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The Muscular System
John W. Hermanson
The muscular system is composed of contractile units of varied morphologic characteristics, activated by voluntary or involuntary nerve impulses or by humoral substances. Muscles provide forces for many functions, including locomotion or posture, respiration, alimentation, and circulation. Both voluntary and involuntary muscles respond to the emotional state of the dog by subtle changes in facial expression or raising the hair, or more overt responses such as wagging the tail and barking. An important feature of muscular action, in addition to providing motive force, is the production of heat for the maintenance of body temperature.
The functional cellular unit is the muscle fiber, or myofiber. These myofibers are further classified as smooth or striated muscles. The latter category includes cardiac muscle as well as skeletal muscle.
Smooth muscle fibers are spindle-shaped, with a single central nucleus. Like other muscle cells, they possess myofibrils, but they are homogeneous and not striated. They are found in the walls of hollow organs and in blood vessels as well as in association with glands, and with the spleen, the eyeball, and hair follicles of the skin. Smooth muscle is innervated by the general visceral efferent neurons of the autonomic nervous system and, in many cases, is also under humoral control. Other names that have been used for smooth muscle are unstriated, involuntary, or visceral muscle.
Cardiac muscle fibers form the bulk of the heart. The fibers are arranged in a network of individual multinucleated cellular units with intercalated discs between the cell extremities. They exhibit cross-striations, as do skeletal muscle fibers, and have centrally placed nuclei, which is similar to smooth muscle fibers. Cardiac muscle is capable of rhythmic contractions and is under autonomic control. Specialized cardiac muscle fibers (Purkinje fibers) serve as a conducting system for impulses within the heart.
Skeletal muscle fibers are long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells organized into distinct bundles with connective tissue envelopes. Other names applied to skeletal muscle include striated, voluntary, or somatic muscle. The cells appear striated because the light and dark bands of adjacent myofibrils are in register with each other. Each muscle fiber is composed of several hundred or several thousand parallel myofibrils, which also exhibit cross-striations. The myofibril is in turn composed of several hundred thick and thin myofilaments, which consist of the proteins myosin (thick) and actin (thin). These myofilaments alternate and interdigitate along the length of the myofibril and thus produce the characteristic alternation of the isotropic (I), or light, bands and the anisotropic (A), or dark, bands. The control of skeletal muscles is largely voluntary. Some muscles, such as the retractor penis, have both smooth and skeletal muscle fibers.
Another way of classifying muscles is based on their developmental origin and innervation. Thus one can speak of somatic muscles with striated fibers and somatic motor innervation versus visceral smooth muscle fibers or cardiac muscle fibers and visceral autonomic motor innervation.
For a consideration of structural detail at the microscopic level, the reader is referred to any of the standard histology texts (Fawcett, 1986; Samuelson, 2007) and for muscle as functional units in regard to mechanics and structure see Basmajian (1974), Lieber (1992), and Biewener (1998). For overviews of biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology see Bourne (1972, 1973), Peachey (1983), Hoyle (1983), and McMahon (1984). The phylogenetic history of muscles as seen in lower vertebrates offers many insights for explaining observed anomalies, deficiencies, or excesses in mammals (see Peters & Goslow, 1983). For a general review of comparative aspects of the muscular system in vertebrates, see Romer & Parsons (1986), Liem et al. (2000), Hildebrand and Goslow (2001), and Kardong (2008). For domestic animals, see Getty (1975) and Dyce, Sack, and Wensing (2010).
At a gross level, mammalian muscle fibers are classified as red or white muscles, characteristics that are correlated with myoglobin concentration and the aerobic capacity of the muscle. Red muscle fibers (or whole muscles that are distinctly "red" in appearance) are usually specialized for repetitive or postural recruitment, contain many mitochondria, have high specific activity levels for enzymes used in aerobic metabolism such as succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), and are rich in myoglobin. Dog gastrocnemius muscles, for example, are "mixed" muscles containing slow and fast muscle fibers exhibiting high or low oxidative capacity, respectively. The medial head of m. triceps brachii is largely composed of red, aerobic, fatigue-resistant fibers (Armstrong, 1980). Good examples of "red" muscle may be better described in cats and rats in which the m. soleus (a muscle absent in dogs) is predominantly slow-twitch and highly oxidative and contrasts with the adjacent gastrocnemius muscle group. In contrast, white muscle fibers (or whole muscles with a pale "white" appearance) are involved in burst activity that requires short-duration bouts of high-force production and are exemplified by the long head of the m. triceps brachii (Armstrong, 1980). These fast and oxidative fibers are relatively fatigue resistant in dogs and facilitate the long-duration pursuits wild dogs exhibit during the pursuit of prey. These red and white muscle fiber categories have been variously described based on histochemical or immunologic studies. Two predominant systems of classification are based on either a correlation of myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) staining with metabolic properties (Peter et al., 1972) or an interpretation of myosin ATPase based on stability in acidic or alkaline buffer environments (Brooke & Kaiser, 1970; Snow et al., 1982) and myosin isoform characterization of muscle fibers (Shelton et al., 1985a; Stål et al., 1994). Controversy exists about the exclusive use of either of these systems, and it is useful to be versed in either classification (Table 6-1). Although the summary in Table 6-1 suggests some general agreement between these classifications, the two systems should not be considered interchangeable. For example, it is often assumed that the oxidative potential decreases in the order type I, IIa, and IIb. However, in rat muscles, significant overlap in either glycolytic potential or oxidative potential was found in type IIa and IIb fibers (Nemeth & Pette, 1981; Reichmann & Pette, 1982), or type IIb fibers exhibited more oxidative potential than did type IIa fibers (Reichmann & Pette, 1984). Similarly, type I fibers in rat and guinea pig were found to exhibit less oxidative potential than did type IIa fibers in the same muscle (Reichmann & Pette, 1982). Snow et al. (1982) recognize three predominant fiber types in the locomotory muscles of dogs. First, there are fibers best adapted for slow, low-force postural activity that are classified as type I fibers (Fig. 6-1). These type I fibers of dogs are comparable to type SO in the Peter et al. (1972) classification (an abbreviation referring to the slow-twitch, metabolically oxidative profiles of these fibers). These type I fibers occur in highest density in muscles active in maintaining posture, such as those active during a quiet stance (i.e., medial head of triceps brachii). A second fiber type is called type IIa and is characterized by fast-twitch, forceful contractions that are fatigue resistant. It is tempting to correlate these with the type FOG (fast-twitch, with both oxidative and glycolytic attributes that confer fatigue resistance) of other species, such as the cat (Burke, 1981). However, as stated previously, one must be cautious in applying such terminology across species. In dogs, a third fiber type occurs but is immunologically different from the type IIb fibers of cats (Fig. 6-2). Snow et al. (1982) identified these fibers as type II on the basis of antibody reactions and demonstrated that they possessed oxidative and glycolytic properties similar to those of the type IIa fibers. The type IIa fibers could be identified by their histochemical reactions and by positive immunohistochemical staining with a type IIa antibody. The presence of two populations of a "FOG-like" fiber type may represent an adaptation to the natural history of feral dogs, in which it is common to run for long distances. In correlation with muscle-specific function, varying proportions of fiber types are found in various muscles (Fig. 6-3). Recent studies in other mammals (primarily but not limited to laboratory rats) have demonstrated the presence of a novel myosin heavy chain isoform termed MHC2X (La Framboise et al., 1990; Schiaffino et al., 1989). These "IIX" (or "2X," discussed later in this chapter) fibers are generally found in muscles that undergo repetitive contraction, such as the diaphragm of rats and mice. Based on the difficulty associated with standard histochemical separation of this fiber type population, and on the similarity of highly oxidative and glycolytic properties in these unique type II fibers, it is tempting to speculate that dog limb muscles may contain a mixture of type I, IIa, and IIx fibers. Another myosin heavy chain isoform termed MHC2D was identified by another group and named because of its occurrence in the rat diaphragm (Bär & Pette, 1988). This 2D form appears to be identical to the 2X form (La Framboise et al., 1990; Termin et al., 1989). One can see that the classification of these various fiber types has become the realm of muscle specialists.
Generalized Descriptors for and Functional Correlates of Histochemical Fiber Type Classifications Based Primarily on Analysis of Cat Triceps Surae Muscles*†
HISTOCHEMICAL
TYPE I (SO)
TYPE IIA (FOG)
TYPE IIB (FG)
TYPE IIX
Physiologic and Morphologic Characteristics
Twitch tension
Twitch contraction time
Maximal tetanic tension
Resistance to fatigue
Intermediate/high
Mean fiber area
Small to intermediate
Capillary supply
Histochemical Characteristics
mATPase stain
Alkaline preincubation
Acidic preincubation
Oxidative enzymes
Glycolytic enzymes
FG, Fast glycolytic; FOG, Fast oxydative flycolytic; mATPase, myosin adenosine triphosphatase; SO, slow oxidative.
*Data for cat medial gastrocnemius modified from Sypert and Munson (1981). Other muscles such as the cat soleus have slightly different values. Similar data summaries are not available for muscles of the dog and must account for the opinion that dogs do not have type IIb fibers in their appendicular muscles (Snow et al., 1982).
†This information is provided to allow comparison of the two fiber type nomenclatures commonly used and their measured physiologic properties as generally known.
FIGURE 6-1 Representative serial sections from the m. triceps brachii (caput longus) to illustrate the fiber type classification of appendicular muscles of the dog. Transverse serial sections of the muscle were stained for myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) following alkaline preincubation (A) and for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) tetrazolium reductase (B) activities. Dark fibers in the ATPase are classified as type II and are presumed to be fast-twitch. Fibers unstained after ATPase staining are classified as type I (presumed slow-twitch). In dog muscle, most fibers stain intensely for oxidative potential as indicated by the NADH stain. (From Armstrong RB, Saubert CW, Seeherman HJ, Taylor CR: Distribution of fiber types in locomotory muscles of dogs, Am J Anat 163:87–98, 1982. Copyright © 1982 Wiley-Liss. Reprinted with permission of the publisher, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.)
FIGURE 6-2 Representative serial sections of a mammalian muscle as a histologist might interpret them after staining for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase) with preincubation at pH 10.3, 4.3, and 4.4. Note the reversal of staining properties after preincubation in acidic and alkaline environments. Oxidative or glycolytic potential is indicated by dark staining after incubation for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, respectively. Further confirmation of the histochemistry is obtained by staining for myosin heavy chain-specific antibodies, such as an anti-slow antibody. Note the correlation of its reactions with individual fibers staining darkly for mATPase after acidic incubation. Although dogs do not have type IIb fibers, other mammals such as cats have a tripartite fiber division such as is shown here, including type I (presumed slow), type IIa (here a fast and fatigue-resistant fiber), and type IIb (here a fast and fatigable fiber).
FIGURE 6-3 Transverse sections through the arm, forearm, thigh, and crus (leg) of the dog to indicate the distribution of type I histochemical fiber types.
(Adapted from Armstrong RB, Saubert CW, Seeherman HJ, Taylor CR: Distribution of fiber types of locomotory muscles of dogs, Am J Anat 163:87-98, 1982. Copyright © 1982 Wiley-Liss. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons, Inc.)
1. Cleidobrachialis
2. Superficial pectoral
3. Biceps brachii
4. Brachialis
5. Medial head, triceps brachii
6. Accessory head, triceps brachii
7. Lateral head, triceps brachii
8. Long head, triceps brachii
9. Tensor fasciae antebrachii
10. Latissimus dorsi
11. Deep pectoral
12. Extensor carpi radialis
13. Common digital extensor
14. Lateral digital extensor
15. Pronator teres
16. Pronator quadratus
17. Flexor carpi radialis
18. Humeral head, deep digital flexor
19. Radial and ulnar heads, deep digital flexor
20. Ulnaris lateralis
21. Flexor carpi ulnaris
22. Superficial digital flexor
23. Sartorius, cranial and caudal parts
24. Pectineus
25. Vastus medialis
26. Rectus femoris
27. Vastus lateralis
28. Vastus intermedius
29. Biceps femoris
30. Semitendinosus
31. Semimembranosus
32. Gracilis
33. Adductor
34. Cranial tibial
35. Long digital extensor
36. Fibularis longus
38. Lateral digital flexor
39. Medial digital flexor
40. Popliteus
42. Lateral head, gastrocnemius
44. Medial head, gastrocnemius
An additional novel fiber type has been reported in selected masticatory muscles of the dog (Mascarello et al., 1982, 1983; Shelton et al., 1985a, b) and in other carnivores (Mascarello et al., 1983; Rowlerson et al., 1981) and referred to as IIM or "superfast." This IIM (sometimes called 2M) has been found to be immunologically differentiated from type II (IIa, IIb, or IIx) fibers of appendicular skeletal muscles of the dog. It is possible that this fiber type has evolved in those muscles associated with the first branchial arch. Reiser et al. (2009) and Toniolo et al. (2008) have shown that this masticatory-related isoform in carnivores and other mammals is, in fact, not fast-twitch, but rather is a high-force-producing muscle isoform based on analysis of isolated single myofibers in vitro. Other muscle-specific fiber types or myosin-based specializations have been reported in the extraocular muscles of mammals, which function extremely rapidly and in the absence of significant external loads (Sartore et al., 1987). For a historical review of this field of fiber types and contractile proteins see Pette and Staron (1990). An additional complication of achieving a straightforward classification of muscle fibers is the observation that some muscles may express multiple "hybrid" fibers that contain one or two myosin heavy chain isoforms (see Wu et al., 2000), and that not all research groups use identical terminology. For example, muscle types may be expressed with a Roman numeral as opposed to a digit (i.e., type IIA as compared with type 2A). For present purposes these are interchangeable.
Skeletal Muscles
The present chapter is concerned primarily with the axial and appendicular muscles of the body. In mammalian species the skeletal muscles constitute approximately one third to one half of the total body weight. According to Gunn (1978b) Greyhounds contain the highest proportion of muscle to live weight at 57%, whereas in other dog breeds (mixed breed and purebred) this proportion is approximately 44%. Skeletal muscles range in size from the minute stapedius muscle of the middle ear to the large gluteus medius muscle of the pelvic region. Each muscle fiber is surrounded by a thin sarcolemma and a delicate connective tissue sheath known as the endomysium. When several fibers are grouped into a fasciculus they are enclosed by a connective tissue, the perimysium. The definitive muscle is composed of several fasciculi wrapped by an epimysium, which delimits one muscle from another or occasionally fuses with the intervening fascia. The size of an individual muscle fiber depends on the species, the specific muscle, as well as on the physical condition of the animal, because individual muscle fibers are capable of hypertrophy as well as atrophy.
Lockhart and Brandt (1938) found muscle fibers running the entire length of the sartorius muscle (5 cm) in a human fetus, and were able to isolate fibers 34 cm long in a 52-cm sartorius muscle of an adult. Huber (1916) and Van Harreveld (1947), working with rabbit thigh muscles, found that many fibers do not extend from end to end. They concluded that, although the longer fasciculi have longer fibers, many fibers end intrafascicularly. This observation was ignored for many years until Loeb et al. (1987) demonstrated that a majority of fibers do not course the entire length of specific cat muscles. If muscle fibers exceed a certain length they become potentially inefficient because of the different conduction velocities of action potentials along nerves and muscles. Muscle fascicles appear to consist of "in-series" fibers, identified by short transverse bands of neuromuscular endplates. Similar patterns of short, "in-series" fibers have been observed in the diaphragm of dogs and cats, but not in the rabbit and rat in which fibers appear to extend from the central tendon to its costal origin (Gordon et al., 1989). Other examples of long muscles composed of short "in-series" fibers include the m. semitendinosus in the goat (Gans et al., 1989). Trotter (1990) has amplified these findings to demonstrate that tension is transmitted through "in-series" muscle fibers via the endomysium surrounding the individual fibers. Force transmission within a muscle may involve side-to-side transmission from one myofiber to another (Gao et al., 2008).
Muscles take diverse shapes and are usually named according to some structural or functional feature, although other criteria have also been used. The variations encountered in the muscular system within a species are numerous and may constitute a breed-specific feature. Huntington (1903) considered problems of gross myologic research and the significance and classification of muscular variations. The most complete account of the muscles in the dog is by Baum and Zietzschmann (1936). A succinct illustrated summary of dog muscles based on the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (NAV) is available in Schaller (2007). For an illustrated guide to identify skeletal muscles of the dog, see Evans and de Lahunta (2009).
Origin and Insertion
Most skeletal muscles are attached by connective tissue to a bone or cartilage. Some are attached to an organ (eye, tongue), to another muscle, or to the skin; others lie free beneath the skin and act as sphincters of orifices. The connective tissue attachment may be in the form of a cordlike tendon or a flat, sheetlike aponeurosis. Some muscles have no demonstrable tendons or aponeuroses but attach directly to the periosteum of bones. Such origins or insertions are spoken of as fleshy attachments. The more fixed point of muscle attachment is spoken of as the origin; the more movable point of attachment is called the insertion or termination. In the limb the insertion of a muscle is always considered to be distal to its origin, although functionally it may be the most fixed point at some phase of the stride. Certain muscles have equally fixed or mobile attachments, and the naming of an origin and an insertion is rather arbitrary. In such cases the student might choose to refer to "proximal attachment" or "distal attachment" if that provides clarity.
The expanded fleshy portion of a muscle is its belly, the origin is a head. Minor divisions of origin or termination are called slips. A muscle may have more than one belly (digastric) or more than one head (triceps) and several slips. Neuromuscular compartments are regions innervated by a single primary nerve branch and separated from adjacent compartments by connective tissue partitions or epimysium (English & Letbetter, 1982a, b; English & Weeks, 1984; Galvas & Gonyea, 1980). Although functional interpretation of neuromuscular compartments is still controversial, it may provide an anatomic substrate for motor control at a higher hierarchic level than that of the motor unit (see later).
Just as muscles grow and gain mass as well as strength during fetal and postnatal development, muscles show a natural aging process called sarcopenia, which includes a loss of mass and strength (Morley et al., 2001). Sarcopenia is well described in humans and in some laboratory rodents, but not well studied in dogs. Sarcopenia may be responsible for decrements of speed or performance in older dogs, and may parallel cachexia associated with disease processes.
Muscles that attach to long bones (the levers) and span one or more joints usually work at a mechanical disadvantage. When a muscle fiber contracts, it does so at its maximal level of activation in an all-or-none fashion. Performance measures such as power or tension generation are complex in that they are influenced by a number of factors, such as muscle fiber length or antagonistic forces being applied against the fiber. The contraction is initiated by a nerve impulse traveling over a motor nerve fiber (axon) to the muscle fibers, or cells. Each motor neuron supplies several muscle fibers by axonal branching. These neuromuscular units are known as motor units, and the number of motor units functioning at any time determines the activity of the muscle. In general, a single motor unit corresponds with a single category of muscle fibers, such as slow- or fast-contracting fibers. The orderly recruitment of smaller and sequentially larger motor units thus correlates with the force being generated by a muscle to perform a task. Extensive reviews of motor unit physiology have been written by Burke (1981), Goslow (1985), and Stuart and Enoka (1983). If a muscle has many motor units, each of which includes only a few muscle fibers, then the precision of movement is great (as in the extrinsic muscles of the eyeball). This condition is referred to as a high innervation ratio.
It is important to study and experiment with muscles in the living body to appreciate the full significance of precise muscular movement and the value of such movement in a neurologic examination for the determination of intact or defective nerve supply. Electrodiagnostic procedures are an excellent technique for studying living muscles (see Loeb & Gans, 1986).
Of two muscles of equal size and shape, the muscle with the greater physiologic cross-sectional area will produce the most force (Josephson, 1975). Straplike and sheetlike muscles contract to a greater degree than do many muscles of the extremities, in part because their fibers are relatively longer and they can function efficiently over a larger range of excursions (Sacks & Roy, 1982). Examples of straplike muscles include m. gracilis and m. biceps femoris. Muscles possessing tendons throughout their length are known as pennate muscles. A muscle with a tendon running along one side is called unipennate; if there is a tendon on each side of the muscle, it is bipennate; when a muscle has tendons distributed throughout its volume, it is multipennate. Pennate muscles can be stronger because they have many short, obliquely arranged fibers and have a relatively greater physiologic cross-sectional area than similarly sized nonpennate muscles (Sacks & Roy, 1982). Examples of pennate architecture in dog muscles include m. biceps brachii and m. flexor digitorum superficialis. Because of their elasticity, tendons can protect muscles from sudden strains. However, all tendons are not constructed similarly. A range of elastic moduli can be observed in tendons obtained from different muscles in one animal.
Muscles that straighten bone alignment, or open a joint, are called extensors; those that angulate the bones, or close the joint, are known as flexors. Flexion and extension are the primary movements necessary for locomotion. Accompanying movements include adduction, or the movement of an extremity toward the median plane; abduction, or movement away from the median plane (in the case of the digits the reference point is the axis of the limb); circumduction, or moving an extremity in a plane describing the surface of a cone; and rotation, or moving a part around its long axis. Opposing rotatory movements around loosely fitting joints like the shoulder or hip are important in maintaining a normal gait. The pattern of movement resulting from muscle contractions, even for apparently simple movements, is brought about by the complex interactions of many muscles.
Ironically, a great deal of work performed by muscles during locomotion occurs while they are electrically active but while the muscles undergo only slight or no intrinsic length changes (Goslow et al., 1981). These eccentric contractions (being stretched while electrically active) conserve energy in several ways. First, appendicular muscles that primarily stabilize joints, such as single-joint extensors (supraspinatus, lateral head of triceps brachii), are active while the limb bears weight. By maintaining a rigid limb, the animal literally "pole-vaults" over the limbs and is able to use potential energy accrued from gravity. Second, at the higher speeds of trot and walk, these elastic storage mechanisms might be quite important as the animals store energy by stretching active muscles and subsequently recover this energy as the muscle reaccelerates the limb segment. Valuable discussions of elastic storage mechanisms are provided by Cavagna et al. (1964) and Heglund et al. (1982). The characteristic movement of a joint is produced by a muscle or muscles, called prime movers, or agonists. The muscles responsible for the opposite action are known as antagonists, although they actually aid the prime mover by relaxing in a controlled manner so that the movement will be smooth and precise. For the elbow joint, a prime mover in flexion is the brachialis; the antagonist is the triceps brachii. Conversely, in bringing about extension, the prime mover is the triceps. Fixation and articular muscles are those that stabilize joints while the prime movers are acting. Synergists are fixation muscles that stabilize intermediate or proximal joints and enable the force of the prime mover to be exerted on a more distal joint.
Associated with muscles are accessory structures of great physiologic and clinical importance, such as sesamoid bones, bursae, synovial tendon sheaths, and fascia.
Sesamoid bones are located in certain tendons or joint capsules as small, rounded nodules. Occasionally they develop in response to friction, but usually they form prenatally. The patella is an example of a large sesamoid bone in the tendon of insertion of the quadriceps femoris muscle. Sesamoid bones serve three important functions: (1) they protect tendons that pass over bony prominences, (2) they increase the surface area for attachment of tendons over certain joints, and (3) they serve to redirect the pull of tendons so that greater effective force can be applied to the part being moved.
Bursae are simple connective tissue sacs containing a viscous fluid and serving to reduce friction. They are usually located between a tendon, ligament, or muscle, and a bony prominence. Occasionally they are located between tendons or between a bony prominence and the skin. Inconstant bursae may develop at various sites in response to undue friction, and, conversely, cellular proliferation caused by infection or trauma may eliminate them. Synovial tendon sheaths are double-layered, elongated sacs containing synovia that wrap tendons as they pass through osseous or fibrous grooves or cross an osseous surface. The inner layer of the sheath, which is fused to the tendon, attaches to the outer layer of the passageway by its mesotendon. The latter is continuous with the outer layer of the sheath. Blood vessels and nerves enter the tendon via the mesotendon. The tendon sheath with its contained synovia serves for reducing friction during movement. An additional anatomic structure to reduce friction during movement is the sleeve formed by the superficial digital flexor tendon around the deep digital flexor tendon at each metapodial joint. This is known as a manica flexoria.
Fascia is connective tissue that remains after the recognizable mesodermal structures have been differentiated in the fetus. It serves many important functions and has considerable clinical significance. For descriptive purposes it is convenient to distinguish many fascial entities that envelop, separate, or connect muscles, vessels, and nerves. Fascial sheets provide routes for the passage of blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves, as well as serving for the storage of fat. Intramuscular fascial sheets also may partition neuromuscular compartments. Failure to find primary nerve branches crossing such partitions, in both neonatal and adult muscle, has been used to argue in favor of the significance of such compartments for muscle development and for functional specialization of neuromuscular compartments (Donahue & English, 1989). The superficial fascia beneath the skin is closely associated with the dermis and often includes cutaneous muscle fibers. The deep fascia that covers and passes between the muscles is particularly thick and distinct in the limbs. It functions as a sleeve within which the muscles can operate and often serves as an aponeurosis of origin or insertion. In certain locations fascia blends with the periosteum of bone, forming interosseous membranes or annular bands that confine tendons or redirect their force. Most commonly, distinct fascial septa separate groups of muscles from one another and result in fascial planes along which infection may spread or fluids drain.
The amount of connective tissue present is much greater in some muscles than in others. When the connective tissue content is high, the muscle usually has many pennate fibers and thus has a high tensile strength and tends to be capable of more finely graded movements. Connective tissue elements include collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers, fibroblasts, and histiocytes. Increased connective tissue concentrations in a muscle may also be associated with diseases, such as muscular dystrophy (Valentine et al., 1986).
Blood and Nerve Supply
Muscles have a high metabolic rate and are well supplied with blood by branches from neighboring blood vessels. The arteries supplying a muscle enter at rather definite places and often anastomose within the muscle. There is much constancy in arterial supply, although variations do occur. Most dog muscles exhibit a relatively high number of capillaries per fiber compared with other mammals (Kuzon et al., 1989). This rich capillary distribution facilitates oxygen delivery to muscles necessary for endurance running performance. Lymphatics accompany the arteries and, like them, form capillary plexuses around the muscle fibers. Veins also accompany the arteries, and during muscular contraction blood is forced into the larger veins, which, as a rule, are more superficial than the arteries.
Nerves accompany the blood vessels and ramify within the muscle. Approximately half of the axons in nerves are motor and the other half sensory. Efferent neurons form motor endplates, which are neuromuscular junctions on muscle fibers. Sensory receptors of a muscle include neuromuscular and neurotendinous spindles, free nerve endings, and capsulated corpuscles (Golgi tendon organs and paciniform), which discharge proprioceptive impulses in response to relaxation or contraction of the muscle, and modify the activities of motor neurons. For a summary of findings related to primary and secondary endings, static and dynamic spindles, feedback loops, and possible mechanisms of muscle spindle operation see reviews by Matthews (1972), Hunt (1990), and Hulliger (1984). Muscle spindles are not distributed evenly between or within muscles. High densities of muscle spindles have been associated with small or highly oxidative muscles (Buxton & Peck, 1990; Peck et al., 1984; Richmond & Abrahams, 1975a, b; Richmond & Bakker, 1982;). Spindles and capsulated corpuscles are apparently not present in some muscles, such as m. digastricus, in which proprioceptive feedback may be replaced by mechanical sensation from the teeth. In extraocular muscles, myotendinous cylinders or palisades are the primary receptor organs (Alvarado-Mallart & Pincon-Raymond, 1979; Richmond et al., 1984).
Mammalian skeletal muscle fibers are capable of regeneration, although the success of the reparative process is variable. Regeneration results from the activation of satellite cells (myosatellitocytus) that are small cells located on the surface of striated muscle fibers. Surgical implants of minced muscle (Carlson, 1972, 1986) regenerate to approximately 25% of their former bulk, whereas transplanted whole muscle regains approximately 80% of its volume and function. The inward progression of regeneration of an implant is correlated with its revascularization. The ability of minced muscle to survive vascular deprivation is one of the striking features of muscle regeneration. The regenerative process may be aborted by conditions that stimulate connective tissue formation, such as circulatory insufficiency, widening of the gap, infection, or the presence of foreign bodies. Regulation of skeletal myocyte regeneration has been studied extensively (see reviews by Chargé & Rudnicki, 2004). The process of skeletal muscle regeneration has many applications, such as in clinical repair of injury (Carlson & Faulkner, 1983). Regeneration has been studied to assess myogenic potential during normal development or in adult animals (Ontell, 1986). Adult fiber regeneration does not recapitulate ontogeny: The number and size of myofibers in regenerating muscles are reduced relative to age-matched control subjects. Fiber type–specific deficiencies may result. Manipulation of skeletal muscles can also involve modification and transplantation for cardiac assistance (Acker et al., 1987), surgical rearrangement for orthopedic repairs (Lippincott, 1981), or reconstruction of large wounds (Miller et al., 2007). Such applications need to be performed with knowledge of the basic biologic attributes of muscle cells. The ability of cardiac muscle to regenerate is denied by some authors and supported by others. Field (1960), after reviewing the literature, concluded that, although cardiac muscle has less regenerative capacity than skeletal muscle even under optimal conditions, it does at times exhibit appreciable regeneration. More recent studies have contributed information about stem cell potential to regenerate or salvage damaged heart tissue (Balsam et al., 2004; Grounds et al., 2002; Jackson et al., 2001). Additional work examined developmental stages and inputs during myocyte ontogeny and implications for strategies to regenerate damaged heart muscle (Bu et al., 2009; Zhou et al., 2008). As a whole, the heart is complex because of the interplay of developing endothelial smooth muscle as well as intracardiac cardiomyocytes.
Muscle Description
The following description of individual muscles is organized into eight groups: muscles of the head (musculi capitis), muscles of the neck (musculi colli), dorsal muscles (musculi dorsi), muscles of the thorax (musculi thoracis), abdominal muscles (musculi abdominis), muscles of the tail (musculi caudae), muscles of the thoracic limb (musculi membri thoracici), and muscles of the pelvic limb (musculi membri pelvini).
Muscles of the Head
The muscles of the head are composed of nine groups categorized primarily on the basis of their embryonic origin and their innervation (Box 6-1): (1) the muscles of facial expression innervated by the facial nerves; (2) the masticatory musculature, primarily innervated by the mandibular nerves from the trigeminal nerves; (3) the extrinsic eye musculature, innervated by the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent nerves; (4) the tongue musculature, supplied by the hypoglossal nerves; (5) the muscles of the pharynx innervated by the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves; (6) the soft palate muscles innervated by the trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, and vagal nerves: (7) the laryngeal musculature, supplied by the accessory and vagus nerves; (8) the hyoid muscles innervated by the trigeminal, hypoglossal, and cranial cervical nerves; and (9) cervical vertebral muscles that insert on the skull and are innervated by cervical nerves. The cranial muscles of many vertebrates have been described by Edgeworth (1935). The facial musculature of the dog has been described and illustrated by Huber (1922, 1923).
Box 6-1 The Nine Groups of Head Muscles
Muscles of Facial Expression
Sphincter colli superficialis
Platysma
Sphincter colli profundus
Lip and nose
Orbicularis oris
Zygomaticus
Superior and inferior incisivus
Levator labii superioris
Caninus
Buccinator
Mentalis
Levator nasolabialis
Eyelids, forehead and ears
Orbicularis oculi
Retractor anguli oculi lateralis
Levator anguli oculi medialis
Levator palpebrae superioris
Orbitalis
Occipitalis
Extrinsic ear muscles
Rostral
Superficial scutuloauricularis
Deep scutuloauricularis
Frontoscutularis
Zygomaticoauricularis
< div class='tao-gold-member'>
The Heart and Arteries
Spinal Cord and Meninges
Introduction to the Nervous System
The Integument
The Endocrine System
Tags: Millers Anatomy of the Dog
Jul 18, 2016 | Posted by admin in PHARMACOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS | Comments Off on The Muscular System


Who doesn't want to have a perfect wedding? There are lots of things that you should consider to make your wedding day the most unforgettable moment in your life; finding the right wedding flowers is only one of them. If you plan to create an elegant and romantic wedding, try to imagine filling your venue with wedding roses, can you imagine how romantic the ambiance would be?
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Contact Tanya Alderman or Mark Chase for more information on entering event.
Dinner will be in the early evening at a local restaurant. Deadline to make seating reservation for dinner is September 1, 2014. Please contact Pam Ahnberg for more information. Individuals are responsible for paying for their entire dinner bill.
(Open trial for all breeds). Contact Tanya Alderman or Mark Chase for more information.
Boxer dog club affiliated with United States Boxer Association. The club promotes the preservation of the German (Deutsch) Boxer in the education of the German boxer's form (conformation) and the versatile function of the working boxer.


Enable the insertion of venting units, decentralized ventilation, solar shading and solar energy generation.
Unlimited design elements with TRU add-ons.
Unitized construction optional for specific projects.
TRU Curtain Walls deliver the ultimate in window design and engineering. The narrow face widths of these systems provide transparency, and accommodate almost any building type thanks to their timeless design. Our single system platform means our Curtain Wall seamlessly integrates with other TRU systems. Fabrication is streamlined by reducing the total number of individual parts to be processed and using similar parts. The systems are suitable for luxury residential, and custom curtain walls are available in a virtually limitless array of sizes and configurations. TRU can accommodate exceptionally large openings that do a great deal more than look spectacular - they control light, temperature, and noise.
Integration if BIPV for energy generation and cost savings.
Drainage through the styles of the system, rather than over the glass.


I drive an old Buick, a car my late father owned. AM stations don't work on its radio anymore, so listening to talk radio babble is out of the question when I run errands throughout the day. (Note to talk radio critics: It's entertaining.) What to do? Well, for years now, I've had the radio tuned to a local FM country station, and I've become a fan of this genre. Oh, I used to catch the occasional country hit back in the day, but now I know who Eric Church, Dierks Bentley, Jason Aldean, the Band Perry, Lady Antebellum, Miranda Lambert and Sugarland are. Favorites include the aforementioned Lambert, Church and Bentley, as well as Rascal Flatts and Keith Urban. Mute-button triggers are Kenny Chesney and Tim McGraw.
I'm not unsophisticated musically, so what is it that attracts me to this genre? First, let's stipulate that all western popular music, from hip-hop to techno to country, is based on some pretty simple chord progressions. Therefore, no popular genre is traveling to new frontiers of harmonic complexity. Within the I, IV, V chord outlines, melodies can be mind-numbingly repetitive to clever to sappy to sentimental to so monotone that a classically trained musician might suggest they resemble recitative.
Country music lyrics are easy to understand: You can actually get 99 percent of what they're singing about, with little guesswork. In pop music, it's often hard to pick out the words. They're mumbled or covered by dense guitar strumming or drumming or…stuff. Back in the 1980s, I remember a coworker confessing to me that for weeks, she thought Huey Lewis and the News were singing about wanting a new "truck" instead of the "I Want a New Drug" hit saturating the airwaves. I don't think her experience was atypical. But virtually every country music song has clearly articulated lyrics.
Country music has a wicked-good sense of humor: Speaking of those lyrics, they often contain a good measure of self-deprecating humor. Take, for example, Steve Holy's "I Got a Brand-New Girlfriend," which celebrates, tongue in cheek, a man's quick turnaround after a breakup. Or how about Brad Paisley's "I'm Gonna Miss Her," which similarly pokes gentle fun at a man's caddish behavior in choosing fishing over his girl. These songs are funny.
Country music has a wicked-good sense of humor grounded in brutal frankness: In addition to the songs mentioned above, country music is full of hits filled with clever, honest humor. Dierks Bentley is a master of this with his "What Was I Thinkin'?" a song about a man's lustful pursuit of a girl who gets him into trouble time and again ("I knew what I was feelin', but what was I thinkin'?"). Bentley's recent hit "I'm Getting Drunk on a Plane" gives voice to the wishes of many a broken-hearted gal or guy: a desire to drown one's sorrow in booze, living it up while mourning an aborted relationship.
Country music contains interesting rhymes: How about the last syllable of "listening" rhyming with "game?" Taylor Swift manages it in "Mean." 'Nuff said.


A letter to the House of Commons on the issue of race relations through decolonization and multiculturalism.
The paper discusses how the major problem within post-colonial racism is that it occurs within a white hegemonic system that devalues the identity of racial or ethnic characteristics in minorities. The paper examines the analysis of Hall and Fanon and how they show the need to provide two critical categories for a resolution of this problem; de-colonization and a multicultural policy agenda.
This paper examines the question of race relations and police brutality in the city.


text:
Praying Across Texas' to spread from State Capitol Aug. 2
AUSTIN—Texans will pray with "one voice" and "one mind" Saturday, Aug. 2 from 9 a.m. until noon at the Texas State Capitol and throughout their own towns and communities, for rain, revival and restoration.
Texas Gov. Rick Perry sent greetings to event organizers of "Praying Across Texas" July 30, welcoming everyone to participate.
"Throughout our history, Americans have turned to prayer and reflection during times of strength and weakness and in moments of joy and despair. Prayer is an opportunity for majestic communion; through it, joy is amplified, pain is comforted and emptiness is filled up.
"I join you in believing in the power of prayer, and I thank you for your commitment in praying for government leaders, our state and our nation," Perry wrote. Earlier this year he declared May 1, 2014, "A Day of Prayer" on the anniversary of the National Day of Prayer.
There will be no public address system at the Capitol grounds, and those who attend are encouraged to bring an umbrella and a beach towel or mat upon which to sit or kneel, along with a Bible and prayer journal. There will be a check-in point under the big tree on the east side of the south steps.
Alternatively, individuals living in other parts of the state are encouraged to organize events in their own communities.
For more information, call (512) 249-6535 or (512) 388-3400, or go online to http://www.ndpaustin.org./
Keith Collier elected editor of Southern Baptist TEXAN
GRAPEVINE–The Southern Baptists of Texas Convention's Executive Board elected Keith Collier to serve as the new communications associate and editor, while meeting July 29 in Grapevine.
Collier has served as director of news and information at Southwestern Seminary since 2007. In his role, he has managed the writing team in Southwestern's communications office and has served as editor of Southwestern News magazine, The Scroll, and other school publications. His writing has appeared in Baptist Press, International Mission Board publications and numerous newspapers.
He becomes the third managing editor of the TEXAN tabloid publication which was launched in 2002, following Jerry Pierce who has accepted a position with the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association as editor of DECISION magazine. SBTC was formed in 1998 and initially published magazine. Since that time the TEXAN has grown to over 42,000 subscribers and ranks as the sixth most widely circulated state Baptist publication in the Southern Baptist Convention.
Collier earned a bachelor of science degree in communication from Lamar University in Beaumont in 1999 and a master of divinity degree at Southwestern in 2010. He is completing a Ph.D. in preaching and church history at Southwestern.
He and his wife Amy have two sons and a daughter and are members of Normandale Baptist Church in Fort Worth. Called to the ministry at 19, Collier has served as a youth pastor in Bridge City, associate pastor and church planter in Superior, Co., and supply preacher in addition to teaching church history and preaching as a teaching assistant at Southwestern.
In his new role as communications associate beginning mid-August, Collier will serve as editor of the monthly TEXAN news journal and as managing editor of Texan Digital, the SBTC's twice-monthly electronic magazine.
In introducing Collier to the board, Gary Ledbetter, communications director and TEXAN editor in chief, said Collier fits the profile of an editor with strong newswriting skills, praising his tenure at Southwestern Seminary. "Keith Collier is already doing well at Southwestern the ministry we need an editor to do at SBTC.
Board member Scott Moody of Silsbee spoke well of the new editor's father, Bill Collier, pastor of Liberty Baptist Church in Bridge City, as an indicator of a good upbringing.
Collier also drew praise from Thomas White, president of Cedarville University in Cedarville, Ohio and formerly vice president of communications at Southwestern.
White noted Collier's desire to "please the Lord in all he does" and his devotion as a husband and father, adding, "He writes well and edits well, but Keith brings the intangible of understanding how to write with an eternal perspective that demonstrates the importance of the gospel, and I think this skill will serve you well."
Missouri Pathway associate editor Benjamin Hawkins referenced working under Collier while at Southwestern Seminary, stating he is "theologically well-informed, believes wholeheartedly in the inerrancy of Scripture, and wants God's Word to transform both his life and the lives of those with whom he interacts."
Weston Nichols, his former pastor at Liberty Baptist in Bridge City and the Denver area church plant said Collier is "a man of exceptional integrity and admirable work ethic," with "a tremendous heart for people" and "love for God in his daily actions."
First Baptist Rio Vista experiences growth through outreach
RIO VISTA—First Baptist Church of Rio Vista has become what Pastor Neale Oliver calls a "Great Commission church," but the church's overnight transformation has actually taken four years.
Rio Vista is a rural community of 1,000 in Johnson County, south of Fort Worth, with a Class 2A high school and many low-income families.
Oliver came to Rio Vista in 2010 following the resignation of Rio Vista's longtime pastor. Under the former pastor's ministry, the church experienced significant growth but progress had stalled, Oliver said.
"My call in ministry is church revitalization," he said. "God has allowed me to go into churches that have had good times and, for a variety of reasons, are kind of down. They need a head coach, somebody to turn the team around."
The area and church have proved to be a good fit for Oliver and his family, who moved from Austin where his children, used to smaller communities, had struggled in the big city environment.
A key to revitalization is change, Oliver said.
"When you come into a church that needs to be revitalized, that means the church needs to change in certain areas," Oliver said. "Revitalization is a process."
After talking at length with the former pastor, Oliver understood the challenges facing Rio Vista.
"We stepped in. I didn't really do anything [in terms of change] for a year. We just observed, evaluated, and built relationships," Oliver said. "You have to win the people's hearts before you ask for their hands."
After a year, Oliver, who is certified as a church consultant, recommended to the deacons that the church undergo a consulting process beginning with a church survey concerning the areas of ministry, fellowship, evangelism, outreach, worship, prayer and discipleship.
After the survey results were in, Rio Vista formed a strategic leadership team containing a cross section of members to evaluate the surveys and make recommendations to the deacons and church.
"I let them make the recommendations; it wasn't me," Oliver noted.
"They made two or three recommendations per area and we put it together in a report," Oliver recalled. It was October 2012, but the church was not yet ready to implement all the recommendations.
"So we put things on hold awhile," Oliver said. Growth remained slow.
"In January 2014, we turned a corner," he said. "At that point we had been seven years in decline. If we continued at this rate, in eight years we would close the doors and the church would cease to exist."
Church leadership emerged from a January 2014 meeting fully supportive of Oliver and the original recommendations.
Change began immediately, and it began with prayer.
In February, the church conducted 28 days of prayer from 6 a.m. to midnight.
"We asked people to come to the church to pray. We provided notebooks, prayer requests and guides in a designated prayer room that had been built when the church sanctuary was constructed," Oliver said. Each week people signed up for slots. Oliver usually took the last slot and closed up the church each evening.
"Prayer was a key to revitalization. You must be a church that prays—for the community, the church, lost people. It's part of the process of being a revitalized church. Prayer is an absolute necessity," said Oliver, who noted that the church is continuing its prayer emphasis.
After the 28 days of prayer, Oliver felt that developing an outreach ministry was next in helping Rio Vista become a Great Commission church.
"Jesus tells us to go. We really weren't doing anything to go back into our community to minister," Oliver said. "One reason a church declines is a lack of evangelism."
Oliver introduced the GROW outreach program developed in the 1990s by Jerry Tidwell to Rio Vista.
"The basis of GROW is that a church fields four teams; each team meets once a month," Oliver explained. The teams are led by captains and assistant captains.
"The premise is that not everyone is comfortable visiting, but some like to write letters or make phone calls. GROW allows you to do what you feel comfortable doing."
Since May 2014, four teams of 15 adults and a team of students have met at the church one Sunday evening per month. The G team meets the first Sunday, the R team the second, and so on. Some of the 15 team members make visits in the community; others will write notes or letters to shut ins or visitors. Others will make phone calls to members who have been absent from church.
"We have gone from making no contacts, having no outreach, to averaging 150 contacts per week. Letters are going out of our church into the families of our community," Oliver said. Families whose children attended VBS or the church's Easter egg hunt will be contacted, for example.
"All that is required is to devote 90 minutes one night per month to the program," said Oliver, who added that for a variety of reasons, Rio Vista decided to suspend traditional Sunday night church services and implement the outreach program then.
"In our community, Sunday night is the night to do it. You don't compete with Friday night football, Monday night volleyball, and so on," Oliver said. "On Sunday nights, most families are home, preparing for school or work the next week."
Visitation, letter writing and phone calling are conducted each Sunday from 7–8, then team members reassemble at the church to report. Team members are home by 8:30, according to Oliver.
"It's one night a month, and you become a Great Commission Christian," Oliver said.
"Rio Vista has bought into it. We went from doing nothing to doing GROW."
People have been saved; baptisms of new believers have increased significantly. Approximately two dozen families have been ministered to and some have started attending Rio Vista.
"We've baptized new believers six out of the last eight weeks," Oliver said in June.
The church was even able to minister to the family of a local high school student killed in a car wreck, holding the funeral and reaching out to the young man's mother and brother.
"We average 100 in Sunday School; 60 are involved in GROW," said Oliver, who predicted that Rio Vista would not see the usual summer downturn in attendance this year.
Pastors of larger churches in Joshua and Cedar Hill have expressed interest in Rio Vista's story and implementation of the GROW outreach program.
GROW books and manuals are available through LifeWay stores.
"Any church can do GROW effectively," Oliver said. "I cannot imagine the impact this is going to have on our church and community."
Church revitalization growing focus of state conventions
Most Southern Baptists meet the denominational declines reported in the Annual Church Profile with a grimace and the thought that perhaps they, or surely their churches, and absolutely their pastors and church staff, should be doing a better job of sharing Christ.
But for the 15 church health and revitalization specialists from 10 state conventions and the North American Mission Board who met in Grapevine in April, the annually reported trends of stagnant or dying churches bring more than a yearly twinge of the conscience.
Declining numbers represent shuttered church buildings and lost opportunities for evangelism and discipleship. The state conventions are working strategically to motivate and train pastors, church staff and also laypeople to be Spirit-led catalysts who will help keep a church healthy or reverse its decline.
Kenneth Priest, director of convention strategies for the Southern Baptists of Texas Convention, knew with LifeWay Research showing 72.8 percent of SBC churches plateaued or declining, and 71.9 percent of SBTC churches falling into that category, the numbers for other state conventions were probably similar. He thought the time was right for state convention leaders with this challenging ministry focus to meet in order to encourage each other and compare notes.
The result: state conventions are facing the challenges of church revitalization with increased staffing, enthusiasm and hearts for pastors and churches.
Priest says the SBTC's Ezekiel Project debuted in 2007 and was one of the earliest state convention programs to directly address the renewal of plateaued or declining churches. "The project includes five tracks" that vary depending on the stage the church is in, he explained, citing renewal, revitalization, re-engineering and re-starting as the tracks. There is also a resource track for churches that want to partner with the convention to offer assistance to other churches.
"The SBTC also offers a sermon-based approach that helps pastors discover and adjust their leadership style as well as online courses in leadership development, a strategic growth forum that includes an orientation to our revitalization methodology and an annual revitalization retreat."
The Kentucky Baptist Convention's Stephen Rice is leader of the 21-member church consulting and revitalization team and notes the KBC has restructured a large segment of the convention staff to that end. They are engaged with several hundred churches and are beginning to see pockets of renewal.
"Recently, a small church of about 40 in attendance held a special event around the Easter holiday after being coached to do so. The congregation felt defeated because of their size, and they weren't sure if anyone would come. They set a goal of 75, worked hard, prayed asking God for success. God blessed their efforts and 210 people attended. The gospel was presented at the event and several prayed to receive Christ. Their Sunday morning attendance spiked significantly after the event, and they are working toward their next effort."
Joe Youngblood, church health group director for the South Carolina Baptist Convention, says the SCBC devotes one-third of its staff to the work and four years ago moved away from the term "church revitalization" to focus on "church health" and "church strengthening."
The SCBC's associate director of church health, Jerry Sosebee, notes, "About one-third of the churches make significant steps in leadership. They clarify their vision, set goals and strategies and develop ministries outside their four walls but in their communities. These range from new church starts to equestrian ministries.
"Another third show significant increases in measurable data—baptisms, attendance, multiplication of small groups, etc. The last third don't get very far because the pastor simply is not a leader. We are developing a leadership pipeline to help these pastors develop the skills needed to lead a turnaround church."
Gary Mathes, pastoral ministries specialist with the Missouri Baptist Convention's church strengthening team, says the focus on "church revitalization" has brought new attention to the reality of plateaued or declining churches. Mathes says the MBC is currently sponsoring conferences and working with churches on assessment and strategic planning. They are using the SBTC's Ezekiel Project model but hope to have their own materials in place by 2015.
"Churches must find the balance between correcting internal problems and focusing on the needs and opportunities in their communities," said Keith Manuel, evangelism associate with the Louisiana Baptist Convention.
"Don't become a 'Field of Dreams' church, thinking, 'We've built it, now they will come.' We must go into the fields and offer the hope of Jesus to people with real hurts and needs. Then we need to walk alongside the new believers and help them become committed followers of Christ who look for others who are hurting and offer the same hope they found. For many churches in decline, 5-10 new families could reenergize the congregation to start moving in the right direction again."
Priest added: "Ultimately revitalization is about leadership. A pastor must take risks to see the turnaround that will breathe new life into what was once dying. And church revitalization takes time. The decline didn't happen overnight, and it is unrealistic to think growth will."
For more information on SBTC church revitalization, including an orientation planned for Aug. 14, visit sbtexas.com/leadership.
Former Cowboys QB Kitna to speak at SBTC men"s event
Theme calls for men to be wholly committed to Christ in pursuit of holiness.
By Paul F. South
FORT WORTH—Inside the church walls and beyond, sin's hold on men is epidemic.
But against the cultural currents, an August men's rally in the Dallas-Fort Worth area aims to help men pursue holiness in Christ by being wholly committed to Christ.
The Real Men of Impact rally at 7 p.m. Friday, Aug. 15 at North Richland Hills Baptist Church will feature former NFL quarterback Jon Kitna as the keynote speaker. Terry Turner, pastor of Mesquite Friendship Baptist Church in Mesquite, will also speak, and the Michael Armstrong Band will perform.
The event, with free admission, is part of the SBTC's Equip Mega-Conference.
"We're really dealing with this idea of calling men to be completely in step with Christ," said Lance Crowell, SBTC director of discipleship ministries. "Part of the struggle for men is they are not fully in step with Christ and as a result there are areas of their lives that actually are being ravaged by sin that keep them from ministry and a lot of other good things."
Crowell added: "I think a lot of the struggle in many churches where there are not enough men stepping up in some ways is because the men have sin issues that just hold them down very heavily and keep them from being involved in other aspects of ministry or really being who God is calling them to be."
Kitna, the 2003 NFL Comeback Player of the Year as a quarterback for the Cincinnati Bengals, played as recently as last year in a reserve role for the Dallas Cowboys. The 41-year-old Kitna, a graduate of Central Washington University, began his professional career with the Seattle Seahawks. In recent years, Kitna has shared his faith at a number of churches in Texas and elsewhere, Crowell said. But Kitna's message will be more than a personal testimony.
"We believe that Jon is going to challenge men to be who God's called them to be," Crowell said. "We really like that. He has been in a lot of locker rooms with guys who have run after the things of the world and come back empty-handed. This idea of him challenging them to be fully committed to Christ, we think he's a perfect fit for that."
Men struggle with a variety of challenges—from pornography, to business ethics, to other attacks on marriage that some have called "the secret sins." For example, according to surveys, nearly one in two Christians–47 percent—say pornography is a major problem in their home, Crowell said.
"That's almost one in every two Christians saying that," Crowell noted. "It's definitely more pervasive than we're willing to let on, and part of the reason that we're not seeing a lot of spiritual growth and development is because there's sin in the camp that just is not allowing for growth and other things that need to take place in the lives of families because they're just ravaged by sin.
"The reality is that if you want to impact whole families you must reach the men. Most of the time you cannot reach the entire family through the children or even the wife. But if you are able to reach a man's heart often his family will follow as well."
"How big is the dad's spiritual impact on the home? It's massive," Crowell said.
Scott Maze, pastor of North Richland Hills Baptist, hopes the annual event will plant the seeds for a forest of spiritual giants. He cited God's mandate in Psalm 78:4-5.
"We want to see men who are California redwood, spiritual-stature strong in Christ. Not like a bonsai tree, not a dwarf tree but someone who's strong in following the Lord, in leading. God has designed men to lead," Maze said.
Men need to focus on what Maze called "the cardinal issues"—that God is central to life, that God has laid out a blueprint for successful men and families in his Word, and that men are commanded by God to teach that blueprint to their children.
"When they do that, the families will gravitate toward that conviction. It will change the direction and trajectory of families for a long time," Maze said.
God's Word commands men to follow Christ's example, to be affirming, loving and generous, not a "get-off-my-lawn grouch."
"For a man to be who God wants him to be, he's got to be wholly in step Christ, and only through that can he be holy in practice," Crowell said. "We want to challenge him to be committed to Christ in all things and let the Holy Spirit do his work."
While the conference is free, registration is required. For more information, go to sbtexas.com/Equip and look for the Real Men of Impact link.
Where can fathers learn to be fathers?
A recent NPR story played off some oft-cited statistics about the importance of fathers in the lives of their children. This one involved teaching men in Ohio how to be fathers—men who, in several cases, had never seen an example of a good father. In this story the relentlessly leftist voice of National Public Radio spoke as though men, and the difference between mothers and fathers, might be important in the lives of kids. That difference is occasionally downplayed as our cultural leaders go all in for same-sex families. There was even a bit of this mixed message present in President Obama's use of these same stats during his Father's Day speech. This president has been a predictable voice for gender confusion for the past two years at least.
The left wing of our culture is on the horns of a dilemma. We are swamped by the swelling disaster of single motherhood and we know that children suffer more than financial loss when their fathers are out of the home. At the same time, acknowledging the unique role of fathers—an essential difference between men and women—does not support the metanarrative of "all families are the same" we are force fed on every hand. If men have something irreplaceably masculine to provide, then mothers have something irreplaceably feminine to contribute. Same-sex couples of either sex are thus less equipped to be good parents. No politician or academic with grandiose dreams will suggest such a thing in public.
Sociologists Timothy Biblarz and Judith Stacey contend, for example, that "very little about the gender of the parent has significance for children's psychological adjustment and social success." Other pundits have suggested that two parents may be better than one but that women are better parents in singles or pairs. Lesbian couples are then the optimal parents. This is just the science of it, we're told, objective and enlightening.
The secret to understanding these things may have something to do with outcomes prized by the researchers and their chorus line. Children raised by two mothers were less likely to be chauvinistic or experience physical discipline, for example. This contrast with heterosexual families was cited to show the advantages of lesbian parents. I might wonder if "chauvinist" means "conservative" or "traditional." If so, of course kids raised in non-traditional homes will be less "chauvinist." Does the unlikelihood of a spanking have to do with the typical parenting style of mothers or the requirement that adoptive parents not utilize corporal punishment? Either way, not everyone will see that as an automatic benefit to a child. Not all of us are sociologists. Leftists put a finger on the scale and call it science.
But there is a word for your church and mine in this discussion. The fathers in the original story and a similar one I heard were in some cases the children of single, unwed mothers. Some of them were living with women to whom they were not married and the children of other men. Some were fathers to multiple children by multiple women and confounded about how to be fathers to them all. I wondered as I listened how things might have been different if churches had not become such a mixed bag of social ministry, therapeutic preaching, seeker sensitivity and moral timidity over the past 50 years. How might the lives of thousands of children have been changed? Men my age, in every community, were raised with the awareness that society expected children to follow marriage, and marriage to be a durable if not permanent commitment. Many of our children have grown to adulthood, and parenthood, without that awareness ever crossing their minds. The root of our cultural mores is a book of which they are completely ignorant, the story of a God of whom they know mostly falsehoods. To some degree that has happened because sinners reject the counsel of God but some of it has happened because God's people have abdicated their roles as the salt of the earth and the light of the world. It is as though we are gone from the lives of most people and nobody remembers we were ever there.
Where can a young man who has known no father see fathers trying to do a good job? Where can a couple see that love and commitment for a lifetime can bring joy? Where can they see femininity and masculinity lived out in mutual respect? Try my church or yours. Community centers, universities and counseling centers are poor alternatives. Not all of these families—mothers, fathers, children—will look and live, but some will if we take our lights from under the bushel.
Lord, give us Austin'
Forsaking a prosperous business and a home to make followers of Jesus, Fred and Melissa Campbell of Great Hills Baptist Church in Austin are working hard to multiply the gospel in the liberal mecca of the Southwest.
Once a fearful witness, now an overcomer
Fear gripped Melissa Campbell's heart as she stood at the door. Across the threshold stood a self-professed atheist who just the week before said there had to be a "catch" to the evangelistic team's visit to her Austin home.
The fear had begun several hours before with unbidden thoughts: "No one's receptive. They don't want to hear. I am just going to be pushy."
Melissa and Fred Campbell, members of Great Hills Baptist Church in Austin, are using the T4T method of church planting and discipleship promoted by the Southern Baptist International Mission Board and Greater Europe Mission to reach Austin and other cities for Christ (see related story).
Campbell remembered shaking off the thoughts and reciting Acts 1:8 out loud: "But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit comes on you; and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem, and in all Judea, and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth."
Moments later the woman ushered Campbell's team inside her house for the second time—this time, however, sensing there was no "catch." Sharing a biblical story from Luke 7, Campbell listened as the woman told her there were "many reasons" she could not pray.
Sensing the woman's confusion, Campbell was patient. She returned with her husband, Fred, for several weeks, each time sharing more with the woman about the claims of Christ.
Finally, one night the woman's tone changed, and the team was greeted with a Nativity scene in the living room. They learned the woman prayed to receive Christ in the early hours of that morning. From there, she stepped onto a road of discipleship at her apartment building which lasted several months until she relocated to another part of the state.
"It's stuff like that, that happens all the time," Campbell said of her new commitment to evangelism and discipleship. "I can't believe the relationship I have with [God] now, versus sort of sitting there in fear."
The once-atheist woman is just one who comes to mind when Campbell thinks about how many others have responded since she and her husband, out of obedience to God, left their 3,800-square-foot home behind to make themselves more available by living in a large, diverse apartment community in the city.
One younger Hispanic woman—probably in her 20s—seemed reassured that Campbell, and not just her husband, affirmed what was being shared.
"She was relating to me woman to woman," Campbell said. "I remember asking the Lord to give me the words to say."
Campbell said that while it might be difficult for some families to make the transition to full-time ministry by selling homes and businesses, her three adult daughters and 9-year-old son have taken the changes in stride.
"The fun we had growing up as a family was us, as a family, serving other families," Campbell said.
Despite having financial resources, the family has lived simply, she said.
The Campbells' one married daughter is a teacher, and the other two daughters are both seniors in college—one at the University of Texas and the other at the University of Mary Hardin Baylor. Their son, Joshua, recently went on a training mission with them and wrote his father a note afterwards: "Thank you for taking me to the training to learn about the Almighty King."
Watching people answer the claims of Christ and grow through discipleship while at the same time realizing she has worked through her own fear of sharing Christ has been an unexpected gift to Campbell.
"I started noticing that when I participated in what God was doing on a daily basis, I was having to rely on him for the words to say to overcome my fear," Campbell said. "Sometimes I still go in fear, and that's where he meets me."
Through it all, however, Campbell describes a supernatural peace that comes from knowing she is doing the right thing and from knowing in advance what she has been prompted to say through evangelism and discipleship training.
"My walk with [Christ] changed," Campbell said. "I thought that fear would be something I would never be able to overcome. He proved himself very faithful to meet me exactly at my point of need, and he would literally deliver me. It's like the Bible sort of came alive."
Living in an international community of 4,200 adults, Campbell said she recently began a Bible study with a Muslim and a Hindu.
"For us, our fun is what we are doing," Campbell said. "Talking about Jesus is fun for us, and advancing the kingdom is our hobby. This is what we choose to do."
SBTC DR helps in flooding along border
Mexican Baptist DR trained by SBTC launches first self-directed deployment amid floods
Do you fear Hollywood?
A current article in Relevant suggests that Christians are skeptical of modern treatments of the Bible by Hollywood because we fear art. This is in the context of new projects that promise to tell the story of Moses and David, and perhaps the recent Noah movie. Actually the writer says that we are "afraid" of Hollywood.
Briefly, let's consider the word "fear." Some have obviously lost their dictionaries and believe that the word means "disagree with" or "fail to fall all over oneself in breathless affirmation." Overuse of words like "homophobia" also demonstrate this misunderstanding. That aside, the article indicates a deep misunderstanding of Christian doctrine by even a hipster Christian magazine.
Art, we are told, says true things rather than merely factual ones. I agree. Metaphor, parable and allegory were used throughout Scripture to convey true things that transcended a mere chronology. I believe things that touch our emotions like music or poetry or other forms of art can bear content beyond facts without denying the facts of a chronology—they actually can add meaning and understanding to a literal subject. I'm a fan of such efforts. Mel Gibson did a stellar job in the Passion of the Christ. The art was striking as he showed Jesus crushing the serpent's head walking out of Gethsemane and as he showed Satan tracking Jesus on the path to Calvary. These were nice touches that rang true rather than factual.
But, a lot of silly things are swept into the tent of "art." In the recent Noah movie, the addition of rock monsters to represent fallen angels and their redemption by helping Noah's family is beyond metaphor; it is revisionist theology done in a way to suggest that the screenwriter or director was theologically deaf rather than deft. Other elements of the movie appeared to be pandering to various audiences who might not consider the destruction of the earth sufficiently dramatic. I wasn't afraid of it; the response was more derision.
Who will be the hero of the Moses movie, the Lord or Moses? Will any remnant of David as the king whose line will continue forever through the Messiah or David as the man who was the best repenter in the Bible remain? I'll be surprised, but pleasantly surprised. Frankly, I favor Hollywood's efforts to turn biblical stories into cinema. If they'll treat the content of the story as respectfully as most directors have treated Shakespeare then we'll be thrilled. They do not understand enough of the truth to be able to convey it though metaphor. They are just unqualified to play artist with the storylines.
Those of us who like this sort of thing hope that those who make movies will stick to what they know. Make the images dramatize a good story. That's an art that many of us admire and recognize. If you don't do that we'll critique the effort and perhaps suggest to others that they stay home and read the book. We won't riot or threaten the artists and most of us won't abandon the medium of film. But we won't praise a half-hearted effort or a ham fisted handling of the greatest story ever told. We're not stupid and for crying out loud we're not afraid of you—perhaps we're discerning. It's conceivable that some who fancy themselves artsy consider a discerning consumer the most fearsome thing of all.

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This week's habit is a tough one, but it's one we always go to when we're trying to live healthier, cleaner — eh hem, happier lives.
This week's challenge is to CUT A HABIT… and it is a challenge.
Don't worry, it's just 7 DAYS.
For some of these habits, seven days may feel like an eternity.
Yes, is the answer. You can do just about anything for only ONE DAY.
And here's the trick – once you do it once, you can do it again. You did it twice, you can definitly do it a third day.
GRAB YOUR FREE PRINTABLE BY SIGNING UP FOR THE CHALLENGE!
This week on the Happiness in Progress podcast, you'll hear more about the habit loop. What that is – and how you can manipulate it to accomplish your own goals.


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Home News & Politics All Things Media D.C.'s New Business Man
D.C.'s New Business Man
Jordan Wright
Back in the early 1800s, a French writer toured the embryonic United States, just a few decades after independence. It fell to this foreigner, Alexis de Tocqueville, to define the foundations of our country in his ever-fresh travelogue, "Democracy in America."
As James MacGregor appeared over the rise of the steps at the Georgetown Four Seasons, seemingly scripted for J. J. Abrams' latest saga, I wondered whether I was looking at a modern-day Tocqueville, a new foreigner in a crisp blue suit come to tell the tale of the emerging Washington, D.C.
Once-challenged neighborhoods like Shaw, NoMa and even Petworth (although more slowly) are at the forefront of what seems like the overnight birth of a new city, filled with entrepreneurs and young adults – not just passing through as they scratch the itch to dabble in politics, but planting roots and building careers.
It is a town where start-ups like 1776 and WeWork expand, it seems, as quickly as developers can throw up new buildings, and where whole neighborhoods along the Anacostia and the Southwest Waterfront are not so much gentrifying as metamorphosing.
And here to make sense of it all is James MacGregor, the 40ish father of two who hails from Toronto and comes via stints in America's heartland (Louisville) and, for the last dozen years, in the start-up meccas of San Jose and San Francisco.
He's come east to tell a great tale. One of growth and resurgence.
"Get 100 miles outside D.C. and everyone will tell you that D.C. is only about political gridlock and politics. But actually it is not. That might be the federal government, but the business community is engaged in getting stuff done."
Not a bad party line for someone who has been in D.C. for about six months. But his D.C. boosterism is just getting started. He dismisses comparisons between the Silicon start-up land he just left. "Everybody seems to want to be the next Silicon Valley. There is a lot of stuff there that makes Silicon Valley what it is. It is a thing to strive towards, but, if that is the end goal, that is not going to work."
Instead, what MacGregor sees is a story that is just starting to unfold, built on a number of industries. And he is here to make sure it gets told, because MacGregor is the new publisher of the Washington Business Journal.
He inherited the job from Alex Orfinger, the long time WBJ publisher who moved down the hall to take on broader duties for the WBJ parent company (owner of 40 print titles and a bunch more online, nationwide).
And MacGregor thinks there is a better story to tell in D.C. than on the other coast.
"It's actually hard to cover the tech giants like Facebook or Google. So to really cover them you cover others things, like real estate deals."
And that, he believes, is the heart of any business story, the people and the deals, mostly in real estate. And if it is about people and deals, MacGregor thinks D.C. offers a far richer story than the West Coast. MacGregor's journalistic mantra: follow those two and you have a road map for what is happening. He has spent much of the first six months just getting to know both.
"When you eat out as much as I have to, you have to police what you eat," MacGregor offers as he orders three eggs and grilled tomatoes, hold the toast.
The WBJ currently has a staff of 43, with about half devoted to editorial coverage for a paper that has circulation of 16,000 and 2 million hits, with a quarter of those unique visitors to the website in March. As publications go, that is rather modest, but you won't hear MacGregor singing print's swan song.
"Digital actually made us do print better, to make it more engaging for the reader. It does not have to be a race to a bottom. In fact we have spent a lot in redesign and improved the quality of the paper. We made investments across all platforms."
Rather than the traditional competition, what worries MacGregor is the competition he can't see, the challenges coming around the corner, that individual blogger whose posts about tech or health or one of the other emerging business hubs in town suddenly catch fire, build a following and take WBJ's audience away.
The real challenge, MacGregor says, is that the barriers to entry are now so low that serious competition can emerge overnight out of nowhere. Partly in preparation for that, MacGregor believes the WBJ needs to leverage its unique position.
Currently, he sees a false separation between Maryland, Virginia and the District. MacGregor describes the Journal's duty as being to foster a sense that "a rising tide will lift all regional boats."
To that end, he believes the Journal needs to lead the conversation about what is important to local businesses. Thus, a third leg of the Journal strategy: holding breakfast sessions and other events across the region, focusing on growth, real estate and development and the challenges in each jurisdiction.
"If we do it right, we are going to get to the end of the year and there will be four things across all of these jurisdictions that are really important to business. And we can know what they are and perhaps how to tackle them."
Add to those breakfasts, the panel discussions, which he hopes are not only events for those who attend but will generate news and stories that the Journal can then repackage (along with revenue). WBJ is averaging about 30 events a year.
So MacGregor's WBJ is not going to be a passive chronicler. He intends to make it a force to enhance, encourage and facilitate development and business growth. It is almost planting the seeds of the stories the Journal will get to reap later.
He smiles as he recalls exactly that role, how he heard from people who wanted to start companies and used the Journal's Power 100 list to call people up, get advice, then exploit those connections to establish thriving businesses of their own.
MacGregor is still in the honeymoon phase with his new city. But he says that the final decision to come to Washington was not really his.
After hearing about the job, he and his wife came to check out D.C. They arrived for one of those glorious fall weeks, a Destination DC-kind of trip, he recounts. They toured around as the leaves were changing, looked at some neighborhoods and tasted D.C.'s growing wealth of great restaurants, getting around on Capital Bikeshare bikes.
MacGregor had been to D.C. sporadically. He knew the great story brewing here and the strength of the publication Orfinger had built. At their final dinner, when Orfinger asked what they thought, it was MacGregor's wife who answered for both of them: "Sign us up. We are in!"
And so MacGregor blazed the family's trail to D.C., with his wife and two young children joining him at the end of the school year.
Now he will have two families to watch grow: his own and that of his newly adopted home.
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Panuvat Anthony Nanakornpanom
Vikings (2013 series)
Castle (2009 series)
Scott Michael Morgan
Actors, Voice Actors, American actors and actresses,
Death scenes by old age
Death scenes by slit throat
Brought back from the dead
Batman cast members
Lord of the Rings Cast Members
Fantasy Stars
Horror Stars
Call of Duty Cast Members
Death scenes in a Call of Duty game
Resident Evil video game cast members
Mortal Kombat video game cast members
People who died in a Mortal Kombat video game
Psychological Stars
God of War Cast Members
Lego Stars
Halo Cast Members
Saints Row Cast Members
The Game Awards Nominees
Mass Effect Cast Members
John Wick Cast Members
Troy Baker, as White☆Star (left), in Soul Eater: Warrior or Slaughterer? Showdown. Mifune vs. Black Star?
Troy Baker (1976 - )
Dragonball Z: Deadzone (2005; anime) [Ginger]: Killed in an explosion after being hit by Goku's (Sean Schemmel) Kamehameha blast.
Dragonball Z: World's Strongest (2006; anime) [Dr. Kochin]: Dies (off-screen) of old age before the events of the film; his brain is then placed in a robot body. He is later stepped on by his master, Dr. Wheelo (R. Bruce Elliott) in his giant robot form, causing him to fall into a shaft and get electrocuted by a wire, causing him to explode.
Dragonball Z: Wrath of the Dragon (2006;anime) [Hoi]: Stepped on by Hirudegarn (Robert McCollum) after he decides to stop listening to him.
Television Deaths Edit
Fullmetal Alchemist: Laws And Promises (2006; anime) [Colonel Frank Archer]: Shot to death by Riza (Colleen Clinkenbeard) after he tries to kill Colonel Mustang (Travis Willingham).
Soul Eater: Warrior Or Slaughterer? Showdown. Mifune vs. Black Star? (2009; anime) [White☆Star/Excalibur]: "White☆Star" falls to his death when he is battling Mifune (voiced by Robert McCollum), thirteen years before the start of the anime. We learn of his death through flashbacks of the events surrounding his death when Mifune was battling his son Black☆Star (voiced by Brittney Karbowski). ("Excalibur" survives the plotline.) (For the Japanese version, see Kenta Miyake.)
Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes: Assault on 42 (2012; animated) [Donnie Gill a.k.a. Blizzard/David a.k.a. Whirlwind/Clay Quartermain]: "Blizzard" was killed by the annihilation wave. "Whirlwind" was killed by the bugs. (Clay Quartermain survived)
Naruto Shippuden: Origin of Pain (2013; anime) [Yahiko]: Commits suicide by forcing himself on Nagato's (Vic Mignogna) kunai while under threat by Hanzo (Richard Epcar), urging him to continue the Akatsuki's mission. His remains were soon used as the base for Pain's Deva Path, through the use of Nagato's Rinnegan and chakra receivers.
Video Games Deaths Edit
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 (2009) [Private First Class Joseph Allen/Additional Voices]: In the mission "No Russian," Troy is fatally shot in the chest by Roman Varshavsky when trying to escape an airport massacre instigated by Roman after his status as an undercover C.I.A. agent has been leaked in order to spark a war between the United States and Russia. Troy also voices other American allied squadmates within Task Force 141 and the United States Army Rangers.
Star Wars: The Clone Wars: Republic Heroes (2009) [Kul Teska]: Killed along with entire base after Catherine Taber sabotage the beam cause itself to be destroy along with the base.
Transformers: War for Cybertron (2010) [Zeta Prime/Jetfire/Additional voices]: Tortured to death by Soundwave (Isaac C. Singleton, Jr), he dies from his injuries, his body is then brought back to the high council by Optimus Prime(Peter Cullen), Bumblebee (Johnny Yong Bosch), and Sideswipe (Travis Willingham). Jetfire survived.
Mass Effect 3 (2012) [Kai Leng]: Stabbed in the chest with an omni-blade by either Jennifer Hale or Mark Meer, after Troy attempts to stab him/her in the back with a sword.
BioShock Infinite (2013) [Booker DeWitt]: Allows himself to be drowned by several alternate reality versions of Courtnee Draper in an attempt to undo the events of the game.
BioShock Infinite: Burial at Sea (2014) [Booker DeWitt/Zachary Hale Comstock]: Impaled from behind by a Big Daddy's drill after Courtnee Draper reveals that she lured him into a trap.
Middle Earth: Shadow of Mordor (2014) [Talion]: Throat slit by Nolan North after witnessing the deaths of Laura Bailey and Jack Quaid. Troy comes back to life when Nolan's ritual accidentally binds the spirit of Alastair Duncan into Troy's body instead of reviving Steven Jay Blum.
Far Cry 4 (2014) [Pagan Min]: Towards the end of the game, Troy can die in the two following methods. When confronted by James A. Woods in his dining room, the player can choose to shoot Troy in the head. Alternatively, if James decides to join in on Troy's meal and returns his dead mother's ashes to a shrine, Troy can leave Kyrat via helicopter. At this point, the player can choose to let Troy fly away, or shoot down the helicopter with a rocket-propelled grenade, killing Troy in either the ensuing explosion, or the helicopter crash killing Troy on impact.
Mortal Kombat X (2015) [Shinnok/Fujin/Erron Black]: During the game's story mode, "Shinnok" is decapitated by Richard Epcar off-screen prior to the game's epilogue, with his severed head delivered to Tom Choi and Karen Strassman. "Fujin" and "Erron Black" are still alive in the game's story.
Batman: Arkham Knight (2015) [Jason Todd/Arkham Knight/Two-Face]: Playing multiple roles, "Two-Face" is shot dead by Mark Hamill during Kevin Conroy's fear-toxin-induced hallucination caused by John Noble. In reality, Two-Face survives regardless of his side-content being completed. Jason Todd survives the game.
Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain (2015) [Revolver Ocelot]: A timeline at the end of the game reveals that Troy died of a heart attack, induced by FOXDIE, three decades after the events of the game.
Batman: The Telltale Series (2016) [Bruce Wayne/Batman/Thomas Wayne]: Playing dual roles, Thomas Wayne is shot in the head alongside Lorri Holt by Jarion Monroe. Bruce Wayne survives the game.
Middle Earth: Shadow of War (2017) [Talion] Passes on into the afterlife after Troy's physical body perishes during the destruction of Steven Jay Blum and The One Ring depicted in Lord of the Rings: Return of the King.
God of War (2018) [Magni]: Axed in the face by Christopher Judge as Troy tries to kill him, Nolan North looks on in shock.
Death Stranding (2019) [Higgs Monaghan]: Commits suicide after being defeated by Norman Reedus.
Troy Baker's video game death in BioShock Infinite.
Troy Baker's video game death in Mass Effect 3.
Troy Baker's video game death in Mortal Kombat X.
Troy Baker's video game death in BioShock Infinite: Burial at Sea.
Troy Baker's video game death in God of War (2018).
Retrieved from "https://cinemorgue.fandom.com/wiki/Troy_Baker?oldid=628195"


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Paternity is important. Children are generally more successful when both parents are involved in their lives. For a father, paternity is necessary if they want to ensure access to their child. For a mother, paternity is important to ensure their child receives the financial and emotional support that can be provided by an additional parent.
Our attorneys at Anderson Law Firm understand the emotional, financial and legal issues that surround paternity determinations, and we can represent your interests, whether you are a mother looking for the additional financial support from your child's father or a father who wants to be able to share time with your child.
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Q: How to automatically pass on all the picture file paths to an array? I need to add a bunch of playing cards jpg paths into an array, so that I can assign them later as src="" of
Alternatively add the jpg paths to an object
I'm working with javascript, I'm not too sure if it should be a syncronous or async function.
i got this from some other stackoverflow question, but i don't understand it and it doesn't work. I don't understand the fs stuff.
const fs = require('fs');

fs.readdirSync("pics").forEach(file => {
  console.log(file);
});

A: fs.readdirSync("pics") already returns an array.
Your code should be:
const pathArray = fs.readdirSync("pics");

As long as "pics" is the path of the folder you want to read from.

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text:
Il distretto di Alaj () è un distretto (raion) del Kirghizistan con capoluogo Gülçö.

Altri progetti

Alaj

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