text:
Oceans of frequency set Jape on new voyages
By Kernan Andrews Galway Advertiser, Thu, Sep 22, 2011
WHEN YOU have created two of the best and most memorable Irish albums of recent years, won awards, had Brendan Benson play your songs at his DJ sets, and had people singing your words back at you in concert, the question must arise: How do I follow that?
You could give the public more of the same. In the short term you will get away with it, but creatively it is a dead end and your audience will quickly tire of hearing you repeat yourself.
The alternative route is riskier, but ultimately more rewarding - challenge yourself and your audience by following your muse and inspiration down a new path to see where it leads. You risk losing some of the audience along the way, but those who stick with you will be rewarded and will become your most loyal fans.
Richie Egan, the man behind the Irish band Jape, found himself facing the 'How do I follow that?' and 'Where next Columbus?' question in his career. His 2004 album The Monkeys In The Zoo Have More Fun Than Me turned Jape from an obscure solo project for the Redneck Manifesto bassist into a phenomenon among indie/alternative audiences - it won the Róisín Dubh album Of The Year 2004 Award - and the most imaginative songwriter of his generation.
The follow-up, Ritual (2008 ), raised Richie's profile further still. Audiences coming to his shows were greater than ever and there were higher profile festival appearances and slots. Songs like 'I Was A Man' and 'Phil Lynott' were taking on a life of their own among fans and critics were showering the Dubliner with praise. His ascendancy was confirmed with winning the Choice Music Prize in 2009.
A major factor in the appeal of Richie's songs was how his view of the human condition and his music reflected each other. His songs pondered the inevitability of death, but came to the verdict that as life is short, we should waste no time in experiencing and embracing it fully. The indie-rock guitar with pulsating electronica, gave musical expression to that point of view and got audiences thinking as well as singing along and dancing along.
Pack up your bags and go wherever you like
Yet having given expression to this view so eloquently and memorably on 'Floating', 'To The Sea', and 'Graveyard', Richie was within his rights to conclude that there was no need to repeat himself. The artist needed to move on and explore new territory.
"The Monkeys In The Zoo... and Ritual were albums that danced in your face," Richie tells me during our Thursday morning interview. "This time I wanted to do an album that was more 'If you want to get into this you have to come and get it'. You can just repeat yourself and that's not cool and this record really needed to have its own personality."
Richie's 2009 and 2010 gigs saw him introduce and give more attention to new material with greater emphasis placed on synths and electronics. Notice was being served that a change was afoot and Richie was preparing audiences for what was coming on album number four.
"I would write the songs in a raw format and embellish them with keyboards and synths and stick them in where I felt I needed them," Richie says, "and they are the best instruments if you want to get people dancing, but it always changes for me so I don't know what I will keep or discard going into the future, but on this record and for this tour it will be more electronic."
The new album, Ocean Of Frequency, will be released on Friday September 30 on the Music/is/for/losers label and as Richie says, it is more of a 'If you want it come and get it' experience.
"From talking to people who've already heard it people think it takes more listens to get into," he says.
It is also noticeably different from its predecessors as the guitars are kept to a minimum and keyboards/synths dominate. It is mellower, more subdued, the pace slower. Lyrically, it is far darker than anything Richie has written before.
Opening track 'An Hallucination' asks "I wonder why I'm singing?" over a mournful drone. It is followed by a song whose chorus is "Please don't turn the record off/There's nothing to go home to". Later Richie sings "Just like the rest of you I will be on my knees," on the melancholy 'Borrowed Time With Peace'.
"I suppose when you put it like that it is darker," says Richie, "but I'd say Ocean Of Frequency is more relaxed. I would say it's sombre, not dark. You have to take the album as a whole, there's a lot of stuff going on and it's schizophrenic in parts. I really like it. It had to be done.
"I can't really listen to Monkeys.... and Ritual, but I still like listening to Ocean Of Frequency. I like 'The Oldest Mind', 'One Of Those Days That Feels So Long', and 'Its Shadow Won't Make Noise'. As a record I'm really happy and pleased with it and it has a definite mood."
I don't believe in no heaven I just hope that I'm wrong
One of the key themes on the new album is the relationship between science and religion, and unlike Richard Dawkins (on one side ) and the Creationists (on the other ), Richie does not hold to the view that the two are incompatible or mutually hostile.
"People talk about religion and science as if they are mutually exclusive but if you look underneath the surface, into the beauty of nature, you can see an order to it all," he says. "I'm not a religious person, but I would be spiritual, and one of the themes of the new album is interconnectedness."
That theme was inspired by Richie's reading of an interview with Michael Talbot, the late American author who discussed ideas relating to mysticism and quantum mechanics through such works as Mysticism and the New Physics and The Holographic Universe.
"I was reading Michael Talbot and he was talking about when you get down to the sub-atomic level all those particles are complementary," says Richie, "and if you moved one of them 60 miles away from the other, they would still affect each other. Light and sound, and to a lesser extent matter, are all frequencies and I thought that was nice image that all of us are interconnected and floating about in an 'ocean of frequency'."
Staying in the realm of mysticism and phenomena demanding a scientific explanation, what is the story behind 'Scorpio', one of the stand-out tracks on Ocean Of Frequency? "Have you ever head of the Hell Fire Club?," asks Richie. "It's a ruin up the Dublin mountains and it's supposed to be haunted. Me and a few friends went up there one night to look around and there was a heavy air and a supernatural feeling. There was something all right."
Next stop for Richie is the Róisín Dubh which he plays on Saturday October 8 at 9pm. On the night he will be joined by Somadrone's Neil O'Connor on drums and Glen Keating on synths, bass, and sampler. The Dominick Street venue has become something of a "second home" for the Dubliner and he is never shy to sing its praises.
"Over the years Gugai, and all the staff, have looked after us through both the ups and downs, as in music you can have good times and bad times, but Gugai has always been there," he says. "The Galway crowds, especially the time The Monkeys In The Zoo... came out, have been really supportive and behind us. People in Galway are interested in the music and in having a good time. The Róisín Dubh is one of those places that resonates and it's been good to both Jape and the Redneck Manifesto."
Support is from Goodtime. Tickets are available from the Róisín Dubh and www.roisindubh.net
The Redneck Manifesto will also play the Róisín Dubh on Friday November 4 as part of a short Irish tour.
Dublin author artist head Phil Lynott Brendan Benson electronics Richard Dawkins the Choice Music Prize Columbus Jape The Monkeys In The Zoo Monkeys In The Zoo The Monkeys In The Zoo Have More Fun Than Me Of The Jape the Redneck Manifesto Ocean Of Frequency Dublin mountains Hell Fire Club Glen Keating Michael Talbot Later Richie Redneck Manifesto bassist imaginative songwriter
Fight Night - 'exhilarating and cathartic'
Sam Amidon - a journey into rural America and the head
Get your head in the clouds at Baboró
Frank McGuinness' Baglady at Town Hall
Galway Musical Society open night
Mexican musicians @ The Crane
Irish-Malaysian dub duo to launch new album in Galway
A weekend of Javanese music and dance
A weekend of literature in Clifden
Three women go Over The Edge
Have you got the M Factor?
Jape - Róisín Dubh show and new album
Jape - electronic tales from a Malmö resident
Jape to play GIAF gig @ Róisín Dubh
Jape to play Jägermeister Freezer Sessions
Richie Egan to play final Nocturne of 2016
Make the right choice and go see Jape
Villagers to play Choice Music Prize Galway show
Jape returns to Galway next month
Jape returns to the Róisín Dubh
Jape to celebrate Róisín Dubh's seventh birthday


English: Vidalia is a city in Toombs and very slightly into Montgomery counties in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 10,491. It is the largest city in Toombs, but is not the county seat. Like so many towns in the region, it grew up around a train depot that serviced farmers in the area who grew such crops as pecans and tobacco. The famous sweet onions were not an important crop until much later.
Media in category "Vidalia, Georgia"


text:
WHO Committee to declare end of Covid-19 emergency?
Falklands Veterinary Service reports Avian pox amongst Gentoo penguins
WHO issues warning on lethal cough syrup
New variant of Covid-19 has emerged in UK, reports WHO
Tuesday, December 15th 2020 - 09:05 UTC
Over 1,000 cases of a new coronavirus variant have been identified in the past few days in England, predominantly in the south of the country
The World Health Organization is aware of a new variant of Covid-19 that has emerged in Britain, but there is no evidence the strain behaves differently to existing types of the virus, it said on Monday.
"We are aware of this genetic variant reported in 1,000 individuals in England," the WHO's top emergencies expert Mike Ryan told a news briefing in Geneva. "Authorities are looking at its significance. We have seen many variants, this virus evolves and changes over time."
Over 1,000 cases of a new coronavirus variant have been identified in the past few days in England, predominantly in the south of the country where it could be connected to a surge in cases, Britain's Health Secretary Matt Hancock said on Monday.
"We have identified a new variant of coronavirus, which may be associated with the faster spread in the southeast of England," Hancock said in a statement to parliament.
"Initial analysis suggests that this variant is growing faster than the existing variants," he said. "I must stress at this point that there is currently nothing to suggest that the variant is more likely to cause serious disease, and the latest clinical advice is that it's highly unlikely that this mutation would fail to respond to a vaccine," he added.
Categories: Health & Science, International.
Tags: COVID-19, Matt Hancock, United Kingdom, World Health Organization (WHO).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Photonen (von griechisch φῶς phōs "Licht"; Einzahl "das Photon"), auch Lichtquanten oder Lichtteilchen, sind anschaulich gesagt die Energie-"Pakete", aus denen elektromagnetische Strahlung besteht.

Physikalisch wird das Photon als Austauschteilchen betrachtet. Nach der Quantenelektrodynamik gehört es als Vermittler der elektromagnetischen Wechselwirkung zu den Eichbosonen und ist somit ein Elementarteilchen. Das Photon hat keine Masse, aber eine Energie und einen Impuls – die beide proportional zu seiner Frequenz sind – sowie einen Drehimpuls. Ist sein Aufenthalt auf ein System mit endlichem Volumen beschränkt, liefert es proportional zu seiner Energie einen Beitrag zur Masse des Systems.

Forschungsgeschichte
Seit der Antike gab es verschiedene, einander teilweise widersprechende Vorstellungen von der Natur des Lichts. Bis Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts konkurrierten Wellen- und Teilchentheorien miteinander (siehe Abschnitt Geschichte im Artikel Licht). Dann schien die Wellennatur des Lichts durch viele Phänomene (z. B. Interferenz- und Polarisationserscheinungen) bewiesen und wurde durch die 1867 aufgestellten Maxwellschen Gleichungen als elektromagnetische Welle verstanden. Daneben gab es auch Indizien für einen Teilchencharakter. Ein historisch wichtiges Experiment hierzu war im Jahre 1887 die Beobachtung des Photoelektrischen Effekts durch Heinrich Hertz und Wilhelm Hallwachs.

Die Entdeckung der Quantisierung der elektromagnetischen Strahlung ging im Jahr 1900 vom planckschen Strahlungsgesetz aus, das die Wärmestrahlung eines schwarzen Körpers beschreibt. Um dieses Gesetz theoretisch erklären zu können, musste Max Planck annehmen, dass die Oberfläche des schwarzen Körpers zu jeder Frequenz nur diskrete, zur Frequenz proportionale Energiemengen mit dem elektromagnetischen Feld austauschen kann. Planck selbst stellte sich allerdings nur den Energieaustausch quantisiert vor, noch nicht die elektromagnetische Strahlung an sich.

Albert Einstein stellte dann 1905 in seiner Publikation zum photoelektrischen Effekt die Lichtquantenhypothese auf. Ihr zufolge ist Licht ein Strom von "in Raumpunkten lokalisierten Energiequanten, welche sich bewegen, ohne sich zu teilen, und nur als Ganze absorbiert und erzeugt werden können". Aufgrund verbreiteter Zweifel an diesen Ansichten wurden diese Arbeiten erst 1919 (Planck) und 1922 (Einstein) mit dem Nobelpreis ausgezeichnet.

Vielfach wurde der Teilchencharakter der elektromagnetischen Strahlung aber weiterhin bezweifelt, bis Arthur Compton und Walter Bothe in den Jahren 1923–1925 nachweisen konnten, dass Röntgenstrahlung auf einzelne Elektronen genau so wirkt wie der Beschuss mit einzelnen Teilchen, deren Energien und Impulse Werte wie Lichtquanten entsprechend der Wellenlänge der benutzten Röntgenstrahlen haben. Für die Entdeckung und Interpretation des nach ihm benannten Compton-Effekts erhielt Compton 1927 (als einer von zwei Ausgezeichneten) den Nobelpreis für Physik.

Die formale Quantentheorie des Lichtes wurde seit 1925 beginnend mit Arbeiten von Max Born, Pascual Jordan und Werner Heisenberg entwickelt. Die heute gültige Theorie der elektromagnetischen Strahlung ist die Quantenelektrodynamik (QED); sie beschreibt auch die Lichtquanten. Sie geht in ihren Anfängen auf eine Arbeit von Paul Dirac im Jahre 1927 zurück, in der die Wechselwirkung von quantisierter elektromagnetischer Strahlung mit einem Atom analysiert wird. Die QED wurde in den 1940er Jahren entwickelt und 1965 mit der Verleihung des Nobelpreises für Physik an Richard Feynman, Julian Schwinger und Shin'ichirō Tomonaga gewürdigt. In der QED ist das elektromagnetische Feld selbst quantisiert und das Photon seine elementare Anregung.

Albert Einstein schrieb 1951 in einem Brief an seinen Freund Michele Besso:

Bezeichnung
Das Wort Photon leitet sich vom griechischen Wort für Licht,  (phôs), ab. Der Name war durch verschiedene Autoren schon seit 1916 für eine kleine Energiemenge, die einen photochemischen oder photoelektrischen Effekt auslösen kann, eingeführt worden, wurde aber kaum beachtet. Max Planck z. B. sprach in seiner Nobelpreisrede 1920 noch von "Lichtquanten".
Endgültig wurde der Name durch Arthur Compton bekannt gemacht, der sich dabei auf eine Veröffentlichung des Chemikers Gilbert Newton Lewis im Jahre 1926 berief. Lewis verwandte den Begriff im Rahmen eines von ihm vorgeschlagenen Modells der Wechselwirkung von Atomen mit Licht. Dieses Modell sah unter anderem fälschlich eine Erhaltung der Photonenzahl vor und wurde allgemein nicht anerkannt.

Für das Photon wird im Allgemeinen das Symbol  (gamma) verwendet. In der Hochenergiephysik ist dieses Symbol allerdings reserviert für die hochenergetischen Photonen der Gammastrahlung (Gamma-Quanten), und die in diesem Zweig der Physik ebenfalls relevanten Röntgenphotonen erhalten häufig das Symbol X (von X-Strahlen und Englisch: X-ray).

Energiegehalt
Jedes Photon transportiert eine Energie :

wobei  und  Frequenz und Wellenlänge des Lichts sind. Die Konstanten  und  sind Lichtgeschwindigkeit und plancksches Wirkungsquantum.

Gibt man, wie in der Atom- und Teilchenphysik üblich, die Energie des Photons in Elektronenvolt (eV) an, so ergibt sich:

{|
|-
| ||||||||||    || 1 eV  ≙  ν = 241,8 THz
|-
|   ||||||||||   || 1 eV  ≙  λ = 1,240 μm
|}

Beispiel: Rotes Licht mit 620 nm Wellenlänge hat eine Photonenenergie von ca. 2 eV.

Das Photon mit der bislang höchsten Energie, mehr als 100 TeV, wurde 2019 von chinesischen Wissenschaftlern aus einem Detektorfeld in Tibet vermeldet. Es stammte wahrscheinlich aus dem Krebsnebel.

Weitere Eigenschaften
Jegliche elektromagnetische Strahlung, von Radiowellen bis zur Gammastrahlung, ist in Photonen gequantelt. Das bedeutet, die kleinstmögliche Energiemenge an elektromagnetischer Strahlung bestimmter Frequenz ist ein Photon. Photonen haben eine unendliche natürliche Lebensdauer, das heißt, sie unterliegen keinem spontanen Zerfall. Sie können aber bei einer Vielzahl physikalischer Prozesse erzeugt oder vernichtet werden. Ein Photon besitzt keine Masse. Daraus folgt, dass es sich im Vakuum immer mit Lichtgeschwindigkeit  bewegt, sofern es in einem Zustand mit wohldefiniertem Impuls ist, also durch eine einzige ebene Welle darzustellen ist. Sonst bewegt es sich mit der Gruppengeschwindigkeit der beteiligten ebenen Wellen. Ein Photon im Überlagerungszustand von Impulsen mehrerer Richtungen bewegt sich auch im Vakuum langsamer als die Lichtgeschwindigkeit (siehe Bessel-Strahl). In optischen Medien mit einem Brechungsindex  ist die Gruppengeschwindigkeit aufgrund der Wechselwirkung der Photonen mit der Materie um den Faktor  verringert.

Erzeugung und Detektion
Photonen können auf vielerlei Arten erzeugt werden, insbesondere durch Übergänge ("Quantensprünge") von Elektronen zwischen verschiedenen Zuständen (z. B. verschiedenen Atom- oder Molekülorbitalen oder Energiebändern in einem Festkörper). Photonen können auch bei nuklearen Übergängen, Teilchen-Antiteilchen-Vernichtungsreaktionen (Annihilation) oder durch beliebige Fluktuationen in einem elektromagnetischen Feld erzeugt werden.

Zum Nachweis von Photonen können unter anderem Photomultiplier, Photoleiter oder Photodioden verwendet werden. CCDs, Vidicons, PSDs, Quadrantendioden oder Foto-Platten und Filme werden zur ortsauflösenden Detektion von Photonen benutzt. Im IR-Bereich werden auch Bolometer eingesetzt. Photonen im Gammastrahlen-Bereich können durch Geigerzähler einzeln nachgewiesen werden. Photomultiplier und Avalanche-Photodioden können auch zur Einzelphotonendetektion im optischen Bereich verwendet werden, wobei Photomultiplier im Allgemeinen die niedrigere Dunkelzählrate besitzen, Avalanche-Photodioden aber noch bei niedrigeren Photonenenergien bis in den IR-Bereich einsetzbar sind.

Masse
Das Photon ist ein Elementarteilchen mit der Masse  Neben experimentellen Messungen, die diese Tatsache sehr gut belegen (s. u.), ist dies auch theoretisch gut begründet.

Ein ruhendes physikalisches System erfährt trotzdem wegen der Äquivalenz von Masse und Energie einen Massenzuwachs , wenn es ein Photon der Energie  aufnimmt.

Theoretische Formulierung

Im Rahmen der Quantenelektrodynamik sind die Photonen die Übermittler der elektromagnetischen Wechselwirkung; die Bewegungsgleichung der Photonen muss demnach den klassischen Maxwell-Gleichungen

gehorchen (in diesem Abschnitt sei nur das Verhalten im Vakuum betrachtet). Die Lagrange-Dichte, die über den Lagrange-Formalismus zu den Maxwell-Gleichungen führt, lautet

ohne einen Masseterm des Photons der Gestalt . Ein solcher Term ist verboten, da er die Invarianz der Lagrange-Dichte unter den klassischen Eichtransformationen des elektromagnetischen Feldes verletzt. Auch in höheren Ordnungen quantenelektrodynamischer Störungstheorie bleibt die Masse des Photons durch die Eichsymmetrie geschützt.

Da das Higgs-Teilchen keine elektrische Ladung trägt, erhält das Photon darüber hinaus – im Gegensatz zu den anderen Eichbosonen der elektroschwachen Wechselwirkung – keine Masse durch den Higgs-Mechanismus.

Experimentelle Befunde
Wenn die Masse des Photons verschieden von Null wäre, dann würde sie sich durch verschiedene Folgen bemerkbar machen. Keine von ihnen ist bisher beobachtet worden. Die Genauigkeit der Experimente erlaubt die Aussage, dass eine eventuelle Photonenmasse in jedem Fall unter  liegen muss, das ist der ste Teil der Masse des Wasserstoffatoms.

Falls Photonen Masse hätten,
 dann würde sich für das elektrostatische Feld einer Punktladung statt des Coulomb-Potentials ein Yukawa-Potential ergeben, also ein zusätzlicher exponentieller Abschwächungsfaktor. Dass dies in Laborexperimenten nicht beobachtet wurde, lässt darauf schließen, dass eine eventuelle Masse des Photons nicht größer als  sein kann.
 dann hätte das Feld eines magnetischen Dipols eine Komponente antiparallel zum Dipol, die in erster Näherung räumlich konstant und proportional zur angenommenen Masse des Photons ist. Durch Vermessung des Erdmagnetfelds kann die Existenz eines solchen Beitrags soweit ausgeschlossen werden, dass die eventuelle Masse des Photons nicht oberhalb  liegen kann.
 dann würden sich für das Magnetfeld eines rotierenden Dipols Änderungen ergeben, die sich im Fall der Sonne am Sonnenwind bis zum Abstand des Pluto auswirken würden. Solche Abweichungen konnten bislang nicht nachgewiesen werden, woraus sich die momentan (Stand: 2020) niedrigste experimentelle Obergrenze von  für eine eventuelle Photonenmasse ergibt.
 dann wäre die Konstante c, die in der Relativitätstheorie Raum und Zeit in Beziehung zueinander setzt (üblicherweise "Lichtgeschwindigkeit" genannt), nicht identisch mit der Geschwindigkeit des Lichts.

Gravitation
Photonen werden auch vom Gravitationsfeld beeinflusst. Dies lässt sich nicht klassisch als Massenanziehung erklären, denn Photonen haben keine Masse. Nach der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie aber folgen Photonen, wie alle nicht von anderen Kräften beeinflussten Körper auch, einer Geodäte der gekrümmten Raumzeit. Die Ablenkung im Schwerefeld ist dabei doppelt so groß wie es nach der klassischen Physik für ein mit Lichtgeschwindigkeit bewegtes, massebehaftetes Teilchen zu erwarten wäre (siehe auch Tests der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie).

Photonen gehören selbst zu den Quellen der Gravitation, indem sie mit ihrer Energiedichte die Krümmung der Raumzeit beeinflussen (siehe Energie-Impuls-Tensor in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie).

Spin
Zirkular polarisierte elektromagnetische Wellen mit Energie  und Kreisfrequenz  haben nach den Maxwell-Gleichungen einen Drehimpuls der Größe , pro Photon mit  also genau den Drehimpulsbetrag von .
Photonen sind also Spin-1-Teilchen und somit Bosonen. Es können also beliebig viele Photonen denselben quantenmechanischen Zustand besetzen, was zum Beispiel in einem Laser realisiert wird.

Während etwa der Elektronenspin parallel oder antiparallel zu einer beliebig vorgegebenen Richtung ist, kann der Photonenspin wegen fehlender Masse nur parallel oder antiparallel zur Flugrichtung, also zu seinem Impuls, orientiert sein. Die Helizität der Photonen einer zirkular polarisierten Welle ist daher eine charakteristische Größe. Wird durch einen Spiegel die Ausbreitungsrichtung umgekehrt, oder wird die Rotationsrichtung umgekehrt, zum Beispiel durch eine λ/2-Platte, so wechselt die Helizität das Vorzeichen.

Linear polarisierte elektromagnetische Wellen bestehen aus der Überlagerung von rechts und links polarisierten Photonen. Auch ein einzelnes Photon kann linear polarisiert werden, indem zwei entgegengesetzt zirkular polarisierte Zustände überlagert werden. Der Erwartungswert des Drehimpulses längs der Flugrichtung ist dann Null, jedoch ist in einem linear polarisierten Photon mit je 50 % Wahrscheinlichkeit ein links oder ein rechts zirkular polarisiertes Photon zu finden.

Photonen im Vakuum
Photonen in einem Zustand mit wohldefiniertem Impuls bewegen sich mit Lichtgeschwindigkeit . Die Dispersionsrelation, d. h. die Abhängigkeit der Kreisfrequenz  eines Photons von seiner Kreiswellenzahl , ist im Vakuum linear, denn es gelten die quantenmechanischen Zusammenhänge

und

sowie die Energie-Impuls-Relation
.

Photonen in optischen Medien
In einem optischen Medium wechselwirken Photonen mit dem Material. Durch Absorption kann ein Photon vernichtet werden. Dabei geht seine Energie in andere Energieformen über, beispielsweise in elementare Anregungen (Quasiteilchen) des Mediums wie Phononen oder Exzitonen. Möglich ist auch, dass das Photon sich durch ein Medium ausbreitet. Dabei wird es durch eine Abfolge von Streuprozessen behindert, in denen Teilchen des Mediums virtuell angeregt werden. Photon und Reaktion des Mediums zusammen kann man durch ein Quasiteilchen, das Polariton, beschreiben. Diese elementaren Anregungen in Materie haben üblicherweise keine lineare Dispersionsrelation. Ihre Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit ist niedriger als die Lichtgeschwindigkeit im Vakuum.

In Experimenten der Quantenoptik konnte die Geschwindigkeit der Ausbreitung von Licht in einem verdünnten Gas von geeignet präparierten Atomen auf wenige Meter pro Sekunde gesenkt werden.

Wechselwirkung von Photonen mit Materie
Photonen, die auf Materie treffen, können je nach Energiebereich unterschiedliche Prozesse auslösen. Im Folgenden sind für verschiedene Prozesse die Energiebereiche angegeben, in denen sie relevant sind:
 ab 0 eV: Rayleigh-Streuung
 unter 5 eV: Anregung höherenergetischer Zustände von Elektronen, photochemische Prozesse, keine Ionisation
 5 eV bis 100 keV: Photoeffekt,
 50 keV bis 1 MeV: Compton-Effekt,
 1,022 bis 6 MeV: Paarbildung (unter gewissen Bedingungen auch durch direkte Photon-Photon-Wechselwirkung möglich),
 ab 2,18 MeV: Kernphotoeffekt, Photodesintegration von Atomkernen

Literatur
 Chandrasekhar Roychoudhuri, A.F. Kracklauer, Kathy Creath (Hrsg.): The nature of light: What is a photon? CRC, 2008, ISBN 978-1-4200-4424-9, .
 Harry Paul: Photonen: Eine Einführung in die Quantenoptik. 2. Auflage. Teubner, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-519-13222-2. (Teubner-Studienbücher Physik)
 Klaus Hentschel: Einstein und die Lichtquantenhypothese. In: Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau. 58(6), 2005, , S. 311–319.
 Klaus Hentschel: Lichtquanten. Die Geschichte des komplexen Konzepts und mentalen Modells von Photonen. Springer, Heidelberg, 2017, ISBN 978-3-662-55272-8 (Online)
 Liang-Cheng Tu, Jun Luo, George T. Gillies: The mass of the photon. In: Reports on Progress in Physics. 68, Nr. 1, 2005, doi:10.1088/0034-4885/68/1/R02, S. 77–130.
 Richard Feynman: QED. The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. 1985. (dt. QED. Die seltsame Theorie des Lichts und der Materie. 1987, ISBN 3-492-21562-9)

Weblinks

 QuantumLab-Experimente mit einzelnen Photonen: Beweis der Existenz, Quantenzufall, Verschränkung,... (FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg)
 Klaus Hentschel: Light quanta – The maturing of a concept by the stepwise accretion of meaning, in: Physics and Philosophy (an online journal, freely available since April 2007).

Zu Wechselwirkung von Photonen mit Photonen:
 Homepage des SLAC Experiment 144 (englisch)
 Jan A. Lauber: A small tutorial in gamma-gamma Physics (englisch)

Anmerkungen

Einzelnachweise

Elementarteilchen
Quantenfeldtheorie
Quantenoptik
Boson

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Turmeric (haldi) fights against cancer. Among the many benefits attributed to Turmeric or Curcumin, its cancer-fighting abilities are now being intensely researched. Turmeric's anti-inflammatory effects, anti-oxidant activity and its ability to modulate the immune system are said to be the reason for its beneficial effects on diseases such as arthritis, Alzheimers disease, memory loss, heart disease and cancer.


text:
de:"amino acids"
CABI hosted full text (23)
Phylogenetic and genomic characterization of a novel atypical porcine pestivirus in China.
Zhang, H., Wen, W., Hao, G., Hu, Y., Chen, H., Qian, P., Li, X., (2018). Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 65(1), e202-e204. Wiley, Berlin, Germany. English language
Aquatic and terrestrial morphotypes of the aquatic invasive plant, Ludwigia grandiflora, show distinct morphological and metabolomic responses.
Billet, K., Genitoni, J., Bozec, M., Renault, D., Barloy, D., (2018). Ecology and Evolution 8(5), 2568-2579. Wiley, Oxford, UK. English language
Effect of elevated CO2 on the interaction between invasive thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and its host kidney bean, Phaseolus vulgaris.
Qian Lei, He ShuQi, Liu XiaoWei, Huang ZuJin, Chen FaJun, Gui FuRong, (2018). Pest Management Science 74(12), 2773-2782. Wiley, Chichester, UK. English language
Byssus structure and protein composition in the highly invasive fouling mussel Limnoperna fortunei.
Li ShiGuo, Xia ZhiQiang, Chen YiYong, Gao YangChun, Zhan AiBin, (2018). Frontiers in Physiology 9(April), 418. Frontiers Media S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland. English language
Research progress on a new multifunction protein family-DABB class proteins.
Maimaitiaili Abudunasir, Ma Ji, (2018). Genomics and Applied Biology 37(12), 5460-5472. Guangxi University, Guangxi, China. Chinese language
Critical amino acids for the insecticidal activity of vip3af from Bacillus thuringiensis: inference on structural aspects.
Banyuls, N., Hernández-Rodríguez, C. S., Rie, J. van, Ferré, J., (2018). Scientific Reports 8(1), 7539. Nature Publishing Group, London, UK. English language
Allelopathic property of Parthenin on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare).
Solomon Sime Tessema, Alemu Mekonnen Tura, (2018). International Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences 14, 23-27. International Scientific Organization, Faisalabad, Pakistan. English language
Features of introduction of Actinidia kolomikta in the conditions of the Orel region.
Lopachev, N. A., Bykov, A. L., (2019). Bulletin of Agrarian Science(2), 17-23. Orel State Agrarian University, Orel, Russia. Russian language
Novel feed from invasive species is beneficial to Walleye aquaculture.
Mejri, S., Tremblay, R., Vandenberg, G., Audet, C., (2019). North American Journal of Aquaculture 81(1), 3-12. Wiley, Hoboken, USA. English language
Molecular characterization of two novel atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) strains from piglets with congenital tremor in China.
Pan ShuoNan, Yan YuLin, Shi KaiChuang, Wang MinMin, Mou ChunXiao, Chen ZhenHai, (2019). Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 66(1), 35-42. Wiley, Berlin, Germany. English language
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Scioto County doctor sentenced for role in pill mill
by Geoff Larson | Nov 18, 2019 | Article | 0 comments
by TIERSA DAVIS
CINCINNATI, Ohio (WCHS/WVAH) — U.S. Attorney David DeVillers said the owner and physician of a Scioto County pain management clinic was sentenced for her role in a pill mill.
Margaret Temponeras, 55, of Portsmouth, Ohio, was sentenced for conspiring to distribute a controlled substance through the pain clinic and dispensary, according to a news release from DeVillers.
Temponeras was sentenced to 84 months in prison in the U.S. District Court. Temponeras was a physician at Unique Pain Management in Wheelersburg.
Court documents stated that from June 2005 to May 2011, Temponeras and her father, John Temponeras, 84, who also was a doctor at the clinic, took cash payments for each medical exam. Patients received monthly prescriptions for a combination of 120 to 150 15 mg Oxycodone, 120 to 150 30 mg Oxycodone and 90 2mg Xanax pills.
Patients were referred to Raymond Fankell, 64, of Wheelersburg, Ohio, who owned Prime Pharmacy, to fill their prescriptions.
Margaret Temponeras became aware that some pharmacies in the county declined to fill the prescriptions from their clinic so they opened their own dispensary.
John Temponeras and Fankell also have pleaded guilty in the case but have yet to be sentenced.
Source: https://wchstv.com/news/local/scioto-county-doctor-sentenced-for-role-in-pill-mill


The tripod design with metal accents finished in antique brass is reminiscent of a land surveyor's transit from years gone by.
The legs feature a Rustic Cherry finish on select hardwoods and veneers, lightly distressed for an aged appearance.
The stationary aged dial features black Roman numerals, a minute track, a separate sweep seconds track with Arabic numerals, and black finished spade hands.
A wide antique brass-finished bezel frames the dial, which is behind convex glass.


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Luxury Automakers putting a pause on Production due to COVID-19
Cherry PR23/03/2020Comments Off on Luxury Automakers putting a pause on Production due to COVID-190231
Automakers are taking extreme measures in the form of plant closures to halt the spread of COVID-19 and keep their workers safe during the global pandemic. The situation remains fluid as more European companies suspend work and the first US plants go offline.As of March 18, the first US-based plants faced a temporary closure. As of March 19, Ford will suspend all production work in North America. The automaker made the decision on March 18 to shut its factories down to help combat the spread of COVID-19.
Luxury automakers are taking similar measures to protect their workers and combat the outbreak of coronavirus. France's supercar marker Bugatti said on March 20 it has closed its production plant in Molsheim to help stop the spread of COVID-19. The firm threw all its support behind French regulations and stated that keeping its workers healthy is its number one priority. Automobiles Ettore Bugatti was a French car manufacturer of high-performance automobiles, founded in 1909 in the then-German city of Molsheim, Alsace by the Italian-born industrial designer Ettore Bugatti. The cars were known for their design beauty and for their many race victories.
Porsche has also followed suit as the automaker stated that it will stop production at its German plants to keep its workforce safe and healthy. The halt in production will last at least two weeks, and like Daimler, Porsche said the global supply chain makes it impossible to carry on with output as normal. The company has also braced itself for a decline in demand and will work to secure its finances. Porsche AG, is a German automobile manufacturer specializing in high-performance sports cars, SUVs and sedans. Its headquarters is situated in Stuttgart, and is owned by Volkswagen AG, which itself is majority owned by Porsche Automobile Holding SE. Initially, the company did not build any cars under its own name but offered motor vehicle development work and consulting. One of the first assignments the new company received was from the German government to design a car for the people, that is a "Volkswagen". This resulted in the Volkswagen Beetle, one of the most successful car designs of all time.The Porsche 64 was developed in 1939 using many components from the Beetle.
Bentley has also decided to put a pause on production due to the global pandemic.The British luxury brand stated that it will suspend production in the UK. The factory shutdown will last four weeks, according to the company. Like so many other automakers, the company said it wants to protect its workers, but also acknowledged a slowdown in demand in markets around the world and supply chain interruptions. Headquartered in Crewe, England, the company was founded as Bentley Motors Limited by W. O. Bentley in 1919 in Cricklewood, North London. Today most Bentley models are assembled at the company's Crewe factory, with a small number assembled at Volkswagen's Dresden factory, Germany, and with bodies for the Continental manufactured in Zwickau and for the Bentayga manufactured at the Volkswagen Bratislava Plant.
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Q: How to cancel NSIS Installer after executed powershell script was canceled? For my software suite I created an installer with NSIS. This installer includes a powershellscript with a GUI. I want to cancel the installation process after the user has clicked the cancelbutton in the powershell gui.
The script creates a powershell gui with a listbox. The listbox-item will be written in a txt-file. There are two buttons: One for OK - to write the item in the file, the other button is a cancel button. After the ok-button was clicked, the second form opens.
Some code snippets from the powershellscript:
$CancelButton.DialogResult = [System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult]::Cancel

if('Ok' -eq $form.ShowDialog())
 {
   $msg = "Item copied to txt-file"
   [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox]::Show($msg,"Confirmation",0)
 }

With this instruction I call the PS-Script in NSIS:
ExecWait "powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -WindowStyle Hidden -File nameofscript.ps1 -FFFeatureOff"

A: If you return an exit code from your PowerShell on cancel, you can handle that from the NSIS script:
Powershell:
if ($form.ShowDialog() -eq [System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult]::Cancel)
{
    exit 1
}

NSIS:
ClearErrors
ExecWait "powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -WindowStyle Hidden -File nameofscript.ps1 -FFFeatureOff"
IfErrors 0 noError
; Handle error here
noError:

See also: how to get the exit code of other application in nsis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Disney Channel / Disney+ / News / TV
Secrets of Sulphur Springs Coming to Disney+
by John Bishop · February 20, 2021
Do you know the Secrets of Sulphur Springs? You soon will…
Have you seen Secrets of Sulpher Springs? Me neither.
However, that's not because of lack of want.
I am just too lazy to track it down on Disney Channel. And we're subscribers!
But, my guess is that a whole lot of others feel the same. And a whole lot of folks in Burbank know that. So, Disney Channel's brand new hit show will soon be seen on Disney+.
Watch Secrets of Sulphur Springs on Disney+
Comicbook.com posted:
[Y]ou'll be able to check out the mysterious new series on Disney+ beginning on Friday, February 26th. The new season is currently still airing on the Disney Channel, with the season finale set to premiere on Friday, March 12th, with the series' debut on Disney+ consisting of the first five episodes. Each Friday, new episodes of the series will be added to Disney+, culminating in the season finale's debut on the streaming service on April 9th.
And the premise of the show sounds promising. Especially since I'll need a new series after the end of WandaVision.
So, What's It About?
The official boilerplate from Disney Channel reads:
Set in the fictional Louisiana town of Sulphur Springs, the series follows 12-year-old Griffin Campbell (Preston Oliver, "Chicago Fire") whose world has been upended by his father, Ben (Josh Braaten, "American Horror Story"). Ben has moved the family from Chicago to take ownership of an abandoned hotel property… on his first day at his new school, Griffin hears rumors that the hotel is haunted by the ghost of Savannah (Elle Graham, "Swamp Thing"), a girl who disappeared decades ago. He soon meets and befriends Harper (Kyliegh Curran, "Doctor Sleep"), a thrill-seeking classmate, and soon they discover a secret portal that allows them to travel back in time and uncover clues about the town mystery.
Secrets Every Week
Speaking of WandaVision, there are clues in the series' opening titles in each successive episode.
Sounds like a perfect segue to me.
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Tags: Disney ChannelDisney PlusSecrets Of Sulphur Springs
A graduate of Boston and Northeastern universities, John Bishop, became the beat reporter for BostonBruins.com before the B's 2006-07 hockey season. While with the Bruins, "Bish" traveled North America and Europe to cover the Black & Gold's every move via laptop, blog, and smartphone. The co-author of two books, Bygone Boston and Full 60 to History: The Inside Story of the 2011 Stanley Cup Champion Boston Bruins, John covered the XXI Olympic Winter Games in Vancouver in 2010 and the B's 2011 championship run and banner raising before taking a faculty/communications position at a prep school outside Boston in 2013. He lives with his wife Andrea, and sons Jack, Scott, and Luke, in central Massachusetts.
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Scholastic drops industry-funded pro-coal 4th-grade curriculum, but still maintains other programs that threaten public health
Last week, I posted an item about Scholastic, Inc.'s partnership with the coal industry to produce "The United States of Energy," an energy curriculum that promoted coal without disclosing its considerable public-health and environmental drawbacks. The controversy over this partnership, publicized widely by the Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood, went as far as a chiding …
Continue reading "Scholastic drops industry-funded pro-coal 4th-grade curriculum, but still maintains other programs that threaten public health"
Scholastic, Inc. publishes pro-coal curriculum for fourth graders, apparently paid for by coal industry
Yesterday, I wrote about a satirical campaign in which anti-coal activists spoofed a Peabody Energy website in order to publicize the link between burning coal and childhood asthma. The satirical campaign included fake child-oriented games and discounted asthma inhalers. But all satire aside, the coal industry really is marketing its product directly to children. The …
Continue reading "Scholastic, Inc. publishes pro-coal curriculum for fourth graders, apparently paid for by coal industry"
Anti-coal satire (with My First Inhaler) punks Peabody Energy
Peabody Energy — last seen on this blog as the real party in interest whose proposal to mine more coal on Indian land in Arizona had to go back to the drawing board because of this UCLA environmental law clinic case , and immortalized in the John Prine song "Paradise" — has been punked. (I've …
Continue reading "Anti-coal satire (with My First Inhaler) punks Peabody Energy"
India Coal Tax to be Used for Carbon Sinks and Clean Energy Technology
This is how you are supposed to do it. Via the Hindu, Indian Finance Minister Mukherjee's Budget uses carbon charges to combat climate change: The [tax] slapped on coal in last year's budget will help pay for schemes to protect and regenerate forests and clean up polluted sites announced in this year's Budget. Finance Minister Pranab …
Continue reading "India Coal Tax to be Used for Carbon Sinks and Clean Energy Technology"
M. Rhead Enion
Obama's 80% "Clean" Energy Goal: Ambitious or Inevitable?
In a recent post on Grist, Keith Schneider found President Obama's 80% "clean" energy goal rather incredible: Arguably the central provision of President Obama's State of the Union address last night was the proposal to generate 80 percent of the nation's electricity from clean energy sources by 2035 — including nuclear energy and "carbon capture and …
Continue reading "Obama's 80% "Clean" Energy Goal: Ambitious or Inevitable?"
What to do about those coal plants we already have…
The California Public Utilities Commission looked pretty good, back in 2007, when it created a rule prohibiting utilities from making new long-term investments in power plants emitting more carbon dioxide than an efficient natural gas plant. That meant no new conventional coal plants, which emit twice as much carbon dioxide as a natural gas plant. …
Continue reading "What to do about those coal plants we already have…"
Mountaintop Removal: Incompatible with Climate Solutions and Incompatible with the Environment
Monday thousands of people converged on Washington, D.C. for the Appalachia Rising Rally to protest mountaintop removal (MTR) coal mining. Activists dumped 1,000 pounds of Appalachia dirt on EPA's front lawn before marching on the White House. At a sit-in at PNC bank, four people were arrested while protesting that bank's financing of MTR coal mining. …
Continue reading "Mountaintop Removal: Incompatible with Climate Solutions and Incompatible with the Environment"
Energy Policy: Kicking Butt and Taking Names
Steve, you write: This is not just about ceiling insulation and more heat-reflective roofs. It also has to do with the ability of electric generators to convert heat to power, the elimination of line losses from the transmission grid, and the improvement of fuel delivery systems to avoid leakage. It has to do with strategic …
Continue reading "Energy Policy: Kicking Butt and Taking Names"
What a Waste of Energy
The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has issued its annual snapshot of our national energy use, based on data collected by the Department of Energy's Energy Information Agency. The good news is that we used less energy in 2009 than we did in 2008 (almost all of the savings probably attributable to the still-weak economy). The …
Continue reading "What a Waste of Energy"
India Puts US Climate Policy to Shame
While US policymakers — particularly Republicans and those in coal states — are busy complaining about developing countries not capping their carbon emissions, New Delhi is busy actually doing something about climate change. Two weeks ago, India instituted a tax on coal, instituting a form of carbon tax that talented advocates (such as the good …
Continue reading "India Puts US Climate Policy to Shame"
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Recent Court Decisions Halt Building Projects, Invalidate CEQA Reviews for Failing to Assess Wildfire Hazards
2022: The Year Ahead
Here are the five biggest things to watch for.
After the dark days of the Trump Era, environmental policy had a very good year
Rescuing FEMA (and ourselves)
FEMA needs to grow in order to handle its work. The need for growth will only get greater as time goes on.
Positive Signs That California's New Housing Laws Will be Enforced
Recent Actions by California Courts & State Officials Are Encouraging, & Push Back Against Local Government Recalcitrance on the Housing Reform Front
The Renaissance of Energy Law
An esoteric field of law has become exciting and important.
COPs as Three-Ring Circus
Reflections on Glasgow a few weeks later
Remembering Electric Vehicle Pioneer Ryan Popple, 1977-2021
Former Proterra CEO was a major contributor to UC Berkeley/UCLA Law EV report
On the Frustrations of Climate Politics
It's not just the shortcomings of Joe Manchin. Climate legislation is an inherently tough political challenge.


The Duplex Filter DF 20 is widely applicable for liquid mediums. It features a strong switch-over unit, high performance, low size ratio besides easy and fast cleaning. During cleaning the filtration does not have to be interrupted. Therefore a continuous filter operation is ensured.
The Duplex Filter DF 20 consists of two individual filters. A switch-over via 4 robust valves enables one filter to be in operation, while the other is in standby.
The medium to be filtered flows through the filter element from the inside to the outside.
The solids are retained in the filter element.
The cleaned liquid leaves the filter through the outlet flange.
The cleaning is carried out manually.


If you're new to wood flooring, these FAQ's may be helpful.
There are dark patches on my floor, should I be worried?
I have scratches in my floor, can this be fixed?
Which is better, oil or lacquer?
Which finish shows more dirt?
Which areas does Spartan Flooring service?
I have underfloor heating. Can I have a wood floor?
I live in an apartment, can I have a wood floor?
How often should I have my floor maintained?
Yes, absolutely. Dark patches generally indicate moisture or humidity issues. If left untreated this could have severe consequences.
We do provide wood flooring repair services if you need someone to assess the damage. The best advice we can give you is to seek help immediately to limit the damage.
Most surface scratches can be repaired by either re-sanding the floor back to bear wood, thereby removing any dirt that may have entered the surface of the wood, and refinishing the floor, or by treating localised areas. If the scratches are light and don't penetrate the finish, the floor can simply be resealed which should cover any evidence of them being there in the first place.
The type of finish you choose for your floor depends on two things. Firstly, the amount of traffic the floor will be exposed to and secondly, the look and feel you are trying to achieve.
An oil finish will leave the wood with a more natural look and feel, however oil finishes do wear through quicker and require a little more maintenance. A lacquer finish will give a durable finish, but it won't look as natural an oil finish.
Bona has recently brought to market a new primer (called Bona Classic) for lacquer finishes that give you some options in regards to how the floor will look. By using Bona Classic it is possible to have a slightly more natural looking floor if that's what you're after.
Gloss finishes have the tendency to show dust more than matt finishes. Matt surfaces tend to hide dust accumulation, and scuff marks and will generally hide wear in high traffic areas better than gloss finishes.
Installation time it mostly dependent on total job size. Another contributing factor is installation complexity. The more complex the area/layout of the floor, the longer it takes. As a rough indication we usually allow for 1 day per 15-20 square meters.
If time is a major limitation, it may be advised to choose a pre-finished floor to reduce the overall time it takes to install the floor. With pre-finished products, sanding and sealing times are eliminated which will help speed up the process significantly.
Installing a wood floor over underfloor heating requires a little more care and preparation to avoid excessive shrinkage after the floor is installed.
Depending on the width of floor you would like, it may be advisable to use an engineered board to reduce lateral movement. Floorboards on the narrow side are fine to use with underfloor heating though.
It is very important however to give the flooring ample time to acclimatise with the underfloor heating running. This will limit any lateral movement after installation.
You will need to check the building regulations before installing a wood floor. Some body corporate's have stringent regulations when it comes to wood flooring due to the sound that travels through the floorboards. In most cases, this can be overcome by using high-density sound insulating material to stop the sound travelling to the floors below, however you will need to ensure that you have enough room to install this type of underlay, as it can measure up to 25mm thick.
Be sure to check that the total height (sound insulation + board thickness) is sufficient to allow the installation to take place. Traditional floorboards are generally 18mm to 20mm thick.
Restoring a floor will generate some dust. Unfortunately there's not way to completely eliminate dust spreading throughout the premises.
A restoration job is entirely dependent on the size of the job, as well as the condition of the floor and the finish of choice.
For flooring in a reasonably good condition, a guideline would be 30 square meters per day excluding and finishes.
For flooring in a bad condition, a guideline would be 15 to 20 square meters per day excluding and finishes.
Softwood floors generally take longer than hardwood floors due to a higher sap / wax content in the flooring.
Acclimatisation is the process of preparing the wood for installation in the area where it is being installed.
To properly acclimatise the timber, it is recommended to unwrap any packaging material and stack the wood in lattice format with spaces in between to allow the air to circulate. Acclimatisation should be carried out for 7 to 10 days before installation can take place.
We also carry out work further afield depending on the size of the job.
Typically, we would not take on a job smaller than 30 to 40 square meters outside the areas listed above.
Maintenance is dependent on the amount of traffic the floor is exposed to. It is always best to treat the floor before the finish wears through completely as this will mitigate the need for a full restoration job.


MRP01 - USB AVR ISP ProgrammerThere are 10 products.
Step by step guide to control LED blinking on MRP01.
Step by step guide to upload hex file(e.g. programming firmware) to MRP01 AVR USB Programmer in Windows.
Step by step guide to burning Arduino bootloader to MRD20 Tinium8T (ATtiny85) via MRP01 AVR USB Programmer.


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← Whistling all the way to the bank, revisited 3
You should want to see Bayh-Dole operate as written. Here's why. →
How Bayh-Dole complicates the definitions in Stevenson-Wydler
Posted on February 15, 2018 by Gerald Barnett
The only law that Bayh-Dole does not expressly supersede is the Stevenson-Wydler Act. It's worth comparing language in the two laws, as Bayh-Dole draws from Stevenson-Wydler, but then works its own magic. Consider the definition cascade on inventions.
Here's Stevenson-Wydler:
(7) ''Invention'' means any invention or discovery which is or may be patentable or otherwise protected under title 35, United States Code, or any novel variety of plant which is or may be protectable under the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 U.S.C. 2321 et seq.).
Here we have the same extension of invention to include plant varieties that Bayh-Dole makes, but Bayh-Dole does so as part of federal patent law. That is, Stevenson-Wydler refers to patent law for part of its scope, but Bayh-Dole amends federal patent law. Absent in Stevenson-Wydler are two key elements of the definition as used in Bayh-Dole. There is no "of the contractor" to force the definition to operate only when a contractor has acquired ownership of a given invention. And there is no "in the performance of work" requirement that opens the definition up to issues pertaining to the scope of the "performance" that a given contract supports at least in part.
More Stevenson-Wydler:
(8) ''Made'' when used in conjunction with any invention means the conception or first actual reduction to practice of such invention.
The definition of "made" is directed at the earliest date upon which the invention might be claimed and has nothing to do with whether the making was done under contract. Further, there's nothing additional about the PPVA. Under Stevenson-Wydler, one has to match conception and first actual reduction to practice to the PPVA.
Bayh-Dole, however, uses two definitions–invention and subject invention:
(d) The term "invention" means any invention or discovery which is or may be patentable or otherwise protectable under this title or any novel variety of plant which is or may be protectable under the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 U.S.C. 2321 et seq.).
"may be . . . otherwise protected" becomes "protectable." "title 35" becomes "this title" (since Bayh-Dole is added to federal patent law, while Stevenson-Wydler just refers to patent law). So far, not much change. Now for Bayh-Dole's definition of "subject invention"–an attempt to bring into patent law the definition of the IPA template agreement:
(e) The term "subject invention" means any invention of the contractor conceived or first actually reduced to practice in the performance of work under a funding agreement: Provided, That in the case of a variety of plant, the date of determination (as defined in section 41(d)  of the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 U.S.C. 2401(d))) must also occur during the period of contract performance
I have highlighted the primary changes relative to Stevenson-Wydler. Rather than dealing with inventions, we get both the "made" element and a scope element. A subject invention is more restricted than just any invention, but the definition here is also expansive in ways that aren't necessarily obvious.
On the surface, "in the performance of work under a funding agreement" suggests a delivery expectation. If an invention is made in a federal contract, then it is a deliverable, a subject invention. The idea must have been that Bayh-Dole would then intercept this deliverable to the government and re-route it as a deliverable to the organization that hosts the research. Except Bayh-Dole doesn't actually accomplish the re-routing, as the Supreme Court decision in Stanford v Roche made clear. Hence all the fuss at universities about vesting, led even by Senator Bayh, whose argument the Supreme Court rejected.
But if we track through the definition of "funding agreement," we start to see the expansive nature of the definition of subject invention. Here's Bayh-Dole's definition of "funding agreement":
(b) The term "funding agreement" means any contract, grant, or cooperative agreement entered into between any Federal agency, other than the Tennessee Valley Authority, and any contractor for the performance of experimental, developmental, or research work funded in whole or in part by the Federal Government. Such term includes any assignment, substitution of parties, or subcontract of any type entered into for the performance of experimental, developmental, or research work under a funding agreement as herein defined
Two sentences. First sentence reduces (setting aside the various qualifications) to "any agreement for the performance of work funded in whole or in part by the Federal government." The "in part" changes significantly the import of "performance of work." Without the "in part," we would have a simple delivery scope–"performance of work." The funding agreement would specify the work to be performed. That would be straightforward. But that's not what this definition does. Instead, the definition asserts that the "performance of work" may be broader than the part funded by the government. The government may fund only a part of the work to be performed but have rights to inventions made in the work generally. This claim is entirely consistent with Bayh-Dole's general statement of policy: "inventions arising from federally supported research or development." Not "arising in" but "arising from." Prepositions matter.
A Bayh-Dole funding agreement does not limit its scope to work funded only and directly by the government. The breadth of the definition is: "performance of work funded in part by the Federal Government." What's left entirely unspecified, then, is what the full "work" might be.
But there's more. Second sentence.
Such term includes any assignment, substitution of parties, or subcontract of any type entered into for the performance of experimental, developmental, or research work under a funding agreement as herein defined
The definition of funding agreement includes any assignment, substitution of parties, or subcontract of any type for the performance of work under a funding agreement. We have just seen that "performance of work" can be anything that the federal government funds at least in part. Thus, "under a funding agreement as herein defined" here cannot mean "as specified by" but rather must mean "at least in part funded by the federal government." A party to a funding agreement extends the funding agreement by assignment, substitution of parties, and subcontract. These extensions all point back to the idea that the "work" is generally greater than the part of the work supported by federal funds.
If an invention is made in the "work," then according to the definition of subject invention, that invention becomes a subject invention if the invention is patentable and is acquired by a contractor (defined as any person, small business, or nonprofit that is a party to a funding agreement). The invention does not have to be directly funded by the federal government, does not have to be specified in a given federal funding agreement–the invention only has to be made in "work" that receives at least some support from federal funding. That's the necessary implication of "made in the performance of work funded at least in part by the Federal Government." The government funds at least part of the work, and therefore has a scope of interest in any invention made anywhere in that work.
It is therefore essential in dealing with Bayh-Dole to determine what constitutes the "work" for which a party contracts with the federal government. It is of the form "we are committed to do this work, and the federal government can assist by funding this part of the work, and in return, the federal government will receive an interest in any invention made anywhere in the work, including any work we assign to others or subcontract to others or any work in which others stand in for us."
Now we can return to Bayh-Dole's definition of subject invention:
(e) The term "subject invention" means any invention of the contractor conceived or first actually reduced to practice in the performance of work under a funding agreement
We can see now that this is an expansive definition that depends on the specification of the work, some of which is to be performed with federal funding. One thought is that the drafting of Bayh-Dole aimed for such a broad scope to provide the government with the broadest possible rights to inventions made with federal support–either directly, or because the work funded directly by the government supports other work in which inventions are made. Another thought is that the drafting of Bayh-Dole casts such a broad scope to allow the institutions that host research to enjoy a broader claim to the right to "elect to retain title" in this broader set of inventions. What the government enjoys by way of a right of delivery (of title or a non-exclusive license plus a right of oversight), the contractor hosting the research obtains as a right to prevent the delivery of title to the federal government. This common interest in a broad scope, especially if the contractor's right is thought of as "intercepting" the federal government's right of invention delivery, leads to the university practice of claiming subject inventions broadly (in order to "take" title to the inventions, even if university patent and research policies would provide otherwise)–it's just that the universities often get the broad scope wrong.
Where might we look for the specification of the broader work implied by Bayh-Dole's definitions? It could be established by a federal call for proposals–"The government intends to create a tomato picking machine and seeks applicants to develop the robotic arm." In such a case, if a contractor comes up with an invention directed to stabilizing the wheels of the picking machine to better support the robotic arm's picking capability, that stabilizing invention is within scope of the government's interest.
Or the work could be set out in a proposal for research submitted to the federal government. "We intend to develop a commercially useful tomato picking machine, and we request funding from the federal government to develop the robotic arm." What's the point of the federal government getting only a license to robotic arm inventions when it has been asked to support in part the development of a commercially useful tomato picking machine? What will the federal government do with all its own tomatoes, if it only has rights to an arm and not also to stable wheels?
Or the work could be set out in statements and any assignments or subcontracts (of any type) made by the institutional host for the research: "although the proposed research concerns developing robotic arms for tomato picking machines, any time we identify an invention, our formal policy is that we attempt to commercialize it." Thus, the work stipulated by the grant recipient necessarily includes not just the robotic arm but the commercial implementation of that arm undertaken by the grant recipient or by any assignee (say, of the invention) or subcontractor (as, by means of an exclusive license to prepare a commercial version of the robotic arm as part of a tomato picking machine).
A university or other research host could limit the scope of the "work" indicated by the definition of "funding agreement" by not asserting commercialization as a policy goal, not assigning a subject invention to a company for commercial develop (such as by using an exclusive license that grants all substantial rights in an invention–to make, use, and sell), or by not taking ownership of an invention made in federally supported work, and thus restricting the work supported to whatever the federal agency and the investigators have asserted is their personal intent with regard to the "work."
Now let's deal with one more aspect of this definition of subject invention–the conception or first actual reduction to practice part. In Stevenson-Wydler, this is the "made" definition:
The "conception" and "first actual reduction to practice" are elements used to determine, in the case of competing patent applications, which inventor made the invention first. To make an invention, in such a context is to start the inventive process (conception) and reduce that conception to practice (either by filing a patent application–constructive reduction to practice or building and testing a prototype of the invention–actual reduction to practice). If someone first conceives, but then does not follow through to reduce to practice, then they lost (under US patent law before AIA's first-to-file) their priority as an inventor.
Here is how Stevenson-Wydler uses its definitions of invention and made, in connection with setting up NSF cooperative research centers:
(3) the host university or other nonprofit institution has a plan for the management and evaluation of the activities proposed within the particular Center, including:
(A) the agreement between the parties as to the allocation of patent rights on a nonexclusive, partially exclusive, or exclusive license basis to and [sic] inventions conceived or made under the auspices of the Center;
Two points–(1) "conceived" is redundant, given that "made" is defined to include conceived. (2) "under the auspices of the Center" is amazingly broad. An "auspice"–protection, patronage, omen. This scope is rather different from "performance of work." What's interesting is that all this reduces to an agreement on inventions among a Center's participants. They decide the scope of the agreement with regard to inventions and auspices. They can agree, for instance, that they have no rights to an invention unless it was made in a project expressly approved and funded by the Center. There's nothing here that requires anything with regard to ownership as a matter of law–just that the Center has an agreement allocating patent rights to inventions.
Any invention "made" under a contract becomes a potential deliverable–either ownership or a government license. Compare the definition of "made" in the Kennedy executive branch patent policy (1963):
(2) Made–when used in relation to any invention or discovery means the conception or first actual reduction to practice of such invention in the course of or under the contract
Here, the definition of made is expressly connected to the contract–"in the course of or under," or "done to achieve the purposes of the contract or specified by the contract as an obligation." Any invention that claims a priority date in the contract period becomes a deliverable.
Now look at Bayh-Dole again:
(e) The term "subject invention" means any invention of the contractor conceived or first actually reduced to practice in the performance of work under a funding agreement:
On the face of it, Bayh-Dole's definition of subject invention appears to do just what the Kennedy patent policy does. But because "funding agreement" also has a specialized definition in Bayh-Dole, the definitions are in effect quite different. What is shared is anchoring the invention in a first-to-invent framework. Bayh-Dole makes this framework clear in its second clause of the definition:
Provided, That in the case of a variety of plant, the date of determination (as defined in section 41(d)  of the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 U.S.C. 2401(d))) must also occur during the period of contract performance.
Clearly (as if anything in Bayh-Dole is actually clear), this added explanation shows that the issue is one of timing–for plant varieties, the "date of determination" decides whether a plant variety "invention" is within the scope of the definition of subject invention.
Now, section 41(d) has been reorganized in amendments to the PPVA, but here's the definition from the original:
The term "date of determination" means the date when there has been at least tentative determination that the variety has been sexually reproduced with recognized characteristics, whether or not the novelty of those characteristics has been determined.
The definition was removed from the PPVA in 1994, but no one bothered to tell Bayh-Dole. Now PPVA is "first applicant to meet the requirements" to establish that a sexually reproduced plant variety is new, distinct, uniform, and stable. But the definition of "date of determination" provides a help in understanding that "conceived or first actually reduced to practice" is a parallel construction–it is an effort to establish a date of the invention, just as "date of determination" attempts "tentatively" to establish an earliest date for a plant variety to receive priority for protection. We might say that a subject invention is one for which there is at least a tentative determination that an invention that is or may be patentable where that determination (conception, first actual reduction to practice) takes place during the period of contract performance.
If we let this settle for a moment, we can see that the scope of the definition of subject invention is not bounded by the period of performance for the federal contract. Only for plant varieties does the definition require the date of determination to fall within the period of performance. That's the point of the "must also" in the second clause regarding the PPVA. A subject invention is defined by the scope of the "work" to which federal funding contributes at least in part, not by the period of contract performance for the particular part of the funding agreement in which federal funds are expended. It does not matter whether "even $1 of federal funding has touched" the invention–that's simply not relevant. What matters is whether the invention was made in a project ("work") for which the federal government provided some funding under a funding agreement. No federal money at all may have been used to "make" the invention and yet the invention meets the definition of "subject invention" because it is patentable, owned by a party to the funding agreement (if only a party by any assignment, substitution of parties, or subcontract of any type), and made in the broader project.
This is complicated stuff–mostly as a result of the drafting of Bayh-Dole, which is truly is awful. At times I wonder if the awful drafting was a deliberate strategy to create ambiguities that could later be "clarified" with amendments that changed the meaning of passages substantially from the intent understood by those approving the original bill, such as by re-interpretation in the Code of Federal Regulations that implement the law and establish the standard patent rights clauses and procedures authorized by Bayh-Dole. That would be a reasonable strategy for folks desperate to get anything and hoping to fix the problems later, in implementation.
This entry was posted in Bayh-Dole and tagged Bayh-Dole, invention, Stevenson-Wydler, subject invention. Bookmark the permalink.


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Anthony Michael Harris (born August 30, 1966) is a former American football center and guard who played for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Grambling State University.

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1966 births
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Players of American football from Louisiana


Home Jewish Gospels How Did Jesus "Fulfill" the Torah?
How Did Jesus "Fulfill" the Torah?
Messiah's famous words about Torah declare, "Do not think that I came to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I did not come to abolish but to fulfill" (Mat 5:17 NASB) This verse has been explained countless times in church sermons, academic lectures, and scholarly commentaries. What can I possibly add to this ancient conversation? There are many angles from which to approach this topic but I will focus on one, by asking a simple question: How, exactly, and in which way, did Jesus "fulfill" the Torah in Matthew's gospel?
It is common for modern followers of Jesus to imagine that there is some sort of a celestial checklist that the Messiah had to complete. Many modern Jews think this way as well. Indeed, Matthew uses the Greek verb πληρόω (plerao), "fulfill," in what looks like a "list" of messianic prophecies. According to Matthew 1-2, Yeshua was born was to fulfill Isaiah 7:14 – "a virgin shall conceive…" (Matt 1:22-23); the Bethlehem birth was to fulfill Micah 5:2: "and you, Bethlehem…" (Matt 2:5-6); Yeshua's presence in Egypt was to fulfill Hos 11:1: "out of Egypt I called my son" (Matt 2:15); Herod slaughtered children to fulfill Jer. 31:15: "a voice was heard in Ramah…" (Matt 2:17-18); Jesus went to live in Nazareth to fulfill: "he will be called a Nazarene"(Matt 2:23). A common notion that this list of prophetic passages awaited future "fulfillments" to be checked off the list may be quite far from what Matthew actually meant to convey. All of his Scripture citations are recollections of past, rather than "predictions" of future.
According to Matthew, Yeshua repeats, relives, and reenacts Israel's experiences described in Scripture. Like Israel, Yeshua came out of Egypt, wandered the wilderness, and was tempted. He went through the waters of the Jordan River to enter a new stage of life. What happened to Israel happened to Yeshua. The Aramaic equivalent of Greek πληρόω (plerao) is קִיֵּם (qiyem), which means "to establish," "to uphold," or "to stand upright." Likewise, קְיָים (qiyam) and קְיָימָא (qiyama) mean something firm — like a law, vow, or covenant. In Hebrew קִיֵּם (qiyem) is "to fulfil" or "to perform" (Ps 119:28) but also "raise up" and "build up" (Isa 44:26; 58:12; 61:4) and "validate" or "confirm" (Ruth 4:7; Est 9:29).
This is the way in which Jesus fulfilled the Law and the Prophets: the Messiah's life mirrored all these events in Israel's long journey as a people. Everything Yeshua did established, confirmed, and validated how God led his people through the pages of history.
Great explanation and very enlightening.
Seek the Truth and the Truth will set you free.
If I sumerise correctly Jesus came to fulfill as one man the history of Israel up to that point then get crusified. Which mean then Israel became crusified over centuries, to be resurrected as Jesus was. As reference between day and thousand years, could it mean that Israel will be fully resurrected or restored in the next thousand years?
Very nice parallels aren't they? It is all there already. One just needs to follow a particular path of thought and ignore the pop-culture commentary.
Thank you for your article – very informative, as always. I consider myself a Messianic Jew, but my biggest problem with messianic Judaism is the trend toward judaizing people into whatever level of Torah-keeping they like with argumentative, hard-hearted legalism that I see in so many of its congregations today. The (partial) quote about Christ not coming to abolish the law is ever barked with gleeful victory into the faces of anyone trapped into listening. IF Messiah did, indeed, fulfill the law, however, why are they still trying so hard to do it FOR Him?
I understand, Remi. Sorry to hear of your experiences. Insecure people desperately wish to make everyone resemble themselves. That happens everywhere. When people understand that their identity is first and foremost in Hashem then they understand that mitzvot are merely ways to imitate our Father. And each child seeks to connect to parents in their own way. We are different like that.
I am seriously gripped by the dialogue your article has created.
Sorry, sometimes I slip into "insider" language. 🙂 The discussion of commandments is a very complicated one because the types of things that Christians of the various denominational backgrounds are taught about them. Most of the time it is not in sink with Jewish views on them. So it's hard to be on the same page. There is a tendency for some to keep the commandments as a device of "cleaving to God" and means of their religious identity. "If I do these things I am his" logic. So then our relationship with God is based on our best behavior efforts. But our identity should be in God first and living by his commandments becomes a response to a relationship.
Imitating Jesus' "If you love me, keep my commandments", I can tell my children "If you don't take to heart and do what I tell you, you dishonor me and don't really love me". But I still love them, even though I might not like them when they are rebellious.
Disobedience may not *break* the familial relationship with God, but it certainly *damages* it. In OT and NT alike, obedience is explicitly identified as God's "love language", if you will (to use a 1990s reference).
Jesus' life led up to his death and his cry 'it is finished and remains finished' completes that which the Torah could not do – bring sinners into the presence of a holy God.
You are assuming that that was the goal and the purpose of Torah, Graham. I would guess you simply misunderstand the purpose of Torah, so your conclusion cannot be correct since it is built on a flawed premise. My car does not mow my lawn but it does not mean I am done with it and it's useless. 🙂 Hope you see my point.
The phrase "it is finished" is translated from the Greek "teleō," which is primarily a legal term. It is used when a contract or an obligation is completed, or a purchase price met. Yeshua paid our price for sin and transgression. But His Torah still brings us closer to Himself.
Interesting but I feel it reads a bit lobsided. Our Lord I'm sure youll agree came to seek and to save sinners (Jews and Gentiles alike) andwe are clearly told HEB 1 that God spoke in times past in diverse manners (Sacrifices etc) Saving work of Messiah as you state. If we are to enter His kingdom we must trust completely in His perfect sacrifice alone for salvation. Thank you Prof Pinchas.
I am not saying anything contrary to what you express here, Colin. 🙂 I am right there with you.
I cannot see what is in anyway lobsided in the article.
What colin writes here I see as in agreement with the article.
You ask a complicated question Kelly, that deserves an answer much more detailed that I can give here. Yeshua's mission was to Israel (true!) but Abrahamic blessing that stands behind the very notion of Israel as a people is to ultimately be a blessing to all the families of the world (Gen 12). Not to the exclusion of Israel, of course, as some have settled but for a much broader blessing than just a few million people.
Exo 19:5 & 6 was GODS intent for the nation Israel.
Fantastic answer Prof Pinchas. A mind opening answer that I find utterly revelatory.
Dear Rodney, you misunderstood what I was trying to say. Perhaps you read into my words something beyond what I am saying. It's OK. Let's keep walking by faith together.
I read the article as taking a glorious arial view of the entire histopry of Israel and in no way avoiding any point of Law, prophets, the Levitical system or any other aspect of Messiah's mission.
Wow you have answered a question that has been on my heart and no one seems to be able to answer. I have always wondered what the Israelites were chosen for. As it is stated God has no favourites. I have always thought it was to demonstrate the Fathers love and bring man back to the Father. And yes that is exactly what Jesus fulfilled.
I am glad you are able to see this, Dan. Jews are not any better or more loved than God's other children. That is not what "chosen" means. We just have a unique and different role to play in this world. 🙂 It is his plan and we are merely a part of it.
Granted that you are looking at this scripture from a different perspective albeit, very narrow. The word 'fulfill' in isolation is empty and may result in Scriptures being diluted. The sentence is self- explanatory. I have not come to abolish…. but to fulfill it. The matter about wanderings whilst relevant to the life of Christ and history of Israel is outside the context in which the verse was written. A look 5 Scriptures before Matth 5:17 brings out the true import ie godliness, faith, service and audacity required of Christians.
So when a Jewish person says that Isaiah 53 is about the Jewish people and not about Messiah, instead of arguing it has to be about Messian, one could point out Moshiach Yeshua actually parallels, or even is Israel. Nu?
In my opinion Is 53 is both (without excluding the other), about Yeshua and about Israel. Messiah is inseparable from Israel and their lives are parallel on purpose all through God's revelation.
And perhaps this is also the pattern believers follow also, in spirit not the letter. We need to be called out of our "Egypt", go through wilderness time, learning to live not by bread alone,pass out inevitable temptations and fulfill our unique calling of reconciliation of the world to God.
Do you have any insights into what the stopping of manna upon eating the produce of the land would mean in spiritual application?
This is highly subjective and not academic, but in the spiritual aspect, in the abstract, manna is God's supernatural provision. We do not plant, we do not care for it, we only gather. We are like children. We are being fed. But then we mature. We become responsible. Our own work and crops symbolize our faithfulness with the resources and capacity we were given. We can feed others now. And we have to give back to our Maker as anyone who seeks to honor one's parent.
Thank you for your response! I have read somewhere that Israel is a land that depends heavily,on receiving rain, ( a gift from God), so also dependent on Him for sustenance. So this is indicating partnership between God and the mature child. We remember what we received , we continue to look to Him for sustenance and we both nurture and share our gifts with others.
As a very recently re-born child of God I find this platform absolutely fascinating!! Your insight is truly a gift from the Almighty. You quoted Mat. 5:17 from the NASB "Do not think that I came to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I did not come to abolish but to fulfill". The KJV uses the term "destroy" in stead of the "abolish" in the quotation you used. That represents, in my view, a distinct difference in both intent and meaning. What was the original Hebrew word, and its meaning? Please keep up the excellent work. God Bless!!
Riaan, the Greek is the original and it can be translated as "destroy" or "abolish" or "nullify" plus a number of other options. There are several Hebrew possibilities for that too, which would be guesses on my part. What is clear, however, even in English, is that Jesus does not want to undermine the Torah or Prophets in any way. His action is the opposite of "destroying" or "abolishing" and that has to be the meaning of fulfilling.
In. Hosea Israel is referred to as Gods wife not His son See Hosea 2;19-20. So as a future reference the verse in Hosea 11:2 is not referring to Isarael as a nation but. The One who will be called. Note the tens of the verbs. Thee New Testament. Jewish inspired writer used and applied the verse correctly. Will you say that Isaiah 53 wasfulfilleed in the life of Jesus?
Your argument is with Matthew and how he uses these verses. He is the author. I can say that Is 53 was fulfilled by Yeshua. But Israel may have already lived through something similar, or may yet to suffer in a like manner. Who knows? The words of the prophets are not always easy to understand.
B) – Isaiah 7:14, rather Isaiah chapt 7 and 8 is acting 100% about the the comming aattackts from the Assyrian King.
Isa 7:14 – 8:8+10 – Matt 1:23.
One must be careful not to appoint all writings as possible objects for prophecy, but investigate the background of the texts and its timeline.
Dear Jalmar, how Matthew uses these verses is his authorial right. My job as a reader is not to criticize, but to understand. This post has nothing to do with how ancient authors such as Matthew used specific Tanakh prophecy. That is an entirely different conversation. All I want to show in this article is in what sense Matthew uses the word "fulfill" – what he was saying by it and what we take away as modern readers.
about fulfilling the mosaic laws the messiah did it by loving GOD the father with all his heart, strength and soul and secondly by loving all the neighbors.or put it this way He did it by fulfilling the will of GOD that is to do good one to his neighbor, if one believes in the LORD that one is a new creature and GOD makes a new covenant witg him and goes head to command him to do good . not as the old one (commandment )was given which commanded us not to do bad .
OT/Torah Definition of Israel – bloodline of Abraham + any / all who agreed (covenanted) to keep the law. NT/Fulfilled Definition of Israel – Gal. 3:26-29 – baptized into Christ, then we are counted for the seed of Abraham = line of faith. Israel was always the faithful of YHVH. If we are counted for the seed of Abraham then we are the Israel of God promised to be saved with an everlasting salvation (Isa. 45:17).
God's Israel is not a land nation, but His ecclesia in Yeshua.
I disagree, Gina. Who has the right to change the definitions God himself established? There is Israel (people and land) and it will remain unchanged as long as the sun and moon are around (Jer 31 and especially vs 31, 35&36). Paul believed in Israel and the nations being brought together in Messiah, not in ecclesia replacing Israel and becoming it. I am sorry, but replacement theology is a vicious lie, Gina, a very dangerous idea.
Good article. Add that Yeshua fulfilled all the "fence ordinances" of the temple worship under the law of Moses, as well as all of the feast / Hebrew holidays of the law. The ten "words" or "matters" of Ex. 20 are still in effect. As children of the Most High, we are not to commit murder, nor steal, nor lie, nor commit adultery, etc. Yeshua did not do away with or annul the ten commandments. God did annul the animal sacrificial temple worship system of the Mosaic covenant with the destruction of the 2nd temple in AD 70.
Dear Gina, I will challenge you a little. I say God did not annul the sacrifices he himself established. The Temple will be restored! Sacrifices will resume according to the prophets. For example, read Zechariah 14 and see what the LORD is yet to do. Read the last verses of the chapter and see that Israel will celebrate in the temple again with sacrifices and the nations will be a part of this worship!
This is how I perceived the fulfilment of the Law. The Law required constant sacrifices to atone for sins (wrong doings). But they couldn't remove the sin of Adam. Jesus came to be crucified, making the final, fulfilling sacrifice.
Connie, if you re-read Leviticus you will see that sacrifices were not claimed to bring salvation. The idea "Jews were saved by works" is false.
Gina, I've heard most of my life: "Ceremonial"+"Civil" instructions=removed, "Moral" instructions=remain. But there's no such distinction to be found in scripture. What about instructions re. how you can/can't/must kill? Are they "Civil" or are they "Moral"? The true distinctions are always made clear (men/women/priest/landowner/etc.).
Was the Messiah / Anointed One seen as a man or God himself by Jewish prophets and sages?
Of course a man. But some texts hint to a definite aura of divinity, so more than a man for some ancient Jews.


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Therе ѕhould be nо dіѕсоlоratіon, peеlіng, or сrаckіng. Aѕіde from not bеing vіsually pleаѕing, thе рееlіng and craсking maу reѕult tо іnеfficiеnt іnsulаtіоn оf the іnteriоr, as well аѕ the afоrеmеntіоnеd rоttіng and mold problеms.
Althоugh а qualіty рaint jоb wіll nоrmаllу laѕt fоr yеars, rеgular mаіntenаnсe іs ѕtill nеceѕѕаrу. It іѕ bеst tо сheсk уоur іntеrіоr аnd exterіоr раіnt fоr dаmagеѕ оn a rеgular bаѕis. Pеriоdіс cleaning iѕ іn оrder. Stains on thе interіor wаlls саn be ѕсrubbed. The exterіоr may be сlеаned with a power wаѕhеr. If defects stіll remain, retоuching or total extеrior or intеriоr раіnting may bе nесеssarу.
Southern Exposure Building Corp does quality painting and has all the necessary skills to make sure your painting project goes smoothly and gets done right. We understand the importance of proper preparation, the broad range of colors, paints and coatings. Our skilled painters can complete any project you have, while making sure the job gets the attention it deserves.
We provide both residential and commercial painting services. From businesses and high-end homes to high-rise condos and everything in between, we can help you with your project no matter what it is. Our trained and skilled employees take great care in protecting everything in your home or business from the floors, trim, furniture, and more, before starting any project.
We thoroughly clean up at the end of each work day and try to minimize our presence in your home as much as possible.
Home exterior painting is not only about coloring, but also includes preparing the walls for painting, peeling off already existing paint, fixing up the problems that cause paint to chip down and selecting a beautiful color combination that can give a wonderful look to your house. Southern Exposure Building Corp. has solutions for all your painting needs.
Southern Exposure Building Corp.'s qualified house painters have all the necessary skills to make sure your painting project goes smooth and gets done right. We understand the importance of proper preparation, the broad range of colors, paints, and coatings and our skilled contractors can complete any project you have and make sure the job gets done right. We take our time and pay attention to detail as painting the exterior of your home is one of the most important parts of your home and needs to be done right.
We provide our exterior painting services to everyone. From all types of homes and exterior types we can help you with your project no matter what it is. Our trained and skilled employees take great care in protecting everything in your home from the floors, trim, furniture, and more before starting any project.


Fish companies from New Zealand to Russia and Iceland to the USA as well as Greenland and now Canada have chosen the Norwegian firm Skipsteknisk when it comes time to design a new vessel. The firm has garnered a reputation for designing and overseeing the construction of vessels that integrate the most up to date technology from deck equipment to processing and stowage.
Ocean Choice International, of St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada has ordered a new 74 by 16-meter freezer trawler to be built at the Tersan Shipyard in Turkey. For the design work, both hull and equipment, they went to Skipsteknisk. Given the vessel size and freezing capacity, electrical generation is an important consideration in the design.
In addition to a 6528-hp MAN main engine the designers designed in a Cummins QSK 60-powered generator with an output of 2155KVA/ 1724KWe, 3x440VAC, 3 phase, 60hz. An additional Cummins QSK19-powered generator has an output of 700 KVA / 560KWe, 3x440VAC, 3 phase, 60 Hz.
It is to partially meet electrical demands of the trawler that Ibercisa electric winches have been selected. These trawl winches have a remarkable quality, when the net is being payed out, the force of the turning winch generated electricity. It is similar to a hybrid car going down hill, but the new energy is not stored in a battery.
Inge Bertil Straume of Skipsteknisk explains, "By the use of active front end (AFE) technology, we are able to utilize regenerative power from the winches when paying out the trawl gear. Thus the winches work as a "power plant".
Of course the power from the winch is intermittent and small compared to the demands of the vessel. The electric winches make heavy demand when the gear is being retrieved. The two Cummins-powered, IMO 3 certified, generator sets will meet the vessel's extensive electrical requirements.