text:
AM Technical Profile: WXVI
[map] [street view] [bird's eye] About due east of the New Town subdivision off North Ripley Street, near the intersection of North Decatur Street, at the end of the dirt road called Fourney Street.
Night: 1 kW
Day: 2 towers, "angel" layout, with the body pointing barely SSW, and the two wings pointing ESE and NW [pattern - PDF]
Night: 2 towers, same as day layout [pattern - PDF]
[FCCinfo]
[Aircheck] Soul On The Air #14 sample of "Ugly" Al Dixon on WAPX, from February 24, 1975. External link, opens in new window.
[Studio] Street View of the station's studio on Perry Street in Montgomery.
This station signed on in May 1947 as WAPX (APeX, for the "top of the dial" position of 1600 kHz), by United Broadcasting. With ABC affiliation, it was a Top 40 competitor to daytime-only WBAM. Originally, it ran 1 kW full time, with a directional antenna at night. The transmitter was an RCA-BTA-1L; the transmitter site has always been at the present location.
The station applied for a boost to 5 kW days in 1950 but the application was denied. In 1954 the studio moved from the transmitter site to 116 Catoma Street in Montgomery. The license was transferred to the Southland Broadcasting Company (Ralph M. Allgood and Grover Wise) in 1958. Through the 50's, it appears they were also affiliated with the Mutual network, in addition to ABC.
The station was sold to Walton of Montgomery in 1962. They appear to have had difficulties keeping the station profitable, and it was off the air in 1965 for a period of time, before being sold to Sparling of Alabama, Inc (Judson Sparling). They moved the studio to 211 Dexter Avenue in 1966.
The station was sold in 1975 to Brothers Broadcasting Corporation. They flipped it to Contemporary R&B as WXVI — the Roman numerals for the number 16. They used Mutual Black network affiliation, later moving to National Black. In 1978 they were granted a permit to increase daytime power to 5 kW; this facility signed on in late 1979 using a Gates MW-5 transmitter.
In 1980 the station's license was acquired by WXVI, Inc. They used the Sheridan network for affiliation during this period. It appears that this was short-lived as the Broadcasting Yearbook notes that Attaway Investment Corp. (Wes Attaway) acquired the station later in 1980. Later in the 80's the station was acquired by Capitol Communications.
The station was acquired by Sunshine 16 Radio Network for $225,000 in 1994; they used the American Urban network. Beaten by FM for Contemporary R&B ears, the station appears to have taken on an Adult R&B format in the late 90's, before transitioning to a Black Gospel outlet later, running ABC's "The Light" satellite-fed format.
In February 2021, the station was fined $3,000 by the FCC for failure to renew their license in a timely fashion, but the fine was cancelled when the station proved an inability to pay.


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Minimum wage increase heads to Pritzker's desk
Governor says he will sign bill 'in coming days'
By Jerry Nowicki
February 15, 2019 at 5:36 pm CST
SPRINGFIELD — A bill to raise Illinois' minimum wage to $15 by 2025 needs only Gov. J.B. Pritzker's signature to become law, and his office said he stands ready to act in the coming days.
"Today is a resounding victory for the 1.4 million Illinoisans who will soon get a hard-earned and well-deserved raise," Pritzker said in a news release Thursday. "After nearly a decade of delay, I applaud the House and Senate for passing a living wage with the fierce urgency this moment requires."
The House galleries were filled with cheers from advocates — many of them currently making the minimum wage — as the final 69-47-1 favorable vote became official.
Prior to the final vote, Pritzker was on the House floor smiling and shaking the hands of Democratic lawmakers — even as Republican Minority Leader Jim Durkin was lamenting the lack of bipartisanship behind the effort in his floor speech.
"This is not the way to start out the General Assembly," Durkin said, adding Republicans had "basically been told your interests and your thoughts are not valid and we don't care."
All in Durkin's Republican caucus were joined by four Democrats opposing the bill while one, Stephanie Kifowit of Aurora, voted present after two hours of debate.
In their final efforts to derail the fast-tracked bill, Republicans once again shared stories from business owners, universities, colleges and schools within their districts detailing layoffs, closures and increased property taxes.
Rep. Charlie Meier, an Okawville Republican, said the bill would hurt agriculture and small-town businesses such as groceries.
"The small family farms will suffer the worst with the organic farms, orchards, vineyards, wineries, and the livestock industry being hit the hardest of all," Meier said. "This is another Illinois law that will yet again put our region at a disadvantage."
Rep. Tom Bennett, a Gibson City Republican, cited a National Federation of Independent Businesses study which said Illinois would see 93,000 jobs lost because of the increase. Rep. Terri Bryant, a Murphysboro Republican, said the bill would cost Illinois' public universities $112 million by the time it is implemented.
Republicans also brought up the hundreds of millions of dollars the bill would add to the state's expenditures as human service providers — especially nursing homes, 25 of which have closed since 2014 because of inadequate Medicaid reimbursements — universities and other departments request more funding to pay for the higher labor costs.
But Rep. Will Guzzardi, Senate Bill 1's House sponsor, continued to point to data which shows no impact on job losses when communities see an "incremental" minimum wage increase, and spoke to the dignity of the worker.
"The only way to stop being poor is to have more money," he said. "And that's what this legislation is going to do. The working poor in our state are going to have more money. We will treat their labor with the dignity and respect it deserves, and we will allow them to provide a better standard of living for themselves and their families."
While Republicans continued to argue that the studies cited by Guzzardi predict only an incremental increase — not an 82 percent spike in six years — many Democrats were convinced by the moral argument.
Rep. Emmanuel "Chris" Welch of Westchester was among them.
"People should not go to work 40 hours a week and still not be able to put food on the table," he said. "Dr. King said there is nothing but shortsightedness to prevent us from guaranteeing a livable income for every American. Let's not be shortsighted today."
Rep. Celina Villanueva, a Chicago Democrat, said further progress was necessary and the fight for 15 was only the "first step" toward worker dignity.
"What we're really talking about is the dignity and respect of our workers," she said. "I don't think 15 is enough. I've never thought 15 was enough."
Guzzardi said 41 percent of all workers in Illinois make less than $15 per hour, and more of those workers are in their 40s, 50s and 60s than are younger than 25; and 48 percent of African Americans and 61 percent of Latinos make less than $15 per hour.
Those minimum-wage workers will begin seeing their increases in January 2020, when the minimum rate goes from $8.25 to $9.25 before increasing to $10 on July 1, 2020, and $11 on Jan. 1 2021. After that, it would increase by $1 every January until it hits $15 in 2025.
For Iashea Cross, a personal assistant and low-wage worker in the health care field who was in the gallery from Chicago, the bill means a brighter outlook in the future.
"I might be able to let go of that second job in the future that I have just to make ends meet," she said. "For me, the passage of this bill means that finally we are being recognized as the working people of the state that help it continue to move forward."
The bill also maintains a tip credit, which allows employers to pay tipped workers 60 percent of the minimum wage if tips make up the other 40 percent. A training wage for teen seasonal workers is also part of the bill, and that wage will top out at $13 per hour.
A tax credit for businesses with less than 50 full-time equivalent employees is also part of the final bill, starting at 25 percent of the difference between the current minimum wage and an employee's wage in the final quarter of the previous calendar year. It would decrease by 4 percent each year until it hits 5 percent in the final two years.
'I am not a judicial activist,' Supreme Court candidate says
By Tom Collins●
September 30, 2021 at 5:30 am CDT
E. coli outbreak possibly linked to Portillo's in Glendale Heights, warn health officials
Illinois residents have more time to comply with REAL ID requirements
1099-G tax forms for unemployment recipients now available
Pritzker criticizes federal rollout of vaccines to nursing homes
State's expected vaccine shipments halved for next two weeks, Pritzker says
States, major cities will receive only half of COVID-19 vaccine from federal government
Pritzker orders more than $700 million in spending cuts
Illinois Department on Aging seeks nominations for Senior Hall of Fame

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Getting from A to B is the big issue
An ambitious book about the global crisis and its causes argues that we should regard the present as transitional to a better society based on sustainability and the control of resources through popular and democratic participation. Review by Phil Sharpe
The most powerful suggestion of A User's Guide to the Crisis of Civilisation is that the present system is not permanent but the product of hundreds of years of development of capitalism. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed argues that the market and neo-liberalism is not the summit of human progress and is self-destructive, promoting the necessity of historical alternatives.
He utilises aspects of Marx's approach of historical materialism in order to arrive at his conclusions but does not support Marx's perspective of a communist society. Instead, he argues for a different alternative that would still allow humans to control their own destiny. What this society would be is not entirely clear because it combines elements of both capitalism and socialism.
In the introduction Ahmed argues for a holistic methodology to establish that the various crises, such as declining food production and the depletion of energy reserves, are part of a single global crisis. "This book explores the hypothesis that these seemingly separate crises are in fact manifestations of the dysfunctional global political, economic, ideological and ethical system that characterises industrial civilisation in toto."
Attempts to address the economic crisis are inadequate, he insists, because they do not tackle the ideological limitations which promoted this situation. This crisis is also part of a process that is self-destructive. We should not conclude that progress cannot be realised but that progress will be different to the present in terms of a post-carbon society of a sustainable economy.
The author uses a wealth of detail to support the contention that global society is in a process of acute crisis. However the theoretical problem is that he cannot translate his understanding of the depth of crisis into an argument for the possibility and necessity of transition to a better society.
The result is that the book may unintentionally seem to vindicate a politics of pessimism rather than hope. For example, the first chapter about climate change provides a mass of statistics to argue that the world is undergoing global warming, and its various effects are described in impressive detail. Furthermore the inadequacy of the response of the governments of the world is also detailed.
But the result of the impact of human activity on the environment is outlined in the bleakest terms and the perspective of the importance of an alternative is reduced to that of a moral "ought". We have no sense that an alternative can actually be realised that could begin to try and tackle the problem of climate change.
This sense of prevailing pessimism is articulated in the chapter on energy. It is argued that energy is becoming increasing scarce because of the situation of peak oil. The author contends that a situation of peak oil occurred between 2005 and 2008. The result will be ever-increasing scarcity and higher prices, and the prospect is that scarce oil can promote a depression worse than the 1930's. The alternatives of natural gas and nuclear power are also considered to be short-term and ultimately unsatisfactory.
Hence the author concludes: "The long-term trend of steady depletion of hydrocarbon and other conventional energy sources, particularly oil, portends nothing less than the end of industrial civilisation as currently understood. The twenty-first century represents a critical transition period in which hydrocarbon energies will become increasingly scarce."
But what is absent from this perspective is an elaboration of how this process of transition can be realised. The author does argue that what is required for change is an end to American domination of oil supplies and promotion of an ideological alternative to consumerism. We can agree with these sentiments, but how are we to realise this post-carbon society? Ahmed is very good at describing what is wrong with society, but he is not so good in detailing a programme of change and transition.
The chapter about food insecurity outlines how the control of the big corporations has resulted in the end of sustainable and localised production and its replacement by the global production of food for profit. There is still a potential abundance of food but its unequal distribution between the rich North and the poor South, leads to situations of famine and civil unrest. This can be resolved by movement towards localised, organic and sustainable farming, Ahmed argues, without articulating how this problem can be resolved at the level of practice.
The global economy is outlined in terms of the durability of poverty and the fact that this is based on the domination of the world economy by big corporations and the political power of the USA. This situation is expressed by the role of economic institutions like the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
Ahmed outlines how the world economy is based on an acceptance that the USA has a balance of payments deficit which is financed by the other major economies by buying American debt in the form of Treasury bonds. This situation is not challenged because it is feared that, if the USA was undermined, it would result in the collapse of the world economy. Relations between the North and South are often based on programmes that involve privatisation and the opening up of economies to free trade, and the result is mass poverty.
He outlines in intricate detail how the world economy became increasingly dependent on the role of credit and debt rather than investment in productive activity. Ahmed also argues that emergency bail-outs and quantitative easing will not succeed in re-stimulating the economy: "The reason for this was simple. The bailouts took taxpayers money – trillions of dollars of cash – out of the economy (the exchange of tangible products and services) and pumped it into the private banking system. The banking system... had no intention of using its new found cash to kick-start lending. On the contrary... the bailouts were used to replenish their lost reserves and could not be used for new spending."
Consequently the measures that the various governments can promote in order to try and overcome recession are unlikely to work. Instead, the author predicts, recession will result in the prospect of depression, mass unemployment, poverty in the West and the tendency towards protectionism, trade war and the threat of new global wars. This situation is connected to the ecological problems, the shortage of energy resources and the food supply.
The limitation of Ahmed's standpoint is caused by the fact that he does not identify who or what could be the agency to promote progressive change in this situation of deepening crisis. Instead he presents change as the automatic and mechanical expression of imperatives created by the economic crisis and the ecological situation.
The increasingly catastrophic economic situation will create an overwhelming dynamic of transformation that will be reflected at the level of consciousness and practice: "Grassroots pressures could converge with this economic opening, creating the possibility of more concerted openings to reorganise social relations in a more sustainable way. Unfortunately, the later the occurrence of such developments, the more difficult it will be to avoid certain catastrophic situations."
In other words, if the favourable opportunities presented by the increasing crisis and catastrophe are not realised then the situation could become increasingly detrimental to the prospect of movement to a post-carbon society. However, because Ahmed has not identified clearly the agency of change, it is entirely possible that his worst case scenario will be realised. He has not been able to establish why the growing crisis of capitalism would promote the conditions for revolutionary transformation.
His standpoint represents the limitations of critique. Ahmed has been able to outline some of the most important problems of capitalist society. But he has not been able to realise his other aim which is to show why this crisis can be transitional to a better historical alternative.
In contrast, Marx saw that capitalism was historically progressive because it created the objective and material conditions for a better historical future, which was defined as communism. Without capitalism, communism would not be possible. Instead of this definite conception of transition to a higher level of development, Ahmed replaces it with the vague sense of a post-Carbon society and it remains problematical that humanity can realise this type of society before civilisation itself utterly fails.
The overwhelming sense of doom is not overcome in the two chapters devoted to terrorism. Ahmed argues cogently that terrorism has become the pretext for the militarisation of society and the increasing justification of authoritarianism and the erosion of democratic liberties. However his ability to explain the motives of elites, whether that is the ruling class in the West, or the violent actions of the terrorist, are not extended in order to outline the alternative. Instead we have a sense that the crisis is being mediated and distorted by the conflict between the forces of imperialism and terrorism. How do we explain the prospect of revolution in these apparently adverse circumstances?
Only in the most tenuous manner does he finally concede that opposition to the wars created by the crisis and the increasing militarisation of society will create a threat to the domination of ruling elites: "Thus, while states, banks and corporations are likely to be the principal actors in ongoing militarisation processes over the next decade, these processes and their long-term futility will also generate increasing number of detractors in the form of popular grassroots movements opposing war and calling for social justice."
The problem with this perspective is that protest is portrayed as a moral ideal rather than being an expression of a definite historical process. The actual logic and dynamics of movements against war is not articulated in terms of their possible role in the process of historical transformation. Instead anti-war movements are outlined as merely the expression of moral outrage with capitalism rather than being the indicator of the change of society into a higher level of development.
Ahmed outlines how the global economy is dominated by international institutions like the IMF who act in the interests of America. The system is based on an ideology of profit maximisation and neo-classical assumptions that represent a crude materialist approach. The world is considered to be a collection of atomistic physical units in conflict with each other, and has an ethical system that justifies maximum consumption. This is defined as unnatural because it does not represent what is for the well-being of nature and humanity.
This is a useful and important summary of the contemporary global economy. Ahmed has outlined the importance of historical materialism as a research tool able to outline the tendencies of development and features of capitalism. He can show what is wrong with capitalism at the level of economics, politics and ideology, but is unable to outline how capitalism can develop into a higher form of society. He cannot move from an articulation of what he is against into an expression of what he is in favour of.
This critical point can be extended to his conclusion. Ahmed argues that the separation of access of producers from the means of production, or the dispossession of labour, has to be ended. However, he cannot envisage a different type of society from that of capitalism. He argues that access to the productive resources of society "does not necessitate the abolition of private property" and "nor does it automatically justify the forms of socialist central planning associated with the Soviet Union". The control by labour of productive resources is said to be compatible with individual ownership. However, this is a petty-bourgeois system of commodity production and historically all these forms of production have resulted in the development of complex capitalist social relations.
The problems that the author has outlined in the book will not be overcome without a perspective to establish the criteria for the effective transformation of the global economy of capitalism. Social ownership and planning are not simply the instruments of Stalinism, but can be utilised in a democratic manner to establish real control over production and distribution. The author is effectively arguing for a fairer and better form of capitalism, and he fails to recognise that with individual control of productive resources some individuals will have more than others.
This private ownership of the economy will generate the continued exploitation of wage labour. This is what happened in Russia after the end of Stalinism. Formally, the population had equal access to productive resources through ownership of shares, but the shares were quickly bought by a few rich individuals and the result was the re-creation of the social relations of capital, the exploitation of wage labour.
Ultimately his approach is confusing. He calls for democratic participation as the basis of control of economic resources and yet believes that this is possible in terms of private ownership: "This should not necessarily obviate a legitimate role for private enterprise in developing productive resources that are to be considered publicly owned, but ultimately their exploitation (particularly of resources such as water) must aim at meeting the needs of local populations, and this necessarily requires direct community participation in relevant private development enterprises."
The realisation of democracy in economic activity requires public ownership in order that resources are controlled by the majority, and the confusion of what is public and what is private only obscures clarity in this context. Historically private ownership of important economic resources can only result in intense social inequality. Ultimately he is trying to return to a pre-globalisation form of capitalism rather than trying to consistently locate what is in the present that will realise a better future.
The most consistent and revolutionary aspects of Ahmed's perspective of the post-carbon society is at the level of ethical values. He argues that the morality of capitalism has to be replaced through a holistic approach based on cooperation and participation: "Self-fulfilment, in other words, will be based on creative communion with others, and with nature, rather than unlimited exploitation of others and of nature for material ends. Such a new ethical system will be capable of uniting different humanist, spiritual and religious traditions in the overreaching recognition that moral values objectively harmonize us with nature, and therefore in some way constitute cognitive reflections of humanity's relationship with the natural order."
At the level of ideology the author is able to outline convincingly the necessity of a different value system if society is to realise its challenges without the limitations of profit maximisation and capitalist social relations. Yet he cannot establish coherently the type of society that would be compatible with this process of ideological transformation. However, he has established the reasons why capitalism is historically transitory and is likely to be replaced by a different type of society because of a process of contradiction and upheaval.
A User's Guide to the Crisis of Civilisation. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed. Pluto Press £17.50
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BERLIN — Samsung unveiled two smartphones and a virtual-reality headset Wednesday in a bid to draw consumer attention before its fierce rival, Apple, announces its holiday lineup next week.
Samsung, whose phones have gotten progressively larger each year, has decided that bigger isn't better this time. Instead, Samsung's Galaxy Note 4 retains the 5.7-inch screen of last year's model, but adds a speedier processor, a better screen, better cameras and software to fit more people into selfies.
The announcement at the IFA trade show in Berlin comes as Samsung's smartphone sales fell 4 percent in the second quarter, compared with a year ago, even though it launched the Galaxy S5 in April. According to IDC, Samsung's share of the global smartphone market fell 7 percentage points to 25 percent.
Wood said the new metal-based design of the Note 4 could offer the kind of premium look and feel that Samsung needs to compete with Apple's much-anticipated iPhone 6.
Apple's iPhone 6 is widely expected to have a 4.7-inch screen, up from the current 4 inches, to make it more competitive with larger smartphones made by Samsung and other companies. There has been speculation that Apple may also unveil an iPhone with a 5.5-inch screen, putting it in competition with the Note 4.
A computerized wristwatch might come from Apple, too, competing with Samsung's own smartwatches.
Ian Fogg, an analyst who follows the mobile industry at IHS in London, said the side display distinguishes Samsung's phone from others, but Samsung will need to persuade app developers to take advantage of it.
Samsung's earlier attempt to introduce finger levitation, allowing users to hover their fingers over a device and not touch the screen, didn't take off. Developers didn't build the technology into their apps.
"Users often don't know what they want until they see it, and I think this will be one of those features," said Martin Gicheru, managing editor of Techweez, a technology news site based in Nairobi, Kenya.
Alongside its new phones, Samsung launched an eye-catching virtual-reality headset called Gear VR. It uses sensors to gauge the head's position, giving people an immersive experience with concerts, aerial footage and games.
But video and other content will need to be developed. Some content partnerships were announced Wednesday, and Samsung says more will come by the time the device goes on sale. NextVR of Laguna Beach plans to offer live sports and music events through the Samsung device. NextVR already works with other virtual-reality headset makers.
The Gear VR requires a Note 4 to work, limiting its appeal for anyone who doesn't want to buy a new phone. But its modest price of $200 makes it an attractive add-on for those already planning to splash out on the latest Samsung phone. Prices for the phones weren't announced, but the Note 4 will probably be in the range of $700 and the Edge will likely be even more.
All three products are due for release in October — in time for holiday shopping. Apple's new phones are likely to come out sooner.
Even as Samsung unveiled its phones, tech analysts at Gartner predicted that iPhones will be the "must-have" gadget of the holidays.
"There's no question that's going to be the new device that will drive existing upgrades," Gartner analyst Hugues J. De La Vergne said.
Wood, of CSS Insight, said Samsung's rapid roll-out of new products underlined the ever-quickening pace of the mobile devices space.
"Samsung (has) to anticipate Apple's every move while looking over its shoulder at the ever-present threat from Chinese manufacturers," he said.


Super cute can with all the ingredients to grow your own sunflowers. Just add some water and sunlight and you're good to go.
Size of the can: 8 x 7,5 cm.
Gift wrap this item for €2,50?
Open the can, make the soil wet, sow the lavender seeds and loosely cover them with some soil. Now, you only need to give the can some sunlight, water and love. The sunflowers will grow in 2 or 3 weeks.
The perfect organic gift for your friends and family.


Remote Scheduler Lite is a relatively simple application that can help users who need to manage several computers or initiate various actions from a remote location. It enables you to execute scheduled tasks on multiple machines even if you cannot access them directly.
The program is not too difficult to use, and there is no need to configure any network settings, as all the client computers simply load a script file saved to a shared location.
The utility allows you to create tasks that are executed at a certain time, or on a specified interval. You only need to define the target application, the working directory and task parameters, although some other advanced settings can be customized as well.
For instance, you can set up a machine filter to prevent certain computers from executing the task, run the process as a different user, capture the execution output and hide the console window when the task is launched.
Once you have configured one or more tasks, you can export them to a script file and save it to a shared location. The file can then be loaded by client machines that are running Remote Scheduler and executed from the host computer.
When run in Client Mode, most of the application's functions are disabled, and you also have the option of protecting the scheduler with a password, thus preventing unauthorized users from shutting it down.
The program's UI is not at all cluttered, and the menus are arranged in an intuitive manner. You can also customize the layout by resizing the various panels. The user manual is not very extensive, but it does a good job of explaining the purpose of all the available functions.
In conclusion, Remote Scheduler Lite is a useful application that enables you to create scheduled tasks and execute them on multiple remote machines. It can be configured without too much effort, and it does not rely on prior specialized knowledge.


4 jaw chuck for Atlas 9 inch what size?
I am looking to add a 4 jaw chuck to my 9 inch Atlas lathe. Would an 8 inch chuck be too large for this due to how the jaws need to extend out at times? What size should I get if not that then ...a 6 inch? Currently it has a 6 inch three jaw on it. Thanks in advance.
6" is the most versatile. I've been thinking about picking up a 5" six jaw, since it costs less and covers 90% of my tinkering, but that would an accessory to the must-have 6" four jaw and the handy-but-not-precise 6" three jaw I already have.
I agree that 6" would be the safest.
I'm only a beginner but I recently purchased a 6" 4 jaw chuck for my 9" Logan and I would not want anything bigger on this lathe.


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Claudio Rangoni (ur. 26 września 1559 w Modenie, zm. 2 września 1621) – włoski duchowny rzymskokatolicki, w latach 1593–1621 biskup Reggio Emilia i 1598–1606 nuncjusz apostolski w Polsce.

Życiorys
16 grudnia 1592 otrzymał nominację na biskupa Reggio Emilia. Sakrę otrzymał 10 stycznia 1593. 10 stycznia 1598 został mianowany nuncjuszem apostolskim w Polsce, z którego to urzędu zrezygnował 16 września 1606. W czasie sprawowania urzędu nuncjusza o jego promocję kardynalską zabiegał król Zygmunt III Waza, mimo składanych obietnic papież Paweł V zmienił jednak zdanie, co doprowadziło do ochłodzenia stosunków pomiędzy nim a królem. Biskupem Reggio Emilia pozostawał Rangoni do śmierci.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Włoscy biskupi katoliccy
Nuncjusze apostolscy w I Rzeczypospolitej
Ludzie urodzeni w Modenie
Urodzeni w 1559
Zmarli w 1621

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Conrad Dubai in the United Arab Emirates is a 51-storey luxury hotel.  Located in Dubai's commercial center on Sheikh Zayed Road, the property is 2-minute walk from Dubai World Trade Centre and is close to Dubai International Financial Centre and The Dubai Mall.
The hotel was officially opened on 18 September 2013.

Conrad Dubai hotel has three food and beverage venues: Ballaro, Bliss 6, Cave, Isla and Kimpo.

See also
 Hotels in Dubai
 Hilton Hotels & Resorts
 Conrad Hotels

References

 "This Hotel Pool Is the Latest Thing to Catch Our Attention in Dubai". Condé Nast Traveler. 17 October 2013.

External links
 Official website

Hotels in Dubai
Hilton Worldwide
Hotels established in 2013
Hotel buildings completed in 2013


text:
This Week In Quotes: 7/24 – 7/30
31 Jul, 2015 by	John Hawkins
It's one party, it's the McConnell-Reid leadership team, and they fight for the same priorities. — Ted Cruz
Still, it doesn't explain why the president's own side is so angry at America itself.
There's a revealing tendency in most liberal and left-wing histories of the United States of America.
When something bad happens, there tend to be only two possible villains: conservatives or America itself (or a combination of the two).
During the McCarthy period, evil conservatives whipped up paranoia and fear. But the Red Scare of 1919, overseen by Woodrow Wilson's progressive attorney general, A. Mitchell Palmer, was a blot on America's soul.
When FDR interned Japanese-Americans, it was an example of America's sins.
When FDR's party ruthlessly enforced Jim Crow in this country, racism was a stain on America. After the Democrats lost the South, and the South in turn became less racist, the stain was moved to the Republican Party. Liberalism is never to blame. — Jonah Goldberg
Tucked inside a report about President Obama's new amnesty is the estimation from this liberal think tank there are 820,000 illegal aliens in the United States with criminal convictions, including 690,000 illegal aliens currently residing on U.S. soil who have been convicted of a felony or "serious" misdemeanor.
The 820,000 figure is not an estimation of total crimes committed by illegal immigrants—which would be a much higher number—but only those illegal aliens successfully identified, arrested, tried, and convicted.
Combined with other statistical data points, however, the 820,000 figure gives us a way to examine the scope of total illegal alien crime. Even conservative assumptions produce harrowing conclusions, and demonstrate that there are likely millions of American victims of illegal alien predators. — Julia Hahn
This president's foreign policy is the most feckless in American history. He's so naïve, he would trust the Iranians and he would take the Israelis and basically march them to the door of the oven. — Mike Huckabee
A handful of powerful interests in the U.S. Chamber demand cheap labor at any cost — as long as they are not paying the cost. — Steve King
Liberals think of themselves as very open-minded, but that's simply not true! Liberalism has sadly become a knee-jerk ideology, with people barricaded in their comfortable little cells. They think that their views are the only rational ones, and everyone else is not only evil but financed by the Koch brothers. It's so simplistic! — Camille Paglia
Would it be so wrong if the rest of us just sort of went about our business, neither trying to immiserate trans people nor devoting a portion of every day to keeping them happy, altering all restrooms, revising all college admissions policies? Can we not just get on with our lives—if the real goal is to keep subsets of the population from burdening and annoying each other? — Todd Seavey
Progressives actively celebrate the most depraved evils, and then make super villains out of folks who hunt, or fly Confederate flags, or refuse to bake gay wedding cakes. It's like they're standing on a street corner simultaneously applauding a thug as he murders a man for his wallet, and calling for a summary execution of a pedestrian who forgot to use the crosswalk. This isn't just a matter of misplaced priorities; this is unadulterated lunacy. — Matt Walsh
If the world didn't need the baby who's now being dissected in a petri dish in some research facility, why did it need Cecil the lion? What was he doing that was so special? How was he contributing to the advancement of civilization? — Matt Walsh
More articles by John Hawkins


The 'magic' which made use of the invocation of evil or doubtful spirits was of course always regarded as sinful; but natural ~, i. e. that which did not involve recourse to the agency of personal spirits, was in the Middle Ages recognized as a legitimate department of study and practice, so long as it was not employed for maleficent ends. — Магия, прибегающая к помощи злых или сомнительных духов, всегда, конечно, считалась грехом; но т. н. «естественная» магия, не требующая вмешательства духов, признавалась в Средние века законным путём познания и достижения целей, если только употреблялась не во зло.
* Похоже, у слова даже в христианских текстах нет отрицательных коннотаций. Хотя вот пример из OED (1642): When they cannot flie up to heaven to make it a Miracle, they fetch it from hell to make it Magick.
OED: 1. a. The pretended art of influencing the course of events, and of producing marvellous physical phenomena, by processes supposed to owe their efficacy to their power of compelling the intervention of spiritual beings, or of bringing into operation some occult controlling principle of nature; sorcery, witchcraft. Also, the practice of this art.
The 'magic' which made use of the invocation of evil or doubtful spirits was of course always regarded as sinful; but natural magic, i. e. that which did not involve recourse to the agency of personal spirits, was in the Middle Ages usually recognized as a legitimate department of study and practice, so long as it was not employed for maleficent ends. Of _natural magic' as understood by mediaeval writers, typical examples are the making of an image, under certain astrological conditions, in order to injure or benefit the health of the person represented; and the application of a medicament to a weapon in order to heal the wound made by it. These things, if now practised, would still be called _magic', though the qualification _natural' would seem quite inappropriate. On the other hand, the _natural magic' of the Middle Ages included much that from the standpoint of modern science is _natural', but not _magical', the processes resorted to being really, according to the now known laws of physical causation, adapted to produce the intended effects.


This week, let's give a big hand to Susan Boulton, one of my neighbours at SFFWorld.com – hey, she's a writer! What a surprise!
Hi, Susan, tell us "all" about yourself.
I'm a middle-aged working mum who lives in rural England, and writes because she can.
All Things Seen (There was once a Scotsman, Englishman and an Arachnologist), a short story published by Meadowhawk Press in the anthology Touched by Wonder.
Death won't be Cheated (Be very careful what you wish for especially where death is involved), in the anthology Malevolence – Tales From Beyond the Veil.
My two daughters, because they are independent young ladies who know what they want from life.
How about Colditz with Gremlins?
Haven't heard that before. So, if only one person was to ever read your work – who would you want it to be?
Agatha Christie, because her characters worked out whodunnit without any gizmos… like in my next novel, about murder and raising the dead Ancient Egyptian style in 1920's England!
To continue to grow old disgracefully.
I keep meaning to get a copy of Oracle. Do you have a sales link?
Actually, I'm still waiting on the Amazon links from Susan – I'll update it (and add a comment here) as soon as she passes them my way.


text:
How To Keep Gaming While Getting A Degree
PCPS4Xbox One
PowerUp! Staff
Article Supplied
The time of study at the university is a test of strength and the ability to combine two very important things in life (study and gaming) is very important. Very often, with such a load, students absolutely do not want to allocate time for unwanted homework, fortunately, for this, there is a service where you can simply type "write my essay" and professionals will help you with this. Speaking about the combination of obtaining a degree and gaming, there are a couple of tips that will come in handy.
1. Set Priorities and Plan Everything
Prioritize both in gaming (the most important games that will bring the greatest results), and in homework (the most significant work of the semester, without which it is impossible to complete the course, as well as the most important minor works, the deadline for which has already come). Then combine the priority lists and determine the time required to complete each work. A carefully crafted plan (preferably in writing) will create a feeling of confidence that you can control the situation.
2. Consider the Infrastructure
No matter how obvious it sounds, combining gaming, study and relaxation will be easier if the place where you study is located not very far from the place where you are engaged in gaming. Distance is a relative thing, but still, you need to try to choose a club for gaming so that it can be reached by public transport without transfers, or so that the road by bicycle doesn't take the last effort (after all, you still need to develop your gaming skills or study after the trip).
3. Do Not Forget to Relax
Whatever achievements and ambitions drive us forward, every person needs rest. The prominent American journalist Sidney J. Harris said that the time to relax comes when you do not have time for this (Forbes). Each second of rest will help to look at things from a different point of view and will give new strength and inspiration to move on.
4. Make a Schedule Convenient for Yourself
Many universities provide you with the opportunity to create an individual schedule. If you see gaming in your future as a profession and if it is more than entertainment, then an individual schedule will be a great way out for you. You will be able to engage in gaming when it is convenient for you and when you are more productive and at the same time do not miss classes at the university, as you will have an individual schedule.
5. Forget about Studying When you Play, and When you Study, forget about Gaming
As soon as you cross the threshold of a game club, you cease to be a student in the literary faculty. In turn, when you find yourself in a university, you cease to be a gamer and become a student. Do not get nervous when studying because of a game or a game championship and do not try to negotiate about gaming issues for a 10-minute break. Likewise, you should not plague yourself with learning problems at gaming clubs. Everything has its place and its time.
6. Do Not be Afraid to Ask for Help
Sometimes in gaming and in school, everything goes wrong and it's worth recognizing that you yourself won't be able to cope with everything. So, you can calmly ask your partner in the game to "cover" you at the tournament or ask a groupmate to help with your studies. There is nothing shameful about this. And in secret: many people like to help others, so they feel their importance and usefulness.
7. Do Not Complain
We love to complain, and there's nothing wrong with that. Sometimes we just need it. But in this case, when you complain that you are "tired of combining gaming and study, it's insanely difficult, you don't have enough time for your personal life and you really want to send the hell out of it", think for a moment: you really want to be pitied? Do you want to be told something like: "Probably hard for you, there is absolutely no free time"? I bet you don't want this at all. You dream of hearing: "Listen, what a fellow you are, you manage to do everything and successfully deal with everything! I am proud of you/I envy you". This is your true goal. You want people to recognize your achievements, you are proud of yourself and you want others to be proud of you too, so don't whine.
8. Be Honest and Demanding of Yourself
In those moments when it seems that everything has been piled on too much, remind yourself why you started what you are doing. It is clear that you cannot immediately get absolutely everything. Hard work and determination are crucial elements when you have to combine something with getting an education. It will be difficult to comply with all these principles at once but start with at least one. When you successfully integrate it into your daily life, take on the next one.
Sum up
Now you will not surprise anyone with the fact that students combine gaming with full-time studies. Some do not give up gaming because for them it is a great way to escape from routine and relax, while others are engaged in it at a professional level. The reason why you decided to combine gaming with getting an education is not important, one thing is important: you must successfully cope with both gaming and study, and most importantly, one must not interfere with the other.
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The whole PowerUp! Team.


Thanks for agreeing to be on the Disrupt Podcast!
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Team Drives is an amazing cloud collaboration instrument. Let's have a look on some of it's numerous applications.
In any organization, when new employees are recruited, they are subjected to training after which they are given their access to work and other organizational resources. This process can be cumbersome as the new hires are initially to be given access to just training material, which will change at a later point in time. Using Team Drives, these roles, permissions, and accesses to the data and files can be very easily managed. For instance, all the group of trainees can be added to one group during their training and can later be moved to their respective Team Drives.
Files can be placed in folders and can be managed, organized, and accessed at a granular level.
Team Drives is one of the few collaboration tools available that offers a wide set of predefined roles and accesses. It also allows users to customize new roles and permissions. Every role and access can be easily managed, modified, and monitored at any point in time.
Google has started implementing machine learning techniques in its products. Accordingly, Team Drives also comes with machine learning algorithms under the hood. This helps users get quick access to the files on which they are most likely to be working on. This saves a lot of valuable productive time and also saves resources as it doesn't need metadata of the data, which is quite a time-consuming process.
Google Team Drives offers compelling means of collaboration with ease of data management, sharing, and monitoring. It comes with a minimalistic yet intuitive user interference and is backed by machine learning techniques behind the scenes. Considering all these features and Google's support, Team Drives is a handy collaborative tool for companies of all sizes.
Confining a file to one particular employee ensures that the data in the file stays intact but what if the employee leaves the organization? Determining a file owner when an employee quits an organization can be really troublesome.
UpSafe G Suite backup supplements Team Drives with malware-proof protection, covering mail, drive, contacts and calendar as well. Our solution is a true protection, and even the loss of access to your google account cannot break it.


text:
Homo floresiensis ("Mensch von Flores") ist eine ausgestorbene, im Vergleich zum Homo sapiens kleinwüchsige Art der Gattung Homo. Die im September 2003 auf der indonesischen Insel Flores entdeckten und dieser Art zugeordneten Knochenfunde wurden 2004 in der Erstbeschreibung auf ein Alter von rund 18.000 Jahren datiert. Aus dieser Datierung wurde abgeleitet, dass, während die Nachbarinseln schon seit mehreren tausend Jahren vom anatomisch modernen Menschen (Homo sapiens) besiedelt waren, auf Flores noch eine zweite Homo-Art lebte. 2016 wurde jedoch eine Neudatierung der Funde publiziert, der zufolge die Knochen nicht jünger als 60.000 Jahre sind.

Wie eng die Verwandtschaft von Homo floresiensis mit anderen Arten der Gattung Homo ist, ist unter Anthropologen und Paläoanthropologen umstritten. Von seinen Entdeckern wurde Homo floresiensis bereits 2004 als so genannte Inselverzwergung stammesgeschichtlich von Homo erectus abgeleitet. Andere Forscher vermuteten, es könne sich um eine krankhaft veränderte Population von Homo sapiens gehandelt haben. Die jüngsten Befunde – darunter eine neuerliche genaue Beschreibung aller Knochen des Schädels – "deuten jedoch darauf hin, dass Homo floresiensis eine klar unterscheidbare Art" war.

Namensgebung
Die Bezeichnung der Gattung Homo ist abgeleitet von lateinisch homo [], dt. Mensch. Das Epitheton floresiensis verweist auf den Fundort des Typusexemplars auf der indonesischen Insel Flores. Homo floresiensis bedeutet somit "Mensch von Flores".

Neben dem wissenschaftlichen Namen wird, angelehnt an Tolkiens kleinwüchsige Phantasiewesen, scherzhaft auch die Bezeichnung "Hobbit" als Spitzname gebraucht; die Forscher hatten zunächst den Spitznamen Flo verwendet.

Wegen der morphologischen Merkmale, die von allen bis dahin bekannten homininen Fossilien stark abweichen, wählten die Entdecker im ersten Entwurf ihrer Erstbeschreibung die Art-Bezeichnung "Sundanthropus floresianus". Im Verlauf des Peer-Review wiesen die von der Fachzeitschrift Nature berufenen Gutachter jedoch darauf hin, dass der Schädel LB1 große Ähnlichkeiten mit den Schädelvarianten innerhalb der Gattung Homo aufweise. Zudem erinnert "floresianus" in englischer Aussprache an "flowery anus" (etwa: "blumiger Anus"), ein Gleichklang, den man vermeiden wollte. Aufgrund dieser gutachterlichen Einwände wurde in der schließlich von Nature im Oktober 2004 publizierten, überarbeiteten Version der Erstbeschreibung die Bezeichnung Homo floresiensis gewählt.

Erstbeschreibung

Holotypus von Homo floresiensis ist laut Erstbeschreibung das erste in der Höhle Liang Bua gefundene hominine Fossil, LB1. Gestützt wurde die anhand von LB1 definierte neue Art der Hominini durch einen einzeln gefundenen Vorderbackenzahn aus dem Bereich eines linken Unterkiefers, das Fossil LB2.

Von LB1 wurden 2003 der Schädel (Sammlungsnummer LB1/1) nebst Unterkiefer geborgen. Hinzu kamen zwei Oberschenkelknochen, zwei Schienbeine, zwei Wadenbeine, zwei Kniescheiben, einige Hand- und Fußknochen, Fragmente des Beckens, der Wirbel und des Kreuzbeins, der Rippen, der Schulterblätter und der Schlüsselbeine.

Die Kombination der anatomischen Merkmale erschien ungewöhnlich: Das Schädelinnenvolumen und die Körpergröße erinnerten an die noch affenähnlichen Australopithecinen aus Afrika, zahlreiche andere Merkmale hingegen an frühe Vertreter der Gattung Homo. Die naheliegende Vermutung, dass es sich um einen Homo sapiens handelte, dessen Kleinwuchs die Folge einer Hormonstörung war, wurde verworfen: Man fand keine Anzeichen für IGF-1-Mangel, hypophysären Kleinwuchs oder Mikrozephalie. Der Fundort, eine stets von Wasser umgebene Insel, machte daher eine sogenannte Inselverzwergung wahrscheinlich. Vorfahren der neuen Art wären dann größere Individuen der Gattung Homo aus dem Pleistozän gewesen; genannt wurden Funde von Homo erectus von der benachbarten Insel Java, die als Java-Mensch bekannt sind.

Entdeckung

Im Zentrum der indonesischen Insel Flores waren bereits Mitte der 1950er- und Anfang der 1960er-Jahre von Theodorus Verhoeven sowie 1994 und 1997 von Paul Sondaar am Oberlauf des Flusses Ae Sissa, im Bereich der Fundstelle Mata Menge im Soa-Becken, Steinwerkzeuge entdeckt worden. Das Alter dieser Werkzeuge bestimmte man anhand einer Zirkon-Spaltspurdatierung auf 880.000 (± 70.000) bis 800.000 (± 70.000) Jahren BP. Unter Verweis auf Studien von Philip Rightmire zur Ausbreitung der Gattung Homo im Altpleistozän wurde vermutet, dass es sich beim Hersteller der Werkzeuge um Menschen der Art Homo erectus gehandelt haben müsse. Die Datierung war jedoch umstritten, da die Insel Flores zwei Grad östlich des indonesischen Kontinentalsockels (östlich der Wallace-Linie) liegt und daher auch im Pleistozän stets vom Meer umschlossen war. Man traute damals Homo erectus den Bau von Wasserfahrzeugen nicht zu und ging daher davon aus, dass die Inselkette östlich von Java erst durch Homo sapiens besiedelt wurde.

Um die Datierung abzusichern, suchten indonesische Wissenschaftler in den folgenden Jahren auf Flores nach fossilen Belegen für Hominini während des frühen Pleistozäns. Mitte der 1990er-Jahre initiierte der australische Archäologe Mike Morwood eine australisch-indonesische Forschungskooperation, motiviert von dem Ziel, den Weg der ersten Zuwanderer vom asiatischen Festland nach Australien zu rekonstruieren. Dazu wurde ab 2001 auch die Höhle Liang Bua erkundet, in der bereits 1965 diverse Tierfossilien geborgen worden waren. Unter der Leitung von Mike Morwood und Thomas Sutikna (Indonesian Centre for Archaeology, Jakarta) wurden am 2. September 2003 der vollständig erhaltene Schädel eines kleinwüchsigen, aufrecht gehenden homininen Individuums entdeckt, "mit einem Schädel-Innenvolumen und der Statur (Körpergröße) ähnlich dem – oder kleiner als bei – Australopithecus afarensis." Das Fossil bezeichnete man als LB1. Die meisten seiner Knochen wurden an den folgenden Tagen auf einer Fläche von nur 500 Quadratzentimetern entdeckt, darunter auch der zum Schädel zugehörige Unterkiefer, diverse große Röhrenknochen in teils noch erhaltener natürlicher Anordnung im Bereich der Gelenke sowie einige Steinwerkzeuge. Diese Steinwerkzeuge glichen den aus älteren Schichten von Flores bekannten, waren jedoch wesentlich kleiner und wirkten so, "als seien sie für sehr kleine Hände gemacht" (im Original: "as if fitted to tiny hands").

Die Knochen erwiesen sich als äußerst brüchig, da sie weder versteinert noch mit Calciumcarbonat überzogen waren: "Sie hatten in etwa die Konsistenz von nassem Löschpapier", beschrieb Mike Morwood den Fund. Man habe die Knochen nach der Freilegung zunächst drei Tage lang zum Trocknen liegen gelassen, danach mit Leim getränkt und erst nach dessen Aushärtung nach Jakarta transportiert, um sie dort genauer zu untersuchen.

Bereits am 28. Oktober 2004, dem Tag der Veröffentlichung ihrer Erstbeschreibung in der Fachzeitschrift Nature, berichteten die Medien über einen aufgefundenen "Hobbit". Bernard Wood bezeichnete die Skelettreste in der Fachzeitschrift Science als die bedeutendste paläoanthropologische Entdeckung der vergangenen fünfzig Jahre.

Weitere Funde

Die Ausgräber haben in der Höhle Liang Bua die Überreste von insgesamt mindestens 14 Individuen gefunden, die Homo floresiensis zugeschrieben werden. In den Schichten mit homininen Fossilien stießen sie ferner auf Reste von Holzkohle, also hat Homo floresiensis vermutlich Feuer genutzt. Gefunden wurden auch Steinwerkzeuge aus Vulkangestein und Feuerstein: zumeist einfache Abschläge, die beidseits bearbeitet waren, aber auch Speerspitzen, Schneiden, Stanzen und kleine Messer. Entdeckt wurden ferner Knochen eines Komodowarans, eines heute ausgestorbenen, ungewöhnlich großen Marabus (Leptoptilos robustus) sowie die Überreste von mindestens zwei Dutzend Exemplaren einer heute ausgestorbenen Zwergform der Rüsseltier-Gattung Stegodon.

Etwa 100 km entfernt von Liang Bua liegt die Fundstelle Wolo Sege, nahe der schon länger bekannten Fundstelle Mata Menge im Soa-Becken. Dort fand man Abschläge, deren Alter im Jahr 2010 mit 1,02 ± 0,02 Millionen Jahre angegeben wurde; dieser Befund wurde als weiterer Beleg für eine sehr frühe Besiedlung der Insel und damit für eine potentiell langfristig mögliche "Verzwergung" früher Hominini auf Flores bewertet.

118.000 bis 194.000 Jahre alte Steinwerkzeuge, die auf der nördlich von Flores gelegenen Insel Sulawesi entdeckt wurden, belegen ebenfalls die Anwesenheit von frühen Populationen der Gattung Homo in dieser Region.

Im Juni 2016 wurden hominine Fossilien von der Fundstelle Mata Menge beschrieben, die von mindestens drei Individuen stammen: das Fragment des Unterkiefers eines Erwachsenen und sechs einzelne Milchzähne von mindestens zwei Kindern. Die Funde wurden auf ein Alter von rund 700.000 Jahren datiert und – da sie noch graziler sind als die jüngeren Funde von Homo floresiensis – einstweilen nicht einer bestimmten Art zugeschrieben, sondern zunächst nur als mögliche Vorfahren von Homo floresiensis interpretiert. Die Funde weisen große Ähnlichkeiten sowohl mit Homo erectus auf als auch mit Homo floresiensis und stützen die Annahme, dass Homo floresiensis eine Inselverzwergung von Homo erectus war.

Merkmale
Homo floresiensis vereinigt "eine einzigartige Kombination von Homo-ergaster-ähnlichen Schädel- und Zahn-Merkmalen" mit bis zu seiner Entdeckung unbekannten Besonderheiten im Bereich des Beckens und der Oberschenkel sowie mit archaischen Handwurzelknochen.

Die Untersuchungen durch den Paläoanthropologen Peter Brown ergaben 2004, dass es sich bei dem ersten und vollständigsten Fund (dem Fossil LB1) um die Reste einer etwa 30-jährigen Frau von wenig mehr als einem Meter Größe handelt, die ein geschätztes Körpergewicht von 16 bis 29 Kilogramm besaß; das Geschlecht wurde aus der Gestalt des Beckenknochens abgeleitet, das Lebensalter anhand der Abnutzung des Gebisses geschätzt. Die weiteren Funde belegen, dass die geringe Körpergröße von LB1 keine individuelle Anomalie darstellte, sondern die durchschnittliche Größe von Homo floresiensis war. Für das Fossil LB8, von dem ein Schienbein erhalten ist, wurde eine Körpergröße von 97,5 cm rekonstruiert.

Zugleich wurde 2004 ein den Australopithecina entsprechendes Gehirnvolumen von nur rund 380 cm³ rekonstruiert (zum Vergleich: Schimpansen ca. 400 Kubikzentimeter). 2013 wurde diese Rekonstruktion anhand von computertomographischen Aufnahmen revidiert und für das Gehirnvolumen 426 cm³ berechnet; dies sei nur knapp die Hälfte des Gehirnvolumens, die einem Homo erectus (ca. 860 cm³) zugeschrieben werde. Diese Verkleinerung des Gehirns im Vergleich zu Homo erectus könne mindestens zur Hälfte als Folge der wesentlich geringeren Körpergröße von Homo floresiensis zurückgeführt werden; bis zu 50 Prozent der Verkleinerung – so die Spekulation der Autoren der Studie – sei daher durch Umwelteinflüsse bedingt gewesen.

Der Schultergürtel von Homo floresiensis ähnelte weniger dem des anatomisch modernen Menschen, sondern eher der Schulter von Homo erectus.

Im Jahr 2004 wurden, nach der Herstellung von Abformungen im Labor von Teuku Jacob, Beschädigungen am Becken von LB1 festgestellt. Ferner war der Unterkiefer in mehrere Teile zerbrochen und abweichend vom Zustand bei Auffindung des Fossils restauriert worden, ferner fehlte ein Schneidezahn.

Schädel

Die Merkmale des Kopfes wurden hauptsächlich anhand des leicht deformierten sowie im Bereich der Nase und der linken Augenhöhle beschädigten Schädels und des Unterkiefers von LB1 bestimmt, zusätzlich zog man den Unterkieferknochen LB6 heran.

Den Beschreibungen zufolge ist der Schädel sehr klein, das ebenfalls sehr kleine Gesicht ist senkrecht orientiert (keine Prognathie wie zum Beispiel bei Australopithecus afarensis), und die Stirn ist relativ hoch. Relativ flach gewölbt ist hingegen die Schädeldecke; sie ist ähnlich dickwandig wie bei Homo erectus und Australopithecus und nahezu kugelförmig. Über den kreisförmigen Augenhöhlen befindet sich ein kleiner, gebogener Augenbrauenwulst. Im Vergleich mit Homo sapiens ungewöhnlich ist eine Öffnung unmittelbar hinter den Schneidezähnen, durch die Nerven von der Nase zum Dach der Mundhöhle verliefen. Zudem ist der Knochen, durch den Nasenöffnung und Mund getrennt werden, im Vergleich mit Homo sapiens äußerst schmal, und der erste untere Prämolar hat 2 Wurzeln (Homo sapiens: 1). Insgesamt ähnelt der Bau des Kauapparats aber den morphologischen Gegebenheiten bei Homo und weist keine Anpassungen auf, die für Australopithecus charakteristisch sind. Aufgrund des bis 2004 nicht bekannten "Mosaiks von ursprünglichen, einzigartigen und abgeleiteten Merkmalen" wurden die homininen Funde aus der Höhle Liang Bua als eigenständige Art beschrieben.

Diese Interpretation der Funde stützt sich zudem auf wiederholte computergestützte Untersuchungen des Schädels, deren erste bereits 2005 von Dean Falk (Florida State University) publiziert wurde. Falk analysierte so genannte virtuelle Endocasts, das sind Computersimulationen von Gehirnoberflächen auf Grundlage der inneren Schädeloberflächen und des Schädelinnenvolumens. Demnach ähnelt das Gehirn von Homo floresiensis dem Gehirn von Homo erectus, nicht aber der Gehirnform von modernen Menschen, bei denen eine Mikrozephalie diagnostiziert wurde; 2007 und 2009 wurde diese Deutung der Befunde bekräftigt.

Anfang 2009 ergab eine weitere Studie von Forschern der Stony Brook University, dass der Schädel größere Ähnlichkeit mit Fossilien aus Afrika und Eurasien als mit modernen Menschen aufweise. Auch die Asymmetrie sei nicht größer als bei anderen Verwandten des Menschen (wie beispielsweise bei modernen Affen) und müsse nicht durch Mikrozephalie erklärt werden. Ähnlich argumentierte die gleiche Forschergruppe, nachdem sie erneut die Beschaffenheit des Unterkiefers und der Schädelknochen von LB1 untersucht und deren Merkmale mit den entsprechenden Merkmalen von heute lebenden, gesunden kleinwüchsigen Menschen, mit krankhaft veränderten Schädeln heute lebender Menschen und mit Vormenschen-Funden verglichen hatte: Eine pathologische Verkleinerung, ausgehend von Homo sapiens, sei unwahrscheinlich; vielmehr weise der Schädel LB1 zahlreiche eigenständige Merkmale auf, die Homo floresiensis in die verwandtschaftliche Nähe zu anderen Vertretern der frühen Hominini stellen. 2011 wurde die Hypothese einer Inselverzwergung erneut bekräftigt: Die Merkmale des Schädels von LB1 ähnelten am stärksten denen der als Java-Menschen bezeichneten Homo-erectus-Fossilien, von denen er vermutlich abstamme; auch eine Analyse der Dicke des Schädeldachs von LB1 ergab keine Hinweise auf dessen Zugehörigkeit zu Homo sapiens.

Anhand einer virtuellen 3-D-Rekonstruktion des Schädels wurde berechnet, dass die Kraft beim Kauen mit annähernd 1300 Newton ähnlich groß war wie bei anderer Arten der Gattung Homo einschließlich des Homo sapiens.

Füße und Hände
Eine von William L. Jungers durchgeführte Analyse ergab, dass Homo floresiensis im Vergleich zu Homo sapiens ungewöhnlich große und flache Füße hatte: Während die Füße heutiger Menschen ungefähr 55 Prozent der Länge ihres Oberschenkels ausmachen, hatten die Füße von Homo floresiensis eine Länge von 70 Prozent der Länge ihres Oberschenkels. Ihre Gangart müsse sich daher ebenfalls von der heute lebender Menschen unterschieden haben; vermutlich habe er nicht besonders schnell rennen können, da er seine Füße habe stärker anheben müssen als heutige Läufer. Jungers verglich die Fußknochen ferner mit den Fußknochen von Menschen, Vormenschen und heute lebenden Affen, die in einer großen Datenbank erfasst sind: die größte Ähnlichkeit besteht demnach mit Homo habilis und Australopithecus afarensis.

Auch die Arme waren im Vergleich zu Homo sapiens überproportional lang und unterscheiden sich in dieser Beziehung deutlich sowohl von mikrozephalen Menschen als auch von Pygmäen. Das Längenverhältnis von Oberarmknochen (243 Millimeter) zu Oberschenkelknochen (280 Millimeter) liegt mit 0,868 außerhalb der Variationsbreite heutiger Menschen und sämtlicher heute lebender afrikanischer Menschenaffen. Es ist 0,02 größer als das Größenverhältnis von Australopithecus afarensis und liegt beim Durchschnittswert der Paviane; alle langen Knochen der Arme und Beine haben – im Verhältnis zu ihrer Länge – in der Mitte des Schaftes einen größeren Durchmesser als bei Homo sapiens.

Eine Analyse der Handknochen durch einen Experten der Smithsonian Institution in Washington ergab 2007 ebenfalls, dass deren Zusammenwirken weder einem gesunden modernen Menschen noch einer bekannten pathologischen Variante ähnelt. Das linke Handgelenk des Homo floresiensis sei von dem eines Schimpansen oder eines Australopithecus kaum zu unterscheiden. Dagegen wies im Jahr 2008 eine Gruppe australischer Wissenschaftler auf eine Übereinstimmung der primitiven Handgelenkform und anderer Skelettmissbildungen mit denen moderner Menschen hin, die wegen einer Mangelernährung der Mutter an einem angeborenen Jodmangelsyndrom des myxödematösen Typs leiden (Kretinismus).

Ende 2008 wurde jedoch unter Einbeziehung neuer Funde anhand der Fossilien von sechs Individuen (LB1, LB2, LB3, LB4, LB5, LB6) den oberen Extremitäten bescheinigt, dass sie "ein einzigartiges Mosaik" aus menschenähnlichen und 'primitiven' Merkmalen aufweisen, "das niemals bei gesunden oder krankhaft veränderten modernen Menschen" beschrieben wurde. Kurz darauf wurde anhand von neun Individuen (LB1, LB4, LB6, LB8, LB9, LB10, LB11, LB13, LB14) ein vergleichbares Mosaik auch für die Füße beschrieben. Auch die Analyse eines weiteren Kopfbeins und eines Hakenbeins im Jahr 2013 bestätigte diese Interpretation der Funde.

Habitat
In der Höhle wurden rund 275.000 Tierknochen entdeckt, 80 Prozent davon wurden Nagetieren zugeordnet. In einer Studie wurden rund 10.000 Knochen von sieben unterschiedlich großen Nagetier-Arten aus der Familie der Langschwanzmäuse, deren Lebensraum bekannt ist, gemäß ihrer Häufigkeit in unterschiedlichen Fundschichten analysiert. Aus diesen Befunden wurde abgeleitet, dass sich die Höhle – und folglich das Habitat von Homo floresiensis – vor 100.000 Jahren in einem überwiegend offenen Grasland befand. Vor 62.000 Jahren entwickelte sich dann aber im Umkreis der Höhle ein überwiegend bewaldetes Biotop. Dies veranlasste die Autorin der Studie zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass das Fehlen von Nachweisen für Homo floresiensis und für diverse anderer Tierarten ab ungefähr 60.000 Jahren vor heute möglicherweise eine Folge dieser klimatischen Veränderung sein könnte, Homo floresiensis nach der Aufgabe des Wohnplatzes in der Höhle aber andernorts auf Flores – in einem damals noch überwiegend offenen Grasland – weiterhin existiert haben könnte.

Datierung
In der Erstbeschreibung im Jahr 2004 wurde dem Schädel LB1 ein Alter von etwa 18.000 Jahren zugeschrieben, den übrigen Funden von teils mehr als 38.000 Jahren. AMS-Datierungen ergaben für zwei Holzkohlestücke, die an der Basis der Fundschicht von LB1 geborgen wurden, ein kalibriertes Alter von jeweils etwa 18.000 Jahren (Labor-Codes ANUA-27116 und ANUA-27117). 2005 wurde das Maximalalter der Fossilfunde von Homo floresiensis auf 95.000 bis 74.000 Jahre beziffert, das Mindestalter auf rund 12.000 Jahre. Das jüngste Fossil, das zum Mindestalter von 12.000 Jahren geführt hat, ist die Speiche eines Kindes. Alle anderen Funde liegen unter einer dicken Vulkanasche-Schicht, die mit einem radiometrischen Alter von 13.100 Jahren den spätest möglichen Zeitpunkt für die Ablagerung der homininen Fossilien bildet. Möglicherweise – so wurde spekuliert – könne das Aussterben von Homo floresiensis mit diesem gewaltigen Vulkanausbruch in Verbindung gebracht werden, der vor etwa 13.000 Jahren auf der Insel stattfand und zur Ablagerung der Ascheschicht in der Höhle Liang Bua geführt hat. Auch vom Zwergelefanten Stegodon sondaari sind bisher keine jüngeren Spuren gefunden worden.

In der Fundschicht von LB1 wurden außerdem 32 Steinwerkzeuge entdeckt, die aufgrund der ungestörten Ablagerung sehr wahrscheinlich Homo floresiensis zuzuschreiben sind. Gestützt wurde die Datierung durch vulkanische Aschen, die über der Fundschicht abgelagert und zunächst auf 17.000 bis 11.000 Jahre vor heute datiert wurden.

Neben LB1 wurde auch der Unterkiefer LB6 datiert, sein Alter wird mit etwa 15.000 Jahren angegeben. Des Weiteren gibt es ein stratigraphisches Mindestalter für den Vorderbackenzahn LB2 und den Unterarmknochen LB3, die unter einer 38.000 Jahre alten Sinterschicht lagen und unmittelbar über einem Stegodon-Zahn, für den ein Alter von 74.000 Jahren ermittelt wurde. Weitere Funde aus noch tieferen Schichten ergaben dann sogar ein Höchstalter von 95.000 Jahren.

Eine Studie des Jahres 2009 benannte in der Höhle Liang Bua die Zeitspanne von Homo floresiensis mit 95.000 bis 17.000 Jahren vor heute und bezifferte am selben Fundplatz den ersten Nachweis für Homo sapiens auf 11.000 Jahre.

Untersuchungsergebnisse aus dem Jahr 2016 stellen die anfängliche Datierung der Funde des Homo floresiensis jedoch in Frage. Demnach hatte sich der Höhlenboden durch Erosion verändert, so dass Holzkohlenreste, die zunächst zur Datierung herangezogen worden waren, jünger sind als die unmittelbar benachbarten Fundstücke des Homo floresiensis. Mit Hilfe insbesondere der Argon-Argon-Datierung und der Thermolumineszenzdatierung wurden die Überreste von Homo floresiensis in die Zeit zwischen 100.000 und 60.000 Jahren vor heute datiert; ihm zugeordnete Artefakte sind demnach zwischen 190.000 und 50.000 Jahre alt. Wann Homo floresiensis ausgestorben ist, wurde in der im Fachblatt Nature publizierten Revision der Datierung ausdrücklich als "offene Frage" benannt. Auch die Besiedelung von Flores durch Homo sapiens erfolgte einer 2018 publizierten Studie zufolge möglicherweise bereits vor 46.000 (cal BP) Jahren.

Kontroverse

Die Versuche, den ungewöhnlichen Habitus von LB1 zu erklären, wiesen zunächst überraschende Parallelen auf mit der anfänglichen Interpretation des Fossils Neandertal 1 im 19. Jahrhundert; der erste, namensgebende Fund eines Neandertalers war zunächst von einigen angesehenen Forschern als krankhaft veränderter, anatomisch moderner Mensch interpretiert worden, zum Beispiel als Gerippe "von einem berittenen russischen Kosaken". Im Falle des Homo floresiensis war es eine "kleine, aber lautstarke Gruppe von Wissenschaftlern", die das Modell eines multiregionalen Ursprungs des modernen Menschen vertritt, die schon kurz nach dessen Erstbeschreibung die Einordnung als eigenständige Art ablehnte. Auch der 2007 verstorbene Doyen der indonesischen Paläoanthropologie, Teuku Jacob, gab bereits knapp vier Wochen nach der Erstbeschreibung und vor einer eigenen ausführlichen Analyse der Funde bekannt, er bezweifle die Einordnung als neue Art. Anfang 2005 interpretierte Jacob LB1 als krankhaft veränderten Homo sapiens. Ebenfalls 2005 wies eine weitere Forschergruppe darauf hin, dass Gehirngröße und -proportionen innerhalb der Variationsbreite für moderne mikrozephale Menschen liege. Dieser Deutung wurde aber wiederholt widersprochen, unter anderem im British Medical Journal, wo eine britische Forschergruppe die Verkleinerung des Gehirns – auch im Vergleich mit ähnlichen Veränderungen in anderen Familien der Primaten – als im Einklang mit parallelen Veränderungen der Körpermasse bezeichnete; die angebliche Mikrozephalie sei zudem ohne vorherige Inaugenscheinnahme der Originalfunde von Flores publiziert worden.

2007, auf dem Höhepunkt der Auseinandersetzung um die Einordnung der Fossilien, wurde unter anderem von Zvi Laron zusätzlich auf das Laron-Syndrom als mögliche Ursache für die beobachteten Merkmale hingewiesen, aber auch dieser möglichen Interpretation der Knochenfunde wurde zwei Jahre später – nach umfangreichen Computersimulationen – widersprochen. Auch das Down-Syndrom wurde zeitweise als Ursache der Merkmale von Homo floresiensis in Erwägung gezogen.

Forscher um Teuku Jacob stritten ferner ab, dass sich auf der kleinen Insel Flores eine eigenständige Art der Gattung Homo entwickeln konnte. Im Jahr 2006 argumentierten sie, Flores habe einer isolierten Population der Hominini nicht dauerhaft genügend Nahrung bieten können. Auch habe während der Eiszeiten der Meeresspiegel niedriger gelegen; Flores sei dadurch nur zwei Kilometer von der nächsten Insel und diese wiederum nicht weit vom Festland entfernt gewesen. Die Forscher hielten es daher für unwahrscheinlich, dass es 800.000 Jahre lang keinen Kontakt der Inselbewohner zum Festland gegeben habe. Auch ein amerikanisches Forscherteam vom Field Museum für Naturkunde in Chicago kam 2006 – anhand der damals vorliegenden Daten anderer Forscher und primär aufgrund der Dimensionen des Schädels – zu dem Schluss, dass es sich bei Homo floresiensis am ehesten um mikrocephale Steinzeitmenschen gehandelt habe. Andere Forscher unterstützten hingegen im selben Jahr nach einem Vergleich von LB1 mit gesunden und pathologisch veränderten Schädeln von Homo sapiens sowie mit Australopithecus und Paranthropus die These einer eigenständigen Art; später wies die Hauptautorin dieser Studie ergänzend darauf hin, dass auch das gesamte übrige Skelett von LB1 nicht aussehe wie das bloß verkleinerte Skelett eines kranken modernen Menschen.

2010 kam auch eine Übersichtsarbeit zu dem Ergebnis, dass "Homo floresiensis eine lange überlebende Art des frühen Homo ist mit der größten morphologischen Nähe zu frühen afrikanischen vor-erectus / ergaster Homininen." Eine zweite Übersichtsarbeit, die sich der Beschaffenheit der Knochen unterhalb des Kopfes widmete, kam 2011 ebenfalls zu dem Ergebnis, dass "Inselverzwergung das plausibelste Szenario" sei und dass Homo floresiensis vermutlich von Homo erectus abstamme. Auch das 2011 von Bernard Wood herausgegebene Standardwerk Encyclopedia of Human Evolution bezweifelt nicht den Status von Homo floresiensis als eigene Art; verwiesen wird einzig darauf, dass die Flores-Population in mehreren Publikationen eher von Homo habilis als von Homo erectus hergeleitet wird.

An dreidimensionalen Digitalisaten von fossilen Schädeln verschiedener Arten der Gattung Homo, von LB1 sowie von modernen Menschen, die an unterschiedlichen Krankheiten litten, welche als Auslöser für Kleinwüchsigkeit bekannt sind, wurden in einer weiteren Studie die Abstände von diversen anatomischen Merkmalen der Schädeloberfläche vermessen und miteinander verglichen; auch diese Studie ergab, dass der LB1-Schädel größere Übereinstimmungen mit der Gruppe der fossilen als mit den modernen, krankheitsbedingt veränderten Schädeln aufweist. Am meisten ähnele LB1 dem Fossil D2700 aus Georgien, einem Schädel aus der Gruppe der homininen Fossilien von Dmanissi, die als lokale Variante Homo erectus zugeordnet werden.

Der für die Freigabe der Erstbeschreibung verantwortliche Chefredakteur von Nature, Henry Gee wies schließlich darauf hin, dass LB1 kein Einzelfund sei, dass die Vertreter der Hypothese, die Funde von Flores seien eine pathologische Variante des Homo sapiens, dies aber ignorierten; vielmehr habe man diverse weitere Belege für die Art aus deutlich älteren Fundschichten geborgen. Die hierdurch belegte Zeitspanne für die Anwesenheit der Art auf Flores reiche daher zurück bis in eine Epoche vor Ankunft des Homo sapiens. Dies allein stelle jeden Gedanken daran infrage, "dass Homo floresiensis ein pathologischer Sprössling des anatomisch modernen Menschen sein könne".

Die 2016 in Nature publizierte Neudatierung der Funde wurde in Science schließlich als besonders überzeugender Beleg für die Eigenständigkeit der Art bewertet, da vor rund 60.000 Jahren die Besiedelung Asiens durch Homo sapiens erst begonnen hatte. Im gleichen Jahr wurde nachgewiesen, dass bereits vor 700.000 Jahren Individuen einer kleinwüchsigen Art der Gattung Homo auf Flores heimisch waren und der Prozess der Inselverzwergung demnach sehr schnell vonstatten gegangen sein muss; zugleich beendeten diese Funde die wissenschaftliche Debatte um den Art-Status von Homo floresiensis endgültig. Belege für einen Übergang von Genen von Homo floresiensis auf Vorfahren der heute auf den südostasiatischen Inseln lebenden Menschen sind nicht nachweisbar.

Parallelen zu einheimischen Mythen

Mitunter wird ein Zusammenhang hergestellt zwischen Homo floresiensis und Mythen indigener Völker, die auf ein Überleben dieser Spezies bis in historische Zeit hindeuten könnten. Einheimische berichteten dem australischen Forscher Richard Roberts von sogenannten Ebu Gogo, die ihre Vorfahren noch getroffen hätten: "Die Ebu Gogo waren winzig wie kleine Kinder, außer im Gesicht komplett behaart und hatten lange Arme und einen runden Trommelbauch. Sie murmelten ständig in einer unverständlichen Sprache, plapperten aber auch nach, was wir ihnen sagten." Der letzte dieser Ebu Gogo soll erst kurz vor der Kolonisation der Insel durch die Holländer im 19. Jahrhundert verschwunden sein. Ebenso soll auf Sumatra noch bis ins 19. Jahrhundert der Orang Pendek (indonesisch: kleiner Mensch) gelebt haben.

Siehe auch
 Ausbreitung des Menschen
 Liste homininer Fossilien

Literatur
Wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung
 Peter Brown u. a.: A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia. In: Nature. Band 431, 2004, S. 1055–1061, doi:10.1038/nature02999.
 Mike Morwood u. a.: Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia. In: Nature. Band 431, 2004, S. 1087–1091, doi:10.1038/nature02956.

Wissenschaftliche Übersichtsarbeiten
 Chris Stringer: Small remains still pose big problems. In: Nature. Band 514, Nr. 7523, 2014, S. 427–429, doi:10.1038/514427a.
 Anneke H. van Heteren: The hominins of Flores: Insular adaptations of the lower body. In: Comptes Rendus Palevol. Band 11, Nr. 2–3, 2012, S. 169–179, doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2011.04.001.
 Leslie C. Aiello: Five years of Homo floresiensis. In: American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Band 142, Nr. 2, 2010, S. 167–179, doi:10.1002/ajpa.21255.
 Robert Cribb: The Homo floresiensis controversy. In: Kraken: archives de cryptozoologie. Band 2, 2009, S. 29–39, .

Populärwissenschaftliche Beschreibungen
 Debbie Argue: Little Species, Big Mystery: The Story of Homo floresiensis. Melbourne University Press, 2022, ISBN 978-0-522-87791-5.
 Lydia Pyne: The Precious: Flo's Life as a Hobbit. Kapitel 6 in: Dies: Seven Skeletons. The Evolution of the World's Most Famous Human Fossils. Viking, New York 2016, ISBN 978-0-525-42985-2, S. 186–211.
 Dean Falk: The Fossil Chronicles: How Two Controversial Discoveries Changed Our View of Human Evolution. University of California Press, 2011. (Kindle Edition).
 Mike Morwood, Penny van Oosterzee: The Discovery of the Hobbit: The Scientific Breakthrough that Changed the Face of Human History. Random House Australia, 2007, ISBN 978-1-74166-702-8.
 Kate Wong: Die Zwerge von Flores. In: Spektrum der Wissenschaft. März 2005, S. 30–39.
 Lost World of the Little People. In: National Geographic. April 2005 (Titelstory).

Film
 Hobbit – Der Urmensch von Flores. (OT: The Hobbit Enigma.) Dokumentarfilm, Australien, 2008, 52 Min., Buch und Regie: Annamaria Talas, Simon Nasht. .

Weblinks

 Tales of the hobbit. (PDF) Rückblick auf die Entdeckung und den Streit um Einordnung des Funds (englisch), aus: Nature. Band 514, 2014, S. 422–426, doi:10.1038/514422a.
 The Flores find. Interview mit den Entdeckern (englisch) auf: nature.com vom 27. Oktober 2004, doi:10.1038/news041025-4.
 Die ersten Abenteurer. Urmenschen überquerten schon vor 800.000 Jahren das offene Meer. Auf: wissenschaft.de vom 1. März 2000.

Belege

Floresiensis
Menschen
Ausgestorbener Menschenaffe
Flores (Indonesien)


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Q: Connect facebook Webhook with asp.net application I am trying to connect facebook webhook to asp.net application but I am getting 'The URL couldn't be validated. Response does not match challenge' error.
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Chillingly Dark Tattoo Art of Identical Twins of Salem | Under the Ink by VICE - 2 months ago
The talented Matt and Ryan Murray are identical twin tattooists whose dark and gritty styles have drawn Instagram fame. We visit their shop in Salem to learn what inspires their ominous aesthetics and see what a typical day in their Victorian-inspired studio looks like.
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In 1221, the General Chapter of the Order sent fr Gilbert de Fresney OP and twelve other friars to England to found a new house. They arrived in Oxford on 15 August and "made their first settlement, not near the Primate [at Canterbury, where they landed ten days earlier] nor the King [when they passed through London] but at the University.
Since their foundation, Dominicans have been drawn to universities and contributed to their life of study and intellectual pursuit, engaging with the ideas that were discussed there. In Oxford University, two medieval Dominicans were elected to become Chancellor and the Dominican house of studies (studium generale) has produced well-known preachers, theologians, philosophers and Thomists from fr Richard Fishacre OP (d.1248) to fr Herbert McCabe OP (d.2001).
The following short video offers 3-D reconstructions of both the Dominican and Franciscan friaries in medieval Oxford.
Although the Oxford priory was suppressed in 1538, the Dominicans returned to the city and university under the visionary leadership of fr Bede Jarrett OP in 1921. Thanks to the unbounded generosity of an American widow, Mrs Charlotte Jefferson Tytus, and other benefactors, the current priory, dedicated to the Holy Spirit, was built; it currently houses nearly thirty friars.
Almost eight centuries after we first came to Oxford, the Order continues to play a significant role in the city and the University of Oxford, notably in running Blackfriars Hall, which was established as a Permanent Private Hall of the University in 1994. Following in the footsteps of our medieval brethren, Dominicans are still engaged in the study and teaching of philosophy and theology at the Studium, which is the house of studies of the English Dominican Province, while also living and praying together in the priory as a community of brothers. Dominicans teach in the University's theology faculty and Dominican students run theology groups in the Catholic chaplaincies of both Oxford University and Oxford Brookes University.
Friars in the Oxford priory are also engaged in a wide range of pastoral ministries from prison chaplaincy to helping with a youth retreat centre. In addition, the priory church has a vibrant congregation with whom we collaborate closely and whom we serve in our preaching, teaching and pastoral ministry.


text:
Cork set to reach for the stars as hotel plan unveiled
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Plans for a 34-storey Cork city centre hotel, which would become Ireland's tallest tower and twice the height of the 17-storey Elysian building, are finally revealed today by New York-based Irish developers.
The tower is part of a €150m development proposed for the city's landmark Cork Harbour Commissioners site, and comes two years after the site's c€5m sale was agreed by the Port of Cork.
After extensive pre-planning discussions with Cork City Council, the US-based, Kerry-born developers are set to lodge a formal planning application for a mixed-use development this month via their company, Tower Holdings Group. It goes on public display tomorrow.
There is a whole new design team involved since the project was initiated in 2017. It comprises international architects Gensler, and Irish designers Henry J Lyons, whose work is already rising up on Cork's quaysides, and who last month submitted plans for a 26-storey build-to-rent 'Built to Rent' tower for Cork developers JCD, directly across the river's south channel on Albert Quay.
In this latest Leeside 'reach for the skies', Tower Holdings already has full planning secured for a 15-storey, slender €20m Cork tower, The Prism, approved by An Bord Pleanála for a site near the city's main bus station, 100m away from this pivotal harbour site.
Their new application is for a 240-bed hotel tower, with 25 serviced apartments, on the landmark port site, the epicentre of the city's docklands redevelopment.
It comes after important alterations were made to earlier designs, including a height reduction from as many as 40 storeys, as well as moving the tower back from the very tip of the 'island' site where the Lee's north and south channels meet.
Other elements of the overall plan include what's billed as cultural uses, reflecting Cork port's maritime and trading history; along with some offices; retail units including food and beverage outlets for local entrepreneurs in the Bonded Warehouse, which is a protected structure, and a sky bar and restaurant for panoramic dining at the very top.
Lofty ambitions: Plans revealed for country's tallest tower
Cork filmmakers slam region's exclusion from tax break
'Not a question of awarding Dunkettle contract at any cost'
Cobh named as one of the world's favourite cruise destinations
Former Cork TD on board as UK finance and business advisory services launches in Ireland
TOPIC: Cork
Gardaí appealing for help finding missing Dublin man
Taoiseach: Trump comments had the 'hallmarks of racism'
Forty families on Dublin housing list given keys to new homes
Delays likely at ports following no-deal Brexit, warns Varadkar


text:
/**
 * Class WEBUI_Log is a support class for logging
 *
 * @requires js/support/empower-globals.js
 */

__EMPOWER_WEBUI.LOG={
  INSTANCE: null,
  ENABLED:{
    HTTP_RESPONSE: true
  }
}
/**
 * This function is just printing out all its arguments.
 * Can be useful for debugging purposes if added among the success / error /
 * complete functions in a jQuery ajax request, to display what returned by the
 * request
 *
 * @param  {...any} args - argument of the function (kept generic in order to
 *                         process them dinamically inside the function)
 */
function empower_log_response(...args) {
  if (__EMPOWER_WEBUI.LOG.ENABLED.HTTP_RESPONSE){
    console.log("HTTP_RESPONSE LOG: ")
    args.forEach(function(arg, index){
      console.log("args["+index+"] (type:",(typeof arg),"): ",arg)
    })
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The National Coordinator of the group, Mr Frances Abioye, made this known while addressing members of the All Nigeria Conference of Principals of Secondary Schools (ANCOPSS), at the Teachers' House in Owerri on Thursday.
He explained that the partnership between the group and ICPC to fight corruption in various institutions had become necessary because examination malpractice was a threat to Nigeria's future.
The national coordinator further explained that the adverse effect of examination malpractice would produce bad leaders in future.
"I feel for our nation today because these children will become leaders tomorrow and we must start early to catch them young so that they will not carry the mindset into the society," he said.
Abioye said AFICEM had raised more than 2,000 anti-corruption ambassadors who were stationed in various offices across the country to fight against corruption.
He urged principals to brace up to the challenges posed by examination malpractice by enforcing the exam ethics in their various schools, alleging that teachers, parents and supervisors aid students in cheating during examination.
In his remarks, the President of ANCOPSS, Mr Baanah Manume, promised to partner with the NGO in ensuring that examination malpractice was eliminated from the educational system.
Manume blamed policy makers for high rate of examination malpractices in schools.
He alleged that private schools perpetrated examination malpractice more than the public schools, saying that the system in operation condoned the nefarious act.


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text:
Jacques COCHIN (I8621)
Given Names: Jacques
Surname: COCHIN
Birth 23 March 1951
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Personal Facts and Details Notes Sources Media Close Relatives
Marriage 7 September 1977 (Age 26) Anne BOURBON-DEUX-SICILES (de) - [View Family (F3769)] Roquebrune-sur-Argens, Var, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
Last Change 12 December 2010 - 09:32:40 Last Changed By: michel
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Family with Anne BOURBON-DEUX-SICILES (de) - [View Family (F3769)]
Jacques COCHIN
Nicolas COCHIN
Dorothée COCHIN
Anne BOURBON-DEUX-SICILES (de) (I8246)
Birth 24 April 1957 30 32 -- Saint Raphael, Var, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
Birth 24 April 1957 30 32 Saint Raphael, Var, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
Marriage 7 September 1977 (Age 20) Jacques COCHIN - [View Family] Roquebrune-sur-Argens, Var, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
Nicolas COCHIN (I8622)
Dorothée COCHIN (I8623)


text:
Q: Cannot find winemenubuilder.exe when trying to run StarCraft 2 Recently I've installed StarCraft 2 via playonlinux. The installation was absolutly no problem, everything was fine. But if I want to start the game now, it crashes.
If I start it on the Terminal I get following error:
optirun /usr/share/playonlinux/playonlinux --run "StarCraft II Wings of Liberty"
[POL_Wine_SetVersionEnv] Message: Setting wine version path: 1.3.27, amd64
[POL_Wine_SetVersionEnv] Message: "/home/gernot/.PlayOnLinux//wine/linux-amd64/1.3.27" exists
[POL_Wine] Message: Running wine-1.3.27 StarCraft II.exe
wine: cannot find L"C:\\windows\\system32\\winemenubuilder.exe"
rm: Cannot remove »*" : Can't find directory or file.

Has anybody an idea what to do?

A: Starcraft2 is one of the program affected by the Ubuntu 12.04 kernel bug.
here is my answer to the same problem with another program
Problem with Wine on Kernel 3.2.0
I also found this:

If the problem persists, remove your folder "home/documents/starcraft II"
  Problems may remain on highest graphics setting.

ON this page about half way down


2815-00-161-0092 is not a replacement of any national stock number and has not been cancelled or replaced itself.
Does NSN 2815-00-161-0092 have a shelf life?
How is national stock number 2815-00-161-0092 defined?
A metal item designed to be attached to the lower portion of an internal combustion engine, compressor, hydraulic transmission, and the like. it serves as a reservoir for lubrication oil and may include baffle(s), oil cooler connectors, or the like. for items furnished with gasket(s), hardware, drain plugs, and the like, see parts kit, oil pan.
What is the NIIN of NSN 2815-00-161-0092?
Is NSN 2815001610092 ITAR controlled?
What is the most recent solicitation for NSN 2815001610092?