SEATTLE--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Mar. 18, 2015-- (NASDAQ: AMZN)—In just one month since its record-breaking debut, Amazon today announced it has greenlit a second season of its first original hour-long drama series Bosch. Based on Michael Connelly's internationally best-selling Harry Bosch book series with nearly 50 million copies sold, Bosch has achieved the biggest debut weekend among all Amazon Original Series and is the most-watched title on Prime Instant Video, across movies and TV series in its first four weeks. Bosch currently has an IMDb rating of 8.5/10 and Amazon customer rating of 4.6/5 stars. Season two will be drawn from Connelly's bestselling novels Trunk Music and The Drop. Returning to the series are stars Titus Welliver (Lost, The Good Wife, Sons of Anarchy) as Harry Bosch, Jamie Hector (The Wire) as his partner Jerry Edgar, Amy Aquino (Being Human) as Lt. Grace Billets, Lance Reddick (Fringe, The Wire) as Deputy Chief Irvin Irving, and Sarah Clarke (24) as Eleanor Wish. The series was developed for television by Eric Overmyer (Treme, The Wire, Homicide: Life on the Streets) and is Executive Produced by Overmyer, Connelly, Henrik Bastin (The Killing, Odyssey, The Comedians) and Pieter Jan Brugge (Heat, The Insider, The Clearing).
In the second season of Bosch, the relentless LAPD detective will investigate the murder of a Hollywood producer who laundered money for the mob. He will also pursue serial killer Chilton Hardy and the investigations take Bosch from the Hollywood Hills down through the gritty back streets of L.A. and Las Vegas, threatening those closest to him—his teenage daughter and ex-wife. There have been 19 Harry Bosch novels published since 1992, including 2014's number-one bestseller The Burning Room.
Prime members can now watch all ten episodes of Bosch as often as they would like from the Amazon Instant Video app for TVs, connected devices and mobile devices, or online at Amazon.com/boschtv, at no additional cost to their membership. Customers who are not already a Prime member can sign up for a free trial at www.amazon.com/prime.
The second season of Bosch will join other Amazon Original Series that include Mozart in the Jungle, from Roman Coppola, Jason Schwartzman, and Paul Weitz, Jill Soloway's multi-Golden Globe Award-winning dark comedy Transparent, along with the second season of the Garry Trudeau political comedy Alpha House. The studio has also launched its first live-action series for kids 6-11, Gortimer Gibbon's Life on Normal Street and three additional children's series, the Annecy International Animated Film Festival Award-winning and Annie Award-winning Tumble Leaf from Bix Pix Entertainment; Creative Galaxy from Angela C. Santomero and Out of the Blue Enterprises, the creators of Blue's Clues; and Annedroids, from Emmy nominated Sinking Ship Entertainment.
Amazon Studios has also announced eight additional, original series will premiere in 2015 and early 2016 exclusively on Prime Instant Video including Hand of God, Mad Dogs, The Man in the High Castle, docu-series The New Yorker Presents, Red Oaks, a second season of Transparent, as well as kids series Wishenpoof!, Just Add Magic, and The Stinky & Dirty Show.
In 2015 Amazon Studios will begin to produce and acquire original movies for theatrical release, followed by early window distribution on Prime Instant Video.
Amazon Studios launched in 2010 as a new way to develop feature films and episodic series—one that's open to great ideas from creators and audiences around the world. Anyone can upload a script online and Amazon Studios will read and review all submissions. Those who choose to make their projects public can also receive feedback from the Amazon Studios community.
Customers can watch shows and movies with the Amazon Instant Video app. The Amazon Instant Video app is available on hundreds of devices including connected TVs, Amazon Fire TV, Roku, Xbox and PlayStation, as well as on mobile devices like Fire phone, Fire tablets, iPhone, iPad, and Android devices. Customers can also watch online at Amazon.com/PIV. Prime Instant Video is also the only U.S. online-only subscription streaming service that enables offline viewing—on a plane, on vacation, and anywhere else where you may not have Wi-Fi.
Amazon Prime members have exclusive access to popular TV series at no additional cost to their membership. Prime members can enjoy binge-worthy TV shows including Amazon Original Series' airing now such as multi-Golden Globe winning series, Transparent, the hour-long drama, Bosch, based on Michael Connelly's best-selling books, the Roman Coppola and Jason Schwartzman comedy, Mozart in the Jungle and the political comedy starring John Goodman, Alpha House, in addition to HBO favorites like The Sopranos, True Blood and Six Feet Under, and popular primetime series including 24, Covert Affairs, Downtown Abbey, Extant, Falling Skies, Grimm, Hannibal, Justified, Orphan Black, Teen Wolf, The Americans, Under the Dome and Veronica Mars. Prime members also have access to an exclusive collection of kids shows now airing including Amazon Original Series' Annedroids, Gortimer Gibbon's Life on Normal Street and the Annecy International Animated Film Festival Award-winning and Annie Award-winning Tumble Leaf, as well as popular shows from Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. including SpongeBob SquarePants, Dora the Explorer, Team Umizoomi, Blue's Clues and The Bubble Guppies.
In addition to tens of thousands of titles to instantly stream, the Amazon Prime membership (www.amazon.com/prime) includes one million songs and hundreds of playlists with Prime Music, unlimited Free Two-Day Shipping on millions of items, early access to select Lightning Deals, unlimited photo storage, and access to more than 800,000 books all for $99 a year.
Comprehensive cast and crew information, including bios and filmographies, is available on Amazon's IMDb (www.imdb.com), the world's most popular and authoritative source for movie, TV and celebrity content.
Red Arrow International is a world-leading TV distributor of scripted, factual and formatted shows from Red Arrow's global group of production companies, outstanding third-party producers and digital-content partners.
Red Arrow International is a major co-producer of global entertainment, providing substantial production financing for scripted and non-scripted projects. Recent international highlights include: "Bosch" (Amazon), "Lilyhammer" (Netflix); "Married at First Sight" (FYI); and "The Taste" (ABC).
With offices in Munich, Los Angeles and Hong Kong, Red Arrow International has a truly global reach and distributes acclaimed, quality content to over 200 territories worldwide.
Led by Henrik Pabst, Red Arrow International is part of Red Arrow Entertainment Group, made up of 13 production companies across 7 countries; the Los Angeles based MCN, Collective Digital Studios; and creative partnerships and joint ventures with STV, Screenz, Sync Media and United Artists Media Group (Mark Burnett / Hearst).
Red Arrow Entertainment Group is a wholly owned subsidiary of ProSiebenSat.1 Media AG, one of Europe's leading media groups.


i am a third year mature art student at college in south east ireland.i intend to use this blog in a very random way, writing any old ideas which come to me. i suppose i'll have to keep all my community based practice blogs together in some way.
This entry was posted in early ramblings and tagged advertising, arms industry, art.political, democracy, Iraq, market forces, nike, political, tabloids. Bookmark the permalink.
I like it, great music, is it CCR?
Some good images there, I have seen some of them before in your other work. (the young tories, NIKE stuff). Really like the Nike montage of the "you don't get it by…" and the sweat shop.
Swiftian, some of your satire.
I got a new (second hand) Apple laptop, a chinese digital camera and a bargain basement pay-as-you-go interweb hookup, so am back on-line. I started a new blog. The 9 month absence from the world of computers has given me a fresh, minimalist perspective.
Rory, you say the kindest things. Welcome back to Blogland. The music is by Johnnie Allen-I never knew the accordion could do that! It's a Chuck Berry song by the way. Is Yogi really a cross Patterdale?
Yeah John, Yogi's mother is a patterdale terrier and his father is a springer spainiel, so he looks like a big patterdale, so that's what he is.
Hope you're in good form.


text:
Black Creativity and the Julius Rosenwald Fund
Philanthropic giant Julius Rosenwald (president of Sears, Roebuck) started the Julius Rosenwald Fund in 1917 "for the well-being of mankind," but devoted much of its philanthropic power to improving the welfare of black Americans. The fund's directors operated with a sense of urgency, as Rosenwald had directed that the fund be liquidated within 25 years of his death. When the fund was reorganized in 1929 it was one of the largest philanthropies in the country.
One of the fund's several high-profile achievements was a fellowship program that supported artists, writers, and historians, most of them black, to take year-long breaks to further their education or pursue projects. The fund's list of recipients includes most of the greatest names in African-American art and literature in the 1930s and '40s: Jacob Lawrence, Marian Anderson, Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, Ralph Bunche, John Hope Franklin, Franklin Frazier, W. E. B. DuBois, and others. Ralph Ellison wrote The Invisible Man on a Rosenwald fellowship. When the fund closed in 1948 as Rosenwald had instructed, it had provided fellowships to nearly 600 black artists.
Peter M. Ascoli, "Julius Rosenwald Fund" in Dwight Burlingame (ed.), Philanthropy in America (ABC-CLIO, 2004)
Joseph K. Hoereth, "Julius Rosenwald and the Rosenwald Fund: A Case in Non-Perpetual Philanthropy," cspcs.sanford.duke.edu/content/julius-rosenwald-and-rosenwald-fund-case-non-perpetual-philanthropy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


[S-2113927563] 1920 United States Federal Census, Ancestry.com, (- Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005. For details on the contents of the film numbers, visit the following NARA web page: NARA. Note: Enumeration Districts 819-839 on roll 323 (Chicago City. - United States of America, Bureau of the Cens), Year: 1920; Census Place: School District 19, Pondera, Montana; Roll: T625_973; Page: 4A; Enumeration District: 168; Image: 559.


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Jaguars turning to Blake Bortles for season finale at Texans | TribLIVE.com
Jaguars turning to Blake Bortles for season finale at Texans
Wed., December 26, 2018 12:39 p.m. | Wednesday, December 26, 2018 12:39 p.m.
Jacksonville Jaguars head coach Doug Marrone gestures, during the first half at an NFL football game against the Miami Dolphins, Sunday, Dec. 23, 2018, in Miami Gardens, Fla. (AP Photo/Lynne Sladky)
JACKSONVILLE, Fla. — Blake Bortles is getting another start for the Jacksonville Jaguars.
It could be his last.
Coach Doug Marrone announced Wednesday that Bortles will start the season finale at Houston (10-5), giving the embattled quarterback a chance to close out the season on a positive note.
Bortles came off the bench at Miami last Sunday and led Jacksonville (5-10) to the go-ahead score in a 17-7 victory. The fifth-year pro completed 5 of 6 passes for 39 yards and carried four times for 25 yards, including scampers of 14 and 13 yards on a field-goal drive that broke a 7-all tie.
Bortles looked considerably better than Cody Kessler, who was sacked five times and lost a fumble for the third consecutive week. Kessler left the game in the second quarter with a bruised throwing shoulder and later returned before sitting down for good.
Kessler led the Jaguars to two touchdowns in 37 possessions as the starter. He completed 65 percent of his passes for 709 yards, with two touchdowns and two interceptions. He also was sacked 22 times, including 18 in four starts.
Bortles has completed 61 percent of his passes for 2,611 yards, with 13 TDs and 10 INTs. He has been sacked 28 times and lost four fumbles.
Because of his inconsistency, it seems Bortles will unlikely return to Jacksonville in 2019. The third overall pick in the 2014 NFL draft is due to count $21 million against the salary cap next season. The Jags can save $9.5 million by cutting him with a post-June 1 designation, making his cap hit only $11.5 million in dead money.
Jacksonville is expected to select a quarterback early in the draft and sign a veteran to start until the rookie is ready.
But it will be Bortles under center against the Texans, who can clinch the AFC South with a victory.
Although Bortles would welcome another year with the Jaguars — he recently bought a $3.75 million home in Jacksonville — he acknowledges what many around the league and inside the team's facility believe to be true: that his tenure in Jacksonville is coming to close.
Bortles never developed into a franchise quarterback, but he fooled top decision-maker Tom Coughlin and general manager Dave Caldwell by playing turnover-free football in the 2017 postseason. That earned him a three-year, $58 million contract in February that ranks high on Coughlin's list of poor decisions.
Bortles struggled early in the season, especially after losing a number of starters on the offensive side of the ball. He was without his top receiver, his top two tight ends, several offensive linemen and played six games without running back Leonard Fournette. Bortles lost seven consecutive starts before Marrone made the move to Kessler.
Now, he's back to Bortles — for one more game.
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Derry man gave sex toys to teen boys and touched one, cops say
Kittanning doughnut shop helps disabled adults get work experience


Land degradation is a major threat to the performance of both rural and urban landscapes. Massive deforestation, overgrazing, polluted water bodies, uncontrolled fishing, peasant farming rooted in bush burning, uncoordinated mining, oil spillage and sprawling urbanization are typical man made disasters. These are compounded by flooding, ocean surges, erosion and desertification driven by climate change phenomenon. Restorative solutions still consider sustainable land management defined as combination of "technologies, policies and activities aimed at integrating socioeconomic principles with environmental concerns so as to enhance natural resource base production systems, protect the natural resource base, be economically viable and socially acceptable" relevant. (Framework for Evaluating Sustainable Land Management, 1991).
Students are invited to creatively provide economically viable and socially acceptable productive landscape design and planning solutions to degraded land areas. Participants are expected to focus on a geo referenced site that has experienced major natural or anthropogenic land degradation.
Jury: Will be announced later.
Concisely state the nature of the site with emphasis on problem analysis.Proposals should be presented at a conceptual stage scale of between 1:5,000 and 1:10,000. Detailed design at scale between 1:500 and 1:2,000.
Clearly illustrate the way in which the planning and design achieve the principles of sustainable land management practices.
Students in accredited landscape architecture programs are eligible.
Bachelor's and Master's projects completed while a registered student are eligible.
Design at conceptual scale of between 1:5,000 and 1:10,000.
Please submit a one A4 page explanatory synopsis which describes the degraded landscape; existing situation; and propose design solutions in PDF file. Please adhere to the following: single line spacing, Time Roman, 12 point font size and submit separately.
Be advised that this text will assist the jury in project evaluation. The text will also be included in chosen publications of prize-winning projects. On that note, ensure that the text is well edited and clearly convey desired message..
Names of the entrants, faculty and universities where entrants are based shall not be identified in the two PDF panels and page of text.
Please remember to attach completed Declaration of Eligibility as additional PDF file.
Received entries will be assigned serial numbers. Hence entries will be referred to only by these serial numbers throughout the judging process to ensure anonymity.
Please visit http://www.iflaafrica2013.com to submit all files online by 7pm (Nigerian Time) Thursday, August 15 2013 (NG Time = UTC/GMT +1 hour). Files must be PDF and maximum file size is 20MB.
Please ensure that your file size conforms to these requirements to avoid disqualification.
Files sent as hard copy by mail or e-mail is not acceptable.
Submissions received after the deadline will not be admitted.
Thursday, 15th August 2013: 6pm GMT, deadline for receipt of entries on website.
United Nations Economic and Social Council Economic Commission for Africa/ African Union Commission [UNESCECA/AUC] (2011) joint submission reiterated the fact that "sustainability will remain elusive if we do not design ways to live within the means of one planet and if there is no hope for all for a better life on that one planet". It is a call for ecological sensibility that biocentrically sees humanity as part of a wider community of life and as basis for true sustainability that heals degraded landscape.
Green economy is a response to the multiple crises confronting humanity in recent decades especially resource depletion, economic crises, climate change anomalies and food insecurity. The later is particularly true of Sub Saharan Africa with twenty one of the thirty poorest nations of the World and highest number of people that are unable to feed adequately. The twin issues of poverty and glaring food shortage is traceable to land degradation that threatens environmental performance of both rural and urban landscapes. Indiscriminate logging, overgrazing, reliance on fire wood, peasant farming, bush burning, uncoordinated mining, oil spillage and sprawling urbanization continue to strip the landscape of its vegetative cover.
This is in view of unpredictable and extreme weather events that propel massive flooding, gully erosion, destructive ocean surges and desertification. There is an urgent need to examine our value system and identify more productive landscape developmental alternatives. Green economy as a local developmental strategy must then address land and water management in all their ramifications. This symposium recognises cultural differences in landscape perception and aims at generating people oriented strategies, policies and agenda for social, environmental and economic sustainability through discussions of all stakeholders and environmental professionals at continental level.
Last week, the government's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) finalized its list of "Billion Dollar Weather/Climate Disasters" for 2012. They reported 11 such events with the combined loss exceeding $110 billion, making it the second costliest year since their compilation began in 1980.
Since the number of billion dollar weather disasters has been increasing over time, the temptation to point a finger at anthropogenic global warming is too great for many global warming addicts to resist, despite the known problems with the list (for example, the lack of proper accounting for changing population demographics—a factor which explains virtually all of the increase).
The Sarnia 2014 Legacy committee may have to rethink the scope of the centennial project after learning it may take months to even find a solution to remove asbestos from Centennial Park.
Golder and Associates pulled soil samples from the park which has been fenced off to the public for weeks and found asbestos and metals such as lead in many of the 130 samples. City Manager Lloyd Fennell says some of the fencing around the MacLean Center will be taken down since that area is clean. But the rest in the north end of the park could remain in place for months.
For the one of you that are going to be in Europe around July, below there is an interesting opportunity related to design and the urban sphere.
The Collaborative Centre for the Built Environment (CCBE) is pleased to announce the launch of our Urban Design Summer School. This Urban Design Summer School is going to have a creative look at several watersides in Northampton with the aim to design new and exciting waterscapes. We will explore what good urban design is, why it contributes to successful and sustainable places and how it can be achieved. Lessons learned and proposals developed for Northampton will be transferable in principle and provide rich inspiration for projects elsewhere.
The Urban Design Summer School is run at the University of Northampton by the Collaborative Centre for the Built Environment in conjunction with the Academy of Urbanism, the Canal and River Trust and David Lock Associates.


Completely odorless and free of objectionable aromatic solvent content. Use with oil-based paints, primers, stains, and varnishes. Ideal for cleanup after painting. General purpose degreaser. Evaporates cleanly with no residual odor or residue. Use where low odor levels are necessary. Low toxicity.


I've seen a few explanations of how multistrike affects your damage, and each time I was left a bit unsatisfied. So, as perhaps can be expected at this point, I decided to try to give it a shot, and really spell it out as clear as I can.
Multistrike - gives most abilities up to two separate chances to hit their original target an additional time for 30% of the original amount in PvE.
Just as a little side note here, to make things a little bit clearer, from this point forward, I'm going to refer to one of the 30% damage shots following your main shot as a "multistrike", and i'm going to refer to the stat as "MS" ("MS%" or "MS Rating").
The trouble in understanding that, is it doesn't really explain how much of a damage increase each % of multistrike gives you. However, with a little bit of algebra, we can convert this to a bit simpler to understand function.
To start off, the number of multistrikes you average per shot will be a simple function of the MS%. If you have, for example, 20% MS, then you have have a 36% chance of getting at least 1 multistrike for any individual ability you use; that is to say, if you fire 100 arcane shots (which do 5000 dam each, we'll get to that later though), you'll get (on average) 36 of those to proc at least one multistrike. In addition to that, you have a 4% chance of getting 2 multistrikes off of any individual ability. So of those 36 multistrikes (proc'ed off of a hundred abilities), 4 of them will will have partners, bringing our total up to 40 multistrikes out of every 100 abilities. Of course, that's the same thing as saying you'll average .4 multistrikes per shot, if you have 20% MS.
Then, because each of those multistrikes do 30% as much damage as the original shot, in our little example here we can go ahead and multiply that in there. If we have 100 arcanes doing 5000 damage each (500,000 damage total), and then we'll have 40 multistrikes which will do .3*5000 damage, that brings us 560,000 damage, a 12% increase in damage. And that's the number we're really interested in. For 20% MS, we get a 12% increase in damage.
For those who don't like to think in algebraic, the easiest way to understand that, I think, is looking at that last entry, with 100% MS. It makes sense that 100% MS would give you 60% extra damage, since it will guarantee you 2, 30% extra damage shots. The point of all of this is, 1% MS gives you 3/5 % increase in damage.
There is then, just one more number we need to look at when thinking about the stat: the amount of the stats on gear that it takes to make up 1%MS. As it's tuned currently on the beta (which seems likely to make it onto live, at this point), it takes 66 MS rating. That means for every 66 MS you get a 3/5% increase to your damage. For a 1% increase in damage, then, you'll need 110 MS rating, which is a somewhat interesting number, and not because it's the smallest number that's the product of two different substrings (just look it up), but because it's the exact same rating you need to get 1% crit (which much more conveniently, 1% crit happens to equal a 1% damage increase).
So basically, we have two stats which do the exact same thing. This doesn't mean they'll be of equal worth. Currently there are a few more mechanics which add benefits to crit; perhaps the biggest for hunters right now is the MM Aimed Shot, which returns 20 focus to you when it crits. Another major effect on the value of the stats is the newly introduced Stat Attunements, which provide 5% more of the respective stats from gear. There's also specs like Survival which has a basic, flat increases to Multistrike damage (for those interested, you get more stats from your gear, and you get 20% more damage per multistrike, so in the end you get 1% of MS from less stats, and instead of getting 3/5% damage increase per 1% MS, that extra 20% damage per multistrike gives you a total of .72% damage increase per 1% MS). *Edit* Thanks to dues payer and WHU member Jacques for pointing out that the 20% is not applied to the damage of the original shot, but to the damage of the multistrike.
The last thing I'd like to bring up (which I've already mentioned on this site, but I feel like it's worth reiterating) is that that Multi-strike is multiplicative with with the other secondary stats (except for perhaps haste). What I mean by that, is if your arcane shot does 5k base damage, and you have 25% crit, and 25% multistrike, your arcane shot will not average 7500 damage (which would be 5k + 5k*.25+5k*.25), instead, it's going to average 7812.5 (which is 5k*1.25*1.25). This is because Multistrikes can Crit. So Critical nets you more damage when paired with Mulistrikes, and vice versa. This is also true of Versatility, and for hunter specs, Mastery (on applicable abilities).
Anyhow, after writing this, I'm not sure if I've actually managed to make the subject any simpler, or if perhaps I've made it seem even more confusing. Hopefully something in here will help someone, though.
This is an excellent explanation but being you are the math guy I will throw another question at you with concern to multistrike, one which I think is extremely important and will change the value of the stat, possibly a great deal. I can really use someone to put my mind at ease with it because I have tried figuring it out myself in make believe scenarios and my head explodes. Perhaps if you just tell me not to worry about it I will feel safe and stop thinking about it.
Back to the description of multistrike and the words "most abilities". I find that extremely disturbing because (not just talking hunters here but the classes in general) it makes figuring out the exact value of multistike more a function of your rotation or the abilities you have to use depending on the fight in the case of healers and tanks and thus changing the value of multistrike under certain conditions.
In the example you used you used an ability that does proc multistrike, arcane shot. So of course your numbers are perfect and your conclusions are concrete and can not be debated.
But lets say there is an ability you use in your rotation, or two (remember talking for all classes) that can not proc multistrike. Lets say they are the 2nd and 4th button in a 6 ability rotation. That effectively lowers the value of multistrike, quite possibly a great deal depending on what 2 and 4 hit for.
Now lets say at a certain haste point your rotation changes a little and now of your 6 buttons where 2 could not proc multistrike it is now 7 things where 3 can not, or 7 things were 2 can not. Being your entire rotation has changed based on your haste the effective value of multistrike changed didn't it? This is what I have been working on in my mind.
It all seems way to confusing with "most abilities" procing it and I believe that no true real and completely accurate number will ever be able to be put on multistrike without complex mathematical refiguring every time you get a new piece of gear.
Now, I am not sure if I explained what I was trying to get at or just confused you like I think I confused myself. But this has been a concern of mine since multistrike was first announced and we were told that not everything could multistrike. I think it makes the stat too mathy.
I haven't tested any other class, but for hunters, at least, I haven't found any damage dealing abilities that don't proc multistrikes (on my logs at least, every ability, including pet abilities, had multistrike procs). So at least you won't have to worry about that with hunters.
I was under the impression that what they meant by "most abilities" was that it wouldn't effect abilities like battle rez's (magically 30% rezzing a second player?), or other things like that that weren't really heals or damage dealing abilities. If there are shots in your basic rotation (or whatever support classes have instead of shots) then that's gonna be a mess to measure.
That is what I was worried about. A while back I remember playing around and not noticing pet multistrikes. Perhaps it was a bug at the time. I just worry about the wording and am always trying to think about how I will manged things before I have to so I am not stuck when the time comes having no idea. At least I do not need to worry about my main.
As far as i know abilities that double dip can not multistrike, Combustion, for example, might be one. Let the mage dot multistrike and do 130% dmg and thus in crease the possible combustion dmg. Now let the Combustion itself multistrike too. The 130% dmg will be 169% after that multistrike (130%*130%). So the problem in this case is the multistrike itself practically mulstistrikes too, and that's what's called "double dipping" and is not intended.
Those numbers and calculation are most likely not correct (i don't even know how combustion really works :D) but it''s a szenario where an abillitiy should not mulstistrike.
Hey Del Irium! Great post.
Quick question tho, did you take into account the Critical Chance internal DR mechanic? (http://www.wowwiki.com/Critical_strike). Because so far in beta, Crit still have that soft dr built in. That means it wouldn't be that fair to compare MS to Crit, since they have different results per rating acquired.
Hey, you're totally right. I didn't take that into account. As far as I know, there are two DRs people talk about when looking at Crit, one is what I'll call a "natural" DR, which is the simple fact of arithmetic that 1% additional crit at 75% crit only increases your total damage output by about half a percent, while at 0% crit, 1% additional crit increases your total damage by an entire %. Adding in glancing blows, and other damage reductions, even the 1% crit when you don't have any crit, doesn't actually increase your damage by 1%. I didn't include any armor or dodge/parry/block sort of mechanics, and I was only looking at % chance to crit, in PVE raiding, which admittedly will vary a bit depending on if your using a physical damaging ability or elemental. But this should (i haven't actually tried, but just, logically) have the same effect on Crit and MS.
Is there another, different DR on crit that I'm forgetting?
Yeah, a guildie called that out when we discussed this article, that's why I've asked you this. Concerning Crit DRs, there's any other that I can remember.
From what I've read on EU/US forums, Versatility and Multistrike don't have any kind of diminishing return, so that math you did at the start remains totally correct. They might add it or some other form of control if MS damage gets out of control (not likely imo).
I made it into a guild discussion? That's awesome. I'm still a little bit blown away that anyone reads this site, and when it's discussed (even when it's discussed because I'm wrong about something) it's really exciting for me.
Anyhow, my point was to talk about the value of the stat for any spec/class, per se, especially since I didn't want to get in mechanics that proc on stats. I mostly just wanted to demystify multistrike as a stat. Thanks for pointing that out, though.
Glancing blows only effects your crit when you reach about 79 percent crit. The combat table makes white hits glancing blows before it makes crits glancing blows, meaning you have to push 100 percent of normal hits off the combat table before your crits will start to glancing blow. The crit suppression is simply a 5 percent flat number, which is balanced by the raid buff, so don't need to concern yourself with that either.
How exactly does versatility work for mm hunters or for that matter any class? Also how much does mastery contribute to sniper training and in that case is it worth having over versatility or even haste. I know crit and ms are the top stats for mm hunter but confused for the rest on where they happen to fall.
Versatility is simply 1% increased damage and .5% decreased damage per 130 of the stat. The devs intentionally increased the stat cost (130 for 1% increased damage instead of 110 like crit and MS) because it included the half percent damage reduction, and they didn't want it to be the clearly superior stat in all situations.
As for Mastery, for MM hunters, we get 4% mastery regardless of how much of the stat we have, and then for every additional 220 of the stat, we get an additional percent of Mastery. It's not as simple to express in a "X stats = Y% increased damage" type statement, because the value will change depending on how much crit you have, and how much up-time you have on your sniper training buff.


1 The skinquench.com website (the "Website") is owned and operated by There Must Be a Better Way Ltd.
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Meteorite Remains Traced to Enigmatic 'Ceres-Sized Unknown Object', Media Says
© CC0 / UKT2 / Asteroid
by Andrei Dergalin
https://cdn1.img.sputniknews.com/img/07e4/09/08/1080401493_0:0:1281:720_1200x675_80_0_0_bfd8c58baed9c4b506bebddae8abecc7.jpg
Andrei Dergalin. Sputnik International
https://sputniknews.com/science/202012221081539591-meteorite-remains-traced-to-enigmatic-ceres-sized-unknown-object-media-says/
While the parent body of the meteorite studied by the research team is reportedly believed to no longer exist, its very presence in our solar system suggests that other similar objects "could potentially have done the same".
Having studied the remains of a meteorite that exploded above Sudan back in 2008, a team of scientists managed to obtain important clues about the nature of its parent body, Science Alert reports.
Having subjected to spectral analysis a 50-milligram sample (AhS 202) of the space rock designated 2008 TC3, whose fragments showered upon the surface of our planet over a decade ago, the researchers found "an extremely rare form of hydrated crystals... known as amphibole", the media outlet notes.
"Our surprising result suggests the existence of a large, water-rich parent body," said Vicky Hamilton, planetary geologist from the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado and first author of the study.
The scientists reportedly postulate that 2008 TC3 might have originated from a larger body whose size would be comparable to dwarf planet Ceres, as most carbonaceous chondrite parent bodies "are thought to be less than 100 km in diameter, and thus would not be sufficiently large to produce the range of pressure and temperature conditions represented by the mineral assemblage" in the shard that they examined.
"As such, it is our interpretation that the original parent body of AhS 202 was probably an unknown object, potentially Ceres-sized (~640–1,800 km in diameter under the most likely conditions)," the team states.
The media outlet also points out that while this parent body "is thought to no longer exist", the very fact of its previous presence in our solar system suggests that "more of its kind could potentially have done the same".
"We are not proposing that AhS 202 is a spectral analogue for Bennu or Ryugu; rather, AhS 202 is a serendipitous source of information about early Solar System materials that are not represented by whole meteorites in our collections," the researchers surmise.
origin, research, fragments, meteorite


When it Comes to Education, Are Californians Unique?
Of all the 48 continental states, the Grizzly Bear State, as it was originally known, has the hottest, driest valley (Death Valley), the highest hill (Mt. Whitney), the largest living tree (Sequoia), the most people, and the greatest number of domestically raised turkeys living outside the state capital (Sacramento). But when it comes to K-12 education, are the views of Californians any different from those living elsewhere across the United States?
To gather up some indications on this intriguing topic, I took a look at the Californians who participated in the 2017 Education Next survey of American adults, which was administered to a representative sample of 4,200 respondents nationwide, including 523 Californians. As reported elsewhere, the survey asked about school spending, charters, vouchers, teacher unions, bilingual education, digital learning, state take-overs of troubled district schools, teacher unions, merit pay, teacher tenure, and many other matters. For all results see the data here.
One word of caution. The Education Next sample is drawn to be nationally representative of the United States as a whole. It does not contain representative samples for any of the states, not even the largest one. So the results reported below can only be suggestive; to get a reliable sample of public opinion in the state, a survey for that state would need to be conducted. What follows only offers hints as to what such a survey might find.
Those who would hasten the movement of the tectonic plate destined to drag a goodly share of California into the depths of the Pacific Ocean will be surprised to learn that Californians are not direct descendants of aliens from the other side of Pluto but common, ordinary Americans who think pretty much like everyone else. On dozens of questions, the answers provided by the average Californian do not deviate from the responses provided by the average American by any more than 6 percentage points. That difference is too small to be worth discussing, especially since we cannot be certain we have a representative sample.
Yet one large difference turned up in an experiment Education Next undertook. The survey sample was split into two random halves. The respondents in the first group were asked whether they thought teacher salaries should increase, decrease, or remain about the same. The second half was asked the same question only after first being told current average salaries in the state.
This information had a much greater impact on Californians than elsewhere. When simply asked whether they think salaries should increase, decrease, or remain about the same, 68% of Californians, but just 61% of the U. S. public, favors an increase. But when first given current average salaries, the support for an increase plummets in California to just 27%, as compared to 36% across the country. In other words, the shift in opinion is no less than 41 percentage points in California, as compared to 25 percentage points in the United States as a whole.
Why does information about teacher salaries have a bigger impact in California? Very likely, it is because Californians seriously underestimate current teacher salaries. They think teachers in their state are paid an average of about $45,600 when in fact they are paid about $72,800, on average. That's an underestimate of over $27,000. In the United States as a whole, the underestimate is just short of $18,000. While both under-estimates are similar in percentage terms, the bigger dollar difference probably leaves most Californians wondering why teachers need to be paid still more.


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Allegedly Toxic Culture at Nonprofit Clinic Produces Multiple Lawsuits
Ruth McCambridge
August 6, 2016; San Bernardino County Sun
Inland Behavioral and Health Services in San Bernardino, California is forty years old, but its last three years have been rife with lawsuits and allegations of malfeasance. Seven former employees have filed suit, alleging among other things that the health clinic falsified patient data and overprescribed painkillers to patients to keep them returning, thus artificially boosting patient numbers. Reportedly, there's also a pattern of retaliation and a helping of nepotism.
All of the complainants allege they were either terminated or forced to resign after reporting the practices to the center's longtime CEO, Temetry Lindsey.
One of the plaintiffs, Barbette "Bobbie" Barton, Lindsey's former personal assistant of 13 years, said, "It was hell working there. You never knew what war you were walking into every day." Barton says she was forced to resign after her daughter-in-law, former clerical supervisor Maribel Chanon, sued the organization 2013. Chanon, for her part, said she was fired for attempting to discipline Lindsey's daughter and lead receptionist Bonita Brown for harassing another receptionist. The receptionist allegedly harassed also sued the clinic, alleging racial and gender discrimination, but her lawsuit was dismissed because it fell outside of the statute of limitations.
This report from the San Bernardino County Sun calls the clinic's "workplace culture rife with racially divisive office politics where Latinos were discriminated against, blacks were given preferential treatment, and where Lindsey routinely hired family and friends to work at the clinic or serve on its board of directors."
Most of the cases have been settled out of court, but former clinic supervisor Teecha Chamblee went to court, winning a judgment of $50,000, $22,500 of which was in punitive damages. Chamblee had been employed by the clinic for less than a year, but the jury found that she was forced to resign for refusing to participate in activities she felt were illegal, and that IBHS acted with "malice, fraud and oppression." Some of the alleged acts Chamblee referenced include "double dipping"—charging patients for visits already covered by local and state programs—and counting food stamps as income to make patient incomes look higher, thus allowing the clinic to charge them higher fees.
Anais Parsaeian lasted longer; she worked as a licensed vocational nurse for IBHS for 16 months before she resigned. Parsaeian charged that that Lindsey submitted fraudulent data to the Joint Commission to ensure the clinics' accreditation and certification.
Perhaps more disturbing than all of that are the charges that the clinic's medical director, Donald Underwood, overprescribed painkillers and other medications to patients, including a 12-year-old girl with diabetes. Underwood has been at the clinic for 19 years, but his track record before that was questionable—in the 1980s, his medical license was revoked or suspended in five states for "gross negligence," "gross incompetence" and "dishonest acts." These sanctions were also for overprescribing medication and allowing nurses to perform surgical procedures on patients at his hair restoration clinics.
Former clinic physician Tiffany Hill and supervising LVN Jennifer Rossi alleged in a 2014 lawsuit that they were both fired after complaining to Lindsey and other IBHS staff about Underwood's prescription practices, the unauthorized practice of medicine by medical assistants, and training deficiencies among nursing staff.
Hill wrote to Lindsey in 2013 to say that Underwood's practice "scared the crap out of me," and in early 2013, Rossi wrote an email to Lindsey informing her that one of the medical director's patients had received prescriptions for hundreds of painkillers and psychotropic medications, including 485 hydrocodone, 830 Tramadol, 330 Xanax, and 270 Valium. Rossi and Hill were both fired a month later.
It is worth mentioning that all of the suits here have been filed by the same lawyer and Lindsey is credited with building the system from one to four locations, expanding the budget to match but all of that could end up threatened if these charges prove true in the investigations and audits that are sure to follow.—Ruth McCambridge
Ruth is the founder and Editor Emerita of the Nonprofit Quarterly. Her background includes forty-five years of experience in nonprofits, primarily in organizations that mix grassroots community work with policy change. Beginning in the mid-1980s, Ruth spent a decade at the Boston Foundation, developing and implementing capacity building programs and advocating for grantmaking attention to constituent involvement.
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By Ruth McCambridge
Judicial Ethics Becomes a Political Football
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The Otto Bremer Trust Faces the Music, and It Is Loud
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January 21, 2 pm ET
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September 1, 2015 - Egg Farmers of Alberta (EFA) hosted an Environmental Stewardship Workshop in Edmonton August 26-27, 2015 that brought together a diverse mix of influencers and decision-makers from across the egg supply chain, including farmers, graders, retailers and restaurants, as well as industry, government and non-governmental organizations. Participants shared their ideas and provided strategic insights about the past, present and future of sustainable egg production in Alberta.
For Alberta egg farmers, sustainable egg production is socially responsible, environmentally sound and economically viable. The workshop enabled EFA to share past and present environmental initiatives in Alberta, including the launch of the Producer Environmental Egg Program – the Canadian egg industry's first on-farm environmental program – and the publication of EFA's inaugural Sustainability Report. More importantly, the workshop allowed other stakeholders to explain their views and expectations for the future around sustainability, as it relates to the egg industry and food production.
The workshop also included a tour of STS Farms, which is one of the more than 160 registered egg farms in Alberta. Susan Schafers, chair of the EFA and her family were gracious hosts, leading the more than 30 attendees through the pullet barn, layer barn and egg collection room. It was an enjoyable and educational experience, especially for those guests that had never been on an egg farm.
EFA says it will take the next step with these stakeholders and others on its journey of continuous improvement. Options are being considered to expand on these existing relationships and engage with additional stakeholders regarding the past, present and future of other important topics. "Even though we were focused on the topic of environmental stewardship, it was great to see and hear the stakeholders ask questions and offer opinions about the trade-offs between environmental stewardship, hen housing, animal welfare, food safety, economics and other factors," said Gal.


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If you're of the "Dude, where you been at the last few days" frame of mind, I am here to shed glorious light into the shadowy recesses of your questioning.
On Monday and most of Tuesday, I was in beautiful Denton, TX (and by "beautiful", I mean "North Texas-y"). A customer for the day job needed some stuff setup and, thus, off I went.
And yes, this is usually about the time when I give you one of those fancy pictures from the airplane.
But not this time. As it turns out, The Attitude (pictured above) was overrun with disappointment last night when he realized I would not be home for our typical 15 minutes of Bad Piggies before reading and bedtime.
What's that? You don't know what "Bad Piggies" is? Here's a link that will answer all of your Piggie-related questions. Go forth, click it, and become learned upon the matter. Then download the game. Make it so! For people with any sort of builder/engineer tendency, this game is approximately seventy billion times better than a Birds game of any temperament. And it totally Crushes that one Candy game to a fine sugary powder* that will get stuck to your shoe.
Anyway, where was I? Oh, yeah, The Attitude. When I got home tonight, there was little time for anything but to slip into the usual weeknight routine. There was a dinner to be enjoyed as a family, practices to taxi to and from, meetings of various kid organizations to attend, etc, etc. And at the end of all of that, when the dust settled, baths had been taken, and pjs were donned, I was tired from travel, weary of the demands of the nightly routine, and generally just ready for my day to wind down.
That's when the face you see above came to me with my Kindle Fire HD and asked for a few minutes of Bad Piggies before reading.
For those of you scoring at home, it was also the same moment my heart did that thing the Grinch's did.
We played our customary time of Bad Piggies (I might have even allowed a few extra minutes) before reading a familiar, cautionary tale about little pigs and pancakes.
Over the past two days I've spent hours at a customer and fifteen minutes helping my son build rickety vehicles for digital pigs.
I hope I managed to fulfill both duties effectively.
I'm certain I don't have to tell you which one was the more satisfying.
*Disclaimer: I've never played this Candy Crush Saga business, so I really have absolutely no basis upon which to make such a claim. I stand by assertion.
Don't make me quote "If You Give a Pig a Pancake" in its entirety. I can pretty much recite the whole series by memory. Thanks, babysitting!
Yeah, after that it all seemed like variations on a theme.


Although there is a need for a new dynamic, the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities remains the cornerstone of the on-going climate negotiations.
There is no denying that historical responsibilities of northern countries have played a central part in the negotiations leading to the adoption of the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. Yet, taking them as the founding element of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDRRC) would be going too far. CBDRRC are indeed built upon a common responsibility of all States to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system (art. 2 UNFCCC) and differentiated responsibilities in tackling climate change. But when developed countries agreed to take the lead in this fight (art. 3§1 UNFCCC), it was understood that differentiated responsibilities would be based on present contributions to pollution and differences in capabilities to act. Thus, although historical responsibilities are still often raised and constitute a very important aspect of on-going negotiations, the CBDRRC debate is much larger.
Yet they raise a very interesting question: are we witnessing the funeral of CBDRRC?
Knowing that this principle appears around 40 times in the Geneva negotiating text, along with equity, the first answer that could be made is no. Getting deeper, it seems that the question of the continuum of CBDRRC in the agreement to be must be separated from the question of the design of the new climate regime.
The Geneva text shows that the concept of CBDRRC is still very much embroidered in the fabric of the climate regime. Thus, various options regarding the general objective of the agreement – whether it is achieving low carbon economies and/or limiting the global temperature increase to 2°C – often refer to CBDRRC. Then, the principle appears in all sections of the text, especially in sections relating to commitments. Here, numerous options show that developed countries should still be taking the lead in mitigating climate change. Meanwhile, it is still the basis of provisions of support to cover parties' needs, whether it is financial support, technology transfer or capacity building.
Much more than the concept itself, it is on the scope of CBDRRC that negotiations are focusing. Many parties indeed feel that CBDRRC must take into account the evolution in parties' national circumstances since 1992 if it is to remain an effective element of the regime. For instance, there are arguments to move towards a regime in which all parties come forth with a mitigation contribution (Geneva text, paragraphs 13-16). There, differentiation would only apply to the scope and extent of the contribution. Thus, developed countries could still take the lead but all parties would be taking part in the effort. On the same line, it is often asked that parties in position to do so should participate in climate finance regardless of the fact that there are developed, emerging or developing countries (Geneva text, paragraph 34).
Thus, the whole debate is about having CBDRRC evolving through time without moving away from the spirit of the UNFCCC. But even if the scope of CBDRRC changes in the Paris Agreement, this cannot be taken as the death of the concept itself, which will be an important part of the new agreement, but rather as a new lecture of the principle.
Even though there are still many diverging views on this aspect, it is true that the approach of the Geneva text is different from those of the Convention and the Protocol in the sense that it is based on a bottom-up approach through nationally determined contributions.
It is of course possible that the aggregate effect of parties contributions will not be sufficient to meet the 2°C goal. Yet, this cannot be confirmed until all contributions are on the table. But more importantly, one needs to ask this question: what was there before this Geneva negotiating text that ensured keeping on track with the 2°C objective?
The Convention did not include this specific objective but led instead to the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol. Yet, top-down commitments under Kyoto – meaning, internationally determined binding emissions reduction targets and commitments to implement them – did not put the world on track with the 2°C goal since many major emitters did not have commitments under the Protocol and others did not meet theirs. Then, the Doha Amendment was adopted but it has not entered into force and major emitters are still not part of it. It is one thing that top-down climate action did not achieve success, but perhaps it is too early to conclude that bottom-up action – or nationally determined contributions – will also fail. Even if the first round of contributions does not put the world on the path to the 2°C goal, what is important is to build rules that will allow the regime to get back on track with it in the near future. This is precisely the meaning of many of the provisions that are negotiated, such as the obligation to submit and maintain mitigation commitments, to ensure progression from one contribution to the other, to follow a robust MRV system, to follow common accounting frameworks and so on. Even if in the end it is decided that contributions are not inserted within the Paris Agreement, a robust and well-crafted set of rules could ensure the effectiveness of the regime.
In any case, the question to know whether or not the new regime will succeed in curbing emissions, reaching the 2°C goal, and moving towards low carbon economies is entirely different from the question of the continuum of CBDRRC in the future agreement. Various tools that could make the future agreement more effective than others agreements have been appear in some of the options of the negotiating text. Furthermore, it seems that there is a willingness of major emitters to engage in substantive negotiation. So if success cannot be certain, failure cannot be announced either.
Meanwhile, the continuum of CBDRRC is already ensured by the negotiating text and by parties themselves, which are only calling for a more pragmatic implementation of differentiation. Thus, let's not burry it alive.
Thomas Deleuil holds a PhD in international environmental law (Aix-Marseille University) and is legal advisor to the French climate negotiating team. The French Ministry of Foreign Affairs does not support or refute these opinions. They are to be considered as those of the author.
Cite as: Thomas Deleuil, "Why bury CBDRRC alive?", Völkerrechtsblog, 4 March 2015, doi:10.17176/20170203-143235.


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What Is Strict Scrutiny?
Along with the lower standards of rational basis review and exacting or intermediate scrutiny, strict scrutiny is part of a hierarchy of standards employed by courts to weigh an asserted government interest against a constitutional right or principle that conflicts with the manner in which the interest is being pursued, United States v. Carolene Products Company, 304 U.S. 144 (1938). Strict scrutiny is applied based on the constitutional conflict at issue, regardless of whether a law or action of the Federal government, a state government, or a local municipality is at issue. For a law or code restricting speech to survive strict scrutiny and be upheld as constitutional it must be 1) narrowly-tailored, 2) the state must also have a compelling governmental interest, and 3) the law or policy must be the least restrictive means for achieving that interest.
Strict scrutiny arises in two basic contexts: when a "fundamental" constitutional right is infringed, particularly those listed in the Bill of Rights and those the Court has deemed to be a fundamental right protected by the "liberty" or "due process" clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; or when the government action involves the use of a "suspect classification" such as race or, sometimes, national origin that may render it void under the Equal Protection Clause. See Carolene, supra, at FN4.
Let's take each of the prongs and consider them in greater detail:
FIRSTLY, any restriction must be justified by a compelling governmental interest. While the Court has never brightly defined how to determine if an interest is compelling, the concept generally refers to something necessary or crucial, as opposed to something merely preferred. Examples include national security, preserving the lives of multiple individuals, and not violating explicit constitutional protections. For an idea of what constitutes a bright-line test, see Miranda v. Arizona 384 U.S. 436 (1966), Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254 (1970), S.E.C. v. Chernery Corporation, 332 U.S. 194 (1947), Heckler v. Campbell, 461 U.S. 458 (1983), Bowen v. Georgetown University Hospital, 488 U.S. 204 (1988), Sameena, Inc. v. U.S. Air Force, 147 F.3d 1148 9th Cir. (1998).
SECONDLY, the law or policy must be narrowly tailored to achieve that goal or interest. If the government action encompasses too much (Overbreadth Doctrine) or fails to address essential aspects of the compelling interest (Under-Inclusive Doctrine), then the rule is not considered narrowly tailored.
Overbreadth Doctrine. A statute doing so is overly broad if, in proscribing unprotected speech, it also proscribes protected speech. Overbreadth is closely related to vagueness; if a prohibition is expressed in a way that is too unclear for a person to reasonably know whether or not their conduct falls within the law, then to avoid the risk of legal consequences they often stay far away from anything that could possibly fit the uncertain wording of the law. The law's effects are thereby far broader than intended or than the Constitution permits, and hence the law is overbroad. The esteemed constitutional scholar, Lewis Sargentich, first analysed and named the doctrine in his famous note in the Harvard Law Review, The First Amendment Overbreadth Doctrine (83 Harv. L. Rev. 844). Then, citing Sargentich's note, the Court in Broadrick v. Oakland, 413 U.S. 601, explicitly recognized the doctrine in 1973.
Under-Inclusive Doctrine. An under-inclusive law is not necessarily unconstitutional or invalid. The Court has recognised that all laws are under-inclusive and selective to some extent. If a law is substantially under-inclusive, however, it may be unconstitutional. If a law infringes on constitutionally protected free speech, press, or associational rights, it may be unconstitutionally under-inclusive if it is based on the content of the speech or somehow regulates ideas. In R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377 (1992), the Court struck down a hate speech ordinance that prohibited "the display of a symbol which one knows or has reason to know 'arouses anger, alarm or resentment in others on the basis of race, color, creed, religion or gender.'" A youth in St. Paul, Minnesota, had been prosecuted under the ordinance for burning a cross in the yard of an African-American family. The Court held that the law was unconstitutionally under-inclusive under the First Amendment because it punished only certain speech addressing particular topics; the law addressed the content, rather than the manner, of the speech.
A law is not necessarily invalid just because it is under-inclusive. For example, a statute that prohibited the use of loudspeaker systems near a hospital might be under-inclusive for failing to prohibit shouting or the use of car horns in the same area. This type of under-inclusiveness concerns only the manner of delivering speech, however, and is therefore more likely to pass constitutional scrutiny than a statute that prohibits speech on particular subjects.
THIRDLY AND FINALLY, the law or policy must be the least restrictive means for achieving that interest. More accurately, there cannot be a less restrictive way to effectively achieve the compelling government interest, but the test will not fail just because there is another method that is equally the least restrictive. Some legal scholars consider this 'least restrictive means' requirement part of being narrowly tailored, though the Court generally evaluates it as a separate prong. The "least restrictive means," or "less drastic means," test is a standard imposed by the courts when considering the validity of legislation that touches upon constitutional interests. If the government enacts a law that restricts a fundamental personal liberty, it must employ the least restrictive measures possible to achieve its goal. This test applies even when the government has a legitimate purpose in adopting the particular law. The "Least Restrictive Means Test" has been applied primarily to the regulation of speech. It can also be applied to other types of regulations, such as legislation affecting interstate commerce.
In Shelton v. Tucker, 364 U.S. 479 (1960), the Court applied the least restrictive means test to an Arkansas statute that required teachers to file annually an Affidavit listing all the organisations to which they belonged and the amount of money they had contributed to each organisation in the previous five years. B. T. Shelton was one of a group of teachers who refused to file the affidavit and who, as a result, did not have their teaching contract renewed. Upon reviewing the statute, the Court found that the state had a legitimate interest in investigating the fitness and competence of its teachers, and that the information requested in the affidavit could help the state in that investigation; however, according to the Court, the statute went far beyond its legitimate purpose because it required information that bore no relationship to a teacher's occupational fitness. The Court struck down the law because its "unlimited and indiscriminate sweep" went well beyond the state's legitimate interest in the qualifications of its teachers.
Two constitutional doctrines that are closely related to the least restrictive means test are the Overbreadth Doctrine, supra, and Vagueness Doctrine. These doctrines are applied to statutes and regulations that restrict constitutional rights.
The least restrictive means test, the Overbreadth Doctrine, and the Vagueness Doctrine all help to preserve constitutionally protected speech and behaviour by requiring statutes to be clear and narrowly drawn, and to use the least restrictive means to reach the desired end.
Legal scholars, including judges and professors, often say that strict scrutiny is "strict in theory, fatal in fact," because popular perception is that most laws subject to this standard are struck down. An empirical study of strict scrutiny decisions in the federal courts, however, conducted by Adam Wrinkler found that laws survive strict scrutiny over 30% of the time. In one area of law, religious liberty, laws survived strict scrutiny review in nearly 60% of applications.


leading up to level 1, location 19, as well".
How to reproduce: create a random party, start a game & finish Level 1, then go to Level 2 & find yourself before 3 closed doors.
EOB2.png (91.8 KB) - added by SF/toney-moon 4 years ago.
EOB3.png (84.8 KB) - added by SF/toney-moon 4 years ago.
as a silver key lying on the ground."
I have no such issue with my game version. I get a silver key on the ground when starting that level.
Since this is one of the spots where the game copy protection kicks in, perhaps this version is somehow cracked, and this messes up the location of the silver key?


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