text:
Home Salon Tom Cotton makes populist argument for "reorientation toward ultra-high-skill immigrants"
Tom Cotton makes populist argument for "reorientation toward ultra-high-skill immigrants"
Arkansas Sen. Tom Cotton wrote an Op-Ed for The New York Times imploring Donald Trump to curb immigration — illegal and otherwise — as part of "a reorientation toward ultra-high-skill immigrants."
The president-elect, he wrote, "now has a clear mandate not only to stop illegal immigration, but also to finally cut the generation-long influx of low-skilled immigrants that undermines American workers."
Effectively parroting Trump's campaign appeals to the Rust Belt, Cotton — a staunch Republican — appeared to be diving head-first into economic populism with his case against legal immigration.
"Higher wages, better benefits and more security for American workers are features, not bugs, of sound immigration reform," he argued. "For too long, our immigration policy has skewed toward the interests of the wealthy and powerful: Employers get cheaper labor, and professionals get cheaper personal services like housekeeping. We now need an immigration policy that focuses less on the most powerful and more on everyone else."
"After all, the law of supply and demand is not magically suspended in the labor market," he continues. "As immigrant labor has flooded the country, working-class wages have collapsed."
After two years in the Senate, Cotton has become a stalwart of the GOP's far-right contingent. In that time, he's advocated for private prisons and mass surveillance of U.S. citizens, and claimed "waterboarding isn't torture."
Brendan Gauthier is a freelance writer.
Brendan Gauthier.
Source: Salon: in-depth news, politics, business, technology & culture > Politics
Tags: "reorientation, Cotton, immigrants, Makes, populist, Toward, ultrahighskill, Аргументы
Mayor: Crackdown on immigrants already underway in NY
This Reporter Asks a Lot of Questions. In Japan, That Makes Her Unusual.
Oregon will allow undocumented immigrants to get licenses
Democrats: End criminal penalties for illegal immigrants
The Latest: Activists step up trainings for immigrants


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Jacqueline Liao
MakeSense : Now in Brazil, the problem-solving platform looks to expand
Editor's note: This post originally appeared on NextBillion Brasil.
In 2010, two French students Christian Vanizette and Romain Raguin, traveled to Asia to meet social entrepreneurs. The students repeatedly asked them: What are your main challenges. Back in France, they continued their quest to discover root out key tests facing this cohort of social entrepreneurs, but this time they were also after the answers. That's how they came up with MakeSense.
MakeSense is an open project created to solve the challenges that social entrepreneurs face. On the site, entrepreneurs are invited to enter their daily trials and tribulations, and solicit remedies from users. In addition, the site organizes "hold-up" events, in which, for three hours, a "gangster" (that is, a member of MakeSense) leads a brainstorming session with 10 to 15 people to offer solutions for a particular entrepreneur's challenge.
The idea of MakeSense is not just to help entrepreneurs, but also to spread the concept of social entrepreneurship, by bringing together the challenges that these types of businesses face with those of regular people. This way, MakeSense has forged a true global community of people interested in the subject, many of whom, after taking part in a hold-up, actually wanted to join the project. Today, gangsters organize brainstorming sessions, bring forward ideas to improve the procedure for the meetings, and discuss the subject in a global group on Facebook. Gangsters, as well as anyone interested in the subject, also meet frequently for SenseDrinks, happy hours of social entrepreneurship that take place in different cities where MakeSense has presence.
A little over two years since it was founded, MakeSense boasts close to 500 members, and is present in almost 30 countries, including cities like Paris, Berlin, London, Shanghai, and San Francisco. The objective is to mobilize, within the next two years, 300,000 people to solve those challenges, whether online (through the website) or offline (through hold-ups).
MakeSense arrived in Sao Paulo in July, 2012. Already, hold-ups such as Atados, Projeto Pipa and 4you2 idiomas have been organized.
Two of the members in Sao Paulo are Laís Paixão, who got acquainted with MakeSense while he lived in China, and Bruno Kawasaki, who actually got acquainted with the project in Brazil. "At MakeSense, we can find open-minded people, with a sense of community, willing to act to improve society, and always bringing innovation," says a new MakeSense mBruno Kawasaki, who actually got acquainted with the project in Brazil..
In Brazil, as well as in most countries, MakeSense is no more than a project. All gangsters are volunteers. In France, some members fully dedicate to the cause and offer support to social businesses, which reinvest a portion of their profit to secure MakeSense's sustainability.
MakeSense supports three social businesses, SenseSchool, CommonsSense and UniShared. SenseSchool organizes programs and courses with universities for students to get acquainted with social entrepreneurship by solving the challenges that entrepreneurs face, and by learning via practical and innovative methods. The course already took place at Euromed Management, a business school in Marseilles, France.
In that respect, CommonsSense helps companies create and mobilize innovating communities internally, e.g. via workshops. Orange and SFR, leaders of the telephony market in France, have already been served.
At UniShared, site users can even write their class notes online in real time for others to see and comment. The idea is to generate a collaborative classroom in which everyone can take part, even those who are interested but are not actually in the classroom.
These social businesses use MakeSense's brand and network of contacts, which also contributes to spread the concept of social entrepreneurship in schools and businesses. "With MakeSense, I believe there is a good chance to be in contact with the sector, and to help it grow beyond Brazil, perhaps in the whole world," states Laís.
Image credit: MakeSense Facebook page.
Education, Entrepreneurship
Wednesday January 12, 2022Linking the Needs of Customers and Providers: A Framework for Effective Financial Health Measurement
Tuesday January 11, 2022Where the 'New Formal' is the New Normal: Lessons on Innovation from India's Artisan Economy
Wednesday January 5, 2022From People to Packages: How a Nigerian Ride-Hailing Business Weathered the Pandemic by Shifting to Last-Mile Delivery
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Friday January 14, 2022Accel India Leads $55 Million Round in Investing Super App Pluang
Friday January 14, 2022Ajim Capital Launches $10 Million Fund to Invest in African Startups
Friday January 14, 2022India's LEAD School Becomes Unicorn With Fresh $100 Million in Funding
Friday January 14, 2022Press Release: Yolélé Secures $1.98 Million in Funding for Improving Smallholder Value Chains
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Is there something you want to change about your property? Not sure where to start? Get in touch with Aphex Home Installations for a superb building alterations Portsmouth service. With our professional and efficient service, your beautiful alteration will be finished in no time.
Your Portsmouth property is your pride and joy, so if there's something you'd like to change, make sure you choose the professionals. At Aphex Home Installations, we are a Check-a-Trade approved company with many years' experience in building alterations. From helping clients build a new utility area onto their kitchen, to knocking down walls to create an open plan living area, we have done it all.
If you are planning an alteration that has not been mentioned above, get in touch to find out how we can help. Alternatively, click here to read more about our building alterations services in Portsmouth.
All building alterations in Portsmouth are carried out by our highly trained team who tailor their services to suit your requirements. We have a diverse team of tradesmen who specialise in all areas of building alterations including plumbing, carpentry, and decorating. Each member of staff is extremely talented in their field and, together, we work to create the building alteration you have always wanted.
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Why go through to hassle of finding a new property which possesses the features you are looking for when you could have a simple alteration? Our building alterations are a far more cost-effective way of gaining extra space or a different layout than buying a new Portsmouth property entirely. Additionally, you have far more freedom with regards to the look and design of your renovation.
Our team take the time to find out exactly what you want from your building alteration and use this information to come up with a bespoke design. When we have a clear idea of how you want your Portsmouth building to look, we work to ensure that our alterations exceed your expectations. We use the highest quality materials and tools to guarantee the most impressive result.
At Aphex Home Installations, we are dedicated to providing a Portsmouth building alterations service that stands out above the rest. This is why we always pay keen attention to detail and stick to the deadlines we make. Furthermore, we offer a superb customer service and will be happy to answer any questions you have during the alteration.
Click here to see some of the kitchen and bathroom alterations we have carried out in Portsmouth recently.
If you would like to find out more about our Portsmouth building alterations service, call 02392 252252 or send an email to enquiry@aphex.com.


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Home / Food & Drink / Restaurants
String of new Sonic Drive-In locations planned for Eastern Iowa
New locations slated to open late 2023
Jan. 3, 2023 2:11 pm
Nik Bhakta, restaurateur and owner of Soar QSR, hopes to open 10 Sonic Drive-In locations in the Iowa City, Davenport and Des Moines metro areas by the end of 2023. (Jim Slosiarek/The Gazette)
The owner of more than 100 Sonic Drive-in locations is planning to get his foot in the door with Coralville and Iowa City.
Nik Bhakta, restaurateur and owner of Soar QSR, hopes to open 10 locations in the Iowa City, Davenport and Des Moines metro areas, with the first ones tentatively planned to open by the end of 2023.
The first city to receive a location has not yet been determined, but Iowa City and Coralville are expected to receive three or four of the 10 locations.
"We like what we see along the I-80 Corridor," Bhakta said.
With 20 years restaurant experience, Iowa is a relatively new market for the New Mexico resident, who has owned hundreds of various fast-food franchise brands like Kentucky Fried Chicken and Taco Bell across Dallas, Texas.
Since expanding into burger restaurants, he has opened Sonic franchises in Michigan, Ohio, the Northeast, Maryland, Washington, D.C.; Kentucky and Kansas City.
His presence in Iowa started earlier in 2022 when he acquired franchises from owners exiting the market in Davenport, Keokuk and Des Moines.
In addition to a development agreement set for 10 new locations across Iowa City, Davenport and Des Moines, expansion could include Ames and locations in smaller towns near Interstate 80 like Oskaloosa and Ottumwa.
Davenport currently has two Sonic locations. Cedar Rapids, Coralville and Waterloo all previously had Sonic locations, which were closed by their franchisee in 2012.
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"Ideally, we are looking to develop one close to the mall, one close to the University (of Iowa) and one on the far southeast side," Bhakta said. "Additionally, we may look at North Liberty as that area grows."
The developer hopes to construct new buildings for locations, but is also interested in acquiring buildings from existing restaurants with drive-thru capabilities. Development of the plan will rely heavily on the availability of real estate.
"I think there's definitely opportunity," Bhakta said. "(Burger) competitors are prevalent in these territories, but Sonic is not represented well."
The Sonic concept has become more attractive to developers since the pandemic's never-ending complications started mounting on restaurants — from labor shortages to supply chain issues.
As Sonic becomes more rooted in Iowa, he said its model is more poised for success in a challenging business environment.
"Quick service restaurants prevailed quite a bit with COVID. We learned we can give up nice clothes, travel, but the one thing we can't give up on is food," he said. "At Sonic, we're geared up for this because we don't have indoor dining rooms."
Iowa City, Coralville, Des Moines
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C & J Body Shop has over 75 years of combined experience in the auto body and repair industry. Our mission is to provide our customers with guaranteed quality work at reasonable prices in a timely, efficient manner. We do collision repair on semi's, large trucks, buses, boats, motorcycles, and automobiles. We work with all insurance companies, and we guarantee our work. If you have been in an accident call us and get it done right the first time.
Towing is available, call (402) 494-3037 to have your auto repair needs met.
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Here we are already April!
For our page this month,we are scraplifting a Beautiful page by Steph Devlin - Sketch below.
The focus is is on Poem or Verse.
I have used a memory box stencil foe the hexagon background with pain ordinary stamping inks.
I have also used dies and punches for the flowers. I have fussy cut flowers from graphic 45 papers too.
I found a couple of rub ons in my stash that worked quite well and just added a litte glitter or liquid pearl to the flower centres.
The butterflies were both cut from Santoro papers.
Please pop over to the main blog to see the truly Gorgeous inspiration from the rest of the DT and details of how to join in.
Such a pretty page. Great interpretation of the sketch.
That's gorgeous - such a delicate page - lovely photo!
Really lovely layout Sue. I really like the fresh, spring colours and the placement of the embelishments.
Really pretty Sue, love it.


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Q: No Overload for method 'Render' takes 1 arguments This is my code i have done it for my project to genrate a pdf report
public partial class Report : System.Web.UI.Page
{
    protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        if (!Page.IsPostBack)
        {
            getreport();
        }
    }
    public override void VerifyRenderingInServerForm(Control control)
    {
        // base.VerifyRenderingInServerForm(control);

    }

    public void getreport()
    {
        string province = Request.QueryString["Province"].ToString();
        string district = Request.QueryString["District"].ToString();
        string village = Request.QueryString["Village"].ToString();
        ReportViewer1.ProcessingMode = ProcessingMode.Local;
        LocalReport rep = ReportViewer1.LocalReport;
        rep.ReportPath = @"Report.rdlc";
        ReportDataSource dsRep = new ReportDataSource();
        dsRep.Name = "DataSet1";
        dsRep.Value = GetDataTable(province, district, village);
        rep.DataSources.Clear();

        rep.DataSources.Add(dsRep);
        //ReportViewer1.DocumentMapCollapsed = true;
        //ReportViewer1.ShowPrintButton = true;
        //rep.Render("PDF");
        byte[] result = null;
        result = rep.Render("PDF");
        Response.ClearContent();
        Response.AppendHeader("content-length", result.Length.ToString());
        Response.ContentType = "application/pdf";
        Response.BinaryWrite(result);
        Response.Flush();
        Response.Close();
        rep.Refresh();
    }
    protected DataTable GetDataTable(string p,string d,string v)
    {
        SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection(System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["DBConnectionString"].ToString());
        DataTable dt;
        SqlDataAdapter da;
        SqlCommand cmd;
        string filter = "";
        try
        {
            if (con.State == ConnectionState.Open)
            {
                con.Close();
            }
            con.Open();
            cmd = new SqlCommand("select '" +p + "' as UserName, '"+d+"'Password,'"+ v+"'  as category", con);
            da = new SqlDataAdapter(cmd);
            dt = new DataTable();
            da.Fill(dt);
            cmd.Dispose();
            con.Close();
            return dt;

        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {

            return null;
        }

}

A: The Render method does have an overload that takes one parameter in .NET 4.0, but not in previous versions.
You'll have to call the (String, String, out String, out String, out String, out String[], out Warning[]) overload as below.
string extension;
string encoding;
string mimeType;
string extension;
string[] streams;
Warning[] warnings;

result = rsExec.Render("PDF", null,
            out extension, out encoding,
            out mimeType, out streams, out warnings);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Today marks a momentous occasion for Just Cause 3 – the hardworking community mod team over at Nanos are finally ready to unleash their unofficial JC3 Multiplayer Mod on PC.
The mod is now available for free to everyone who already owns Just Cause 3 on PC. For further information and to downloaded the JC3 Multiplayer Mod, head to the steam page now. For those that do not already own Just Cause 3, the game is available to purchase here via Steam.
The JC3 Multiplayer Mod Launch Trailer can be viewed here.
More game information available at the official Just Cause 3 website.
Square Enix and Avalanche Studios today announced that Just Cause 3: Bavarium Sea Heist, the third and final content pack of the AIR, LAND & SEA Expansion Pass, will be available to all expansion pass holders from August 11 and will go on sale as a separate add-on for everyone else from August 18. To celebrate the release, a brand new launch trailer is now available.
The Just Cause 3: Bavarium Sea Heist content pack is priced at $5.99 / €5.99 / £4.99 whilst the entire AIR, LAND & SEA Expansion Pass is available for $24.99 / €24.99 / £19.99.
Just Cause 3: MECH LAND ASSAULT, the second content pack from the Air, Land and Sea Expansion Pass is out now for Expansion Pass Holders, and will go on sale as a separate add-on for everyone else on June 10th. To celebrate the release, the first new gameplay trailer has been made available today showing Rico causing chaotic destruction in brand new, gravity-defying ways.
Watch the Launch Trailer on YouTube here.
Just Cause 3: Sky Fortress, the first content pack from the Air, Land and Sea Expansion Pass which was previously only available to pass holders – is now on general sale for all players. Get it now via Steam.
"The new content will fundamentally alter how our players approach the game – we're really looking forward to seeing how fans adapt to the new Wingsuit," said Tobias Andersson, Senior Producer at Avalanche Studios. "The new story missions, challenges and gadgets that can be taken into the main game really mix things up, and we can't wait for players to revisit Medici and start getting even more creative".
Just Cause 3: Sky Fortress, the first content pack from the Air, Land and Sea Expansion Pass is OUT NOW for anybody who owns the Just Cause 3 Expansion Pass, with a wide release to follow on March 15.
The Sky Fortress pack will be priced at $11.99 / €11.99 / £9.49 whilst the Air, Land and Sea Expansion Pass is available for $24.99 / €24.99 / £19.99. All three content packs will be available before the end of summer 2016 and released one week early to Expansion Pass holders.
SKY FORTRESS contains a brand new set of missions that introduce a new threat – the eDEN Corporation and their huge and terrifying Sky Fortress, with its army of deadly robotic drones. To tackle his deadly new adversary, Rico Rodriguez will use a new upgradeable, rocket-powered, weaponised 'Bavarium Wingsuit' fitted with shoulder mounted machine guns and auto targeting missiles – alongside his new 'Eviction' personal defence drone and 'Bavarium Splitter' assault rifle, all of which can be carried over into the main game.
The SKY FORTRESS pack will be priced at $11.99 / €11.99 / £9.49 whilst the AIR, LAND & SEA Expansion Pass is available for $24.99 / €24.99 / £19.99. All three content packs will be available before the end of summer 2016 and released one week early to Expansion Pass holders.
The first Just Cause 3 content pack entitled "Sky Fortress" is launching March 2016 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and high end PC and holders of the Air, Land, & Sea Expansion Pass will be able to play it a week before is goes on sale as a standalone download . The new Sky Fortress Trailer is available now.
Sky Fortress contains a brand new set of missions that introduce a new threat – a huge and terrifying Sky Fortress and an army of deadly robotic drones. To tackle his deadly new adversary, Rico Rodriguez will use a new upgradeable, rocket-powered, weaponised 'Bavarium Wingsuit' fitted with shoulder mounted machine guns and auto targeting missiles – alongside his new 'Eviction' personal defence drone and 'Bavarium Splitter' assault rifle.
The second pack in the Expansion Pass entitled Land Mech Assault will contain another new series of missions that introduce a unique new vehicle that can be carried over into the main game; a heavily armoured mech armed with a gravity gun that allows objects to be picked up and powerfully thrown in any direction. Although the mech is as strong as a tank, it is highly manoeuvrable and agile and behaves unlike anything else in the game.
The Air, Land, & Sea Expansion Pass concludes with the Bavarium Sea Heist – details of which will be revealed in the following months.


Brilliant 20 How To Install A Generator Automatic Transfer Switch Solutions - Country wide electrical code (nec) states that carrier front gadget ought to be rated to deliver all of the devices it serves. The automated switch transfer (ats) this is a part of every standby generator installation turns into a part of the service gadget if it's far set up among the meter and the main provider panel.
Article index : a b c d e f g h i j ok l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z - 0 1 2 three four 5 6 7 eight nine gallery index : a b c d e f g h i j okay l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z - zero 1 2 three 4 five 6 7 8 9.
As the cutting-edge rating of an ats increases, so does the fee. Manufacturers offer standby generators bundled with an ats at a decrease cost than buying them one by one. Adding a second ats of the identical size for the regular price represents a sizeable price saving over the separate prices of a generator and higher-rated ats.
A wiring diagram is a trustworthy graph of the bodily connections and physical format of an electrical device or circuit. It indicates how the electrical wires are adjoined in addition to ought to additionally reveal where fixtures and additives might be connected to the system.
A service panel rated at 200 amperes has room for forty single-pole circuit breakers. When greater circuits are wanted, extra provider panels are required. When a carrier more than two hundred amperes is needed, it's miles common to break up the installation similarly among two panels. A three hundred-amp service could have two a hundred and fifty-amp panels, and a 400-amp service may have a pair of two hundred-amp panels. Numerous symbols made use of on a wiring diagram seem like abstract versions of the actual matters they stand for. A button will actually be a wreck in the line with a line at an angle to the twine, lots like a mild transfer you can activate as well as off. A resistor may be represented with a chain of squiggles symbolizing the constraint of gift circulate. An antenna is a straight line with 3 little traces branching off at its give up, much like an real antenna.


This has been a year of rapid innovation for Keller Williams.
Ruben Gonzalez, chief economist at Keller Williams, provides a high-level analysis of U.S. housing market trends and shares his outlook for 2019.
Weeks of hard work have brought you here – the close. After a flurry of signatures, it's official: Your clients have the home of their dreams!


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NOWCAST Omaha police respond to shooting
Children pay tribute to fallen Pottawattamie County deputy
Among all the balloons and flowers at the memorial for fallen Pottawattamie County Sheriff's Deputy Mark Burbridge, there are powerful messages from kids.
Updated: 6:27 PM CDT May 4, 2017
James Wilcox
Among all the balloons and flowers at the memorial for fallen Pottawattamie County Sheriff's Deputy Mark Burbridge, there are powerful messages from kids. There is a picture drawn by a little girl named Sophie that simply said thank you. You'll also find a poster from a group of second-graders, and a batch of cards from kids at a Council Bluffs day care."I think it would be extremely hard to have your dad go to work and expect him to come home later that day and him not come home," 13-year-old Kaiden Smith said. Kaiden came to the memorial with his mom and two sisters. The deputy's death is something difficult for them to understand."You hear on the news that another police officer was killed. It shouldn't happen like every week. It should never happen," Kaiden said. Kaiden's mom hoped seeing the memorial will help teach her kids a valuable lesson."I think it's a great opportunity to teach our children that law enforcement are to be respected and to be thought of as our biggest ally," she said.
COUNCIL BLUFFS, Iowa —
There is a picture drawn by a little girl named Sophie that simply said thank you. You'll also find a poster from a group of second-graders, and a batch of cards from kids at a Council Bluffs day care.
"I think it would be extremely hard to have your dad go to work and expect him to come home later that day and him not come home," 13-year-old Kaiden Smith said.
Kaiden came to the memorial with his mom and two sisters. The deputy's death is something difficult for them to understand.
"You hear on the news that another police officer was killed. It shouldn't happen like every week. It should never happen," Kaiden said.
Kaiden's mom hoped seeing the memorial will help teach her kids a valuable lesson.
"I think it's a great opportunity to teach our children that law enforcement are to be respected and to be thought of as our biggest ally," she said.


During the past twenty-five years, heat transfer enhancement has grown at a rapid rate to the point where it can be regarded as a major field of endeavor, a second-generation heat transfer technology. After some historical background, mention of the driving trends, and a review of the various convective enhancement techniques, four areas of major contemporary interest are discussed: structured surfaces for shellside boiling, rough surfaces in tubes, offset strip fins, and microfin tubes for refrigerant evaporators and condensers. The review concludes with developments in the major areas of application.
Bergles AE. Some Perspectives on Enhanced Heat Transfer—Second-Generation Heat Transfer Technology. ASME. J. Heat Transfer. 1988;110(4b):1082-1096. doi:10.1115/1.3250612.


Description In October 1988 the ordnance work transferred to Yuma Proving Ground in Arizona and JPG gradually closed. Today fifty miles of 8 foot tall chain link fence topped with barbed wire surrounds the JPG property. Cleanup costs are estimated to be anywhere from $500 million to $5 billion, the land and the community innocent victims of war. In the meantime, mother nature is slowly, quietly, reclaiming her place, but the beauty will always mask the hazards that remain forever.


worth selling? From agent standpoint and worth buying? from consumer viewpoint.
Central United Life has a decent one...as far as dental plans go.
She wants to find one with no waiting periods. Not a problem for cleanings, but a problem for other. I don't have one that I am aware of that doesn't. I will see what UHC or Humana have to offer as I am set up with them.
worth selling? From agent standpoint.
10% of $30 or $40??
worth buying? from consumer viewpoint.
Usually, prospects dentist isn't a PPO provider.
Pre X not covered immediately.
You pay $30 or $40/month for a max yearly benefit of $1000.
With CUL you can use any provider.. Also covers vision and hearing. Here is comparison of benefits.
too bad they're not in Florida.
Thanks for a terrific comparison chart.
Some CUL products are offered on Family Life paper in product.. Don't know if the DHV is one of them. At the moment, their website is doing its daily update and I can't get in to the product download section to find out.
55% commissions, no network, only considered pre-existing if you've been seen about it, $1,500 annual max.
Only plan I know without a waiting period is the Humana DMO. In Georgia it is the C550 plan. Believe it goes by another name in other states where available.
The cancer and accident plans are branded as Family Life in Florida but not the DVH plan.


text:
Antidepressant May Cut COVID-Related Hospitalization, Mortality: TOGETHER Published
Esther Landhuis
The antidepressant fluvoxamine (Luvox) may prevent hospitalization and death in outpatients with COVID-19, new research suggests.
Results from the placebo-controlled, multisite, phase 3 TOGETHER trial showed that in COVID-19 outpatients at high risk for complications, hospitalizations were cut by 66% and deaths were reduced by 91% in those who tolerated fluvoxamine.
"Our trial has found that fluvoxamine, an inexpensive existing drug, reduces the need for advanced disease care in this high-risk population," the investigators, led by Gilmar Reis, MD, PhD, Research Division, Cardresearch, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, write.
The findings were published online October 27 in Lancet Global Health. As reported by Medscape Medical News in August, the data were originally published as a preprint.
Alternative Mechanisms
Fluvoxamine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), is an antidepressant commonly prescribed for obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Besides its known effects on serotonin, the drug acts in other molecular pathways to dampen the production of inflammatory cytokines. Those alternative mechanisms are the ones believed to help patients with COVID, said co-investigator Angela Reiersen, MD, child psychiatrist at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
Based on cell culture and mouse studies showing effects of the molecule's binding to the sigma-1 receptor in the endoplasmic reticulum, Reiersen came up with the idea of testing if fluvoxamine could keep COVID-19 from progressing in newly infected patients.
Reiersen and colleague psychiatrist Eric Lenze, MD, also from Washington Univ., led the phase 2 trial that initially suggested fluvoxamine's promise as an outpatient medication. They are also co-investigators on the new phase 3 adaptive platform trial called TOGETHER, which was conducted by an international team of investigators in Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
For this latest study, researchers at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada, partnered with the research clinic Cardresearch in Brazil to recruit unvaccinated, high-risk adults within 7 days of developing flu-like symptoms from COVID-19. They analyzed 1497 newly symptomatic COVID-19 patients at 11 clinical sites in Brazil.
Patients entered the trial between January and August 2021 and were assigned to receive 100 mg fluvoxamine or placebo pills twice a day for 10 days. Investigators monitored participants through 28 days post-treatment, noting whether complications developed requiring hospitalization or more than 6 hours of emergency care.
In the placebo group, 119 of 756 patients (15.7%) worsened to this extent. In comparison, only 79 of 741 (10.7%) fluvoxamine-treated patients met these primary criteria. This represented a 32% reduction in hospitalizations and emergency visits.
Additional Analysis Requested
As Lancet Global Health reviewed these findings from the submitted manuscript, journal reviewers requested an additional "per-protocol analysis" that was not specified in the trial's original protocol. The request was to examine the subgroup of patients with good adherence (74% of treated group, 82% of placebo group).
Among these three quarters of patients who took at least 80% of their doses, benefits were better.
Fluvoxamine cut serious complications in this group by 66% and reduced mortality by 91%. In the placebo group, 12 people died compared with one who received the study drug.
Based on accumulating data, Reiersen said, some experts are recommending fluvoxamine for COVID-19 patients at high risk for morbidity and mortality from complications of the infection.
However, clinicians should note that the drug can cause side effects such as nausea, dizziness, and insomnia, she added. In addition, because it prevents the body from metabolizing caffeine, patients should limit their daily intake to half of a small cup of coffee or one can of soda or one tea while taking the drug.
In addition, previous research has shown that fluvoxamine affects the metabolism of some drugs, such as theophylline, clozapine, olanzapine, and tizanidine.
Despite huge challenges with studying generic drugs as early COVID-19 treatment, the TOGETHER trial shows it is possible to produce quality evidence during a pandemic on a shoestring budget, co-principal investigator Edward Mills, PhD, professor in the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact at McMaster University, noted.
To screen more than 12,000 patients and enroll 4000 in order to test nine interventions, "our total budget was less than $8 million," Mills said. The trial was funded by FastGrants and the Rainwater Charitable Foundation.
"A $10 Medicine"
Commenting on the findings, David Boulware, MD, MPH, an infectious disease physician-researcher at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, noted fluvoxamine is "a $10 medicine that's available and has a very good safety record."
By comparison, a 5-day course of Merck's antiviral molnupiravir, another oral drug that the company says can cut hospitalizations in COVID-19 outpatients, costs $700. However, that data has not been peer reviewed — and molnupiravir is not currently available and has unknown long-term safety implications, Boulware said.
Pharmaceutical companies typically spend tens of millions of dollars on a trial evaluating a single drug, he noted.
In addition, the National Institutes of Health's ACTIV-6 study, a nationwide trial on the effect of fluvoxamine and other repurposed generic drugs on thousands of COVID-19 outpatients, is a $110 million effort, according to Boulware, who co-chairs its steering committee.
ACTIV-6 is currently enrolling outpatients with COVID-19 to test a lower dose of fluvoxamine, at 50 mg twice daily instead of the 100 mg dose used in the TOGETHER trial, as well as ivermectin and inhaled fluticasone. The COVID-OUT trial is also recruiting newly diagnosed COVID-19 patients to test various combinations of fluvoxamine, ivermectin, and the diabetes drug metformin.
Unanswered Safety, Efficacy Questions
In an accompanying editorial, Otavio Berwanger, cardiologist and clinical trialist, Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil, commends the investigators for rapidly generating evidence during the COVID-19 pandemic.
However, despite the important findings, "some questions related to efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine for patients with COVID-19 remain open," Berwanger writes.
The effects of the drug on reducing both mortality and hospitalizations also "still need addressing," he notes.
"In addition, it remains to be established whether fluvoxamine has an additive effect to other therapies such as monoclonal antibodies and budesonide, and what is the optimal fluvoxamine therapeutic scheme," writes Berwanger.
To Medscape Medical News, he noted that 74% of the Brazil population has currently received at least one dose of a COVID vaccine and 52% has received two doses. In addition, deaths have gone down from 4000 per day during the March-April second wave to about 400 per day. "That is still unfortunate and far from ideal," he said. In total, they have had about 600,000 deaths because of COVID.
Asked whether public health authorities are now recommending fluvoxamine as an early treatment for COVID based on the TOGETHER trial data, Berwanger answered, "Not yet."
"I believe medical and scientific societies will need to critically appraise the manuscript in order to inform their decisions and recommendations. This interesting trial adds another important piece of information in this regard," he said.
The TOGETHER trial was funded by Fast Grants and the Rainwater Charitable Foundation. Reiersen and Lenze are inventors on a patent application related to methods for treating COVID-19, which was filed by Washington University. Mills reports no relevant financial relationships, as does Boulware — except that the TOGETHER trial funders are also funding the University of Minnesota COVID-OUT trial. Berwanger reports having received research grants outside of the submitted work that were paid to his institution by AstraZeneca, Bayer, Amgen, Servier, Novartis, Pfizer, and Boehringer Ingelheim.
Lancet Glob Health. Published online October 27, 2021. Full text, Editorial
For more Medscape Psychiatry news, join us on Twitter and Facebook
Cite this: Antidepressant May Cut COVID-Related Hospitalization, Mortality: TOGETHER Published - Medscape - Oct 28, 2021.
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Microbial research relates to all aspects of human life. In the medical field, it includes studies on pathogens/drug-resistant bacteria and intestinal microorganisms. In the agricultural field, it includes studies on animal and plant pathogens and drug-resistant bacteria and agricultural production. In the industrial field, it includes studies on industrial microorganisms or industrial bacteria, industrial production environment and other microbial communities. The subjects of study are from individual to community. The products are in genomic, transcriptome, and protein levels, including de novo sequencing, whole genome resequencing, 16S / 18S / ITS amplicon sequencing, and metagenomic sequencing and other proteomics analysis.


My husband was born in Australia. His family went to England when he was ten years old. The family came to the United States when he was twelve. We went there in August 2002. He was the first among his family who went back to visit.


KANSAS CITY, KAN. ----- Northbound and southbound Santa Fe Trail Drive from 101st Street to 105th Street will be fully to all traffic for the setting of bridge girders, 24/7 round the clock beginning at 7 p.m. on Monday, June 8 and will reopen to all traffic at 6 a.m. on Wednesday, June 10, weather permitting.
Due to equipment issues the bridge girders can't be unloaded until Tuesday afternoon.
Marked detour will be provided (see detour map above). Santa Fe Trail Drive traffic will detour via 99th Street to Lackman Road to 107th Street.
Advance message boards will alert drivers to the full roadway closure. Traffic will be directed via signage, cones and barricades. Drivers should expect delays and must use alternate routes during the overnight roadway closures.


Brewing Brewery Equipmens through continuous improvement and development, cone fermentation tank fermentation method gradually in the world to promote and use, the current domestic beer production almost all of this fermentation method. Today, Brewery Equipmens Xiaobian and share the Brewery Equipmens conical fermentation tank fermentation abnormal coping strategies.
The main reason is due to improper opening of the cooling jacket, resulting in the upper part of the temperature and process curve deviation, the higher the middle of the tank, causing a strong convection fermentation. In addition, the pressure instability, a sharp rise and fall will also cause fermentation broth.
Solution: check the instrument is normal; strictly control the cooling temperature, to avoid the upper wine temperature is too high; keep the tank pressure and stability.
When the lower temperature of the tank and the process curve deviation of about 2 ℃, will make the temperature of the tank to reach the beer freezing point (-2.3 ℃ - 1.8 ℃), may lead to ice near the cooling zone.
The reasons for icing: instrument failure, improper temperature parameter selection, thermal resistance installation location depth inappropriate, poor instrument accuracy, improper operation and so on.
Solution: check the temperature measurement components and instrument error, in particular, to check whether the leakage of platinum resistance, Brewery Equipmens if the leakage should be baked after the paraffin seal or replacement; select the appropriate temperature measurement point location and thermal resistance insertion depth; strengthen process management, timely discharge of yeast ; Coolant temperature should be controlled at -4 ℃ - 2.5 ℃, can not be used -8 ℃ below the refrigerant liquid.
Reason: When the lower part of the tank temperature and the lower part of the temperature difference of 1.5 ℃ -5 ℃ above, will cause the yeast settlement difficulties and yeast autolysis phenomenon. The temperature of the yeast yeast is too high (16 ℃ -18 ℃), the maintenance time is too long, will also cause yeast autolysis, Brewery Equipmens resulting in yeast flavor, sometimes after the bubble sterilization of beer.
Solution: check the instrument is normal; timely discharge of yeast mud; refrigerant temperature is maintained at -4 ℃, storage period, the middle and lower temperature maintained at -1 ℃ -1 ℃ between.
Reason: the general alcohol in the higher alcohol content of more than 120mg / L, isobutanol more than 10mg / L, isoamyl alcohol content of more than 50mg / L, will cause after drinking "top" phenomenon.
Solution: the use of high alcohol production of low yeast strains; appropriate to increase the amount of yeast to reduce the amount of yeast proliferation, Brewery Equipmens the number of yeast cells to 15 × 106 / ml is appropriate; control for 12 ° P wort α-amino nitrogen Content of 180mg / L ± 200mg / L or so; control wort dissolved oxygen content of 8mg / L-10mg / L; control of the fermentation temperature and tank pressure.


text:
Eileen Munro
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446212677
Subject: Child Protection
LessMore information >
Print ISBN: 9781412911795 |
Online Publication Date: May 31, 2012
Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd |
Print Purchase Options
Series: Sage Course Companions: Knowledge and Skills for Success
Child Protection is part of an exciting new series from SAGE. Developed as accessible reference tools, SAGE Course Companions offer comprehensive introductions to core subjects, encouraging students to extend their understanding of key concepts, issues and debates. Child Protection offers readers an accessible overview of the core themes in child abuse and child protection, helping readers understand both the theory and practice involved in child protection, as well as enhancing their thinking skills in line with course requirements.
Munro, E. (2007). Sage Course Companions: Knowledge and Skills for Success: Child protection London: SAGE Publications Ltd doi: 10.4135/9781446212677
Munro, Eileen. Child Protection. Sage Course Companions: Knowledge and Skills for Success. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2007. doi: 10.4135/9781446212677.
Munro, E 2007, Child protection, Sage course companions: knowledge and skills for success, SAGE Publications Ltd, London, viewed 17 January 2020, doi: 10.4135/9781446212677.
Munro, Eileen. Child Protection. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2007. SAGE Knowledge. Web. Sage Course Companions: Knowledge and Skills for Success. 17 Jan. 2020, doi: 10.4135/9781446212677.
Part 1: Introduction to your Sage Course Companion
Chapter 1.1: The Purpose of Sage Course Companions
Chapter 1.2: Knowing What and Knowing How
Chapter 1.3: A Note on Terminology
Chapter 1.4: Who should Read this Book?
Chapter 1.5: Benchmarks and National Occupational Standards
Chapter 1.6: How does Child Abuse Fit in the Every Child Matters Agenda?
Chapter 1.7: When does Imperfect Parenting Become Abusive?
Chapter 1.8: How to Use the Book
Part 2: Core Areas of the Curriculum
Running Themes in Child Protection Work
Chapter 2.1: The History of Child Abuse
Chapter 2.2: Current Policy
Chapter 2.3: The Legal Framework
Chapter 2.4: Dealing with Uncertainty
Chapter 2.5: Using Research
Chapter 2.6: What is Child Abuse and Neglect?
Chapter 2.7: Who Abuses and Why?
Chapter 2.8: Emotional Abuse
Chapter 2.9: Neglect
Chapter 2.10: Physical Abuse
Chapter 2.11: Sexual Abuse
Chapter 2.12: What can be Done to Make Children Safer?
Part 3: Study, Writing and Revision Skills (in collaboration with David Mcllroy)
Chapter 3.1: General Introduction
Chapter 3.2: How to Get the Most out of your Lectures
Chapter 3.3: How to Make the Most of Seminars
Chapter 3.4: Essay-Writing Tips
Chapter 3.5: Revision Hints and Tips
Chapter 3.6: Exam Tips
Chapter 3.7: Tips on Interpreting Essay and Exam Questions
Part 4: Additional Resources
View Copyright Page
[Page iv]
© Eileen Munro 2007
Reprinted 2008
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.
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Glossary of Key Terms
'Achieving best evidence' Guidance produced by the Crown Prosecution Service on how to prepare and support wit-nesses, including the specific concerns and provisions for children giving evidence in court
Anti-discriminatory practice Recognising the power imbalances in our society and working towards redressing the balance, includes identifying and challenging discriminatory prejudices.
Area Child Protection Committee Now replaced by the Local Safeguarding Children Board, the ACPC was the inter-agency body responsible for co-ordinating child protection services in a local area and developing local inter-agency policies and procedures.
Assessment Framework Underpinning all the assessment forms in children's services, this is an ecological framework for organising information about a child's health and development in three domains: the child's developmental needs, parenting capacity, and family and environmental factors.
'At risk' Traditionally used to refer to a child at risk of abuse but now also used to refer to children at risk of social exclusion or at risk of failing to fulfil their potential
Attachment theory Based on the work of the psychoanalyst John Bowlby, this is a theory of personality devel-opment in which the nature of infants' relationships with their caregivers are considered [Page 165]to shape their future emotional and social competence.
Beckford, Jasmine The 4-year-old girl whose death in 1984 led to an influential inquiry, chaired by Louis Blom-Cooper, that stressed the importance of pri-oritising the safety and welfare of the child over that of the parents
CAMHS Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, a multi-disciplinary team that offers assessment, treatment and support for mental health prob-lems and disorders to children and their families.
Care order Made by a court, after assessing an application by a local authority, that authorises the removal of a child from parental care.
Child Anyone who has not yet reached their eighteenth birthday.
'Child in need' Defined in the Children Act 1989 as a child who is unlikely to achieve or maintain a reasonable standard of health or development without appropriate provision of services from a local authority. The category includes children who are disabled.
Child protection conference A meeting of the relevant professionals plus family members (including the child if appropriate) where information is shared to form an assessment of whether the child is at risk of significant harm and to make plans about how to deal with any risk.
Child protection plan If the decision is made at a child protection con-ference to put a child's name on the register then a child protection plan is drawn up, setting out what needs to be done and by whom to protect the child's safety and welfare.
[Page 166]
Child protection procedures See Working Together to Safeguard Children.
Child protection register Provides a record of every child in an area for whom there are unresolved child protection concerns and who is currently the subject of an inter-agency child protection plan. The decision to place a child's name on the register is usually made at a child protection conference.
Children's Commissioner Each country in the UK appoints a Children's Commissioner to ensure that the views and interests of children are heard and acted upon at a national level. Their legal authority varies slightly between the countries.
Children's Trust The Children Act 2004 established Children's Trusts as the required organisational structure to bring together all services for children and young people in an area. As a key element in the drive to develop preventive services, Children's Trusts will seek to change the behaviour of those who work every day with children and families, so that those children and families experience more integrated and responsive services, where specialist support is embedded in and accessed through universal services.
Climbie, Victoria Her death in 2000 led to the first major inquiry for some years. Chaired by Lord Laming, the findings of the inquiry on poor accountability and co-ordination of agencies fed into the government's change agenda for children's services.
Colwell, Maria The subject of the first major child abuse inquiry in 1974. The findings of that inquiry led to the establishment of the basic framework of the child protection services that we have today.
Common Assessment Framework A multi-agency framework for assessment, to facilitate good identification of children's needs [Page 167]and referral to the appropriate agencies. It should also promote the development of a common language and improve the sharing of information between agencies. It is being trialled in 12 areas during 2005/6 and should be adopted throughout England by the end of 2008.
Common Core of Skills and Knowledge A curriculum setting out the basic skills and knowledge needed by people (including volun-teers) whose work brings them into regular contact with children, young people and families. It will help multi-disciplinary teams to work together more effectively in the interests of the child.
Core assessment In-depth assessment which addresses the central or most important aspects of the needs of a child and the capacity of his or her parents or caregivers to respond appropriately to these needs within the wider family and community context. A core assessment should be com-pleted within 35 working days of the completion of the initial assessment, or the decision being made to initiate section 47 inquiries, or new information received on an open case indicating that a core assessment should be done. In the circumstances in which the core assessment process must address child protection issues, it must include section 47 inquiries.
Domestic violence Violence between partners, mainly — but by no means always — male violence to women. It includes both physical and psychological abuse and can have a corrosive impact on the victim's self-esteem, making it hard for him/her to deal with it constructively.
Ecology The study of the interrelationships between organisms and their environments. The Assessment Framework adopts an ecological approach to understanding a child's health and development.
Emergency Protection Order Made by a court when there is a need for urgent action to protect a child.
Every Child Matters The name of the 2003 Green Paper setting out the government's vision for children and now also commonly used to refer to the ensuing policy changes, in which the development of early recognition and response to problems is a key goal in helping all children to fulfil their potential.
Fabricated or Induced Illness Where a parent makes up or causes symptoms in a child in order to gain medical attention.
Family Group Conference A meeting of family members with professionals where the family is the primary planning group in deciding how to meet the child's needs.
Genogram A diagrammatic way of describing the structure of a family, illustrating the different relationships between members.
Information Sharing Index A database containing basic details of all children in England (e.g. name, address, age), plus the name and contact details of agencies to whom they are known. Practitioners can enter an 'indication' to show that they have information to share, have carried out an assessment, or are taking action.
Initial assessment A brief assessment of each child referred to local authority children's social care where it is necessary to determine whether the child is in need, the nature of the services required, and whether a further, more detailed, core assessment should be done.
Integrated Children's System An electronic case-management system for social care that is being implemented from 2006 onwards.
LAC system Looked After Children forms to use with children who are looked after by the local authority to help assess, plan and monitor their development. They were developed in response to the recognition of the poor outcomes so many looked after children had.
Lead professional The person who takes the lead in coordinating the contribution of various agencies to meet the needs of a child. Provides a single point of contact for the child and family.
Local Safeguarding Children Boards Established in the Children Act 2004, they replace the Area Child Protection Committee with statutory bodies, with representatives of the key agencies in children's services, such as social care, health, education, police. The objective of LSCBs is to co-ordinate, and to ensure the effectiveness of, their member agencies in safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children.
'Looked after child' A child in the care of the local authority.
Memorandum of Good Practice Now replaced by the guidance 'Achieving Best Evidence' (2001), the memorandum provided guidance on conducting video interviews with children, including how to confine their answers to comply with the law of evidence.
Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA) A national framework for the assessment and management of risk posed by serious and violent offenders.
'No order' principle The principle in the Children Act 1989 that the court should only make an order when essential.
Parenting capacity One of the three dimensions of a child's health and development assessed in the Assessment Framework.
Partnership with parents The principle in the Children Act 1989 that, where possible, professionals should work in partnership with parents to help them bring up their children, using more coercive methods as little as possible.
Police protection power Under Section 46 of the Children Act 1989, a police officer who has reasonable cause to believe that a child is at risk of significant harm can remove the child, or ensure the child cannot be removed from a safe place such as a hospital.
Rights of children See United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Risk assessment Estimating the likelihood of adverse outcomes for a child.
Risk management Deciding what to do to minimise the assessed risk.
Safeguarding children The broad aim of children's services not only to protect from harm but to promote the welfare of all children so that they are helped to fulfil their potential.
Section 17 The section of the Children Act 1989 that sets out local authorities' duty to help children in need.
Section 47 The section of the Children Act 1989 that gives local authorities the statutory duty to investigate wherever it has reasonable cause to suspect that a child who lives, or is found, in their area is suffering, or is likely to suffer, significant harm.
Serious case review Carried out by the Local Safeguarding Children Board when a child dies, and abuse or neglect [Page 171]is known or suspected to be a factor in the death. It should consider the involvement of the child and family with local agencies and con-duct a review if there is cause for concern about the work done to establish whether there are lessons to be learned.
Significant harm A key concept in the Children Act 1989 that acts as the threshold for a Section 47 inquiry and for considering the use of coercive measures if necessary.
Strategy discussion Discussion held between relevant professionals about a referral to decide whether a Section 47 inquiry needs to be done.
Supervision order An order made by a court with the same threshold criteria as a care order but conferring the duty on the supervisor to 'advise, assist and befriend' the supervised child.
Trafficking children Crimes including the exploitation of children through force, coercion, threat and the use of deception. The exploitation may be sexual or involve labour exploitation.
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child Built on varied legal systems and cultural traditions, the CRC is a universally agreed set of non-negotiable standards and obligations. These basic standards — also called human rights — set minimum entitlements and freedoms that should be respected by governments. See http://www.unicef.org/crc/ for more details.
Working Together to Safeguard Children Guidance produced by government on how agencies should work together to protect children and promote their welfare. It is the key document in child protection services and its contents should be well known by all practitioners.
Scottish Legal Framework
Scotland has its own policy and legislation on social care and a system of Children's Hearings for making legal decisions about children. The Children (Scotland) Act 1995 is the key piece of legislation. Centred on the needs of children and their families, it defines both parental responsibilities and rights in relation to children. It sets out the duties and powers available to public authorities to support children and their families and to intervene when the child's welfare requires it. It embodies key principles which are consistent with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Fundamentally, the act is founded on the principles that:
Each child has a right to be treated as an individual.
Each child who can form a view on matters affecting him or her has the right to express those views if he or she so wishes.
Parents should normally be responsible for the upbringing of their children and should share that responsibility.
Each child has the right to protection from all forms of abuse, neglect or exploitation.
In decisions relating to protection of a child every effort should be made to keep the child in the family home.
Any intervention by a public authority in the life of a child should be properly justified and should be supported by services from all relevant agencies working in collaboration.
The Act is divided into four main parts:
Part I deals with the responsibilities and rights of parents and guardians towards children and decisions about family matters.
Part II deals with the promotion of children's welfare by public authorities such as local authorities, and the operation of the Children's Hearings System.
Part III makes amendments to the law on adoption of children.
Part IV makes general and supplemental provision in relation to the Act.
Part I of the Children (Scotland) Act introduces a statement of parental responsibilities and rights, and outlines the court orders which may be made when parents separate and divorce.
Section 1 of the Act provides that a child's parents have four main responsibilities toward the child. These are:
To safeguard and promote the child's health, development and welfare until the child reaches the age of 16.
To provide direction until the child reaches 16 and to provide guidance until the child reaches 18.
To maintain regular contact with the child until he or she is 16.
To act as legal representative until the child is 16.
Where there is a breach of these responsibilities a child, or their representative, will be entitled to sue. Parents, however, must comply with these responsibilities only in so far as it is 'practicable' to do so and in the 'interests of the child'.
Section 2 of the Act provides parents four main rights in order to allow them to fulfil these responsibilities. These are as follows:
To regulate the under-16 child's residence.
To direct and guide the child's upbringing.
To maintain contact.
To act as legal representative.
Part II of the Act introduces significant changes in provisions for the protection of children at risk. The Act introduces three new court orders designed to protect children from harm or the risk of harm.
Child Protection Order
The Child Protection Order replaces the existing provisions governing the removal of children from home where they are in danger. The Act allows anyone to apply to a sheriff for a Child Protection Order, and the sheriff may make such an order if he is satisfied that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the child
is suffering significant harm because of ill-treatment or neglect;
will suffer such harm if he or she is not removed to, or allowed to remain in, a place of safety.
The Child Protection Order is focused firmly on the individual needs of the child. Subject to any conditions imposed by the sheriff, it may
require any person in a position to do so to produce the child;
authorise the child's removal to a place of safety; or
authorise the prevention of the child's removal where he is already in a place of safety.
Parents and the child will have an early opportunity to have the order set aside or varied by the Exclusion Order.
The Exclusion Order is an innovative measure, designed to reduce disruption and distress to children who may already have suffered physical or mental abuse. It can be obtained from the sheriff on broadly the same criteria as for a Child Protection Order. If granted, the order would require the person to whom the harm (or potential harm) is attributed to leave the family home or not to visit it, if he lives elsewhere. This is an alternative to removing the child from the security of his or her home under a Child Protection Order. Exclusion may take place at once but, as in the case of a Child Protection Order, provision is made for early review of the order by a sheriff.
Child Assessment Order
If there is good reason to suspect that a child may be suffering harm and parents refuse to allow the child to be seen in order to resolve those suspicions, a sheriff can make a Child Assessment Order, which gives the local authority a legal right to see and assess the child, or arrange for the child to be assessed by other professionals, such as a doctor or psychiatrist. The order may last for up to seven days and will not normally require the child's removal from his or her family home unless there is clear evidence that this is necessary. Such an application has to be determined within three working days.
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Aldridge, M. and Wood, J. (1998) Interviewing Children: a guide for child care and forensic practitioners, Chichester: Wiley.
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Bandura, A. (1971) Social Learning Theory, Morristown, NJ: General Learning.
Barbaree, H., Marshall, W. and Hudson, S. (eds) (1993) The Juvenile Sex Offender, New York: Guilford Press.
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Birchall, E. and Hallett, C. (1995) Working Together in Child Protection, London: HMSO.
Birmingham City Council (1980) Report of the Director of Social Services to the Social Services Committee, Birmingham: Birmingham City Council.
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Assessing Allegations of Sexual Abuse in Preschool Children: Understanding Small Voices
Assessing and Treating Physically Abused Children and Their Families: A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach
Child Abuse: New Directions in Prevention and Treatment across the Lifespan
Childhood Sexual Abuse: An Evidence Based Perspective
Getting Ready for Court: Civil Court Edition: A Book for Children
Getting Ready for Court: Criminal Court Edition: A Book for Children
Group Work with Sexually Abused Children: A Practitioner's Guide
abuse and neglect,
child abuse,
child protection,
emotional abuse,