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Italian Lifestyle • Italy for Foodies • Lists • The Surprising Italy
Coffee in Italy or 101 Facts about Italian Coffee Culture
Coffee and Italy is a match made in heaven. After all, where would we all be today without its offspring – the reenergising and fragrant espresso?!
While coffee is drunk all over the world, Italy – for more than 400 years – is at the forefront of establishing the gold standards in terms of how it should be properly made and taken.
The words espresso and cappuccino have become part of a universal vocabulary shared by people everywhere. Italian coffee-making machines gleam in every self-respecting coffee house from Canada's Vancouver to Australia's Wagga Wagga. Italian coffee culture has inspired the creation and the non-stop growth of large multinational coffee shop chains.
Yet, to this day, there are still many sides of the authentically Italian coffee heritage which remain hidden or little-known unless you decide to seriously delve into it.
In case you are interested to learn more about coffee in Italy and how a rich set of traditions grew around it, here are 101 facts about Italian coffee culture.
Organised in logical and simple chunks, they will give you an exhaustive overview of how this intensely dark and aromatic drink first reached Italy and then quickly gained a foothold here eventually becoming synonymous with the country itself. From famous Italians who shaped the world's coffee culture to coffee in Italian cuisine and art, from mentions of coffee in Italy's written works to a list of Italy's oldest coffee houses and a handy Italian coffee glossary, everything is covered.
Behind this blog post are my five years spent here in the north of Italy constantly engaged in the acts of drinking coffee, visiting historical coffee houses, exploring coffee museums, talking to and reading about people who take coffee seriously. I had a lot of fun researching and writing all this information while keeping my energy up and my focus on with countless cups of coffee. Some of which were photographed and you will see them featured here!
I hope that these 101 facts about coffee in Italy and Italian coffee culture will give you lots of fascinating information to muse on next time that you are enjoying a precious coffee moment.
For, as the renowned Italian composer, Giuseppe Verdi once said: Il caffe' e' il balsamo del cuore e dello spirito!
Indeed, coffee is balm for the heart and the spirit.
Now, let's sip in!
Coffee in Italy – A Historical Overview
While it is thought that coffee first reached Europe during the 16th-century sieges of Vienna and Malta by the Ottoman Turks, the first Europeans to officially trade with coffee as consumer goods were the enterprising merchants of the Republic of Venice.
In the second half of the 16th century, letters and reports mentioning coffee and written by ambassadors, physicians, and travellers from the Italian city-states had started to arrive from Constantinople, Cairo and other large cities of the Muslim world. In them, they described the custom of drinking kahve – a strong black liquid made of beans which, allegedly, could keep a man awake.
Relying on their strong trading contacts across the Orient, Venetian merchants started to import coffee beans alongside their usual loads of species, silk, and perfumes. Originally, coffee was sold for extortionate prices in the pharmacies as a remedy for the digestive tract.
Local wine sellers soon felt threatened by coffee's increasing popularity among the students and professors of Padua University – at the time an important intellectual hub in Venice's mainland territories. In addition, coffee was met with the disproval of zealous church-goers in the Catholic city-states. Seeing that it came from the Arab lands, priests called it 'Satan's drink' and insisted that it couldn't have anything to do with the Christian life.
In 1600, an appeal was made to Pope Clement VIII to banish coffee. The Pope, after sampling a cup of the fragrant new drink offered to him by a Venetian merchant, found it to be delicious and invigorating. Hence he sanctified coffee in order to banish the devil from it and allow its use. Considering that Clement VIII was the Pope who sent Giordano Bruno to the stake, it is quite a miracle, really, that he had such a progressive attitude to coffee.
Soon appetite for the aromatic drink grew and in 1624 the first significant load of coffee arrived by boat in Venice. In a few short decades, the Italian word caffe' was coined and the new fashion of drinking coffee took over Venice and the rest of Italy parallel with Europe herself.
From the middle of the 17th century, coffee was sold in Italy by ambulant sellers who also offered hot chocolate, lemonade, and liquors from their stalls.
Then the bottega del caffe' – the prototype of the modern coffee shop – came on stage. Although it is widely thought that the first Italian coffee house opened in 1645, the first reliable documents cite 1683 when a coffee house opened at St. Mark's Square in Venice. Coffee houses proliferated to the point that on 4th October 1759 a law was passed in Venice stating that their number couldn't exceed 206. Yet, by 1763, there were 218 coffee shops in Venice. Friends, lovers, aristocrats, and tradesmen would congregate in them. Buying a lady a cup of coffee and having it sent to her table was a way to express one's love and devotion to her.
Meanwhile, in 1686 in Paris, France the Sicilian chef Francesco Procopio dei Coltelli opened a cafe – Le Procope. To this day it remains Paris' oldest cafe in continuous operation. It counted Voltaire and Diderot among its patrons.
Back to Italy, where in 1715 a coffee plant was received for the first time at Pisa University's Botanical Garden. One of the oldest botanical gardens in the world, at the time it was flourishing under the patronage of Cosimo III di Medici – the enlighted ruler of Florence. Michelangelo Tilli – physician, member of the Royal Society, and director of Pisa University's Botanical Garden – was first to come up with the idea to use hothouses in order to acclimatise and grow coffee plants in Italy and Europe.
It's interesting to note here that the immediate and ever-increasing popularity of coffee in Italy and the rest of Europe from the 16th-17th centuries onwards was helped by three significant factors:
Nature – From roughly 1600 to 1850, a period of very cold summers and freezing winters plagued the continent. It came to be known as the Little Ice Age and it caused crop failures, famines, and in some cases population decline. For example, in 1709, 1789, and 1791 the lagoon and all canals in Venice froze over. Coffee warmed up the body and kept the spirits high. It also made you feel full when nothing else was on the table.
Industrial Advances – with the discovery of the pendulum by Galileo Galilei in 1583 and, consequently, the ability to make clocks, the rhythm of daily life sped up. From working the fields or in small workshops, large groups of people were redirected to labouring in the newly set-up industrial enterprises. Coffee helped them deal with the lack of natural light and shift work in enclosed spaces.
Fight against Alcoholism – In an era when water was often contaminated and unsafe to drink, people would consume large quantities of beer and wine to keep hydrated. With the rapid industrialisation, turning to work hangover brought with it significant safety risks. Coffee was a better alternative to keep awake and alert without losing control.
Coffee also appealed to the artists and intellectuals of the time. Coffee houses became places where they would congregate to exchange ideas and discuss the matters of the day.
In 1884 a steam-powered coffee-making machine was invented by Angelo Moriondo from Turin. It optimised the extraction of coffee thus making it possible to prepare and serve coffee in record times. However, Moriondi's machine brewed coffee in bulk rather than extracting an individual cup of espresso for each customer. Plus, the inventor never mass-produced his design, preferring to simply use a few carefully built machines in his family's coffee houses in Turin.
In 1901, the engineer Luigi Bezzera from Milan patented the first proper bar coffee machine. With it, espresso firmly stepped on the world's coffee stage, swiftly conquering it.
In 1905, Pier Teresio Arduino created the iconic Victoria Arduino – an espresso machine that looked like a pillar and was made of copper and brass. In keeping with the Liberty style that was all the rage in Italy at the time, the Victoria Arduino machines were ornamented with eagles, angels, and winged victories. For almost 50 years, countless Victoria Arduinos proudly presided over thousands of Italian bars.
The first horizontal bar espresso machines would be invented only in the 1940's. The most famous one of them was La Cornuta by the designer Gio Ponti who took inspiration from the sleek forms of the American jukebox and fast cars.
Meanwhile, at home, Italians started using a Moka Express to make their morning coffee and also to serve freshly prepared coffee to their guests. The Moka Express coffee pot (known simply as Moka) was invented by Angelo Bialetti and patented by him in 1933. Widely used to this day, the Moka works thanks to the pressure of vapour (about 1 atmosphere) which pushes the water from the bottom half of the pot up through the ground coffee in its middle and into the top half.
Nowadays, Italy is one of the world's largest coffee roasters. Triest and Genoa in the north of the country are two of the main ports where coffee arrives in Europe. Several large coffee companies like Lavazza, Segafreddo, Hausbrandt, and Illy dictate coffee fashions and blends for millions of coffee aficionados. Plus, Northern Italy has its own coffee chain – Dersut – with dozens of coffee shops in many cities and towns.
Coffee in Italy's Written Works
Italy's deeply running coffee traditions are reflected in the body of written works created and published here over the centuries. From botanical descriptions of the coffee plant and cultural observations on the coffee houses of Cairo and Constantinople to mentions of coffee and its history in several literary works, a fragrant cup of coffee is never far away for Italian writers.
Here is a short list of some of the most important references to coffee in Italy's written works. Where possible, I have provided a link to the respective text in its original so that you can have a look:
Gianfrancesco Morosini – an ambassador of the Republic of Venice – provided one of the first descriptions of Constantinople's coffee houses to reach Europe. In a report to the Venetian Senate in 1585, Morosini sternly accused the locals of wasting a large amount of their time to leisure. He described them as drinking in public, in the shops or on the streets a black liquid, as hot as they could take it. This liquid was obtained from beans called cavee to which the locals ascribed the property of keeping a man awake.
If you are curious, here are Morosini's exact words in Italian: la maggior parte dissipa il suo tempo nell'ozio. Per tutto il tempo se ne stanno seduti e per svagarsi usano bere in pubblico, nei negozi o sulle strade, un liquido nero, caldo quanto possono sopportarlo, che e ricavato da un seme che essi chiamano cavee […] gli si attribuisce la proprieta di tenere sveglio un uomo.
In 1592, the physician and botanist Prospero Alpini published in Venice his book on Egyptian plants De Plantis Aegypti liber. In it, the Arabica coffee plant took pride of place. Alpini was the first European to scientifically describe it and to provide detailed drawings of the plant and its seeds. He even included information about its pollination. Originally from the small town of Marostica (then part of the Republic of Venice), Alpini had spent three years in Egypt as the doctor of the Venetian consul. Quite importantly, he established that the Arabica coffee plant is autogamous, i.e. able to reproduce autonomously. Alpini called coffee caova based on the word in use in Egypt at the time. He also extolled its revitalising powers and listed its medical and pharmacological properties in his book
The first testimony of the Turkish word for coffee – kahve – in Italy is in the writings of the composer, musicologist, and explorer Pietro della Valle. Between 1614 and 1626, he travelled across Turkey, Egypt, Eritrea, Palestina, Persia, and India. In his Viaggi (1614-1615), a travel book written in Italian, della Valle enthused about coffee as an energising drink. Using the word kahve heard in Turkey, he also explained the rituals around coffee and the proceedings of making it.
Della Valle also developed the improbable thesis that the anti-sorrow drug which Helen of Troy mixes with wine in the fourth book of Odyssey had been nothing else but coffee (other writers and researchers, actually, point to opium instead).
In 1671, an Italian newspaper published in extracts one of the first treatises dedicated to coffee. Called De Saluberrima Potione Cahue, Seu Cafe Noncupata Discursus, it was written in Latin by the Maronite friar Antoine Faustus Nairon who had become a Professor of Oriental Languages in Rome.
In his treatise, Nairon lauded coffee's wholesome virtues. Most interestingly though, Nairon was the first to tell the famous story of the Ethiopian goat herder Kaldi. Although it is nowadays considered to be apocryphal as it can't be found in any Arabic sources, this is the widely-known story of how coffee was first discovered by humans. Here it is in a nutshell:
One night the goats didn't return from pasture. Kaldi, very worried, went looking for them. He found them in the morning, dancing close to a green bush covered with lustrous red cherries. Kaldi, curious, tasted the cherries and thus discovered coffee's stimulating properties. He took a long trip to the Chehodet Monastery in Yemen in order to show the bush's fruits to the monks.
One of the monks there declared the stimulating fruit to be the 'Work of the devil!' and he threw the cherries in the fire. They released a rich, tempting aroma. The beans were immediately collected, crushed and soaked in a jug with cold water. This was the first cup of coffee in the world. The drink – bitter and dark – allowed the monks to remain alert during the long nights of prayer.
The word about the new drink soon spread from one monastery to another and coffee began to be considered a real gift from God. From there, coffee spread across the Islamic cities to then reach Europe via Venice first.
In 1685, the Italian scholar and natural scientist Luigi Fernando Marsili published in Vienna his work Bevanda Asiatica (Asian Drink) with the subtitle Trattatello sul Caffe' (A Pamphlet on Coffee). Marsili described the coffee plant and gave detailed instructions on how to prepare a strong Turkish coffee.
The first use of the Italian word caffe' (meaning coffee) in Italian literary works is registered in the dithyramb Bacchus in Tuscany by Francesco Redi. Curiously enough, Redi was an Italian physician, naturalist, and biologist. Lauded as the Father of Modern Parasitology, Redi was also a poet!
In his dithyramb, which Redi began to write in 1666 and published in its entirety in 1685, he exalts wine and, among many other things, he says: beverei prima il veleno, che un bicchier che fosse pieno dell'amaro e reo caffè. Which translates as: 'I'd rather drink poison than a cup full of bitter and evil coffee.' Strong words, indeed!
In 1731, Giovan Domenico Civinini – a physician from the Tuscan city of Pistoia – gave a lecture on the story and nature of coffee in front of the Botanical Academy of Florence. Civinini described the origins and the properties of coffee. He also recounted the different discoveries and studies done on coffee until that moment. Later that year, his speech was published as a book by the Florentine publishing house Stamperia Paperini under the name Della storia e natura dell caffe.
The renowned Venetian playwright Carlo Goldoni mentioned coffee in a couple of his works. In 1750 he wrote one of his most important plays La Bottega del Caffe'. The comedy takes place from sunrise to sunset in a Venetian coffee house – a meeting point of sins and virtues where the destinies of personalities from different Italian cities intersect. A famous line from this play is: Una volta correva l'acquavite, e adesso e' in voga il caffe' (Brandy used to be in, and now coffee is in vogue).
In 1753, Goldoni wrote his tragicomedy La Sposa Persiana (The Persian Wife). A notable moment in it is when Curcuma, while she serves a cup of coffee to Ali, describes in a few verses how coffee is grown, where it comes from as well as the right steps to make a good cup of coffee. For example, she remarks that coffee grows in fertile soil and that it needs shade and not too much sun. Curcuma then says that coffee needs to be used freshly ground and that it needs to be zealously kept in a warm and dry place.
Famous Italians who Shaped Contemporary Coffee Culture
They say that behind every great cup of coffee there is a great man!
As such, here are some of the people whose inventions over the last century or so have shaped Italian coffee culture and the world's appreciation for it.
Angelo Moriondo (1851-1914) – the inventor of the steam-operated coffee-making machine. It was patented first in Italy on 16th May 1884 and then internationally on 23rd October 1885. The title of his patent was Nuovi apparecchi a vapore per la confezione economica ed istantanea del caffe in bevanda, sistema A. Moriondo (in English: New steam machinery for the economic and instantaneous confection of coffee beverage, method A. Moriondo). It's important to note that Moriondo never had his design mass produced. He was content to have a few hand-built machines in his family's cafes in Turin.
Luigi Lavazza (1859-1949) – founded the Lavazza company in 1895 in Turin, Northern Italy. One of the world's most famous coffee brands, to this day Lavazza stands out with its bold advertising campaigns. Some of its most memorable slogans in Italy are:
Il caffe' e' un piacere; se non e' buono, che piacere e'? – which in English means: Coffee is a pleasure. If it's not good, what pleasure is it?
Caffe' Lavazza, piu' lo mandi giu' e piu' ti tira su'. – which in English can be translated more or less as: Lavazza Coffee, the more you get it down, the more it brings you up.
Luigi Bezzera – an engineer from Milan, in 1901 Bezzera patented several improvements of the original steam coffee machine, thus creating in the process the first true bar coffee machine. His machine was able to make about a hundred cups of espresso coffee a day.
Desiderio Pavoni – bought Bezzera's patent in 1905 and started producing espresso machines under the brand name La Pavoni.
Alfonso Bialetti (1888-1970) – inventor of the Moka Express coffee pot beloved by all Italians. Bialetti patented the Moka Express in 1933 thus making it possible for Italians to prepare cheaply and easily fresh espresso at home as and when they wanted. Made of aluminium, the Moka Express pot was very light and easy to use which helped it become incredibly popular all over Italy. To this day, a Moka pot can be found in every Italian household. They say that over 330 million Moka pots have been produced by the Bialetti company since the product's first inception. Shops all over Italy sell Moka pots in any possible size alongside dozens of different blends and brands of coffee specifically ground to be used in a Moka pot. You will recognise a Moka pot by its iconic octagonal design and also by its mascot – a caricature of a mustached man with his arm lifted up and a finger pointing up as if asking for yet another espresso.
Achile Gaggia (1895-1961) – the inventor of the first modern steamless coffee machine. The main issue with the steam-operated coffee machines used until that moment was that they could burn the coffee making it taste bitter. Gaggia – at the time a barista in Milan – overcame that problem by using a revolutionary piston mechanism which allowed him to make an espresso in 15 seconds. In 1938 he patented his modifications. Due to the start of World War II, he couldn't start producing his new machines. It was only in 1948 that Gaggia was able to found his company and turn it into an incredibly successful commercial enterprise. Unlike the old steam-powered machines, the Gaggia machines make espresso with crema. Crema is the natural layer of coffee oils which forms on top of the espresso thus giving it an intense and irresistible flavour.
Gio Ponti (1891-1979) – an architect, industrial designer, furniture designer, and artist among many other things. Inspired by the American cars and the jukebox, in 1947 Ponti designed one of the first horizontal coffee machines. Known as La Cornuta it was produced by the Pavoni company.
Coffee the Italian Way
The best way to drink coffee like an Italian is to have it standing at the counter in an Italian bar. You can do it while chatting animatedly with friends or while enjoying a peaceful moment completely by yourself.
If you are unsure how to proceed, spend some time just observing the locals at a local bar. You will see them walking in groups, in pairs or by themselves, giving their orders to the barista and then drinking their espressos in tiny sips before paying at the cash register and walking out.
The whole ritual doesn't take longer than 6-7 mins in total.
A perfect cup of Italian coffee must satisfy what the Italians call the Quatro M del Caffe' (the four M's of coffee). These are:
M for Miscela (blend) – the coffee blend used has an essential role.
M for Macinadosatore (doser grinder) – this the machine which grinds the coffee beans and measures out the right weight of coffee grounds to make the perfect espresso. Ideally, this is 7 gr of coffee grounds. But that's not all! It is also necessary to take in consideration how fine the coffee needs to be ground. For example, if the air is very humid, it is recommended to grind the coffee more coarsely and vice-versa. As such, the grinder needs to be adjusted daily or even several times a day to the weather conditions.
M for Macchina per Espresso (espresso machine) – a complex machine that has undergone various developments and improvements over the last hundred years or so in order to serve you a perfect cup of Italian espresso every single time.
M for Mano (hand) – the expert hand of the barista controls and fine tunes all the mechanical elements in order to produce the perfect cup of coffee. A good barista needs to know how to use and maintain as best as possible the different machines. He or she also needs to know the taste of his or her clientele so as to procure the right coffee blends and roasts.
In terms of roasting, traditionally Italians prefer coffees which have been roasted to a very dark brown colour. The coffee beans look shiny, a bit oily even as at the high temperatures at which they have been roasted, their essential oils have been released. The essential oils are fundamental for the coffee's aroma which is composed by 800 different molecules. This type of dark roast renders itself well to the process of extraction through which espresso is made. The further south you go in Italy, the darker the roasts used become.
The dose for a perfect espresso is 7 gr. The pressure of the espresso machine should be between 15 and 18 atmospheres and the pressure of the water inside it – about 9 atmospheres. The temperature of the water should be between 88 and 95 degrees Celsius and the temperature of the espresso between 78 and 82 degrees Celsius straight from the machine.
Ideal extraction time is 30 sec (+/-5). The liquid in the small espresso cup should be 25-30 mil. The best way to taste the espresso is to serve it in a slightly flared at the top and warmed-up cup (35-40 degrees Celsius). If the machine doesn't have a warming attachment, then hot water can be used. In order to enjoy an espresso at its best, it needs to be drunk at a temperature of about 60 degrees, not more than 2 minutes after being made.
When drinking espresso at a bar or serving coffee at home, Italians observe the so-called galateo del caffe'. This is their coffee etiquette according to which you need to use nice china cups with plates, to pre-heat the cups and to pour coffee until about two-thirds of the cup is filled.
Before sipping your espresso, it's advised to have a small glass of water to clear up your palate. Sometimes, Italian bars keep this tradition alive by serving you a tiny glass of water for free with your espresso. More often than not though you have to ask for water and pay for it.
Even if you don't add sugar to your coffee, you still need to mix it. This is done by moving lightly the spoon from top to bottom taking care not to touch the walls of the cup. This is the only way to distribute well the blend's aroma and flavour. The cup is brought to the lips with the thum and the index finger of the right hand, while the left hand holds the plate. Spoons need to be for coffee and not for tea as coffee spoons are smaller. A slice of cake or a small dessert is also offered to the guests.
A large coffee vending machine takes pride of place in every Italian office, establishment, and even school. Offering at least ten different types of coffee – from a short and long espresso to a drink made of coffee mixed with hot chocolate – the machine is coin-operated and is the Italian counterpart of the British office water-cooler. A coffee drink purchased from a machine can cost as little as half an euro or so. The quality is generally quite good.
Types of Italian Coffees
There are many types of coffee drinks you can have in Italy.
Espresso (and not expresso) is the most well-known one. If you are in the Northern Italian region of the Veneto, instead of ordering an espresso, you can ask for a caffe liscio. You will get a shot of espresso but you will appear very local. If you want your espresso with a bit more water than usual, ask for a lungo. For an intense and condensed espresso, ask for a ristretto instead.
Cappuccino, Americano, and macchiato are what it says on the tin. However, in Italy there are no different cup sizes, so a cappuccino is served in what a British visitor of a multinational coffee shop may describe as a modestly sized cup. Americano in Italy, on the other hand, is served in two parts – an espresso and a small jug with hot water so that you can add as much as you want.
If you want a small cappuccino with less milk, ask for a macchiatone. A corretto is an espresso with a shot of liquor (usually grappa if you are in the Veneto in the North of Italy). A marocchino is an espresso with a layer of frothed milk dusted with cocoa).
If you want a latte (and you are not in a fancy coffee shop at Venice or Bergamo airport) then order a caffe latte otherwise you may be served just the milk in a glass.
My personal favourite here is a caffe con panna. This is an espresso with a huge dollop of freshly whipped cream. Yum! Although, not every bar would have the freshly whipped variety so it's sbest to ask first in case you are served cream from a can. I have found that pasticcerie (that's Italian for patisseries) are the best places to order this type of coffee in Italy.
Then there are coffees in Italy that masquerade as coffees but actually are not. For example, caffe al ginseng – a nutty and sweet hot drink prepared with ginseng extract mixed with coffee. Or caffe d'orzo – which is coffee-like drink made of barley. You can ask to have your cappuccino or macchiatone prepared with either ginseng or barley if you so wish.
To make things even more exciting, in summer Italians drink several cold coffee-based drinks. Like caffe shakerato, caffe affogato, and my personal favourite – caffe crema. To learn more about them, please, click here:
3 Cold Coffee-Based Drinks for Your Hot Italian Summer
Coffee and Italy's Economy
Coffee reenergises daily not just the Italians but Italy's economy, too. According to data released in the last five years by the Italian Federation of Public Establishments (FIPE), the business of coffee here has a combined value in the region of several billion euros. From roasting and retailing coffee to manufacturing coffee making machines for home, office, and bar use, coffee is everywhere in Italy with thousands of people employed in the coffee sector.
Italy is also one of the world's largest importers of coffee beans. There are 700 coffee-roasting businesses here. About one-third of the coffee roasted in Italy is then blended and packaged here and exported worldwide with Austria, France, USA, Australia, and Germany among the main clients.
As of 2018, Italians drink on average 2.2 coffees a day which equals 6 kg per head a year. All in all, 97% of the adult Italians drink coffee daily!
There are 149,000 bars in Italy – a bar here being a commercial place where coffee and other drinks are served. Each bar in Italy goes through 1.2 kg of coffee a day to prepare on average 175 coffee-based drinks. The most popular ones being espresso and cappuccino. This represents about one-third of the daily turnover of a bar of medium size.
Espresso in Italy doesn't cost the earth. With a bar price of usually 1.00-1.30 euros for a freshly extracted cup, it is a pleasure that hundreds of thousands of Italians indulge in on a daily basis. Vending machines in offices, hospitals, factories, sports clubs, and even schools sell coffee at a much cheaper price – usually from 0.40 up to 0.60 euros per cup for a large selection of coffee-based drinks with or without sugar, with or without caffeine, with added hot chocolate, etc.
Barista is a popular profession in Italy with over 400,000 people working in bars making hundreds of coffees on a daily basis.
Having a proper Italian coffee is one of the most sought-after experiences for tourists in Italy with cappuccino being the coffee-based drink most ordered by them.
At home, Italians try to replicate the quality of bar espresso machines and invest in refined coffee-making machines with many different functions. The popularity of coffee capsules grows with every year. An ever-expanding range of coffees is now sold in capsules – from espresso to macchiato and mocaccino.
Coffee and Italian Cuisine
Coffee is not just a beloved hot drink in Italy. It also has found its place in Italian cuisine.
The most obvious example is tiramisu – one of the most famous Italian desserts in the world is prepared with coffee. From gelato and cakes to yogurt, coffee is widely used as a flavour in Italian patisserie. There is even a coffee-flavoured slush puppy in Italy. Just, make sure that you use its Italian name – granita al caffe' – when you order it.
A particularly nice way to round off an Italian meal is to order an affogato al caffe'. This is a generous scoop of gelato on top of which a cup of freshly prepared espresso is poured.
In 1891, the Italian writer and food connoisseur Pellegrino Artusi dedicated to the coffee a memorable page in his famous cookbook Scienza in Cucina e l'Arte di Mangiar Bene (Science in the Kitchen and the Art of Eating Well). In it, Artusi described how to prepare good coffee, retold the story of coffee, listed its different uses, mentioned coffee's different qualities – from digestive to stimulating, gave suggestions how to choose coffee beans, as well as how to toast them, mix them and measure them in order to obtain the most appreciated blends.
On page 259 of his book, Artusi wrote: 'This precious drink that spreads a great deal of excitement throughout the body was called the intellectual drink, the friend of writers, scientists and poets because, jolting the nerves, it brightens the ideas, it makes imagination more alive and thought more rapid.'
Italian Historical Coffee Houses
Elegant coffee houses have been the preserve of Italy since the 17th century. Initially considered to be a 'place of perdition' for serving as meeting points for lovers and a stage for shady dealings, coffee houses grew to enjoy a reputation as a place where elegant ladies and gents would congregate to discuss the matters of the day and where intellectuals could meet like-minded souls for a discussion on art, politics, and literature.
Here is a short list of some of Italy's oldest and most famous coffee houses which exist to this day. Turin, Venice, Triest, Naples, and Florence are particularly famous as centuries-old centres of the Italian coffee culture. Yet, any Italian city you find yourself in is bound to have at least one very old and respected coffee house, so don't miss a chance to find a local gem which is not included in this list.
Caffe Florian, Venice – founded on 29th December 1720 by Valentino Floriano Francesconi. This is the oldest cafe in Italy and the second oldest in the world in continuous operation. It was originally called Venezia Trionfante (Triumphant Venice) before taking on the name of its founder – Floriano – but dropping the final 'o' in the Venetian fashion. Make sure that you order a caffe' alla veneziana – a Venetian coffee made of espresso with a dash of Florian liquor and topped with whipped cream.
Caffe Pasticceria Gilli, Florence – founded in 1733. This is the oldest coffee house in Florence. It opened its door when the city was still ruled by the Medici family! Renowned for its pastries and cakes, Gilli is the perfect prototype for the literary coffee house as through its existence it has attracted Italy's most renowned writers, artists, and intellectuals.
Caffe Fiorio, Turin – founded in 1780. A historic coffee house which has conserved Turin's atmosphere and traditions. This is also where you can taste the traditional for Turin bicerin – a hot drink made of espresso, drinking chocolate, and whole milk.
Caffe Bontadi, Rovereto – founded in 1790 as a coffee-roasting business, nowadays it still roasts coffee as well as having its own historical coffee house, a coffee museum and a barista academy.
Caffe Cova, Milan – founded in 1817 by Antonio Cova, this historical coffee house is a few steps away from Milan's iconic Duomo. Doubling as a pasticceria, it's the right place to head to in order to experience an excellent cup of coffee with a refined traditional dessert. According to the legend, the founder Antonio – once a soldier of Napoleon Bonaparte – was also the inventor of first panettone, which was named after him – Pan del Toni (Toni's bread).
Caffe Pedrocchi, Padua – founded in 1831. Used to be known as the 'cafe without doors' as, originally, it was open 24/7. Caffe Pedrocchi houses a museum, too! On its piano nobile you will find the Museum of Risorgimento and the Contemporary Age. It documents the events of a tumultuous century and a half – from the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797 to 1st January 1948 (the day on which the Italian Constitution came into force)
Caffe degli Specchi, Triest – founded in 1839, it has hosted such illustrious personalities as Franz Kafka and James Joyce.
Gran Caffe Gambrinus, Naples – founded in 1860. A stunning belle-epoque coffee house which has also served as a creative hub for renowned intellectuals, artists and journalists.
Coffee Museums in Italy
The best way to learn in depth about coffee and its centuries-old relationship with Italy is to visit a coffee museum here. Have a look at this alphabetical shortlist. It will come in handy in your exploration of the traditions and history of coffee in Italy. Please, make sure that you check the websites of the respective museums before you visit as some of them are open only for groups and/or upon prior reservation:
Bontadi's Coffee Museum is just up the street from the premises of the historic Bontadi Caffe in Rovereto, Trentino. There you can see a large collection of coffee-making machines, coffee cups, and anything and everything old and modern in relation to the art of making and enjoying a cup of coffee the proper Italian way.
Collezione Caffe' Cagliari has one of the world's largest and most complete exhibitions of bar espresso machines. You will find it in the city of Modena in the Northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna.
Dersut Coffee Museum also deserves the attention of all coffee-lovers. Dersut is Italy's own chain of coffee shops. You will find its branches all over the country. The company's Coffee Museum is housed in a historic industrial building in the charming medieval town of Conegliano in the Northern Italian region of the Veneto.
Enrico Maltoni's Collection of Espresso Coffee Machines explores the history, culture, and design of espresso coffee machines. Organises temporary exhibitions and also has a large permanent exhibition in MUMAC (see below).
MUMAC is a museum dedicated to the coffee machine. In addition to the hundreds of espresso machines that the museum has, it also holds one of the largest collections of documents on coffee in the world. You will find MUMAC in Milan.
Museo Lavazza is in Turin in the North of Italy and gives you a chance to immerse yourself in the world of Lavazza – one of the most recognisable brand names in the world of coffee.
Omkafe's Museo del Caffe' is in Arco, Trentino. Visit it for an exciting journey through the history of coffee and its production. Among many coffee-related items and documents there, you can also see samples of more than 200 coffees from all over the world.
Coffee in Italian Art
With its wide reach, coffee in Italy has also left its imprint on Italian art. Here is a nice and tidy shortlist of some of the most famous works of art which feature a coffee cup, a coffee pot or a moment of daily life revolving around coffee.
I have tried to link each entry below to the respective work of art. You just need to click on each link to see how well coffee has lent itself to the brush of Italian painters.
In no particular order, here are some memorable coffee scenes in Italian art as well as the gallery or the museum where they are currently kept:
Il Baciamano, Pietro Longhi – Pinacoteca dell'Accademia Carrara, Bergamo – the lady who is central in the painting's composition holds a cup of coffee with her hand. A small tray with a coffee pot and a sugar bowl is placed on the table.
The painter Francesco Guardi selling his paintings, Giuseppe Bertini – Galleria Civica d'Arte Moderna, Milan – you will notice that the scene is set in a coffee shop on St. Mark's Square in Venice. Coffee cups and pots are clearly visible on the depicted tables.
At the coffee shop (Al caffe'), Alessandro Milesi – Frugone Collections, Genoa – an iconic painting of a young woman who is drinking a coffee while holding a daily newspaper.
The Cup of Coffee (La tazza di caffe'), Mario Tozzi – a portrait of a pensive woman sitting at a table with two cups of coffee.
Woman at the Cafe (Donna al caffe'), Antonio Donghi – Ca' Pesaro, Venice – a portrait of a lone woman at a cafe table.
The frescoes by Michelangelo Morlaiter in Palazzo Grassi in Venice shows coffee, biscuits, sweets, and colourful sorbets being served to noble ladies and gentlemen.
The frescoes by Francesco Zugno in the foyer of Teatro Grande in Brescia show coffee being served to a noble gentleman.
In addition to Italian art, coffee features heavily in many marketing and advertising campaigns which have become legendary in Italy. An artist called Leonetto Cappiello has drawn some of the most recognisable coffee marketing posters and campaigns here. Among them is the poster with the man in a yellow coat hanging from the door of a fast train while a cup of espresso is expressly made by a silvery Victoria Arduino machine.
Coffee Terminology in Italian (Both Antiquated and Modern)
Acquacedrataio – a term used until the end of the 18th century in Florence. It meant a street seller of coffee, hot chocolate, and other refreshing drinks. It was then replaced by the term caffetiere.
Bar – an anglicism which is widely used in Italy and it has come to signify a commercial place where coffee and other drinks are served and are taken predominantly standing up in front of the counter.
Barista – a term created during the period of Italianisation so as to abolish the anglicism 'barman'. Nowadays, barista is a term used all over the world to specifically describe a person working in a coffee shop and explicitly having the responsibility of making a large variety of coffees. In Italy, the distinction is not so clear cut and you can also often hear the terms 'barman' and 'bartender' being used.
Bottega del caffe' – the original coffee shop. Bottega in Italian means a small shop or workshop where a small business conducts its activities. Initially, coffee shops in Italy were called bottega del caffe'. Nowadays, they are called bar, caffe' or pasticceria. A bar will serve all sorts of coffee-based drinks alongside pastries, light snacks and alcoholic beverages. A caffe' may also serve light meals. A pasticceria is where you get a large variety of cakes and bakes in addition to all types of coffee and soft drinks.
Caffe' sospeso – Mainly typical for Naples, this is the tradition of paying it forward in terms of coffee. In a nutshell, people pre-pay a spare coffee when they buy one for themselves. This way, someone who doesn't have the means, can treat him- or herself to a nice coffee when they need a little pick-me-up.
Caffetiera Napoletana or just Napoletana (also known as cuccumella)- a type of flip coffeepot used in Naples. It is believed that it was invented in 1819 by a Frenchman called J.L. Morize. The Napoletana consists of two cylindrical pots (called cucccma and capello), divided by a basket filter for the finely ground dark roast coffee. The top pot has a spout. The water is poured in the bottom pot. The caffetiera napoletana is placed on the stove and when the water starts boiling, it is removed from the fire. The coffeepot is then turned upside down so that the hot water can filter through the coffee grounds. After three minutes the coffee is ready to be poured.
Caffetiere – traditionally, manager of a bottega di caffe'. The term was used by the Venetian playwright Carlo Goldoni in the mid-18th-century.
Espresso – originally a coffee made with a steam machine. Nowadays, it mainly means a strong coffee made with an Italian bar espresso machine.
Galateo del caffe' – the Italian coffee etiquette or in other words the set of rules which Italians follow when serving and/or drinking a coffee at the bar, the restaurant or at home.
Moka or Moka Express – a traditional coffee pot invented and patented by Alfonso Bialetti in 1933. Millions of Italians use a Moka coffeepot every day to prepare a coffee at home. It consists of two parts and a small filter for the coffee grounds.
Ponce – from 'punch' in English, ponce is a coffee-based drink enjoyed in the city of Livorno, Tuscany. It is prepared with sugar, lemon peel, rum (which can be mixed with cognac or sassolino – an alcoholic drink from the province of Modena), and espresso ristretto.
Italian Espresso National Institute
International Institute of Coffee Tasters
Milano Coffee Festival
Comitato Italiano del Caffe'
A History of Espresso in Italy and the World by Jonathan Morris
The Curious Story of How Transatlantic Exchange Shaped Italy's Illustrious Coffee Culture by Cosimo Bizzarri
Illy Universita del Caffe
Coffee and Italy are indeed a match made in heaven. Over the last four centuries, coffee culture has found fertile ground in Italy and so much what we, nowadays, take for granted about coffee, was originally invented, tested, and improved here.
From the first merchants reaching Venice with bags of coffee beans from the Egyptian ports and the first coffee houses opening their doors around the Italian cities to the first espresso machines to be used at home and at work, coffee and its traditions have flourished here.
My blog post above takes you a journey through the multifaceted relationship of coffee and Italy. From a historical overview to helpful lists with Italian coffee museums and historical coffee houses, from coffee in Italian art and Italian cuisine to mentions of coffee in Italian written works, every possible angle is covered.
I hope you enjoyed discovering new things about your, likely, favourite (or, at least, habitual) drink.
Are you a coffee fan? Which is your favourite type of coffee? Where in the world did you have the best coffee ever? And, I know it's a lot of questions, but I am curious to find out: which has been the most memorable coffee shop you have ever been to?
Let me know if the Comments section below. Thank you!
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Patricia Journeay says:
I am an American woman who is house sitting for my Italian/American cousin. And I don't drink coffee! Which is a shame because I would or to be able to enjoy such a traditional Italian part of life! This helps me understand the history and cultural significance of the drink. Thank you.
3rd August 2019 at 9:57 am
Thank you very much for your very kind words, Patricia!
Have a great time during your stay in Italy.
Rossi 🙂


text:
"SUMMER" CAME EARLY
"21 Summer"—the follow-up to buzzing EMI Nashville duo Brothers Osborne's chart-topping breakout "Stay a Little Longer"—is the #1 Most Added song at Country radio this week. Watch this space for updates on the track's ascent.
The gold-selling "Longer," which was nominated for Best Country Duo/Group Performance at this Year's Grammys, reached #3 on iTunes' country singles chart and #26 overall. And Pawn Shop, the debut album on which both songs live, hit #2 on the genre's chart and #11 overall.
The guys themselves are up for both Vocal Duo of the Year and New Vocal Duo or Group of the Year at next month's ACM Awards.
The only thing we're currently up for, on the other hand, is a demotion.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Website programming? Pffft, so 2011. Python's main squeeze is now data science, apparently
Popular glue coding language sticks to everything
By Thomas Claburn in San Francisco 7 Feb 2019 at 06:04
The Python programming language is now used more for data science than web development, according to a new survey.
The poll, conducted by the Python Foundation and JetBrains (which makes the PyCharm IDE among other things) involved over twenty thousand Python developers from more than 150 different countries. It asked programmers with an affinity for the language what they use Python for the most.
"At first glance, the results suggest that web development is a strong leader (27 per cent), beating data analysis (17 per cent) by a large margin," the survey states.
"But if we take a closer look, we see there has been growth with machine learning (11 per cent). If we bundle data analysis and machine learning together into a single 'Data science' category, this amounts to a stunning 28 per cent."
"Stunning" may be overstating the situation, given how prominent Python has been in AI-oriented frameworks over the past five years. But the ascendancy of Python for data science is noteworthy given the healthy interest among developers in other science-focused languages like Julia and R.
In its January 2019 index of programming language popularity, TIOBE declared Python the language of the year for 2018 because it gained the most ranking points. The software biz says that C, C++ and Java consistently placed in the top three positions and now Python has joined them at the head of the pack.
Python creator Guido van Rossum sys.exit()s as language overlord
"It is the most frequently taught first language at universities nowadays, it is number one in the statistical domain, number one in AI programming, number one in scripting and number one in writing system tests," TIOBE said. "Besides this, Python is also leading in web programming and scientific computing (just to name some other domains). In summary, Python is everywhere."
Python is also more the main language of Python survey respondents (84 per cent) than it was in 2017 (79 per cent). It's not an exclusive relationship however: Half of those using Python as their main language also report a dalliance with JavaScript. A recent HackerRank survey characterized JavaScript as the most popular programming language.
Among those who say Python is a secondary language, the most common use for Python is DevOps-oriented tasks – system administration and writing automation scripts. Python has a long history as a "glue" language for connecting different systems.
The transition from Python 2, which is no longer actively developed, to Python 3 continues, with 84 per cent of respondents saying they use v3 most. In the 2017 survey, that figure was 75 per cent. Python 2 maintenance is scheduled to end next year.
Companies that use Python have been making that change too. Dropbox, which is written mainly in Python, began the migration process in 2015 and last year said it had shifted over a million lines of code to Python 3.
Another surprise coming out of the survey is the surging popularity of Flask, a bare-bones web framework that has long been overshadowed by the bells-and-whistles Django framework. In 2017, Django was the most popular Python tool for making web apps, beating out Flask (41 per cent to 32 per cent). In 2018, Flask grew 15 percentage point to gain the lead (47 per cent to 32 per cent).
Survey co-conductor JetBrains may have taken note of the challenge posed by Microsoft's Visual Studio Code to its PyCharm IDE. While PyCharm remains the most popular tool for Python development, with a combined survey share of 35 per cent for its community edition and professional edition, Visual Studio Code saw its popularity among respondents jump from 7 per cent in 2017 to 16 per cent in 2018. ®
Snakes on a wane: Python 2 development is finally frozen in time, version 3 slithers on
I'm not quite dead, mutters 2.7 as rigor mortis sets in
First Python feature release under new governance model is here, complete with walrus operator (:=)
No word on eggman counterpart
For real this time, get your butt off Python 2: No updates, no nothing after 1 January 2020
'Let's not play games,' says lang dad Guido van Rossum
Python overtakes Java to become second-most popular language on GitHub after JavaScript
Data analytics helps to boost contributions by 151%
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Visual Studio Code's Python extension goes to Jupyter
A preview of next year's .NET Framework also emitted


34 Comments on New Woman? Possible Wife?
My ex-husband and I attend the same church. I know it's weird, but we both grew up in that church, met at church, dated, married, had a baby, blessed the baby and then said baby (aka Munch) got baptized at the church. Munch sings in the church choir, attends church school and wants to join the dance ministry (which I don't know how he'll do because we don't have time).
But, the point is that my life is a big part of the church that I met my ex-husband in. I love my church. Great people, great pastor and great ministries. It's definitely home. Have I thought about leaving? Umm, not really. I told Mr. C that if we got married and he wanted to attend another church that I would respect that but we would be members of both churches. I didn't want Munch to feel like he couldn't attend the only church he's known. He said that he understood.
Now, a couple of weeks ago my ex bought his new girlfriend to church. I was shocked, not that she attended but that he hadn't introduced her and that he was now bringing her to worship. But, the service was so amazing and I had a colleague that was attending and Lord knows that the holy spirit was filling that house of worship that I was literally crying out "Great is thy faithfulness".
Well, after the altar call my ex's new girlfriend comes over and gives me a hug and says "Hi Mom, I'm Y." I'm shocked and I give her a big hug back and said hi. Well, we really didn't get a chance to talk because I had my colleague there and it wasn't the time or place to have a real conversation. But, I realized that I should let her know that.
I called my ex to let him know that I was very happy that his girlfriend came over and introduced herself but I would love the opportunity to sit down and have a face to face. We can meet at the local Starbucks if that's convenient but that I had a colleague there and it wasn't really the place to talk like we should. He said he understood and would let me know when's a good time for them both.
Uh huh. But, I'm not worrying about my ex-husband because let me tell ya'll that God has been so good to me that I just have to say thank you and release him to God. I'll share more about my blessings later on, but let's just say that God is moving all over and up and through my life ya'll. You need to try him.
What do you think of my topics? Would you add any?
Whoa ! That's interesting. I'm glad it's okay and there's no pain, even if it's just a little bit, in your heart.
Nope. I'm so over it. I just want to talk to her.
You are braver and kinder than I think I would be, given the same circumstances. Thank you for sharing this. How you have approached it is in the best interest of your son and I really respect you for that.
Thank you so much! I'm trying.
I haven't personally been in a situation as above, but I've heard horror stories. So, maybe this is just me being overly cautious. I would want to ask her about what she does, her upbringing, her family, (maybe not too deep into the last three, but just to get a general understanding of how she thinks and understands things) She may have been really deep into bird watching and will now expect Munch to birdwatch (goofy example, I know)…but just so you get the idea. Or maybe you know this information, or you trust ex hubby's knowledge enough to know that she'll check out.
If the above is cool, I would really want to just put it all on the table in regards to honesty and transparency when it comes to Munch. I would definitely let her know, if she doesn't already, about the level of respect you guys will keep when you're together or apart (she doesn't need to talk trash about you to him or in his presence…or at all for that matter, but that's neither here nor there). I would be really be upfront and candid because the cute smiles and professional manner are all great and fine, but there also needs to be an understanding that if you come for Munch or he says you coming at him sideways, Jesus is going to have to take the wheel, Ms. Y.
LOL. I love it. Thank you so much for these great suggestions. When it works it works. When it doesn't it doesn't but I want her to understand that there are no hard feelings just mutual respect. I think that with her understanding that I'm running a CJIS on her that she should know that I don't play.
I know! You running that by itself…she'll be on her Ps and Qs like Ms. T is not playing with me.
LOL, I just want to make sure that we are all on the same page because I don't disrespect women and I know my son likes her so I'm truly comforted by that.
Have I told you lately how much I love your blog and your spirit? Speaking of spirit…the Holy Spirit will make you reach out and hug somebody. 😀 I like how you gave this sister her props. Best wishes! Time for a praise break!
LOL. Thank you so much. God is truly telling me to keep my eyes on him.
Good topics of discussion! Ask about her communication style and preferences. Communication is key!!
I like that. Is she visual? Would she prefer me to email or call her? Great questions. I definitely will. Thank you.
What is CJIS? If it's like a criminal background check, I would say you are going a bit tew far! Really? Lol. I wouldn't feel the need to sit down with her and grill her. If I trust my ex's judgement and she's good to my kid (he will tell you if she isn't), I would just let things unfold. (Like i did with my own kids. And its funny, they are grown now but recently met up with the woman and hung out (after not even seeing her for at least 8 years – because she was good to them). But I'm used to having unpopular opinions.
LMAO. No popular opinions. I respect everything you say. Yes, it's a criminal background check. Let's be real though, I know women who run a CJIS on men they are dating because they are in the law enforcement field. It's a way of making sure that the person you are interacting with is being honest. As a mother, I wouldn't object to someone performing a CJIS on my prospective spouse. I'm not going to grill, but I would like to just sit down and talk to her about her parenting styles. It's not in an attack but a real talk to get to know each other. If we're going to be in each other's lives for the foreseeable future it is important that we are upfront and respectful to each other. She seems really nice, but how many people seem nice and then they abuse the kid? Heck, my boyfriend has a very high security clearance and if we should get married then I would have to go through the same thing with the government so I'm not concerned. LOL. I could do it with or without her knowledge but I believe in transparency and either way if it's good or bad I will know and be at ease.
Good luck with that one. All very interesting. It's good you're being upfront.
If I were in your situation, you can bet I'd be checking the judicial records system online to see what's up. I do this with anyone my kids are going to be supervised by, because why not? It's unlikely that you'll find anything that would send up a red flag, but I sure don't want for something to happen and for there to have been public proof that would point to something that could have been prevented.
Yes, Lord. So true. My therapist has a son who is a freshman in college and she said she did it with all his teachers and cub scout leaders and anyone who would supervise him.
T, you are admirable and all-around Godly woman and I love it! You're a wonderful role model and I agree that every woman should be about sisterhood!
Thanks so much sis! I'm just trying to live the way God wants me to. Munch is our blessing and we just need to make sure that we are on the same page. I am grateful for it all.
I meant to write more lol I guess I got too excited LOL I like that you not only maintain open communication with your ex, but that you are also open to being polite and civil with his new gf. There is no reason to be nasty towards someone that has nothing to do with what happened in the past and your ex will always be Munch's father and it is wonderful that you have that all together:) Many out there, my father included, can't seem to get over their own selfishness to have a decent relationship with their kids' mother.
I'm glad you liked her. And God is good 🙂 It's priceless knowing we can have peace, because it is all in His hands anyway.
So what if you ran the background check, what offense would be a deal breaker, how many speeding tickets/accidents/DUI; would you tell your ex?
Um, anything that comes up. Child abuse, murder, attempted murder, robbery, drug dealing, etc. Speeding tickets aren't part of your CJIS. Only things that you were convicted of. Absolutely, I would tell him. I'm not asking him to break up with her, but I will go to court and request supervised visitation (which I can do under law) if I feel that her background could in some way affect the safety of my son. I'm all for people getting a second chance, but I'm not willing to gamble the safety of my son on that second chance.
Well Tikeetha…just well. (chuckle) She seems to be a bold one; self-introduction…in Church. I think you got your arms around this one. Keep with God. Keep us posted.
LOL. Right now, I would take her over my ex husband who is getting on my nerves. I will definitely keep you posted.


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Improper working out with of the huge waste on to the truck may lead to back agony, leg and arm agony, acute damage, and other severe chronic side effects. The hospital costs paid to treatment such accidental injuries will double the that the person has stored by paying off the trash in own. Ultimately the person will end up spending enormous sum of money also to suffering.
Often after enormous parties or even home redesigning projects, individuals are left with the job of getting rid of their own throw away. If there's no trash leave location neighborhood, this can become very awkward. Besides, who desires to make various trips having trash close to, hoping to discover a suitable place to leave it? Actually all you'll have to perform is buy the dumpster and throw your garbage in it. Others is left upwards to the company.
Rental Period of time: Normally 8 Yard Dumpster in Lexa, AR organizations will allow you to keep dumpsters for 5 - 7 days and nights while there are a few companies that provide up to 2 full week times these companies are very less and difficult to found. Should you keep your dumpster in excess of permitted cut-off date than an individual again require to pay additional amount. It'll cost you on daily basis which can range between $5 to $15 per day. So it's advisable to search for rental period also in order to save yourself from additional payment.


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Trope, Narrative Devices, Indexitis,
Playing Sick
Sometimes in a fictional story, a character will pretend to be sick (otherwise known as malingering). Most often, this is to avoid something unpleasant at school or work, such as a test, visit from management, or similar inconvenience. Some just do it to get a day off. This is often accompanied by completely overblown "symptoms", often exaggerated further by the character holding a thermometer up to a light bulb to fake a temperature.
In comedy, this almost never works, with the ruse either being readily discovered or backfiring on the character. A backfire might be whatever they were trying to avoid being moved to a day not covered by their ploy; it's also common for the character to end up missing out on something fun.
See Munchausen Syndrome for the more serious, even pathological version.
Compare Obfuscating Disability, Hypochondria. Contrast Working Through the Cold.
Examples of Playing Sick include:
In Inuyasha, Kagome's absences from school to go time-traveling in Feudal Japan are attributed to increasingly bizarre illnesses that still somehow manage to fool her friends. Maybe she should try for some smarter friends....
In an episode of the manga of Ichigo Mashimaro, Chika really is sick, and is being cared for by her big sister. Miu pretends to be sick, as well, to gain attention. (Though by the end of the episode, Miu actually gets sick, probably due to prolonged exposure to an airborne illness, and is taken to the doctor.)
Konata of Lucky Star often makes up different excuses to skip school, including playing sick.
So much so, that when she actually does get sick, she gets hit with accusations of Crying Wolf.
The series Paranoia Agent is made of this trope. Lil' Slugger is essentially a means of feigning injury in order to shirk personal responsibilities.
Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch had one of these happen in the early episodes, where the main girl's friends ditch her so she could go on a date, and one of them played sick. When suspected after insisting the main character to go, she just said she was just pushing herself.
Subverted in a Calvin and Hobbes strip. Calvin won't get up because he's too sick to go to school. His mother says it's Saturday; he doesn't have to fake being sick. Calvin stays in bed muttering about not feeling well. Cue final scene of his frantic mother dashing to the phone to call a doctor.
This is done in a Dilbert strip where Dogbert describes sick days as "Vacation days with sound effects", and depicts Dilbert with a makeshift slingshot made out of kitchen furniture loaded with a chicken calling his boss and saying "Don't be surprised if I cough and you hear my lungs hit the refrigerator".
A deleted chapter from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory features Mr. Wonka showing the children an invention called Spotty Powder which you put over your cereal in the morning like sugar. You then eat the sugar and get spots on your face, so that when your mother sees you across the table, she'll think you're ill and send you to bed. Perfect for the day you have exams (as Charlie declares).
This is, of course, the entire impetus to the plot of Ferris Bueller's Day Off...
The film A Gift for Heidi has her friend Clara faking she still has her stomach ache from yesterday (after eating too much ice cream). However, she's doing it so that her chaperone has someone he can care for, for once in his life.
In the movie ET: The Extra Terrestrial Elliott very convincingly pretends to be sick (even warming the thermometer using a light bulb) so he can be alone with his new alien friend.
Taken from his own childhood; Spielberg sometimes faked being sick to stay home from school.
Billy Madison tries this when not wanting to go to school while in third grade. Billy's maid would let him shave her armpits before forcing himself to get up and go to school.
In Arthur Conan Doyle's The Adventure of the Dying Detective, Dr. Watson discovers that Sherlock Holmes is bedridden with an exotic foreign disease. Holmes is faking it in order to tease a confession out of the evil genius who tried to infect him with said exotic foreign disease. He made a very thorough job of it, though: he starved himself for three days.
In Diane Duane's Deep Wizardry, Dairine does this for her sister's benefit.
One story from the Doctor Who 2007 Storybook has a boy putting his head next to a radiator to fake that he has a fever so that he can get sent to bed early and later sneak out to help the Doctor.
From Harry Potter: Fred and George Weasley's "Skiving Snackboxes". One end of the candy will make you graphically ill (nausea/vomiting, nosebleeds, rashes, etc.); upon being excused from your class, you eat the other half, which restores you to perfect health.
The Shel Silverstein poem "Sick" consists of Peggy Ann McKay listing symptoms of her illness -- from a sliver to a 108 degree fever to a shrunken brain -- keeping her from going to school until she realizes it's Saturday, when she miraculously recovers.
Papillon makes this into an artform. Hospitals have less security then the Penal Colony and a hospital stay can buy time to make better arrangements for labor assignments or plan escapes. They find many ways to feign illness; for example planting lice, eating spoiled food, or intentionally causing injuries. If that fails, bribe a doctor.
On an episode of The Adventures of Pete and Pete, younger Pete fakes food poisoning by pudding to get out of school for a day, and breaks cardinal rule number one, "Don't leave the house", in the second season finale of The Adventures of Pete and Pete. (Yes, it's the one where he sticks President ["Martin Van Buren up his nose"].)
On Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Kennedy fakes being sick to get out of going on a vision quest with the other slayers, giving her a chance to take Willow out on a date.
In one episode in El Chavo Del Ocho, a character played this, and used her (supposed) very contagious illness to scare all her neighbors. It ended with all the cast sick... except for El Chavo, who wanted most to get the illness so he could enjoy of hospital attention and regular income of food.
Subverted in The Secret World of Alex Mack: the titular heroine uses her powers to raise the level of mercury in the thermometer -- but accidentally takes it too far, breaking the thermometer, and is sent to school.
In one episode of CSI New York, most of the police officers of New York City call in sick. They're striking due to not being paid.
This is known as the "Blue Flu". Police unions use this tactic because police officers are not legally allowed to go on strike.
Also occurred in one episode of Barney Miller.
In the Seinfeld episode "The Scofflaw", Jerry learns that his friend Gary Fogel (played by Jon Lovitz) had only pretended to have cancer in order to, according to Jerry, "get some free hair" (Jerry had bought him a hair club membership).
This comes back to bite him, in a later episode Jerry mentions he crashed his car and killed himself while adjusting the hair piece in the rear view mirror.
Rachel has done this a couple of times on Friends, for example when she had kissed her co-worker and thought it would be awkward to see him.
In one episode of The Golden Girls, Sophia really is injured and must stay in a wheelchair, so Dorothy hires a nurse to look after her mother. The nurse takes excellent care of Sophia but makes life miserable for the other three housemates, who want to fire her. Sophia fakes being injured long after she recovers in order to go on being pampered by the nurse, noting that the way she treats the other three characters is 'just a bonus'.
ROY does this in one episode when he finds all of his friends have come down with an illness, but he can't because he is a cartoon (although he does get ill later in the episode). He then discovers his sister Becky isn't ill either and uses that as blackmail against her.
In an episode of Lizzie McGuire, Matt tries to pull this, but his mom sees through the act from the start. Rather than send him off to school anyway, she cheerfully proceeds to make Matt miserable by feeding him borscht and sweating out his "fever" by swaddling him in a wool blanket with the heater on.
In Unnatural History, Henry does this to get out of the school when it is under lockdown due to a mysterious disease to get the cure from the medical repository.
DJ did this in an early episode of Full House in an attempt to get Stacy Q's autograph. It almost worked, but Joey and baby sister Michelle just happened to show up at the mall as DJ and Kimmy were leaving. Of course, Michelle discovered them and led Joey over, thus blowing DJ's cover and embarrassing her at the same time.
On Doogie Howser, M.D. 's Christmas Episode, Doogie fakes an illness while at the hospital (where he's worked for 36 hours straight), to go home on Christmas Eve and attend a party with his girlfriend, Wanda. Being a teenage kid, as well as a doctor, he was able to get away with this quite well…but he later feels guilty and decides to return to work.
Played for drama on Home Improvement. Jill is enjoying finishing her classes and getting some time off when her dad calls wanting to visit. Believing he wouldn't accept a simple "no, I'd like some time to myself" (which her mom later agrees would be the case), she fakes a cough and warns him away. Soon after, Dad has a heart attack and passes away, burdening Jill with the guilt that she not only passed up a last chance to see him, but that the last things she said to him were lies.
A more comedic example involves her oldest son trying to do this, going so far as to put the thermometer into a cup full of hot coffee briefly before placing said thermometer into his mouth. It doesn't work.
Played with by Sándor and Tamas on Schloss Einstein: Alexander figures out pretty quickly that Tamas isn't really sick, but lets him skip class anyway; and whenever anyone comes into the room, one of them has to hide depending on who it is (either someone from the Schloss Einstein staff who thinks Tamas is Sándor, or Sándor's father, who knows that Sándor is Sándor).
Somewhat hilariously, they are found out in the very next episode, when Sándor's father shows up unexpectedly and sees Tamas being called "Sándor" by everyone.
Basil Fawlty once pretended to faint when he forgot a name while making introductions.
Sirens had a mother call 999 because he had a slight cough. Stuart was less than impressed and immediately singled out the cause of his cough was a dislike of Rugby. Oh and then he insulated that the 12-year-old was gay.
Combined with Crying Wolf on an episode of Community. Leonard's comrade Richard continually says, "Where am I? What year is this?" and the rest of the seniors laugh at this genius ploy of getting out of trouble. This leads to a Tear Jerker moment towards the end when Pierce and the others discover Richard is actually suffering from dementia, and may or may not have been previously faking.
Jeff does this to get out of helping Annie move, telling the group that he's at the hospital when he's actually shopping for clothes at the mall. The saleslady, without being prompted, asks for his insurance card and the name of his primary care physician to help the ruse.
From Reba, two of said titular character's kids each try to use this trick once. They both fail.
In "Valentine's Day III" on The Middle, Axl, stumped for an assignment where he has to give a speech about a life-changing moment, makes a video where Brick fakes being terminally ill.
On The Brady Bunch, Cindy forges a letter to Joe Namath pretending to be a terminally ill Bobby in the hope that Namath will give him his autograph. However, when Broadway Joe decides to visit the house and comfort him, Bobby has to fake it.
In an earlier episode, Peter fakes being sick to get out of going to a birthday party so he can avoid a girl who keeps chasing him. Mike and Carol figure him out and say if he's too sick to go to the party, he's too sick to play in his baseball game that weekend.
In the Modern Family episode "Virgin Territory", Cameron fakes an injury while at brunch in the Dunphys' house so, when everyone's out, he can search it for a Tupperware bowl Claire insists she's returned to him.
Junior in The Sopranos : He feigns dementia to avoid criminal prosecution. Invoked and then twisted as Junior is really going senile.
In an episode of 3rd Rock from the Sun, the aliens get the idea of calling in sick. As usual, they think they are total geniuses and that no human has ever thought of this:
Sally: Taking a sick day when you're not really sick? It sounds like a crime to me.
Dick: It's not a crime... it's the crime of the century!
Weird Al did a song about this, titled Calling in Sick.
I think I'll call my boss and I'm
gonna hack and cough and wheeze
swear I've got some strange disease
what's that little twerp gonna say?
In Fallout 3, claiming to be sick is one of the dialogue options before taking the G.O.A.T. exam. However, your father is the Vault doctor, too and very quickly shuts down the attempt with a light mocking. If you chose this dialogue option, another character comments on you trying the old "I'm sick" routine.
Mocked by Liam Neeson, and check one more off the list.
This Wapsi Square comic has Dietzel recommending that Monica do this.
The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Jimmy Neutron once gave his friends special patches that mimicked illness, allowing them to skip school. Unfortunately, the patches got absorbed and made them really sick, forcing Jimmy to pull a Fantastic Voyage to develop a cure (hence the episode's title, "Journey to the Center of Carl").
In Arthur's Chicken Pox, younger sister D.W. pretends to have come down with the titular sickness. It works until the spots come off in the bath.
Another episode has D.W. faking she has lost her voice so that everyone spoils her. Arthur overhears her talking and has to get help from his friends to make her come with the truth.
One Care Bears cartoon has two characters drawing spots onto themselves to fake that they have spots. However, when they wash the spots off and declare they're better, the parents declare that the illness is getting worse!
The Ed, Edd 'n' Eddy episode "Cry Ed", although Eddy is pretending to be severely injured instead of sick, and trying to get attention and pity from the other kids rather than out of school.
In an episode of The Emperors New School, Kuzco did it after learning that the Royal Treasury would provide funds to look after him (in luxury) if he was ill
One episode of The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack has Flapjack pretending to be struck dumb by a curse so that Captain K'nuckles will take him to a carnival.
And another has K'nuckles pretending to be dead so Flapjack will leave him alone.
The My Little Pony Tales episode "Too Sick to Notice".
And attempted in the My Little Pony Friendship Is Magic episode "Family Appreciation Day" by Apple Bloom. It doesn't work. Granny Smith, having raised first her own children as well as Apple Bloom's older siblings before her, sees right through it.
Fluttershy does it in "Hurricane Fluttershy" to avoid tornado duty, painting spots on her face and making rather obviously fake sneezes. Rainbow Dash isn't fooled, dumping water on her and washing away the spots.
Pepper Ann had an episode where she fakes she has a fever (by putting the thermometer in a cup of coffee) so that she can have a day off school.
One episode of Rugrats has Angelica faking having a broken leg to get out of chores, and so she can more easily boss the adults around. It works when there is a mix up with the X-Rays at the Hospital.
Angelica does this again in the spin-off All Grown Up in which she starts quoting lines of a deranged character from a soap opera so she can stay in the hospital longer.
In The Simpsons Bart does this a few times, in one case pretending to have Tourettes Syndrome (later changed to rabies via Executive Meddling) and various other symptoms while Grandpa warns him against playing the "boy who cried wolf". Eventually he's attacked by an actual wolf that's escaped from Krusty's show and isn't believed.
In another episode, Bart eats a jagged O from a box of Krusty-Os and develops agonizing stomach pains. No one believes him except Lisa, though he is eventually taken to the hospital.
In one episode of Strawberry Shortcake, Strawberry finds a fairy with a hurt wing and offers to take care of her until her wing heals. The fairy takes advantage of Strawberry's hospitality and all the attention her friends dote on her, pretending she can't fly even after her wing has healed.
Tom and Jerry did a variation in which Jerry painted spots on Tom to make him believe he had measles. Tom eventually finds out and goes after Jerry, only to find that now Jerry had the measles for real.
Code Lyoko does this in countless episodes. "Mrs. Hertz? I don't feel good, I have to go to the infirmary." "Me too!" "And I'll escort them!" Cue running off to Lyoko. With three or four students doing this all at the same time, and it's the same ones every time, you wonder why the teachers don't see through it.
The teachers and principal start getting fed up with this in the last Season and aren't fooled as often, so it becomes harder for the heroes to pretend being sick.
Keep in mind that most of these visits never happened.
South Park: Stan and Kyle give one another ludicrously overblown maladies (date rape psychosis and cancer, respectively) in Towelie, telling their mothers that they're too busy nursing one another to bother with baseball practice or school.
An old Popeye cartoon has him and Bluto feigning illness to get into a hospital and be treated by nurse Olive. As they try to outdo each other and start fighting, Olive sees through their ruse. A later WWII cartoon has the two in the US Navy; Bluto fakes illness to get out of working. Popeye sees through it and proceeds to teach him a lesson.
Avatar: The Last Airbender had an entire city pretend that they were sick with Pentapox in order to let the citizens flee the occupied city. This mysterious disease was actually just hickies from a Purple Pentapus.
Katara also fed Appa a bunch of bright purple berries to make it seem like he was sick, so they would have to stay for longer so that she could be the Painted Lady.
One episode of Recess had the main characters pretend to be sick in order to be sent home from a boring school day (every other student is out with a real illness). Unfortunately, Gretchen mixes up the symptoms, so instead of an illness that would mandate being sent home, the nurse thinks that they've contracted some horrible disease that leads to them being quarantined by public health officials.
China's Wei General Sima Yi pulled this trick (along with his sons, too) so that he could plot a coup in secret without anyone being suspicious. This is also written in the novel The Romance Of Three Kingdoms.
Cao Cao did this as well. Not to say, they both faked to have some kind of neurological disorder in front of people; Sima pretended to have what we call Alzheimer's now, and Cao pretended he had stroke-- when he was a teenager.
Lu Meng also used a fake illness to put Guan Yu off his guard.
In ancient Rome, an epileptic fit was one of the omens considered dire enough to put an end to any public assembly where a fit was seen. The sufficiently cynical would see this as a useful political ploy.
In her childhood, actress Toni Collette once faked a burst appendix so she could miss school. Her acting was so convincing that she ended up having it removed.
There's a modern trick called the Munchausen by Internet syndrome, where people lie about their own healths, pretending to be seriously/deathly ill to garner sympathy. A list of some infamous cases are here
Trying the light bulb thing is an easy way to generate a real-life subversion; choose the light unwisely and the mercury in the thermometer can expand so forcefully it breaks the thermometer.
Retrieved from "https://allthetropes.fandom.com/wiki/Playing_Sick?oldid=368947"
Indexitis


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Board of Visitors approves design for Memorial to Enslaved Laborers
Committee meets to review, approve design for memorial and new upperclassmen residence hall
By Spencer Culbertson | 06/12/2017
The memorial will be located in the triangle of grass between Brooks Hall and the Corner.
The Building and Grounds Committee of the Board of Visitors met Friday to discuss the Memorial to Enslaved Laborers. The committee reviewed and approved the schematic design for the memorial, which was designed by Boston firm Höweler + Yoon. Meejin Yoon of Höweler + Yoon attended the meeting, along with Mabel Wilson, a University alumna who is also helping to design the memorial.
The designers said they wanted to engage the community when designing the memorial, and received input from community members from the website and Instagram account for the memorial.
"So from the various community engagement here on Grounds and also with the larger community, we realized we really had to engage in an emotional experience and that it was important ... that the memorial also engaged educationally," Wilson said.
The memorial will be located in the triangle of grass near the Corner and will be a granite circle laid into the ground. The interior will be a green space intended for people to gather.
"It's meant to be a very open, accessible, almost garden-like space," Yoon said.
Around the grass will be space for people to walk and appreciate the memorial. This will be encircled by an outer ring. On the inside of that ring will be inscribed the names of the known enslaved laborers, as well as available space as more names become known to the University. On the exterior of the ring will be images of those enslaved.
"We had to capture the dualities of slavery," Wilson said. "We had to understand that when people visit they want to understand the suffering, the pain, and anguish that's one side of slavery but there's also hope, optimism and resistance."
There are multiple connotations associated with the ring shape, including the ring shout, a "rhythmic dance about liberation and uplift," Wilson said.
"And also the slave shackle, the rings were the chains of bondage and the goal of the memorial is to bring together both these histories to expose the dualities and honor the…spirit," Yoon said.
The memorial will be made of Virginia Mist granite, which was also used on the upper deck of the Rotunda.
Also discussed at the meeting were planned additions to Brandon Avenue. The Board plans to construct upperclassmen housing in the area. A design was proposed for a new building to house more than 300 students in "four bedroom-two bathroom apartments comparable to the off-Grounds market," according to the committee's agenda.
There would also be parking for 150 cars and 8,000 square feet of "nonresidential space." The Board approved the building's design.
This is part of the Brandon Avenue Master Plan, which "was developed to ensure that this important redevelopment zone and the planned projects provide maximum long-term value to the University," according to the agenda.
The Board also discussed the University's sustainability practices. These include the University's continued commitment to using renewable energy. There are new solar panels atop Clemons Library providing 15 percent of the energy used by the building. The Board also expressed interest in building another solar field to provide another 10 percent of the University's energy.
An original version of this article did not attribute a quote to Mabel Wilson. The article has been changed to reflect the correct quote attribution.
By Zach Rosenthal and Jenn Brice | 01/17/2020
By Zach Rosenthal | 01/15/2020


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Performance levels will pay off soon, believes Ardley
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Neal Ardley wants to see Notts County turn their good performances into victories by taking their chances, starting this weekend against FC Halifax Town.
The Magpies have lost just one of their last seven fixtures, dating back to 13 August, and have been unfortunate not to pick up more than the two wins they have done over that period.
And the boss hopes that changes when Notts host the Vanarama National League's second-placed side on Saturday.
"There has been lots of good play and I want us to start taking our chances," said Ardley. "We should be better off so I'm not happy with where we are in the table.
"We've put together complete performances during spells in games and it's about doing it for the full 90 minutes like we did against Wrexham, when we were very unlucky not to win.
"We're putting lots of things in our favour but not taking our chances or we're making silly mistakes at the other end.
"If we keep playing the way we are, we'll win more than we lose.
"We know it's a results industry but we're trying to get the performances right and have a cohesiveness in the way we play because then we believe the old saying will come true – the result will take care of itself."
Working alongside the club's new owners, Ardley has seen statistical evidence that Notts deserve to have more than 11 points to show from their opening 10 games.
"We can look at much more than just expected goals, but that alone tells us we have had the better opportunities in eight of those matches," he explained.
"It helps because it makes you think we can't keep going on like this and playing the way we are without getting results.
"It gives you the belief that eventually our work is going to bear fruit and if we keep the performance levels going and add the little bits we're missing, we can certainly push towards the right end of the table."
The gaffer says the mood at Meadow Lane is in stark contrast to last season and wants the positivity to extend to supporters.
"We're heading in the right direction now and it's an enjoyable place to be," he added.
"It'll be even more so if we can start putting some results together and making the fans happy – that will build on the good feeling here.
"We want to do well for the supporters and I put pressure on myself, the staff and the players to set high standards and meet them on a Saturday afternoon.
"We're drawing games because we're missing chances not because we're shy of attacking teams and trying to get at them – I'd like to think people are enjoying the intent and the way we're trying to commit players forwards.
"There is frustration from everyone because we're not winning games but let's judge things over 46 games."
Ardley reported that Dion Kelly-Evans and Sean Shields have missed training sessions this week with niggles, while Nathan Tyson continues to be eased back in to avoid a longer absence.
Notts County vs FC Halifax Town on 14 Sep 19