Chris Kyle, fifth from top left, was the most celebrated sniper in American history. His killer, Eddie Ray Routh, may have been suffering from undiagnosed schizophrenia.
Private medical records of Chris Kyle's killer reveal the true story behind the "American Sniper" murder.
The day before Eddie Ray Routh killed Chris Kyle, the most prolific sniper in American military history, he awoke in his childhood home and tried to get ready for work. Several months earlier the 25-year-old former Marine had moved back in with his parents in Lancaster, Texas, a small, middle-class suburb just south of Dallas. He had been struggling for years with what doctors had diagnosed as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, though his symptoms suggested he was suffering from a more serious mental illness. He would later tell a forensic psychologist that he believed his coworkers at a cabinet shop were cannibals who planned to eat him.
Routh had lately become concerned about the state of his soul, and when he and his mother arrived at the cabinet shop on the morning of February 1, 2013, he asked if they could pray together. In the parking lot, Jodi held her son's hand. Wiry since boyhood, he had a narrow face and a beak nose, with nervous eyes and an unkempt beard. Before he exited the car and slunked off into the shop, he asked the Lord to watch over his mom and dad.
Jodi was headed out of town that afternoon to spend the weekend with her husband, Raymond, who was building feedlot equipment a few hours away in Hereford. She took comfort in knowing that her son's girlfriend would be staying at the house with him, and that his uncle would check in on him. But Routh had plans that his mother did not know about. The following day, Chris Kyle and his friend, Chad Littlefield, were taking him to a shooting range.
Kyle's death generated an outpouring of grief in Texas, where he was celebrated as a hero in a memorial service at Texas Stadium, the home of the Dallas Cowboys. It also resonated with gun enthusiasts across the country, who embraced Kyle as a celebrity at major events like Las Vegas's SHOT show, the annual firearms industry convention.
Kyle's legend as a kind of modern Wyatt Earp was enhanced by his books. In his bestseller American Gun: A History of the U.S. in Ten Firearms, he writes, "One of my proudest possessions is a replica Peacemaker — the famous Colt revolver that defined the Wild West." He was especially recognized for his 2012 autobiography, American Sniper, which chronicled his exploits as a Navy Seal in Iraq, where he served four tours and logged 160 kills, a U.S. military record.
The film adaptation of his story, starring Bradley Cooper, was already in theaters in Stephenville when Routh's murder trial began there on February 11, 2014. Outside the courthouse, local vendors sold Chris Kyle baseball caps. A week earlier, Governor Greg Abbott had declared February 2, the anniversary of the murders, Chris Kyle Day.
The prosecution, however, argued that Routh was a psychopath, and that his odd statements had been calculated to keep him out of jail. After deliberating for less than two hours, the jury agreed, and Routh was sentenced to life in prison without parole.
There's an obvious appeal to such black and white, good vs. evil narratives. But the truth about the man who killed the celebrated "American Sniper" is not that simple. Recently, Jodi and Raymond Routh shared with The Trace hundreds of pages of confidential medical records containing information never brought to light during the trial. The documents appear to corroborate the testimony of the defense's medical expert: Routh suffered a series of psychotic breaks and exhibited signs of schizophrenia in the two years leading up to Kyle's murder, raising questions about how Routh's illness was treated at the Dallas VA.
In late July 2011, a little more than a year after he was honorably discharged from the Marines, Routh appeared at the Dallas VA, complaining that a tapeworm — which doctors found did not exist — was eating away at his insides. This is when the VA first diagnosed him as having PTSD, according to the medical records, and doctors prescribed him Risperidone, an anti-psychotic, as well as other medications to treat depression.
In early January, 2013, Jodi met Chris Kyle, then 38 years old. He'd been a civilian since 2009, and took a keen interest in working with veterans suffering from PTSD. He had experienced his own difficulties with the aftershocks of war and, like many former soldiers, saw therapeutic value in physical exercise and going to the range.
Kyle's children attended the school where Jodi worked as a teacher's aide. She had heard about Kyle's work with veterans, and one day she approached him in the parking lot and asked if he might be able to help her son. Kyle was sympathetic. He took Eddie's phone number and promised to call him. Less than two weeks later, Jodi bumped into Kyle again. He said he was planning to take Routh shooting soon.
"At that moment, I thought it was fine," Jodi says.
It's possible to imagine how she reached this conclusion. Each time the VA had released Routh from inpatient treatment, doctors had determined he didn't pose a threat to himself or others. He was, according to them, well enough to be free and out in the world.
What happened over the next few weeks would seem to call into question their judgment. On January 19, shortly after Jodi saw Kyle, Routh suffered his most severe psychotic break yet. When it happened, he was at the apartment of his new girlfriend, Jennifer Weed, whom he had met on the Internet. Brandishing a knife, he barricaded the front door of her apartment and held Weed and her roommate hostage. As the medical records explain, Routh believed he was protecting them from the "evils of the world." The roommate called the police, and he was taken to Green Oaks Hospital in Dallas.
A doctor noted that, in addition to suffering from PTSD, Routh appeared to be in the throes of "first-break schizophrenia." He said Routh was "paranoid and impulsively violent"— he had cornered a female technician — and that he needed to be hospitalized in a psychiatric ward for five to 10 days. He was given several medications, including Haldol, Paxil, and Seroquel. On January 21, he was transferred back into the care of the Dallas VA.
Just three days after he arrived at the hospital, the VA prepared to discharge Routh. Jodi believed he was not ready — he still had crying spells and seemed generally unstable. She requested her son be kept at the hospital until he could be admitted to a residential treatment program for PTSD in Waco. Her request is documented in the medical records, part of an exchange with a social worker, who explained that Routh would have to go through the application process like everyone else. Jodi begged the social worker to "cut the red tape" and get her son admitted as soon as possible. But the social worker's hands were tied. The notes continue, "I advised her that [Eddie] will be discharged tomorrow as his paranoia symptoms are no longer present, he is not S/I and not H/I," which means suicidal or homicidal.
Unlike Green Oaks, the VA never considered that Routh might have schizophrenia, an illness that generally surfaces in early adulthood. The disorder is marked by the sorts of delusions and paranoia Routh had experienced, and, left untreated, it can lead to violent behavior. Dr. Amam Saleh, the forensic psychiatrist, told me that large facilities like VA centers often treat patients based on doctors' previous conclusions, rather than starting each new admission with a clean slate, which can blind clinicians to other possible diagnoses.
The VA evaluated Routh to see if he qualified for more intensive treatment. Despite his history of homicidal and suicidal thoughts, he was not considered a high enough risk.
Green Oaks had the benefit of examining Routh with a fresh set of eyes. The VA did not, which is evident in its analysis of Routh's knife episode. A spokesman for the hospital told me the incident was triggered by a "recent binge on alcohol and marijuana and being off his psychiatric medications" — issues the VA had previously blamed for Routh's psychotic behavior. Green Oaks' records, however, state that he was not intoxicated when he arrived at the facility. A psychotic break that is induced by substance abuse could necessitate a different treatment plan than one that occurs naturally. The latter, according to Dr. Saleh, would require a more aggressive medication regimen and prolonged hospitalization.
The VA records note that during a follow-up visit five days after his discharge, Routh exhibited no signs of hallucinations or delusions. It was an encouraging snapshot, but it only captured Routh's state of mind on that particular day. The hospital evaluated Routh to see if he qualified for Mental Health Intensive Case Management, which would have provided him with a host of resources, including regular at-home visits from a caseworker. But the hospital concluded he did not meet the criteria for the service. Despite the knife incident and his history of homicidal and suicidal thoughts, he was not considered a high enough risk.
The doctor did increase the dosages of Routh's medications, but the new prescriptions, the records state, weren't sent out until "on or about Feb 2, 2013," the day Routh went to the shooting range with Chris Kyle and Chad Littlefield.
That morning, according to news reports, Routh and Jennifer Weed got into a fight. She left the house around 10 o'clock, certainly expecting to see him again — Routh had proposed the previous evening, without a ring. At some point, Jodi's brother, James Watson, paid Routh a visit. He and his nephew smoked marijuana, and Routh drank whiskey.
As Kyle steered them onto the highway, he could tell there was something off about Routh, who was seated in the back of the truck's cab. He texted Littlefield, who was riding in the passenger seat.
"This dude is straight-up nuts," Kyle wrote.
Around three o'clock the group pulled up at Rough Creek Lodge, a luxury resort 90 miles southwest of Lancaster. The property is 11,000 acres, with large tracts of land set aside for hunting and golf. The range, which Kyle helped design, is down a dirt road that extends for several miles. Before the three men mounted an elevated deck and began to shoot, they raised a red Bravo flag, signaling others to stay away.
Two hours later, an employee drove onto the range and discovered two bodies. Kyle was lying facedown in front of the deck. He had been shot six times with a .45-caliber pistol, one of the bullets piercing his aorta. Littlefield had been shot seven times with a 9mm Sig Sauer handgun. It was engraved with the familiar Navy anchor insignia. Routh had used Kyle's weapons to kill them.
A legendary NRA lobbyist declared war on Florida officials who tried to stop a gun range from raining metal shot on a public park. A trove of emails and text messages reveals why it was never a fair fight.


Students with high Expected Family Contributions (EFC) who want to pay less for college need to find those colleges most likely to provide generous merit aid. One way to do this is to identify colleges that have a high percentage of freshman without need who receive merit aid. The higher the percentage, the more likely students are to qualify for merit aid.
This information is collected through the Common Data Set (CDS) which is used by publishers such as US News Best College Rankings and the College Board. About half of all colleges post their CDS surveys online for public viewing. Among the over 400 50-50 Colleges, 61% actually post the percentage of non-need freshman receiving merit aid. This is down from the 66% of two years ago.
What kind of colleges make the list?
Of those colleges that post the data, 113 reported that 75% or more of freshman without need received merit aid. These 50-50 schools are in 34 states, with Pennsylvania having the most at 11 followed by Indiana, New York, and Ohio tied for second with nine each.
The 113 colleges consist of 104 private schools and 9 public institutions. The private colleges had an average merit award of $27,692 while the average for public colleges was $5,903. This represents approximately half the average total cost of attendance of the private schools and about a quarter of the in-state total cost for public institutions.
However, you need to remember that these are averages. There are colleges with a high percentage of freshman receiving merit aid but the average award is well below the average. Five private colleges have an average merit award of less than $10,000.
The University of the Pacific awards 85% of freshman without need merit aid but the average award is only $12,591. Given its total price is over $62,000, the average wouldn't bring the total price to even below $40,000.
When you're looking at the percentage of freshman who receive merit aid, you need to also consider the average award and the total price. Both Baldwin Wallace University and Fairfield University have average awards of over $14,000. Yet, the $13,000 is going to do a lot more to reduce costs at Baldwin Wallace which has a total price of $44,646 compared to Fairfield's $62,740.
There's something else you need to be aware of when using these numbers–they could be very wrong. What am I talking about? Basically, the numbers from the Common Data Set don't always add up. For example, Saint Mary's University of Minnesota reported for 2016-17 that 74 students without need received institutional scholarships or grants. However, they also reported that 242 out 283 freshman were determined to have need. That means 41 didn't. So by my calculations, 180% of students without need received institutional funding.
Yeah, there's obviously a mistake. However, these types of mistakes don't always get caught and will make it into publisher data. The publishers don't have any other source to double check it. Nor do they really have any means to compel the colleges to correct it since they aren't being paid to provide it. Well, except if it affects their rankings and they could be unranked the following year.
In any case, I have had multiple schools with percentage over 100 or in the negatives. I'm just setting those over 100 to 100 for the purposes of this article. Because you know what, it's probably just as reliable as the actual average awards and this is really an exercise to get people to look at colleges outside their comfort zones and start looking at data. This is why I use multiple data points for targeting colleges.
The following tables shows 50-50 colleges where at least 75% of freshman without need received merit aid based on data available from the their websites. There may be more but not all schools post their data. As usual, the 4-year graduation rate is used for private schools and the 5-year rate for public. You can see other ways of target colleges for merit money by searching my website for "merit aid." I suggest starting with 4 Easy Steps to Find 254 Colleges for Potential Merit Scholarships.


Lightly shape ground beef into four 3/4-inch thick patties. Brush onion slices with olive oil.
Place patties and onion slices on grid over medium, ash-covered coals. Grill, covered, 11 to 15 minutes (over medium heat on preheated gas grill, 13 to 14 minutes) until instant-read thermometer inserted horizontally into center registers 160°F, turning occasionally. Grill onions, 10 to 12 minutes or until tender, turning occasionally. To toast buns, place cut sides down around outer edge of grid. Grill until lightly toasted.
Season burgers and onions with salt and pepper, as desired. Line bottom of each bun with lettuce. Place burgers on top of lettuce. Top with tomatoes and grilled onions. Close bun.
Nutrition information per serving, using 80% lean ground beef: 484 Calories; 25 g Total Fat (9 g Saturated Fat; 10 g Monounsaturated Fat;) 116 mg Cholesterol; 304 mg Sodium; 26 g Total Carbohydrate; 1.8 g Dietary Fiber; 38 g Protein; 4.7 mg Iron; 8.4 mg Niacin; 0.6 mg Vitamin B6; 3.6 mcg Vitamin B12; 8.4 mg Zinc; 36 mcg Selenium.
This recipe is an excellent source of Protein, Iron, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Zinc, and Selenium.
Delivering the very best Angus beef to your family. This is the single-minded goal of Black Canyon.
With America's fast-paced and demanding lifestyle, people need a high quality diet.
Combining delicious with nutritious has never been easier thanks to Black Canyon® Angus Beef.
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text:
\section{Introduction}
Automatic anomaly detection is a major issue in numerous areas
and has generated a vast scientific literature
\cite{chandola2009anomaly}.
Among the possible choices, statistical techniques
for anomaly detection are appealing because they can make use of expert knowledge
about the expected normal behaviour of the studied system. Thus they can
compensate for the limited availability of faulty observations (or more
generally of labelled observations). Those techniques are generally based on a
stationarity hypothesis. Numerous
parametric and nonparametric methods have been proposed to achieve this goal
\cite{basseville1995detection}.

However, statistical tests efficiency is highly dependent on the adequacy
between the assumed and actual data distribution.
 In addition, statistical methods rely on
meta-parameters, such as the length of the time window on which a change is
looked for. These meta-parameters have to be tuned to give maximal efficiency.

This article proposes to combine a (supervised) classification approach to
statistical techniques in order to obtain an automated anomaly detection
system that leverages both expert knowledge and labelled data sets. The main
idea consists in building a large number of binary
indicators that correspond to anomaly detection decisions taken by statistical
tests suggested by the experts, with varying (meta)-parameters. Then a feature
selection method is applied to the high dimensional binary vectors to select
the most discriminative ones, using a labelled data set. Finally, a classifier
is trained on the reduced binary vectors to provide automatic detection for
future samples.

This approach has numerous advantages.
On the classification point of view, it has been shown in
e.g. \cite{fleuret-2004} that selecting relevant binary features among a large
number of simple features can lead to very high classification accuracy in
complex tasks. In addition, using features designed by experts allows one to
at least partially interpret the way the classifier is making decisions as
none of the features will be of a black box nature. This is particularly
important in aircraft engine health monitoring context (see Section \ref{sec:context}).
The indicators play also a homogenisation role by hiding the complexity of the
signals (in a way similar to the one used in
\cite{hegedus2011methodology}, for instance). On the statistical point of
view, the proposed approach brings a form of automated tuning: a test
recommended by an expert can be included in numerous variants.
The feature selection process
keeps the most adapted parameters.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section \ref{sec:context}
describes in more details Snecma's engine health monitoring context which
motivates this study.  Section \ref{sec:method} presents in more details the
proposed methodology. Section \ref{sec:results} presents the results obtained
on simulated data.

\section{Application context}\label{sec:context}
\subsection{Introduction and Objectives}

To improve the already high availability rate of aircraft engine, health monitoring is developed.
This process consists in ground based monitoring of numerous measurements made
on the engine and its environment during the aircraft operation.

One of the goals of this monitoring is to detect abnormal behaviour of the engine that are
early signs of potential failures.
This detection is done through the analysis of data coming from sensors embedded in the engine.
 Flight after flight, measurements, such as exhausted gas temperature (EGT) and high
pressure (HP) core speed (N2) form a time series.

On one hand, missing such an early sign can lead to operational events
such as in flight shut down. Such operational events can
cause high maintenance costs. On the other
hand, a false alarm (detecting an anomaly when the engine is behaving
normally) can have also costly consequences such as useless engine removal procedure.

Thus to minimize false alarm, each potential anomaly has to be confirmed
by a human operator. He is then in charge of the identification of the origin of the anomaly.
The long term goal of engine manufacturers is to help companies to minimize
their maintenance costs by giving maintenance recommendations as accurate as
possible.
Human operators have a very important role in the current industrial process:
the goal is to help them make improved decisions thanks to a grey box classifier, mainly because
the complexity of the problem seems to prevent any fully automated decision
making.

The methodology introduced in this paper aims at helping human operators by
leveraging expert knowledge and relying on feature selection to keep only a
small number of binary indicators.

\subsection{Health monitoring}

Monitoring is strongly based on experts knowledge and field experience.
Faults and early signs of failures are identified from suitable measurements
associated to adapted computational transformations of the data. We refer the
reader to e.g. \cite{rabenoroinstants} for examples of the types of
measurements and transformations that can be used in practice.

One of the main difficulties faced by the experts consists in removing from the
measurements any dependency from the flight context.
This normalization process is extremely important as it allows one to assume stationarity of the
residual signal and therefore to leverage change detection methods. In
practice, experts build some anomaly score from those stationarity hypotheses
and when the score passes a limit, the corresponding early sign of failure is
signalled to the human operator. See \cite{come2010aircraft},
\cite{flandrois2009expertise} and \cite{lacaille2009maturation} for some
examples.

One of the problems induced by this general approach is that experts are
generally specialized on a particular subsystem, thus each anomaly score is
mainly focused on a particular subsystem despite the need of a diagnostic of
the whole system. This task is done by human operator who collects all
available information about the desired engine. One of the benefits of the
proposed methodology is its ability to handle binary indicators coming from
all subsystems in an integrated way, as explained in the next section.

\section{Methodology}\label{sec:method}
The suggested methodology is based on
the selection and combination of a large number of binary indicators.
While this idea is not entirely new (see e.g.,
\cite{fleuret-2004,hegedus2011methodology}), the methodology proposed here has
some specific aspects. Rather than relying on very basic detectors as in
\cite{fleuret-2004} or on fixed high level expertly designed ones as in
\cite{hegedus2011methodology}, our method takes an intermediate approach: it
varies the parameters of a set of expertly designed parametric indicators. In
addition, it aims at providing an interpretable model. This section details the
proposed procedure.

\subsection{Expert knowledge}\label{sec:expert-knowledge}
This article focuses on change detection
based on statistical techniques \cite{basseville1995detection}. In many
contexts, experts can generally describe more or less explicitly the type of
change they are expecting for some specific (early signs of) anomalies. In the
proposed application context, one can observe for instance a mean shift as in
Figure \ref{fig:meanacars}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{jumpacars45.pdf}
\caption{Mean shift in a real world time series.}
\label{fig:meanacars}
\end{figure}

More generally, experts can describe aggregation and transformation
techniques of raw signals that lead to quantities which should behave in a
``reasonable manner'' under normal circumstances. This can in general be
summarized by computing a distance between the actual quantities and their
expected values.

\subsection{Exploring parameters space}
In practice however, experts can seldom provide detailed parameter settings
for the aggregation and transformation techniques they recommend. Fixing the
threshold above which a distance from the ``reasonable values'' becomes
critical is also difficult.

Let us consider for illustration purposes that the expert recommends to look
for shifts in mean of a certain quantity as early signs of a specific anomaly
(as in Figure \ref{fig:meanacars}). If the expert has no strong prior on the distribution of the quantity, a
usual test would be the Mann-Whitney U test.

Then, one has to assess the scale of the shift.
The expert has to specify the length of time windows (that defines the scale at which the shift may appear) of the two compared populations.
In most cases, the experts can only give a rough idea of the
scale.

Given the choice of the test, of its scale and of a change point,
to take a decision, one has to choose a level to which the $p$-value
will be compared.

So all in one, looking for a mean shift can be done by choosing at least
three parameters: the type of the test, the scale at which the shift can occur
and the level of the test. The methodology consists in
considering (a subset of) all possible combinations of parameters compatible
with expert knowledge to generate binary indicators.
 This is a form of indirect grid search procedures for meta-parameter optimisation.

\subsection{Confirmation indicators}\label{sec:conf-indic}
Finally, aircraft engines are extremely reliable, a
fact that increases the difficulty in balancing sensibility and specificity of
anomaly detectors.
High level confirmation indicators are built from low level tests to alleviate this difficulty.
For instance, if we monitor the evolution of a quantity on a long period compared to the expected
time scale of anomalies, we can compare the number of times the null
hypothesis of a test has been rejected on the long period with the number of
times it was not rejected, and turn this into a binary indicator with a
majority rule.

\subsection{Decision}\label{sec:decision}
To summarize, we construct parametric anomaly scores from expert knowledge,
together with acceptable parameter ranges. By exploring those ranges, we
generate numerous (possibly hundreds of) binary indicators. Each indicator can be
linked to an expertly designed score with a specific set of parameters and
thus is supposedly easy to interpret by operators. Notice that while we
focused in this presentation on temporal data, this framework can be applied
to any data source.

The final decision step consists in classifying these high dimensional binary
vectors in order to further discriminate between seriousness of anomalies
and/or sources (in terms of subsystems of the engine, for instance).

While including hundreds of indicators is important to give a broad
coverage of the parameters space of the expert scores,
it seems obvious that some redundancy will appear.
Moreover reduce the number of indicators will ease the interpretation
by limiting the quantity of informations transmitted to the human operator.
Thus feature selection \cite{guyon2003introduction} is appropriate.
Unlike \cite{hegedus2011methodology} who choose features by random
projection, the proposed methodology favours interpretable solutions, even at
the expense of the classification accuracy: the goal is to help the human
operator, not to replace her/him.
Among the possible solutions, we choose to use the Mutual information based
technique Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (mRMR, \cite{peng2005feature})
which was reported to give excellent results on high dimensional data (see
also \cite{fleuret-2004} for another possible choice).

In the considered context, black box modelling is not acceptable, so while
numerous classification algorithms are available (see
e.g. \cite{kotsiantis2007supervised}), we shall focus on interpretable ones.
Random Forests \cite{breiman2001random} are chosen as the reference
method as they are very adapted to high dimensional
data and known to be robust and to provide state-of-the-art
classification performances. While they are
not as interpretable as their ancestors CART \cite{breiman1984classification},
they provide at least variable importance measures that can be used to
identify the most important indicators.

Another classification algorithm used in this paper is Naive Bayes classifier
\cite{koller2009probabilistic} which is also appropriate for high dimensional
data. They are known to provide good results despite the strong assumption of
the independence of features given the class. In addition, decisions taken by
a Naive Bayes classifier are very easy to understand thanks to the estimation
of the conditional probabilities of the feature in each class. Those
quantities can be shown to the human operator as references.

\section{Experiments}\label{sec:results}
The proposed methodology
is evaluated on simulated data which have been modelled based on
real world data such as the ones shown on Figure
\ref{fig:meanacars}.

\subsection{Simulated data}
We consider univariate time series of variable length in which three types of
shifts can happen: the mean shift described in Section
\ref{sec:expert-knowledge}, together with a variance and a trend shift described below. Two
data sets are generated, $A$ and $B$.

In both cases, it is assumed that expert based normalization has been
performed. Therefore when no shift in the data distribution occurs, we observe
a stationary random noise modelled by the standard Gaussian distribution, that
is $n$ random variables $X_1,\ldots, X_n$ independent and identically
distributed according to $\mathcal{N}(\mu=0,\sigma^2=1)$.
Signals have a length chosen uniformly at random between 100 and 200 observations

The three types of shift are :
\begin{enumerate}
\item a variance shift: in this case,
  observations are distributed according to
  $\mathcal{N}(\mu=0,\sigma^2)$ with $\sigma^2=1$ before the change point and $\sigma$ chosen uniformly
  at random in $[1.01, 5]$ after the change point;
\item a mean shift: in this case,
  observations are distributed according to
  $\mathcal{N}(\mu,\sigma^2=1)$ with $\mu=0$ before the change point and $\mu$ chosen uniformly
  at random in $[1.01, 5]$ after the change point in set $A$. Set $B$ is more
  difficult on this aspect as $\mu$ after the change point is chosen uniformly
  at random in $[0.505, 2.5]$;
\item a trend shift: in this case, observations are distributed according to
  $\mathcal{N}(\mu,\sigma^2=1)$ with $\mu=0$ before the change point and $\mu$
  increasing linearly from $0$ from the change point with a slope of chosen uniformly
  at random in $[0.02,3]$.
\end{enumerate}
Assume that the signal contains $n$ observations, then the change point is
chosen uniformly at random between the $\frac{2n}{10}$-th observation and the
$\frac{8n}{10}$-th observation.
We generate according to this procedure two balanced data set with 6000
observations corresponding to 3000 observations with no anomaly, and 1000
observations for each of the three types of anomalies.

\subsection{Indicators}
As explained in Section \ref{sec:method}, binary indicators are
constructed from expert knowledge by varying parameters, including scale.
In the present context, sliding windows are used: for each
position of the window, a classical statistical test is conducted to decide
whether a shift in the signal occurs at the center of the window.

The ``expert'' designed tests are for these indicators are
 the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon U test (non parametric test for shift in
  mean), the two sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (non parametric test for
  differences in distributions), the F-test for equality of variance (parametric test based on a Gaussian
  hypothesis).

The direct parameters of those tests are the size of the window which defines
the two samples (30, 50, and $\min(n-2,100)$ where $n$ is the signal length) and
the level of significance of the test (0.005, 0.1 and 0.5). Notice that those
tests do not include a slope shift detection.

Then, confirmatory indicators are generated, as explained in Section
\ref{sec:conf-indic}:
\begin{enumerate}
\item for each underlying test, the derived binary indicator takes the value
  one if on $\beta\times m$ windows out of $m$, the test detects a change.
  Parameters are the test itself with its parameters, the value of $\beta$
  (we considered 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5) and the number of observations in common
  between two consecutive windows (the length of the window minus 1, 5 or
  10);
\item for each underlying test, the derived binary indicator takes the value
  one if on $\beta\times m$ consecutive windows out of $m$, the test detects a
  change (same parameters);
\item for each underlying test, the derived binary indicator takes the value
  one if there are 5 consecutive windows such that the test detects a change
  on at least $k$ of these 5 consecutive windows (similar parameters where $\beta$ is replaced by $k$).
\end{enumerate}
In addition, based on expert recommendations, all those indicators are applied
both to the original signal and to a smoothed signal (using a simple moving
average of 5 observations).

\subsection{Performance analysis}
Each data set is split in a balanced way into a learning set with 1000 signals
and a test set with 5000 signals. We report the global classification accuracy
(the classification accuracy is the percentage of correct predictions,
regardless of the class) on the learning set to monitor possible over
fitting. The performances of the methodology are evaluated on 10 balanced
subsets of size 500 from the 5000 signals' test set. This allows to evaluate
both the average performances and their variabilities. For the Random Forest, we
also report the out-of-bag (oob) estimate of the classification accuracy (this
is a byproduct of the bootstrap procedure used to construct the forest, see
\cite{breiman2001random}). Finally, we use confusion matrices and class
specific accuracy to gain more insights on the results when needed.

\subsection{Performances with all indicators}
As indicators are expertly designed and should cover the useful
parameter range of the tests, it is assumed that the best classification
performances should be obtained when using all of them, up to the effects of
the curse of dimensionality.

\begin{table}[htbp]
  \caption{Classification accuracy using 810 binary
    indicators. For the test set, we report the average classification
    accuracy and its standard deviation between parenthesis.}
  \label{tab:fullRF}
  \centering
		\vskip 0.15in
		\begin{small}
  \begin{tabular}{lccc}
\multicolumn{3}{c}{Random Forest}\\
Data & Training acc. & OOB acc. & Test average acc. \\\hline
$A$ & 0.9770 & 0.9228 &0.9352 (0.0100) \\
$B$ &  0.9709 & 0.9118 & 0.9226 (0.0108) \\\hline
& & & \\
\multicolumn{3}{c}{Naive Bayesian Classifier}\\
Data & Training acc. & - & Test average acc. \\\hline
$A$ &0.9228   & - &0.8687 (0.0099) \\
$B$ & 0.8978 & - &0.8632 (0.0160) \\\hline
  \end{tabular}
	\end{small}
\medskip

\end{table}

Table \ref{tab:fullRF} reports the global classification accuracy of the
Random Forest and Naive Bayes classifier, using all the indicators. As expected, Random Forests suffer
neither from the curse of dimensionality nor from strong over fitting (the
test set performances are close to the learning set ones). For the Naive Bayes
classifier, those performances are significantly lower than the one obtained
by the Random Forest. As shown by the confusion matrix on Table
\ref{tab:conf:NBNsetAtest}, the classification errors are not concentrated on
one class (even if the errors are not perfectly balanced). This tends to
confirm that the indicators are adequate to the task (this was already obvious
from the Random Forest).

\begin{table}[h]
\caption{Data set $A$: confusion matrix with all indicators for Naive Bayes
  classifier on the full test set.}
\label{tab:conf:NBNsetAtest}
\vskip 0.15in
\centering

\begin{tabular}{c|ccccc}
&0&1&2&3&total\\\hline
0&2267&162&32&39&2500\\
1&118&671&36&4&829\\
2&26&4&708&91&829\\
3&46&7&76&700&829\\\hline
\end{tabular}

\vskip -0.1in
\end{table}

\subsection{Feature selection}
While satisfactory results are obtained,
it would be unrealistic to ask to an
operator to review 810 binary values to understand why the classifier favours
one class rather than the others. Thus a feature selection should be appropriate.

As explained in Section \ref{sec:decision}, the feature selection relies on
the mRMR ranking procedure. A forward approach is used to evaluate how many
indicators are needed to achieve acceptable predictive performances. Notice
that in the forward approach, indicators are added in the order given by mRMR
and then are never removed. As mRMR takes into account redundancy between the
indicators, this should not be a major issue. Then for each number of
indicators, a Random Forest and a Naive Bayes classifier are constructed and
evaluated.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{RFAvsB_setA810_rank_mrmr_multiclasse.pdf}}
\caption{\textbf{Data sets  $A$ (black) and $B$ (blue) Random Forest}: classification accuracy on learning set (circle) as a function of the
  number of indicators. A boxplot gives the classification accuracies on the
  test subsets, summarized by its median (black dot inside a white
  circle). The estimation of those accuracies by the out-of-bag (oob) bootstrap
  estimate is shown by the crosses.}
\label{fig:rfboxsetA}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{NBAvsB_setA810_rank_mrmr_multiclasse.pdf}
\caption{\textbf{Data sets  $A$ (black) and $B$ (blue)  Naive Bayes classifier}: classification accuracy on learning set (circle) as a function of the
  number of indicators. A boxplot gives the classification accuracies on the
  test subsets, summarized by its median (black dot inside a white
  circle). }
\label{fig:nbnboxsetA}
\end{figure}

Figures \ref{fig:rfboxsetA} and \ref{fig:nbnboxsetA}
 summarize the results for the 100 first indicators for sets $A$ and $B$. The
classification accuracy of the Random Forest increases almost monotonously
with the number of indicators, but after roughly 25 to 30 indicators
(depending on the data set), performances on the test set tend to stagnate
. In practice, this means that the proposed procedure can be used to
select the relevant indicators implementing this way an automatic tuning
procedure for the parameters of the expertly designed scores.

Results for the Naive Bayes classifier are slightly more complex in the case
of the second data set, but they confirm that indicator selection is
possible. Notice that the
learning set performances of the Naive Bayes classifier are almost identical
to its test set performances (which exhibit almost no variability over the
slices of the full test set). This is natural because the classifier is based
on the estimation of the probability of observing a 1 value
\emph{independently} for each indicator, conditionally on the class. The
learning set contains at least 250 observations for each class, leading to a
very accurate estimation of those probabilities and thus to very stable
decisions. In practice one can therefore select the optimal number of
indicators using the learning set performances, without the need of a
cross-validation procedure.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{NBerrorPerClassMrmrMulti.pdf}
\caption{\textbf{Data set $A$ Naive Bayes classifier}: classification error
  for each class on the training set (solid lines) and on the test set (dotted
  lines, average accuracies only).}
\label{fig:nbperclassA}
\end{figure}

It should be noted that significant jumps in performances can be observed in
all cases. This might be an indication that the ordering provided by the mRMR
procedure is not optimal. A possible solution to reach better indicator
subsets would be to use a wrapper approach, leveraging the computational
efficiency of both Random Forest and Naive Bayes construction. Meanwhile
Figure \ref{fig:nbperclassA} shows in more detail this phenomenon by
displaying the classification error class by class, as a function of the
number of indicators, in the case of data set $A$. The figure shows the
difficulty of discerning between mean shift and trend shift (for the latter,
no specific test has been included, on purpose). But as the strong decrease in
classification error when the 30-th indicator is added concerns both classes
(mean shift and trend shift), the ordering provided by mRMR could be
questioned.

\subsection{Indicator selection}
Based on results shown on Figure \ref{fig:nbnboxsetA},
 one can select an optimal number of binary indicators,
while enforcing a reasonable limit on this number to avoid flooding the human
operator with too many results. For instance Table \ref{tab:NB:selected} gives
the classification accuracy of the Naive Bayes classifier using the optimal
number of binary indicators between 1 and 20.

\begin{table}[htbp]
\caption{Classification accuracy of the Naive Bayesian network using the
optimal number binary indicators between 1 and 20. For the test set, we report the average
classification accuracy and its standard deviation between parenthesis.}
\label{tab:NB:selected}
\vskip 0.15in
\centering
\begin{small}
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
Data & Training acc. & Test avg acc. & \# indicators\\\hline
$A$ & 0.8487 & 0.8448 (0.0134) & 9\\
$B$ &0.9018 & 0.8935 (0.0130) & 13\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{small}
\end{table}

While the performances are not as good as the ones of the Random Forest, they
are acceptable : the selected indicators can be shown to the human operator together
with the estimated probabilities of getting a positive result from each
indicator, conditionally on each class, shown on Table
\ref{tab:tenbest:A}. For instance here the first selected indicator,
$confu(2,3)$, is a confirmation indicator for the U test. It is positive when
there are 2 windows out of 3 consecutive ones on which a U test was
positive. The Naive Bayes classifier uses the estimated probabilities to reach
a decision: here the indicator is very unlikely to be positive if there is no
change or if the change is a variance shift. On the contrary, it is very
likely to be positive when there is a mean or a trend shift. While the table
does not ``explain'' the decisions made by the Naive Bayes classifier, it
gives easily interpretable hints to the human operator.

\begin{table}[htbp]
\caption{The 9 best indicators according to mRMR for data set
$A$. Confu(k,n) corresponds to a positive Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon U test on
k windows out of n consecutive ones. Conff(k,n) is the same thing for the
F-test. Ratef($\alpha$) corresponds to a positive F-test on $\alpha\times m$
windows out of $m$. Lseqf($\alpha$) corresponds to a positive F-test on
$\alpha\times m$ consecutive windows out of $m$. Lsequ($\alpha$) is the same for a U test.
Detailed parameters of the indicators have been omitted for brevity.}
\label{tab:tenbest:A}
\vskip 0.15in
\centering
\begin{small}
\begin{tabular}{ccccc}
type of indicator& no change &variance&mean&trend\\\hline

confu(2,3)&0.0103&0.011&0.971&0.939\\
F test&0.0206&0.83&0.742&0.779\\
U test&0.02&0.022&0.968&0.941\\
lseqf(0.3)&0.0053&0.571&0.336&0.023\\
confu(4,5)&0.0343&0.03&0.986&0.959\\
confu(3,5)&0.0013&0.001&0.923&0.899\\
confu(2,3)&0.0673&0.06&0.992&0.967\\
F test&0.042&0.853&0.793&0.813\\
KS test&0.0113&0.259&0.961&0.923\\\hline
\end{tabular}

\end{small}
\vskip -0.1in
\end{table}

\subsection{Role of confirmation indicators}

In table \ref{tab:tenbest:A}, one can see several confirmation indicators.
In this section, we illustrate their impacts on results.
We use a new simulated data set $C$.
Its random noise is based on a Student distribution ($3$ degrees of freedom) but with a random variance.
That is $n$ random variables $Y_1,\ldots, Y_n$  independent and identically distributed according to $ \mathcal{T}(3)$.
$X_1,\ldots, X_n$ are such that
$  X_i \sim a Y_i$  where $a$ is chosen uniformly at random in $[0.5,3]$.
The same three types of shift are used. But, the mean shift added is chosen uniformly at random in $[0.3, 5]$ and
the variance shift is added chosen at random in $[1.05, 5]$.

For $C$, new tests are added : the Student-test with equal variance and unequal variance (test for shift in mean),
a slope shift detection and a slope change test. 2565 indicators are then obtained.

In table \ref{tab:fullRFconf}, the result obtained with and without confirmation indicators ($Cm$)
is reported.
In figure \ref{fig:rfboxsetG}, the difference obtained in set $C$ with and without confirmation indicators is given for the first 100 indicators
according to mRMR. The confirmation indicators improve the classification accuracy.

\begin{table}[htbp]
  \caption{Classification accuracy of the Random Forest classifier using all binary
    indicators : 2565 for set $C$, 945 for set $Cm$  . $Cm$ is the same data as $C$ but no confirmation indicators are used.}
  \label{tab:fullRFconf}
  \centering
	\vskip 0.15in
	\begin{small}
  \begin{tabular}{lccc}
Data set & Training set acc. & Test set average acc. \\\hline
$C$ & 0.9629   & 0.7656 ( 0.0161) \\
$Cm$ & 0.95298 & 0.731513 (0.0171) \\\hline
  \end{tabular}
\medskip
\end{small}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{RFsansconfirmation_setG_rank_mrmr_multiclasse.pdf}}
\caption{\textbf{Data set $C$ (black) and $Cm$(blue) Random Forest}, see Figure \ref{fig:rfboxsetA}
  for details. $Cm$ is the same data as $C$ but no confirmation indicators are used.}
\label{fig:rfboxsetG}
\end{figure}

\section*{Acknowledgments}
This study is supported by grant from Snecma\footnote{Snecma, Safran Group, is one of the world's leading manufacturers of aircraft and rocket engines, see
 \url{http://www.snecma.com/} for details.}.

\section{Conclusion and perspectives}
This paper proposes a general methodology that combines expert knowledge with
feature selection and automatic classification to design accurate anomaly
detector and classifier. Feature selection allows to reduce the
number of useful indicators to a humanly manageable number. This allows a
human operator to understand at least partially how a decision is reached by
an automatic classifier. This is favoured by the choice of the indicators which
are based on expert knowledge. A very interesting byproduct of the
methodology is that it can work on very different original data as long as
expert decision can be modelled by a set of parametric anomaly scores. This was
illustrated by working on signals of different lengths.

The methodology has been shown sound  using simulated data. Using a reference
high performance classifier, Random Forests, the indicator generation
technique covers sufficiently the parameters space to obtain high
classification rate. Then, the feature selection mechanism leads to a reduced number of indicators
with good predictive performances when paired with a
simpler classifier, the Naive Bayes classifier. As shown in the experiments,
the class conditional probabilities of obtaining a positive value for those
indicators provide interesting insights on the way the Naive Bayes classifier
takes a decision.

In order to justify the cost of collecting a sufficiently large real world
labelled data set in our context (engine health monitoring), additional
experiments are needed. In particular, multivariate data must be studied in
order to simulate the case of a complex system made of numerous
sub-systems. This will naturally lead to more complex anomaly models. We also
observed possible limitations of the feature selection strategy used here as
the performances displayed abrupt changes during the forward procedure. More
computationally demanding solutions, namely wrapper ones, will be studied to
confirm this point.

It is also important to notice that the classification accuracy is not the
best way of evaluating the performances of a classifier in the health
monitoring context. Firstly, health monitoring involves intrinsically a strong
class imbalance \cite{japkowicz2002class}. Secondly, health monitoring is a
cost sensitive area because of the strong impact on airline profit of an
unscheduled maintenance. It is therefore important to take into account
specific asymmetric misclassification cost to get a proper performance
evaluation. For example, results have shown the role played by confirmation indicators,
 they are designed to limit false alarm rate.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
imm cologne Pure Talents Contest 2021
Image source: imm cologne
Currently browsing through the Contest Watchers archives.
Meitar Award for Excellence in Photography 2020
Gloria Oyarzabal, 2019 Meitar Award Winner
Contest Status
Results have been announced!
Contest Disciplines
The Meitar Award for Excellence in Photography, a collaboration between PHOTO IS:RAEL and the Zvi and Ofra Meitar Family Fund, will be awarded for the fifth time this year to a photographer whose works demonstrate excellence in the field of photography.
Following the worldwide Coronavirus pandemic, this year's award process will feature a unique format that will adhere to the necessary restrictions without compromising its goal of supporting excellent photographers and the stories they tell, which are now more important than ever.
This year's winner will receive a $20,000 grant for the publication of a professional photography book through BLOW UP PRESS, a Warsaw-based boutique publishing house. The winner will be announced in November 2020, and the book will be published and launched in November 2021 at the 9th International Photography Festival. During the course of that year, the winner will work on the production of the book together with PHOTO IS:RAEL's Chief Curator and BLOW UP PRESS' Head Designer. The book will then be distributed through various professional platforms around the world.
The winner will also receive royalties from the sale of the book.
All submissions will be reviewed by a panel of leading international professionals who specialize in the field of photography books. The judges will be expected to select a series or body of work that represents a distinct and compelling personal voice.
Of the works submitted, the panelists will select 20 finalists for a group exhibition at the International Photography Festival, which will take place in November 2020 in Tel Aviv.
* It should be noted that considering the latest global situation around the COVID-19 outbreak, PHOTO IS:RAEL will make every effort to hold the festival in late November 2020 as planned. In case the festival will not be able to open as planned, PHOTO IS:RAEL will make all reasonable efforts to reschedule the IPF within a reasonable period of time. If need be, we will consider the option to hold an online version of the festival, including exhibitions and a program of online lectures and events.
PHOTO IS:RAEL is a non-profit organization dedicated to fostering dialogue via research and the highlighting of artistic and social issues through the language of photography.
For further details, please visit the official website.
2020 Meitar Award for Excellence in Photography – Registration Fee
The registration fee is $35.
Links and Meta Information
PHOTO IS:RAEL, Zvi and Ofra Meitar Family Fund
Annual / Finished / Grant / Photography
Biophilia 2020 – International Poster Competition
Contest Watchers
Short permanent link to this page:
Possibly Related Contests
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2021 First Place Winner - $5,000 Scholarship "Electric Rail" Computer And Drawing Desk - Predrag Porobic, Megatrend University, Igalo, Herceg Novi Montenegro
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16th Bucharest International Jazz Competition 2022
Image source: jmEvents
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Artwork by student artist Kayla Jang
The Award Ceremony of the 13th International Design Contest Trieste Contemporanea 2018. Image source: Trieste Contemporanea
Image source: biophiliaposters.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


End of this phase, on to the next!
Same weight as yesterday. No worries.
I think my bowels are empty now!
Not feeling 100%, but at least I'm moving forward. Doing a liver flush!
I drank more juice!! And I'm enjoying my slower pace.
Still not sure if I should juice or water fast. No hurry to decide I guess.
I might have to change things up a bit.
Feels like someone stabbed me in the side of the head.
This is going great!!! Despite the bumps in the road!!!
I already feel less bloated and am really looking forward to feeling great.


Size Nina Matthias Jesper Waylan Kaz Inej Complete set.
Nina Matthias Jesper Waylan Kaz Inej Complete set.
All of our 6 Six of Crows bookmarks, sold in a collection. I made two different versions of the Nina bookmark. Please let me know which design you would prefer.
This bookmark is perfect for the Grisha Verse Fan in your life!


text:
Home / Children's / Page 2
My Scottish Holiday Tin
Box Set | Pub: 23 Jul 2020
A unique activity tin packed with fun things to do and look out for whilst in Scotland. Includes: 2 x mini sticker sheets (one with letters to personalise the tin lid with names and holiday destinations, one with images to stick on) Visitor ID...
My Scottish Nature Tin
A unique activity tin all about Scottish nature featuring animals, trees, plants and landscapes, from the golden eagle and red deer to the pine marten and wild cat, not forgetting the Scots pine, silver birch and heather and lots more...
Pip and the Puffer
Pip lives on island and is the captain of his boat Puffin, which he sails to the mainland to collect the things that the islanders need. One beautiful morning Pip and his crew set off as usual, but when they reach the mainland they learn that the...
Precious and the Zebra Necklace
Well before Precious Ramotswe founded her Number One Ladies' Detective Agency, as an eight-year-old girl she was already solving mysteries. Here, in this delightful, new, enchanting tale for children, we see how the young Precious became the...
Race to Kangaroo Cliff
Paperback | Pub: 05 Apr 2018
Ben and Fee MacTavish and the rest of the School Ship Tobermory crew head down under to take part in a tall ships race, but after a good start the Tobermory runs aground after it drops out to rescue a local boy, Kimba, stranded on the rocks. When...
Board Book | Pub: 13 Jul 2017
Jim is ready to take part in the rally. Follow him as he skids round corners, speeds through the forest and races towards the finishing line.Benedict Blathwayt's award-winning illustrations are full of detail which are guaranteed to stimulate...
Robert Burns and All That
Paperback | Pub: 18 Aug 2016
This is a fun and informative look at Scotland's national bard and the times in which he lived. Meet the lassies who stole Burns' heart and the creatures that inspired his poetry. Join his quest to rescue a lost musical treasure –...
Robert the Bruce and All That
Robert the Bruce and All That is a real-life adventure packed with historical facts about Scotland's warrior king. Gallop alongside King Robert the Bruce as he takes up the quest to free the Scots from terrifying King Edward and his bumbling...
The Sands of Shark Island
After successfully thwarting a dastardly plan to steal rare marine animals from the sea around the Scottish island of Mull, Ben and Fee MacTavish feel they can relax and continue learning all about nautical life on board School Ship Tobermory. But...
School Ship Tobermory
Follow the exploits of the children who go to a most unusual school – the sail-powered training ship Tobermory. When a film crew arrives in Tobermory Bay, Ben and Fee are invited to be extras. But their suspicions are soon aroused – is...
The Secret of the Dark Waterfall
Longlisted for the Highland Book Prize 2019 The School Ship Tobermory and its intrepid young crew are back in Hebridean waters. When a violent storm blows them off course to a remote island, they discover a fisherman's journal written a hundred...
Skara Brae, Orkney, during the Neolithic period. The sun is dying, crops are failing and the local inhabitants fear that the end of the world is near. When a strange boy appears from nowhere, dressed in an odd silver suit – his 'silver...
Sixteen String Jack & the Garden of Adventure
Hardback | Pub: 21 May 2015
One day, Daisy's grandmother takes her to an overgrown garden. Many, many years before other children had played in that garden – Sixteen String Jack and Dare Devil Dick were shipwrecked there; and often they fought pirates side by side...
Steve has had enough – enough of cyber-bullies, enough of adults messing up the world. Sharp-witted Fran and her brother worry-wart Dan feel exactly the same. And so, along with his dog Nessie, Steve and the FranDan twins leave town in the...
The Sticker Atlas of Scotland
This sticker atlas is a stimulating and fun way to introduce children to the various regions of Scotland and introduce the immense variety of the country's landscape, flora and fauna, and places of cultural significance. Ben Blathwayt is renowned...
Tig and Tag
One night at Bay Farm, three lambs are born. The mother sheep has only enough milk for one lamb, so the farmer's wife decides to look after the other two herself. Tig and Tag soon show their mischievous natures, and get into all sorts of...
The Tobermory Cat
In the village of Tobermory, on the Scottish island of Mull, lives a very special ginger cat. But once upon a time he didn't think he was special at all – not like the woolly cats of Loch Ba, the singing cats of Staffa, or the fishing...
Tobermory Cat 1, 2, 3
Paperback | Pub: 06 Oct 2014
Debi Gliori's delightful The Tobermory Cat was one of the most popular children's books of 2012. Based on a real cat known to local inhabitants as well as thousands of visitors to Mull, the island's ginger tom and his extraordinary...
The Tobermory Cat Postal Book
A postcard-sized version of Debi Gliori's bestselling book. The ideal gift, featuring the whole of the original Tobermory Cat. Just put a stamp on it and post it! In the village of Tobermory, on the Scottish island of Mull, lives a very...
Ride with ted in his tractor as he drives into the farmyard and then heads off to the fields to help move the big bales of hay. It's tough work, so Ted is ready for his tea at the end of a busy day. Benedict Blathwayt's award-winning...


This version of Plantain Mosa is quite similar to Plantain Puffs because they are both prepared with overripe plantains and flour. But that's where the similarities end because this version looks like pancakes and it is not deep-fried.
You need just enough vegetable oil to grease the frying pan before pouring the batter.
You need enough water to give the mashed plantain a medium consistency so that it can pass through the sieve easily.
Break the egg into a bowl, beat and set aside.
Peel the overripe plantain and mash with a fork till a good blend is achieved.
Add cool water to the mashed plantain bit by bit and mix on each occasion till you get a medium consistency.
Pass the medium consistency blend through a sieve into the egg. Mix very well.
Sift the plain flour into the mixture from Step 4. Mix thoroughly.
Add salt, cayenne pepper and evaporated milk and stir very well. It is ready to be fried.
Set your frying pan over medium heat and pour a small quantity of vegetable oil; just enough to grease the frying pan. This should be about 1 tablespoon of oil.
When hot, pour a small amount of batter into the pan to make a 5mm thick and 5 inch diameter plan-cake.
Keep an eye on it and once you see the edge of the plan-cake caking, flip it to fry the other side too.
It is ready when both sides are light brown. They should look like the Plantain Mosas in the image above.
Fry the rest of the dough using steps 8 to 10. That's it!
Serve with a chilled drink: Kunun Aya, Nigerian Chapman, Zobo and many others. For breakfast, serve with Custard, Ogi/Akamu or with Oatmeal.


David Mason, the musician who played the now famous trumpet parts for the Beatles "Penny Lane", has died. In January, 1967 he provided just a short couple of sections for the song – but they are solos from a virtuoso which are so impressive and important in making "Penny Lane" so loved by so many.
David had been Principal Trumpet of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, the Philharmonia Orchestra, the Covent Garden Opera, and the English Chamber Orchestra.
Vale David Mason. And thanks for the music.
This entry was posted in Beatles, Beatles Music, Beatles Related and tagged Beatles, Beatles Related, Music, Paul McCartney by beatlesblogger. Bookmark the permalink.
Penny Lane is such a classic, the trumpet is perfect.


text:
PAT to protest for justice in Model Town case on Jan 27: Dr Tahir-ul-Qadri
PAT Chairman Dr Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri has said that he still holds on to his comment of "Inna lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un", saying that funeral of Panama is ready and only burial is left. He said that though strong evidence is present but as long as the powerful mafia and 'Sultans' continues to rule the country, no institution can hold them accountable. He said that 'Sultans' tried to push the report of the Quetta commission under the carpet but it came out, adding that it is not just failure of one ministry but the whole government.
Dr Tahir-ul-Qadri stated this while talking to a private TV channel last night. He said that the rulers do not go to the nation but to Election Commission, which then makes all arrangements. He said that Mian Sharif used to share small things with him but he never talked about his Qatari investment. He said that strict notice should be taken of the statement on money trail being dubbed as a political one on the floor of Parliament. He said that they do not have legal money trail, adding that the letter of Qatari prince is in itself the biggest proof of corruption. He said that blood of 14 innocent people and 100 injured is on the rulers.
Dr Qadri said that if the Quetta Commission report can be made public, why not the Najfi commission report? He said that the current rulers are overwhelmed by stubbornness, insensitivity & shamelessness that do not let them accept pressure of people, media & public meetings. He said that all matters related to election are settled in Raiwind. Duties are assigned. Money is spent. Votes & seats are bought.
The PAT Chairman said that often most notorious character of any neighborhood is PML-N representative. Police is used to browbeat the opponents. He said that for decision in Panama case, PM's speech delivered in Parliament was enough. If it were any other country, Parliament would have declared PM disqualified. He said that arrival of Qatari prince to save the rulers from legal proceedings is a sign that they are thief. He said that all resources and power come to naught when time for accountability approaches.
Dr Tahir-ul-Qadri said that we have decided to hold a protest for justice in Model Town case on January 27 in Lahore. He further said that 17 SHOs, 7 SPs and 1 DIG were present at the time of operation in the Model Town. He demanded that all masterminds should be summoned and held accountable for their role in the tragedy. He said that the second and third round of Qisas are left and we will not compromise on our demand for justice.


text:
Q: curl_exec always returns 0? I have this function:
function Connect($url, $post = 0, $postfields = '')
{
    $ch = curl_init();
    if($post > 0) {
        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, 1);
        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $postfields);
    }
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR, dirname(__FILE__).'/joomla-cookie.txt');
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE, dirname(__FILE__).'/joomla-cookie.txt');
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 1);
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $url);
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1);
    $exec = curl_exec($ch);
    if($exec) { return $exec; } else { return 0; }
}

I call it like that Connect($host)
And it always return 0...

A: Try setting CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER and CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST to false. that should do the trick.
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, false);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST, false);

A: Check if there was an error with the request after curl_exec:
if(curl_errno($ch)){
    echo 'Curl error: ' . curl_error($ch);
}

That will provide you with enough info to know if there was a error with the request. If there was no error, you can check the request sent after curl_exec so you can double check that everything sent is in place:
print_r(curl_getinfo($ch));

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


ThurstonTalk's articles often highlight people or places in Thurston County. To highlight a thing is more rare. How is it that an unassuming rock, of all things, has bound a community so tightly?
The rock outside Capital High School has had what can only be described as a colorful history. Throughout the years, the rock has been spray painted dozens, if not hundreds of times. Whether it be the opening activity for DECA week, the cross country team making it to state, or an important football game celebration, there is nearly always a cause that calls for the rock to be decorated in celebration of Capital High School student's accomplishments.
There's something unique about the rock that makes it dear to the hearts of students – it's a way for them to connect. Social cliques don't outlaw others from painting or talking about the rock. It's property to every student of CHS. It's unique. It's for the whole school to share.
Occasionally, a rival school will discolor the rock, and paint their slogans over it. But CHS students are relentless. The vandalism is never present for more than a week before the students, armed with their spray paint, take back what's rightfully theirs.
Over the years since the rock has been around, many classes have tried to leave their mark. The class of 1991, shares alumni Erin Gantenbein, even successfully carved a 91 into the rock using a gas powered jackhammer. While years of spray paint and Washington's rainy weather have made it disappear, the class, and the rock, still remember.
The rock has also lead to other spray paint adventures such as the one 1987 graduate Chris Merchant admits. "While spray painting the rock to rid the rock of a tragic discoloration," he explains, "we [the seniors] got a little side tracked and decided to designate several choice parking spots for 'seniors only'." While the specialized "spots" may not have lasted long, the memory created by, and linked to, the CHS rock certainly has.
The seniors aren't the only ones who get to have fun with the rock. Juniors have been known to cover the rock with dirt before a big spray painting session to mess with the upper class students. And for club or sports related paintings, younger students are often invited along to help. This also gives those students a chance to become practiced in this cherished art so they can carry on the tradition their senior year.
The rock has been at the school since it's construction in 1975. It has witnessed the school celebrate nineteen state championships in athletics, and also crossed paths with future major league baseball players, a soon to be professional golfer, and even an Olympic rower.
And in the midst of today's tech-focused society, with our social media, Snapchats and the infamous selfie, the rock certainly doesn't want to be left out. You can find the rock on Twitter at @chsROCK.
This rock is the center of celebrations for all Capital High students. It's seen classes come and go, trends rise and fall, and whole generations of students paint its face. Through it all, it remains a cherished item held close in the hearts of all alumni and students at CHS and will be for years to come.


text:
Q: How to fix NPM vulnerabilities (libcipm, libnpm, node-gyp, npm-lifecycle)? How should I fix the vulnerabilities below that require manual review ?
$ npm --version
6.9.0
$ npm audit fix
up to date in 7.044s
fixed 0 of 4 vulnerabilities in 31604 scanned packages
  4 vulnerabilities required manual review and could not be updated
$ npm audit

                       === npm audit security report ===

┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                                Manual Review                                 │
│            Some vulnerabilities require your attention to resolve            │
│                                                                              │
│         Visit https://go.npm.me/audit-guide for additional guidance          │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
┌───────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ High          │ Arbitrary File Overwrite                                     │
├───────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Package       │ tar                                                          │
├───────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Patched in    │ >=4.4.2                                                      │
├───────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Dependency of │ npm                                                          │
├───────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Path          │ npm > libcipm > npm-lifecycle > node-gyp > tar               │
├───────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ More info     │ https://npmjs.com/advisories/803                             │
└───────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
┌───────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ High          │ Arbitrary File Overwrite                                     │
├───────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Package       │ tar                                                          │
├───────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Patched in    │ >=4.4.2                                                      │
├───────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Dependency of │ npm                                                          │
├───────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Path          │ npm > libnpm > npm-lifecycle > node-gyp > tar                │
├───────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ More info     │ https://npmjs.com/advisories/803                             │
└───────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
┌───────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ High          │ Arbitrary File Overwrite                                     │
├───────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Package       │ tar                                                          │
├───────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Patched in    │ >=4.4.2                                                      │
├───────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Dependency of │ npm                                                          │
├───────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Path          │ npm > node-gyp > tar                                         │
├───────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ More info     │ https://npmjs.com/advisories/803                             │
└───────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
┌───────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ High          │ Arbitrary File Overwrite                                     │
├───────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Package       │ tar                                                          │
├───────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Patched in    │ >=4.4.2                                                      │
├───────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Dependency of │ npm                                                          │
├───────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Path          │ npm > npm-lifecycle > node-gyp > tar                         │
├───────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ More info     │ https://npmjs.com/advisories/803                             │
└───────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
found 4 high severity vulnerabilities in 31604 scanned packages
  4 vulnerabilities require manual review. See the full report for details.

A: You need to upgrade the tar package to version 4.4.2 or later.

A: This issue solution yet to be release.Many PR open on github regarding the issue.But try this may it helps:
npm install -D node-gyp
npm install -D tar@">4.4.7"

For more details check here.
This issue also raised here.
Attempt to fix this issue.
This might be fixed by 10th May,2019.
Check here for more details on it.


text:
New gig: Wikimedia Foundation
2010-07-07 robla1 Comment
As of last week, I'm officially an employee of the Wikimedia Foundation. Here's the the official announcement of WMF hiring me. I've been working there as a contractor for the past couple of months, and it's been a great experience so far. I'm working with a lot of really smart people that I stand to learn a great deal from. I'm pretty used to being the "open source guy" at the companies I've worked at in the past, so it's going to be an interesting twist to work somewhere where publishing the source code (and most everything else, for that matter) is just a given.
On Diaspora
2010-05-16 2018-07-31 robla3 Comments
"The anti-Facebook"
There's been a lot of hubbub about Facebook's ongoing tone-deafness regarding privacy. As a result, there has also been a lot of hubbub about the Diaspora project, with both wildly optimistic projections of their success, as well as more skeptical assessments.
I'm skeptical about Diaspora specifically, because it reminds me a lot of an effort to take RealNetworks down a peg more than a decade ago. In 1999, the Free Expression Project was started to "help people distribute their content to other people without being beholden to any corporation". A laudable goal, and one that earned them a fawning writeup on CNet News, which claimed that Real was under siege by these folks. The project never seemed to make it much further than a website with a few diagrams, and nothing that came even close to challenging the streaming media hegemony we enjoyed at the time. (I was at Real from 1996-2005)
However, that's not really the whole story. What the fawning press coverage indicated was that there were a lot of people who wanted Real to be taken down a peg or two. I imagine that the CNet reporter was as skeptical as anyone about the ability of the Free Expression Project to deliver, but he wrote the story anyway because he knew that people would eat it up. He knew that story would generate traffic because people would see his headline, think "Thank GOD!", and click through to read the story. He was probably right.
It ultimately wasn't a ragtag band of open source developers that toppled Real's dominant position, but rather a one-two punch from Microsoft then Macromedia/Adobe. Still, their job was made a lot easier by the prevailing mood. When we tried to rally the open source community a few years later, despite our success in landing deals with hardware vendors (which it appears they are still successful with), we didn't get a lot of organic contribution. By then, MPlayer, GStreamer, Xine, VLC and other efforts were already underway, and contributors to those projects had little incentive to join forces with us at that point. The developers on those projects thought: "we can do this better, and why would we want to help Real anyway?"
Facebook has a pretty solid network lock-in going for them, so its not as though we're about to witness a sudden collapse of their market position. However, they've got a serious problem with their brand, and I wouldn't be surprised if Zuckerberg is in complete denial about it, preferring to think about the privacy controversy as a storm that will blow over soon enough. It'd be easy for the Facebook crew to believe that no one is going to be able to pull together all of the elements needed for head-to-head competition. I'm betting that's not how it plays out. My guess is that someone like Twitter or Google figures out how to add just enough functionality that many more people feel comfortable giving up on Facebook. Moreover, if I were going into competition with Facebook, I think I'd try to turn their strength into a weakness. For example, for many younger people, a network not overrun with parents, grandparents and extended relatives might just be a selling point.
I'm not deleting my Facebook account anytime soon, but I know I don't need everything Facebook currently offers.
Pronouncing Eyjafjallajökull
I got curious if there was a pronunciation on Wikipedia of "Eyjafjallajökull", which of course there was. In the really helpful IPA alphabet, which is: "ˈɛɪjaˌfjatlaˌjœːkʏtl̥". I got about halfway through deciphering this when I gave up.
Fortunately, there's a recording of a native speaker. Did you catch that? Me neither. Finally, looking on the talk page, there is a great discussion. One useful resource in that section is this clip from ABC News.
So, here's what I was able to ascertain is the best way to describe it in text. You say: "AY-ya-fyot-lah-yoe-kdl" with a particular emphasis on the "AY-ya" part to distinguish it from all of the other silly fyot-lah-yoe-kdls (mountain glaciers) that they have a million of in Iceland.
According to the New York Times blog, if you're a native English speaker, your best chance of saying this is to mumble "Hey ya forgot the yogurt". They've also got perhaps better text versions of how to say it.
Doing the conferency talky thing
That's me giving a lecture to my daughter about the importance of proper modularization in large scale development
I didn't do much in the way of public speaking last year, but I'm starting to make up for it this year. Here's a few things I've got coming up:
April 13 – Lighting talk at the Seattle Django Users Group – this will be about jsonwidget, which is shaping up nicely. I'm toying with the idea of making a Django interface for jsonwidget which will be the main point of the discussion.
April 24 or 25 (tbd) LinuxFest Northwest (Bellingham) – Using urwid and Python for console applications – I've had a pretty good experience working with Urwid over the past couple of months or so, and I'm planning to share what I've learned.
July 21-22 – Two talks at O'Reilly's Open Source Convention in Portland:
July 21 – Financial Incentives in Open Source
– this is a panel I'll be moderating, with a lot of really interesting people with a pretty broad range of experience. Stormy Peters has given a lot of really good talks on the subject already. Leslie Hawthorn has been the community manager for the Google Summer of Code program for the past several years. Mike Milinkovich is executive director at Eclipse Foundation, which among many things, is host to the Eclipse Community Awards. Last but not least, Todd Crowe is an independent web developer who has a lot of experience working with freelance sites like Elance. Additionally, Todd has done a lot of work for Love Machine, Inc., a startup that's taking a pretty innovative approach to organizing their work.
July 22 – Great User Interfaces in the Terminal Window – This will be similar to my April talk about Urwid at LFNW, but will be a broader overview of the various approaches. When I was hunting for Urwid, I evaluated some of the alternatives, so the idea behind this talk is to step through the advantages/disadvantages of the various approaches.
Thoughts on dual licensing and contrib agreements
2010-02-27 robla7 Comments
photo by kwc
There's been a lot of chatter lately about dual licensing in open source and its much-maligned companion the contributor license agreement. Since my last two community management gigs involved dual licensing and CLAs, I have a few thoughts on the subject.
These tools certainly make it harder to build a community. As Brian Aker pointed out in Drizzle, Licensing, Having Honest Conversations with your Community:
How do you have an honest conversation with someone where you say "yes, I will need the work you did for free, to be assigned over to me, so that I can make money on it"?
It's not hard to understand that argument. As anyone who has ever tried to build a community will tell you, contributors don't grow on trees. It's a lot of hard work getting a community excited and motivated to work on your project. Having a single-minded focus on the thought process of your contributor community is probably the only way to build a community of any size or consequence.
Continue reading "Thoughts on dual licensing and contrib agreements" →
Easy form building for terminal windows: jsonwidget-python
I've been working on a project to make building forms really simple. My latest work is "jsonwidget-python" for terminal-based applications (like you would use via SSH or local terminal on Linux and Mac). It's all very retro, but terminal windows are still very much in use for buzzword-compliant activities like configuring virtual machines for cloud computing, in addition to being the preferred user interface for a lot of people out there (*cough* nerds *cough*).
This new project builds on some earlier work that I've retroactively renamed "jsonwidget-javascript". jsonwidget-javascript is AJAX-y generation of forms inside a browser based on a JSON schema. jsonwidget-python is intended for terminal users at first, but will extend to other contexts as well.
Here's a simple screenshot to show what's going on:
Simple Address Entry in jsonwidget-python
Continue reading "Easy form building for terminal windows: jsonwidget-python" →
Sorry about the NASCAR-looking comment area
As you may have noticed if you visited blog.robla.net directly, the comment area is handled via Intense Debate. I did that to get myself out of the account management business while still maintaining a modicum of control over my site. Other than then weird blue flaming logo and the name "intense debate" on a blog that I don't anticipate intense debate on, it's rather nice.
One new feature that I just enabled is the ability to comment using Facebook or Twitter login. It appears as though if you use it via Facebook, you'll get the "allow to automatically post to your wall", which is something that I don't intend to exploit. If anyone with Facebook Developer-fu knows how to tweak it so it doesn't ask for that permission, I'd be grateful if you clued me in.
The downside, of course, is that now there is 15 different logos down in the comment area now, not counting the additional 9 or so that pop up when you hover over the little orange RSS icon. Who knows, given the lack of color in the plain-jane theme I've recently switched to, maybe that's a feature.


text:
Merrow tries to donate land to town's conservation commission
by Mellisa Seamans
OSSIPEE— A selectman here is continuing in his quest to donate two pieces of riverfront property to the town's Conservation Commission.
Last month, Selectman Harry Merrow deeded the property to the commission but was later informed by the town's attorney that donations of land must first go through two public hearings and go to public hearing at a planning board and Conservation Commission meeting.
Commission member Ralph Buchanan told the planning board that the commission plans to pay all legal expenses related to the donation as well as maintenance and upkeep of the properties. The properties are located between the Beech River and Annie Nichols Road, 4.3 acres with an assessed value of $41,800.
Buchanan said the commission plans to install two parking spaces and picnic table open to the public.
At their meeting last month, the planning board voiced several concerns and asked for more information. They were concerned that no port-a-potties are being installed at the location and taking these properties off the town's tax rolls adds additional burden to the rest of the town's taxpayers. There was also concern that the Conservation Commission already owns many properties, several that no one knows where exactly they are located.
A quick review of the town's assessment records shows the Conservation Commission has oversight of at least 37 properties with a combined acreage of about 394 acres and value of about $1,671,780. The properties include 29 small parcels behind Indian Mound Shopping Center, 26 acres on Broad Bay Road, 11 acres off Foggs Ridge Road, the fish hatchery property and buildings on Route 16, the nine-acre town forest on Route 16 and the property under development with a newly installed scenic vista known as Windows on the Ossipees on Route 16.


text:
Current: Finally! Mandatory car seats for children under four in the UAE
Finally! Mandatory car seats for children under four in the UAE
New Federal Traffic Law amendments will introduce fines for those not using a car seat for children under four
New fines to penalise those not using a car safety seat for children
A raft of amendments to the Federal Traffic laws include a fine of Dh400 and four black points for anyone driving with a child under four who is not strapped into a car safety seat.
Until now it is has not been mandatory to use a car seat for infants or children in the UAE, and many families choose to hold their babies or toddlers in their laps, which has been a point of great concern for many.
"Motor-vehicle crashes are one of the leading causes of death among children," says Peter Makowski, CEO, American Hospital Dubai. "In Dubai's fast-moving traffic, it is highly critical for parents to ensure that their children are properly secured with age- and weight-appropriate child safety seats to prevent any fatal injuries.
"Car seats protect by spreading the crash forces over a wide area, slowing down the body, and protect vital body parts such as head, neck and spine. In case of an infant, it is highly recommended as babies do not have well-developed neck and spine and their skull bones are not fused. We strongly urge all new parents who are taking their new-born babies home to use rear-facing car seats."
According to the Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC), a child safety seat can reduce the risk of death in infants up to the age of one by 71 per cent and in children between the age of one and four by 54 per cent.
It is important to ensure that you are using the correct car seat for your child's age and weight, and that the car seat if fitted properly. Car seats may be rear-facing or forward-facing, and can be secured using a harness or a safety shield. The latest European guidelines recommend that children remain in a rear-facing car seat until they are four years old, while new American guidelines recommend children remain rear-facing until they are two. For the World Health Organisation's guidelines on car safety seats for children see here.
There were reportedly 725 deaths from car accidents in the UAE, and the new laws are part of an initiative to try to reduce road-related deaths in the UAE to three per 100,000 people. The new amendments also include a fine of Dh400 and four black points to the driver for every passenger in the car who is not wearing a seatbelt, and specify that front-seat passengers must be at least 145cm tall and not younger than 10 years old. The new laws are expected to be implemented from July 1.
7 salons for kids in the UAE
It can be a hassle to get little ones to stay still long enough for a trim, but these salons come well-prepared to make the experience a stress-free one for kids and parents alike
8 Fun and educational summer activities for kids in the UAE
With the summer season in full swing, keep your children active and engaged over their holidays with our round-up of must-visit entertaining indoor play centres
Down Syndrome in UAE: "It's about children with different abilities. But the key word is: Ability"
Dubai-based mother Johanna Said had no idea that her son, Emilio, would be born with Down Syndrome. But she says that what seemed like a very daunting prospect at first has turned into an immensely rewarding experience that's taught her more than she could have ever imagined...
Think living in the UAE means your children are safe? Think again
The UAE might be one of the safest places in the world, but that doesn't mean you can relax when it comes to child safety. Here's how to equip your children to protect themselves
Why are so many children being diagnosed with Arthritis in the UAE?
What's causing the rise in UAE children from as young as six months suffering with arthritis, and how you can protect your little one from it...


Shah Rukh Khan is undoubtedly one of the biggest superstars of the country but the actor still finds being in the public eye overwhelming. The constant scrutiny of the paparazzi does affect them sometimes.
Now we know where the actor will be hiding in his car.


John Marshall Senior High School is a public high school of the Rochester Public School District located in Rochester, MN. It has 1,553 students in grades 8th through 12th. John Marshall Senior High School is the 52nd largest public high school in Minnesota and the 3,134th largest nationally. It has a student teacher ratio of 17.1 to 1.
You can also use the form below to search for alumni info and John Marshall Senior High School students.
John Marshall Senior High School is ranked 39th out of 848 ranked schools in Minnesota, for total students on lunch assistance.
The percentage of John Marshall Senior High School students on free and reduced lunch assistance (36.3%) is slightly higher than the state average of 34.7%. This may indicate that the area has a higher level of poverty than the state average.


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XxCOMMANDERXxGEMINIFUNhotpatrishMadeleneRay .TizianoboyVINCENNSEXaimiee1LustyTYRA .SenzualBrunettCisyGoldHairyQueenxNicoleFunny .JenniferLove96OfiliyanaFusionSex22Mariaan .DOMINICBOORWetdreamer03CoolRachelaimiee .KittiGoldenXDeannaXZebastyanFusionSex22 .PremChannelOnlyPHILIPOanawoolfxxMariaan .RasimMadeleneRaymayra0527TwinkYarle .AsiannKeikoSweetBabyBoo1LustyTYRASatomiMina .AngelicRosexxxSweetBabyBooHornyJerry2HugeDicksGuys .ChrisAlfonsoblack11inVSboyArabbelaBlondeBiTrio .
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text:
Владимир Александрович Капличный (26 февраля 1944, Каменец-Подольский — 19 апреля 2004, Киев) — советский футболист (защитник) и футбольный тренер. За сборную СССР провел 62 матча. Мастер спорта международного класса (1972).

Биография
Воспитанник Каменец-Подольского футбола.

Карьеру футболиста начал в Хмельницком в 1956 году. Выступал за сборную СССР. Участник чемпионата мира 1970, серебряный призёр чемпионата Европы 1972, бронзовый призёр летних Олимпийских игр 1972 года в составе сборной СССР. Входил в число «33 лучших футболистов сезона в СССР» — 5 раз, трижды под номером 1.

Стиль игры
Хладнокровный, надёжный, уверено чувствовал себя в позиционной игре, быстро ориентировался на поле. Цепко действовал в отборе мяча, отлично играл головой, был опасен при розыгрышах стандартных положений.

В 2011 году Капличному было посмертно присвоено звание «Почётный гражданин города Каменец-Подольского».

Карьера

В качестве футболиста
Выступал за клубы: «Динамо» Хмельницкий (1962—1963), СКА Львов (1963—1965), ЦСКА (1966—1975).

Был капитаном ЦСКА и сборной СССР.

В качестве тренера
На тренерской работе с 1978 года
 Тренер в команде ЦСКА (1978)
 Тренер в команде СКА (Львов) (1979—1980)
 Начальник команды СКА (Киев) (1981)
 Тренер в команде СКА Одесса (1983—1984)
 Тренировал сборную инвалидов Украины

Достижения
 Чемпион СССР 1970
 Серебряный призёр чемпионата Европы 1972
 Бронзовый призёр летних Олимпийских игр 1972

Примечания

Ссылки
 Информация на сайте болельщиков ФК ЦСКА Москва — kanonir.com

Футболисты СССР
Игроки ФК «Подолье» Хмельницкий
Игроки ФК СКА Львов
Игроки ФК ЦСКА Москва
Игроки сборной СССР по футболу
Футболисты на летних Олимпийских играх 1972 года
Бронзовые призёры летних Олимпийских игр 1972 года
Мастера спорта СССР международного класса
Футбольные тренеры СССР
Тренеры ФК СКА Львов
Тренеры ФК «СК Одесса»
Похороненные на Лесном кладбище (Киев)
Почётные граждане Каменца-Подольского

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Cashlogy is the new point-of-sale cash payment technology that automates all cash management processes and simplifies handling.
If you own a butcher's, a fish shop, a fruit shop, a bakery or a cake shop and would like to improve the image of your business with regard to hygiene, Cashlogy is the ideal solution.
Would you like to bad til balances?
Discover Cashlogy, a solution that manages cash operations and returns always the right change.
Cashlogy helps you to always balance your accounts.
Cashlogy allows you to have more flexibility in shifts.
Cashlogy improves the hygiene image of your business.
Cash has always been people's favourite payment method, and it still is today. However, cash management is insecure. Cashlogy is the new point-of sale cash payment technology that automates all cash management processes and simplifies handling.
"I bought Cashlogy for the speed and reliability of the system, plus our software provider thought it was the best one for us.
The immediate advantage of these payment systems is peace of mind, they act as control mechanisms that let you avoid making mistakes when giving change. At the end of the day the cashing up is now done by the machine, not the shop staff, which gives the company and the staff peace of mind which is really positive, everyone is happy."
"Cashlogy has given my business security regarding money and also, very importantly, food safety.
Above all I would like to emphasise its speed, it gives change quickly and another very important thing for us is that it is a compact solution, easily fitting into the place where we are and it lets us use the part above it as a counter, which other machines don't allow."
"I have know Azkoyen for many years, it is a brand that I feel I can trust. What I liked most about Cashlogy was its speed in the payment process, the system for giving change is very fast as well as the acceptance of coins and notes.
I bought Cashlogy because we are not always there, at the chemist, and because we have a high staff turnover we need to have control over cash in and out. Cashlogy saves us time when controlling the movement of cash."
"Peace of mind and security are the most important things in my business. Cashlogy means I don't have to go in to cash up every day because if I can't, it's not a problem, Cashlogy does it for me.
Also, the maintenance and operation of the system are very simple, I don't have to count thousands of coins and banknotes now to manage my cash. It's been a very positive experience."
Azkoyen Group is a multinational company with head offices in Navarra (Spain), production centres in Spain, Germany, UK, Italy, France, Belgium and Colombia and 31 sales offices worldwide.
We will unveil POS 1500X series for the first time at Lisbon's Horexpo trade fair!