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Digital Alabama (https://digitalalabama.com/alabama-native-american-tribes/cherokee-indian-tribe-of-alabama/5575)
CHEROKEE INDIAN TRIBE OF ALABAMA
By Staff | February 26, 2019
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Cherokee Indians of Alabama
Cherokee Indian Bands
Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama
Cherokee Indian Clans:
Wolf Clan
Paint Clan
Deer Clan
Bird Clan
Wild Potato Clan
Long Hair Clan
Blue Clan
Cherokee Indian Communities:
Crow Town
Turkey Town
Wills Town
Sauta
Brooms Town
Creek Path at Gunter's Landing
Cherokee Ancestry Research
Of the Cherokee, Albert James Picket wrote:
The Cherokees were of middle stature, and of an olive color, but were generally painted, while their skins were stained with indelible ink, representing a variety of pretty figures. According to Bartram, the males were larger and more robust than any others of our natives, while the women were tall, slender, erect, and of delicate frame, with features of perfect symmetry. With cheerful countenances, they moved about with becoming grace and dignity. Their feet and hands were small and exquisitely shaped. The hair of the male was shaved, except a patch on the back part of the head, which was ornamented with beads and feathers, or with a colored deer's tail. Their ears were slit and stretched to an enormous size, causing the persons who had the cutting performed to undergo incredible pain. They slit but one ear at a time, because the patient had to lie on one side forty days for it to heal. As soon as he could bear the operation, wire was wound around them to expand them, and when they were entirely well they were adorned with silver pendants and rings.
Many of them had genius, and spoke well, which paved the way to power in council. Their language was pleasant. It was very spirited, and the accents so many and various that one would often imagine them singing in their common discourse.
They had a particular method of relieving the poor, which ought to be ranked among the most laudable of their religious ceremonies. The head men issued orders for a war dance, at which all the fighting men of the town assembled. But here, contrary to all their other dances, only one danced at a time, who, with a tomahawk in his hand, hopped and capered for a minute, and then gave a whoop. The music then stopped till he related the manner of his taking his first scalp. He concluded his narration, and cast a string of wampum, wire, plate, paint, lead, or anything he could spare upon a large bearskin spread for the purpose. Then the music again began, and he continued in the same manner through all his warlike actions. Then another succeeded him, and the ceremony lasted until all the warriors had related their exploits and thrown presents upon the skin. The stock thus raised, after paying the musicians, was divided among the poor. The same ceremony was used to recompense any extraordinary merit.
The Cherokees engaged oftener in dancing than any other Indian population; and when reposing in their towns, almost every night was spent in this agreeable amusement. They were likewise very dexterous at pantomimes. In one of these, two men dressed themselves in bear-skins, and came among the assembly, winding and pawing about with all the motions of that animal. Two hunters next entered, who, in dumb show, acted in all respects as if they had been in the woods. After many attempts to shoot the bears, the hunters fired, and one of them was killed and the other wounded. They attempted to cut the throat of the latter. A tremendous scuffle ensued between the wounded bruin and the hunters, affording the whole company a great deal of diversion. They also had other amusing pantomimic entertainments, among which was "taking the pigeons at roost."
Native American Tribes Of Alabama Index
While the Indian Removal Act made the move of the tribes voluntary, it was often abused by government officials. The best-known example is the Treaty of New Echota. It was negotiated and signed by a small faction of Cherokee tribal members, not the tribal leadership, on December 29, 1835. It resulted in the forced relocation of the tribe in 1838. An estimated 4,000 Cherokee died in the march, now known as the Trail of Tears.
Missionary organizer Jeremiah Evarts urged the Cherokee Nation to take their case to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Marshall court ruled that while Native American tribes were sovereign nations (Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 1831), state laws had no force on tribal lands (Worcester v. Georgia, 1832).
In spite of this acculturation, many white settlers and land speculators simply desired Indian lands. Some claimed that Indian presence was a threat to peace and security; some U.S. states, like Georgia, passed laws that prohibited whites from living on Native American territory without a license from the state (e.g., an 1830 Georgia law, taking effect March 31, 1831). The Georgia law has been described as being written to justify removing white missionaries who were helping the Native Americans resist removal.
The Indian Removal Act resulted in the transplantation of several Native American tribes and the Trail of Tears.
The Cherokee Indians have had continuing dealings with the U.S. Government since the 1700's through treaties, legislation, and the courts. There are probably more federal records concerning the Cherokees than any other tribe. During the 1830's and 1840's, the period covered by the Indian Removal Act, many Indians were forced to remove to what is now Oklahoma. A small number of Indians remained in the southeast and gathered in the North Carolina area where they purchased land and continued to live on the Quala Boundary. Many went into the Appalachian Mountains to escape the removal.
By 1800 many Cherokees lived on dispersed farmsteads in northeast Alabama. They established communities at:
Crow Town (trans, of Kâgûnyĭ, 'crow place', from kâgû 'crow', yĭ 'locative'). A former Cherokee town on the left bank of Tennessee r., near the mouth of Raccoon cr., Cherokee co., N. E. Ala. It was one of the so-called "five lower towns" built by those Cherokee, called Chickamauga, who were hostile to the American cause during the Revolutionary period, and whose settlements farther up the river had been destroyed by Sevier and Campbell in 1782. The population of Crow Town and the other lower settlements was augmented by Creeks, Shawnee, and white Tories until it reached a thousand warriors. The towns were destroyed in 1794. See Mooney in 19th Rep. B. A. E., 54, 1900.
The Cherokees Are Coming
The Native American settlement of Turkeytown (Cherokee: "Gun'-di'ga-duhun'yi"), sometimes called "Turkey's Town", was named after the original founder of the settlement, the Chickamauga Cherokee chief, Little Turkey. Turkeytown was settled in 1788. The town was established by Little Turkey during the Cherokee–American wars as a refuge for him and his people from the hostilities then being engaged in between the Cherokee and the American frontiersmen.
At one point in history, this seemingly inconspicuous village stretched for approximately 25 miles along both banks of the Coosa River, and became the largest of the contemporary Cherokee towns.
Map of Alabama during the War of 1812. Fort Armstrong and Turkeytown are located in the upper right.
The American community of Turkey Town developed around the Cherokee town Turkeytown. A post office called Turkey Town was established in 1828, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1861. The community was named after the village, which was named in honor of the Cherokee chief Little Turkey.
Turkeytown was the original site of the US military outpost of Fort Armstrong (later titled Fort Lovell) established in December of the year 1813 as an ongoing protection for the area, and originally garrisoned entirely by Cherokee soldiers.
An interesting story, "Fort Turkeytown location remains an Etowah mystery."
Willstown (sometimes Wattstown or Titsohili) was an important Cherokee town located in the southwesternmost part of the Cherokee Nation (in present-day DeKalb and Etowah counties in Alabama) prior to the Indian removal. It was commonly called "Willstown" after its headman, a red-headed man of mixed-race named Will Weber (also known as "RedHead Chief Will"), who was famous for his mane of thick red hair.
The town, which had sometimes also been called Wattstown because Chickamauga leader, John Watts, had used it as his headquarters, was founded during the Cherokee–American wars, and served as the council seat of the Lower Cherokee well into the 19th century. According to Major John Norton, a more accurate transliteration would have been Titsohili. He had stayed at Willstown several times.
Willstown was part of the Native American trade network in the region. The settlement of Willstown began at the southernmost perimeter of Lookout Mountain near the banks of Lookout or Little Wills Creek. Willstown sat in the present right-of-way of the Great Southern Railroad; bordered to the northwest by an ancient Indian trade path or trail. Willstown was one major trade center along the trade path. The trail, which coincides with the current route of US Highway Eleven since the 1920s, ran through what is now Attalla, Alabama, and continued north along the edge of the mountains through what is now Reece City, Crudup, Keener, Collinsville, Killian, and Fort Payne into Valley Head and the old mining settlement of Battelle.
There are three known Indian trading sites along the stretch between Attalla and Collinsville, as well as numerous burial sites, home-sites and remnants of farms.
Wikipedia contributors, "Willstown (Cherokee town)," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willstown_(Cherokee_town)&oldid=823524572 (accessed June 3, 2018).
Cherokee Ancestry falls into three main groups:
1) Persons listed on the final roll of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma that were closed in 1907 and their descendants.
2) Persons enrolled as members of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians of North Carolina and their descendants, Baker Roll.
3) Other persons of Cherokee Indian ancestry.
From the formation of the Alabama territory in 1817 until around 1830, Native American tribes retained possession of signification portions of land in Alabama. This map shows the counties and Indian territory as it existed in 1830.
The first groups were those Cherokees who went West and formally organized as the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. After about a half-century of self-government, a law enacted by Congress in 1906 directed that a final roll be made and each enrollee be given an allotment of land or be paid cash. After that date no names could be added to the final rolls. The 1906 enrollment records are kept by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
By 1832, more land had been ceded to the state and new counties formed, particularly along the eastern border of the state.
The second group, or Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians of North Carolina, are formally organized and have their own requirements for member ship.
Information about the Indian ancestry of persons in the third group of Cherokees is the most difficult to locate. Some of these Indians did not sign up when necessary. The information for this group is best found by using the same methods as used in compiling ancestries of non-Indians. The claims that were filed in 1906 and were rejected provide the same good source of information that is helpful in tracing Indian ancestry.
1. The different Census Rolls are given control numbers by the National Archives so they may be ordered, such as M-1234. The rolls are usually named for the person taking the census. Each roll pertains to a particular year so it is important to select the year that applies to the individual whom you are looking to find. I usually like to start with the Guion Miller Roll. The claims had to be on file by August 31, 1907. In 1909 Miller stated that 45,847 separate applications had been filed representing a total of about 90,000 individuals; 3436 resided east, and 27,384 were residing West of the Mississippi.
The Eastern Cherokee Claims, also known as the Miller Roll is an excellent source of information. Microfilm M-65 lists the persons name and whether their claim was accepted or rejected, and where they were living at the time they filed the application. Roll 1 is the index. These rolls list their ancestors, as far back as four to six generations, or before 1835. They were taken in 1906 when Cherokees lived all over the United States. They were trying to prove they or their ancestors lived in the Cherokee Nation East in 1835. At that time the Cherokee Nation was Comprised of all or part of the following counties of these states:
Alabama: Blount, Calhoun, Cherokee, Cleburne, Dekalb, Etowah, Jackson, and Marshall County.
1924 BAKER ROLL (East) – The Baker Roll has names, addresses, age, and relationship to the head of household. There were some who were added to the roll by the Indian Office in 1931.
1896 CENSUS (West) – The census takers were cautious to be sure before enrolling anyone as a citizen. Oftentimes they had to swear someone in, and question their information if doubtful. They were to mark Citizen, Shawnee, Delaware, or Freedmen. If in doubt they could contact the 1880 Census with regard to age and name. The census roll gives the name, age, sex, how far they live from the precinct, the degree of blood, and remarks. If they were white they were requested to give which state they were born in.
1896 PAYMENT ROLL (West) – This roll is a record of payment to those whose names appeared on the 1851 Old Settlers list. These were people who went west before the Treaty of 1835. It lists their name, place of residence, age, and the amount of money they received. If the person was deceased, it names the heirs of the individual that received the money.
CHEROKEE CENSUS OF 1880 (West) – This census consists of six schedules for each of the nine Cherokee Districts: Canadian, Cooweescoowee, Delaware, Flint, Going Snake, Illinoise, Saline, Sequoyah, and Tahlequah. Schedule 3 for the Cooweescoowee is incomplete. Information listed on the schedules include the names of persons, their age, sex, nativity, marital status, and occupation. Family relationships are given in the remarks column. The 1880 Census was used as a basis for payment of $16.55 for breadstuff.
1884 HESTER ROLL (East) – Begun in 1882 by Joseph G. Hester this roll is a census of the Eastern Cherokee. It was completed and submitted to the Secretary of the Interior in 1884. There are 2,956 people listed on this roll. The Hester Roll gives the persons, place of residence, city or county, state, previous ancestors who may have been on the roll, their Hester Roll number, and their Chapman, Siler, Swetland, and Mullay Roll number if they have one. The Hester Roll is indexed.
1851 DRENNEN ROLL (West) – This roll contains the names of people that went to Oklahoma after 1835. The roll was taken by John Drennen. The people on this roll were sometimes referred to as Immigrant Cherokees. They lived along the boundaries of Oklahoma.
1851 SILER ROLL (East) – This roll was taken by David W. Siler in accordance with instructions from the Bureau of Indian Affairs. This roll was taken to provide a basis for distributing money due to members of the tribe under the treaty of 1835. The roll is arranged by county and state. It provides information on the roll number, name, age, sex, and race. There were 88 names added to the Siler Roll in 1854 by an Act of Congress. There were 370 families on the Siler Roll.
1852 CHAPMAN ROLL OF EASTERN CHEROKEES – This roll is a receipt roll for a per capita payment made to the Eastern Cherokees listed on the Siler Roll. Alfred Chapman disbursed the money. The numbers correspond exactly to the Siler Roll Through number 883. The roll contains the names of the individuals paid, their age, And their relationship to the head of household. It also lists the total amount paid to The head of household or their authorized representative, the date of payment and the witness to the payment.
1848 MULLAY ROLL (East) – The Mullay Roll was taken in 1848 by Special Agent J. C. Mullay authorized by an act of Congress. He was to list the names of the Cherokee Indians who remained East of the Mississippi River after the majority of the tribes moved west under the unhonored Treaty 1835. The Secretary of the Treasury was authorized to set aside $53.00 for each individual wishing to migrate to Indian Territory. The enrollment number lists the names numerically. The remarks column tells their age and relationship to others on the roll. There are approximately 1532 names on the Mullay Roll. The Mullay Roll is not indexed.
1835 HENDERSON ROLL – Daniel Henderson took this census in 1835. It is an accounting to Cherokee Indians and mixed bloods that were living in these states: Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, and North Carolina. The roll lists many categories. The Most significant are:
*Residence by county and state.
*Male's ages listed as either under or over 18.
*Female ages listed as either under or over 16.
*How many whites were in each household by marriage.
There is a complete alphabetical index for this roll.
1817-1819 RESERVATIONS – The Treaty of 1817 gave every head of any Indian family residing on the east side of the Mississippi 640 acres of land that by treaty was surrendered to the United States. If any of the heads of families for whom the reservation should be made, should be removed from there, their right were to revert to the United States, and it stipulated that a census of those desiring reservations and consequently citizenship was to be taken and filed in the office of the Cherokee agency. Some reservations were given Life and were given Fee Simple. Twenty-Three were given in Georgia. 2. The Dawes Roll of 1906 is another good source of information. In the following paragraph my grandfather is used as an example.
FINAL ROLL (T-529) – In 1898 by an Act of Congress a commission was established to negotiate agreements with the Five Civilized Tribes: the Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks and Seminoles. This was to provide for the dissolution to the tribal governments and the allotment of land to each tribal member. The Commission received applications for membership from more than 250,000 people of which more than 101,000 were enrolled. The tribal membership rolls were closed in 1907. Congressional Act enrolled an additional 312 persons in 1914.
The card census number refers to a Census Card. The information given for each applicant includes name, roll number, age, sex, degree of Indian blood, and their relationship to the head of the household. There are approved, rejected, and doubtful cards.
Check the index, (Roll 1), for the person your are looking for. As an example, we will use my grandfather William Coats. William Coats number is 28090. After you get the number, continue past the index, and you will come to the information about the person. When the number is found, in this case 28090 it lists William Coats, 42, m, ¼, Card Census 4173. Copy the card census number and go to the Enrollment Card Census Roll, (M-1186). There are 93 rolls 1-23 are Cherokees by blood and Cherokee by marriage, rolls 24-38 are Cherokee freedmen, rolls 39-66 are Choctaws, rolls 67-76 are Chickasaws, rolls 77-91 are Creeks, and 92-93 are Seminoles. You will find that number 4172 is on reel 6. This microfilm document copy will look like page number 27 in this newsletter. The number 4173 is in the upper right of the card. The Car Census is a most valuable source of information. It lists the person, their wife and children, their mother and father, as well as what page number they can be found on the 1880 and 1896 census rolls. Each relatives Dawes Roll number is given, along with the Tribal Enrollment year, district, and district number.
3. Other relevant rolls such as the 1986 Census, 1880 Census, 1851 Census, and 1835 Census Rolls are explained in more detail in following sections.
4. Another good source is the book left to the Cherokee people by Emett Starr, History of the Cherokee Indians. Most libraries have this book. Not enough can be said in appreciation for Dr. Emett Starr (1870-1930); for his devotion, from what he left his people. In my opinion, he deserves as much recognition as Sequoyah. Without his book it would be almost impossible to go beyond 1835. He gives a good history in the front of his book, and then the genealogy of the old families. The Eastern Cherokee Claims can be used to connect up with the History of the Cherokee Indians. The claim show on page 28 of the newsletter corresponds with page 311 in Dr. Starrs book, which allowed me to trace my line back to 1726. Emett Starr's notes are in the Oklahoma Historical Room, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
5. Microfilm number M-208 (Cherokee Agency in Tennessee) – These are the earliest records available at National Archives. This covers the period 1801-1835.
6. Microfilm number M-234 – These are a lot of letters written to the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
7. American State Papers are another excellent source of information. I was able to find a letter written about Samuel Martin in theses. Indian Affairs volume 1 & 2. There are some records in most courthouses in counties where the Indians lived mainly in Tennessee, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Alabama.
8. The Tennessee State Archives has many records that Penelope Allen bought from John Ross's grandson, William Ross. They are available for research.
9. Moravian Mission Records – Early missionaries established a mission among the Cherokees in 1817
So You Have An Ancestor Who Was A Cherokee
Frequently, people are discovering their Cherokee ancestry. Many times, our elders have not passed this information along, and it is only as they are passing to the next world do they talk about their parents and grandparents– their roots.
In the early part of this century, there were many reasons for leaving your Native ancestry unclaimed. In those days a "guardian" was assigned to full-blooded Native Americans to manage their affairs. Many times the "guardian" benefited more than the Indian did. Voting was a privilege denied Native Americans and women until 1924. Women were discouraged from registering by their Anglo husbands, especially if they were living outside the Indian Territory. Probably the most fearful reason was the removal of the Native Americans to Oklahoma Territory. The reasons varied, yet all had merit to the Native American at that time in history.
In 1976, Cherokee voters ratified a new Cherokee Constitution, which changed the ways of measuring tribal membership. At that time, it was determined that anyone who could trace direct descent from the Dawes Rolls, a census taken between 1902-1907, could become a registered citizen of the Cherokee Nation. There are now over 165,00 registered Cherokee citizens.
It does not matter if you are rediscovering your ancestry, or fulfilling a long-time wish of "getting registered." It is important that you do something now.
Finding Your Cherokee Ancestor
I. Did your ancestor reside in the North Carolina /Tennessee area?
A. If yes, is his/her name on any roll in Cherokee Roots by Bob Blankenship?
1. If yes, contact the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, PO Box 455, Cherokee NC 28719
B. If no, are they on the Guion Miller general index (m-1104, roll)?
1. If yes, follow references from Miller records on M-685 to Drennen or Chapman Rolls (M-685, Roll 12)
2. If no, they are on the "Intruder" lists? (7RA-53 and 7RA-55)
a. If yes, they were not recognized as Cherokee citizens.
b. If no, check the 1896 Old Settler Payment Roll (T-985)
1. If yes, check Old Settler roll of 1851 (M-685, roll 12)
a. Check History of the Cherokee Indians by Emmet Starr
2. If no, your ancestor may be Cherokee but it is unlikely they are on any roll.
II. Did your ancestors live in Oklahoma between 1893 and 1906?
A. If yes, are they on the Dawes Rolls? (Microfiche M-1186, roll 1)
1. If not on the Dawes Rolls, are they on the Guion Miller general index (M-1104, roll)?
a. If yes, follow references from Miller records on M-685 to Drennen or Chapman Rolls (M-685, Roll 12). You can get a copy of someone's application by sending the application number to: National Archives (NNFJ), Washington, D.C., 20408
b. If no, are they on the "intruder " lists? (7RA-53 and 7RA-55).
1. If yes, they were not recognized as Cherokee citizens. 2. If no, check the 1896 Old Settler Payment Roll (T-985).
a. If yes, check Old Settler Roll of 1851 (M-685, roll 12).
1. Check History of the Cherokee Indians, by Emmet Starr.
b. If no, your ancestor may be Cherokee but it is unlikely they are on any Roll.
2. If yes, (they were listed on the Dawes Rolls) note their enrollment number and category and find their enrollment card on M-1186.
3. Then use the information on enrollment card to search earlier rolls such as 1896 Census (7RA-19) and 1880 Census (7RA-07).
4. Then check M-1301 for enrollment packet.
5. Is this a direct ancestor?
6. If yes, you maybe eligible for registration. Contact Cherokee Nation, Tribal Registrar, P.O. Box 948, Tahlequah, OK 74465-0948 (918) 456-0671 or Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, P.O. Box 481, Cherokee, NC 28719 (704) 497-5601/5112 or United Keetoowah Cherokee Council, P.O. Box 1329, Tahlequah, OK 74464 (918) 234-3434.
7. Other resources include National Archives and Records, General Services Administration, Washington, D.C. 20408, National Archives (Southeast Region), 1557 Saint Joseph Street, East Point, GA 30344 and The Church of Jesus of Latter Saints, 50 East North Temple Street, Salt Lake City, UT 84150


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Brian Godfrey's interests center on urban and regional change. Brian studies global cities, place-making and public space, race and ethnic geography, memory and heritage, urban political ecology, and global urbanization. Favoring the analytical lens of historical geography, he asks how and why social, spatial, and environmental patterns change over time. For example, what are the causes and consequences of urban redevelopment, immigration, gentrification, historic preservation, ecological restoration, and so on? His scholarship focuses largely on the Americas—particularly the United States, Latin America, and Brazil—while his teaching covers global issues.
2006. Cidades da Floresta: Urbanização, Desenvolvimento, e Globalização da Amazônia Brasileira. Manaus: Editora da Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 384 p. (ISBN 85-7401-183-5; with J.Browder).
1997. Rainforest Cities: Urbanization, Development, and Globalization of the Brazilian Amazon. New York: Columbia University Press, 429 p. (with J.Browder; ISBN 0-231-10654-8 cloth; ISBN 0-231-10655-6 pbk).
1988. Neighborhoods in Transition: The Making of San Francisco's Ethnic and Nonconformist Communities. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 233 p. (ISBN 0-520-09718-1).
2019. "Brazil and Latin America." Global Regions: World Regional Geography for a Globalizing World, ed. John Agnew, Open Textbook (Creative Commons Licensing), University of Wisconsin-Madison (forthcoming).
2018. "Remembering Rio: From the Imperial Palace to the African Heritage Circuit." The City as Power: Urban Space, Place, and National Identity, eds. A. Diener and J. Hagan, Rowman & Littlefield, 105-120.
2016. "Cities of South America." Cities of the World: Regional Patterns and Urban Environments (6th edition), Roman and Littlefield: 137-186 (with Maureen Hays-Mitchell).
2016. "New Ethnic Landscapes: Place-Making in Urban America." Contemporary Ethnic Geographies of America, Roman & Littlefield: 59-89.
2013. "Favelas, Urban Renewal, and Guanabara Bay: Environmental Justice and Sustainability in Rio de Janeiro." Sustainability: A Global Urban Context, Michigan State Univ. Press: 359-388.
2012. "Envisioning Amazonian Frontiers: Place-making in a Brazilian Boomtown." Journal of Cultural Geography 29, 2: 215-238 (with Sam Thypin-Bermeo).
2012. "Regulating Public Space on the Beachfronts of Rio de Janeiro." Geographical Review 102, 1: 17-34 (with Olivia M. Arguinzoni).
2018. "Counter-Memory, Race, and Memorialization: African Heritage Sites in New York and Rio de Janeiro." Paper presented at the Brazilian Studies Association (BRASA), July 25, 2018.
2018. "Contested Understandings of the World's Largest Urban Forest." Paper presented a session on "Trees in the City: Socio-Ecological Interactions in the Urban Forest" at the Association of American Geographers, New Orleans, LA, April 12, 2018.
2017. "Rio's African Heritage Circuit: Counter-Memory, Race, and Social Justice." Paper presented in a session on "Race, Place and Violence: Historical and Contemporary Issues" at the Association of American Geographers, Boston, MA, April 7, 2017.
2016. "Olympic City: Legacies of Athletic Mega-Events in Rio de Janeiro." Lecture at Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, October 16, 2016.
2016. "Brazil in Crisis: What is Really Going on?" Lecture for the Center For Lifetime Learning, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, New York, Sept. 14, 2016.
2014. "Remembering Rio: Historic Place-Making, Memory Brokers, and Brazilian Nationalism." Paper presented in a session on "Narrating the Nation through Urban Space" at the Association of American Geographers, Tampa, April 9.
2013. "Defensive Ethnic and Immigrant Communities: Responses to Urban Change In San Francisco, New York, and Beyond." Co-organizer of a panel at the Urban Affairs Association, San Francisco, April 5.
Brian Godfrey was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, where his parents taught at the Punahou School. After his family moved back to the US mainland, he grew up and completed his schooling in California. Brian received his BA in History from Pomona College in Claremont, before proceeding to get his MA and PhD in Geography, with City & Regional Planning as his outside field, from the University of California, Berkeley. He has enjoyed teaching at Vassar and living in the Hudson Valley and New York City for more than three decades now.
He regularly teaches "Global Geography: People, Places, and Regions" (GEOG 102); "Brazil in Crisis: Continuity and Change" (GEOG/INTL/LALS 242); "Urban Geography: Space, Place, and Environment" (GEOG/URBS 252); and "Developing Cities: Urbanization of the Global South" (GEOG/INTL/URBS 252). Recent seminars have included "Global Ghetto: Ethnic Geographies of Divided Cities" (URBS 303); "Greening the City: Urban Landscapes and Public Spaces" (URBS 303); and "Preserving Whose City? Memory and Identity" (GEOG/URBS 372). Besides Geography, Brian also teaches Environmental Studies, Latin American & Latino/a Studies, and Urban Studies.


text:
Q: 'How dared you?' versus 'How dare you?' A book I'm reading has this sentence in it:
"How dared you go and see her without me?"
Is the usage of the past tense 'dared' here grammatically wrong or just odd given the established phrase "How dare you?"

A: This seems to be a quote from Robert Gilbraith's The Cuckoo's Calling.
In the original, the 'dared's are italicised for emphasis. They refer to an event in the past. The question is repeated in shorter form immediately after, for emphasis.
If you flip the question to a statement, you'll see that, although unconventional, it's a reasonable and grammatical construction:

You dared go and see her without me.

So, I can't see a problem with it in context. You could argue it adds to the drama.

A: "dare" can be used as a modal: "How dare you go there alone?" (compare with "how can you go there alone?") - "go" is the main verb
"How dared you go and see her without me?" is simply the simple past version (compare with "how could you go and see her without me?")

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Found this homemade documentary on Ghost Shrimp.
Ghost shrimp are also known as glass shrimp.
Ghost shrimp are cool. They were the first kind of shrimp I ever got, and they're awfully cheap. My turtles absolutely loved them!!
Their bodies are different in shape from red cherry shrimp (the kind of shrimp I now have) and their females are much larger too. They grow up to 1.5 inches! When the females get berried, you can clearly see them carrying their green eggs, which is a stark contrast to their clear bodies. They are very entertaining shrimp to watch, especially during feeding time when they swim upside down under the surface to get food.
I would get some more ghost shrimp, but I'm afraid of possibly infecting my clean tanks with parasites that some of the ghost shrimp carry. I'm not saying that all ghost shrimps have parasites, but the one's from my LFS had some. They were the kind that look like swimming strings – I dunno what they're called. If there were some anti-parasite treatment that was safe for shrimp, I'd definitely get some.
I was breeding some ghost shrimp in a small 1 gallon container before (back when my 5 gallon housed my turtles). I overfed one time and the resulting bio-load of the additional food on water quality killed them all.
Personally, I like the look of Red Cherry Shrimp more… and I like my dwarf shrimp to stay under one inch. The large females with all their long legs and green (dirty-looking) eggs aren't as eye pleasing to me. If I got another tank and could get some parasite free ghost shrimp, I would get some and try to breed them – but I'd do that for the benefit of my turtles, so they can have a new addition to their menu of monthly treats!!
Good interesting video, says a lot in a short time. I used to have ghost shrimp in my fish aquarium as pets!
But shrimp make an excellent source of food for turtles or fish. They are a much higher quality meal than feeder fish as they provide more roughage from their shell. I think turtles enjoy the texture of crustaceans. Some turtles love to crunch on snails as well.
I wonder if they get scaley bits left in their mouths like when we eat popcorn!
Also, I remember reading in a few places before that turtles eat more shrimp in their diet in the wild than they do fish. Fish is a much, much smaller part of their natural diets.
Hi from my understanding cherry and ghost shrimp have very little calcium as there shells are not made from this. And the can carry bacteria that can aid in shell rot.
true – one has to be very careful what they feed their pet turtles.


I have sold a property at 36 11860 210 ST in Maple Ridge.
Wow! Pride of ownership shows! Spacious open floor plan with vaulted ceiling & skylights, modern colour scheme, crown moldings and thick baseboards. 1 year old high end vinyl plank floors and laminate thru out! Main floor featuring updated kitchen with granite counters, under mount sink, granite back-splash and all newer stainless appliances. Large eating area with plenty of natural light, separate dining room, living room with gas fire place and 2 pc bath complete the main level. Upper floor features over-sized master with big walk in closet & 3 pc ensuite, ample sized second & third bedrooms, full bath and laundry. Private rear patio, 2 car parking including single garage. WESTSIDE family location walk to Laityview Elem & Westview High. Close to shopping, recreation, parks & transit.


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such that mostRain n (when n > 0) gives the amount of rain in the rainiest week from week 1 up to and including week n.
For example, suppose that the rainfall in week 3 is 20.5 (rainfall 3 == 20.5). Now if week number 3 is the rainiest of the first 50 weeks, then mostRain 50 == 20.5.
Your solution must be recursive. Solutions that do not use recursion will be considered incorrect.
Hint: The function max may be useful. Note that you do not have to provide a definition for the function rainfall.
where countAces returns the number of cards in the given hand which are either aces or jokers. So for example, if there are three aces and two jokers in the hand, the answer will be five.
and countOp Add example would give 2.
with functions map and filter.
for lists of Integers, where every list generated contains at least one 7. Hint: generate two lists of numbers and use those to build one list guaranteed to contain the number 7.
If you want to get a 4 you have to pass part I and one of the following assignments.
If you want to get a 5 or a VG, you have to do Part I, plus both of the following assignments.


How rich is Brian Hallisay?
Brian Hallisay net worth: Brian Hallisay is an American celebrity that has a net worth of $2 million dollars. He worked for several years on Wall Street, before switching his focus to his first love, performing, and relocated to La. He started his professional performing career with guest starring roles on several television shows including, "Strong Medicine", "The Inside", "Cold Case", and "Without a Trace". Then he returned to television, guest starring on "Bones", "CSI: NY", and "The Bionic Woman". In 2008, he was cast in the part that will bring him prevalent notice, as Will on "Privileged". "Ghosts".
1 Became a father for the 1st time at age 35 when his wife Jennifer Love Hewitt gave birth to their daughter Autumn James Hallisay on November 26, 2013.
2 Father, with Jennifer Love Hewitt, of daughter Autumn James Hallisay, born on November 26, 2013 in Los Angeles.
3 Brother-in-law of Todd Hewitt.
4 Worked on Wall Street before becoming an actor.
5 Brian and Jennifer Love Hewitt are expecting their first child [June 4, 2013].
Is Brian Hallisay's Net Worth Deserved?


WORLDHOLIDAYONLINE.COM. was established by a team of strong professionals from all world of Travel with a vision to Dissolve All Mediators and arrange Quality Of Service with Right Price.
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Mangaluru, Nov 9: A vendor's meet was organized in Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL) at MRPL Employees Recreation Centre, as a part of the Vigilance Awareness Week. More than 500 vendors participated in the meet.
Speaking on the occasion, K Upendra Rao, DGM vigilance, briefed on the transparency in the tendering process. He also highlighted on the GeM-Government e-Market place, and how the vendors could be benefitted by the site.
T Ramakrishna, GGM, maintenance, MRPL, spoke and briefed on the initiatives, developments and emerging trends in public procurement. He appealed to the vendors to render timely supply of goods and services and MRPL will reciprocate positively, he assured.
Later presentations on various topics were organized for the benefit of the vendors.
• Venugopal VJ, chief manager (Materials), gave a presentation on the emerging trends in Public Procurement and also explained on E-Tendering, On-line Vendor Registration and Vendor Bill tracking System.
• Madhusudhan Goud from Axis Bank, gave a presentation on TReDS (Trade Receivables & Discounting System), a new concept by RBI to facilitate financing of Trade Receivables of MSMEs from multiple financiers through online bidding process.
• Nanda Gopal Shenoy, chartered accountant, presented on 'Goods & Service Tax – A way ahead'.
• Socrates, deputy director - MSME explained the benefits available for MSME vendors.
• Munish Sharma, assistant manager-NSIC, briefed on how NSIC (National Small Industries Corporation) is helpful for the small budding industries.
A very useful interactive session followed in which many vendors raised various queries and concerns. Pankaj Agarwal, GGM (Materials) and V N S Venkatramana, CGM (Materials) and B Ramesh Kumar, CGM (Admn-Contract) answered the various queries related to procurement and tendering. The vendors meet was organized by MRPL Materials department.


Transition Zone Grasses are best adapted to growing conditions in the transition zone, the broad area running east to west across the US that separates the warm season and cool season growing areas.
Tall fescue seed is adapted from the costal areas of New York and New England south to northern Georgia and west to Dallas, St. Louis, and the coastal regions of California. Tall fescue seed is adapted to both full sun and partial shade growing conditions.
Bermudagrass and creeping bentgrass spread by above ground lateral shoots known as stolons. Both these varieties will eventually take over a lawn if they are adapted to the growing conditions. Other grass seed species do not spread but will thicken up by putting out tillers, or additional leaf blades attached to the crown of the plant. These varieties include perennial ryegrass, chewings fescue, hard fescue and most varieties of tall fescue.


The Laois Arthouse, Stradbally, is delighted to host "Silence Roars", an exhibition by Mary Cooke. Mary was recently selected to exhibit following a competitive open call at the Laois Arthouse. It is her first exhibition in Co Laois.
Mary was born in Athy, Co Kildare, not far from Stradbally. She spent much of her childhood outdoors, preferring to help on the farm, to the home bound lifestyle adopted by most girls of her age at that time.
Following the recent loss of her mother, Pearl, she was inspired to create the series she titled "Silence Roars" which addresses her relationship with her mother. The vivid memory of mother, hanging clothes on a clothes line, surrounded by cloth nappies and one of her few dresses is a vivid memory which inspired her.
Mary's art is primarily expressionistic. It enciphers memories and emotions that are frank, poetic, intimate and universal. Using her own experience as the source material, she explores ideas of self-portraiture and narrative disclosure, intimately bound up with her own biography.
The Stradbally Arthouse will be transformed for Mary Cooke's exhibition as she presents dresses suspended in the Gallery. She will also utilise the Garden area outside the Gallery for displaying some of her fibre-glass dresses.
Mary has an MFA in Visual Arts from Bennington College, Vermont, USA and a BA (hons) in Fine Art in Sculpture from Winchester School of Art, Hampshire, UK.
She has exhibited extensively throughout Ireland and the USA.
The exhibition opens on Thursday 5th of November at 1:30pm in the Laois Arthouse and runs until Friday the 27th of November. A short introductory talk to the exhibition will be held in the Gallery and presented by Mary Cooke. Refreshment will be served. The exhibition will be opened by Michelle de Forge, Director of the Dunamaise Arts Centre.
The Gallery will open on Saturday 28th November from 1.00pm-4.00pm to facilitate visitors.


molybdenum ore and products, and all responded, representing. of the u.S. production listed in table 1. In 2004 . molybdenum in concentrate at mines and plants increased by about 100 t. Producer stocks of molybdenum in such .. China's JdC buys big moly mine, more domestic sales seen: Platts metals Week, v.
mineral production. Interest in molybdenum has increased in the past few years due to its inclusion by the Federal Government in the list of critical minerals of strategic importance. . trols, either domestic or export, governing the sale or use of molyb .. held in the stockpiles at the mines and plants manufacturing molyb.
production, marketing and sales molybdenum operations from mining through conversion to chemical and is further processed at the facility's chemical plant into valueadded molybdenum chemical products. In addition, some . pit mining, underground mining, sulfide ore concentrating, leaching, solution extraction and.
Copper And Molybdenum Process Plants Mining Heavy Mining Machinery. Molybdenum Processing Plant Xinhai Mining Machinery. almost all coppermolybdenum processing plant construction in. More Chile molybdenum mine mining plants chile ore mining plants for sale. copper beneficiation .
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Mining. Ore at Las Bambas is mined from an open pit. The ore is crushed and transported on a 5.5kilometre overland conveyor to a conventional flotation plant where copper concentrate is produced, then to a molybdenum plant for further processing.
Apr 28, 2016 The niobium and phosphates division, which consists of mines, plants, processing facilities, chemical complexes and deposits, was one of Anglo's more profitable businesses.
Jan 12, 2018 Aerial view of the processing plant at the Tenke Fungurume mine. Top publiclyheld copper producer FreeportMcMoRan Copper & Gold announced the sale of its largest African copper mine to China Molybdenum for up to $2.65 billion. (Image: Screenshot from FreeportMcMoRan Copper & Gold's video.).


If you manage to have some leftover wine at the end of the evening, freeze it in ice cube trays for easy addition to soups and sauces in the future.
If you're cooking cauliflower, add a bit of milk to the water with salt to keep the cauliflower bright white.
Don't overcrowd the pan when you're sautéing. If you do, your food will steam instead.
When baking, invest in parchment paper for lining pans. It makes for easy cleanup!
Keep steamed vegetables bright and colorful but placing them in ice water for a minute immediately after cooking.
Want to avoid cutting yourself in the kitchen? Always use sharp knives.
Add the rind of Parmesan cheese to minestrone soup to add great flavor.
Caramelize onions by cooking them in a dry nonstick sauté pan over medium-high heat.
When you're browning meat, pat it dry with a paper towel first and sear it in a very hot preheated pan.
When you sauté garlic, slice it instead of than mincing it. It's less likely to burn that way.


This January, Wolfmother will be joining the likes of Julia Stone, Evermore, and a "secret feature act" to perform at the Australian Open, the first Grand Slam tennis event of the year.
As reported by FasterLouder, the band are among a host of artists performing at the 14-day event taking place in Melbourne between January 14 and 27. In addition to the sports action, the Open is playing host to a mini festival of sorts, with The Heineken Live Stage on Grand Slam Oval showing off the wide range of Australian musical talents.
The first act to play will be blues rock newbies The Rubens, on January 14, with Wolfmother closing proceedings on the final day of the event, January 27. In between will see performances by folk singer Julia Stone (January 26), Hunters & Collectors frontman Mark Seymour (January 21), and two tribute acts dedicated to hits of the 80s and the 90s (January 22 and 23, respectively).
The show is Wolfmother's first confirmed show of 2013, and will undoubtedly feature the performance of a number of songs from their forthcoming new album, tentatively titled Gatherings.
Keeps your kids engaged and you do not have to hear "Are we there yet. cor juxtaposed with dark woods, mirrors, glass and fine art. The landscape is beautiful with spacious 14 blocks and over 1165 houses.


text:
'Game of Thrones' Star Emilia Clarke Reveals Brain Aneurysms
Natasha Reda
Natasha Reda Published: March 21, 2019
Emma McIntyre, Getty Images
Game of Thrones star Emilia Clarke revealed she suffered two life-threatening aneurysms in her 20s.
In a shocking new essay for The New Yorker, the actress—who's notoriously private about her personal life—opened up like never before, sharing details about how she survived not one, but two brain aneurysms. The first happened when she was 24 years old, shortly after she finished filming season one of GoT. She said she was working out at the gym when she suddenly felt a severe headache coming. She tried to push through it, but soon felt "violently, voluminously ill." She knew something was wrong so she was rushed to the ER where she was sent for an MRI.
"The diagnosis was quick and ominous: a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), a life-threatening type of stroke, caused by bleeding into the space surrounding the brain. I'd had an aneurysm, an arterial rupture," Clarke writes.
"I remember being told that I should sign a release form for surgery. Brain surgery? I was in the middle of my very busy life—I had no time for brain surgery. But, finally, I settled down and signed. And then I was unconscious. For the next three hours, surgeons went about repairing my brain. This would not be my last surgery, and it would not be the worst," she explained, revealing that she couldn't even remember her name when she woke up.
Clarke also admitted that in her darkest moments, she asked the medical staff to let her die. Unfortunately, doctors also told her she had a "smaller aneurysm" on the other side of her brain that could "pop" at any time. She told her bosses what was going on, but said she wanted her condition to remain private. "Even before we began filming Season 2, I was deeply unsure of myself. I was often so woozy, so weak, that I thought I was going to die," she writes. "If I am truly being honest, every minute of every day I thought I was going to die."
After filming season three, a follow-up brain scan revealed her aneurysm had doubled in size, and that she needed another surgery. "The procedure had failed," Clarke writes. "I had a massive bleed and the doctors made it plain that my chances of surviving were precarious if they didn't operate again. This time they needed to access my brain in the old-fashioned way—through my skull. And the operation had to happen immediately."
Now, Clarke says she's recovered fully. "In the years since my second surgery I have healed beyond my most unreasonable hopes," she writes. "I am now at a hundred percent."
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Source: 'Game of Thrones' Star Emilia Clarke Reveals Brain Aneurysms
Filed Under: emilia clarke, Game of Thrones
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Barcelona manager Ernesto Valverde has rejected speculation linking the club with a sensational return for Paris Saint-German forward Neymar.
There were rumours circulating earlier in the season that the Brazilian was desperate to leave the French capital and that his representatives had sounded out Barcelona officials over a return to the Camp Nou.
After Neymar's father categorically denied the claims, Valverde has now echoed those sentiments, and insisted that neither club had been in contact with each other over a potential move.
He said (as quoted by the Daily Express): "People tend to say big things about players at other clubs.
"It's not a question of Neymar phoning...nobody has phoned me.
The 26-year-old left the La Liga giants in 2017 for a world-record fee of £200m, and despite his good form, was in the midst of rumours linking him with a return back to Barcelona.
The Catalan side's sporting director Pep Segura admitted last year that the prospect of the Brazil international finding his way back in Barcelona colours was not an outlandish prospect.
Segura said (as quoted by La Vanguardia): "All players who are in the market are likely to come if they fit our needs.