text:
Neste Rally Finland: All eyes on ŠKODA juniors Ole Christian Veiby and Kalle Rovanperä
› At the FIA World Rally Championship's eighth round ŠKODA juniors Ole Christian Veiby and Stig Rune Skjaermœn want to reduce the gap to the leaders in the WRC 2 category
› Also driving a ŠKODA FABIA R5, teammates Kalle Rovanperä/Jonne Halttunen aim for victory in the WRC 2 category on their home round
› ŠKODA so far won six out of seven rounds of the WRC 2 Championship 2018
Mladá Boleslav, 18 July 2018 – While the WRC 2 category leaders of the FIA Word Rally Championship, reigning Champion Pontus Tidemand (SWE) and his ŠKODA teammate Jan Kopecký (CZE), as planned do not compete at Neste Rally Finland (26/07/–29/07/2018), all eyes are on the ŠKODA junior crews Ole Christian Veiby/Stig Rune Skjaermœn (NOR/NOR) and Kalle Rovanperä/Jonne Halttunen (FIN/FIN). At Rally Finland 2017 already, O.C. Veiby was leading the RC 2-class in a private ŠKODA FABIA R5, before he went off the road. The Norwegian is currently third in the WRC 2 category standings. His 17 years old teammate Kalle Rovanperä will make his debut at the Finnish round of the FIA World Rally Championship. Both ŠKODA youngster crews are among the top favourites for victory in the WRC 2 category at the fastest round of the FIA World Rally Championship.
In the WRC 2 category of the FIA World Rally Championship, registered competitors have to nominate seven out of 13 rounds as points scoring events. In the end only the six best results count. As both category leader Pontus Tidemand (93 points and four starts) and runner-up Jan Kopecký (75 points/three starts) did not nominate the Finnish round for their championship campaign, the two experienced ŠKODA factory drivers will be absent.
So their young teammate O.C. Veiby, who with 45 points is third in the current championship standings, can close the gap to his teammates with a good result in Finland. "The stages of Rally Finland are a big challenge, the speed on the smooth gravel roads is enormous. You have to be fully concentrated all the time and need to 'read' the road to identify the different grip levels. Once you do a little mistake, being a little bit too fast and miss the proper line – you are out of the rally. This happened to me last year while I was leading the RC 2 class. In a fast right hander, I slid off the road with my privately entered ŠKODA FABIA R5," described Ole Christian Veiby who in 2018 already delivered impressive results in the WRC 2 category, finishing second at Rally Italy, third in Sweden and fourth at Rally France.
Another man to watch is the youngest competitor of the FIA World Rally Championship, 17 years old Kalle Rovanperä. He proved his impressive speed not only at Rally Argentina where he was in the lead for a while. "I drove a car for the first time on private roads close to my hometown. But I collected my first competition experience in Latvia, a country which has gravel roads similar to Finland, because I was allowed to participate in rallies without having a driver's licence. This year, driving a factory entered ŠKODA FABIA R5 for the first time at Rally Finland, is really very special for me", says the young Finn and describes the special challenge of the upcoming round of the championship and Rovanperä adds: "In Finland, it is very important that the car is stable and easy to control in the high-speed corners and the huge jumps. The challenge for the setup is to tune the suspension in a way that the wheels keep on the ground and that the car has as much traction as possible. Once your car has all wheels in the air, you can't accelerate or brake anymore."
ŠKODA Motorsport boss Michal Hrabánek is not only delighted about the remarkable success of ŠKODA Motorsport in the 2018 season by winning six out of the seven rounds of the WRC 2 championship. He is as well impressed by the number of crews competing with a ŠKODA cars at Rally Finland. "The RC 2 class, which the WC 2 category is a part of, is extremely popular in Finland. The entry list shows five different manufacturers. And we are proud to see, that out of the 32 crews 18 are competing with a ŠKODA FABIA R5 and one with a ŠKODA FABIA S2000, which makes ŠKODA the most popular brand in the category and shows the trust our customers have in the leading technology of our ŠKODA FABIA R5", emphasizes Hrabánek.
Neste Rally Finland offers 23 special stages totalling more than 317 kilometres mostly on fast and smooth gravel roads featuring numerous jumps. Due to the high-speed passages, the Finnish round of the FIA World Rally Championship is sometimes described as "Finnish Gravel Grand Prix". After the Super Special Stage on Thursday in the streets of Harju close to the Rally Centre in Jyväskylä, the Friday leg will run over ten special stages of around 126 kilometres. The longest day of the Rally will be on Saturday with eight special stages covering nearly 143 kilometres. Sunday will bring the final decision with four stages, before the winner will reach the podium at Jyväskylä around 16h00 local time.
Did you know, that…
…the event first took place in 1951 under the name "Jyväskilän Suurajot"?
…the event was called the "Rally of the Thousand Lakes" from 1959 to 1996, before it was re-named Rally Finland?
…in 1973 the "Rally of the Thousand Lakes" was included in the calendar of the then new FIA World Rally Championship?
…the biggest jump ever was achieved 1975 by former rally cross driver Jusso Kynsilehto, who (with legendary British motoring journalist Martin Holmes as co-driver) jumped 72 metres? Unfortunately, there was no road on the landing point and they rolled four times?
…the rally ending Power Stage, the eleven kilometres of "Ruuhimäki", according to the event organizer will have a real flying finish with a so called "monster jump"?
…Finnish drivers so far won 55 out of the 67 editions of their home round?
…in 2004 on the famous Ouninpojah stage Petter Solberg exceeded the maximum average speed of 130 kph tolerated by the sporting authority FIA? As a consequence, the organizers split the stage into two parts and in the upcoming years even introduced chicanes in order to reduce the average speed.
The calendar of the 2018 FIA World Rally Championship (WRC 2)
Event/ Date
Monte-Carlo; 24/01/–28/01/2018
Sweden; 15/02/–18/02/2018
Mexico; 08/03/–11/03/2018
France; 05/04/–08/04/2018
Argentina; 26/04/–29/04/2018
Portugal; 17/05/–20/05/2018
Italy; 07/06/–10/06/2018
Finland; 26/07/–29/07/2018
Germany; 16/08/–19/08/2018
Turkey; 13/09/–16/09/2018
Great Britain; 04/10/–07/10/2018
Spain; 25/10/–28/10/2018
Australia; 15/11/–18/11/2018
Hrabánek
Rally Finland
Rovanperä
Skjarmoen
Veiby
WRC 2
Related Press Releases Based on tags: 2018, FABIA, Hrabánek, R5, Rally Finland, Rovanperä, Skjarmoen, Veiby, WRC 2
NESTE Rally Finland: ŠKODA privateer Pietarinen wins WRC 2, ŠKODA junior Rovanperä fourth
MOTORSPORT 29. 7. 2018


text:
The PupilFirst platform is updated regularly!
Quizzes now support markdown content in both questions and answers. This allows the quiz to include code snippets, images, etc.
The generation of leaderboard entries can now be controlled, per-course, from the admin interface.
UI and UX
The back button on the New Question page now takes the user back to where they came from (community index, or target details page), instead of always linking to the community index.
The ordering of answers in the community section has been improved; answers with more likes are listed first, and if two have the same number of likes, the newest is preferred.
Fixed a crash which could occur when users uploaded a profile pictures between 2 and 5 megabytes. The form now correctly limits the file size to 5 MB.
Fixed a bug which hid the review button for courses in a coach's home page under certain conditions.
The student dashboard has been overhauled with a fresh design, and the target details overlay has been upgraded to allow us to present rich documents as content for students to consume. School admins can now author much larger documents as content for targets, freely introducing blocks of markdown, embeds from various sites, images, or files for students to download.
We have a new home landing page for the signed-in user. Users can now see all the courses and communities they belong to in a single page. All course related links are also directly accessed from this page.
The community feature is now live! This new features enables school admins to create multiple communities in a school where students can discuss target and other doubts with their peers. All communities linked to a course can now be directly accessed from the student dashboard. Students who have access to a community can ask question, answer questions from others, and upvote answers. Coaches act as moderators for the community. The author of the community resource, or any coach, can edit or remove said resources. The content of questions, answers, and comments are versioned, to keep track of changes, and Markdown can be used to format the content of questions, answers and comments.
There's a new customization interface which school admins can use to change various aspects of the school's appearance, from logos and icons, to links and legal agreements.
Student submissions can now be un-done / deleted right after they are submitted, and directly from the target details overlay. This replaces the old approach of navigating to the student's profile page to be able to delete a submission. Like before, only un-reviewed submissions can be deleted.
Fixed a bug that prevented the coach review dashboard from loading previously reviewed submissions in some cases.
Coaches can now be added to schools and enrolled to courses or teams using the school administration interface.
The name of reviewer is now mentioned on the coach review dashboard, for submissions that have already been reviewed.
A beta version of a school administration interface is now live - this will allow school admins to control all aspects of the courses they manage through a modern UI.
The weekly leaderboard feature, that shows top active students, has been reinstated with a brand new design.
Improved UX on coach review dashboard - this update allows coaches to search for a student in their list, and to load previous submissions from students when the filter is active. Messaging in these screens has also been improved.
Targets which can be completed by visiting a link now actually complete when the link is visited.
Improved the coach dashboard UI by splitting into pending and completed tabs
We have a new and flexible grading system! Course admins will now be able to configure how they want to review student submissions. A sleek grade bar will be visible on both the student and coach dashboards.
We've tweaked the behavior of the target overlay on the student dashboard, for students who go through a course as a team. With this update, students can now see which team members still have to complete targets that they have to tackle independently. It's cleaner than the earlier approach of displaying the status for every student in the team.
Coaches can now be assigned directly to multiple courses so that they can review submissions from all students taking the course. Previously they had to be individually assigned to students (or teams) to gain review access.
Auto-verified targets now behave correctly when they're also team targets (completed together as group). The platform used to assume that such targets were always individually completed.
The primary component from the team profile page - the timeline of students' activity has been moved into the student profile page, and the team profile page has been shut down.
Happy new year, folks! :-)
Changelog for 2018
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text:
Bacteria get vaccinated
Rodolphe Barrangou1 &
Todd R. Klaenhammer1
Nature volume 513, pages 175–176 (2014)Cite this article
Infection by defective bacterial viruses that cannot replicate has now been found to be the key feature enabling bacteria to rapidly develop adaptive immunity against functional viruses.
Surviving viral infections is a necessary ability for most life forms. Adaptive immunity, in which invasive elements are captured by the cell, allowing subsequent recognition and destruction of related viruses, is crucial for overcoming such infections. As such, adaptive immunity drives evolution, selection and fitness. Although the antibody–antigen basis of mammalian adaptive immunity has been extensively characterized, its counterpart in archaea and bacteria — CRISPR–Cas immune systems — remains largely mysterious. Writing in Nature Communications, Hynes et al.1 describe how defective virus particles trigger immunization events by CRISPR–Cas systems, conferring adaptive immunity in the bacteria against related functional viruses.
Diversity of CRISPR-Cas immune systems and molecular machines
Rodolphe Barrangou
Genome Biology Open Access 09 November 2015
Figure 1: Immunity through attenuated viruses.
Hynes, A. P., Villion, M. & Moineau, S. Nature Commun. 5, 4399; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5399 (2014).
Article CAS ADS Google Scholar
Barrangou, R. et al. Science 315, 1709–1712 (2007).
Brouns, S. J. J. et al. Science 321, 960–964 (2008).
Marraffini, L. A. & Sontheimer, E. J. Science 322, 1843–1845 (2008).
van der Oost, J., Westra, E. R., Jackson, R. N. & Wiedenheft, B. Nature Rev. Microbiol. 12, 479–492 (2014).
Garneau, J. E. et al. Nature 468, 67–71 (2010).
Hsu, P. D., Lander, E. S. & Zhang, F. Cell 157, 1262–1278 (2014).
Sander, J. D. & Joung, J. K. Nature Biotechnol. 32, 347–355 (2014).
Rodolphe Barrangou and Todd R. Klaenhammer are in the Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.,
Rodolphe Barrangou & Todd R. Klaenhammer
Todd R. Klaenhammer
Correspondence to Rodolphe Barrangou.
Barrangou, R., Klaenhammer, T. Bacteria get vaccinated. Nature 513, 175–176 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/513175a
Issue Date: 11 September 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/513175a
Genome Biology (2015)


New build flats including 4nr extra care flats meeting the Code for Sustainable Homes Level 4 standard with traditional construction methods and sustainable technologies.
BAQUS undertook an Employer's Agent role as well as CDM Co-ordination and Clerk of Works, acting as pre-contract project managers and providing pre-contract cost consultancy.
Within this position we managed the tender process, prepared the contacts and administered the contract, and provided a degree of quality consultancy, managing the snagging and handover process.


The health care program that provides fixed payments for services, Medicare Advantage, results in greater savings, more efficient quality care and better patient outcomes for knee replacement and other common procedures than traditional fee-for-service Medicare programs, according to a new USC-led study.
The study, published in the January issue of the journal Health Affairs, comes just as Congress discusses overhauls to health care, including the possibility of privatizing Medicare. The findings are part of a growing body of evidence that shows alternative payment models for Medicare can be better for patients while also reducing health care costs.
Traditional Medicare programs for seniors 65 and older pay fees to providers every time a patient receives care in a new setting such as a hospital, home health care or skilled nursing facility. Under this fee-for-service model, providers have no incentive to tamp down costs or coordinate care across settings, Sood said.
However, in Medicare Advantage, private participating insurers are given a premium from Medicare that effectively caps the money available to cover patient care costs. Hospitals and facilities that manage to keep costs even lower than those fixed amounts keep the savings.
The researchers examined hospital-discharge data for beneficiaries who were hospitalized for stroke, joint replacements for the knee or hip and heart failure.
They found several striking differences in outcomes for patients enrolled in traditional Medicare and those in Medicare Advantage. First, patients on Medicare Advantage were less likely than the traditional Medicare enrollees to be placed in nursing homes and in-patient rehabilitation facilities after hospitalization. Second, Medicare Advantage beneficiaries who did end up in those rehabilitative facilities had shorter stays on average than traditional Medicare beneficiaries, the analysis showed.
Lastly, the researchers noted, Medicare Advantage patients had lower rates of hospital readmission.
The researchers estimate that Medicare could have realized a 16 percent savings had the traditional Medicare patients been given the same cost-effective care and experienced the same positive results as the Medicare Advantage patients.
The researchers tracked hospital discharges for traditional Medicare and Medicare Advantage beneficiaries who had undergone surgery for knee or hip replacement, stroke or heart failure sometime between January 2011 to June 2013. They then compared the post-discharge results for both groups of beneficiaries.
The researchers said they conducted this comparison because policymakers have proposed changing Medicare to a "premium support" system, shifting traditional Medicare programs toward a bundled payment model akin to Medicare Advantage. The idea is part of a trend within Medicare to increase hospital accountability and performance while reducing costs.
The data included 968,936 cases (episodes) of joint replacement, 481,074 stroke and 762,228 heart failure. About 25 to 27 percent of all the episodes involved Medicare Advantage patients. The researchers accounted for comorbidities such as diabetes, obesity, depression, hypertension and chronic lung disease, as well as demographic differences in the patient population such as socioeconomic status.
In addressing concerns about a selection bias, the researchers said there was no evidence that one group of beneficiaries was sicker than the other. There also was no evidence that Medicare Advantage patients' health was compromised by lower usage of inpatient or skilled nursing facilities.
Other study co-authors were José Escarce of UCLA, Brendan Rabideau of the USC Schaeffer Center and Pinar Karaca-Mandic of the University of Minnesota.


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Who the hell is going to wear #44 for the Sabres?
July 7, 2010 May 1, 2015 Chris Ostrander
Well, Sabres fans can't say Darcy didn't sign anybody. But, he really has yet to make a major impact in free agency. On the bright side, he didn't just sign Bob Corkum.
The Sabres signed Rob Nidermayer to a one-year deal today. According to TSN, the deal is worth $1 million for the 2010-11 season.
Rob Niedermayer (left) scored 10 goals for New Jersey last year.
I definitely don't hate this signing. But, I definitely don't love it either. I have to assume that Regier was in the running for Matt Cullen, Matt Lombardi and, possibly, Saku Koivu. None of those guys fill the role that Niedermayer fills, or vice-versa. However, Niedermayer will certainly add veteran leadership and grit to a locker room that desperately needs it.
At this point two summers ago, the Sabres barely had any long-tenured NHL veterans. Then they brought in Craig Rivet, Patrick Lalime, Steve Montador, Mike Grier and now Niedermayer and Jordan Leopold. This will hopefully add some accountability to a room that fans feel are more concerned with scoring on Chippewa than in the playoffs.
Niedermayer, along with Leopold offer Stanley Cup Final experience. Hopefully that added presence is enough to get the Sabres over the first-round hump this season.
Expect to see him playing on the third or fourth line where Matt Ellis and Adam Mair played last year. This adds the luxury of keeping Tim Kennedy on the wing, along with Cody McCormick. Both of these players are more effective in that role.
Perhaps the most concerning aspect of this signing is that the Sabres now have three players on the roster who wear, or have worn, #44 during their careers. Leopold, Niedermayer and Andrej Sekera all have sported double fours at one point or another. I would think Niedermayer would get his choice, given that he is the oldest of the group. That, plus Sekera is a bender. Leopold will be the odd man out and his other number of choice (#4) is worn by Steve Montador.
Not that it truly matters, but some poor sap is going to buy this guy's uniform and have #72 Rob Neidermayer jersey from the one year he played in Buffalo.
For my money I hope he gets a renewal after the season and sticks around a bit longer, sort of like Grier did this season.
Buffalo SabresBuffalo Sabres
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Q: ADC (AD7193) SPI communication with multiple devices I am using an MCU (SAMD21G), to communicate over SPI with an SD card and an AD7193. I have both the SD and the AD7193 on the same SPI bus, each having its own CS pin.
My concern is, when reading the AD7193 datasheet, what I understood was that the DOUT/RDY pin, which is the MISO, goes low or high depending on whether a conversion is done or not. My worry is that it will mess up the communication with the SD card when it is trying to communicate with the MCU, since they are sharing the same MISO pin. I'm not entirely sure if that would happen or if I misunderstood the datasheet.

A: This is what I read.
Using the AD7193 data sheet from (https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD7193.pdf),
On page 36:
Continuous Conversion Mode. Continuous conversion is the default power-up mode. The AD7193 converts continuously, and the RDY bit in the status register goes low each time a conversion is complete. If CS is low, the DOUT/RDY line also goes low when a conversion is
completed.
The chart on page 11 describes the CS pin as:
"Chip Select Input. This is an active low logic input used to select the ADC. CS can be used to select the ADC in systems with more than one device on the serial bus....." .
Page 34 also has a similar description of using the CS pin where several components are connected to the serial bus.
"CS is used to select a device. It can be used to decode the AD7193 in systems where several components are connected to the serial bus".
You can also look at the Timing Characteristic section. page 9, it does seem to show the DOUT/RDY signal going inactive/tristate with the CS pin going high.
The chart on page 8 lists the timing of T1 and T5 (as marked on the timing diagram), which are the delay times from where CS changes to where the active/inactive points of the DOUT/RDY signal begin.  There may just be a 10nS delay on the DOUT/RDY pin after the CS returns high, (they call it "Bus relinquish time").
So it would seem that connecting other data devices on the same bus is a legitimate thing to do regardless of the operating mode.
While is is true that the data sheet does not literally say the pins are tri-stated, the only way the statement about having multiple devices on the same data bus could be acceptable would be to have those common pins tri-stated when the chip is unselected.
Of course if you still have doubts you could call the tech support at Analog Devices.  The tech support link is at the bottom of the first page of the data sheet.

A: Here is the description of the DOUT/*RDY pin from the datasheet:

Serial Data Output/Data Ready Output. DOUT/*RDY serves a dual purpose.
It functions as a serial data output pin to access the output shift
register of the ADC. The output shift register can contain data from
any of the on-chip data or control registers. In addition, DOUT/*RDY
operates as a data ready pin, going low to indicate the completion of
a conversion. If the data is not read after the conversion, the pin
goes high before the next update occurs. The DOUT/*RDY falling edge can
be used as an interrupt to a processor, indicating that valid data is
available. With an external serial clock, the data can be read using
the DOUT/*RDY pin. With CS low, the data-/control-word information is
placed on the DOUT/*RDY pin on the SCLK falling edge and is valid on
the SCLK rising edge.

So the issue is that if a conversion is activated and completes, the pin will be pulled low (*RDY). Obviously, if this happens when talking to the SD card, you will get a bus fight. Basically, what this means is that you cannot use continuous conversion mode on the ADC as a conversion completion will pull down the pin. Also, when you start a conversion, you must not try to use the SD card until you've read the conversion result. Otherwise, the pin should only assert when *CS is asserted.
If this is not acceptable, you could add a buffer with tri-state output in series with the ADC's DOUT pin, Assuming the buffer's OE pin is active low, you can drive it in parallel with the ADC's CS signal. This will guarantee that the buffer's output is tri-stated unless CS is asserted.

A: You can just disable AD7193 by raising the chip select signal of the MCU connected to it.It seems the reason why chip select is implemented. In this way, whenever the MCU is sending or receiving data, it only communicates with either the SD card or AD7193, only one at a time. The only thing you have to do is to have separate chip select wires from the MCU to SD card and AD7193.If your MCU has only one automatic CS pin, use two GPIO as CS signals to control them manually.

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text:
If you want to live in the UK with your partner, you can apply for a UK Spouse Visa.
If you would like to join your spouse or partner who currently holds British Citizenship or settled status, there are a number of ways to do this. The Home Office offers Spouse Visas, Partner Visas, Fiancé Visas or Unmarried Partner Visas. The Spouse or Partner Visa will allow you to stay in the UK for an initial 30-33 months before you can apply for a Spouse Visa UK extension of a further 30 months. You will need to show that you continue to meet the requirements throughout your time in the UK.
The UK Spouse Visa allows those granted to work and live freely in the UK and is less limited than some other UK routes, such as work visas. This means that the requirements for this type of visa are notoriously strict and require a great deal of evidence to prove your eligibility.
The UK Spouse Visa requirements include a minimum income threshold for your British-based partner, proof of acceptable housing and evidence your relationship is genuine. These requirements are stricter for the Unmarried Partner Visa but even with a valid marriage license, it can be difficult to apply for a Spouse Visa UK.
The lawyers at IAS have a wealth of experience in Marriage Visa UK applications. We understand the common pitfalls that lead the Home Office to refuse UK Spouse Visas. Our services ensure that your application forms are completed to a professional standard so that they are easily understood by the Home Office.
We will spend time with you to ensure that you meet every requirement before you apply for a Spouse Visa UK. Your lawyer will also produce a Letter of Representation for your application. This is personal to your case and cites relevant UK immigration law to support you. Call us on+1844 290 6312 or make an inquiry online before you apply for a Spouse Visa UK.
Can I apply for a Spouse Visa UK?
The Spouse Visa requirements include:
You and your partner must both be over 18;
Your marriage must be recognized by the UK government;
You must prove that you will live together;
Your application must include proof of suitable accommodation;
You will need to meet the financial requirements, which increases with any dependent children;
You must prove that you meet the English Language standard if you are not from an English-speaking country.
Can I switch to a Spouse Visa?
If you are already in the UK on a different visa type, you may be able to apply for a Spouse Visa UK to remain in the country. You will not be allowed to switch if you are in the country as a visitor or if permission was given to stay for less than six months. This does not apply if you are in the UK on a Fiancé Visa.
You will also not be allowed to apply for a Spouse Visa UK if you are in breach of the Immigration Rules (i.e. your previous leave has expired).
What happens if my relationship ends on a Spouse Visa?
If you and your partner go through a divorce, it is important to let the Home Office know as soon as possible.
Once you have informed them, they will issue a Spouse Visa curtailment. There may be options open to you to switch to a different visa category and remain in the UK but it is important to act fast.
If you are found to have separated from your partner without informing the Home Office, you could face serious consequences or be issued a deportation order. This will affect all future UK visa applications.
More information on what to do after a Spouse Visa curtailment.
What happens if I have my Spouse Visa refused?
If you have had your Spouse Visa refused, you will need to act quickly to appeal the decision or apply for another visa.
If you are already in the UK this will be important as overstaying on an expired visa is a serious issue.
How long does the UK Spouse Visa application take?
How long it will take to apply for a Spouse Visa UK will depend on where you are applying from. Applications from within the UK using the Premium Service could take as little as two weeks.
You may not always be able to apply for a Spouse Visa UK from within the UK depending on the visa category that you are initially in the country on. The Premium Service may also be available in your home country but this will only put your application to the front of the queue. This may mean that it takes longer than two weeks.
Your application could take as long as 12 weeks if extra checks are needed and your Spouse Visa processing time will depend on the country you are applying from.
How do I start my UK Marriage Visa application?
Spouse Visa applications can be complex and using the services of an immigration expert is highly recommended. You will need to ensure that you meet all of the mandatory requirements before you apply.
You will need to complete the relevant forms and collate your evidence for submission. This will need to be extensive and prove that your relationship is genuine.
You must also not book your travel before you receive a decision from the Home Office.
IAS has an excellent track record with successful cases and our solicitors are highly experienced in this field. To apply for a Marriage Visa UK, get in touch with IAS online or on 0333 363 8577 today for professional, no-obligation advice.
What is the minimum income requirement to apply for a Spouse Visa UK?
The UK Spouse Visa has a very strict financial requirement for applicants. Your UK-based partner must make at least £18,600 per year to be eligible to sponsor you. This increases with each dependent on your application.
If you are applying from outside the UK, your income may not be considered in the application.
The Home Office currently considers all forms of income. If you do not meet this threshold, it is important to speak with an immigration lawyer about your options using other income.
Read more about the Spouse Visa financial requirements.
Can I settle in the UK on a Spouse Visa?
Once you are have held a UK Spouse Visa for five years, you should be eligible to apply for ILR from a Spouse Visa. Holding ILR will mean that you are no longer subject to the Immigration Rules. This will mean that you can enjoy more freedom in regards to travel and access to health care in the UK.
Should I apply for a Fiancé Visa UK?
The Fiancé Visa UK can be used to enter the country if you intend to get married and remain in the UK.
This visa will be granted for an initial six months. Once you are married, you will be expected to switch to the UK Marriage Visa. If you are not married during this time, there are very limited circumstances which the Home Office will consider to allow an extension.
Your Spouse Visa will be granted for an initial 30-33 months and can be extended for a further 30 months. Once you have spent five years in the UK, you should be eligible for Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR).
Can I work on a Spouse Visa?
You will have the right to work on a Spouse Visa. You will not need to be sponsored by your employer and there will be no minimum salary requirement for any job you apply for.
You are not eligible to work on a Fiancé Visa so you must be able to support yourself in the UK until you can apply for a Spouse Visa UK and gain the right to work.
At IAS, we understand the importance of applying for a UK Spouse Visa.
Our team of lawyers are specialists in private immigration matters and have an excellent track record. Using our services will give you the best chances of success for a Spouse Visa UK.
Liaising with you in person, over the phone or via Skype;
Determining the right partner visa for you;
Checking your documents thoroughly to ensure they are sufficient;
Confirming you have proof of your genuine relationship;
Producing a Letter of Representation for your application;
Managing contact with the Home Office until they make a decision;
Completing all application forms professionally and to a high standard.
Contact us on +1844 290 6312 or make an inquiry online to speak with an immigration lawyer and your UK Spouse Visa application.


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Board Member Portal
History of the Armory
Health Precautions & Policies
Summer Art Experience
Visiting Master Artist Workshops
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Art of the Phoenix
Powder Coating Workshop
This 2-day workshop will take place on Friday, February 5th from 9:30 am-5:30 pm and Saturday, February 6th from 9:30 am-12:30 pm.
Powder Coating is a fun technique where the students can get some instant gratification by making a copper bracelet (or two if the student is more adept) in the morning, and then powder coat it in a bright shiny color in the afternoon. Techniques will include using the rolling mill for texture, forming the bracelet and powder coating the bracelet. Students must bring their own copper sheet & powder coating will be provided.
CLASS WILL BE HELD IN THE JEWELRY STUDIO
Masks must be worn at all times on campus and during classes; temperature checks are required before entering class/open studio.
All students must read and sign the health policy & waiver to attend Session 3 on-campus classes. CLICK HERE TO FILL IT OUT
Friday & Saturday, Morning 9:30 AM - 5:30 PM
Class Duration, Feb 5, 2021 - Feb 5, 2021
Instructor: Ellen Levy
Full Price: $215.00
Fees: $15
Click here for course attachments*
Powder Coating Workshop quantity
* If you purchase your art supplies from a local merchant, please keep your receipt and do not open until class day. If your class is cancelled you may want to return the supplies.
Class ID: 21W1-JWEL.5a
Ellen Levy is an art jeweler and has been knitting for over 60 years. She finds combining both hobbies and avocations has been an absolute joy. She has been selling her jewelry at art jewelry boutiques and major art shows in Santa Fe, New Mexico, Austin, Texas and southern Florida for the past 15 years and presently sells locally at Whitespace and the Armory Art Center. Ellen Levy's first career was as an environmental designer, designing sensory stimulation environments for multiply handicapped individuals. Her second career was capital goods sales for one of the two largest hospital equipment companies in the world. Her third career was as executive vice president of a clinical research company that performed research for Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, from which she retired. Ellen returned to her love of design when she studied jewelry design at the Armory Art Center in West Palm Beach, Florida, the Taos Institute of Art in Taos, New Mexico and from many Master Jewelry Artists throughout the United States. As a graduate student in design, Ellen was deeply influenced by the geometry, form and function of the architects and designers of the Bauhaus School. As a jewelry artist she has transformed her love of form and function into a unique combination of style, form, texture, and color.
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Tag: carlin
Here's how the Red Bull Junior Team did in 2021
Daruvala wants to win the Championship in 2022: 'I'll definitely drive in F2 next year'
The first race of the final round of Formula 2 saw Carlin driver Jehan Daruvala hold off UNI-Virtuosi's Felipe Drugovich to convert a reserve-grid pole and secure his second victory of the season. The Indian led from lights-to-flag, defending in wheel-to-wheel battles with Drugovich that lasted multiple corners while also superbly managing his tyres. By... Continue Reading →
Zak O'Sullivan has 'multiple options' going into 2022 with an F3 seat on the horizon
Carlin has a new star in their system. Zak O'Sullivan has taken the British feeder series by storm, coming second in his first season in British F4. This year he moved up to the GB3 championship and dominated it, which was rewarded with a three-day FIA F3 test with the Carlin team. And now, an... Continue Reading →
Ticktum opens up on future: 'Anyone with half a brain will know it's IndyCar, DTM or F2'
After delays in the morning of Saturday and the postponement of the first race of the weekend, Formula 2 action finally resumed in the afternoon at a drying but still wet Sochi Autodrom. Carlin's Dan Ticktum achieved his second victory of the season with a strong lights to flag win that has kept him in... Continue Reading →
British F4 rookie Dougie Bolger wants to be Japan's first ever F1 world champion
The journey to the promised land of F1 is certainly a long one for Japanese-born Dougie Bolger. The 16-year-old Carlin star is currently racing in his first season in open-wheelers in the 2021 F4 British Championship. At the halfway break in the 10-round season, Dougie sat down with us for an exclusive interview. By Tyler... Continue Reading →
Dejected Ticktum rules out F1: 'I've probably blown my chances now'
It hasn't exactly been the ideal year so far for Carlin's Dan Ticktum. The 22-year-old Brit is currently sitting in P4 in the F2 Championship after five rounds with three remaining, however he was released by Williams and their Driver Academy at the start of August and is currently looking for employment for next season.... Continue Reading →
Daruvala wants 'to find a rhythm' after 'up and down year'
For the first time this season in Formula 2, Carlin's Jehan Deruvala won after another eventful race at Monza. By Tyler Foster Starting from P2, after finishing P9 in the first sprint race, the Indian driver took the lead after getting the better start compared to pole sitter David Beckmann. Diving into turn one he... Continue Reading →
Zak O'Sullivan (16) Might Be Britain's Next FIA F3 Star
For only 16 years old, Zak O'Sullivan is one of the most level headed drivers around. The current British F3 Championship leader has been doing excellent at every level on the feeder series ladder and has now set his sights on FIA F3. But he is open to any opportunity that will progress his career... Continue Reading →
Peroni getting adjusted to the American life: 'It's already bloody hot'
Alex Peroni left the European racing scene to enter the Road to Indy this year and has been adjusting well to racing in Indy Lights and life outside of racing in Florida. He compares his former FIA F3 car to his new Indy Lights car and life outside of Europe. How does the Indy Lights... Continue Reading →
Hahn signs with Carlin as he enters third year of Euroformula Open
Brazilian driver Christian Hahn will enter his third year in the Euroformula Open Championship, signing for Carlin. The 20-year old has a lot of experience in the Euroformula Open series, but hasn't had much succes to date. In 2017 he finished 17th in the championship, driving for Drivex and a year later he ended up... Continue Reading →
Kaylen Frederick signs with Carlin's British F3 team
American Kaylen Frederick will race in the 2019 BRDC British F3 Championship for Carlin. This will be his first full season abroad. 16-year old Frederick competed in USF2000 last year as he finished sixth in the championship. He gathered four podiums with a highest finish of second. He made his debut in that series in... Continue Reading →


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Unspeakable Crime: The Killing of Jessica Chambers
Beth Karas Jessica Chambers True Crime Oxygen Network Unspeakable Crime The Killing Of Jessica Chambers
Van Unspeakable Crime: The Killing of Jessica Chambers, ontdekt door Player FM en onze gemeenschap - copyright toebehorend aan de uitgever, niet aan Player FM. Audio wordt direct van hun servers gestreamd. Klik de abonneren-knop aan om updates op Player FM te volgen of plak de feed URL op andere podcast apps.
When 19-year old Jessica Chambers is horrifically murdered, set on fire in her car, her rural Mississippi community is rocked. As investigators work to figure out who could have done this and why, there's an onslaught of online sleuths digitally descending on this grieving community wreaking havoc and placing blame. Finally, after a 14-month investigation, there's a surprise arrest and trial of the accused with an ending that sends shockwaves once again. Hosted by Beth Karas.
Overeenkomstig met Unspeakable Crime: The Killing of Jessica Chambers
The Trail Went Cold
The Trail Went Cold is a weekly true crime podcast which explores baffling unsolved mysteries and cold cases. On each episode, host Robin Warder examines a new murder or missing persons case, tackling a wide variety of mysteries from different countries and time periods.
Every day, stories unfold that have no resolution. Unresolved is an investigative and immersive look at those stories, as host Micheal Whelan tries to determine why these stories - unsolved crimes and other unexplained phenomena - have no ending.
For 5 years, we've covered Maura Murray's disappearance and the tireless community that surrounds it in great detail. We have since expanded with this series by raising awareness for the stories of other missing persons. We now sit on the board of directors of the non-profit, Private Investigations for the Missing, which was founded by Bruce Maitland, father of missing person Briana Maitland. Our show has teamed up with PIFTM to assist with investigations for underserved families that can't ...
Canadian True Crime
Stories of some of the most heinous, controversial, heartbreaking and thought-provoking true crime cases, told by an Australian living in Canada. New episodes on the 1st and 15th of each month.
Crime Stories with Nancy Grace
Nancy Grace dives deep into the day's most shocking crimes and asks the tough questions in her new daily podcast – Crime Stories with Nancy Grace. Nancy Grace had a perfect conviction record during her decade as a prosecutor and used her TV show to find missing people, fugitives on the run and unseen clues. Now, she will use the power of her huge social media following and the immediacy of the internet to deliver daily bombshells!
The Dropout
Money. Romance. Tragedy. Deception. The story of Elizabeth Holmes and Theranos is an unbelievable tale of ambition and fame gone terribly wrong. How did the world's youngest self-made female billionaire lose it all in the blink of an eye? How did the woman once heralded as "the next Steve Jobs" find herself facing criminal charges -- to which she pleaded not guilty -- and up to 20 years in jail? How did her technology, meant to revolutionize healthcare, potentially put millions of patients a ...
Australian True Crime
Think nothing ever happens in your town? Australia's suburbs are home to some of the most mysterious and disturbing true crime cases in the world. Meshel Laurie is a true crime obsessive. Emily Webb is a true crime author. And together with expert interviews with writers, victims, investigators and perpetrators, they probe the underbelly of our towns and suburbs, and uncover the darkness at the heart of Australian life.
Bear Brook
Two barrels, four bodies, and an enigmatic killer. The cold case that changed the way murders will be investigated forever.
True Crime Brewery
True Crime Brewery is a true crime podcast unlike any other! Husband and wife, Jill and Dick, use their medical knowledge and life experiences to take a deep dive into some of the most fascinating crimes from all over the world. Just for fun, Dick uses his expertise as a craft beer lover to review and/or recommend beers from the regions where each crime occurred. Meet them at the quiet end of the bar for a craft brew and a no-holds-barred true crime discussion.
Southern Fried True Crime
Erica Kelley is a native Tennessean exploring historical and contemporary true crime in the South. Southern charm is attempted but southern sass is bountiful. Join her as she shows you just how southern fried the justice system can be in the Deep South.


NOTE: This guide covers Windows 10. If you do not know the version of Windows that you have, read What version of Windows do I have installed?.
By default, the Quick access section in the navigation panel on the left side of File Explorer, always displays the recent files that you have used and the frequent folders that you open when working on your Windows 10 PC.
You may want to clear the recent files in Windows 10 and the list of frequent folders, as a temporary choice. You can do that, but, then Windows 10 starts to build up the lists again, based on your usage of File Explorer. If you want to do this, you clear these lists from File Explorer Options (or Folder Options). One easy way to open this window is to search using "file explorer options" in the search box near the Start Menu. Click or tap File Explorer Options in the list of search results.
For all the ways to open File Explorer Options, read 8 ways to open the Folder Options window, in Windows (all versions).
In the File Explorer Options window, on the General tab, identify the Privacy section. Click or tap the Clear button, and then OK to close the window.
The recently used files and frequently used folders lists are cleared. If you have a File Explorer window open, the clearing is visible right away. Otherwise, you see the effect the next time you open the Quick access view in File Explorer. The clearing does not affect the files and folders pinned to Quick access. The only way to eliminate them from the Quick access view is to unpin them. Read this article if you want to learn how to view, pin and unpin items to Quick access.
If you need to get rid of the lists with recent files and frequent folders, you may be better served by hiding these lists altogether. Once you hide them, they never show up again, and you do not need to worry about clearing the lists all the time.
Just like the clearing, the hiding is done from File Explorer Options (or Folder Options). In the General tab, look for the Privacy section. Uncheck the "Show recently used files in Quick access" and "Show frequently used folders in Quick access" and press OK to close the window.
The effect is immediate in File Explorer.
First, open File Explorer, and open the Quick access view by clicking or tapping on it.
Identify the file or folder that you want to delete from the list of recent files of frequent folders, and right-click or tap and hold on it. Choose "Remove from Quick access" in the menu that opens.
The file or folder is eliminated from the list immediately.
Do you have any concerns regarding privacy when using files and folders in Windows 10?
Now that you know how to hide recent files and frequently used folders from File Explorer, you should be able to make better use of this option and configure it according to your preferences. Before closing this tutorial, tell us your reason for clearing recent files and frequent folders, from File Explorer. Are you concerned about your privacy or there is another reason for this choice?


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Home Articles Congressional Black Caucus Takes Tech Initiative to Silicon Valley
Congressional Black Caucus Takes Tech Initiative to Silicon Valley
Oakland Post
Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) Chairman G. K. Butterfield (NC-01), Rep. Barbara Lee (CA-13) and Rep. Hakeem Jeffries (NY-08), all members of the CBC Diversity Task Force visited Silicon Valley this week, Aug. 2-4, to meet with executives at the country's foremost technology companies and organizations as part of the CBC TECH 2020 initiative.

Launched in May, CBC TECH 2020 is a five-year plan developed by the CBC to address the underrepresentation of African Americans within the technology industry.
"Our goal for this trip is to encourage and partner with these organizations to implement a diversity plan that will place more African Americans in the tech pipeline," said Rep. Butterfield.
"This will potentially lead to a wide range of opportunities, from student internships to positions on the boards of tech companies," he said. "Building a coalition of leaders from the public and private sectors ensures greater diversity and full representation of African Americans at every level of tech by 2020."
"This visit is another step toward opening doors of opportunity for African Americans in the booming tech sector," said Congresswoman Lee. "Increasing diversity and inclusion within the tech sector is not only a moral imperative, it is good for business and vital to continue economic growth."
"The technology sector will increasingly be at the forefront of our country's continued growth and prosperity," said Rep. Jeffries. "In this regard, it is important to make sure that all Americans have an opportunity to participate in the innovation economy."
As part of the TECH 2020 plan, the CBC has outlined diversity principles, best practices, and resources for African American students and entrepreneurs and introduced legislation focused on increasing STEAM education.
During the trip, members will a number of companies, including Apple, Bloomberg, Google, Intel, Kapor, Pandora and SAP.
Bloomberg hosted a press conference at its San Francisco office to discuss the CBC's technology initiatives and the delegation's work in Silicon Valley.
Judith Williams, Global Diversity and Inclusion Programs Manager represented Google. She said that Google has a robust K-12 investment in early education. Google hopes to rectify four factors that hold people back from reaching their potential.
"There is no encouragement in the work place. No one there looks like them. They don't think they can succeed, and they don't think they can change the world," Williams said.
Congressman Butterfield said, "The current focus in Congress is for less education, and a push to shift the responsibility for education to the states. There is less money," he said.
"We are fighting the same battles we fought before. We must make sure that the 'unconscious biases' don't become institutionalized in organizations," said Congresswoman Lee.
Chairman G. K. Butterfield
Cong. Black Caucus
G. K. Butterfield
Hakeem Jeffries
Rep. Hakeem Jeffries
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Book Review: "Grant Park"
USF Graduate Student Chris Brown Is Already Making His Mark


Hrvatska politika prošlosti: samo još jedan primer postkomunističke studije slučaja?
Croatian Politics Of The Past - Just One More Post-Communist Case Study?
Summary/Abstract: Countless publications and conferences on post communist politics of the past raise the question if comparison of "case studies" can be achieved by mere sequence or if this leads to obliterating particularities. This question is examined on the "case study" of Croatia - looking closely at historical particularities and the role of president Tuđman fashioning himself as World War II historian during the 1990s. Generally, three phases of approaching the World War II past can be observed: the revisionist Tuđman era (1990-1999), the social democratic intermezzo, in which democratic transformation was followed by avoidance of demonizing concepts of the enemy (2000-2003), and the new HDZ governance, when allowances were made for integration into the EU - while "the Serbs" were depicted as the "new Fascists" of the last war by prime minister Ivo Sanader (2003-2009).


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Top 6 Most Prominent Features For Veriday's Digital Agent
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Insurance, Technology
How A Well-designed Agent Portal Can Drive Growth
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Why Your Enterprise Needs Digital Agent
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Creating The Personal Connection In Insurance With IoT
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A Cloud-based Solution is the Future of Insurance
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Why Insurance Companies need Kubernetes
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Insurance Providers Can Have Success By Using Liferay DXP
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Der Bahnhof Frankfurt (Oder), bahnbetrieblich auch Frankfurt (Oder) Pbf genannt, ist der wichtigste Personenbahnhof der Stadt Frankfurt (Oder). Er zählt zu den bedeutendsten Bahnhöfen im Land Brandenburg. Der Bahnhof dient sowohl dem Personenfern- als auch dem -nahverkehr und ist seit 1945 Grenzbahnhof nach Polen. Der Bahnhof wurde mehrfach erheblich umgebaut. Ein Gebäude auf dem Gelände des ersten Frankfurter Bahnhofs nördlich der heutigen Station steht unter Denkmalschutz, ebenso die als Eisenbahnersiedlung gebaute Wohnanlage Kiliansberg am Bahnhofsvorplatz mit einem Denkmal für im Ersten Weltkrieg gefallene Eisenbahner.

Lage und Name
Der Bahnhof liegt südwestlich des Stadtzentrums von Frankfurt (Oder) oberhalb der im Tal der Oder liegenden Innenstadt, südwestlich schließt sich der Ortsteil Beresinchen an. Die älteste Strecke, die den Bahnhof berührt, ist die Niederschlesisch-Märkische Eisenbahn von Berlin über Frankfurt nach Guben, die einstmals weiter bis Breslau führte. Sie knickt im Bereich des Bahnhofs aus Richtung Westen kommend nach Südsüdost ab. Aus Richtung Süden endet die Bahnstrecke aus Großenhain über Cottbus und Grunow im Bahnhof, aus Richtung Norden die Strecke aus Eberswalde. Eine weitere, heute nicht mehr existente Strecke führte von Frankfurt Richtung Nordosten nach Küstrin. Die Bahnstrecke Frankfurt (Oder)–Poznań führt im Wesentlichen in Richtung Osten, macht in Frankfurt einen großen Bogen in südliche Richtung, um das deutlich tieferliegende Odertal zu überqueren.
In Fahrplänen und den Bahnhofskategorielisten von DB Station&Service wird der Bahnhof nur als Frankfurt (Oder) bezeichnet; in den Stationsverzeichnissen von DB Netz heißt er Frankfurt (Oder) Pbf (Personenbahnhof). Damit wird er vom Rangierbahnhof Frankfurt (Oder) Rbf (früher Verschiebebf) unterschieden. An dessen ausgedehnten und heute weitgehend ungenutzten Anlagen nördlich des Personenbahnhofs an der Strecke in Richtung Eberswalde fand früher auch der örtliche Güterverkehr statt.

Weitere Stationen in der Stadt sind der nur betrieblich genutzte Grenzbahnhof Oderbrücke, der an der Bahnstrecke nach Berlin liegende Bahnhof Rosengarten sowie der an der Strecke in Richtung Grunow liegende Haltepunkt Neuberesinchen und den saisonal bediente Halt Helenesee, ebenfalls an dieser Strecke. Nicht mehr in Betrieb sind der Bahnhof Booßen und der Haltepunkt Klingetal an der Strecke nach Eberswalde sowie der Haltepunkt Güldendorf an der Strecke nach Guben sowie der Güterbahnhof Rosengarten.

Geschichte

Erster Frankfurter Bahnhof
Erste Pläne für den Bau einer Eisenbahn zwischen Berlin und Frankfurt gab es bereits in den 1830er Jahren. Maßgeblich für die Planungen verantwortlich war der Bauingenieur und preußische Baubeamte August Crelle. Neben der tatsächlich ausgeführten geradlinigen Führung über Fürstenwalde und Jacobsdorf gab es auch Bestrebungen für eine Strecke, die nach Südosten abknickend über Müllrose ins Odertal verlaufen und Frankfurt von Süden erreichen sollte. Dies hätte die Strecke von Berlin nach Breslau verkürzt, für Frankfurt jedoch deutliche Umwege bedeutet. Nachdem Diskussionen über den Trassenverlauf zu einigen Verzögerungen geführt hatten, konnte am 1. Juni 1841 der erste Spatenstich für den Streckenbau stattfinden. Über die Lage des Frankfurter Bahnhofs wurde jedoch erst nach Baubeginn der Strecke entschieden. Es wurde ein Kopfbahnhof auf dem Ziegeleiberg etwas außerhalb der Stadt an der heutigen Briesener Straße errichtet; eine stadtnähere Lage ließ sich wegen der große Höhenunterschiede nicht verwirklichen. Am 23. September 1842 ging die Strecke zwischen Berlin und Frankfurt und damit der erste Bahnhof der Stadt in Betrieb.

1842 gründete sich die Niederschlesisch-Märkische-Eisenbahngesellschaft. Ihr Ziel war die Verlängerung der Strecke von Frankfurt nach Breslau. Am 1. August 1845 übernahm die Gesellschaft die bis dahin selbständige Berlin-Frankfurter Bahn. Ursprüngliche Planungen sahen einen Abzweig der Strecke in Briesen unter Umfahrung von Frankfurt vor. Nach Protesten der Stadt wurde die Strecke doch über Frankfurt geführt. Der Bahnhof konnte für die Strecke nach Breslau nicht mehr genutzt werden, da er als Kopfbahnhof und wegen des großen Höhenunterschiedes zum Odertal keine Streckenführung in Richtung Südosten ermöglichte.

Bahnhofsneubau

Am 1. September 1846 ging die Strecke nach Breslau durchgehend in Betrieb. Der neue Frankfurter Bahnhof war ein Durchgangsbahnhof etwa in der heutigen Lage. Auf dem Gelände des alten Bahnhofs errichtete die Niederschlesisch-Märkische Eisenbahngesellschaft unter Leitung von August Wöhler ihre Zentralwerkstatt als Ersatz für bisher in Berlin und Breslau bestehende Einrichtungen.

In den folgenden Jahrzehnten wurde der Bahnhof an mehrere weitere Strecken angebunden. Der preußische Staat betrieb den Bau der Königlichen Ostbahn nach Königsberg. Ihr Teilstück von Frankfurt über Küstrin nach Kreuz wurde am 12. Oktober 1857 eröffnet. Mit der 1866 eröffneten direkten Verbindung von Berlin über Strausberg nach Küstrin umging der Verkehr von der Ostbahn Frankfurt wieder.

Frankfurt als damals wichtigste Messestadt in Nordostdeutschland war sehr an einer Bahnverbindung zwischen den drei Messestädten Leipzig, Frankfurt und Posen interessiert. Jedoch konnte sie sich mit ihren Plänen nicht durchsetzen. Die Strecke zwischen Leipzig und Posen wurde über Guben gebaut, Frankfurt erhielt nur einen Abzweig in Richtung Posen von Bentschen aus. Beim Bau dieser Strecke machten sich erneut die topographischen Schwierigkeiten durch den großen Höhenunterschied zwischen Odertal und den Hügelzügen im Westen von Frankfurt bemerkbar. Zeitweise war in Diskussion, die Strecke aus Posen auf dem östlichen Oderufer ohne Gleisverbindung zu den anderen Strecken enden zu lassen. Schließlich wurde eine Variante gefunden, bei der die Strecke über eine Brücke über die Oder weit südlich der Stadt geführt wurde. Am 26. Juni 1870 wurde der Verkehr auf der Strecke aufgenommen. Im Zuge des Baus der Strecke musste der Bahnhof umgebaut und erheblich erweitert werden. Die Strecke aus Posen erhielt einen eigenen Bahnhofsteil, den (Märkisch-)Posener Hof östlich des Empfangsgebäudes. Die Ostbahn besaß eigene Rangieranlagen nördlich des Bahnhofs, der unter Eisenbahnen auch als Ostbahnhof bezeichnet wurde. Beide Bezeichnungen hielten sich bis in die Gegenwart.

Am 31. Dezember 1876 folgte die Strecke aus Cottbus über Grunow und am 15. Juni 1877 die Strecke aus Eberswalde, betrieben von der Berlin-Stettiner Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft. Bis 1882 wurden alle Frankfurt berührenden Eisenbahnstrecken verstaatlicht. 1897 wurde der Bahnhof an das Frankfurter Straßenbahnnetz angeschlossen. 1900 wurde die Bahnhofsstraße, die bisher in Eisenbahnbesitz war, von der Stadt Frankfurt übernommen.

Weitere Umbauten
Noch vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg begannen Bauarbeiten für einen großen Verschiebebahnhof nördlich des Bahnhofs an der Strecke nach Eberswalde, der 1917 in Betrieb ging. In diesem Bereich hatte die Berlin-Stettiner Bahn für die Strecke aus Eberswalde bereits vorher ihren Güterbahnhof gehabt. Der neue Bahnhof wurde über Verbindungsstrecken nach Rosengarten in Richtung Berlin und zwischen Booßen und Lebus in Richtung Küstrin angebunden. Auch ein Ortsgüterbahnhof entstand in diesem Bereich.

Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg kam die Stadt Posen und der größte Teil der angrenzenden Provinz zu Polen. Die früher dort ansässige Eisenbahndirektion wurde zunächst nach Berlin-Charlottenburg und 1923 nach Frankfurt verlegt und dann als Reichsbahndirektion Osten bezeichnet. Eine Vielzahl von Eisenbahnern siedelte sich daraufhin in Frankfurt an.

Trotz des neuen Güterbahnhofs blieben die Kapazitäten im Bahnhof beengt. Anfang der 1920er Jahre entschied man sich zu einem Komplettumbau. Ein neues Empfangsgebäude entstand östlich des alten, das abgerissen wurde. Die freigewordene Fläche wurde für weitere Gleisanlagen genutzt. Der Märkisch-Posener Hof östlich des Bahnhofsgebäudes konnte verkleinert werden. Der Bahnhofsvorplatz wurde beim Umbau um vier Meter abgesenkt, so dass das Bahnhofsgebäude mit dem Bahnsteigtunnel und der Straßentunnel nach Beresinchen nördlich des Bahnhofsgebäudes ohne große Höhenunterschiede angebunden werden konnten. 1926 wurden zwei Bahnsteighallen von der Firma Beuchelt (Grünberg/ Schlesien) errichtet.

1930 wurde die Hauptwerkstatt am Bahnhof geschlossen und das Gelände von anderen Bahneinrichtungen genutzt.

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg
Zum Kriegsende waren die Stadt, das Umland und die Eisenbahnstrecken heftigen Zerstörungen ausgesetzt. Elf Wochen war die Stadt Schauplatz heftiger Kämpfe zwischen der deutschen Wehrmacht und der Roten Armee. Am 23. April 1945 besetzten sowjetische Truppen die Stadt. Bereits zwei Tage später wurde mit dem Bau einer Behelfsbrücke als Ersatz für die beim Rückzug der Wehrmachtstruppen gesprengte Oderbrücke begonnen. Nachdem bereits bis zur Oder ein Gleis auf russische Breitspur umgespurt worden war, wurde bald ein Breitspurgleis bis Frankfurt, im Mai 1945 auch bis Berlin verlegt. Auch einige Bahnhofsgleise wurden umgespurt. Erst schrittweise konnte der Verkehr wieder aufgenommen werden. Als Folge der im Potsdamer Abkommen festgelegten Oder-Neiße-Grenze wurde die Stadt zum Grenzort. In den folgenden Jahrzehnten entwickelte sich der Bahnhof zum wichtigsten Grenzbahnhof der DDR in Richtung Osten.

Der Abschnitt zwischen Frankfurt und dem Abzweig Wüste Kunersdorf bei Lebus an der Strecke nach Küstrin wurde als Reparationsleistung an die Sowjetunion abgebaut und nicht wieder aufgebaut. Der Verkehr auf dieser Strecke wurde danach ausschließlich über die Verbindungsstrecke von Booßen aus geführt. Durch die neue Grenzziehung nahm jedoch die Bedeutung dieser Strecke deutlich ab, die Strecke wurde nur noch als Nebenbahn eingestuft.

Zur Abfertigung des starken Güterverkehrs in Richtung Polen entstand auf dem Westufer vor der Brücke der Bahnhof Oderbrücke (heute Frankfurt-Oderbrücke).

Auch wenn der Güterverkehr im Wesentlichen über den Rangierbahnhof abgewickelt wurde, war auch der Personenbahnhof durch diesen Verkehr belastet, da der gesamte Verkehr von Berlin und vom Rangierbahnhof nach Polen und in Richtung Süden den Personenbahnhof passieren musste. Über mehrere Jahrzehnte gab es Planungen zum Bau einer südlichen Verbindungskurve, wodurch der Bahnhof entlastet werden sollte. Die Kurve sollte den Bahnhof Oderbrücke direkt mit der Strecke nach Eisenhüttenstadt verbinden, so dass die Kohle- und Erztransporte nicht mehr im Bahnhof Frankfurt (Oder) bzw. – bei zweimaliger Fahrt durch den Personenbahnhof – im Rangierbahnhof die Fahrtrichtung wechseln mussten. Gegen den Bau regten sich Bürgerproteste. Nachdem 1984 zur Entlastung des Landweges und aufgrund der politischen Situation in Polen die Fährverbindung Mukran–Klaipėda in die Sowjetunion eröffnet wurde, wurde endgültig auf den Bau der Kurve verzichtet.

1988 wurde auf polnischer Seite die Strecke über die Grenze bis in den Bahnhof Oderbrücke elektrifiziert.

Entwicklung seit 1990
Am 22. November 1990 ging ein neues Zentralstellwerk an der Finkenheerder Straße südlich der Bahnsteige in Betrieb. Es ersetzte fünf dezentrale Stellwerke. Am 15. Dezember 1990 wurde der elektrische Betrieb in Richtung Berlin, Cottbus über Guben und zur Oderbrücke aufgenommen.

1996 endete der Verkehr von Frankfurt nach Küstrin, die Strecke wurde wenig später stillgelegt. Ebenfalls stillgelegt wurde der Streckenabschnitt von Grunow nach Cottbus; das Reststück dieser Strecke von Frankfurt bis Grunow wird noch von den Zügen in Richtung Beeskow und Königs Wusterhausen befahren.

Von 1998 bis 2003 wurde der Bahnhofsvorplatz und die Personenverkehrsanlagen im Bahnhof umgestaltet. Das Bahnhofsgebäude wurde saniert. Ein Bahnsteig wurde dabei entfernt.

Mit dem Betritt Polens zur Europäischen Union und später zum Schengen-Raum verlor der Bahnhof die meisten seiner Aufgaben als Grenzbahnhof in Richtung Polen. Für einige Züge ist er noch Lokwechselhalt, wobei die Züge des Berlin-Warszawa-Express mittlerweile mit Mehrsystemlokomotiven fahren, die sowohl für das deutsche als auch das polnische Strom- und Sicherungssystem geeignet sind.

Personenverkehr

Bis 1945
Die Relation Berlin – Frankfurt – Guben – Breslau war bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg eine der wichtigsten Fernverkehrsachsen in Deutschland. Eine Vielzahl von Schnellzügen verkehrte über diesen Laufweg, mit Ausnahme eines kurzzeitig in den 1930er Jahren fahrenden Expresszugs hielten sie alle in Frankfurt. Ein Teil der Züge fuhr über Breslau hinaus, unter anderem nach Wien oder Budapest.

Eine weitere wichtige Fernverkehrsrelation führte von Berlin über Frankfurt nach Posen. Weiter nach Warschau ging es mehrere Jahrzehnte über Thorn, seit Mitte der 1920er Jahre gibt es die durchgehende Verbindung über die damals fertiggestellte Bahnstrecke Warszawa–Poznań. Mitte der 1920er Jahre entstand eine direkte Verbindung nach Warschau in Verlängerung der Strecke aus Frankfurt, so dass seitdem auch der Verkehr von Berlin nach Warschau und weiter in Richtung Osten über Frankfurt lief.

Zwischen den Weltkriegen gab es einzelne Eilzüge zwischen Stettin und Breslau über Küstrin und Frankfurt.
Von 1926 bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg gab es einen dichten innerstädtischen Personenverkehr zur Erschließung der ausgedehnten Anlagen des Verschiebebahnhofs. Zwischen Frankfurt und Booßen pendelten bis zu 18 Zügen am Tag. Im Bereich des Verschiebebahnhofs entstanden die Haltepunkte Paulinenhof, Simonsmühle und Gronenfelde. Letzterer wurde später Frankfurt-Klingetal genannt und war bis 1995/1996 für die Züge in Richtung Eberswalde und Kostrzyn in Betrieb.

Zwischen 1945 und 1990
Nach 1945 war Frankfurt (Oder) Grenzbahnhof für die Fernzüge von Berlin in Richtung Polen. In Küstrin und Guben verkehrten nur Güterzüge über die Grenze, der Übergang in Guben im Zuge der Strecke nach Breslau war ganz geschlossen und wurde nur für militärische Zwecke vorgehalten. Der Fernverkehr in Berlin in Richtung Polen und in die Sowjetunion verlief über Frankfurt, den neuen polnischen Grenzbahnhof Kunowice und den Knoten Rzepin. Bis 1980 nahm der Verkehr beständig zu.
Für den Binnenverkehr in der DDR zwischen Berlin und Frankfurt war nur ein kleiner Teil dieser Züge freigegeben; auch war Einsteigen in Frankfurt in die in Richtung Bundesrepublik weiterfahrenden Transitzüge nicht möglich.

In Nord-Süd-Richtung fuhren zu DDR-Zeiten einige Eilzüge zwischen Frankfurt bzw. bereits Angermünde in Richtung Dresden. In der Sommersaison verkehrten einige Saisonzüge zwischen Stralsund oder Wolgast und Zittau. Mehrere Jahrzehnte lang gab es einen direkten Interzonenzug zwischen Frankfurt (Oder) und Frankfurt (Main) über Cottbus und Leipzig.
Frankfurt(Oder) war neben Cottbus und Neubrandenburg die einzige Bezirksstadt der DDR, die nicht vom Städte-Express der Deutschen Reichsbahn angefahren wurde.

Hauptziel des Nahverkehrs aus Frankfurt blieb Berlin, jedoch konnten aufgrund von Kapazitätsengpässen im Berliner Raum nur die wenigsten Züge direkt nach Berlin fahren und endeten bereits in Erkner, von wo S-Bahn-Anschluss in die Stadt bestand. Einige beschleunigte Personenzüge fuhren direkt nach Berlin-Karlshorst, teilweise weiter bis Berlin Ostbahnhof. Sie hielten unterwegs nur in Fürstenwalde und nur auf wenigen oder gar keinen weiteren Stationen.

Eine Besonderheit waren zwei über Jahrzehnte verkehrende langlaufende Personenzüge. Eines dieser Zugpaare fuhr täglich von Frankfurt über Eberswalde, Fürstenberg (Havel), Neustrelitz, Güstrow nach Schwerin. Das andere verkehrte über Erkner, Flughafen Berlin-Schönefeld, Zossen, Wünsdorf, wieder Zossen nach Jüterbog; bis in die 1970er Jahre weiter über Potsdam, Brandenburg nach Magdeburg. Diese Züge führten – wie auch ein Eilzugpaar zwischen Frankfurt und Dresden – besondere Wagen für Angehörige der sowjetischen Armee.

Nach 1990

Die Fernzüge in Richtung Cottbus wurden in der zweiten Hälfte der 1990er Jahre eingestellt. Aus Richtung Berlin verkehrte von 1991 bis 1993 eine durchgehende D-Zug-Linie von Halberstadt über Magdeburg nach Frankfurt.
Danach verblieb nur der durchgehende Zugverkehr in Richtung Polen, der etwas ausgedünnt bis heute Bestand hat. Seit 1993 werden die meisten Nahverkehrszüge in Richtung Berlin im Stundentakt direkt in die Stadt geführt, 1994 wurden das Angebot in Nahverkehr in Regional-Express-Züge (RE) umgewandelt. Seit 1998 fahren die RE-Züge im annähernden Halbstundentakt von Frankfurt nach Berlin und weiter nach Potsdam, Brandenburg und Magdeburg. Auch auf den anderen Strecken um Frankfurt wurde Mitte der 1990er Jahre der Taktverkehr eingeführt. Teilweise ging dies einher mit der Schließung von Unterwegshalten, vor allem auf der Strecke in Richtung Eberswalde.

Nahverkehr in Richtung Polen gibt es erst seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre, nachdem einige bisher als Dienstzüge fahrende Verbindungen für die Öffentlichkeit freigegeben wurden. Das Angebot ist allerdings nicht umfangreich. In den meisten Jahren verkehrten nur zwei oder drei Zugpaare am Tag.

Nachdem in den 1990er- und 2000er-Jahren eine Reihe internationaler Ziele aus den Fahrplänen gestrichen wurden, wird Frankfurt nur noch vom Berlin-Warszawa-Express und von Zügen nach Moskau bedient. Die Angebot in Richtung Polen wird allerdings wieder verbessert, sodass seit 2012 die polnische Dreistadt (Gdańsk, Sopot, Gdynia) mit einem täglichen Zugpaar erreicht wird. Seit 2019 wird Frankfurt außerdem von einem täglichen Nachtzug nach Wien, Budapest und Przemyśl bedient, seit Dezember 2020 hält auch der EuroCity Wawel auf dem Weg gen Schlesien und Kraków im Bahnhof. Seit Fahrplanwechsel im Dezember 2022 gibt es im Regionalverkehr mit dem RE10 eine zweistündliche, durchgehende Verbindung nach Leipzig.

Ausblick
Der Bahnhof sollte bis Dezember 2020 mit ETCS Level 1 (ETCS signalgeführt) ausgerüstet werden. Im Oktober 2021 wurde nunmehr die Planung eines Elektronischen Stellwerks (einschließlich ETCS Level 2) ausgeschrieben.

Verkehrsanbindung
Im Fahrplanjahr 2023 bedienen folgende Linien den Bahnhof:

Anlagen

Kopfbahnhof
Der erste Frankfurter Bahnhof war ein Kopfbahnhof mit je einem Abfahrts-, Ankunfts- und Abstellgleis für den Personenverkehr. Auf der Nordseite der Gleise lag das Stationsgebäude. Am Gleisende an der Ostseite des Bahnhofs waren Wagen-, Lok- und Güterschuppen vorhanden sowie eine Postexpedition. Nach dem Bau des Durchgangsbahnhof entstanden auf dem Gelände Werkstattanlagen. Die Postexpedition wurde zum Beamtenwohnhaus, das Empfangsgebäude wurde für Verwaltungszwecke genutzt. 1945 wurde es bei einem Bombenangriff zerstört. Eins der Mitte der 1850er Jahre entstanden Werkstattbauten (Bahnhofstraße 7) ist erhalten geblieben und steht unter Denkmalschutz.

Erster Durchgangsbahnhof
Für den Durchgangsbahnhof der Züge in Richtung Breslau wurde die Strecke aus Berlin in einem Rechtsbogen nach Süden geführt. Im Bogen entstand der neue Bahnhof. Das Empfangsgebäude von 1846 wurde unter Leitung des Baudirektors der Niederschlesisch-Märkischen-Eisenbahn, Ludwig Henz, gebaut. Es ähnelte sehr den etwa zur gleichen Zeit entstandenen Bahnhofsgebäuden in Görlitz und Kohlfurt. "Form und Details der Fassaden der kastellhaften, renaissanceartigen Baukörper, Rundbogenfenster und Gesimse, gekuppelte kleine Rundbogenfenster im Mezzanin verraten jedoch den gemeinsamen Ursprung dieser Bauten", nur die Türme an den Kopfseiten des Gebäudes wurden hier nicht ausgeführt. Auf der Stadtseite des Bahnhofs entstand der Güterschuppen, Lokschuppen und andere Anlagen zur Fahrzeugbehandlung auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite. Während die Ostbahnstrecke noch in diesen Bahnhof eingeführt werden konnte, reichten die Anlagen für die 1870 eröffnete Strecke nach Posen nicht aus. Die Märkisch-Posener-Eisenbahn erhielt einen eigenen Bahnhofsteil, den Posener Hof, auf der Ostseite des Bahnhofs unter Nutzung der alten Güteranlagen der Niederschlesisch-Märkischen-Bahn. Diese baute auf der anderen Bahnhofsseite einen neuen Schuppen, der auch von der Ostbahn genutzt wurde. Die Rangieranlagen der Ostbahn lagen im sogenannten Ostbahnhof nördlich des eigentlichen Bahnhofs. Der Güterbahnhof der Stettiner Bahn wurde weiter im Norden der Stadt auf dem Gelände des späteren Ortsgüterbahnhofs am Südrand des Verschiebebahnhofs gebaut.

Heutiger Bahnhof
Der heutige Bahnhof ist in seinen Grundzügen das Resultat des Bahnhofsumbaus Anfang der 1920er Jahre. Das Empfangsgebäude aus dem Jahr 1923 wurde von Reichsbahnrat Wilhelm Beringer errichtet. Es gilt mit "seiner neubarocken Haltung" als "eins der letzten eklektizistischen Bahnhofsgebäude", bevor sich neue Baustile durchsetzten. 1926 wurden die Bahnsteige 3 und 4 mit einer Bahnsteighalle versehen, einige kleinere Bauten stehen senkrecht zum Bahnhofsgebäude als Abschluss der in Hochlage verlaufenden Gleisanlagen. Der Zugang zum Bahnhofsgebäude und von dort in den Bahnsteigtunnel verläuft ebenerdig; einen durchgehenden Tunnel von den Bahnsteigen in Richtung Beresinchen gibt es nicht. Der Bahnhof verfügt über drei Inselbahnsteige. Ein weiterer Bahnsteig, der ursprüngliche Bahnsteig 1 neben dem Empfangsgebäude, wurde bei der Sanierung des Bahnhofs nach 1990 entfernt.

Umfeld

Vor dem Empfangsgebäude liegt der Bahnhofsvorplatz, wo sich der Busbahnhof befindet. Die Straßenbahnhaltestellen liegen etwa 100 Meter nördlich des Empfangsgebäudes an der Straßenunterführung (Beresinchentunnel) nach Beresinchen. Von dort weiter nach Norden führt die ehemals in Bahnbesitz befindliche Bahnhofsstraße in Richtung Innenstadt. Ihre Bebauung wurde im Zweiten Weltkrieg fast vollständig zerstört und durch Neubauten ersetzt. Zwischen Busbahnhof und Straßenbahnhaltestelle (Gegenüber der Beresinchentunnel) befindet sich das neu rekonstruierte "City Residence Hotel Frankfurt Oder". Die Siedlung Kiliansberg auf der Ostseite des Bahnhofsvorplatz entstand etwa zeitgleich mit dem Bahnhofsumbau zwischen 1922 und 1924 und wurde ebenfalls von Beringer entworfen. Sie liegt an einem steilen Hang über dem Odertal und wurde von der Siedlungsgesellschaft Ostmark mit Wohnungen für die nach dem Umzug der Reichsbahndirektion nach Frankfurt zugezogenen Eisenbahner gebaut. Zwischen den Häusern steht das von Beringer entworfene und vom Bildhauer Fürstenberg fertiggestellte Denkmal für 1535 im Ersten Weltkrieg (und in den Grenzkonflikten nach 1919) gefallene Eisenbahner. Die drei Säulen des Denkmals stehen dabei symbolisch für die ehemaligen (preußischen) Eisenbahndirektionen Danzig, Posen und Bromberg, die nach dem Vertrag von Versailles aufgelöst werden mussten. Siedlung und Denkmal stehen auf der Liste der Kulturdenkmale des Landes Brandenburg.

Siehe auch
 Bahnhöfe in Frankfurt (Oder)

Literatur
 Lothar Meyer, Horst Regling, Eisenbahnknoten Frankfurt (Oder), transpress, Stuttgart, 2000. ISBN 3-613-71126-5.

Weblinks

 Der Personenbahnhof Frankfurt (Oder) auf der Site der Eisenbahnfreunde Frankfurt (Oder).
 Erinnerungsort Bahnhof Frankfurt (Oder) Rotary Club Frankfurt (Oder)

Einzelnachweise

Frankfurt (Oder)
Frankfurtoder
FrankfurtOder
FrankfurtOder

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Acroleïne of propenal is de eenvoudigste onverzadigde aldehyde. Het is een zeer reactieve stof, die in industriële processen gebruikt wordt voor de productie van onder andere methionine (een aminozuur) of glutaaraldehyde (een biocide).

Acroleïne komt ook voor in sigarettenrook en uitlaatgassen van voertuigen.

Synthese
Het oudste commercieel proces voor de productie van acroleïne is ontwikkeld door Degussa in 1942 en was gebaseerd op de condensatiereactie in de gasfase van aceetaldehyde en formaldehyde.

Momenteel wordt acroleïne echter in hoofdzaak geproduceerd via de katalytische oxidatie van propeen in de gasfase. De gebruikte katalysatoren zijn complexe metaaloxiden van meestal bismut of molybdeen. Acroleïne wordt op deze manier ook gevormd in de eerste stap van de productie van acrylzuur uit propeen.

Een ander proces is de dehydratie van glycerine:

C3H8O3 <=> CH2=CHCHO + 2H2O

Dit is een evenwichtsreactie. Bij lage temperatuur verloopt ze naar links (de hydratie van acroleïne overheerst), terwijl bij hoge temperatuur (vanaf 200 °C) ze naar rechts (de dehydratie van glycerine overheerst) verloopt. De reactie gebeurt met een zure, vaste katalysator, zoals zouten van fosforzuur, geïmpregneerd op diatomeeënaarde. Een nadeel is de vorming van nevenproducten in een aantal nevenreacties. Die moeten nadien uit het reactiemengsel verwijderd worden en ze kunnen voor roetafzettingen op de katalysator zorgen. Indien de reactie in aanwezigheid van zuurstof gebeurt zou de vorming van nevenproducten verminderd en de levensduur van de katalysator verlengd worden.

Acroleïne is ook een bijproduct van de productie van acrylonitril.

Biologische rol
Acroleïne werd ontdekt in de wijnindustrie. Tijdens de gisting van wijn worden kleine hoeveelheden glycerol gemaakt die de wijn een volle, ronde smaak geven. Verder komen in wijn ook melkzuurbacteriën voor die appelzuur omzetten in melkzuur, waardoor de wijn een minder zure smaak krijgt. Sommige van deze melkzuurbacteriën kunnen glycerol omzetten in 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA). In een zuur milieu (wijn) of bij hoge temperatuur wordt 3-HPA gedehydrolyseerd en ontstaat acroleïne. De aanwezigheid van acroleïne is ongewild omdat het zorgt voor een bittere smaak in de wijn.

Toepassingen
In de Europese Unie wordt acroleïne uitsluitend gebruikt als tussenproduct voor de productie van andere stoffen zoals methionine, acrylzuur of glutaaraldehyde. Buiten de EU wordt het ook gebruikt als een niet-specifiek biocide.

Toxicologie en veiligheid
Acroleïne is een licht ontvlambare stof. In lucht kan de damp een ontplofbaar mengsel vormen (explosiegrenzen tussen 2,8 en 31 volumeprocent in lucht). De damp is zwaarder dan lucht en kan zich langs de grond verspreiden en op afstand ontstoken worden. Acroleïne kan spontaan polymeriseren, waardoor risico op brand of ontploffing ontstaan. De stof reageert in aanwezigheid van sterke zuren, sterke basen of sterk oxiderende stoffen. Deze reacties kunnen ook tot brand of ontploffing leiden. Acroleïne kan ook ontplofbare peroxiden vormen. Bij opslag of transport ervan moet daarom steeds een stabilisator worden toegevoegd (hydrochinon).

Acroleïne kan in het lichaam opgenomen worden door inademing van de damp, langs de huid of door inslikken. Blootstelling aan de huid of de ogen veroorzaakt sterke irritatie en tranende ogen. Bij inademing van een hoge dosis kan longoedeem, vaak pas na enkele uren, optreden.

Acroleïne is ook milieugevaarlijk en zeer giftig voor in water levende organismen.

Externe links

 European Chemical Substances Information System

Aldehyde
Vinylverbinding
Alfa,bèta-onverzadigde carbonylverbinding
Ontvlambare stof
Corrosieve stof
Toxische stof
Milieugevaarlijke stof


Gallery Director and Museum Studies Professor Alessandra Moctezuma and her staff are looking forward to programming exhibitions and events in this state-of-the-art space. They are looking back with this unique artistic reunion. The artwork in the exhibition is a celebration of the continued dedication and achievements of San Diego Mesa College's former students. It presents their growth and progress in terms of mastery of technique and development of ideas. The work on view explores an exciting range of topics: from urban landscapes to the natural world; from feminist resistance to psychological bonds. The viewer will encounter poetic figurative paintings, whimsical watercolors, large-scale sculpture and abstract colorful impasto work.
Mesa College Alumni artists include: Andrew Alcasid, Jennifer Anichowski, Jenny Armer, Emily Baker, Orysya Barua, Farshid Bazmandegan, Elaine Blumberg, Juan Miguel Cabrera, Daniel Carbone, Brad Carss, Kait Doyle, Dana Edwards, Bridget Enderle, Michael Field, Kim Garcia, Scott Gengelbach, BJ Glowacki, Eleanor Greer, Grace Grey Adams, Nuvia Crisol Guerra, Helen Hawes, Vijay Hingorani, Kevin Kao, Leila Khalilzadeh, Tracy Lawson, Akiko Mims, Alejandra Moran-Sanchez, Mara Nasland, Scott Paulson, Timothy Penney, Ginger Rosser, Lucie Samarkova, Emiko Scudder, Sheila Skinner, Barbara Smith, Mark Stewart, Reinhart Selvik, Elizabeth Stringer, Anna Stump, Kline Swonger, Julie Taylor, Jennifer Vargas, Nicole Waszak, Kevin Winger, Norma Yates, and Emily Zheng.
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The newly remodeled four-story Fine Art building designed by Architects HGW/ Hanna Gabriel Wells is located next to Student Services I-400 and rises up from Parking Lot 1 near the Marlesta and Genessee entrance to the college. The expansive gallery is located on the first floor of this brutalist concrete structure that is nestled into the hillside. With a dramatic glass door entrance, the exhibition space announces itself with yellow, black and white super graphics on its exterior wall that make it easy to find.
In addition to continuing our exhibitions of established and emerging artists, the new gallery will be a laboratory for the Museum Studies/Gallery Exhibition Skills class to learn to curate and install exhibitions. Also, a separate student gallery will be used to feature class or individual projects and invited artists will hold workshops with students.


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Ever thought of Wireless switching?
Wireless switches are a great for hard to install places like a block wall in older houses or on an island in your kitchen. If you want pendants or recessed lighting above your island but don't want to tear your kitchen apart, then you can consider having a wireless switch installed. The wireless switches I install do not require batteries and do not require making a hole in the Sheetrock or cabinet. They are a surface mounted switch, which means that it can placed on any surface without requiring extensive alteration of your cabinet or Sheetrock. Each installation requires a switch and a receiver.


2018 Acura Mdx Vs Cadillac Xt5 – 2017 acura mdx vs cadillac xt5, 2018 acura mdx vs cadillac xt5, 2018 acura rdx vs cadillac xt5, Lots of people get car as a irritating process. Whilst driving a car a new car is fun, making the option of what one to buy requires research, study and time. The entire process of discovering a car will likely be exciting rather of hard if you use this details. You can virtually help save a good deal of dollars by performing online study. When you see the car you want, you will go to the car dealership specifically or have a neighborhood dealership deliver the car to you. Try out planning to save more funds if the actual dealership giving the car is fairly in close proximity.
Or maybe your every day car is on its previous lower body, now is a single of the best periods of year to buy a car, if you've spent the prior month or two taking a look at a specific model at the nearby dealer. In midsection to late Dec, salesmen are planning to crystal clear outbound models and fulfill year-stop revenue desired goals. That translates to big cost savings for customers. Nonetheless, it is crucial that you take time to research and plan for this key purchase.
Ask your friends and relations, and several of them will acknowledge which they will not like searching for a vehicle at a car dealer. They might even position the vacation up there with planning to the dentist. Luckily there are a few ideas to help with making the car buying expertise greater. Continue reading to discover what you can do to assist you cope with the procedure.
If you could possibly get the financing forward of your buy, contact the bank to find out. This helps to ensure that is good for your safety. Typically the dealership's finance office can find a much better amount for you than a bank, but it really is a very good idea to understand what interest rate you are considering well before store shopping.


I would like to get the typography from M15 but i can't find why i do not have it.
Does someone can help ?
On my system, MSE is unable to locate fonts specified with spaces (I'm unsure why). As a workaround, I edited the style files in mse-style directories, replacing things like "name: Beleren Bold" with "name: Beleren" and that fixed the issue for me. If there is a better solution that does not entail renaming of the fonts themselves, I'd love to hear it.


text:
<?php

namespace AppBundle\Entity;

use AppBundle\Service\DateTimeFactory\DateTimeFactory;
use AppBundle\Service\IdGenerator\IdGenerator;
use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping as ORM;

/**
 * User card for flat resources metrics to specific date
 * @ORM\Table(name="cards")
 * @ORM\Entity(repositoryClass="AppBundle\Entity\Repository\CardRepository")
 */
class Card
{
    /**
     * @var string
     * @ORM\Column(name="id", type="string")
     * @ORM\Id
     */
    private $id;

    /**
     * @var \DateTime
     * @ORM\Column(name="created_at", type="datetime")
     */
    private $createdAt;

    /**
     * @var float
     * @ORM\Column(name="water_cold", type="float")
     */
    private $waterCold;

    /**
     * @var float
     * @ORM\Column(name="water_hot", type="float")
     */
    private $waterHot;

    /**
     * @var User
     * @ORM\ManyToOne(targetEntity="AppBundle\Entity\User", inversedBy="cards")
     * @ORM\JoinColumn(name="creator", referencedColumnName="id")
     */
    private $creator;

    public function __construct(
        User $creator,
        float $waterHot,
        float $waterCold,
        IdGenerator $idGenerator = null,
        DateTimeFactory $dateTimeFactory = null
    ) {
        $idGenerator = $idGenerator ?: new IdGenerator();
        $dateTimeFactory = $dateTimeFactory ?? new DateTimeFactory();
        $this->id = $idGenerator->generateUuid();
        $this->createdAt = $dateTimeFactory->getCurrentDateAndTime();
        $this->creator = $creator;
        $this->waterCold = $waterCold;
        $this->waterHot = $waterHot;
    }

    public function getId(): string
    {
        return $this->id;
    }

    public function getCreatedAt(): \DateTimeImmutable
    {
        $createdAt = $this->createdAt;

        if ($createdAt instanceof \DateTime) {
            $createdAt = \DateTimeImmutable::createFromMutable($createdAt);
        }

        return $createdAt;
    }

    public function setCreatedAt(\DateTime $createdAt): void
    {
        $this->createdAt = $createdAt;
    }

    public function getWaterCold(): float
    {
        return $this->waterCold;
    }

    public function setWaterCold(float $waterCold): void
    {
        $this->waterCold = $waterCold;
    }

    public function getWaterHot(): float
    {
        return $this->waterHot;
    }

    public function setWaterHot(float $waterHot): void
    {
        $this->waterHot = $waterHot;
    }

    public function getCreator(): User
    {
        return $this->creator;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The individual ego must cease to strive, the mind fall silent, the desire-will learn not to initiate. Our personality must join its source and all thought and initiation come from above.
To get the capacity of this silence and peace is a most important step in the sadhana. My whole Yoga is founded upon and it is through it that there come afterwards all the inexhaustible riches of a greater Knowledge, Will and Joy. The cup has often to be emptied before it can be new-filled; the yogin ought not to be afraid of emptiness or silence. It is the spirit that feels a release in the silence empty of all mental or other activities, for in that silence it becomes self-aware.
What the physical mind has to learn is to be quiet and act only when the Will wants to use it, when it is really needed — and also to act only on what the Will wants to deal with, not run about in a random manner. When it becomes quiet, it can then go inside and come into contact and unity with the inner physical consciousness. The wideness and peace as it grows can do much to quiet the physical mind and give it an inward source of deeper action.
A silent mind is a result of yoga; the ordinary mind is never silent. The thinkers and philosophers do not have the silent mind. It is the active mind they have, only of course they concentrate so the common incoherent mentalising stops. There are always two things that can rise up and assail the silence, — vital suggestions, the physical mind's mechanical recurrences. Calm rejection for both is the cure.
He is the Immobile's deep and deathless hush.


Some wonder if TASER devices will take down a large man while he is attempting to attack. Watch as a TASER device drops this bull like a sack of potatoes! This video was originally generated for our sister website, Taser101.com.
FAQ: Why the voltage of our direct contact stun guns is so much higher than TASER Devices??
The four 50,000 volt TASER models we sell, deliver a stronger shock than our higher voltage stun guns, being TASER products' wattage and amperage output is much higher. Though our higher voltage stun guns are effective in disabling assailants at close range (stun guns do not fire darts - the unit itself must touch assailant) , all TASER models have more take down power, and disable assailants from 15 feet away. Click here for more information!