} + n_{b}) = 123.3$\,GHz, and therefore also the initial $f_{\mr{mod}}$.
For all $g$ values, there is an initial decrease in $f_{\mr{mod}}$ over the first meters of plasma caused by phase slippage during SM growth.
Afterwards, as with the charge distribution and dephasing, there is again a different behavior between positive and negative gradient cases. %
The $f_{\mr{mod}}$ for $g > 0$ is essentially constant along $z$, with relative changes between the minimum and maximum value of $\approx 1.5$\,\%. %
The bunch train is relatively long and thus cannot adjust well to the local plasma frequency, and its effectiveness at driving wakefields decreases for large $g$ values (see Fig.~\ref{fig:meandefocusing}), despite the large charge in the train and per microbunch (see Fig.~\ref{fig:bunchfrac}). %

It is interesting to note that the $f_{\mr{mod}} = f_{\mr{pe}}$ for $g = 0$\,\%/m reported in~\cite{modulationexp} is reached only near the end of the plasma, when the incoming bunch is fully modulated. %
The $g = 0$\,\%/m case has again an evolution somewhat between that of the $g > 0$ and $g < 0$ cases. %
The dominant $f_{\mr{mod}}$ for $g < 0$ that is first slowly decreasing along the plasma, exhibits sudden jumps to basically follow $f_{\mr{pe}}(z)$ after some point between $z = 5.5$\,m and $z = 7$\,m.

\begin{figure}[ht]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=8.6cm]{figs/waterfall.eps}
    \caption{Waterfall plot of the modulated bunch DFT power spectrum along $z$ for (a) $g = -2$\,\%/m and (b) $g = +2$\,\%/m, from simulations. %
    Spectra normalized to their maximum at each $z$. %
    Continuous line: $f_{\mr{pe}}(z)$, dashed line: frequency with maximum amplitude in each power spectrum (same line as on Fig.~\ref{fig:fvsgz}). %
    The periodic signal at $z \approx 0$\,m (and later) shows the artifact of the DFT caused by the finite time window duration of 455\,ps, corresponding to  $\Delta f \approx 2.2$\,GHz. %
    }
    \label{fig:fvszwaterfall}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}[!ht]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=15.2cm]{figs/microbunch.eps}
    \caption{Longitudinal profile of the microbunch train within $|x| < 180$\,\textmu m for (a) $g = -2$\,\%/m ($\xi < 2$\,cm, close to the bunch front) and (b) $g = +2$\,\%/m ($\xi < 14$\,cm) at two locations along propagation: close to saturation ($z = 3.8$\,m, black line), and plasma exit ($z = 10$\,m, red line), together with the envelope for $g = +2$\,\%/m (continuous red line). %
    }
    \label{fig:microbunch}
\end{figure*}

Figure~\ref{fig:fvsgz} shows limited information about the DFT power spectrum because it only displays the frequency with the highest amplitude. %
However, Fig.~\ref{fig:fvszwaterfall} shows that for (a) $g = -2$ and (b) $g = +2$\,\%/m  the DFT power spectrum does not have a single peak along $z$, and amplitude variations in the wakefields and bunch density modulation, as well as structures in the transverse charge distributions caused by successive defocusing and focusing of protons create multiple spectral features. %
For $g = -2$\,\%/m (Fig.~\ref{fig:fvszwaterfall} (a)), a component with a lower and decreasing frequency starts developing at $z \approx 5$\,m. %
Its amplitude dominates the one at the higher frequency at $z = 5.5$\,m, which causes the sudden jumps in frequency seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:fvsgz}. %
Then, the peak frequency follows $f_{\mr{pe}}(z)$.
Around this point the bunch train becomes significantly shorter (see loss of charge on Fig.~\ref{fig:charge_evolution}) and the driving of wakefields becomes dominated by microbunches early along the train. %
Because the relative dephasing between stretching wakefields and these early microbunches is smaller than with later ones that are totally defocused, their periodicity can better adjust to the local frequency at the expense of becoming shorter. %
Figure~\ref{fig:microbunch} (a) shows this effect and indicates that focusing wakefields can also bring charge back towards the axis, to regions that were previously depleted of charge, e.g., $\xi \approx 0.60, 0.85, 1.10$\,cm, with more charge later along the plasma than earlier. %

Figure~\ref{fig:fvszwaterfall} (b) for $g = +2$\,\%/m shows that in this case a second frequency appears at $z \approx 6$\,m with value $f_{\mr{pe}}(z = 6\,\mr{m})$, which remains until the end of the plasma, but with a lower amplitude than that of the initial frequency value. %
In that case, after the modulation has saturated and the charge between microbunches has been completely depleted, the defocusing wakefields, which have a different frequency than the train, expel charge from the microbunches and modify the envelope of the train ($z = 10$\,m).
Figure~\ref{fig:microbunch} (b) shows the resulting beating pattern.
The experimental results also show two frequencies in the CTR spectrogram of some $g = +2$\,\%/m events~\cite{gradexp}. %
Streak camera images do not have sufficient signal to noise ratio to display the actual complexity of the frequency spectrum of numerical simulations. %
These figures show the intricacy of the frequency spectrum of the modulated bunch, resulting from the complex evolution of the bunch train and wakefields. %

The frequency analysis of the radial distribution after the plasma shows that detailed information can in general be retrieved from the experimental profiles and confirmed by simulation results, and even explained. %
This is possible because there is good agreement between experimental and simulation results, even though the SM process is an intricate one. %
The images of Fig.~\ref{fig:allprofiles} show the distribution of particles that drove wakefields towards the end of the plasma (with the added transverse evolution in vacuum between the plasma exit and the screen). %
They therefore also have some of the characteristics of the wakefields themselves, as seen in simulations. %
In that sense, they carry information similar to that obtained from various plasma density perturbation diagnostics such as interferometry, shadowgraphy~\cite{bib:shadowgraphy}, and Fourier domain holography \cite{bib:matlis}.
This correspondence could be established with these diagnostics, as is the plan for later experiments. %

\section{Conclusion \label{sec:end}}

The detailed simulation and experimental results presented here regarding the charge in the microbunch train, its  distribution and  modulation frequency, as measured after the plasma as a function of linear plasma density gradients, are in excellent agreement with each other.
They complement and explain our previously published results~\cite{gradexp} and show that many details of the self-modulation process are observed in the experiment. %
Density gradients change the phase velocity of the wakefields that we observe as a change in modulation frequency of the proton distributions measured along the plasma in simulations, and after the plasma in simulations and experiments. %
The effect of the density gradients is also to change the charge in the microbunch train and in the microbunches, as well as to change the amplitude of the wakefields. %
Time-resolved images of the proton bunch charge distribution contain information about the evolution of the self-modulation process along the plasma. %
For example, the modulation frequency of the defocused proton density distribution indicates the position along the plasma where protons left the wakefields.
We will record similar data when optimizing a plasma density step~\cite{lotovdensitystep}, an extreme case of density gradient, for maximum plasma density modulation or maximum energy gain by externally injected electrons. %
This data will bring additional information about the effect of the density step on the proton bunch modulation.

\FloatBarrier

\begin{acknowledgments}
This work was supported in parts by a Leverhulme Trust Research Project Grant RPG-2017-143 and by STFC (AWAKE-UK, Cockcroft Institute core, John Adams Institute core, and UCL consolidated grants), United Kingdom;
a Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft project grant PU 213-6/1 ``Three-dimensional quasi-static simulations of beam self-modulation for plasma wakefield acceleration'';
the National Research Foundation of Korea (Nos.\ NRF-2016R1A5A1013277 and NRF-2020R1A2C1010835);
the Portuguese FCT---Foundation for Science and Technology, through grants CERN/FIS-TEC/0032/2017, PTDC-FIS-PLA-2940-2014, UID/FIS/50010/2013 and SFRH/IF/01635/2015;
the U.S.\ National Science Foundation under grant PHY-1903316;
the Wolfgang Gentner Programme of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant no.\ 05E15CHA);
M. Wing acknowledges the support of DESY, Hamburg.
Support of the National Office for Research, Development and Innovation (NKFIH) under contract number 2019-2.1.6-NEMZ KI-2019-00004 and the support of the Wigner Datacenter Cloud facility through the Awakelaser project is acknowledged.
The work of V. Hafych has been supported by the European Union's Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 (2014--2020) under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No.\ 765710.
The AWAKE collaboration acknowledge the SPS team for their excellent proton delivery.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Alpha Specialist Centre was established to provide a holistic wellness experience for individuals seeking quality outpatient care. Situated in the thriving vicinity of Kota Damansara, we are a comprehensive ambulatory care centre. Our team of healthcare specialists encompasses experienced professionals in a wide range of medical disciplines including General Surgery, Neurology, Respiratory Medicine, Radiology, Gastroenterology, General Medicine, Cardiology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, ENT, Paediatrics, Orthopaedic, Ophthalmology, Dermatology, Plastic Surgery and Anaesthesiology.


It does not matter how seasoned a cook you are, there will always be room for improvement. Even the best chefs can learn new ideas to make their dishes turn out better. People with little cooking experience will need to find some tips that make it easier. Read the following advice to learn more about how to cook.
Don't add the dressing until right before serving. Be prepared in advance to make your cooking go smoothly. Cooking can get stressful when you're working to deadline. Prepare your food in advance if you want to minimize the stress that you feel.
Slice meats into thin strips on the bias when prepping for stir-fry. It can be difficult to slice the meat, and it takes some time. Freeze the meat until it is firm and then slice the thin slices across the grain.
When you are putting seasoning on meat, just season a small piece first. Certain foods like hamburgers, meatloaf and meatballs have certain kinds of seasonings. Do not cook everything right after adding the seasoning. Cook a small piece of it first. Once you see how it tastes, you can determine to either cook the remaining meat or adjust the amount of seasoning.
Popular French fried potato recipes suggest soaking the potatoes in water for 30 minutes before cooking them. When potatoes are allowed to absorb cold water, the texture is able to withstand the extreme heat of cooking without breaking down and becoming mushy.
Add cauliflower to your mashes potatoes to make this dish healthier and tastier. Their bland flavor blends effortlessly with the potatoes while taking flavor from the other ingredients. When they're mashed, cauliflowers have the same appearance and consistency as potatoes, too. Adding a little cauliflower can take calories out of your favorite mashed potato recipes and add in a little vegetable goodness, too.
Even professional chefs can learn new techniques and enjoy experimenting with food. It is important to learn as much as possible when you are a new cook. After you try the tips that have been provided you may find that you truly love cooking and find it very enjoyable.
Cooking is a talent that will never lose its usefulness. Almost everyone enjoys eating, and it is even better when you or one of your family members is the one that did the cooking. On the other hand, not all individuals are as successful in the kitchen as they might like to be. The following article will give you useful tips for improving your skills.
Many use a good number of apples for baking and cooking throughout fall and winter, but if improperly stored, they will spoil quickly. Warm dry air causes apples to rot, so put them in plastic bags with loose ties in a fridge or cool basement. However, you will still need to keep a watchful eye on your apples. Even properly stored apples can spoil. They're a fickle fruit.
They'll just simply work as a sponge and soak up the majority of the water. Wipe them off with a damp cloth to clean them.
After you have prepared some sauce, freeze the leftovers in ice cube trays. Take them out to use on another night when you'd like a no hassle home cooked meal. Simply reheat the sauce cubes slowly in a medium pan on your stove top. Not to worry, it freezes well and is perfectly edible when stored this way.
If you are looking for ways to include more protein to your daily diet, look no further than beans and tofu. It is possible to buy both at most supermarkets. Frying the tofu in a low-sodium soy sauce is a tasty alternative to eating meat for dinner! Boil the beans with herbs to make a tasty protein-filled dish.
This ensures that you have access to fresh fruit year-round. This is also a good way to have access to fruits that are out of season.
Always measure cooking oil! Make sure you measure out your oil to cut some of the fat that you cook with; do not pour it straight from the bottle. This lets you keep an eye on just how much oil you use.
Replace and refresh your spices twice a year. When spices are stored for too long, their flavor degrades, resulting in a less potent spice. Share your spices with friends or relatives if you will not use as much as you buy.
If you have purchased unripened fruits, put them into a plastic bag that is perforated. When fruits go through the ripening process, they release ethylene gas. If you put them in a perforated plastic bag, the air can circulate and assure that the gas is retained, keeping the fruit fresh and tasty.


I have decided to start adding photoshoot images of Jared because sp far there isn't any in the gallery. I decided to start with a very adorable and equally hysterical photoshoot Jared did alongside friend and Supernatural co-star, Jensen Ackles.
Jeffrey Dean Morgan to Return to "Supernatural"?


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October 25, 2016 5:41PM ET
Tove Lo Plots 2017 'Lady Wood' Tour
Swedish singer schedules 11 concerts in support of upcoming second LP
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Tove Lo has scheduled an 11-city tour in support of her upcoming LP 'Lady Wood' set to begin next February.
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Swedish pop star Tove Lo will embark on an 11-date North American tour next year in support of her new album, Lady Wood.
The trek begins February 6th at Showbox SoDo in Seattle and includes stops in Los Angeles, Chicago, Toronto and New York before wrapping February 24th at the 9:30 Club in Washington D.C. Tickets will be available via Tove Lo's website and go on sale October 28th, the same day Lady Wood arrives.
Tove Lo already has a handful of dates scheduled for December as part of the traveling Jingle Ball 2016 tour. Her first appearance on that trek will be December 1st at the SAP Center in San Jose, California.
Lady Wood marks Tove Lo's second LP and follows her 2014 debut, Queen of the Clouds. In a recent interview with Rolling Stone, Tove Lo said Lady Wood was Part One of what she saw as a double album to be continued next year. "The whole album is about different kinds of rushes in life," she said. "The first chapter – 'Fairy Dust' – describes initiating [a] feeling, and then the second chapter 'Fire Fade' is when you start to be a little bit more aware and vulnerable."
Tove Lo Lady Wood Tour Dates
February 6 – Seattle, WA @ Showbox Sodo
February 7 – Portland, OR @ Roseland Theater
February 8 – Oakland, CA @ Fox Theater
February 10 – Los Angeles, CA @ The Novo
February 15 – Minneapolis, MN @ First Avenue
February 16 – Chicago, IL @ House Of Blues
February 17 – Toronto, ON @ Massey Hall
February 19 – Boston, MA @ House Of Blues
February 20 – Philadelphia, PA @ The Electric Factory
February 22 – New York, NY @ Hammerstein Ballroom
February 24 – Washington, DC @ 9:30 Club
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The main vizzed server is slowly getting low on space and in order to continue adding music to the video game room, I need to free up space. 2 ways to do this: Audio Fingerprinting: Put together a script that generates an acoustic fingerprint of every song and then finds exact matches of that song. Have all duplicates deleted and have all the songs that match point at the same file (the same song sometimes exists in different games or on different systems). Bitrate Compressing: Create a script that finds any song with a bitrate about 192 and compress it down to 192. Some of the bitrates for songs in the VGR are as big as 320 and that high of a bitrate is huge in file size.
If this can be done in just a few hours, then I'll do it sooner rather than later. If it seems like it'll be a big project, then I'll do it later rather than sooner.


text:
Oak Island Treasure Update 2019 Spoilers
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Oak Island Money Pit Expedition T-shirt This design is based upon the legend and mystery of Oak Island and depicts an expedition to search for the mythical buried treasures on the island. The show, which debuted in 2014, will be back on the small screens on Nov. MYSTERY OF SNAKE ISLAND A new TV treasure hunt series has targeted another Templar treasure island and for now all I ask is you look at the shape below of Snake Island and compare it to what is also hidden about the Oak Island 'Templar Template' you can figure with your new archaeoastronomy secret template where the treasure is or was once hidden there as well. A funeral will be held next week for famed Nova Scotia treasure hunter Dan Blankenship. The Curse of Oak Island season 7 is rumored to return in the last quarter of this year but there has been no official announcement by History channel. Dan Blankenship confirms new treasure hunting partners By ANGIE ZINCK. A great read. Head over to History to catch all the past episodes. On the season one finale of The Curse of Oak Island, a worker using a state-of-the-art metal detector digs up a 17th-century Spanish coin. The Curse of Oak Island is on TV this week Blaze 11:00pm Sat 9 Nov Season 6 Episode 4 of 22 A Legacy Revealed Further investigation suggests Gary's latest find may be the oldest discovery on. So far, six people have succumbed to death with one remaining, who may die in the Season 5 in the quest. The penultimate episode also saw the re-discovery of a "u-shaped structure" under the beach at the island's Smith's Cove. The small island, which covers 140 acres (570,000 m²), is famous for the legend of the Money Pit, which many believe to be the site where buried treasure is hidden. — A funeral will be held next week for famed Nova Scotia treasure hunter Dan Blankenship. There's a. The very popular active reality tv series revolves around the Rick and Marty Lagina's quest for treasure and historical artifacts in the mysterious Oak Island. Oak Island Treasure, Western Shore, Nova Scotia. The man was originally part of the Oak Island Treasure Company and was one of the first people to find gold on the island; traces of it during an 1897 excavation. September 7th: Hurricane force winds of 90 gusting to 130 km. " The Secret Treasure of Oak Island is a testament to D'Arcy's continuing passion and commitment towards revealing the truths of the Oak Island mystery. The penultimate episode also saw the re-discovery of a "u-shaped structure" under the beach at the island's Smith's Cove. Who is paying for the Oak Island treasure hunt? Digging for lost treasure on Oak Island is no easy feat — and, it's certainly not the most affordable excavation either. According to the curse, the seven people must die before the treasure could be discovered. Pic: Karen Publicover. a few word calendar template have clean spaces at bottom where you note down some important promoting like birthday, anniversary, legal responsibility appointments or some thing else. Fool's Gold: why there's no treasure in the Oak Island "Money Pit. Also, at the end of their music video for the song, they released the artwork, album title, and an untitled song sample from their upcoming fourth record titled, "Oak Island" which will be released to the public on November 5, 2013 and will be self-released. The show features what is known as the Oak Island mystery, showing efforts to search for historical artifacts and treasure. By James Pinkerton. There is no doubt in anyone's mind that the current 'Curse Of Oak Island' season has been full of immense drama and suspense putting every fan at the edge may have potentially found a treasure. Here follows our growing collection of photos taken on Oak Island and the people that have been involved in the Money Pit story over the years. With the passion of treasure hunting and becoming a treasure tracker, Rick Lagina has been in the most demanding prime location of the Oak Island to survive the impossibilities and challenge any circumstances. The Curse of Oak Island Season 7 Gets November 5, 2019 Release Date on History Channel Current Show Status. A funeral will be held next week for famed Nova Scotia treasure hunter Dan Blankenship. The Curse of Oak Island is an active reality television series that first premiered in Canada on the History network on January 5, 2014. The Curse of Oak Island follows Rick and Marty Lagina in their quest to find the hidden treasure. The Mystery of Oak Island is an adventure game, released in 2019 by Visionaire Studio. Avid fans and followers of "The Curse of Oak Island" rejoice, as Rick, Marty, Gary and the crew are back to embark a fun filled adventure unearthing precious gems and stones from the legendary. Year Old Hidden Treasure On Oak Island. The online home of the world's greatest treasure hunt!. History has renewed six of its biggest unscripted series, including a massive 30-hour Season 6 order for flagship The Curse of Oak Island, which ranks as cable's top nonfiction series among. he was very smart and little by little dribbled out the money buying more land on oak island and ashore, I saw a bit of his clay pipe in that rock pile that they think has a tunnel under it. This discovery began a quest that goes on until this day, and has involved everyone from FDR to John Wayne. Wonder what's going on at the dig site! Could cause a lot of damage. Everyone loves a good puzzle, and solving the mystery of Oak Island is one of the greatest of our time. Oak island rises about 36 feet above sea level. Nova Scotia's "Oak Island Money Pit" is the subject of a 200-year treasure hunt. Oak Island, Nova Scotia. Tales of buried treasure have enticed treasure hunters to Nova Scotia's Oak Island for more than two centuries. Hence, these reports should be taken lightly until everything is proven true and correct. Massive news for The Curse of Oak Island fans — a huge dig is currently under way at the Money Pit, prompting speculation that we could be on the verge of a historic find. In April 2011, Top Secret Writers wrote about the mystery surrounding the Oak Island Money Pit (1). The Curse of Oak Island wrapped up another year of exciting discoveries and unexpected finds when the Season 6 finale aired earlier this year. Could there be treasure buried there? The Secrets of Oak Island. Holiday Inn Express & Suites has a special rate for race participants. In 2005, the Laginas decided to invest in 50% stake of Oak Island Tours Inc. Nova Scotia's "Oak Island Money Pit" is the subject of a 200-year treasure hunt. legend has it that buried treasure lies beneath the sand someone on the island. "The Curse of Oak Island" is back with its fifth season, and we can't wait to see what happens next! Find out if the treasure on Oak Island is real or fake, and read about its suspected artifacts. A series of 4 caches that will take you on a journey for treasure. Oak Island, Nova Scotia, is home to the longest running and most famous treasure. The Curse of Oak Island season 6 episode 22 release date, spoilers, promo, synopsis The new release date for The Curse of Oak Island season 6 episode 22 has been revealed. Season 7 is expected to premiere in November 2019. Index of serial the last kingdom season 2 Unclaimed Prizes Prizes that are still up-for-grabs. Oak Island Treasure Update Rick and Marty Lagina, brothers, had given their entire lives to find the truth behind the mystery of Oak Island. If you've been watching the History Channel program "The Curse of Oak Island" every Tuesday night, hoping the Lagina brothers find the Oak Island treasure, stay the course. "I was thrilled I made number six. some word calendar template have clean spaces at bottom where you note down some important tips like birthday, anniversary, reputable appointments or something else. He is best known for appearing on the show, 'The Curse of Oak Island' along with his brother, Marty Lagina. the oak island interpretive centre will be closed wednesday october 2nd for maintenance and will reopen thursday october 3rd at 1000. The Onslow Company. A Q&A with Oak Island's Marty, Rick and Alex Lagina catches up with the guys after the end of season two to talk about progress, theories and the future. In the official trailer of The Curse of Oak Island Season 7, the Lagina brothers can be seen smiling as they watch the workers excavate the region around. S6 E13 The Paper Chase. McQuiston's theory was the sixth presented during a preseason show, "The Curse of Oak Island: The Top 25 Theories," that aired Oct. Series Description : Hidden somewhere off the south eastern coast of Brazil, could lie hundreds of millions of dollars-worth of lost Incan gold. Unwind in one of our nautically inspired guestrooms, cozy weathered chalets, or luxurious seaside villas. Many have tried and failed to find the treasure, with past expedition investors including Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Errol Flynn, and John Wayne. Hutton Pulitzer details how the sword was discovered many years ago by a father and son while they were scalloping near Oak Island and only recently came into the hands of researchers. Is The Curse of Oak Island renewed or cancelled? Where to countdown The Curse of Oak Island air dates? Is The Curse of Oak Island worth watching? The Curse of Oak Island documents brothers Rick and Marty Lagina as they pursue their lifelong dream of solving more than a 220-year old Oak Island mystery. , which owned most of the island at the time. " —Rick Lagina, co-host of popular History Channel show "The Curse of Oak Island. The Curse of Oak Island Season 7 will be. If you've been watching the History Channel program "The Curse of Oak Island" every Tuesday night, hoping the Lagina brothers find the Oak Island treasure, stay the course. Find Treasure of oak island here Various artifacts have been recovered at Oak Island since explorers first began excavating in the early 1800s, including old coins and accessories. Dan Blankenship was a treasure hunter and one of the stars of the History Channel reality show "The Curse of Oak Island. Just a few days left for the reality series to premiere and the avid viewers and fans continue wondering what new they can see in the imminent episodes. They have been following clues, but so far they still haven't found the pot of gold. 12,884 likes · 96 talking about this. Oak Island, a small wooded island just off the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, An ominous legend says that seven people must die in pursuit of the treasure before Oak Island will reveal her secrets. From then until now, people have been fascinated by the incredible earthworks and potential treasure hidden on Oak Island. In the action-packed fourth season of Historys mega-hit reality series, The Curse of Oak Island, Brothers Rick and Marty Lagina along with their team pull out all the stops for the biggest and most expensive operation ever in an attempt to solve the 221-year-old treasure mystery. It's not a giant stretch to think one of their band might have come from the Mid East too. Should make for some good TV though. Blankenship, a U. Fortune hunters have been pursuing said treasure for over 200 years now. The only way to tour Oak Island is with a knowledgeable tour guide on a pre-booked weekend tour. Oak Island Tours eventually dissolved, and in February 2019, it was announced that a new partnership had been formed with a company called the "Michigan Group". The online home of the world's greatest treasure hunt!. However, History Channel has not yet announced the official premiere date for the forthcoming season of the treasure quest. Out of curiosity, he went searching for the lights and discovered a clearing on the southeastern end of the island. Get breaking news updates along with other area information sent to you as a text message to your. Oak Island Treasure 2019 Spoiler May 8, 2019- Explore Justin McVicker's board "oak island" on Pinterest. Book now with Choice Hotels in Oak Island, NC. In this post, we are going to discuss The Curse of Oak Island season 6 episode 22, for example, air date, spilling, and spoilers. Pirates, the Knights Templar or Francis Bacon - no one is sure exactly who created this mysterious Money Pit or why. 5 of 5 stars The riddle wrapped in a mystery inside the enigma that is a small island just barely off the shore of Nova Scotia has tantalized and tortured people for over two centuries. Oak Island Treasure #1 - Captain Kidd (GC4F122) was created by AOI Treasure Hunters on 6/26/2013. Sun Dec 01 2019 at 02:00 pm, Molly, her boat, and Pixie, her little fairy friend, set out on a marvelous adventure in search of buried treasure. An American man who dedicated his life to finding pirate's treasure on Nova Scotia's Oak Island was remembered Monday as a larger-than-life figure who became a pillar in the community he made home. Oak Island Treasure Act BILL NO. he was very smart and little by little dribbled out the money buying more land on oak island and ashore, I saw a bit of his clay pipe in that rock pile that they think has a tunnel under it. Find Oak Island in Houses for Sale | Want to buy a house in Nova Scotia ? Have a home for sale? Save on commissions - for sale by owner & realtor homes available locally on Kijiji, Canada's #1 Local Classifieds. In that period of time I have met and spoken with hundreds of Oak Island enthusiasts, would be treasure hunters and some just plain crazy people. The Curse of Oak Island follows Rick and Marty Lagina in their quest to find the hidden treasure. There's an island in Nova Scotia, Canada, and as legend has it, it's cursed and hiding priceless treasure. Series Description : Hidden somewhere off the south eastern coast of Brazil, could lie hundreds of millions of dollars-worth of lost Incan gold. Avid fans and followers of "The Curse of Oak Island" rejoice, as Rick, Marty, Gary and the crew are back to embark a fun filled adventure unearthing precious gems and stones from the legendary. Oak Island Update ~ Huge Find Has Been Made! Mystery History. The Curse of Oak Island: Area Research History and Investigative Lead Ideas by Erick Weinstetter. The attempts to secure the treasure have been ongoing. On the season one finale of The Curse of Oak Island, a worker using a state-of-the-art metal detector digs up a 17th-century Spanish coin. Year Old Hidden Treasure On Oak Island. Dan Blankenship, a renowned treasure hunter and "Curse of Oak Island" mainstay, died Sunday at the age of 95, Fox News can confirm. What Happened to Drake on The Curse of Oak Island? Season 5 of The Curse of Oak Island premiered Tuesday night. WESTERN SHORE — Let the hunt begin. To contribute a modicum of reality to the story of Oak Island and for the benefit of those who may be interested, here to follow are the finds recovered from Lot Five. The mystery of Oak Island's rumoured treasure has stumped explorers and researchers for over two hundred years. MYSTERY OF SNAKE ISLAND A new TV treasure hunt series has targeted another Templar treasure island and for now all I ask is you look at the shape below of Snake Island and compare it to what is also hidden about the Oak Island 'Templar Template' you can figure with your new archaeoastronomy secret template where the treasure is or was once hidden there as well. Just a few days left for the reality series to premiere and the avid viewers and fans continue wondering what new they can see in the imminent episodes. As we explained at the time, the legend involving Oak Island surrounds elusive buried treasure. Who Owns Oak Island? Oak Island in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia, Canada, is a privately owned island. The team of executive producers is led by Kevin Burns. Next Ships Controlling the ship Prev Captain Kidd's treasure Naval mission - The Mad Doctor Castle The next chapter of our Assassin's Creed III Remastered guide contains a walkthrough for Oak Island. Everyone loves a good puzzle, and solving the mystery of Oak Island is one of the greatest of our time. On the season one finale of The Curse of Oak Island, a worker using a state-of-the-art metal detector digs up a 17th-century Spanish coin. I need the true story on the buried treasure on Oak Island, Nova Scotia. As new facts surrounding this story are revealed, we will continue to update you. 81 (as passed) 2nd Session, 61st General Assembly Nova Scotia 59 Elizabeth II, 2010 Government Bill Oak Island Treasure Act CHAPTER 39 OF THE ACTS OF 2010. Army veteran who became fixated on the Oak Island mystery, died Sunday at 95. So far, six people have succumbed to death with one remaining, who may die in the Season 5 in the quest. 12 Aug 2019- Explore babsyi's board "Oak Island", which is followed by 87626 people on Pinterest. "We would like to extend our deepest sympathies and condolences to the family of Dan Blankenship who passed away yesterday at the age of 95," the production company tweeted Monday. A pit was discovered by two teenage boys in 1795 and during excavation layers of logs, flagstones, charcoal, putty and cocoanut fiber were found every ten feet. In this exciting pre-season special, we'll look back on some of the moments from the last 6 seasons that you've never seen as we anticipate the start of season 7. The first episode of the project was aired practically two years ago, at the beginning of the 2014 year to be more specific. Perhaps too convinced of treasure to give up the pursuit, the eldest of the excavators, John Smith, purchased the lot containing the intriguing cavernous pit that same month. Various theories on what might be buried in the mysterious Money Pit on Oak Island have been put forth since its discovery centuries ago. Pic: Karen Publicover. Oak Island Update + Smiths Cove Solved? Mystery History we need to give out an update on backstage developments regarding the curse. They haven't worked unicorns into the mix yet. is a reality show broadcast on HISTORY. The Curse of Oak Island follows Rick and Marty Lagina in their quest to find the hidden treasure. Being a very private person, Rick has not revealed how much he makes from the show. Who is paying for the Oak Island treasure hunt? Digging for lost treasure on Oak Island is no easy feat — and, it's certainly not the most affordable excavation either. The Mystery of Oak Island. Didn't realise there was a story inspired by Oak Island (note to self: seek it out; could prove useful). Dan Blankenship, a renowned treasure hunter and "Curse of Oak Island" mainstay, died Sunday at the age of 95, Fox News can confirm. In Memoriam Dan Blankenship 1923 - 2019 The Curse of Oak Island documents brothers Rick and Marty Lagina as they pursue their lifelong dream of solving. Oak Island Update ~ Huge Find Has Been Made! Mystery History. is a reality show broadcast on HISTORY. Here's the trailer from one of the previous seasons of 'The Curse of Oak Island'. The attempts to secure the treasure have been ongoing. 2014: Treasure buffs Rick and Marty Lagina, two Michigan brothers who own most of Oak Island, inspire the History channel Channel to build a reality show around their efforts to excavate the area. At the age of eleven, Rick Lagina showed his interest in the treasure of Oak Island. Rick, Marty and the Oak Island team are back for the biggest season yet - bringing with them more determination, resources and technology than ever in their quest to solve the 224-year old. Watch Full Episodes, Get Behind the Scenes, Meet the Cast, and much more. Oak Island Treasure Act BILL NO. Stay tuned to Business Times for more The Curse of Oak Island Season 7 spoilers, predictions, theories, news, and updates!. I h ave owned property on the other side of the Oak Island Causeway for over 18 years. The Oak Island tour only takes place on selected weekends and sells out quickly so you need to plan your tour months ahead. The Friends of Oak Island Society website came back online, and they are offering bookings for some tours of the island. Update Post Count. While the Laginas begin to power up for a new assault on the treasure hidden beneath Oak Island, a new theory about the. Hurricane Dorian is headed for Nova Scotia and they're under a hurricane warning. 'Drilling Down: Legacy' Tries to Get to the Bottom of 'The Curse of Oak Island' Scott Ross / May 8, 2019 Rumors have swirled for two centuries now about the treasure that might be found on Oak Island, a small crook of land tucked into the east coast of Nova Scotia. ELIGIBILITY: To enter the Sweepstakes you must: (i) be a legal resident of one of the fifty (50) United States or the District of Columbia; (ii) be at least eighteen (18) years of age (or the age of majority in your state if different) at the time of entry; and (iii) be physically located in the United States at the time of entry. The series is by the way produced in America. There's an island in Nova Scotia, Canada, and as legend has it, it's cursed and hiding priceless treasure. The Mystery of Oak Island. The reason for writing this is to ensure the correct factual information and context is known about the Oak Island map, its relationship to the Cremona Document, and the chain of events that led to confusion about the authenticity of the Oak Island map are accurately documented for the historical record. The early story of Oak Island is well-known around the world. Here's the trailer from one of the previous seasons of 'The Curse of Oak Island'. It was previously found by treasure-hunters Dan Blankenship and David Tobias in the 1970s, but its true purpose was never discovered. May 31, 2019 The Curse Of Oak Island Season 7 Air Date, Spoilers Will Rick, Marty Find brothers might find more the treasure in the vessel located in the Money Pit in November 2019, with a total of 36 episodes, on History Channel. The Lagina brothers are famous for their show and they earn a hefty amount from their show. Oak Island, Nova Scotia, is home to the longest running and most famous treasure. However, it remains to be seen if the team would be able to deliver on the said date. Welcome to the Oak Island Treasure forum! The Oak Island Money Pit is the site of the world's longest running treasure hunt which continues to this day. The interpretation centre is well worth the visit and is open most days (if they're not filming there). The voice over even said that the group of treasure hunters "will get down and dirty" and "return to the Money Pit" to find the legendary treasure vault in upcoming The Curse of Oak Island Season 7. This article, originally published in August 2017, has been updated in November 2018. He read the article about the Oak of Island in the article, where they explained that the treasure like wood timbers and booby traps are buried over there. There's a deep hole there with water traps that no one has been able to breach. New 2019 Oak Island Discovery- Another Wrinkle in the Wilkins Map The Curse of Oak Island: Actual Treasure Found at Smith's. The first episode of the 6-part season 1 premiered on March 6, 2018, and it concluded with its final episode on April 10, 2018. The Curse of Oak Island 2019 treasure update: What were the Jun 8, 2019 As the 2019 treasure-hunting season gets under way on Oak Island, we look back at the biggest discoveries of last season which the team now www. Discovery Near Oak Island Could Alter History December 18, 2015 A report from historical investigator J. As we continue our research, we invite the reader to form their own questions. The Curse of Oak Island Season 7 Release Date: When will it premiere? 'The Curse of Oak Island' season 7 is all set to premiere on November 5, 2019. curse of oak island 2019 | curse of oak island 2019 | curse of oak island 2019 schedule | curse of oak island 2019 update | curse of oak island 2019 spoilers |. Here's the trailer from one of the previous seasons of 'The Curse of Oak Island'. Oak Island, off the coast of Nova Scotia Canada, is the location of a 200 year treasure hunt. The show has been popular for years, but its popularity was dimmed because of the slow pace. A broach was discovered in two parts by Rick and Marty Lagina and metal detector specialist Gary Drayton. The seventh season of The Curse of Oak Island would likely arrive in the fall of 2019. The Onslow Company. The Oak Island tour only takes place on selected weekends and sells out quickly so you need to plan your tour months ahead. Echoes of J Habakuk Jephson's Statement in how it might have muddied the narrative waters. Oak Island Treasure Found 2019 Spoilers The newest season of 'Curse of Oak Island' isn't even officially filming yet, but it promises to 'The Curse of Oak Island': Newest Season 7 Could Include Shipwreck Treasure Finds and More. The Curse of Oak Island Season 7: Premiere Date. The Curse of Oak Island is an active reality television series that first premiered in Canada on the History network on January 5, 2014. I have watched from the beginning. The Friends of Oak Island Society announced the death of Dan Blankenship on. It was previously found by treasure-hunters Dan Blankenship and David Tobias in the 1970s, but its true purpose was never discovered. The show features what is known as the Oak Island mystery, showing efforts to search for historical artifacts and treasure. "We are saddened by the loss of Dan Blankenship. The early story of Oak Island is well-known around the world. While looking for the Oak Island Readers Digest Article Pdf Check out the following page to get the latest news on Oak Island Readers Digest Article Pdf Oak Island Money Pit Mystery Resolved, Oak Island Update, The Curse of Oak Island: A Significant Find at Site S6 | History, Oak Island Money Pit Mystery Resolved - Shorter Version, OAK ISLAND NEW!. They had first discovered a Spanish copper coin deep below the surface of the island which was located to get made in the 17th century. Just a few days left for the reality series to premiere and the avid viewers and fans continue wondering what new they can see in the imminent episodes. Oak Island is located off the coast of Nova Scotia near Halifax, in the eastern part of Canada. The online home of the world's greatest treasure hunt!. A series of 4 caches that will take you on a journey for treasure. OAK ISLAND, NC (WECT) - Oak Island Police Chief WL Ingram confirms a body was found after crews responded to a call about a structure fire on the island. May 31, 2019 The Curse Of Oak Island Season 7 Air Date, Spoilers Will Rick, Marty Find brothers might find more the treasure in the vessel located in the Money Pit in November 2019, with a total of 36 episodes, on History Channel. 'The Curse of Oak Island' Season 5 will show the Lagina brothers digging out more to get their hands on the 200-year-old treasure. In 2005 they invested in a fifty percent stake in the company Oak Island Tours Inc. Watch Full Episodes, Get Behind the Scenes, Meet the Cast, and much more. Season 7 is expected to premiere in November 2019. Dan Blankenship was a staple on "The Curse of Oak Island," a reality TV series on the History channel that was set on the 57-hectare island on Nova Scotia's south shore. The Curse of Oak Island 2019 treasure update: What were the Jun 8, 2019 As the 2019 treasure-hunting season gets under way on Oak Island, we look back at the biggest discoveries of last season which the team now www. Oak island rises about 36 feet above sea level. at this point wether there is or is not a treasure on oak island really does not matter the history channel and the lagina brothers have turned oak island into real treasure in the form of cash money and ratings theres a good chance the will upend that island to its core drag the show on until they notice ratings drop. Oak Island Treasure, Western Shore, Nova Scotia. "I was thrilled I made number six. The Curse of Oak Island - Season 7 Trailer Follows brothers Marty and Rick Lagina through their effort to find the speculated - and as of yet undiscovered - buried treasure believed to have been concealed through extraordinary means on Oak Island. The first episode of the project was aired practically two years ago, at the beginning of the 2014 year to be more specific. a few word calendar template have clean spaces at bottom where you note down some important promoting like birthday, anniversary, legal responsibility appointments or some thing else. #1 page on Facebook for calling Oak Island out for what it is "laughable" except for. Oak Island is a 57-hectare (140-acre) privately owned island in Lunenburg County on the south Oak Island has had several different recent owners which include a treasure Oak Island Tours eventually dissolved, and in February 2019, it was. Sep 11, 2019- Explore 00s8u8wbyvtwakk's board "Rick" on Pinterest. ithink the black gentleman who bought a couple of parcels found a bunch of silver coins you don't make a living selling cabbage from an island. some word calendar template have clean spaces at bottom where you note down some important tips like birthday, anniversary, reputable appointments or something else. The penultimate episode also saw the re-discovery of a "u-shaped structure" under the beach at the island's Smith's Cove. With many wild theories surrounding it, did these two people just discover the missing piece to one of the biggest historical puzzles. Speculations have suggested that Rick and Marty may expand their search to other regions on the island in the upcoming season. New 2019 Oak Island Discovery- Another Wrinkle in the Wilkins Map The Curse of Oak Island: Actual Treasure Found at Smith's. The first episode of the project was aired practically two years ago, at the beginning of the 2014 year to be more specific. " [Part II] - SeanMunger. It is a story of mystery, greed, controversy and a little humor. The enigma of the island spurs many to speculate about what the treasure could be and new ways to approach the problems plaguing treasure hunters. Here's the trailer from one of the previous seasons of 'The Curse of Oak Island'. READ MORE. 12,884 likes · 96 talking about this. "The Curse of Oak Island: The Story of the World's Longest Treasure Hunt" by Randall Sullivan (Atlantic Monthly Press, 396 pages, in stores) You may be familiar with "The Curse of Oak Island," the History channel TV series about the search for buried treasure on a small island off the coast of Nova Scotia. The Lagina brothers are famous for their show and they earn a hefty amount from their show. By James Pinkerton. It's located in Nova Scotia, Canada. The Mystery of Oak Island has a Illustrated realism style and uses a Point-and-click control scheme. Before The Curse of Oak Island Season 7, Rick, Marty and the rest of their team members have found various pieces while exploring the lands of the. net May 31, 2019 The Curse Of Oak Island Season 7 Air Date, Spoilers Will Rick, Marty Find brothers might find more the treasure in the vessel located in the Money Pit in November 2019, with a total of 36 episodes, on History Channel. 5 of 5 at TripAdvisor. In 2005, the Laginas decided to invest in 50% stake of Oak Island Tours Inc. Watch Full Episodes, Get Behind the Scenes, Meet the Cast, and much more. Oak island is home to one of the biggest treasure hunts in history , which began in in 1795, when 18-year old Daniel McGinnis saw lights coming from the island. The Curse of Oak Island season 6 episode 22 release date, spoilers, promo, synopsis The new release date for The Curse of Oak Island season 6 episode 22 has been revealed. The Mystery of Oak Island. May 31, 2019 The Curse Of Oak Island Season 7 Air Date, Spoilers Will Rick, Marty Find brothers might find more the treasure in the vessel located in the Money Pit in November 2019, with a total of 36 episodes, on History Channel. On a recent sunny Saturday, Tony Sampson, treasure hunter, welcomed guests from Ontario, New Brunswick, Los Angeles and New York to his tour boat for a guided trip of the waters around Oak Island. com March 23, 2019 at 7:04 pm This is Part II of my series of articles on Oak Island, a small island in Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada, where people have believed fervently for over 150 years that some fabulous treasure is buried, despite the. Out of curiosity, he went searching for the lights and discovered a clearing on the southeastern end of the island. Blankenship, a U. If you've been watching the History Channel program "The Curse of Oak Island" every Tuesday night, hoping the Lagina brothers find the Oak Island treasure, stay the course. " We invite you to share condolences for Dan Blankenship in our Guest Book. It is a story of mystery, greed, controversy and a little humor. #1 page on Facebook for calling Oak Island out for what it is "laughable" except for. The Curse Of Oak Island: One Of Seven (Season 4: Episode 13) aired Tuesday night, and if you missed it, or just enjoy reading spoilers, recaps, and commentary, you've come to the right place. There may well be a kernel of truth buried deep down somewhere, but we're about as likely to find it as the searchers are treasure on the eponymous isle. A lthough the first attempt proved fruitless, the legend of Oak Island's Money Pit still had many secrets to reveal. Sun Dec 01 2019 at 02:00 pm, Molly, her boat, and Pixie, her little fairy friend, set out on a marvelous adventure in search of buried treasure. CURRENT STATUS: As of November 9th, 2019, History has yet to cancel or renew The Curse of Oak Island for Season 6. Oak Island Treasure Found 2019 Spoilers The newest season of 'Curse of Oak Island' isn't even officially filming yet, but it promises to 'The Curse of Oak Island': Newest Season 7 Could Include Shipwreck Treasure Finds and More. May 31, 2019 The Curse Of Oak Island Season 7 Air Date, Spoilers Will Rick, Marty Find brothers might find more the treasure in the vessel located in the Money Pit in November 2019, with a total of 36 episodes, on History Channel. The online home of the world's greatest treasure hunt!. The Oak Island tour only takes place on selected weekends and sells out quickly so you need to plan your tour months ahead. If you've been watching the History Channel program "The Curse of Oak Island" every Tuesday night, hoping the Lagina brothers find the Oak Island treasure, stay the course. See more ideas about Oak island mystery, Small island and Oak island nova scotia. Fans are passionately waiting for the Lagina Brothers (Marty Lagina and Rick Lagina) to give some production updates on "The Curse of Oak Island" Season 5. Could there be treasure buried there? The Secrets of Oak Island. Who are Lagina brothers and what is their business? Also, explore their income source & net worth. In 1795, a curious depression in the earth was noticed by a young boy who was exploring the island off of Nova Scotia. HALIFAX — An American who became a famed Nova Scotia treasure hunter is being remembered by friends as a larger-than-life figure. Massive news for The Curse of Oak Island fans — a huge dig is currently under way at the Money Pit, prompting speculation that we could be on the verge of a historic find. The Curse of Oak Island is an active reality television series that first premiered in Canada on the History network on January 5, 2014. The Onslow Company. Massive news for The Curse of Oak Island fans — a huge dig is currently under way at the Money Pit. So, you know, the Mid East opens up all kinds of things that were maybe far-fetched. The attempts to secure the treasure have been ongoing. The Curse of Oak Island: Conclusion by Erick Weinstetter After doing a just a little online research, this is my conclusion. WESTERN SHORE — Let the hunt begin. The Curse of Oak Island Season 7 Release Date. In 2005 they invested in a fifty percent stake in the company Oak Island Tours Inc. Feb 15, 2019 at 12:01 AM Feb 15, The "Reader's Digest" article inspired a number of people to pick up the search for Oak Island's possible treasure, which has gotten more expensive and. From the Davincy code to the Shakespeare code. 12 Aug 2019- Explore babsyi's board "Oak Island", which is followed by 87626 people on Pinterest. The History series The Curse of Oak Island has spent six seasons exploring Oak Island, which is cloaked in mystery and varying tales of buried pirate treasure and other valuable artifacts. The area on Oak Island said to contain the treasure was known as The Money Pit, which is about as fire a name for a treasure cove as I can think of. The Curse of Oak Island - Season 7 Trailer Follows brothers Marty and Rick Lagina through their effort to find the speculated - and as of yet undiscovered - buried treasure believed to have been concealed through extraordinary means on Oak Island. They haven't worked unicorns into the mix yet. Stay tuned to News Everyday for more The Curse of Oak Island Season 7 spoilers, predictions, theories, news, and updates!. They had first discovered a Spanish copper coin deep below the surface of the island which was located to get made in the 17th century. the curse of oak island season 5 release date, the curse of oak island season 5 episodes, the curse of oak island season 5 plot, the curse of oak island season 5 cast, the curse of oak island. With great amenities and rooms for every budget, compare and book your Oak Island hotel today. The reality show follows the journey of Michigan brothers, Marty and Rick Lagina and others, as they attempt to solve the mystery of Oak Island. The Friends of Oak Island Society announced the death of Dan Blankenship on. When a section of Oak Island went up for sale at an estimated $7 million, the Lagina brothers saw their chance. 'The Curse of Oak Island' season 6: possible spoilers Have Rick and the crew already received possible news of treasure and when is season 6 going to premiere? Via Carlo Frasca, 3 - 6900. NOVA SCOTIA ‑ A Roman shipwreck dating 1000 years before Columbus, was found just off of Oak Island in Nova Scotia recently, which could change the history books. He was a staple on "The Curse of Oak Island," a reality TV series on the History channel that was set on the 57-hectare island on. The Oak Island Money Pit has been sought by many people and corporations for over 200 years. Rick and Marty Lagina: The Last Treasure Hunters. Oak Island Tours eventually dissolved, and in February 2019, it was announced that a new partnership had been formed with a company called the "Michigan Group". Who is paying for the Oak Island treasure hunt? Digging for lost treasure on Oak Island is no easy feat — and, it's certainly not the most affordable excavation either. We provide a number of Oak island treasure update 2019 template that you can download in word template format and then can customise it as per your own requirement. " [Part II] - SeanMunger. Since 2014, History Channel's The Curse of Oak Island has followed the siblings' expeditions of Oak Island.


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BALTIMORE - The MCC men's basketball team put together an incredible weekend, winning all three games at the Legends Classic hosted by Baltimore City College.
The Tribunes (6-2) started things off with a 77-67 win over second-ranked and previously unbeaten Richard Bland College on Friday. Monroe then defeated host Baltimore City 70-65 on Saturday before dispatching Chesapeake College 99-91 Sunday.
Majesty Brandon was the driving force all weekend The freshman guard finished with 21 points to go along with five rebounds, five assists, and four steals against Richard Bland. Mike Kelly Jr. chipped in with 13 points and nine rebounds, Jaymes Jackson added 12 points and seven boards, and Noah West had 11 points and six rebounds in the win over a team that came in fourth at last year's national tournament.
Kelly and Brandon led the way in Saturday's win over Baltimore City. Kelly was 8-of-14 from the floor and finished with 21 points and nine rebounds. Brandon totaled 17 points, five steals and four assists. West, Brien Wilson, and Rob Brown netted eight points apiece.
The Tribunes wrapped up the weekend by putting up a season-high point total against Chesapeake. Brandon kept up his smooth shooting by connecting on seven 3-pointers en route to a game-high 31 points. He also dished out seven assists.
West (18 points) and Gilberto Cue (14 points) each hit four 3's as the Tribunes made a season-high 16 from long distance on the night. Kelly added 12 points and seven rebounds.