Don't you love to recycle common household items into cute decor projects? This adorable lightbulb snowman uses a common light bulb with some inexpensive craft supplies to make the sweetest Christmas decor idea ever.
This fun little snowman would make a great ornament or gift for a special friend. I love the way the top of the light bulb makes his hat and matches the plaid scarf so well!
Up cycling household items is good for the environment and keeps the cost of your projects to a minimum. (See another fun light bulb snowman ornament here/) What is so much fun about these projects is how quickly they come together. It's a great way to spend an afternoon with your kids.
Don't you love snowman projects? They look so great around the holidays but can also be left out on display in the winter months when the snow is all around us. Check out these snowman projects for more fun ideas.
To make the project, you will need the following materials.
This idea was originally shared by Nify Mag from an old issue of Country Woman Magazine. Nify appears to be having server issues and the link to directions has not worked for the last few months. These are the instructions as I can remember them. Hopefully, the original site will be back up soon so that I can link to the original tutorial.
Start by forming some white oven bake clay into a round base that will fit the top of the light bulb. Form an indentation in the clay. Take a piece of orange clay and make a carrot shape for the nose. Use a toothpick to make lines on the nose. Bake in the oven until they are set. Allow to cool.
Paint the base of the light bulb dark green and add some white paint on the top.
Paint the whole snowman white and add some glitter when the paint is still wet. Allow to dry.
I painted the face free hand using this printable as a guide with black and white acrylic paints. You can print it out here. (it will open in a separate tab.) Be sure to let the face dry before you try to add the nose. Hot glue the baked white foam base to the top of the light bulb and allow it to set.
Use the textured white craft paint and paint it near the base of the snowman to resemble snow. Add a bit of glitter. Paint a thin line of the textured snow around the bottom of the green hat for a rim.
Use the hot glue gun and attach the nose to the face, and the red beads for buttons.
Attach the small twigs for arms on the side of the snowman with the hot glue gun and wrap the scarf around his head.
The foam base allows you to stand the snowman on an occasional table so that you can easily display it with pride.
where do you get the textured snow at?


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Home General Fennel Seeds Recipe & Nutrition | 's Encyclopedia of Food
Fennel Seeds Recipe & Nutrition | 's Encyclopedia of Food
Vaibhav Sharda
Fennel seeds are a popular ingredient in Italian dishes, and they have a long history of medicinal use. In fact, they are one of the oldest medicinal plants, and are still used as a remedy to treat digestive disorders, coughing, and gas. Fennel seeds are also used as a seasoning in many dishes that are popular in Italian cuisine, and are used in the preparation of tomato sauce, marinades, and salads.
Fennel seeds, also known as anise seeds, are a delicious and aromatic spice that is used extensively in cooking. They were first cultivated in Rome and are now a part of the culinary traditions of many countries. Their mild, sweet flavor is often used to flavor foods, and they are popular in breads, grilled meats, sauces, poultry, and fish. The seeds, which are about an inch long, are generally brown or gray in color.
Fennel seeds are a mild, slightly sweet spice that have been used since ancient times as a flavoring agent in a variety of dishes. They are…
Fennel seeds are a sweet and fragrant spice that are tiny and light green. This hardy plant, which belongs to the same family as carrots, dill, and parsley, grows wild and obstinately in many parts of the world. Fennel is classified a weed in Australia and the United States because it is so invasive. Fennel has a distinct flavor that is sweet, grassy, and licorice-like, comparable to anise. Although it is used in herbal medicine to alleviate digestive distress, fennel, like other spices, is not a major source of nourishment in the quantities commonly eaten. Fennel may be found in a wide range of products, from Italian sausages to toothpaste.
Fennel is a tiny light green seed used as a spice. Major flavor may be found in this small kernel.
Fennel seeds have a unique, licorice-like flavor, similar to the vegetable bulb from which fennel blooms and seeds grow. Pops of this sweet spice may be found all over the world, including in classic Italian sausages, sugar-coated as an edible breath freshener in India, the alcoholic combination absinthe, and even as a flavoring ingredient in toothpastes.
Fennel is a carrot family member (together with parsley and dill) with small yellow blooms on slender stalks radiating from a central stem. The stems will dry out and change from green to yellowish-brown when the seeds are ready to harvest. With a little agitation to encourage them, the seeds will readily fall off the plant at this point.
Fennel may be found growing wild in many areas of the globe, including North America, Northern Europe, Asia, and Australia. Fennel is classified a weed in Australia and the United States because it is such a strong (bordering on invasive) crop.
Fennel seeds have ridges running lengthwise and are tiny, thin, and pointy-ended. They're a subdued brownish-green color with a strong fragrance. Their odor and taste are sweet and herbaceous, with strong anise and licorice overtones.
Fennel is usually offered as whole seeds, although it may also be obtained as a powder.
In the quantities commonly ingested, fennel, like other spices, is not a major source of nutrients.
Fennel, on the other hand, is used in herbal therapy to treat digestive problems including gas, bloating, indigestion, low appetite, and nausea.
Most high quality supermarket stores, health food stores, bulk food stores, and spice shops have fennel.
Ideally, purchase your fennel in seed form (as recommended by most culinary gurus). Use the seeds whole or ground them in small quantities as required. Using a mortar and pestle or a clean coffee grinder, grind the seeds simply. While you may buy fennel that has already been crushed, it rapidly loses its strength.
Shop in shops with high turnover, and covered bins at bulk food stores, if you're buying it that way.
Fennel that is of excellent quality should be fragrant and sweet-smelling, whether it is powdered or seeded. Avoid items that have a faint fragrance or those have a musty odor.
Fennel seeds or powder should be kept at room temperature in a sealed container away from heat and light, such as a closed cabinet or drawer away from the oven.
Ground fennel is especially prone to losing its effectiveness over time. It has a shelf life of just a few months after grinding. It will still be edible after this period, but most of the taste will have been gone. Whole fennel seeds, on the other hand, will last for approximately a year.
Fennel is a wonderful complement to fish or poultry meals, cooked whole grains, pasta sauces, and many other recipes when used as a spice.
SALMON WITH FENNEL AND CORIANDER CRUST AND FENNEL CITRUS SALAD
This meal features fennel in all of its glory: savory salmon filets are perfumed with toasted fennel and coriander seeds, while a refreshing side salad combines fresh fennel bulb with a variety of citrus.
Salad: extremely thinly chopped fennel bulb 2 cups peeled and seeded grapefruit segments 1 cup very thinly cut shallots 2 tablespoons lime juice 1 tsp honey 1 tsp olive oil (extra virgin) 1 tbsp seasoning salt and pepper to taste seeds of fennel sprinkling with salmon 2 tsp coriander seeds fennel seeds 2 tbsp. salt a half teaspoon of freshly cracked pepper 1/2 teaspoon salmon, fresh or frozen 2 tsp extra virgin olive oil for 2 filets + 2 tsp extra virgin olive oil for skillet
Time to Prepare: 30 minutes Time to prepare: 10 minutes 2 servings (about)
Salad Ingredients:
In a mixing dish, combine the sliced fennel bulb, grapefruit segments, and shallots.
Lime juice, honey, and olive oil are combined in a mixing bowl.
Toss the fennel bulb combination with the lime juice mixture to incorporate. Season with salt and freshly ground black pepper to taste. Serve with fish with a sprinkling of fennel seeds.
For the salmon, prepare the following:
To toast the seeds, place them in a dry pan over medium-high heat with the fennel and coriander seeds. Toast for 3 minutes, tossing often, until seeds are aromatic and golden brown around the edges.
After that, grind the seeds as follows: Toss roasted fennel and coriander seeds with sea salt and pepper in a pestle and mortar or spice grinder. Process until you get a coarse spice mix. Pour the ingredients out onto a dish and spread it out in an equal layer.
Prepare the salmon filets next: Preheat the oven to 375 degrees Fahrenheit (190 degrees Celsius). Drizzle approximately a teaspoon of olive oil over each filet before dredging the tops in the spice mixture. In a nonstick oven-safe skillet, heat a large quantity of olive oil over medium-high heat until a flick of water sizzles as it comes into contact. When the pan is hot, put the salmon filets in it, spice-dredged side down, and sear for approximately 2 minutes, or until a golden brown crust develops. After that, place the skillet in the preheated oven and cook for another 6-8 minutes. When the salmon has lost its translucency and flakes readily with a fork, it is ready.
Plate the salmon filets beside the fennel citrus salad, sprinkle with more olive oil, and season with salt & pepper to taste. Serve and have fun.
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For a free copy of the Encyclopedia of Food recipe book, go here.
Foods That Are Related
There are few herbs that have more Mediterranean flavor than fennel seeds. They are very popular in many countries, and are a staple in Greek and Italian cuisine. They have a strong, anise-like flavor, and are used in a variety of ways: fresh as a flavoring for fish, or as a garnish for meat and vegetables. They are also used in Greek salads, to add body and flavor. They have a long shelf life, and can be bought in bulk at supermarkets.. Read more about fennel seed recipes italian and let us know what you think.
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Fennel seeds are used in cooking and baking, as well as herbal medicine. They can be ground into a powder or soaked in water to make a tea."}},{"@type":"Question","name":"What food goes well with fennel seeds?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"
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What do I do with fennel seeds?
Fennel seeds are used in cooking and baking, as well as herbal medicine. They can be ground into a powder or soaked in water to make a tea.
What food goes well with fennel seeds?
Fennel seeds are a type of herb that goes well with many different types of foods. They can be used in salads, soups, and stews.
Can eating fennel seeds be harmful?
Fennel seeds can be harmful if you eat too many of them. If you are unsure, it is best to consult your doctor.
This article broadly covered the following related topics:
fennel seed
fennel seeds benefits
fennel spice
how much fennel seed should i eat per day
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Byron EchoLocal News
Ready for Byron's latest massive development on Jonson St?
By Hans Lovejoy
Entertainment in the Byron Shire and beyond for the week beginning 19 January, 2022
Welcome back to the Brunswick Picture House Brett and Chris from the Brunswick Picture House, and their entire team, believe...
Entertainment NewsEve Jeffery - January 21, 2022 0
Band Called Stereo soon to be legends of Byron
A new group out of Byron, Band Called Stereo, have recently recorded and released the first single from their new album. Nothing extraordinary in that, apart from the fact that two of the members have just completed Year Ten and the other two have just complete Year Nine
Byron EchoAslan Shand - January 19, 2022 0
Daintree buyback sees more forest retained
Over the last two-and-a-half years the Mullumbimby based Rainforest 4 Foundation has had a mission to buy back parts of the Daintree Lowland Rainforest that were subdivided for sale in the 1980s.
Artists impression of a proposal for the former Woolies car park and commercial retail area at 90-96 Jonson Street, Byron Bay. Photo supplied.
Developers, Dr Stanley Quek and Adam Garrisson (Multiplicity Byron Bay Pty Ltd), are proposing a mixed commercial residential complex in Byron's CBD, located next to the old Woolies building at 90-96 Jonson Street, Byron Bay.
The proposal comprises a central piazza, 54 apartments of different sizes/numbers of bedrooms and retail shops.
If approved, it would mean the shops in the North Byron Plaza would need to vacate, and the existing car parking would be relocated underground.
Businesses affected include The Cellar, Legend Pizza, Byron Camping and Disposals, Woody's Surf Shack and O Sushi, among others.
According to the details supplied by the developer's consultant planners, the proposal sits on 5,390m2, and is aimed at those 'seeking to downsize, and those wishing to live within the township of Byron Bay'.
As for holiday letting, the proponents say in their online Q&A: 'The proposal is for residential accommodation.
'Should the owners of the individual apartments wish to holiday let their apartments they will be required to comply with the relevant State and Council requirements'.
Details to come
Many details are yet to be presented, or 'determined through the development process and stakeholder consultation'.
These include the final number of tenancies and size of the apartments.
As for potentially increased traffic congestion, the proponents say, 'The potential traffic generation of the development is being reviewed by our traffic consultants to ensure that the development does not significantly contribute to existing traffic issues within the town centre.
'Their report will form part of the Development Application'.
Basement parking for 'approximately 173 vehicles' is planned.
Additionally, a 'Social Impact Assessment is being undertaken'.
'This will be submitted to Council with the Development Application'.
Pre-lodgement
A pre-lodgement community consultation process ended Monday, February 22.
Contact details for the proposal are: [email protected] or visit Planners North.
Meanwhile, the owners of the former Woolies building, located next door, are reportedly selling up, despite having lodged an enormous mixed commercial-residential DA.
Mercato vs Council
The latest mega development proposal comes as the Gold Coast developer, Robert Badalotti, lost against Council a court case last year regarding changes of consent to his shopping centre, located just south of the former Woolies site. (Mercato on Byron Pty Ltd v Byron Shire Council [2020] NSWLEC 1524).
Mercato's application to build a roundabout, instead of undertaking works for the shopping centre entry, was refused by Commissioner Chilcott in the Land & Environment Court on October 20, 2020.
According to the judgment regarding DA 10.2013.587.5: 'The owner of the shopping centre, Mercato on Byron Pty Ltd (the applicant), has appealed the refusal by Byron Shire Council (the Respondent) of its further, fifth, application, made under s 4.55(2) of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EP&A Act), to modify the conditions of consent imposed on the construction of its shopping centre'.
'This most recent modification application seeks to amend parts of Condition 23 of the grant of consent for the shopping centre.
Condition 23 'concerned works within the road reserve that fronts the Subject Site'.
Backpackers sold
The backpacker hostel adjacent to the Mercato complex has reportedly sold to a Sydney-based developer for $18.55m. According to The Australian Financial Review, developer Podia plan to redevelop the 4282m2 site.
Head of development at Podia, Michael Grassi told AFR, 'There's an affordability crisis for locals, and hopefully whatever we do with the site will alleviate some of that pressure'.
Byron Woolies
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Tim Shanasy February 25, 2021 At 1:57 pm
Many older Byronian tears have been flowing for years, but this "development" will surely test the tear-ducts.
We're a prime example of crass money making ideas, at the expense and loss of natural charm and beauty, the original lures.
Like gigantic wasps, stinging the will to live, out of their victims.
Mark G February 25, 2021 At 3:55 pm
Unless you reside, or prove you work, or have min 2 nights accomm, you cannot drive into Byron.
West Byron becomes a car park/ bus terminal and battery powered busses funded by bed tax, operate on a circular route(s) for free.
Developers must be made to contribute to this plan.
This way the traffic issues are solved and Byron becomes a leading light in how a small town can "develop" sustainably.
Pauline February 25, 2021 At 5:54 pm
All developers care about is money. Wherever they get permission to wreck villages, towns and landscapes, they call it progress. I don't think so. It's purely profit for the developers while the locals are the losers.
David Green December 4, 2021 At 12:09 pm
don't buy property live in a van is what I say – preferably a 4×4 camper so you can live in beautiful natural settings free of charge.
Entertainment News Eve Jeffery - January 21, 2022 0
Byron Echo Mark Dailhou - January 19, 2022 0
Vale Delta Jim, beloved Byron Bay busker
Local News The Echo - January 6, 2022 4
Well known and loved Byron Bay busker Jim Holt, also known as Delta Jim, died of a heart attack en route to hospital on Monday 20 December.
Human judges! What's next?
Byron Echo David Heilpern - December 28, 2021 6
So, NSW Coroner Therese O'Sullivan was brought to tears when hearing from the family in the inquest into the tragic mystery of missing Theo Hayez.


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Opera Arias Home > Rossini > Il Barbiere di Siviglia > Synopsis
Il Barbiere di Siviglia Synopsis
The Barber of Seville
Scene 1: A small square in Seville before dawn
Disguised as a student, Count Almaviva serenades Rosina. He learns from Figaro, a former servant, now the city barber and general factotum, that she is Dr Bartolo's ward, and that he has access to the house. Rosina contrives to drop a note for Almaviva, sending her guardian on a wild-goose chase to pick it up and causing him to resolve to keep her under even closer guard. The letter asks for information about her unknown suitor's name, rank and intentions; and when Bartolo has set off in search of his crony Don Basilio, the music teacher, to arrange his marriage to Rosina, Almaviva sings another serenade, telling her that he is a poor student called Lindoro.
Inspired by the Count's munificence, Figaro declares that he can get him into the house, disguised as a drunken soldier seeking a billet.
Scene 2: Inside Dr Bartolo's house
Rosina is determined to marry her unknown suitor, while Bartolo is set on marrying her himself. He tries to interrogate his servants about what has been going on in his house, but they can only yawn or sneeze, because they have been dosed by Figaro. Basilio tells him that Couant Almaviva has been seen in Seville and advises getting rid of him by slander. They retire to work on the marriage contract. Figaro, who has overheard their plans, tells Rosina and urges her to write to his "poor cousin." The letter is already written and she gives it to him. Bartolo, suspecting that she has been writing, confronts her with the evidence. She has an answer to all his accusations, but he is not convinced and says he will lock her in her room when he goes out. Almaviva bursts in, disguised as a drunken soldier. In the confusion he slips Rosina a note, which is seen by Bartolo, but Rosina smartly substitutes the laundry list. The watch arrive to quell the riot, but are awed by a document produced by Almaviva.
Inside Bartolo's house
Bartolo is voicing his suspicions about this soldier when Almaviva appears again, this time disguised as "Don Alonso," a supposed pupil of Don Basilio, who, he says, is indisposed and has sent him to take Rosina's music lesson. To allay Bartolo's suspicions he produces Rosina's note, pretending it has fallen into his hands by accident and suggesting that Bartolo tell her it was given to him by a mistress of the Count, to prove that he is trifling with her affections. Rosina sings an aria to the Count's accompaniment and as Bartolo dozes off, the Count explains his plan for eloping with Rosina later that night.
Figaro appears to shave Bartolo and manages to get hold of the key to the balcony. Basilio arrives, but is told to go home because he looks so ill, advice he accepts the more readily because Almaviva slips him a bribe. Figaro begins to shave Bartolo, while Almaviva and Rosina continue to arrange the elopement. Bartolo realises what is going on and the Count and Figaro make their escape.
Basilio comes back with the unwelcome news that the unknown suitor is probably Almaviva himself, a conclusion he has reached because of the size of the bribe. Bartolo sends Basilio to bring the notary to perform the marriage with Rosina and, producing her letter to the Count, convinces her that her affections are being trifled with, so she tells him of the planned elopement and agrees to marry him. He goes to get the law to arrest Figaro and Almaviva.
During the storm Figaro and Almaviva climb a ladder to the balcony, only to be confronted by an angry Rosina, but the Count calms her fears by revealing his identity. Figaro urges haste, but the ladder has been taken. Basilio arrives with the notary and they get him to solemnise Almaviva's marriage to Rosina. Bartolo and the law arrive too late.


These are the recent developments of Chris Newby.
These are the recent developments of Desiree Espada.
These are the Recent Developments of Rabbit White (four years old). Her work has been described as "suspiciously avant garde".
These are the Recent Developments of Alex "Rager" Loughboroug.


NEWTON — Los Lobos, the American rock band from East LA comprised of members David Hidalgo, Cesar Rosas, Conrad Lozano, Louie Pérez and saxophonist/keyboardist Steve Berlin, has been producing hits since 1981, and is headed to the Newton Theatre on Thursday, Oct. 11 at 8 p.m.
Their music is influenced by rock and roll, Tex-Mex, country, zydeco, folk, R&B, blues, brown-eyed soul, and traditional music such as cumbia, boleros and norteños. Their 1987 remake of Ritchie Valens' classic "La Bamba" for the soundtrack of the same name earned the band a number one smash hit on the Billboard charts, and the following year's La Pistola y El Corazón, which found the band revisiting its Mexican folk roots, was also highly regarded.
That is where the band remains today. Next year, Los Lobos will celebrate 40 years together, a monumental achievement in a world where bands come and go in the blink of an eye.
A rare example of longevity in a volatile music world that stresses style over substance, Los Lobos' lineup has remained uninterrupted since 1984, when Berlin joined original members Pérez, Hidalgo, Rosas and Lozano, each of whom had been there since the beginning in 1973. Rolling Stone wrote, "This is what happens when five guys create a magical sound, then stick together for 30 years to see how far it can take them."
Los Lobos appears at The Newton Theatre on Thursday, Oct. 11, 2018. Tickets start at just $47 and can be purchased at The Newton Theatre box office at 219 Spring Street in Newton, NJ; online at www.TheNewtonTheatre.com; or by calling 973-940-NEWT.


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2024 4-star TE Michael Smith commits to South Carolina
Jan 24, 2023 6:49 PM EST
Chaz Frazier,
Michael Smith, a four-star tight end, announced his commitment to South Carolina football on Monday.
The Calvary Day School product out of Savannah, GA is the No. 6-ranked tight end in the class of 2024, according to 247 Sports.
During his junior year, Smith caught 24 passes for 601 yards and 12 touchdowns.
The 6-foot-4 tight end amassed 30 offers, including Alabama and Ohio State.
Smith's announcement coming days after Kam Pringle, the top offensive lineman in the class of '24, made his commitment to the Gamecocks.
Smith is the third four-star commit of Shane Beamer's '24 class.
Categories: Local Sports, South Carolina Sports, Sports, USC Gamecocks
Five-star athlete Nyckoles Harbor commits to Gamecocks
Reich's offensive background helped him land Carolina job
BC beats No. 20 Clemson 62-54; Tigers' lead sliced atop ACC


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Need A Billy Joel Fix?
Mike Eiler
I woke up this morning to the Facebook posts of quite a few of my friends at the Billy Joel concert at Target Field in Minneapolis last night. I immediately regretted being such a tightwad and not shelling out the few bucks for tickets to the show. I've been a Billy Joel fan since his first hit, "Piano Man," in 1973. I've enjoyed his music over the years but have never seen him perform live in concert.
From the reviews I've read in the various newspapers and what I've seen online it sounds like Joel really amped up the energy last night and put on one helluva show. According to the Pioneer Press website, TwinCities.com, he was joined by Guns 'N Roses lead singer, Axl Rose, (sorry, Axl, you can sing with AC/DC all you want, I'll never refer to you as AC/DC lead singer) twice. The first time Joel strapped on a guitar and joined Rose for a raucous version of "Highway to Hell." Rose rejoined Joel during "Big Shot" in the encore. Rose is, more than likely, in town for this Sunday's Guns 'N' Roses performance at US Bank Stadium.
Okay, the main thrust of this story is that after seeing all these posts from people I know that were able to go to the show last night, I now have Billy Joel music stuck in my head. So I'm going to perform a little musical exorcism and get some of it out. Enjoy:
Movin' Out
This single made it to No. 17 on the Hot 100.
Sometimes a Fantasy
The last single from Glass Houses went to No. 36 on the Hot 100.
Miami 2017 (Seen the Lights Go Out on Broadway - Live))
Even though this wasn't released as a single, I love this version from Songs in the Attic.
Captain Jack (live)
Another song from Songs in the Attic that was never a single but I really like. In fact, the whole Songs in the Attic album is my favorite Billy Joel release.
This one was a No. 17 hit on the Hot 100.
Goodnight Saigon
This is my favorite Billy Joel song by far. Sung from the point of view of a young Marine fighting in Vietnam. It made it to No. 56 on the Hot 100.
You May Be Right
From Glass Houses, this single went to No. 7 on the Hot 100.
A Matter of Trust
No. 10 on the Hot 100.
I Go To Extremes
This one shot to No. 6 on the Hot 100 and No. 4 on the Adult Contemporary Chart.
Those are some of my favorite Billy Joel tunes, now go out and find yours.
Filed Under: billy joel


MAYER SILBER ARCHITECT P.C. (DOS ID 5524335) is a corporation registered with New York State Department of State (NYSDOS). The initial filling date is March 29, 2019.
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Upland developer Randall Lewis gives record $10…
Upland developer Randall Lewis gives record $10 million to Urban Land Institute's sustainability center
The Inland Empire philanthropist donated $10 million, the largest single donation in the Urban Land Institute's 86-year history.
Randall Lewis, executive vice president of The Lewis Group of Companies, gives his annual Inland real estate market forecast during a West End Real Estate Professionals breakfast at the Goldy Lewis Community Center in Rancho Cucamonga, CA., Friday, January 19, 2018. (Staff photo by Jennifer Cappuccio Maher/Inland Valley Daily Bulletin/SCNG)
By Jeff Collins | JeffCollins@scng.com | Orange County Register
PUBLISHED: January 26, 2022 at 4:06 p.m. | UPDATED: January 28, 2022 at 1:19 p.m.
The Urban Land Institute's Center for Sustainability is being renamed in honor of Inland Empire real estate developer Randall Lewis to recognize a $10 million donation that will "accelerate our work on climate adaptation and mitigation," the ULI reported Wednesday, Jan. 26.
Lewis' gift is the largest single donation in the ULI's 86-year history, the organization said. The money will "transform the center," which was founded in 2014, by funding efforts to make development more sustainable.
The new name will be the ULI Randall Lewis Center for Sustainability in Real Estate.
The center's main programs include Greenprint, which seeks to curb global warming and conserve water and energy; the Building Healthy Places Initiative, which works to make health and social equity a component in all development; and the Urban Resilience program, which helps property owners adapt to climate change's impacts.
Lewis, who's been a ULI member for 35 years, said those three things really matter to him. The gift allows him to make a personal impact upon one of the world's most pressing problems by harnessing the expertise of ULI, he said.
"How do you deal with sea-level change? How do you deal with forest fires? And how do you make communities resilient?" he said in a phone interview. The donation will help the center address those questions.
"I could change the world on my own, but I would not be very effective," he added. "I wanted to outsource the work to (people who) … are better at it than I am."
Lewis, 70, is one of four brothers running a homebuilding and commercial real estate dynasty created by their parents, Ralph and Goldy Lewis. His title is senior executive vice president for marketing at the Upland-based Lewis Group of Companies, one of the Inland Empire's top development firms.
After selling their homebuilding company for close to $500 million to Kaufman & Broad in 1999, the family business patterned itself after the Orange County-based Irvine Co. as it developed a portfolio of apartment complexes, shopping centers and business parks.
The Lewis Group currently owns and runs 13,000 apartments and 6 million square feet of investment property, according to its website. Over the years, it built 58,000 homes, developed 24 million square feet of industrial space and more than 24,000 residential lots.
Randall Lewis also has been a long-term philanthropist with several centers named after him, including innovation and entrepreneurship centers at Claremont-McKenna College and at the University of LaVerne, as well as the University of La Verne's Randall Lewis Center for Well-Being and Research. He made an earlier gift of $1 million to the ULI's Building Healthy Places Initiative.
Philanthropy is a Lewis family tradition, and the names of their parents are on parks and buildings, including Ralph and Goldy Lewis Hall at USC's Price School of Public Policy and the Lewis Center for Regional Policy Studies at the UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs.
"It's in my DNA and my family's DNA," Randall Lewis said.
"With this funding, we can tackle the most pressing sustainability challenges in our industry as they arise, helping our members understand the challenges and develop solutions they can apply in their organizations," said Billy Grayson, a ULI executive vice president who oversees the Center for Sustainability.
ULI Foundation President Janice Periquet called Lewis' latest donation a "transformational" gift.
"This changes the trajectory of ULI and the Center," Periquet said.
Jeff Collins | Reporter
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Farewell, Queen of the Skies. Boeing ends 747 jumbo line
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text:
Q: ExactTarget library duplicated symbol IOS
Hi everyone,
I am trying to implement ExactTarget from SalesForce MobilePush and encountered a problem. Inside the static library contains ET's sqlite and at the same time my app is also using custom sqlite library. Here is the error log shown (duplicate symbol). What would be the ideal solution to this?

A: Dsw,
Essentially this means that you're trying to include Sqlite3 twice. The Marketing Cloud SDK requires Sqlite3, but there's nothing to say you can't piggy back on it. Essentially remove your sqlite3.a file from the project and that should resolve it for you.
Additionally, you can get this error if you accidentally import the .m file, instead of the .h file. this bit of shell voodoo will help you find the offending line/file if this is the case:
grep "import.*.m" **/*.[hm]

A: We've been making improvements to our SDK; please see
https://salesforce.stackexchange.com/a/131089/34325
for details on the changes we'll be releasing to support this use case.
Brian M. Criscuolo, Senior Mobile Engineer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Justia Dockets & Filings D.C. Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals, D.C. Circuit Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc., et al v. Islamic Republic of Iran, et al Filing 1207542730
Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc., et al v. Islamic Republic of Iran, et al
OPINION filed [1464126] (Pages: 19) for the Court by Judge Rogers [12-7103]
USCA Case #12-7103 Document #1464126 Filed: 11/01/2013 United States Court of Appeals FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT Argued September 16, 2013 Decided November 1, 2013 No. 12-7103 BELL HELICOPTER TEXTRON, INC., A DELAWARE CORPORATION AND BELL HELICOPTER TEXTRON CANADA, LTD., A CANADIAN CORPORATION, APPELLANTS v. ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN, A FOREIGN NATION, ET AL., APPELLEES Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia (No. 1:06-cv-01694) Kannon K. Shanmugam argued the cause for appellants. With him on the briefs were John K. Villa, Charles Davant IV, and Matthew H. Blumenstein. Christopher J. Wright argued the cause for appellees. With him on the brief was Charles T. Kimmett. Thomas G. Corcoran Jr. and Laina Lopez entered appearances. Before: ROGERS and TATEL, Circuit Judges, and SENTELLE, Senior Circuit Judge. Opinion for the Court by Circuit Judge ROGERS. Page 1 of 19 USCA Case #12-7103 Document #1464126 Filed: 11/01/2013 2 ROGERS, Circuit Judge: Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. and Bell Helicopter Textron Canada Ltd. (together "Bell") appeal the vacatur of a default judgment as void in connection with the manufacture and marketing by the Islamic Republic of Iran ("Iran") of a helicopter that resembles Bell's Jet Ranger 206 in appearance. Bell contends the district court made three errors in granting Iran's motion to vacate, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(4), for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because: (1) the motion was subject to a reasonable time limit and thus untimely; (2) a deferential standard should have been applied whereby the default judgment could have been vacated only if there had been no arguable basis for jurisdiction; and (3) the commercial activity exception in the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act ("FSIA"), 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(2), applies. Bell's first two claims of error are contrary to this court's precedent, which we must apply, see LaShawn A. v. Barry, 87 F.3d 1389, 1395 (D.C. Cir. 1996), and its third claim of error fails for lack of evidence that Iran's commercial activity caused a "direct effect" in the United States. Accordingly, we affirm. I. In the 1970s, Bell operated a helicopter plant in Iran, which it abandoned after the Iranian revolution of 1979. In December 2002, Bell became aware that the Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industrial Company ("HESA"), a company wholly owned and controlled by the Iranian government, was using the plant to manufacture helicopters that resembled the Jet Ranger 206. Bell designed this particular model to have distinctive but nonfunctional design features, including a protruding nose as opposed to a rounded front, based on an "automotive concept," which would set it and the Bell brand apart from other helicopters and helicopter manufacturers. The Iranian helicopters went under the name Shahed, and the Shahed 278 resembles the Jet Ranger 206; the Shahed 285 is a militarized Page 2 of 19 USCA Case #12-7103 Document #1464126 Filed: 11/01/2013 3 version of the same helicopter. Iran has displayed prototypes of the Shahed at its annual air show held at Kish Island, Iran for international helicopter buyers for the purpose of selling them in what Bell's witness described as "Third World" markets where safety certification restrictions imposed by European and North American governments do not apply. Iran would not, however, be able to sell the Shahed in U.S. markets. Bell sued Iran in 2006, alleging that Iran's manufacture and marketing of the Shahed helicopters infringed and diluted Bell's "trade dress" in violation of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1051 et seq., and infringed its design patent under the Patent Act, 35 U.S.C § 1 et seq. (The Patent Act claim was later dropped.) Bell served Iran with the complaint, but Iran did not appear. A default was entered against Iran on March 31, 2009, and the district court scheduled a hearing on damages for October 5, 2009. Iran contacted Bell to conduct settlement negotiations, but no agreement was reached prior to the hearing. At the hearing, Bell's witnesses included one of its staff engineers, who testified regarding the distinctive trade dress of the Jet Ranger 206 and Bell's primary customers, which include foreign militaries and "numerous commercial customers." Ex Parte Hg. Tr. at 28–36 (Oct. 5, 2009) (testimony of Douglas Jordan). An aviation safety consultant testified for Bell about the confusingly similar appearances of the Jet Ranger and the Shahed, Bell's "second to none" reputation for safety, and speculated regarding the possibility that Shahed helicopters could be "passed off" as Bell products in "Third World" markets with the resulting risk of accidents from the use of Shahed parts in Bell helicopters. Id. at 38–48 (testimony of Vernon Albert). A Bell manager testified regarding the potential loss of Bell revenues as a result of the sale of Shahed helicopters. Id. at 49–54 (testimony of Terry Jeffcoat). Page 3 of 19 USCA Case #12-7103 Document #1464126 Filed: 11/01/2013 4 The district court issued an order and default judgment against Iran on February 11, 2011, ruling that Iran had infringed and diluted Bell's "trade dress" in violation of the Lanham Act, and that Iran was not immune from suit because its actions were commercial and had a "direct effect" in the United States. Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 764 F. Supp. 2d 122, 126, 127–28 (D.D.C. 2011) ("Bell I"). It awarded Bell $22,035,002.28 in damages (adjusted for pre-judgment interest) and $497,125 in attorneys fees. Id. at 129–30. The State Department filed on October 19, 2011 an affidavit of service of the default judgment on Iran, and counsel for Iran entered an appearance on December 28, 2011. On February 10, 2012, Iran moved, pursuant to Rule 60(b)(4), to vacate the default judgment as void due to lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Upon reviewing de novo whether it had subject-matter jurisdiction, the district court granted the motion, ruling that Iran was immune from suit under the FSIA because Bell had not presented evidence that Iran's actions had caused a "direct effect" in the United States. Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 892 F. Supp. 2d 219, 225, 234 (D.D.C. 2012) ("Bell II"). Bell appeals, and our review of the question of law is de novo, see Smith v. Mallick, 514 F.3d 48, 50 (D.C. Cir. 2008); the subsidiary facts are undisputed. Although Rule 60(b) motions are generally committed to the discretion of the district court, and thus subject to review for abuse of discretion, "there is no question of discretion on the part of the court when a motion is under Rule 60(b)(4); if the judgment is void, relief is mandatory." Combs v. Nick Garin Trucking, 825 F.2d 437, 441 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (footnote and internal quotation marks omitted). Page 4 of 19 USCA Case #12-7103 Document #1464126 Filed: 11/01/2013 5 II. Rule 60(b)(4) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that a court "may relieve a party . . . from a final judgment" if "the judgment is void." Bell contends that a Rule 60(b)(4) motion is subject to the limitation in Rule 60(c)(1) that a Rule 60(b) motion be "made within a reasonable time," and Iran's motion, which was filed 364 days after entry of the default judgment, surpassed this limit. For support, Bell points to United Student Aid Funds, Inc. v. Espinosa, 559 U.S. 260, 264 (2010), where the Supreme Court stated: Rule 60(b)(4) strikes a balance between the need for finality of judgments and the importance of ensuring that litigants have a full and fair opportunity to litigate a dispute. Where, as here, a party is notified of a [bankruptcy] plan's contents and fails to object to confirmation of the plan before the time for appeal expires, that party has been afforded a full and fair opportunity to litigate, and the party's failure to avail itself of that opportunity will not justify Rule 60(b)(4) relief. Id. at 276. Bell ignores this circuit's precedent as well as the fact that in Espinosa, the Supreme Court stated that it was "not persuaded that a failure to find undue hardship in accordance with [the Bankruptcy Code] is on par with the jurisdictional and notice failing that define void judgments that qualify for relief under Rule 60(b)(4)." Id. at 273. Here, the district court was faced with a subject-matter jurisdiction challenge, not a claim of procedural deficiency. In Espinosa, the creditor participated in the Bankruptcy Court proceedings by filing a proof of claim, did not object to the non-jurisdictional legal error, and then years Page 5 of 19 USCA Case #12-7103 Document #1464126 Filed: 11/01/2013 6 later asked for a second bite at the apple. See id. at 264–66. Here, Iran never participated in the district court proceedings that led to the default judgment and moved to vacate based on the district court's lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Ensuring finality by imposing time limits on Rule 60 motions makes sense in situations similar to Espinosa where a party submits to the court's jurisdiction, never objects to a non-jurisdictional error, and subsequently in a collateral challenge raises that error as a basis to vacate the final judgment. But absent any indication that the Supreme Court would apply the same standard in the materially different circumstances of the instant case, this court's precedent controls, and the district court did not err in rejecting Bell's argument that Iran's Rule 60(b)(4) motion was untimely. In Austin v. Smith, 312 F.2d 337, 343 (D.C. Cir. 1962), this court held that Rule 60(b)(4) motions are not governed by a reasonable time restriction. In that case the Rule 60(b)(4) movant had not appeared in the proceeding that resulted in a default judgment but challenged the judgment more than four years later on the grounds that he had never received notice that a suit had been filed. Id. at 339–40. This court held: Under [Rule 60(b)(4)]. . ., the only question for the court is whether the judgment is void; if it is, relief from it should be granted. . . . Moreover, the Rule places no time limit on an attack upon a void judgment, nor can such a judgment acquire validity because of laches on the part of him who applies for relief from it. Id. at 343. Similarly, in Practical Concepts, Inc. v. Republic of Bolivia, 811 F.2d 1543, 1545 (D.C. Cir. 1987) ("Practical Concepts"), the court rejected the argument that a Rule 60(b)(4) motion was barred when filed by a foreign sovereign over a year after a default judgment was entered. Page 6 of 19 USCA Case #12-7103 Document #1464126 Filed: 11/01/2013 7 The RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF JUDGMENTS § 65 comment b (1982), explains regarding default judgments that "no public purpose is served by protecting [a] judgment" arising from a "proceeding [that] was infected by fundamental error." According to the Rules Advisory Committee, no substantive change has been made to Rule 60(b)(4) since Austin v. Smith was decided in 1962. See FED. R. CIV. P. 60(b)(4) advisory committee's note (1987 and 2007). Bell's interpretation of Rule 60(b)(4) is contrary to this court's precedent, as well as that of almost every other circuit court of appeals, all of which reject a time limit that would bar Rule 60(b)(4) motions.1 III. "Under [Rule 60(b)(4)] . . ., the only question for the court is whether the judgment is void . . . ." Austin, 312 F.2d at 343. Bell cites cases from circuits that interpret the word "void" narrowly where a judgment is void only "when there is a total want of jurisdiction and no arguable basis on which [the district court] could have rested a finding that it had jurisdiction," Cent. Vt. Pub. Serv. Corp. v. Herbert, 341 F.3d 186, 190 (2d Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). It points to Espinosa, 559 U.S. at 271, where the Supreme Court observed that multiple courts of appeals "generally have reserved relief 1 See Precision Etchings & Findings, Inc. v. LGP Gem, Ltd., 953 F.2d 21, 23 (1st Cir. 1992); "R" Best Produce, Inc. v. DiSapio, 540 F.3d 115, 123–24 (2d Cir. 2008); United States v. One Toshiba Color Television, 213 F.3d 147, 157 (3d Cir. 2000) (en banc); In re Heckert, 272 F.3d 253, 256–57 (4th Cir. 2001); Jackson v. FIE Corp., 302 F.3d 515, 523–24 (5th Cir. 2002); Philos Techs., Inc. v. Philos & D, Inc., 645 F.3d 851, 857 (7th Cir. 2011); Orner v. Shalala, 30 F.3d 1307, 1310 (10th Cir. 1994); Hertz Corp. v. Alamo Rent-A-Car, Inc., 16 F.3d 1126, 1130–31 (11th Cir. 1994); see also 11 CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT ET AL., FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 2862 (3d ed. 2013). Page 7 of 19 USCA Case #12-7103 Document #1464126 Filed: 11/01/2013 8 [pursuant to Rule 60(b)(4)] only for the exceptional case in which the court that rendered judgment lacked even an 'arguable basis' for jurisdiction." Bell effectively ignores this court's precedent in Practical Concepts adopting a broader interpretation of "void" where a judgment is "void" whenever the issuing court lacked jurisdiction. The Supreme Court has long instructed that judgments in excess of subject-matter jurisdiction "are not voidable, but simply void." Elliott v. Peirsol's Lessee, 26 U.S. (1 Pet.) 328, 340 (1828); accord Gonzalez v. Crosby, 545 U.S. 524, 534 (2005); Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 468 (1938). Under this traditional rule, "[w]hen a federal court reaches beyond its statutory grant of subject-matter jurisdiction, its judgment is void." Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n v. Nahas, 738 F.2d 487, 492 (D.C. Cir. 1984). Bell does not contest this principle but instead maintains that "once final judgment has been entered, the calculus changes," Appellants' Reply Br. 9, principally relying on the interest in preserving the finality of judgments. It cites cases that generally distinguish between an error in the exercise of jurisdiction, as might occur in interpreting a statutory grant of jurisdiction, and a total want of jurisdiction when the court's judgment was a plain usurpation of power for which no arguable basis existed. See infra note 3. "[T]he principle of finality," however, "rests on the premise that the proceeding had the sanction of law, expressed in the rules of subject matter jurisdiction." RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF JUDGMENTS § 12 cmt. a. A judgment remains void even after final judgment if the issuing court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction, regardless of whether there existed an "arguable basis" for jurisdiction. This court has applied the traditional understanding of voidness in reviewing Rule 60(b)(4) motions de novo. In Practical Concepts, 811 F.2d at 1545, the district court issued a Page 8 of 19 USCA Case #12-7103 Document #1464126 Filed: 11/01/2013 9 default judgment against the Republic of Bolivia. Bolivia, although aware of the initial proceedings, had not appeared and later challenged the judgment for lack of personal and subjectmatter jurisdiction. Id. The district court followed "[t]he traditional rule . . . that a judgment rendered in excess of the court's jurisdiction is void and a legal nullity." Practical Concepts, Inc. v. Republic of Bolivia, 613 F. Supp. 863, 867 (D.D.C. 1985) (citing RESTATEMENT (FIRST) OF JUDGMENTS §§ 5–7 (1942)). On appeal, this court held that "the district court . . . properly allowed full consideration of [the] jurisdictional objection." Practical Concepts, 811 F.2d at 1545 (emphasis added). Although the court did not explicitly endorse the traditional construction of voidness adopted by the district court, much less refer to its own review as de novo, its analysis and the content of the district court's analysis make both clear. The district court expressly declined to apply a version of the arguable basis standard, rejecting a construction of voidness that would distinguish between "a total want of jurisdiction" and "an error in the exercise of jurisdiction." Practical Concepts, 613 F. Supp. at 866–67 (quoting Lubben v. Selective Serv. Sys. Local Bd. No. 27, 453 F.2d 645, 649 (1st Cir. 1972)). It rejected the distinction adopted in cases Bell now cites because they failed to distinguish between voidness and issue preclusion. Id. at 867. The district court stated that "where . . . the defendant never appeared in the original suit and thus has not yet litigated the point, he is not excepted from the rule that a jurisdictional defect renders a judgment void." Id. (citing Ins. Corp. of Ir. v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee, 456 U.S. 694, 706 (1982), and Maritime Int'l Nominees Establishment v. Republic of Guinea, 693 F.2d 1094, 1099 n.9 (D.C. Cir. 1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 815 (1983)). This court elaborated on appeal that "[w]hen a person named as a defendant knows about the action but perceives that Page 9 of 19 USCA Case #12-7103 Document #1464126 Filed: 11/01/2013 10 the court lacks territorial or subject matter jurisdiction, he is given a right to ignore the proceeding at his own risk but to suffer no detriment if his assessment proves correct." Practical Concepts, 811 F.2d at 1547 (quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF JUDGMENTS § 65 cmt. b (alterations omitted)). The court identified two risks a party takes in declining to appear: (1) "the inconvenience of having its assets subjected to judicial process following the entry of the default judgment," and (2) "the prospect that it might lose its chance to argue the merits of the suit." Id. at 1548 (alterations and internal quotation marks omitted). Had the court concluded the defaulting party would have to overcome a narrow construction of voidness under Rule 60(b)(4), it could not have held that the district court properly gave "full consideration" to Bolivia's jurisdictional objections upon de novo review, particularly when the district court had rejected the arguable basis standard. The arguable basis standard would create a high risk for parties who choose not to appear, and omission of reference to it further indicates that in holding "full consideration" was appropriate the court endorsed the traditional understanding of voidness applied by the district court. Bell maintains that in Practical Concepts this court did not say that a foreign state would be entitled to de novo review whenever it asserted its jurisdictional objection. But this simply ignores what the court's analysis reveals (as well as that of other circuit courts of appeals holding that non-appearing parties may obtain de novo review of jurisdictional challenges when appearing for the first time2) and betrays a misunderstanding of 2 See, e.g., Gen. Star Nat'l Ins. Co. v. Administratia Asigurarilor de Stat, 289 F.3d 434, 437–40 (6th Cir. 2002); MCI Telecomms. Corp. v. Alhadhood, 82 F.3d 658, 661–64 (5th Cir. 1996); Exp. Grp. v. Reef Indus., Inc., 54 F.3d 1466, 1469–71 (9th Cir. 1995); King Fisher Marine Serv., Inc. v. 21st Phoenix Corp., 893 F.2d 1155, Page 10 of 19 USCA Case #12-7103 Document #1464126 Filed: 11/01/2013 11 how the principles of res judicata apply to jurisdictional determinations. Where a defendant "w[as] given a fair chance to challenge . . . subject-matter jurisdiction," the issuing court's determination of jurisdiction is res judicata and may not be challenged in a collateral proceeding in the district court but only on direct appeal. Travelers Indem. Co. v. Bailey, 557 U.S. 137, 153 (2009). An exception exists "where the issue is the waiver of [sovereign] immunity." United States v. U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co., 309 U.S. 506, 514 (1940); see also RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF JUDGMENTS § 12. In virtually all of the cases Bell describes as creating a "formidable phalanx of case law" in support of the arguable basis standard, Appellants' Br. 26, the objecting party had appeared in the challenged proceeding or by privity was subject to the principles of res judicata.3 In the one case cited by Bell applying the arguable basis standard to a nonappearing defendant in the context of a Rule 60(b)(4) motion, the court in Central Vermont Public Service Corp. v. Herbert, 341 F.3d at 188, did not distinguish between parties who have appeared and could have litigated jurisdiction but did not and those that declined to enter an appearance altogether; nor was 1158 (10th Cir. 1990); cf. Budget Blinds, Inc. v. White, 536 F.3d 244, 260 (3d Cir. 2008). 3 United States v. Boch Oldsmobile, Inc., 909 F.2d 657, 659 (1st Cir. 1990); Nemaizer v. Baker, 793 F.2d 58, 60 (2d Cir. 1986); Marshall v. Bd. of Ed., 575 F.2d 417, 420 (3d Cir. 1978); Wendt v. Leonard, 431 F.3d 410, 411–12 (4th Cir. 2005); Callon Petroleum Co. v. Frontier Ins. Co., 351 F.3d 204, 206–07 (5th Cir. 2003); In re G.A.D., Inc., 340 F.3d 331, 333–34 (6th Cir. 2003); United States v. Tittjung, 235 F.3d 330, 333–34 (7th Cir. 2000); Kansas City S. Ry. Co. v. Great Lakes Carbon Corp., 624 F.2d 822, 823–24 (8th Cir. 1980) (en banc); Gschwind v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 232 F.3d 1342, 1344 (10th Cir. 2000); Oakes v. Horizon Fin., S.A., 259 F.3d 1315, 1316 (11th Cir. 2001) (per curiam). Page 11 of 19 USCA Case #12-7103 Document #1464126 Filed: 11/01/2013 12 the defendant a foreign sovereign. Even so, it is not in accord with this circuit's precedent. Because Iran never appeared in the district court proceeding resulting in the default judgment, the district court properly applied the traditional definition of voidness in granting Iran's Rule 60(b)(4) motion. IV. The FSIA "establishes a comprehensive framework for determining whether a court in this country, state or federal, may exercise jurisdiction over a foreign state." Republic of Argentina v. Weltover, Inc., 504 U.S. 607, 610 (1992). "[A] foreign state shall be immune from the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States and of the States," unless one of the enumerated exceptions applies. 28 U.S.C. § 1604. Bell relies on the commercial activity exception, which provides, in relevant part, that a foreign state is not immune when "the action" in question "is based . . . upon an act outside the territory of the United States in connection with a commercial activity of the foreign state elsewhere and that act causes a direct effect in the United States." Id. § 1605(a)(2).4 Bell contends, contrary to 4 The commercial activity exception to the FSIA provides that a foreign state does not enjoy jurisdictional immunity in any case in which the action is based upon a commercial activity carried on in the United States by the foreign state; or upon an act performed in the United States in connection with a commercial activity of the foreign state elsewhere; or upon an act outside the territory of the United States in connection with a commercial activity of the foreign state elsewhere and that act causes a direct effect in the United States. 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(2); see also id. § 1603(d). Page 12 of 19 USCA Case #12-7103 Document #1464126 Filed: 11/01/2013 13 the district court's findings, that there was evidence that Iran's production and marketing of the Shahed helicopters abroad caused a "direct effect" in the United States. Although no circuit court of appeals has addressed whether intellectual property infringement occurring abroad can cause a "direct effect" in the United States, Bell suggests that under intellectual property case law the effect of infringement occurs where the possessor of the intellectual property lives. Preliminarily, we note that Bell's procedural objections fail. First, Bell has forfeited the issue of which party has the burden of production of evidence to show "direct effects." While initially contending that Iran made no effort to meet its evidentiary burden that its actions caused no direct effect in the United States, see Appellants' Br. 36, in response to Iran's statement that it was not challenging the underlying facts, see Appellee's Br. 38, Bell shifted gears, stating that it did not mean that Iran had the burden of production but instead the burden of persuasion, see Reply Br. 21. This last minute pivot is problematic because in its opening brief Bell stated the burden of production was the issue. See Appellants' Br. 35–36. Issues first raised in a reply brief are ordinarily presented too late to be considered by the court because the other party has no chance to respond. See Students Against Genocide v. Dep't of State, 257 F.3d 828, 835 (D.C. Cir. 2001). Second, Bell's suggestion that the district court gave Iran an improper advantage by emphasizing the presumption of immunity under the FSIA, see Appellants' Br. 36–37, overlooks that the FSIA begins with a presumption of immunity, which the plaintiff bears the initial burden to overcome by producing evidence that an exception applies, see FG Hemisphere Assocs., LLC. v. Dem. Rep. Congo, 447 F.3d 835, 842 (D.C. Cir. 2006); Price v. Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, 294 F.3d 82, 87 (D.C. Cir. 2002), and once shown, the sovereign bears the ultimate burden of persuasion to show the exception does not apply, see FG Page 13 of 19 USCA Case #12-7103 Document #1464126 Filed: 11/01/2013 14 Hemisphere Assocs., 447 F.3d at 842. The district court did not err in ruling Bell failed to meet its initial burden. In Republic of Argentina v. Weltover, Inc., 504 U.S. 607 (1992), the Supreme Court held that for acts outside the territory of the United States to cause direct effects in the United States under the FSIA, "an effect is direct [only] if it follows as an immediate consequence of the defendant's activity." Id. at 618 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Court acknowledged that the commercial activity exception did not "contain[] any unexpressed requirement of 'substantiality' or 'foreseeability.'" Id. Still, the effect must be more than "purely trivial," and reputational harm "(assuming it is not too speculative to be considered an effect at all) is too remote and attenuated to satisfy the 'direct effect' requirement of the FSIA." Id. The Court concluded that Argentina's unilateral rescheduling of its bonds had a direct effect in the United States, not because of any diminishment to New York's status as a world financial leader, but because the bond holders "had designated their accounts in New York as the place of payment and Argentina made some interest payments into those accounts before announcing" the rescheduling, and consequently, "[m]oney that was supposed to have been delivered to a New York bank for deposit was not forthcoming." Id. at 619. This court in Princz v. Federal Republic of Germany, 26 F.3d 1166 (D.C. Cir. 1994), explained that a direct effect "is one which has no intervening element, but, rather, flows in a straight line without deviation or interruption," id. at 1172 (internal quotation marks omitted). It rejected Princz's claim that his forced labor for the Nazis during World War II had a direct effect in the United States by aiding the Nazi war effort because too "[m]any events and actors necessarily intervened between any work that Mr. Princz performed — as a bricklayer for I.G. Farben in Poland or as a laborer in the Messerschmidt aircraft Page 14 of 19 USCA Case #12-7103 Document #1464126 Filed: 11/01/2013 15 works in Germany — and any effect felt in the United States." Id.; see also id. at 1172–73; Zedan v. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 849 F.2d 1511, 1515 (D.C. Cir. 1988). Bell maintains the requisite "direct effect" in the United States from Iran's infringement and dilution of Bell's intellectual property were both financial and reputational. It points to the invasion of its exclusive right to reap the financial, reputationrelated rewards associated with its desirable product, which is essentially a financial effect. On the other hand, the harm to Bell's reputation as a producer of safe aircraft, the loss of the ability of Bell's "trade dress" to serve as a unique identifier, and the diminishment of Bell's incentive to product a quality product are basically reputational effects. Interference with a property right does not necessarily demonstrate a "direct effect" under the FSIA. In Antares Aircraft, L.P. v. Federal Republic of Nigeria, 999 F.2d 33, 34 (2d Cir. 1993), a Delaware limited partnership, with its primary place of business in New York, sued Nigeria for detaining the partnership's sole asset (an aircraft) because a prior lessee had failed to pay fees that were due. All of the tortious acts occurred outside of the United States. Id. at 36. Citing the Supreme Court's focus in Weltover on the breached contract's place of performance, the Second Circuit stated that "[i]n tort, the analog to contract law's place of performance is the locus of the tort." Id. The court concluded, notwithstanding interference with a U.S. corporation's property rights held in the United States, that no "direct effect" from the property tort had occurred in the United States because "[t]he tort . . . began in Nigeria with the detention of the aircraft and ended in Nigeria with the payment of the money." Id. "[T]he fact that an American individual or firm suffers some financial loss from a foreign tort cannot, standing alone, suffice to trigger the exception" to immunity because: Page 15 of 19 USCA Case #12-7103 Document #1464126 Filed: 11/01/2013 16 [i]f a loss to an American individual and firm resulting from a foreign tort were sufficient standing alone to satisfy the direct effect requirement, the commercial activity exception would in large part eviscerate the FSIA's provision of immunity for foreign states. Many commercial disputes, like the present one, can be pled as the torts of conversion or fraud and would, if appellant is correct, result in litigation concerning events with no connection with the United States other than the citizenship or place of incorporation of the plaintiff. Id.; see Guirlando v. T.C. Ziraat Bankasi A.S., 602 F.3d 69, 78 (2d Cir. 2010); Virtual Countries, Inc., v. Republic of S. Afr., 300 F.3d 230, 240 (2d Cir. 2002); see also Samco Global Arms, Inc. v. Arita, 395 F.3d 1212, 1217 (11th Cir. 2005); cf. United World Trade Inc. v. Mangyshlakneft Oil Prod. Ass'n, 33 F.3d 1232, 1237–39 (10th Cir. 1994). This court reached a like conclusion in Cruise Connections Charter Management 1, LP v. Attorney General of Canada, 600 F.3d 661, 665 (D.C. Cir. 2010), stating that the FSIA's "direct effect" requirement is not satisfied when a "plaintiff's U.S. citizenship furnished the only connection between the commercial activity and the United States," id. In that case, the Canadian government's breach of a contract with a U.S. company to provide cruise ship services in Canada caused a "direct effect" because the U.S. company was unable to consummate fully negotiated, multi-million dollar subcontracts with U.S.-based cruise lines. Id. at 663–65. Similarly in McKesson HBOC, Inc. v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 271 F.3d 1101 (D.C. Cir. 2001), vacated in part on other grounds, 320 F.3d 280 (D.C. Cir. 2003), the court identified as a "direct effect" of Iran's expropriation of an American corporation's interest in a company "the cut-off of the constant flow of capital, Page 16 of 19 USCA Case #12-7103 Document #1464126 Filed: 11/01/2013 17 management personnel, engineering data, machinery, equipment, materials and packaging between the [American and Iranian] companies, as well as the abrupt end of McKesson's role as an active investor [in the foreign company]." Id. at 1105 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Bell has offered no analogous evidence of a "direct effect." In the district court, Bell did not offer evidence that Iran had sold or advertised the Shahed in the United States. Instead, Bell focused on the physical similarity between the Shahed and the Jet Ranger 206 and potential financial and reputational loss, see Bell II, 892 F. Supp. 2d at 227, but the evidence regarding any effect on Bell was remote or speculative. For example, the only evidence of customer confusion was testimony from an aviation safety consultant who had formerly been a Bell customer that he was confused when he was "shown a picture" of the Shahed. The district court noted any confusion was momentary because the caption of the picture identified the two helicopters by name. Bell II, 892 F. Supp. 2d at 230, 232. Bell presented no evidence that any of its current or potential customers were likely to encounter the Shahed in the regular course of doing business. Neither did Bell offer evidence that any consumer had contemplated buying a Shahed rather than a Jet Ranger, much less done so thinking the Shahed was associated with Bell. Nor did Bell offer evidence that any consumer had refrained from buying a Bell product because an association between the Shahed and the Jet Ranger had tainted Bell's reputation. Yet under the Lanham Act, "the inquiry is whether the buying public is likely to believe that defendant's services come from the same source, or are affiliated with the trademark owner." Foxtrap, Inc. v. Foxtrap, Inc., 671 F.2d 636, 639 (D.C. Cir. 1982). Failing to show that "revenues that would otherwise have been generated in the United States were 'not forthcoming,'" Cruise Connections, 600 F.3d at 665 (quoting Weltover, 504 U.S. at 619), Bell likewise presented no evidence that there is any Page 17 of 19 USCA Case #12-7103 Document #1464126 Filed: 11/01/2013 18 crossover between the market for Bell spare parts and the market for Shahed spare parts, or that such crossover is substantially likely. To the extent Bell hypothesizes the loss of the incentive to create quality products, the effect in the United States is too attenuated to meet the requirement in Weltover, 504 U.S. at 618, that the effect be "immediate." See also Princz, 26 F.3d at 1172. To create the kind of disincentive Bell suggests, the effect of Iran's actions on Bell's sales would have to reach levels at which Bell determined that investment it would have made is no longer worthwhile. Notwithstanding the absence of any evidence that the Shahed has affected Bell's sales, Bell's incentive-based theory would require the intervention of a host of actors and would not be a direct consequence of Iran's production of what a Bell witness described as consisting of a handful of Shahed helicopters, see Ex Parte Hg. Tr. at 21 (testimony of David Chant). Bell's response is that intellectual property torts are different from other property torts because of the importance of protecting intellectual property in a way that allows a producer to reap the financial and reputational rewards of its product and preserves incentives for trademark owners to produce quality products. Bell points to cases regarding Lanham Act protections and asserts that "infringement of [intellectual property] rights directly harms the owner where it lives." Appellant's Br. 39 (citing Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Prods. Co., 514 U.S. 159, 163–64 (1995) and Zino Davidoff SA v. CVS Corp., 571 F.3d 238, 243–44 (2d Cir. 2009)). It is conceivable that Bell's interests might be harmed by Iran's production of the Shahed, but that is not the focus of the "direct effect" jurisdictional requirement. See Cruise Connections, 600 F.3d at 666. The premise of Bell's response ignores the rationale of the precedents holding that the victim of a commercial tort abroad does not establish a "direct Page 18 of 19 USCA Case #12-7103 Document #1464126 Filed: 11/01/2013 19 effect" in the United States under the FSIA simply by virtue of its U.S. citizenship. See id. at 665; Antares, 999 F.2d at 36; see also Noxell Corp. v. Firehouse No.1 Bar-B-Que Rest., 760 F.2d 312, 317 (D.C. Cir. 1985). The cases that Bell cites generally discussing Lanham Act protections, Qualitex Co., 514 U.S. at 161, and Zino Davidoff, 517 F.3d at 242–43, involved sales in the United States. So do the two district court cases Bell cites on a foreign sovereign's extraterritorial infringement of intellectual property causing a "direct effect" in the United States. In CYBERsitter, LLC v. People's Republic of China, 805 F. Supp. 2d 958, 976 (C.D. Cal. 2011), the People's Republic of China made misappropriated software code available on the internet, and individuals could download it in the United States. In Supra Medical Corp. v. McGonigle, 955 F. Supp. 374, 377 (E.D. Pa. 1997), the defendants were developing and testing infringing technology in the United States. Neither case would eviscerate the jurisdictional immunity of foreign states to suits in U.S. courts involving intellectual property torts committed against U.S. corporations. Yet that would be the consequence of Bell's position that all instances of a foreign sovereign's infringement of a U.S. corporation's intellectual property have a "direct effect" in the United States. Because Bell's evidence regarding the effect in the United States of Iran's commercial activities abroad is either "too remote and attenuated to satisfy the 'direct effect' requirement of the FSIA" or "too speculative to be considered an effect at all," Weltover, 504 U.S. at 618, the district court did not err in ruling the commercial activity exception in the FSIA did not apply. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court. Page 19 of 19


text:
Q: How to Convert Transient state object to persistent state in JpaRepository? its getting failed because it is unable to fetch hibernate session due to new keyword.I'm trying it to do in the junit testing for service layer in spring boot security.After debugging its get failed for jparepository save Method.
This is my testing method which has been testing the service class method.
        @Test
        public void signupUserTest() {
            UserLogin userLogin = new UserLogin();
            BCryptPasswordEncoder encoder = new BCryptPasswordEncoder();
            String password = "Pranav@123";
            userLogin.setUsername("Pranav");
            userLogin.setPassword(encoder.encode(password));
            userLogin.setPasswordConfirm(encoder.encode(password));
            userLogin.setUserMail("wadt999patil@gmail.com");
            userLogin.setRole("ROLE_USER");
            logger.info(userLogin.getRole());

            secureLoginService.signupUser(userLogin);

        }

This is my main service class which has been get called for testing purpose
    public void signupUser(UserLogin userLogin) {
            Authority authority =userAuthorityRepository.findByRole(userLogin.getRole());
            userLogin.setAuthorities((new HashSet<Authority>(Arrays.asList(authority))));
            UserLogin user = null;
            try {
                user = userLoginRepository.save(userLogin);
            }
            catch(RecordNotFoundException e) {
                logger.error("Enter unique name" + e);
            }
            catch(Exception e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            if(user!=null) {
                if (userLogin.getUserMail() != null) {
                    mailSender(userLogin.getUserMail());
                }
            }
}

When I run my Junit test it gives me an error that looks like
org.springframework.dao.InvalidDataAccessApiUsageException: detached entity passed to persist: com.security.app.model.Authority; nested exception is org.hibernate.PersistentObjectException: detached entity passed to persist: com.security.app.model.Authority
    at org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaDialect.convertHibernateAccessException(HibernateJpaDialect.java:319)
    at org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaDialect.translateExceptionIfPossible(HibernateJpaDialect.java:255)
    at org.springframework.orm.jpa.AbstractEntityManagerFactoryBean.translateExceptionIfPossible(AbstractEntityManagerFactoryBean.java:528)
    at org.springframework.dao.support.ChainedPersistenceExceptionTranslator.translateExceptionIfPossible(ChainedPersistenceExceptionTranslator.java:61)
    at org.springframework.dao.support.DataAccessUtils.translateIfNecessary(DataAccessUtils.java:242)
    at org.springframework.dao.support.PersistenceExceptionTranslationInterceptor.invoke(PersistenceExceptionTranslationInterceptor.java:153)
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186)
    at org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.support.CrudMethodMetadataPostProcessor$CrudMethodMetadataPopulatingMethodInterceptor.invoke(CrudMethodMetadataPostProcessor.java:178)
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186)
    at org.springframework.aop.interceptor.ExposeInvocationInterceptor.invoke(ExposeInvocationInterceptor.java:93)
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186)
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.JdkDynamicAopProxy.invoke(JdkDynamicAopProxy.java:212)
    at com.sun.proxy.$Proxy118.save(Unknown Source)
    at com.security.app.service.SecureLoginService.signupUser(SecureLoginService.java:53)
    at com.security.app.SecurityDemoApplicationTests.signupUserTest(SecurityDemoApplicationTests.java:43)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Unknown Source)
    at org.junit.platform.commons.util.ReflectionUtils.invokeMethod(ReflectionUtils.java:675)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.MethodInvocation.proceed(MethodInvocation.java:60)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.InvocationInterceptorChain$ValidatingInvocation.proceed(InvocationInterceptorChain.java:125)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.extension.TimeoutExtension.intercept(TimeoutExtension.java:132)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.extension.TimeoutExtension.interceptTestableMethod(TimeoutExtension.java:124)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.extension.TimeoutExtension.interceptTestMethod(TimeoutExtension.java:74)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.ExecutableInvoker$ReflectiveInterceptorCall.lambda$ofVoidMethod$0(ExecutableInvoker.java:115)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.ExecutableInvoker.lambda$invoke$0(ExecutableInvoker.java:105)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.InvocationInterceptorChain$InterceptedInvocation.proceed(InvocationInterceptorChain.java:104)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.InvocationInterceptorChain.proceed(InvocationInterceptorChain.java:62)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.InvocationInterceptorChain.chainAndInvoke(InvocationInterceptorChain.java:43)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.InvocationInterceptorChain.invoke(InvocationInterceptorChain.java:35)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.ExecutableInvoker.invoke(ExecutableInvoker.java:104)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.ExecutableInvoker.invoke(ExecutableInvoker.java:98)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.TestMethodTestDescriptor.lambda$invokeTestMethod$6(TestMethodTestDescriptor.java:202)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.TestMethodTestDescriptor.invokeTestMethod(TestMethodTestDescriptor.java:198)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.TestMethodTestDescriptor.execute(TestMethodTestDescriptor.java:135)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.TestMethodTestDescriptor.execute(TestMethodTestDescriptor.java:69)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$5(NodeTestTask.java:135)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$7(NodeTestTask.java:125)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.Node.around(Node.java:135)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$8(NodeTestTask.java:123)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.executeRecursively(NodeTestTask.java:122)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.execute(NodeTestTask.java:80)
    at java.util.ArrayList.forEach(Unknown Source)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.invokeAll(SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.java:38)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$5(NodeTestTask.java:139)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$7(NodeTestTask.java:125)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.Node.around(Node.java:135)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$8(NodeTestTask.java:123)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.executeRecursively(NodeTestTask.java:122)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.execute(NodeTestTask.java:80)
    at java.util.ArrayList.forEach(Unknown Source)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.invokeAll(SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.java:38)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$5(NodeTestTask.java:139)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$7(NodeTestTask.java:125)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.Node.around(Node.java:135)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$8(NodeTestTask.java:123)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.executeRecursively(NodeTestTask.java:122)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.execute(NodeTestTask.java:80)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.submit(SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.java:32)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.HierarchicalTestExecutor.execute(HierarchicalTestExecutor.java:57)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.HierarchicalTestEngine.execute(HierarchicalTestEngine.java:51)
    at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DefaultLauncher.execute(DefaultLauncher.java:229)
    at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DefaultLauncher.lambda$execute$6(DefaultLauncher.java:197)
    at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DefaultLauncher.withInterceptedStreams(DefaultLauncher.java:211)
    at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DefaultLauncher.execute(DefaultLauncher.java:191)
    at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DefaultLauncher.execute(DefaultLauncher.java:137)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit5.runner.JUnit5TestReference.run(JUnit5TestReference.java:89)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.TestExecution.run(TestExecution.java:41)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:541)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:763)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.run(RemoteTestRunner.java:463)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.main(RemoteTestRunner.java:209)
Caused by: org.hibernate.PersistentObjectException: detached entity passed to persist: com.security.app.model.Authority
    at org.hibernate.event.internal.DefaultPersistEventListener.onPersist(DefaultPersistEventListener.java:127)
    at org.hibernate.event.service.internal.EventListenerGroupImpl.fireEventOnEachListener(EventListenerGroupImpl.java:118)
    at org.hibernate.internal.SessionImpl.firePersist(SessionImpl.java:726)
    at org.hibernate.internal.SessionImpl.persist(SessionImpl.java:694)
    at org.hibernate.engine.spi.CascadingActions$7.cascade(CascadingActions.java:298)
    at org.hibernate.engine.internal.Cascade.cascadeToOne(Cascade.java:492)
    at org.hibernate.engine.internal.Cascade.cascadeAssociation(Cascade.java:416)
    at org.hibernate.engine.internal.Cascade.cascadeProperty(Cascade.java:218)
    at org.hibernate.engine.internal.Cascade.cascadeCollectionElements(Cascade.java:525)
    at org.hibernate.engine.internal.Cascade.cascadeCollection(Cascade.java:456)
    at org.hibernate.engine.internal.Cascade.cascadeAssociation(Cascade.java:419)
    at org.hibernate.engine.internal.Cascade.cascadeProperty(Cascade.java:218)
    at org.hibernate.engine.internal.Cascade.cascade(Cascade.java:151)
    at org.hibernate.event.internal.AbstractSaveEventListener.cascadeAfterSave(AbstractSaveEventListener.java:464)
    at org.hibernate.event.internal.AbstractSaveEventListener.performSaveOrReplicate(AbstractSaveEventListener.java:298)
    at org.hibernate.event.internal.AbstractSaveEventListener.performSave(AbstractSaveEventListener.java:198)
    at org.hibernate.event.internal.AbstractSaveEventListener.saveWithGeneratedId(AbstractSaveEventListener.java:128)
    at org.hibernate.event.internal.DefaultPersistEventListener.entityIsTransient(DefaultPersistEventListener.java:192)
    at org.hibernate.event.internal.DefaultPersistEventListener.onPersist(DefaultPersistEventListener.java:135)
    at org.hibernate.event.internal.DefaultPersistEventListener.onPersist(DefaultPersistEventListener.java:62)
    at org.hibernate.event.service.internal.EventListenerGroupImpl.fireEventOnEachListener(EventListenerGroupImpl.java:108)
    at org.hibernate.internal.SessionImpl.firePersist(SessionImpl.java:702)
    at org.hibernate.internal.SessionImpl.persist(SessionImpl.java:688)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Unknown Source)
    at org.springframework.orm.jpa.SharedEntityManagerCreator$SharedEntityManagerInvocationHandler.invoke(SharedEntityManagerCreator.java:314)
    at com.sun.proxy.$Proxy102.persist(Unknown Source)
    at org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.support.SimpleJpaRepository.save(SimpleJpaRepository.java:554)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Unknown Source)
    at org.springframework.data.repository.core.support.RepositoryComposition$RepositoryFragments.invoke(RepositoryComposition.java:371)
    at org.springframework.data.repository.core.support.RepositoryComposition.invoke(RepositoryComposition.java:204)
    at org.springframework.data.repository.core.support.RepositoryFactorySupport$ImplementationMethodExecutionInterceptor.invoke(RepositoryFactorySupport.java:657)
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186)
    at org.springframework.data.repository.core.support.RepositoryFactorySupport$QueryExecutorMethodInterceptor.doInvoke(RepositoryFactorySupport.java:621)
    at org.springframework.data.repository.core.support.RepositoryFactorySupport$QueryExecutorMethodInterceptor.invoke(RepositoryFactorySupport.java:605)
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186)
    at org.springframework.data.projection.DefaultMethodInvokingMethodInterceptor.invoke(DefaultMethodInvokingMethodInterceptor.java:80)
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186)
    at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAspectSupport.invokeWithinTransaction(TransactionAspectSupport.java:366)
    at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionInterceptor.invoke(TransactionInterceptor.java:99)
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186)
    at org.springframework.dao.support.PersistenceExceptionTranslationInterceptor.invoke(PersistenceExceptionTranslationInterceptor.java:139)
    ... 74 more

A: The method signupUser is not transactional therefore is Hibernate complaingin about the detached entity Authority.
Make the method transactional by adding @Transactional:
@Transactional
public void signupUser(UserLogin userLogin) {


text:
ALEXIS OLTMER
For Future Generations
Future Fossil
Plastic Study
My Fellow Americans
Creator Q&A : Erica Montez
Erica Montez
Traveling Herbalist, Medicine-Maker, Visual Story Teller and Artist
@elmtreeseeds
ericamontez.com
In a few words state who you are, your occupation and what it is that you create.
Hi, my name is Erica Montez and I'm a traveling herbalist, medicine-maker, visual story-teller and artist based out of Brooklyn, NY. I create plant medicines such as herbal lozenges, sacred smoke bundles and lead ceremonial harvests with respect to the land and all of their inhabitants. My work around wellness involves using visual art as a bridge to reconnect us back to nature, earth's medicines and to increase environmental awareness.
Describe what you see when you look out your window.
I see a blue-grey sky hovering over a sea of apartment buildings. Some very old, some very new. I see an avenue with closed stores at the street level but lights on in the apartments above. The street is sleepy with the exception of a man having a smoke. I see Brooklyn, NY.
What is a podcast, book, or song that is keeping you sane?
I've been in love with "for the wild" podcast with Ayana Young. They interview leading grassroots activists and introduce projects that interweave spirituality, culture, and ecology. It's super packed with information and many episodes have been so great that I've listened to them multiple times. The March 11th episode titled "KURT RUSSO on the People Under the Sea" is one of my favorites as is "Homebound: Embodying the Revolution with Bronte Velez". I also love "Live Awake" when I need something soothing, gentle and meditative. Very relaxing for the nervous system.
What is a word that makes you laugh?
Luftballon pronounced Schloofballoon (SH-LOOF-BA-LOON) in a heavy german accent. Lol this comes from the 1983 song "Luftballon" by Nena. My sister and I would blast this song on road trips to the Colorado mountains and it's become a term of endearment between us. My little schloof. My little schloof-ballon.
What is the color of your current mood?
Orange. I'm in a period of recommitting to a certain area of my photo work and this color reminds me that I'm capable and ready to birth new ideas that align with the core fundamentals of my ethics and intentions.
What is something that brings you joy?
Early mornings before the world has risen. Waking up to puppy breath. Bare toes wandering around wooden house floors. Prepping tea or elixirs with present finger tips. Clean water, clean air. Greeting new growth in my plants + in myself. Warm, flavorful, home-made food. Oh, and farmer's markets.
COVID-19 aside, what frustrates you?
I'm frustrated by the existence of misogyny and the quick profit giants of the world. At the legal system that allows perpetrators to abuse and capitalize on nature, wildlife, humanity, our waters and wildlife kin. I'm frustrated at the horrific levels of heavy metals/ toxins/arsenic/ prescriptions/chemicals and fluoride in our waters. At corrupt media outlets that perpetuate chaos and systematic oppression. I'm frustrated by flawed school systems, college debts and that in many textbooks and classrooms our nation's history is taught through the lens of colonizers.
I'm frustrated by the lies told to us as a collective. By our food system and the use of chemicals that mess with the body's chemistry, hormones and health. I'm frustrated by some doctors who using scare tactics to override patient's sovereignty instead of empowering them. That prescriptions are the default remedy in our society, rather than food as medicine. I'm frustrated by food quality in hospitals, schools, nursing homes and other institutions. By the criminalization of mushrooms and plant medicines that are here as allies to open up our minds. I'm frustrated over the glorification of productivity, exhaustion and burn-out with little space for rest or when I see little respect for birthing people, mothers and elders (earth's portals and wisdom keepers). Plus hearing the electronic hum that comes from our refrigerator.
What do you feel most hopeful about?
I feel most hopeful about our ability to reconnect to nature and each person answering their call, passion and purpose. I'm hopeful about each one of us becoming curious about where/ who we come from. Taking initiative to collect the stories and rituals from our lineage, connecting with our elders and preserving their stories for our future generations. I'm hopeful about children, the game changers and what love can do. About the land and ecosystems to forgive, replenish and restore. I look forward to a future where we that we as a planetary community will get back to a natural rhythm and live/move in accordance with the seasons and our environments.
How do you define your creative process - what makes you tick, what is your practice?
Creativity comes in cycles for me. Inspiration rises, peaks, spills out and then asks for rest and reflection in anticipation for the next birth. It's a great mirror to the waves and growth cycles in my life tbh. When I feel lost or detached from who I am, I go to my creative outlets to remember. I allow the inspiration to rise within me and other times I run towards it gathering any fragmented pieces of myself I may have left somewhere or forgotten about. My practice is sacred and important to my well-being.
Right now I'm working on projects involving visual art as a form of story-telling. I pull inspo from our Earth. Plants. Soil. Water. Sunlight. Shadows. Our skies. The elements. The feminine. Culture. Cob homes. Open spaces. Elder's stories. Love. Romance. Birth. Death. Food + culinary arts. Ceremonies. Natural dye + fabric. Hand-work. Anything that reminds me of the old ways of living. When we lived peacefully with nature and were connected to a much slower and healthier rhythm of life and connection. Some days inspiration comes from putting my hands right in the soil.
I also find inspo from naturally grown foods, new knowledge, empowered sexuality, pigments, great use of negative space, the stories a person's hands tell about them and anything that makes me feel something and expands my perspective. My creative process is a way for me to express, expand, be radically free and connect.
What is something challenging you've accomplished as a creator?
Ooof. Photographing an intimate forest wedding in the pacific northwest without a second shooter. At sunset with constantly changing light. Very challenging but so beautiful + full of learning.
Name an artist or creator you draw influence from?
I draw inspiration from nature indigenous artists. Feels like a bridge that connects me to my ancestors.
How has COVID-19 affected you? Have you changed your process during quarantine?
I've spent a lot of time cleaning my home and in doing so I found some of my camera equipment I'd put away and spent time with them. I didn't realize how much I missed creating through those lenses. I used to do lots of photo work years ago and would collaborate with other artists or create self-motivated projects. Sometimes there was a purpose but other times it was just for fun. I took a break from that and am rediscovering that part of me and am so excited to share that work soon.
In your opinion what do you think the "new normal" should look like for our global society?
I believe the "new normal" should look like us collectively becoming actively involved in the state of our world, ecosystems, and systems of oppression. I believe that a balanced and loving global community should replace the corrupt profit giants of the world.
What do you look forward to most once quarantine restrictions are lessened?
I'm looking forward to seeing people's faces, their smiles, petting friendly dogs that come up to me without awkwardly asking their parents if it's okay, and walking in and out of the grocery store as I please.
In closing, describe or reflect on an aspect of nature that inspires you.
I'm inspired by the death and rebirth cycles of nature. How seeds crack open. How they reach towards the light and ground into the darkness of soil. I'm inspired by the pace and teachings of different ecosystems. How there's a range of personalities, hues, shapes and whispers in all the diversity.