Stiffness in the group of 3 muscles at the back of your thighs known collectively as the hamstrings can restrict the movement of your pelvis in relation to the movement of your legs. As a result of this restriction, undue strain can be placed upon your lumbar spine. A practical example of this is when you sit on the floor and straighten your legs to the front (dandasana). In this position tight hamstrings can tend to pull the back of the pelvis downwards thus reducing the curvature of the lumbar spine. This can then put the spine in a more vulnerable position as you attempt to sit upright. You simultaneously feel the tension of the spine being pulled downwards and lifted upwards at the same time.
Knowing that the spine can benefit from improved hamstring mobility can create a dilemma for many people. Positions that allow the hamstrings to stretch will often simultaneously challenge the lower back, potentially aggravating existing discomfort. With this in mind the following sequence looks to present a number of poses that can help you to safely improve the flexibility of your hamstrings in positions where your spine is comfortably supported. Poses that help to release tension from the lower back, and poses that help to improve the range of movement in the lower back are also included.
This is by no means an exhaustive collection of methods that exist in Iyengar yoga for helping with lower back pain. Instead it focusses on simple and practical poses that can be easily incorporated into a home practice. The poses shown here are not intended for anyone who is suffering from acute back pain, nor are they intended to be a replacement for treatment from a medical professional. This post accompanies the video "Iyengar Yoga For Lower Back Pain – Weekly Intermediate Class 49". This class can be found in the weekly classes section on yogaselection.com.
This pose allows you to stretch your hamstrings whilst keeping your spine long and straight. It is an adaptation of the classical uttanasana pose where you reach down towards your feet. It reduces the common tendency in this pose for the spine to round and pull towards the pelvis.
Place your hands to the wall at waist height. Ensure that your hands are shoulder width apart, with your fingers spreading and the middle finger of each hand pointing directly upwards.
Step your feet back so that your body forms a right angle shape with your hips directly over your ankles. Ensure that your feet are placed hip width apart, with your toes pointing directly forwards.
Look down at your feet without dropping your head. Keep your ears and upper arms level.
Press your hands evenly into the wall.
Without dropping your elbows bring your back ribs closer to the floor.
Move your sternum bone towards the wall.
Lift your kneecaps up, as you press your heels down.
Press your thighbones back deeper into your legs.
This pose will be well suited to anyone working with tight hamstrings. Keeping your leg bent helps you to contain the back of your pelvis and lift your spine upwards from its base. In time it will teach you the techniques that are necessary for practicing this pose with your extended leg straight. In this picture a block is placed on the seat of the chair to ensure that the knee is positioned higher than the hip. Better still would be to use a higher stool if one is available.
Begin in tadasana standing upright with your feet together.
Without disturbing the position of your left foot, step your right foot onto the support. Ensure that you have taken sufficient height so that your knee is higher than your hip.
Check that your right knee aligns directly over your right ankle, with your shin bone perpendicular to the floor.
Check that your left ankle sits directly underneath your left hip.
Press your left heel (standing leg) firmly down.
As you contain the front of your left thigh, turn your inner groin back.
Ensure that the front of the standing leg faces directly forwards.
Check that your right outer hip has stayed down level to the height of your left hip.
With your hands on your hips, move your elbows closer so that your back ribs move in and your chest lifts.
Ensure that your whole spine is lifting from its base upwards.
Just as tight hamstrings can limit the movement of your pelvis, so too can tightness around your hips. This pose helps to address this tightness. The pose is similar in many respects to parsvakonasana, and may be a suitable alternative to that pose for anyone practicing with lower back pain.
Although a chair is used in this particular image a taller support such as a stool would work even more effectively. Ideally the knee of your bent leg is kept higher than your hip.
Stand with your left toes facing the wall.
As you step your right foot up onto the support turn the knee and toes directly out to the side.
Wedge a block between your bent knee and the wall.
Position your fingertips to the wall at shoulder height.
Stabilise the front of your left thigh. Without it leaning forwards, move your right hip socket towards the wall.
As the hip socket moves in guide your right buttock downwards.
The purpose of the block is to stabilise the right knee so that it remains stationary as the hip is adjusted.
As you move your right hip forwards, lift the right side of your chest upwards and forwards.
As you move your right hip forwards turn the front of your spine to face directly forwards.
The first twisting action of this sequence aims to gently improve the range of rotational movement in the spine. This pose can be effective in helping to release tension and hardness from the back. The pelvis is held stable as the spine and ribcage turn.
The chair can remain in the position where it has just been for the previous pose.
Stand facing the chair with your right hip touching the wall.
Step your right foot up onto the chair making sure that your knee is positioned directly over your ankle.
As you now turn your chest towards the wall, ensure that your knee remains over your ankle, without it leaning towards the wall.
As your chest turns towards the wall resist your left thigh back.
This action is intended to stabilise the pelvis so that the front of the left hip does not steer towards the right knee.
As you turn your chest, lift the left side of your chest upwards.
Ensure that your chest is lifting, not your shoulders.
Spread your left back ribs away from your spine.
This pose helps to bring stability to the back of the pelvis. The back waist is encouraged to both lengthen and broaden. Your legs are strengthened, enabling them to more effectively lift and support the spine.
Stand with your heels slightly less than a thigh bones length away from the wall.
Lean back into the wall with the back of your pelvis and shoulders.
In this position the lumbar curve is temporarily removed. Press your whole back waist flat into the wall.
Have your feet slightly apart so that you can position a block between your knees.
Place your palms onto your thighs. The pressure of your hands against your thighs will help to lift and open your chest.
As you bend your knees and slide down the wall keep both heels pressing firmly into the floor.
Hold the pose with your hips slightly above the height of your knees.
As you hold the pose; press your outer heels down; squeeze the block with your knees; press your back waist into the wall.
As you press your sacrum into the wall lift your chest and spine up.
Without sucking the navel back observe how it naturally moves towards the spine.
Press your shoulders back into the wall and move your thoracic spine deep into the body.
To come up, push the floor away with your heels and straighten your legs.
Ensure that you have your bottom hand correctly positioned. If it comes too low down you will find that the hip of your front leg protrudes back. This will exaggerate the tendency of the front pelvis to turn downwards.
Instead, position your hand at a height that enables you to align the back of the top shoulder with the outside of your front outer thigh. Your front outer thigh moves in and lifts up.
Make the right side of your spine longer than the left side.
Start the rotation of the torso from the chest but consciously look to develop this rotation closer to the pelvis itself.
Your back leg can help to develop this action still further… Left outer thigh turn back, left outer heel press down.
Coordinate your chest, waist and front pelvis turning upwards. Simultaneously turn the back of your pelvis downwards.
Parvottanasana is a standing pose that is particularly effective at stretching hamstrings. Unfortunately it is consequentially a pose that is often challenging for anyone with lower back problems. A common tendency in this pose is for the back of your pelvis to be pulled towards your legs. This can result in rounding of the back ribs, shortening of the anterior spine and discomfort in the lower back. This image shows how a wall can be used to modify the pose so that your hamstrings are stretched whilst keeping your spine is kept straight and supported.
Enter the pose from half uttanasana.
Step your right foot forwards so that the toes of your front foot come roughly the length of your own foot away from the wall.
Step your left foot back so that you have a legs length distance between your feet.
Ensure that your front knee is straight. If it cannot comfortably straighten then bring both hands slightly higher up the wall.
To bring your hips level, turn your left buttock away from your right buttock, and lift your right outer hip up and back.
Now that you have the basic shape of the pose, to further optimise the pose, press more firmly the big toe base of your front foot down, and contain your outer ankle towards your inner ankle.
So as to avoid hyper-extension in your front knee, press down the part of the sole where your heel pad and arch meet. Simultaneously lighten the contact of your back heel to the floor.
Maintaining the stretch of the right hamstring, press your hands firmly to the wall; without your elbows dropping straighten your upper back and move your chest forwards towards the wall.
The use of a chair in this standing twist helps to improve your balance and stability. It also enables you to enter this pose gradually with incremental control. This supported version of parivrtta trikonasana imparts a gentle twisting action to the lower back. This can help to release tension, and improve the range of movement in your spine.
Position your left heel up against a wall and step your right foot out a legs length distance.
Place your chair beside your right outer calf. Ensure that the chair is as close as possible to your right leg.
Reach forwards and place your left forearm and hand on the seat of the chair .
Hold the top of the chair with your right hand.
Ensure that your hips are level. Turning your left buttock away from your right buttock will help to achieve this.
Keeping your hips level, lengthen your left waist and turn it downwards towards the floor.
Spread your left back ribs downwards, away from your spine.
Move your left shoulder blade deep into your body.
Lengthen your spine outwards from your pelvis as you start to come more deeply into the twist.
Lift your right collar bone upwards towards the ceiling as you look upwards.
In this pose the position of your pelvis is kept stable whilst your spine simultaneously lifts and turns. This pose has the potential to improve the range of motion your lower back, helping it to more easily perform rotational movements.
Sit sideways on your chair with your right outer thigh against the back rest of the chair. Ensure that your hips are slightly higher than your knees. For taller people this may entail increasing the height of the chair by adding a folded blanket.
Brace your knees by placing a block between them. As your knees squeeze the block, press your left outer heel down into the floor. This action helps to keep your knees in line as your chest lifts and turns.
As you turn your chest to the right take hold of the back frame of the chair with both hands. Position your hands at a height that enables you to release your shoulders down and away from your ears.
Use the grip of your hands to develop the turning of your chest and spine.
Lift and turn the left side of your chest. Lift and turn your left waist.
Draw your left thigh bone back into your hip socket.
As you turn your spine, lift the back of your skull upwards and move your trapezius muscle downwards.
This version of pasasana allows you to simultaneously lengthen and rotate your lumbar spine and back waist. This pose will be suited to more experienced students who already have a good range of movement in the lower back. If you are newer to yoga, or working with stiffness or soreness in your spine, consolidate the previous chair twist instead.
Sit far back in your chair, but ensure that your heels are able to reach the floor. Bring your feet and knees together so that they touch.
Lean forwards and place your left shoulder across your right outer thigh.
Close the gap between your left armpit and right outer thigh.
With your elbow bent, press your left upper arm against your thigh in order to turn your chest upwards.
Catch hold of the top of the chair with your right hand. As you start to come more deeply into the twist this hand can walk further across to the left side of the chair.
Keep your left heel pressing down, and your left thighbone drawing back into the hip socket as you turn.
Draw both thigh creases back into the body as you turn.
Lengthen the left side of your spine out and over your thighs as you turn.
Move your sternum bone away from your pelvis as you turn.
This position can bring traction to your lower back. It might be especially helpful for combatting compression in the lumbar spine. Allow sufficient time for your spine to move comfortably through the stages of this pose. It can also be a good counter-pose to include in your practice after a session of backbends.
Sit far back in your chair ensuring that your heels remain in firm contact with the floor. For shorter people it may be necessary to pace flat blocks under the feet.
Have your feet slightly wider than the front legs of the chair, and ensure that your shoulders will fit between your knees.
Keeping your heels firm to the floor and keeping your sitting bones pressing into the seat of the chair, reach forwards and place your fingertips to the floor between your feet.
Pause here and allow your lower back sufficient time to release.
if your back feels able to release further then fold your arms at your elbows and let your head hang down between your knees.
Pull firmly with your hands against the cross bar.
Move your back ribs down and lift your head to look across the room.
Lengthen your navel away from your pubic bone, and lengthen your sternum away from your navel.
This simple but effective pose can help to lengthen and release tension in your lower back. Make sure that your neck is comfortable as you lie back. If your chin is lifting higher that your forehead a blanket can be placed under your head.
Lie on your back with the soles of both feet placed against a wall. Have your big toes and inner heels touching.
Keeping your left toes pointing directly upwards, bend your right knee into your chest. Interlock your fingers around the head of your shin bone.
Gently hug your right knee into your chest.
As your knee comes towards your chest, resist your right outer hip away from your chest.
Deepen your right thigh crease away from your chest.
Resist the back of your right hip away from your ribcage.
Press the front of your left thigh down.
Press your left big toe base firmly into the wall.
This pose stretches your hamstrings whilst keeping your spine supported by the floor. In this image a belt is used to grip the top foot, and the leg is being held on a vertical angle. If you have tight hamstrings it is quite likely that you will be unable to raise your leg in this vertical position without your knee bending. If this is the case, keep your knee straight but with your leg angled further away from your body.
Lie on your back with the soles of both feet in contact with the wall.
Bend your right knee to your chest and position a belt around the ball of your right foot.
Straighten your right leg and hold the belt in both hands.
As you hold the belt keep your elbows sightly bent, and press the back of your shoulders down to the floor.
Pressing your top foot up into the belt, turn your right outer thigh and right outer hip away from your ribcage.
Keep the right side of your sacrum moving away from your ribcage.
With the belt, guide your right foot away from the wall, whilst resisting your right thighbone towards the wall.
Close the gap between the back of your left thigh and the floor.
Press your left big toe base firmly to the wall.
This pose follows immediately on from the previous pose.
Keeping your right leg raised up, hold the belt in your right hand and position your left arm out to the side. Check that your hand is in line with your shoulder.
Pressing the front of your left thigh down, start to bring your right leg down and out to the side.
The action of bringing your right leg down and out to the side should not make the front of your left thigh lift up.
Bring the left side of your sacrum down to the floor.
Anchor the back of your left shoulder to the floor.
Turn the right side of your chest upwards towards the ceiling.
With the belt guide your right foot away from the wall.
Resist your right hip socket towards the wall.
This simple pose helps to bring space to the sacral and lumbar vertebrae. Your legs are elevated, as they are in viparita karani, but the back of your pelvis is kept in contact with the floor. Ideally your sitting bones will come all the way to the wall. If you have tight hamstrings, you may find that getting this close to the wall makes the back of your pelvis lift up. If this is the case, leave enough space between your sitting bones and the wall to ensure that your sacrum is in contact with the floor. The effect of this pose will be optimised by the addition of weights, such as sand bags resting on the soles of the feet. The pose is pictured here in a way that can be conveniently incorporated into a simple home practice.
The easiest way to get into this position is to start lying on your side with your knees bent in towards your chest.
Remaining on your side, you shuffle closer to the wall until both of your sitting bones make contact with the wall.
Once your sitting bones are in contact with the wall, you simply swivel your legs up the wall and straighten your knees.
At this point assess whether or not your sacrum is in contact with the floor.
If not, incrementally slide away from the wall until your are able to clearly feel the back of your pelvis is in contact with the floor.
As you remain in the pose and relax, allow the weight of your legs to gently press the back of your pelvis down and into the floor.
Encourage your sacral and lumbar vertebrae to release and lengthen.
Encourage the back of your pelvis to broaden from the centre outwards.
This version of savasana gives your lower back more length and space. Your lumbar spine sits much closer to the floor, and relaxes in that direction.
Lie on your back and rest your calves up onto the seat of a chair.
Position the chair so that the edge of the seat comes all the way into the back of your knees.
Allow a slight incline in the angle if your thighs. Ideally your knees sit slightly forwards of your hips.
Keep your feet apart hip width so that your lower legs remain comfortably balanced on the seat of the chair.
Use a folded blanket to elevate your skull so that your forehead is slightly higher than your chin.
Keep your arms comfortably out to your sides. Ideally no part of your arm will make contact with the sides of your body.
Have your knuckles resting into the floor, your palms facing upwards.
Shut your eyes and allow your eyes to relax.


text:
Title 14 Part 212
Title 14 → Chapter II → Subchapter A → Part 212
e-CFR data is current as of July 17, 2019
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Title 14: Aeronautics and Space
PART 212—CHARTER RULES FOR U.S. AND FOREIGN DIRECT AIR CARRIERS
§212.1 Scope.
§212.2 Definitions.
§212.3 General provisions.
§212.4 Authorized charter types.
§212.5 Operation of affinity (pro rata) charters.
§212.6 Operation of gambling junket charters.
§212.7 Direct sales.
§212.8 Protection of customers' payments.
§212.9 Prior authorization requirements.
§212.10 Application for statement of authorization.
§212.11 Issuance of statement of authorization.
§212.12 Waiver.
Appendix A to Part 212—Certificated or Foreign Air Carrier's Surety Bond Under Part 212 of the Regulations of the Department of Transportation (14 CFR Part 212)
Appendix B to Part 212—Certification of Compliance
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 40101, 40102, 40109, 40113, 41101, 41103, 41504, 41702, 41708, 41712, 46101.
Source: Docket No. OST-97-2356, 63 FR 28236, May 22, 1998, unless otherwise noted.
This part applies to all charter flights, and all other flights carrying charter passengers or cargo, in interstate and/or foreign air transportation by U.S. certificated air carriers or in foreign air transportation by foreign air carriers. It does not apply to any flights performed by a commuter air carrier, air taxi operator, or certificated air carrier operating "small aircraft" under part 298 of this chapter. Nothing in this part gives authority to operate a type or level of service not authorized by certificate, foreign air carrier permit, or exemption, except that a certificated air carrier authorized to conduct scheduled operations may conduct charter flights, in interstate and/or foreign air transportation, without limitation as to the points served.
For the purposes of this part:
Affinity (pro rata) charter means a charter arranged by an organization on behalf of its membership, and which meets the requirements of §212.5.
Certificated air carrier means a U.S. direct air carrier holding a certificate issued under 49 U.S.C. 41102.
Charter flight means a flight operated under the terms of a charter contract between a direct air carrier and its charterer or lessee. It does not include scheduled interstate air transportation, scheduled foreign air transportation, or nonscheduled cargo foreign air transportation, sold on an individually ticketed or individually waybilled basis.
Charter operator means:
(1) A "Public Charter operator" as defined in §380.2 of this chapter, or
(2) An "Overseas Military Personnel Charter operator" as defined in §372.2 of this chapter.
Direct air carrier means a certificated or foreign air carrier that directly engages in the operation of aircraft under a certificate, permit, or exemption issued by the Department.
Fifth freedom charter means a charter flight carrying traffic that originates and terminates in countries other than the carrier's home country, regardless of whether the flight operates via the home country.
Foreign air carrier means a direct air carrier which is not a citizen of the United States as defined in 49 U.S.C. 40102(a) that holds a foreign air carrier permit issued under 49 U.S.C. 41302 or an exemption issued under 49 U.S.C. 40109 authorizing direct foreign air transportation.
Fourth freedom charter means a charter flight carrying traffic that terminates in the carrier's home country having originated in another country.
Gambling junket charter means a charter arranged by a casino, hotel, cruise line, or its agents, the purpose of which is to transport passengers to the casino, hotel, or cruise ship where gambling facilities are available, and which meets the requirements of §212.6.
Long-term wet lease means a wet lease which either—
(1) Lasts more than 60 days, or
(2) Is part of a series of such leases that amounts to a continuing arrangement lasting more than 60 days.
Mixed charter means a charter, the cost of which is borne partly by the charter participants and partly by the charterer, where all the passengers meet the eligibility requirements for "affinity (pro rata)" charters of §212.5.
Part charter means flight carrying both charter and scheduled passenger traffic.
Seventh-freedom charter means a charter flight carrying traffic that originates and terminates in a country other than the foreign air carrier's home country, where the flight does not have a prior, intermediate, or subsequent stop in the foreign air carrier's home country.
Single entity charter means a charter the cost of which is borne by the charterer and not by individual passengers, directly or indirectly.
Sixth-freedom charter means a charter flight carrying traffic that originates and terminates in a country other than the country of the foreign air carrier's home country, provided the flight operates via the home country of the foreign air carrier.
Third freedom charter means a charter flight carrying traffic that originates in the carrier's home country and terminates in another country.
Wet lease means a lease between direct air carriers by which the lessor provides all or part of the capacity of an aircraft, and its crew, including operations where the lessor is conducting services under a blocked space or code-sharing arrangement.
[Doc. No. OST-97-2356, 63 FR 28236, May 22, 1998, as amended at 71 FR 5784, Feb. 3, 2006]
(a) Certificated and foreign air carriers may conduct charter flights as described in this part, and may carry charter passengers on scheduled flights, or charter cargo on scheduled or nonscheduled flights (or on the main deck or in the belly of passenger charter flights), subject to the requirements of this chapter and any orders of, or specific conditions imposed by, the Department.
(b) Charter flights may be operated on a round-trip or one-way basis, with no minimum group, shipment, or contract size.
(c) Contracts to perform charter flights must be in writing and signed by an authorized representative of the certificated or foreign air carrier and the charterer prior to the operation of the flights involved. The written agreement shall include:
(1) The name and address of either the surety whose bond secures advance charter payments received by the carrier, or of the carrier's depository bank to which checks or money orders for the advance charter payments are to be made payable as escrow holder pending completion of the charter trip; and
(2) A statement that unless the charterer files a claim with the carrier, or, if the carrier is unavailable, with the surety, within 60 days after the cancellation of a charter trip with respect to which the charterer's advance payments are secured by the bond, the surety shall be released from all liability under the bond to such charterer for such trips.
(d) A certificated or foreign air carrier must make a reasonable effort to verify that any charterer with which it contracts, and any charter it conducts, meets the applicable requirements of this chapter.
(e) The certificated or foreign air carriers shall require full payment of the total charter price, including payment for the return portion of a round trip, or the posting of a satisfactory bond for full payment, prior to the commencement of any portion of the air transportation, provided, however, that in the case of a passenger charter for less than the entire of an aircraft, the carrier shall require full payment of the total charter price, including payment for the return portion of a round trip, from the charterers not less than 10 days prior to the commencement of any portion of the transportation, and such payment shall not be refundable unless the charter is canceled by the carrier or unless the carrier accepts a substitute charterer for one which has canceled a charter, in which case the amount paid by the latter shall be refunded. For the purpose of this section, payment to the carrier's depository bank, as designated in the charter contract, shall be deemed payment to the carrier.
(f) A certificated or foreign air carrier operating a U.S.-originating passenger charter shall be responsible to return to his or her point of origin any passenger who purchased round trip transportation on that charter and who was transported by that carrier on his or her outbound flight; except that this provision shall not apply in cases where the return transportation is to be provided by another certificated or foreign air carrier.
(g) A certificated or foreign air carrier may not perform any charter flight for which a statement of authorization is required under §212.9 until one has been granted by the Department. In addition, if a foreign air carrier is required to obtain a statement of authorization under paragraph (e) of that section, neither it, not any charter operator, or any other person shall advertise or sell any passenger charter services except those that have been specifically authorized by the Department.
(h) A certificated air carrier may not operate charters where such operations would result in a substantial change in the scope of its operations within the meaning of part 204 of this chapter.
(i) A certificated air carrier may not limit its baggage liability for interstate charter flights except as set forth in part 254 of this chapter.
(j) A certificated air carrier may not, except as set forth in part 121 of the Federal Aviation Regulations (14 CFR part 121), limit the availability, upon reasonable request, of air transportation and related services to a person who may require help from another person in expeditiously moving to an emergency exit for evacuation of an aircraft.
(k) A certificated air carrier holding a certificate to conduct only cargo operations may not conduct passenger charters.
(l) A certificated air carrier may not perform any charter in interstate commerce within the State of Alaska.
(m) A foreign air carrier may operate charters in foreign air transportation only to the extent authorized by its foreign air carrier permit under 49 U.S.C. 41302 or exemption authority under 49 U.S.C. 40109, and only to the extent to which such operations are consistent with the provisions of any applicable bilateral aviation undertaking.
[Docket No. OST-97-2356, 63 FR 28236, May 22, 1998, as amended by Doc. No. DOT-OST-2014-0140, 84 FR 15925, Apr. 16, 2019]
Certificated and foreign air carriers may conduct the following charter types, subject to the provisions of this part:
(a) Affinity (pro rata) charters.
(b) Single entity charters, including:
(1) Wet leases involving the carriage of passengers and/or cargo, provided, that the wet lessee holds appropriate economic authority from the Department to conduct the proposed operations; and
(2) Charters pursuant to contracts with the Department of Defense, provided, that foreign air carriers may conduct charters for the Department of Defense only to the extent that such operations are consistent with the provisions of 49 U.S.C. 40118.
(c) Mixed charters.
(d) Gambling junket charters.
(e) Public Charters in accordance with part 380 of this chapter (including operations by educational institutions as defined in that part).
(f) Overseas military personnel charters in accordance with part 372 of this chapter.
(g) Cargo charters.
An affinity (pro rata) charter operated by a certificated or foreign air carrier must meet the following criteria:
(a) The aircraft must be chartered by an organization, no part of whose business is the formation of groups for transportation or solicitation or sale of transportation services, for the purpose of providing air transportation to its members and their immediate families.
(b) The charter must be organized by the organization itself, or by a person or company who acts not as a principal, but as an agent for the chartering organization or the certificated or foreign air carrier.
(c) No solicitation, sales, or participation may take place beyond the bona fide members of an eligible chartering organization, and their immediate families (spouse, children, and parents). All printed solicitation materials shall contain the following notice in boldface, 10-point or larger type—
Some of the Federal rules that protect against tour changes and loss of passengers' money in publicly sold charters do not apply to this charter flight.
(d) "Bona fide members" are members of an organization who: Have not joined the organization merely to travel on a charter flight; and who have been members of the chartering organization for a minimum of six months prior to the date of commencement of the affected flight; provided, that the "six month" rule does not apply to:
(1) Employees of a single commercial establishment, industrial plant, or government agency, or
(2) Students and employees of a single school.
(e) The charter price due the direct air carrier shall be prorated equally among all the charter passengers, except that children under 12 may be offered discounted or free transportation.
(f) The certificated or foreign air carrier shall make reasonable efforts to assure that passengers transported meet the eligibility requirements of this section. The certificated or foreign air carrier shall also obtain (no later than the date of departure), and maintain for two years, a certification by an authorized representative of the chartering organization that all passengers are eligible for transportation under this section.
A gambling junket charter operated by a certificated or foreign air carrier must meet the following criteria:
(a) The aircraft must be chartered by
(1) A casino, hotel, or cruise line duly licensed by the government of any state, territory or possession of the United States, or by a foreign government, or
(2) An agent of such a casino, or cruise line on behalf of that casino, hotel, or cruise line.
(b) The casino, hotel, or cruise line or its agents, may not require a passenger to incur any expense in taking the trip, provided, that this provision shall not preclude the casino, hotel, or cruise line or its agents, from requiring prospective passengers to pay nominal reservation fees that are duly refundable by the casino, hotel, or cruise line before the flight, establish a minimum line-of-credit at the casino, hotel, or cruise line, bring (but not necessarily spend) a specified minimum amount of money, or meet other requirements that do not place them in financial jeopardy; nor does it preclude the casino, hotel, or cruise line, or its agents, from offering operational land packages for a fee.
(a) Certificated and foreign air carriers may sell or offer for sale, and operate, as principal, Public Charter flights under part 380 of this chapter directly to the public.
(b) Each certificated or foreign air carrier operating a charter trip under this section shall comply with all the requirements of part 380 of this chapter, except that:
(1) Those provisions of part 380 relating to the existence of a contract between a charter operator and a direct air carrier do not apply;
(2) A depository agreement shall comply with §380.34a (d) and (f);
(3) A security agreement shall comply with §380.34 (c) and (d); and
(i) If no depository agreement is used, protect charter participant payments (including those for ground accommodations and services) and assure the certificated or foreign air carrier's contractual and regulatory responsibilities to charter participants in an unlimited amount (except that the liability of the securer with respect to any charter participant may be limited to the charter price paid by or on behalf of such participant);
(ii) If used in combination with a depository agreement, protect charter participant payments (including those for ground accommodations and services) and assure the certificated or foreign air carrier's contractual and regulatory responsibilities to charter participants in the amount of at least $10,000 times the number of flights, except that the amount need not be more than $200,000. The liability of the securer with respect to any charter participant may be limited to the charter price paid by or on behalf of such participant.
(c) The Department reserves the right to limit or prohibit the operation of direct sales Public Charters by a foreign air carrier upon a finding that such action is necessary in the public interest.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, no certificated air carrier or foreign air carrier shall perform any charter trip (other than a cargo charter trip) originating in the United States or any Overseas Military Personnel Charter trip, as defined in part 372 of this chapter, nor shall such carrier accept any advance payment in connection with any such charter trip, unless there is on file with the Department a copy of a currently effective agreement made between said carrier and a designated bank, by the terms of which all sums payable in advance to the carrier by charterers, in connection with any such trip to be performed by said carrier, shall be deposited with and maintained by the bank, as escrow holder, the agreement to be subject to the following conditions:
(1) The charterer (or its agent) shall pay the carrier either by check or money order made payable to the depository bank. Such check or money order and any cash received by the carrier from a charterer (or its agent) shall be deposited in, or mailed to, the bank no later than the close of the business day following the receipt of the check or money order or the cash, along with a statement showing the name and address of the charterer (or its agent); provided, however, that where the charter transportation to be performed by a carrier is sold through a travel agent, the agent may be authorized by the carrier to deduct its commission and remit the balance of the advance payment to the carrier either by check or money order made payable to the designated bank.
(2) The bank shall pay over to the carrier escrowed funds with respect to a specific charter only after the carrier has certified in writing to the bank that such charter has been completed; provided, however, that the bank may be required by the terms of the agreement to pay over to the carrier a specified portion of such escrowed funds, as payment for the performance of the outbound segment of a round-trip charter upon the carrier's written certification that such segment has been so completed.
(3) Refunds to a charterer from sums in the escrow account shall be paid directly to such charterer its assigns. Upon written certification from the carrier that a charter has been canceled, the bank shall turn over directly to the charterer or its assigns all escrowed sums (less any cancellation penalties as provided in the charter contract) which the bank holds with respect to such canceled charter, provided however, that in the case of a split charter escrowed funds shall be turned over to a charterer or its assigns only if the carrier's written certification of cancellation of such charter includes a specific representation that either the charter has been canceled by the carrier or, if the charter has been canceled by the charterer, that the carrier has accepted a substitute charterer.
(4) The bank shall maintain a separate accounting for each charter flight.
(5) As used in this section the term "bank" means a bank insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
(b) The escrow agreement required under paragraph (a) of this section shall not be effective until approved by the Department. Claims against the escrow may be made only with respect to the non-performance of air transportation.
(c) The carrier may elect, in lieu of furnishing an escrow agreement pursuant to paragraph (a) of this section, to furnish and file with the Department a surety bond with guarantees to the United States Government the performance of all charter trips (other than cargo charter trips) originating in the United States and of all overseas military personnel charter trips, as defined in part 372 of this chapter, to be performed, in whole or in part, by such carrier pursuant to any contracts entered into by such carrier. The amount of such bond shall be unlimited.1 Claims under the bond may be made only with respect to the non-performance of air transportation.
1While the face amount of the bond is unlimited, claims are limited to amounts that are paid to carrier for U.S.-originating passenger charter flights that carrier fails to perform or to refund.
(d) The bond permitted by this section shall be in the form set forth as the appendix to this part. Such bond shall be issued by a bonding or surety company—
(1) Which is listed in Best's Insurance Reports (Fire and Casualty) with a general policyholders' rating of "A" or better or
(2) Which is listed in the U.S. Department of Treasury's notice listing companies holding Certificates of Authority as acceptable sureties on Federal bonds and as acceptable reinsuring companies, published in the Federal Register on or about July 1. The bonding or surety company shall be one legally authorized to issue bonds of that type in the State in which there is located the office or usual residence of the agency designated by the carrier under 49 U.S.C. 46103 to receive service of notices, process and other documents issued by or filed with the Department of Transportation. For the purposes of this section the term "State" includes any territory or possession of the United States, or the District of Columbia. If the bond does not comply with the requirements of this section, or for any reason fails to provide satisfactory or adequate protection for the public, the Department will notify the certificated or foreign air carrier by registered or certified mail, stating the deficiencies of the bond. Unless such deficiencies are corrected within the time limit set forth in the notification, no amounts payable in advance by customers for the subject charter trips shall be accepted by the carrier.
(e) The bond required by this section shall provide that unless the charterer files a claim with the carrier, or, if the carrier is unavailable, with the surety, within 60 days after cancellation of a charter trip with respect to which the charterer's advance payments are secured by the bond, the surety shall be released from all liability under the bond to such charterer for such charter trip. The contract between the carrier and the charterer shall contain notice of this provision.
(a) Certificated air carriers shall obtain a statement of authorization for each long-term wet lease to a foreign air carrier.
(b) Foreign air carriers shall obtain a statement of authorization for each:
(1) Fifth-, sixth- and/or seventh-freedom charter flights to or from the United States;
(2) Long-term wet lease;
(3) Charter flight for which the Department specifically requires prior authorization under paragraph (e) or (f) of this section; or
(4) Part charter.
(c) The Department may issue blanket statements of authorization to foreign air carriers to conduct fifth freedom charters. The standards for issuing such blanket authorizations shall be those stated in §212.11. The Department may revoke any authority granted under this paragraph at any time without hearing.
(d) The Department may at any time, with or without hearing, but with at least 30 days' notice, require a foreign air carrier to obtain a statement of authorization before operating any charter flight. In deciding whether to impose such a requirement, the Department will consider (but not be limited to considering) whether the country of the carrier's nationality:
(1) Requires prior approval for third or fourth freedom charter flights by U.S. air carriers;
(2) Has, over the objection of the U.S. Government, denied rights of a U.S. air carrier guaranteed by a bilateral agreement; or
(3) Has otherwise impaired, limited, or denied the operating rights of U.S. air carriers, or engaged in unfair, discriminatory, or restrictive practices with respect to air transportation services to, from, through, or over its territory.
(e) The Department, in the interest of national security, may require a foreign air carrier to provide prior notification or to obtain a statement of authorization before operating any charter flight over U.S. territory.
(a) Application for a statement of authorization shall be submitted on OST Form 4540 except that for part charters or long-term wet leases the application may be in letter form. An application for a long-term wet lease shall describe the purpose and terms of the wet lease agreement. Except for an application for a long-term wet lease involving a codeshare agreement, an original and two copies of an application shall be submitted to the Department of Transportation, Office of International Aviation, U.S. Air Carrier Licensing Division, X-44 (for an application by a certificated air carrier), or Foreign Air Carrier Licensing Division, X-45 (for an application by a foreign air carrier), 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE., Washington, DC 20590; an original and two copies of an application for a long-term wet lease involving a codeshare agreement shall be submitted to DOT Dockets, PL-401, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE., Washington, DC 20590, or by electronic submission to DOT Dockets according to procedures at the DOT Dockets website. Upon a showing of good cause, the application may be transmitted by facsimile (fax) or telegram, or may be made by telephone, provided, that in the case of a fax or telephone application, the applicant must confirm its request (by filing an original and two copies of its application as described above) within three business days.
(b) A copy of each application for a long-term wet lease shall also be served on the Director of Flight Standards Service (AFS-1), Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20591, and on each certificated air carrier that is authorized to serve the general area in which the proposed transportation is to be performed.
(c)(1) Applicants for statements of authorization filed by foreign air carriers shall include documentation to establish the extent to which the country of the applicant's nationality deals with U.S. air carriers on the basis of reciprocity for similar flights, if such flights are not subject to a bilateral agreement, and
(i) The Department has not established that the country accords reciprocity;
(ii) The Department has found reciprocity defective in the most recent prior approval application involving the country; or
(iii) Changes in reciprocity have occurred since the most recent Department finding for the country in question.
(2) Applications filed by certificated or foreign air carriers to conduct long-term wet leases shall include, for the country of the lessee's nationality, the documentation specified in paragraph (c)(1) of this section.
(d)(1) Applications shall be filed at least 5 business days before commencement of the proposed flight or flights, except as specified in paragraphs (d)(2), (d)(3), and (d)(4) of this section. Late applications may be considered upon a showing of good cause for the lateness.
(2) Applications for a part charter or for a long-term wet lease shall be filed at least 45 calendar days before the date of the first proposed flight.
(3) Applications specifically required under §212.9(d) shall be filed at least 30 calendar days before the proposed flight or flights (10 calendar days for cargo charters), unless otherwise specified by the Department.
(4) Applications required by a Department order under §212.9(e) shall be filed at least 14 calendar days before the proposed flight or flights, unless otherwise specified by the Department.
(5) Where an application is required by more than one provision of this part and/or order of the Department, only one application need be filed, but it must conform to the earliest applicable filing deadline.
(6) The Department may require service of applications as it deems necessary.
(e)(1) Any person may file a memorandum supporting or opposing an application. Three copies of each memorandum shall be filed within 7 business days after service of the application or before the date of the proposed flight or flights, whichever is earlier. Memorandums will be considered to the extent practicable; the Department may act on an application without waiting for supporting or opposing memorandums to be filed.
(2) Each memorandum shall set forth the reasons why the application should be granted or denied, accompanied by whatever data, including affidavits, the Department is requested to consider.
(3) A copy of each memorandum shall be served on the certified or foreign air carrier applying for approval.
(f)(1) Unless otherwise ordered by the Department, each application and memorandum filed in response will be available for public inspection at the Office of International Aviation immediately upon filing. Such information with respect to codeshare applications and responsive pleadings will be available for public inspection at DOT Dockets or at the DOT Dockets website. Notice of the filing of all applications shall be published in the Department's Weekly List of Applications Filed.
(2) Any person objecting to public disclosure of any information in an application or memorandum must state the grounds for the objection in writing. If the Department finds that disclosure of all or part of the information would adversely affect the objecting person, and that the public interest does not require disclosure, it will order that the injurious information be withheld.
[Doc. No. OST-97-2356, 63 FR 28236, May 22, 1998, as amended at 64 FR 3213, Jan. 21, 1999; Doc. No. DOT-OST-2014-0140, 84 FR 15925, Apr. 16, 2019]
(a) The Department will issue a statement of authorization if it finds that the proposed charter flight, part charter, or wet lease meets the requirements of this part and that it is in the public interest. Statements of authorization may be conditioned or limited.
(b) In determining the public interest the Department will consider (but not be limited to) the following factors:
(1) The extent to which the authority sought is covered by and consistent with bilateral agreements to which the United States is a party.
(2) The extent to which an applicant foreign air carrier's home country (and, in the case of a long-term wet lease, the lessee's home country) deals with U.S. air carriers on the basis of substantial reciprocity.
(3) Whether the applicant or its agent has previously violated the provisions of this part.
(4) Where the application concerns a long-term wet lease:
(i) Whether the lessor (applicant) or its agent or the lessee (charterer) or its agent has previously violated the provisions of the Department's charter regulations.
(ii) Whether, because of the nature of the arrangement and the benefits involved, the authority sought should be the subject of a bilateral agreement.
(iii) To what extent the lessor owns and/or controls the lessee, or is owned and/or controlled by the lessee.
(c) The Department will submit any denial of an authorization specifically required of a foreign air carrier under §212.9(d) to the President of the United States at least 10 days before the proposed departure. The denial will be subject to stay or disapproval by the President within 10 days after it is submitted. A shorter period for Presidential review may be specified by the Department where the application for authorization is not timely or properly filed. Denial of a late-filed application need not be submitted to the President. For the purposes of this paragraph, an application filed by a foreign air carrier under §212.9(d) to conduct a cargo charter will be considered as timely filed only if it is filed at least 30 calendar days before the proposed flight, notwithstanding the 10-day filing requirement for cargo charters in §212.10(d)(3).
(d) The Department will publish notice of its actions on applications for statements of authorization in its Weekly List of Applications Filed. Interested persons may upon request obtain copies of letters of endorsed forms advising applicants of action taken on their applications.
The Department may grant a waiver of any of the provisions of this part upon a finding that such waiver is in the public interest. A certificated or foreign air carrier may request a waiver by filing a written application with the Department, citing the specific provision to be waived and providing justification for such waiver.
Know all persons by these presents, that we __________ (Name of certificated or foreign air carrier) of __________, (City) __________ (State or Country) as Principal (hereinafter called Principal), and __________ (name of Surety) a corporation created and existing under the laws of the State of ________ (State) as Surety (hereinafter called Surety) are held and firmly bound unto the United States of America in an unlimited amount, as required by 14 CFR 212.8, for which payment, well and truly to be made, we bind ourselves and our heirs, executors, administrators, successors, and assigns, jointly and severally, firmly by these presents.
Whereas the principal, a certificated air carrier holding a certificate of public convenience and necessity issued under 49 U.S.C. 41102, or a foreign air carrier holding a foreign air carrier permit issued under 49 U.S.C. 41302 or an exemption issued under 49 U.S.C. 40109 authorizing that foreign air carrier to engage in charter trips in foreign air transportation, is subject to rules and regulations of the Department of Transportation relating to security for the protection of charterers of civil aircraft and has elected to file with the Department of Transportation such a bond as will guarantee to the United States Government the performance of all charter trips (other than cargo charter trips) originating in the United States and of all Overseas Military Personnel Charters, as defined in 14 CFR part 372, to be performed, in whole or in part, by such certificated or foreign air carrier pursuant to contracts entered into by such carrier after the execution date of this bond, and
Whereas this bond is written to assure compliance by the Principal with rules and regulations of the Department of Transportation relating to security for the protection of charterer of civil aircraft for charter trips (other than cargo charters) originating in the United States or of Overseas Military Personnel Charter trips and shall inure to the benefit of any and all such charterers to whom the Principal may be held legally liable for any of the damages herein described.
Now, therefore, the condition of this obligation is such that if the Principal shall pay or cause to be paid to such charterer any sum or sums for which the Principal may be held legally liable by reason of the Principal's failure faithfully to perform, fulfill, and carry out all contracts made by the Principal while this bond is in effect for the performance of charter trips (other than cargo charter trips) originating in the United States and of Overseas Military Personnel Charter trips, then this obligation shall be void, otherwise to remain in full force and effect.
The liability of the Surety shall not be discharged by any payment or succession of payments hereunder in any specified amount. The surety agrees to furnish written notice to the Department of Transportation forthwith of all suits filed, judgments rendered, and payments made by said Surety under this bond.
This bond is effective the ___ day of ________, ____, 12:01 a.m., standard time at the address of the Principal as stated herein and shall continue in force until terminated as hereinafter provided. The Principal or the Surety may at any time terminate this bond by written notice to the Department of Transportation at its office in Washington, D.C., such termination to become effective thirty (30) days after actual receipt of said notice by the Department. The Surety shall not be liable hereunder for the payment of the damages hereinbefore described which arise as the result of any contracts for the performance of air transportation services made by the Principal after the termination of this bond becomes effective, as herein provided, but such termination shall not affect the liability of the Surety hereunder for the payment of any such damages arising as the result of contracts for the performance of air transportation services made by the Principal after the termination of this bond becomes effective. Liability of the Surety under this bond shall in all events be limited only to a charterer who shall within sixty (60) days after the cancellation of a charter trip with respect to which the charterer's advance payments are secured by this bond give written notice of claim to the certificated or foreign air carrier, or, if it is unavailable, to the Surety, and all liability on this bond for such charter trip shall automatically terminate sixty (60) days after the termination date thereof except for claims filed within the time provided herein.
In witness whereof, the said Principal and Surety have executed this instrument on the ___ day of ________, ____.
By: Signature and title
Bonding or surety company must be listed in Best's Insurance Reports (Fire and Casualty) with a general policyholders' rating of "A" or better or in the Department of the Treasury listing of companies holding certificates of authority as acceptable sureties on Federal bonds. In addition, the bonding or surety company shall be one legally authorized to issue bonds of that type in the State(s) in which the charter flight(s) originate. Agents must provide satisfactory proof that they have the requisite authority to issue this bond.
Organization Charterworthiness for Affinity Charter Air Transportation and Eligibility of All Prospective Passengers for Such Flights Under Part 212 of the Regulations of the Department of Transportation (14 CFR Part 212)
I declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States of America that the foregoing is true and correct.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Trump administration unveiled its "American Patients First" strategy to lower patient spending on prescription drugs.
This isn't the first time the president has taken aim at the nation's drug spending.
Eric Hargan is about to get a demotion, and he is just fine with that.


text:
Lost frescoes back
Construction workers discover lost frescoes belonging to the Medici family.
During a restoration of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, construction workers came across the two frescoes.
The frescoes – quickly painted works in watercolor on wet plaster – dating back to the 1600s. The paintings, depicting members of the wealthy Medici banking family, are believed to have been covered up in the 18th or 19th century and their existence was previously hidden and unknown.
The museum of Italian Renaissance art was originally a building for the magistrates of Florence and served as a repository for the extensive art collection of the Medici.
The larger and more impressive of the two frescoes, attributed to the circle of Italian Mannerist painter Bernardino Poccetti, is a life-size portrait of Cosimo
II de Medici, the fourth duke of Tuscany and a patron of Galileo. At his feet sit two women next to a lion and a wolf, allegories of the cities of Florence and Siena.
"It was common to have paintings of rulers above the doors of government buildings and this one shows the young Cosimos recounting the conquest of Florence's conquest of Siena," said museum director Eike Schmidt.
The second, smaller fresco is a tondo portrait of Cosimo's father and predecessor, Duke Ferdinando I de' Medici. Both paintings were probably painted over when the rooms were re-purposed. In another room, the team found several 18th century paintings with plant motifs on the walls and vault of the ceiling.
From: Hyperallergic. Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
The Legend of Merlin
The legend of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table is perhaps one of the earliest manifestations of European egalitarianism: The table was round so that no one, not even the king, would sit at the head and each would weigh equally . The twelve stars in the European Union flag seem to refer to the twelve knights – 24 knights are also mentioned. The duodecimal system is early European and (except on the clock face) has been supplanted by the simpler annotation in Arabic numerals in the decimal system. In the European flag, the twelve stars allegedly symbolize the halo around Mary's head, but I actually like the symbolism of the Round Table better: every participating Member State is seen as equal: sovereign and therefore with veto power.
I read the following news item today on Scientias:
The fragments, carelessly tucked away in the binding of other books in the fifteenth century, date from the early thirteenth century.
That is what British researchers say after they have thoroughly examined the seven fragments. However, their research not only results in a fairly accurate dating of the fragments; the scientists also managed to read the entire text, which was no longer visible to the naked eye in places due to damage. They also managed to determine what kind of ink the writer used to put Merlin's story on parchment.
Merlin is a wizard who plays an important role in the famous legend of King Arthur. In the fragments that were recently recovered, it is described, among other things, how King Arthur – together with a few allies, including Merlin – takes up arms against King Claudas. Merlin devises a plan of attack. And a detailed description of the battle follows. That battle seems to be turning against Arthur and his companions, but then Merlin makes a fiery argument and the tide is turned."
From: Science. (https://www.scientias.nl/recent-ontdekte-fragments-van-de-legende-van-merlijn-blijken-tot-de-oudste-van-hun-soort-te-behoren/)
Image: Merlin Taking Away The Infant Arthur By: Newell Convers Wyeth, found at: https://uploads7.wikiart.org/images/nc-wyeth/merlin-taking-away-the-infant-arthur.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Table
Danish light from Vlissingen
Willem Koolmees
Vlissingen, 6 August 2021
Willem Koolmees goes to great lengths to earn his living. He drives to Denmark about once every six weeks for a new supply of old lamps. He fixes them up and sells them. Seems too simple to live on, but Willem can do it.
During the holidays I came across a book at our guest house about a group of Danish painters in Skagen who made beautiful paintings. I couldn't read the story of that group of painters, so at home I googled the book, which I think was called 'Danish Light'.
I didn't like the Skager painters, but I did like a different Danish light. Namely lamps by Louis Poulsen. I forgot the book and googled further for these lamps. Because such a lamp fits perfectly with our dining table.
Louis Poulsen is 'design' and therefore much too expensive… then look at the marketplace, maybe there is a good second-hand copy. That's how I ended up on the Facebook page of Willem Koolmees, 'specialized in custom made vintage Danish lamps' . My 'refurbishing' is therefore too disrespectful for what Willem does, see the photos below.
He could also have added 'sustainable' and 'circular'.
Buying only a photo on the internet is difficult for me, so I called Willem for an appointment in Vlissingen. 'Are you coming by train? But how do you get here? I'm far from the station.' To my answer that we would take a taxi, he said: 'I can come and get you with my van, but then 1 has to be in the back' . No sooner said than done. On the way Willem said: I really think a taxi is a waste of money, then I'll come get you.
On the shelves in his workshop at the business park in Vlissingen are countless old lamps, parts and Danish trinkets from thrift shops. 'It's not a showroom, is it, people work here.' I choose a lamp and the colours, Willem tells me in the meantime.
Danes like (liked) this
Willem is not an average salesperson, nor is an average person. He adheres to all the rules, but is regularly surprised as to why. Anyway, he counts his blessings. He walks with his girlfriend in the area around Vlissingen, in the summer it's like being on vacation. He goes his own way, driving alone all night to Denmark. Nice and quiet. Initially he looked for the lamps himself in thrift shops, now he has people in Denmark looking for him. In passing, he also takes other items with him that he expects to sell well.
He watches his money, how much do you really need? And he watches my money: he explains that he has the paint made special, it is more expensive than regular hardware store paint, but then the lamp gets exactly the right old-fashioned finish, what a new cord costs, and what it earns. Apparently it is a way of earning money that is catching on: he is now quite busy.
Last week I received my lamp, properly packed in recycled packaging material.
He is beautiful William! I'm very happy with it.
And … if you come across a painting by a Skager painter, I'll recommend it!
Laurits Tuxen – pouring the morning coffee (Skager museum)
Baron stole from Europe
From: The Standard. Karel Pinxten (69), ex-politician of the Open VLD, loses two thirds of his pension rights. This was decided by the European Court of Justice on Thursday morning. According to the Court, it has been proven that Pinxten, as a member of the European Court of Auditors, enriched himself between 2006 and 2018 at the expense of his employer.
In its decision, the court followed the demand of Irish Solicitor General Gerard Hogan in December last year. An investigation by the European anti-fraud service Olaf had shown that Pinxten, among other things, had private trips to Cuba and Crans-Montana in Switzerland, but also hunting parties in Ciergnon in the Ardennes and Chambord in the Loire region paid for by his employer the European Court of Auditors .
He is also accused of fraud with fuel cards, as is a long list of dinners paid for by Europe with political and personal friends. At the end of his investigation in 2018, Olaf estimated the financial loss that Pinxten would have caused to his employer at 570,000 euros. The Court of Audit itself reduced that amount to 160,000 euros in its claim to the European Court.
https://www.standaard.be/cnt/DMF20210930_92829700?utm_source=standaard&utm_medium=newsletter&utm_campaign=breakingnews&utm_content=wide_1&utm_term=0-0&adh_i=893b91e6b550009c505f7dc57e180b71&imai=&M_BT=4861902125371
Italy as a political trendsetter
By: Robert Visscher/NemoKennislink, cover image: Wikipedia
Many people see Italian politics as the exception within Europe. But the Italians are trendsetters, say Utrecht University scientists. The approach of Mussolini, Berlusconi and Grillo was followed by the rest of the world.
Laying lazily on the beach, lounging around a bit and taking a dip every now and then. "Long days doing nothing in the sun and enjoying life. That is the image that many people have of the holiday country Italy," say researchers and Italy experts Pepijn Corduwener and Arthur Weststeijn (Utrecht University). "It seems above all a country of stagnation and disorder, but when you think of political innovation you probably don't think of Italy. The country is indeed a trendsetter," argue the two scientists.
Lazing in the sun, like here in Sicily. Many holidaymakers are familiar with Italy, but from a political point of view the country is a trendsetter, argue Weststeijn and Corduwener. Photo: Robert Visscher
In their book 'The Italian experiment' the authors provide a refreshing look at the modern political history of Italy. They describe how Benito Mussolini, Silvio Berlusconi, Beppe Grillo and Matteo Salvini became popular and set an example for many other politicians across the border. This is remarkable, because most historians argue the opposite. They emphasize that Italy is an exception in Europe and has therefore not been imitated at all. Now that many people are on holiday in the southern European country, NEMO Kennislink is questioning the scientists.
Read more at: https://www.nemokennislink.nl/publicaties/italiaanse-politici-experimenteren-tot-in-de-oneininheid/
Featured photo (Wikipedia): Alessandra Mussolini, Italian conservative politician, member of the European Parliament, former actress and model, granddaughter of Benito Mussolini, niece of Sophia Loren. Photo Nicoloro Giuseppe. Milano 07/10/2007 Festa Tricolore del secolo d'Italia. nella photo l' unoriginal Alessandra Mussolini.
Other times in Italy
Hi Erwin,
Did you have a good holiday?
I would have liked to stay in Italy a bit longer, I noticed when I got home, because no, I haven't really completely rested this summer.
Naturally. I had a nice meal, a good location and also a good read, but I didn't feel like watching, didn't want to really delve into it. My curiosity was locked.
I noticed it in Brisighella 's bell tower. For two weeks straight it stood like an exclamation mark on a rock in the undulating hilly landscape around me.
I saw the tower from our garden. I saw the tower on the way to the Conad. I saw the tower when I went to get bottles of Albana and Romagna Sangiovese at wine cooperative. I saw the tower as we walked through Brisighella. And I saw the tower as we drove to Faenza, Ravenna or further up the coast.
But I didn't see him.
Take a good look at that tower, yes, the photo at the top. The clock does not indicate the traditional 12 hours, but has a division of six areas, the Ora Italica. A time indication that they used in Italy from the 14th to the 18th century.
Certainly, even in Italy a day consisted of 24 hours. But they didn't divide it into two times twelve hours, but into four parts of six. When the sun went down, it was 24 hours and a new day began. If it was eighteen, there were still six hours to go until sunset, which coincided with the closing of the city or castle gates. Disadvantage: the time was nowhere the same, because yes, the sun did not set at the same time everywhere.
When Napoleon occupied large parts of Italy, he introduced the 'French' era – which we still use today. Time took on a different appearance in Italy. In some towns it just stayed on the Ora Italica.
From: Cor Hospes' newsletter
Copyright © 2021 Cor Hospes, All rights reserved.
You have signed up for the Cor Hospes Newsletter.
Image: Ciao Tutti. An initiative of Saskia Balmaekers, weblog about Italy.
This image, taken on September 30 by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission, shows the lava flow from the erupting volcano on the Spanish island of La Palma. The lava flows into the Atlantic Ocean and extends the coastline. This 'lava delta' covered about 20 hectares when the photo was taken.
On September 19, a fissure opened in the Cumbre Vieja volcano, sending plumes of ash and lava into the air. The lava poured down the mountain and flowed through villages swallowing everything in its way. By September 28, the 6 km lava flow had reached the ocean on the west coast of the island. Clouds of white steam were reported where the red-hot lava hit the water in the Playa Nueva area.
This Sentinel-2 image is rendered in true color, using the shortwave infrared channel to emphasize the lava flow. The Sentinel-2 mission is based on a constellation of two identical satellites, each carrying an innovative high-resolution multispectral wide-angle camera with 13 spectral bands, capable of tracking changes in Earth's land and vegetation.
contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2021), edited by ESA, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
Observing the Earth
Angela Merkel saved the West
(James Hawes on Unherd.com) "So even now that Angela Merkel's own CDU is no longer the largest party, she has won.
How come? Because she saved her one true love: the West. The real, European West, that is, not the "West" of the wild, free-spirited Ayn Rand-esque fantasies that arose when communism fell. She understood what the West really means.
How could she have done otherwise, with her life story? Unlike almost everyone in East Germany, she was not there because of bad luck and barbed wire. Her father, a pastor, moved of her own free will from Hamburg to the East shortly after her birth in 1954, and there became a leading figure in the Lutheran Church. This is less surprising than it sounds, because the Lutherans, with their strict delineation of secular and spiritual realms (meaning in practice that they never seriously criticize the state), have been welcome helpers to the rulers of East Germany since the Teutonic Knights embraced Luther, broke with Rome and founded their own new state: Prussia.
The Wall was built when she was seven. She must have grown up knowing she could have been a West German. As a very talented young scientist working within the insane ideological confines of Marxism-Leninism, she must have felt the direct effects of her father's misguided utopianism every day. At 35 she experienced the triumph of the West not only as simple, literal freedom, but also as a spiritual liberation, at last, from the structural mendacity in which millennial ideas inevitably derail.
read the entire essay at https://tinyurl.com/kxdh82er
WWW was invented in Europe
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a European invention, invented by Tim Berners Lee at CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire), an organization founded in 1954 by twelve European countries. The WWW is the most public manifestation of the Internet because the social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Linked In, Youtube, Instagram, etc.) are private companies where you can create an account but which as a 'publisher' can directly intervene in what you publish and are increasingly doing so under the pressure of governments as a precaution.
This is not the case on the World Wide Web. The ICANN is an American 'multi-stakeholder corporation', a kind of foundation for which we must be eternally grateful to Jon Postel (1943-1998, an academic hippie who has remained true to his idealistic principles).
Incidentally, the WWW also has limits to the freedom of expression, just as they apply in the open, but EVERYONE is allowed on it and in any case there is no private administrator who acts as a precautionary censor, what on Youtube, Facebook, etc. is the case. Such as: When is naked pornography and when does pornography break the law. An algorithm or a moderator lacks the intelligence and knowledge for this, so everything exposed on such a platform is 'blacked out' as a precaution. Which leads to censorship on art showing nude (and that's quite a bit!) 'Online' as
Fortunately, the World Wide Web is still a sanctuary for political expression with much to experience. I think it is invaluable for the pluriformity – the multiplicity of differing views – in the social debate. There is more to read and watch and listen to than ever before. Like on Doorbaak.be.
Doorbraak.be is a nice Belgian news & opinion site that is reminiscent of Geen Stijl, Cafe Weltschmerz and Blackbox: rowing against the prevailing opinion. Defying authorities who think they have a monopoly on the truth in the form of facts (their facts).
Doorbaak is upset about the leftism of the mainstream media. But that is slowly starting to look a bit aggrieved. After all: how 'mainstream' are the mainstream media anyway? Just as the 'political centre' is increasingly eaten up by newcomers on the right and left flanks. Perhaps it's better to say by the 'margin', because populism carries both right-wing and left-wing agenda items at the same time.
The whole idea that there are mainstream media and mainstream political parties that can direct public debate is based on the idea that they have exclusive media access, but that has long since ceased to be the case. The Internet and social media have completely fragmented 'the media' and made 'public opinion' extremely volatile. Anyone can gather a circle of like-minded people around them by becoming active online. And it can go viral.
I am still a loyal user of old media that I trust, such as NRC that I read and the NOS-Journaal and Nieuwsuur that I watch almost daily. I certainly won't write it off. I appreciate people who count to ten before shouting. Who are self-critical by hearing both sides of the argument.
But I think it's a huge asset that there are all kinds of online initiatives that critically and annoyingly monitor this often lazy, smug media. If you just surf the web a lot and just sniff around and browse around, then as a media junkie like me, you'll have the time of your life. Whether it concerns the climate, the economy, the pandemic, Afghanistan or whatever. Every glass is not only half empty, but elsewhere also half full. I read the newsletter of Groenlinks with as much interest as that of Forum for Democracy. Every morning my inbox is full of newsletters from home and abroad and I can indulge myself again.
Favorites? BBC, Euro News, Deutsche Welle, Arte, TV5 Monde,The Financial Times, The Economist but also: De Bicker, Clintel, Syp Wynia's Week, The Poverty Project, The Project Syndicate, The Conversation, Media Part, De Correspondent, Doorbraak.be , Smithsonian Magazine, IEEE Spectrum, De Groene Amsterdammer, AAAS en Science, Roger Pielke Jr., Unherd, 7DTV, Issues in Science and Technology, Hyperallergic, Mediapart,
The Associated Press, Reuters, Eurozine, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Perlentaucher, The Spectator, 360 Magazine, Politico, The New York Review of Books, London Review of Books, Pew Research, Nature, Open Democracy, University of the Netherlands, pfff.. ….just to name a few. The first thing you do when you hear an expert or authority declare a firm truth (which real experts very rarely do, be firm) is: take a look online.
So I don't see the problem of that mainstream, biased media that way.
Statue:
Title: Tim Berners-Lee
Author: Photographer Elise Amendola
Licensee: Supplier AP, Supplier NTB scanpix
Source: http://www.scanpix.no
World Wide Web verkocht als NFT: broncode levert fortuin op
https://www.sothebys.com/en/digital-catalogues/this-changed-everything
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I believe there are two factors that set Marquette University above the rest in terms of employment opportunities. First, Marquette provides an environment that promotes entrepreneurship and endorses new ideas and "thinking outside of the box." Second, the Marquette community is genuinely supportive – all of us are considered part of the Marquette family; I have seen first-hand that the cura personalis mission is something that is truly incorporated into our daily lives.
I really enjoy working among Marquette students because their high level of activity and energy is contagious. Each day, they serve as a reminder of the importance of my work in development.
I truly enjoy the chance to critically aid an educational endeavor like Marquette University, where we strive to provide a first-rate educational experience in an atmosphere of care and faith.
Provide critical scholarship aid through the Scholars Fund, support student-athlete scholarships through the Blue & Gold Fund, or help strengthen academic priorities across campus through the Marquette Fund. Give online today!


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Cecil Wayne Salyers Sr.
CLEVELAND, VIRGINIA – Cecil Wayne Salyers, Sr., 61, passed away on Wednesday, September 29, 2021, at his home on Ivy Ridge Road in Cleveland, Virginia, surrounded by his family. He was born on February 14, 1960, in Lebanon, Virginia; son of the late William and Dora Virginia Salyers. He was preceded in death by a brother, John Russell Salyers; and his daughter, Samantha Brooke Salyers. He loved spending time with his family. He is survived by his wife, Phyllis Jean Salyers; his son, Cecil Wayne Salyers, Jr. and wife, Sharon Nicole "Nicky" Salyers; two granddaughters, Sasha Samantha Brooke Salyers, and Charlina Kay-Jean "Katie" Salyers; two brothers, Bert Salyers and wife Lorraine, and William "Buddy" Salyers and wife, Frances; two sisters, Ella Rose and husband, Chris, and Judy Poteet and husband, Andrew; and several nieces and nephews. Graveside Services and Interment for Cecil Wayne Salyers, Sr. will be conducted at 2:00 p.m., Monday, October 4, 2021, in the Chapel of Love Mausoleum at Temple Hill Memorial Park in Castlewood, Virginia with Rev. Doug Smith officiating. Pallbearers will be Family and Friends. The family will receive friends from 1:00 p.m. until 2:00 p.m., Monday, October 4, 2021, in Chapel of Love Mausoleum at Temple Hill Memorial Park in Castlewood, Virginia. Online condolences may be sent to the Salyers family through our website at www.castlewoodfuneralhome.com. Castlewood Funeral Home is in charge of arrangements.
CLEVELAND, VIRGINIA – Cecil Wayne Salyers, Sr., 61, passed away on Wednesday, September 29, 2021, at his home on Ivy Ridge Road in Cleveland, Virginia, surrounded by his family. He was born on February 14, 1960, in Lebanon, Virginia;... View Obituary & Service Information
The family of Cecil Wayne Salyers Sr. created this Life Tributes page to make it easy to share your memories.
CLEVELAND, VIRGINIA – Cecil Wayne Salyers, Sr., 61, passed away...
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Wisdom Stockholm is a platform for sharing real projects, presenting ideas and experiencing inspiring moments to change society into a world everyone wants to live in.
The conference Wisdom Stockholm is part of a the Wisdom Together network which attracts a global community of people interested in living with deeper wisdom, compassion and awareness in the digital age. Whether you're from business, politics, science, media or wellness, be a part of this first and worldwide unique conference and jointly seek for solutions to the challenges facing the global society. Together with top business executives, spiritual leaders as well as internationally renowned speakers we will share and initiate fruitful projects, join awesome ideas and experience inspiring moments.
DEVELOP ideas and plan concrete actions together with you.
Our internationally acclaimed and innovative speakers come from sectors including business, education, politics and lifestyle. Along with renowned wisdom teachers they invite us to explore how we can tap into a deeper level of humanity, of who we really are and who we want to be as a society.
The topics of conversation range from intuition to emerging technologies and neuroscience; including conscious leadership and mastering the art of happiness. We want to explore approaches that are beneficial to our well-being, effective in our work, and useful to the world.
The two-day event encompasses talks, interviews, conversations, and the chance to mingle, explore overlaps and potential projects with other participants, who include executives, entrepreneurs, coaches, academics and wellness professionals, all of whom are interested in the application of conscious leadership in business and private life.


Publicly available records published by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) and accessed on May 2, 2018 indicate that Nebraska-based Summit Brokerage Services broker/adviser Jay Wallinger has been involved in a customer dispute. Fitapelli Kurta is interested in speaking to investors who have complaints regarding Mr. Wallinger (CRD# 2407056).
Jay Wallinger has spent 24 years in the securities industry and has been registered with Summit Brokerage Services in Stuart, Nebraska since 2016. He was previously registered with VSR Financial Services in Stuart, Nebraska (1993-2016). He has passed four securities industry examinations: Series 65 (Uniform Investment Adviser Law Examination), which he obtained on August 4, 1998; Series 63 (Uniform Securities Agent State Law Examination), which he obtained on November 10, 1993; Series 7 (General Securities Representative Examination), which he obtained on August 10, 2001; and Series 6 (Investment Company Products/Variable Contracts Representative Examination), which he obtained on October 25, 1993. He is a registered broker and investment adviser with eleven US states: Arizona, California, Colorado, Iowa, Kentucky, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas.
According to his BrokerCheck report, Jay Wallinger has received one customer complaint.
In December 2016 a customer alleged Jay Wallinger, while employed at VSR Financial Services, recommended unsuitable investments in equipment leasing products and over-concentrated the account. The complaint settled in January 2018 for $330,000.
If you have lost money investing with Jay Wallinger, you may be able to recover your losses. Call Fitapelli Kurta at 877-238-4175 for a free consultation. All cases are taken on a contingency basis: Fitapelli Kurta only gets paid if and when you collect funds. Time to file your claim may be limited by law, so we encourage you to avoid delay. Call 877-238-4175 now to speak to an attorney for free.


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Home / PlayStation Games / PlayStation 3 / Battlefield 3 – Limited Edition (PlayStation 3)
EA Digital Illusions CE AB
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SKU: 23743 Category: PlayStation 3
Battlefield 3 is the direct sequel to 2005's Battlefield 2 and is the 11th overall entry in the Battlefield franchise. Powered by the Frostbite 2 engine, Battlefield 3 aims to provide the fast paced, team oriented online multiplayer the series has made its name upon while also providing the first true single player campaign in a numbered Battlefield game, and for the first time in any Battlefield game numbered or not is a cooperative mode. The game also introduces the Battlelog feature, an in browser service which gives in-depth statistics for individual soldiers such as their Win/Lose ratio, their favourite weapon, how accurate they are – and so forth. Battlelog also allows players to create Platoons which are not unlike clans which track the stats of a combined group, allows for scrimmaging, voice communications, and parties which will attempt to bundle friends and platoon members into squads together if possible. The game is also launched from Battlelog although settings are altered in game.
The campaign is set in the not-too-distant future of 2014, in which players take on the role of Staff sergeant Henry Blackburn and occasionally other members of his 5 man squad. For the majority of the story, Blackburn is being interrogated about knowledge of an attack on New York and as such the missions take place in a disjointed, flashback fashion as Blackburn recounts his encounter with the PLR – a dangerous terrorist organization who may be after chemical and nuclear weapons. The campaign plays like most other shooters, as the player uses various weapons to dispatch enemies and push to the end of each scenario often aided with AI companions. The campaign does offer some variety though, occasionally allowing the player to ride inside tanks, jets, and helicopters – but unlike multiplayer, it is rare that the player gets a chance to actually drive these vehicles.
The multiplayer suite contains Conquest, the classic Battlefield mode in which teams compete to control various points on a map and drain the enemy teams tickets – Rush, in which attackers attempt to destroy M-Com stations and the defenders must dwindle their tickets to 0 to win, Team Deathmatch which is self explanatory, and a Squad based variation of Rush and Deathmatch in which individual squads try to take the M-Com Stations for themselves or wipe out other squads. Like in past Battlefield games, there are multiple classes. The Assault class uses assault rifles and carries medic kits and defibrillators to heal and revive teammates, respectively. The Support class uses light machine guns and carry Ammo packs to resupply teammates and C4 which can be used to destroy tanks or crumble buildings. The Engineer class uses sub-machine guns, has a blow torch for repairing vehicles and a rocket launcher for destroying them. Lastly, the Recon class carries long range rifles and uses motion detectors and mobile spawn points to detect enemies and allow friendlies to spawn anywhere on the map. All classes can unlock new gadgets and specializations, each weapon also has an unlock tree that unlocks weapon specific items based on how often and how well that particular weapon has been used. The same applies to vehicles, which consist of tanks, IFVs, Armored personnel carriers, hummers, jeeps, helicopters and returning from Battlefield 2 are Jets.
Console editions of the game support a lower amount of players and smaller maps. Only 24 players can meet up online in the Console iterations. The PC version also only supports Windows Vista or Windows 7, as it cannot run without a DirectX 10 or 11 card.
Beowulf The Game (PlayStation 3)
Bioshock (PlayStation 3)
BlackSite: Area 51 (PlayStation 3)


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Chaoyong (; starsza transkrypcja, spotykana w literaturze: Chao Yung) – chiński mały krążownik typu Chaoyong z końca XIX w. Do tego samego typu należały chiński "Yangwei" i japoński "Tsukushi".

Konstrukcja
"Chaoyong" został zbudowany w stoczni Mitchell & Co. (jako podwykonawcy dla Armstrong Whitworth), według planów George'a Wightwicka Rendela, którego mniejsze okręty (kanonierki) Chiny kupowały już wcześniej. Krążowniki te wzorowane były na budowanym dla chilijskiej marynarki okręcie "Arturo Prat", ale wcześniej ukończone. Od pierwowzoru różniły się sześcioma kotłami rurkowymi (w miejsce czterech), które dostarczały pary dla dwóch maszyn parowych firmy Hawthorn&Co. Silniki, napędzające dwie śruby, na próbach osiągnęły moc 2677 KM dla "Chaoyonga" (co dało prędkość 16,7 węzłów) i 2580 KM dla "Yangwei" (16 w.). Maksymalny zapas węgla wynosił 300 ton, co pozwalało na krążenie przez 28 dni z prędkością 8 w. Okręty były wyposażone w pomocnicze ożaglowanie typu szkuner.

Posiadały konstrukcję stalową, o grubości burt 3/4 cala (19 mm) i dodatkowym, cienkim (9 mm – 3/8 cala) pokładzie pancernym, ok. 1 m pod linią wodną. Główną ochroną żywotnych części okrętów były magazyny bunkra. Wieże armatnie miały grubość pancerza 9 mm, a opancerzony pomost – 16 mm. W dziób wbudowany był trzymetrowy taran. Wadą okrętów były niewielkie rozmiary i niska wolna burta (na czas podróży do Chin burty zostały dodatkowo nadbudowane).

Krążowniki uzbrojone były w dwie gwintowane armaty odtylcowe systemu Armstronga, kalibru 254 mm (10 cali), o długości lufy 26 kalibrów i wadze 25 t. (Armstrong BL 10 inch gun Mk I). Działa strzelały pociskami o wadze 400 funtów, umieszczone były pojedynczo na dziobie i rufie w nieruchomych wieżach, z klapami z trzech stron, otwieranymi do góry i kładzionymi na dachu wieży. Ze względu na konstrukcję wież, pole ostrzału było ograniczone podporami dachu i wynosiło 44° na wprost i po 70° na każdą z burt, z teoretycznie możliwych 220 stopni kątowych. Armaty obracane były hydraulicznie, miały dziesięcioosobową załogę, szybkostrzelność ok. 1 strzał na 2,5 min i zapas pocisków 100 nabojów na działo. Na dachu wież umieszczone były pojedyncze, lekkie działka systemu Nordenfeldta. Za uzbrojenie średnie służyły 4 armaty Armstronga kal. 120 mm, po dwa na burcie, na odkrytych stanowiskach strzeleckich (zapas 200 40-funtowych pocisków na działo). Dodatkowo przewożono dwa działa polowe dla oddziału desantowego, a dwa parowe kutry okrętowe, o długości 30 stóp (10 m) i prędkości do 9 węzłów, mogły przenosić miny wytykowe.

Przebieg służby
Po zwodowaniu w 1880, 9 sierpnia 1881, wraz z bliźniaczym "Yangwei", opuściły Tyne z chińskimi załogami, ale zachodnią kadrą dowódczą i szkoleniową. 11 sierpnia nad "Chaoyong" przejął komendę Ding Ruchang. Do Dagu okręty dopłynęły w listopadzie, odwiedziwszy Hongkong, Kanton i Szanghaj. Stały się zalążkiem nowoczesnej floty północnej (Beiyang), tworzonej przez Li Hongzhanga, jako okręt flagowy nowo mianowanego admirała Ding Ruchanga.

23 lipca 1884 "Chaoyong" (z Li Hongzhangiem na pokładzie), jako okręt flagowy eskadry floty Beiyang spotkał się w Yantai z francuską eskadrą pod dowództwem adm. Lespes'a. Podczas rozmów Francuzi wykonali ćwiczenia, będące w istocie demonstracją siły. Następnego dnia eskadra Li wróciła na północ, by nie pojawić się już na morzach objętych wojną chińsko-francuską, dzięki czemu jej okręty nie uległy zagładzie wraz z flotą południową (Nanyang).

W kwietniu 1886 wraz z "Yangwei" oraz pancernikami "Dingyuan" i "Zhenyuan" uczestniczyły w serii ćwiczeń koło Dagu, a w maju cała eskadra spotkała się w Port Arturze z odbywającymi wizytę kurtuazyjną okrętami brytyjskimi.

W chwili budowy okręty te były bardzo szybkie i silne uzbrojone. Miały jednak poważne wady: słaby pancerz i uzbrojenie główne o ograniczonym polu ostrzału, a małe wymiary utrudniały modernizację. Ze względu na szybki postęp technologiczny, w momencie wybuchu pierwszej wojny chińsko-japońskiej były już zupełnie przestarzałe. Brak pancerza okazał się zabójczy w starciu z nowocześniejszymi okrętami japońskimi w bitwie u ujścia Yalu. Na wielokrotnie trafionym "Chaoyongu" wybuchł gwałtowny pożar, a nieszczęśliwa konstrukcja nadbudówki ułatwiła jego rozprzestrzenienie; okręt zatonął wraz z niemal całą załogą (ocalało 7 ludzi). Płonący "Chaoyong", próbujący wyrzucić się na brzeg wyspy Talu, został dodatkowo staranowany przez uciekający krążownik "Jiyuan" i zatonął na płyciźnie.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Chińskie okręty z okresu wojny chińsko-japońskiej
Chińskie okręty z okresu XIX wieku
Chińskie okręty zatopione w czasie wojny chińsko-japońskiej
Krążowniki
Statki i okręty zatopione na Morzu Żółtym
Zatopione krążowniki

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


What role does innovation play in your marketing strategy today? Innovation is not about executing a wacky media idea; it is about constantly pushing boundaries to reach a target audience effectively and with impact. It requires clients who are prepared to take risks and to trust in an agency's ability to deliver.
Why do people see you as an innovator? My role is to challenge the conventional. Clients are now used to me saying, "I know that's what you want to do, but tell me what you want to achieve. When I understand these goals, we can then debate about how we can best do the project." Media owners certainly now know that I will not accept the obvious. If it is not a new solution, I don't want to hear it.
What is the biggest challenge you face in applying innovative thinking to international projects? Innovation in an international environment, such as crossing European borders, brings varying in-country constraints associated with implementation, strategy and creative availability. Preset budgets and briefs rarely provide much room for flexibility, and they are a challenge to true innovative thinking. We find that if we have conversations before briefs are set, or if we can work with a top executive with marketing vision, we can often achieve better results. A client's trust in you makes all the difference.
Describe an innovative idea or business solution of which you are most proud. I am most proud of having spent 17 years applying international media strategy, and I have genuinely tried to be innovative during every working minute.


I'm Takiyah Douglas, class of 2019 Creative Writing major. I'm a Springfield, MA native who dreams of improving my community through my writing. I have high hopes of being able to make a living off of my creativity, and my goals range from becoming a New York Times Best Seller author to buying a forest. I always brag about my upcoming novel (due out in May 2019), which may or may not become a Netflix film. I have an extreme love for the musical artist Joji and I enjoy making Amazon lists of things I'm most likely not going to buy. Most of my content on The Looking Glass are creative pieces, rich in satire, humor, and pop culture.


Bill heads to Design Week Portland to join one of the week's many programs exploring the process, craft, and practice of design across disciplines.
Bill joins Eric Park: Director of Business Design, Cambia Health, Ziba Design Fellow, Gene Sandoval: Design Partner, ZGF, and Kathy Berg: Partner, ZGF on April 17th for an evening panel. The panel, How Sustainability Powers High Performance, will explore high performance design and where the design community is headed in terms of environmental, social and economic sustainability. It's a conversation you won't want to miss!