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Serial Killers In Canada »
Camille Cleroux | 56 | Ottawa | Ottawa's First Serial Killer
Author Topic: Camille Cleroux | 56 | Ottawa | Ottawa's First Serial Killer (Read 16623 times)
This is the most bizarre story I've heard in a long time. I'm sure it will not be the last we hear more.
They are claiming that Camille Cleroux could just be Ottawa's first serial killer with a crime span spanning possibly over a 20 year period. He has recently been charged with three murders, even though two of the bodies have not been found. He differs from the 'classic' serial killer, in that 'classic' serial killers usually target strangers, someone that they don't have ties with. He targeted those he was connected with and had blatant lies. "He killed people he knew--that's very, very rare," said Jack Levin an expert on psychology behind multiple murder.
"A classic serial killer does not kill intimates," said Canadian anthropologist Elliott Leyton, author of Hunting Humans: The Rise of The Multiple Modern Murderer. "They prey on strangers, they don't go around killing in a relentless extirpation of people they had a relationship with."
In the short amount of time he has been captured, recently for Paula Leclair's, 64, death, now for Lisa Roy, 27 (disappeared 1990), and Jean Rock, 32 (last seen in 2003). The story is just unfolding but it is quite a story.
First, Paula Leclair, 64, a grandmother. Cleroux moved into her highrise apartment (in the Filla Vista Highrise near Walkley and Heron Roads. Note Cleroux lived in the same building one story below) saying to those that noticed her missing that she had recently won $50,000 lottery and was taking a vacation in Florida, then moving to Gatineau where her son lives. There was not lottery wins and her son reported her missing. Her belongings were thrown into the dumpsters in the back of the highrise after Cleroux moved in. Other items given away. Her cat was left to roam the hallways. He convinced a tenant to draft a letter to the property management company of Leclair's building to say he had her consent to move in. He had her keys. Leclair's son came to her house to look for her but was greeted by Cleroux. After police questioned him Cleroux disappeared. Her body was found in the old Walkley train yards, barely a kilometre from the highrise. Police know the cause of death. He confessed once caught and directed officers to her body. "He's clearly not the sharpest knife in the drawer if he thought people were going to believe that," said Ron MacKay, a retired criminal profiler with the RCMP. "Organized serial killers are generally more meticulous than that."
Jean Rock, 32, Ottawa, last seen in 2003: For years, and since 2007, a woman who lived in the same building as Cleroux said she was paid $10 a letter to write to letters from in Cleroux's common-law wife, Jean Rock, 32 (last seen in 2003)name to Jean Rock's father. They contained made up stories about Jean's life as if she was informing her father of her activities (while she was actually missing) like the birth of their daughter, their son, suffered a miscarriage, was in the hospital, moved to this place, then to that place, and the last letter written in November 2009, claimed Rock was moving back to Ottawa in June, That letter was written November 2009. (Get this he would drop of the letters to the house ) The letter writer didn't realize Jean Rock was missing. Apparently, neither did her family until Cleroux was arrested. "I didn't realize that she wasn't alive," said the woman. "Oh, I was shocked. I've been having such a hard time with it." She thought she was writing letters as a favour to Cleroux who said he didn't know how to write. He told her his wife didn't want nothing to do with her family, but thought they deserved to know what she was up to. And, he told her he kicked her out when he found her in bed with another man. It is reported that Rock had filed a peace bond (police not releasing against whom) in 2001 and disappeared two years later.
Lisa Roy, 27, Ottawa, last seen in 1990: Has no known relatives other than her two children. Never reported missing. A neighbor Theresa Lafontaine who knew Cleroux since he was young and grew up in Nevan, said Cleroux told her in 2007 that Roy committed suicide and that Rock had left him after she became pregnant with another man's child. Her son Gilbert believes that Cleroux may have buried all of the bodies where Leclair's body was found. "If you look in the back (of the highrise) from the balcony, you're looking at the field where she was buried," Gilbert said. "They were likely all buried back there. We figured that was his playground there."
On June 24, 2010, Cleroux was charged with two counts of first-degree murder for Rock, 32 when missing, and his former wife, Lise Roy, 27 when last seen in 1990. "Roy's and Rock's bodies have not been found, but police say they have enough information to lead them to believe the women are dead." Both women were never reported missing by their relatives because they assumed the women had moved and didn't want contact. Cleroux had four children with the two women. One boy and one girl, each.
"He creeps me out." Laurel Stewart who lived on the eighth floor of the highrise Cleroux lived in recalls that he would knock on her door thre or four times a day and tried to get in. "I'm thinking it could have been me if my son and my dog weren't here," she said. "I told him, I'm not interested in you, you're not my type.' He creeps me out" He reportedly tried to woo her with newspapers, flowers, and wine. He moved on to other single women in the building. Investigators are looking for other possible cases. He had other common-law spouses prior to Lise Roy. Neighbors also report he would hunt often in the wooded trail where LeClair was found. They once found an animal carcass that had been skinned and decapitated. One witness said Cleroux was 'strange' and spent his free time in a wooded trail along nearby power lines.
A substantial part of Cleroux's life was spent in an apartment building on Fairlea Crescent primarily with Rock, however Roy lived in the same area. He has six known children, total. He is estranged by all his relatives except his sister. His parents haven'te talked to Cleroux since 1982. Neighbors report that he was a loner who hunted off the wooded trail near the old Walkley train yards.
Attorney: Kimberley Pegg, Ottawa defence attorney and her associate Dominique Smith.
Detectives on the case: Det. John Monette is the lead investigator. Staff Sgt. Randy Wisker is the case manager. 8 officers are now working on the case as it is unraveling. Anyone with tips urged to call: 613-236-1222 ext. 5493, or Crime Stoppers at 1-800-222-8477 (TIPS).
Next court appearance: July 5, 2010. Trial likely to take two years. He is being housed at the Ottawa Carleton Detention Centre.
By Meghan Hurley , The Ottawa Citizen June 3, 2010
http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Poor+Paula+didn+deserve+this/3099903/story.html
Suspect allegedly confessed to killing
Estranged family in shock as man appears in court
By Gary Dimmock and Meghan Hurley, The Ottawa Citizen June 4, 2010
http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Suspect+allegedly+confessed+killing/3109290/story.html
Charges laid against suspected serial killer
Camille Cleroux accused in deaths of 2 more women
By Kristy Nease and Meghan Hurley, The Ottawa Citizen June 25, 2010
http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Charges+laid+against+suspected+serial+killer/3195275/story.html
Accused doesn't fit mold of 'classic' serial killer
Strangers are usually targeted, not people, know to suspect:experts
By Ellen Mauro, The Ottawa Citizen June 25, 2010
http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Accused+doesn+mold+classic+serial+killer/3198117/story.html
Fake letters from a missing woman
Neighbour says man accused in serial killings paid her to pose as wife
By Meghan Hurley and Kristy Nease, The Ottawa Citizen July 1, 2010
http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Fake+letters+from+missing+woman/3222902/story.html
amIam
Re: Camille Cleroux | 56 | Ottawa | Ottawa's First Serial Killer
Is this the same guy who took over the woman's apartment awhile back? If so, I read recently he was under suspicion regarding further crimes. I thought we had already had a thread ( or something) about this creep..guess not!
Exclusive interview with accused killer Camille Cleroux
In Tuesday's Citizen and online Tuesday morning at www.ottawacitizen.com
The Ottawa Citizen July 6, 2010
The Citizen's Meghan Hurley sat down with accused serial killer Camille Cleroux, who described the moments leading up to the death of 64-year-old Paula Leclair..."I just lost it," Cleroux said in a 20-minute jailhouse interview. "I burned a fuse, that's all."...
...Cleroux admitted Monday that he knows where Roy is, a woman police believe to be dead.
He said he won't give up her location, and added he won't tell police until he talks to his lawyer.
As for Rock, he claims to have no knowledge of her location...
...His eyes teared up as he spoke of the first-degree murder charges and the possibility of life in prison.
"It hurts because I know when I get out, I will be 99 years old," he said. "But I'm pretty sure I'm going to spend the rest of my life in jail."...
http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Exclusive+interview+with+accused+killer+Camille+Cleroux/3238782/story.html
He appeared in court January, I thought, and haven't heard a thing since. Shouldn't this be in trial? Possibly in the fall. Little info on it in the past year.
The victim: Paula Leclair, 64
The scene: 2969 Fairlea Cres., near Walkley/Heron
Cleroux had moved into her Fairlea Cres. apartment and given away or thrown out most of her things. Leclair's body was later found in the wooded Walkley Yards area. Camille Cleroux, 56, was arrested June 2 after Leclair was reported missing by her son. Cleroux was charged with first-degree murder and on June 24 he was charged with two more counts in the disappearance of Lise Roy, who disappeared in 1990 aged 27, and Jean Rock, who went missing in 2003 at the age of 32.
http://www.calgarysun.com/news/ottawa/2011/01/02/16734896.html
About Ottawa's struggle to keep up with cold cases and homicides:
There is no designated cold case unit in Ottawa. Instead, all the unsolved cases - including homicides and some missing persons files - are spread among the force's 17 major crime investigators.
It takes patience to work the cases, the investigator said. Sometimes the most minute, trivial detail can help.
It took 20 years before police linked the 1990 disappearance of Lise Roy, 27, to alleged serial killer Camille Cleroux, who will go to trial in the fall on three counts of first-degree murder in the deaths of Roy, Jean Rock, 32, and Paula Leclair, 62....
...What does it take? Dedication, the investigator said
"Because in many cases the (original) investigators are retired it takes some time for (new) investigators as they pick these files up to dig into them and become familiar with them," he said.
"I don't think it's something that they dread, I think they look at it more as a challenge."
But nothing is more challenging than the delicate relationships that develop with the families of victims - families waiting for answers.
"We have some families that contact us on a regular basis, it runs the whole gambit. It goes with the age of the case to a degree," the investigator said. "Dealing with the families is probably one of the tougher parts of the job because we're always looking to bring closure."
http://www.ottawasun.com/news/ottawa/2011/01/28/17077866.html
Interesting story about Ottawa's 2010 homicides. There were ten in 2010, and "half of the victims knew their alleged assailants, who ranged from estranged boyfriends to irate tenants. One was a home invasion and one remains ongoing, with no arrests having been made."
« Last Edit: May 29, 2011, 06:32:41 AM by Concerned »
solvy
Updated: Tue Nov. 01 2011 12:23:11 PM
ctvottawa.ca
Accused serial killer Camille Cleroux once lived at the house where human remains were found Monday, according to neighbours.
Police say a construction crew made the discovery while working in the backyard of a home at 1535 Heatherington Rd. south-east of downtown Ottawa.
A coroner told police the remains are likely several years old.
A police probe in June 2010 led to Cleroux's arrest.
Cleroux, 57, currently faces first-degree murder charges in relation to the disappearance of his neighbour. It is also believed he may be connected to the disappearance of two of his past wives.
Lise Roy, 27 vanished in 1990 and Jean Rock, 32, disappeared in 2003.
Neither woman was reported missing, as family members told police they believed the women had moved away and cut off all contact voluntarily.
Last year's probe started after Cleroux took over the apartment unit of a woman who lived in his building.
At the time, neighbours said Cleroux told them 64-year-old Paula Leclair won the lottery, moved out and allowed him to move in.
Police say Leclair never won the lottery.
The accused killer's prelimary hearing began Tuesday morning.
With a report from CTV Ottawa's Catherine Lathem
Perhaps there can be tag on someone's record that every time their wife goes missing without a trace it can flag authorities by the time the second wife disappears or the third or the fourth...etc.... Or, should we continue to not be phased by such things. And, let it just happen....over and over and over...
http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Bones+found+accused+serial+killer+Camille+Cleroux+garden+belonged+former+wife/5892842/story.html
Searching for the remains of at least two more? Or, the two previous wives?
Police leave south Ottawa Cleroux dig 0
BY DANIELLE BELL ,OTTAWA SUN
FIRST POSTED: SATURDAY, APRIL 21, 2012 04:17 PM EDT | UPDATED: SATURDAY, APRIL 21, 2012 04:21 PM EDT
OTTAWA - Police have left a wooded area in south Ottawa near where officers discovered human remains in connection with the case of accused serial killer Camille Cleroux.
The area was buzzing with police activity all day Friday, as several cruisers went in and out of the fiercely guarded area and a coroner visited the scene. But on Saturday, police had cleared out.
Police are searching for the remains of at least two more people,
http://www.torontosun.com/2012/04/21/police-leave-south-ottawa-cleroux-dig
I have to applaud the police, for not giving up on finding the remains of this serial killer's wife. After they have the man, and they are clear he is serial, I'm gad the human component of dignity comes in to play. The wives get proper burial someday. And, perhaps his trial gets the cement it requires.
Cops find more human remains in investigation of accused serial killer
QMI AGENCY
FIRST POSTED: FRIDAY, APRIL 20, 2012 10:04 AM EDT | UPDATED: FRIDAY, APRIL 20, 2012 03:46 PM EDT
OTTAWA - Cops confirmed Friday they found more human remains in the search for victims of accused serial killer Camille Cleroux.
The news comes as police continued their search of a forested area in the city's south end.
Police began searching the forested section of Fairlea Woods along Albion Rd. on Thursday. A source told QMI Agency police are searching for at least two more bodies.
Cleroux, 58, is charged with first-degree murder in the deaths of two of his wives and a neighbour over the course of two decades.
He lived in the area now being searched for several years and the remains of two of his alleged victims were both recovered in the neighbourhood.
"It is expected that the dig will continue for a few days," police said in a release Friday morning. "The unearthed human remains will be sent to the Centre for Forensic Science and Medicine in Toronto for assessment and forensic identification."
"This process will likely take from a few weeks to months to complete."
A coroner was on scene Friday to assist police.
Bones later identified as those of Cleroux's wife Lise Roy were found in his former backyard last Halloween. Roy, who was 27, disappeared without a trace in 1990, police said.
Her bones were found buried in the backyard of the public-housing unit.
Neighbours said Cleroux planted a tomato garden after her disappearance. The bones were found under the garden and identified using DNA.
Cleroux's common-law wife Jean Rock disappeared in 2001. Her body has never been found.
Neither Roy nor Rock were ever reported missing. Family members believed they'd simply moved away and cut off contact.
However, that situation changed in May 2010, when 64-year-old grandmother Paula Leclair went missing from her apartment. Her son called police, and Leclair's body was later found in a nearby wooded area.
It's alleged Cleroux wanted her apartment because he'd been evicted from his unit in the same building. Witnesses told QMI Agency that Cleroux said Leclair had given him her apartment after winning $50,000 in the lottery and that she was vacationing in Florida before moving in with her son in Gatineau, Que.
They said they spotted Cleroux throwing away some of Leclair's belongings and giving away other items.
Cleroux is reportedly a father of six. One of his siblings described him as a drifter and a loner. He worked as a cook at a downtown diner.
http://www.torontosun.com/2012/04/20/cops-search-fields-for-more-victims-of-alleged-serial-killer
HaveThoughtsWillTravel
It's a fine line between genius and insanity.
Camille Cleroux killed 2 ex-wives and a former neighbour over 2 decades
CBC News Posted: Jun 26, 2012 7:08 AM ET Last Updated: Jun 26, 2012 11:38 AM ET
Serial killer case may be linked to remains in woods
Accused Ottawa serial killer to stand trialCamille Cleroux has been charged in connection with the deaths of three women. (Laurie Foster-MacLeod/CBC)An Ottawa man has pleaded guilty to killing two ex-wives and a former neighbour over two decades.
Camille Cleroux, 58, appeared at a pre-trial hearing Tuesday with the family members of victims crowding the courtroom.
He pleaded guilty to one count of first-degree murder and two counts of second-degree murder. That carries an automatic sentence of life in prison.
Family members were set to deliver victim impact statements in court as part of the sentencing hearing immediately following the plea.
First arrest after neighbour's death
Cleroux was first arrested and charged in 2010 in the death of Paula Leclair, 64, after her body was discovered in a wooded area near where she lived.
He lived in the same apartment building and had taken over her apartment, prompting her son to report her missing.
After the plea, the Crown attorney also told the court Cleroux killed Paula Leclair because he wanted her apartment.
"When she refused to let him move in, he killed her," James Cavanagh said.
Cleroux was later charged in the deaths of two former wives. His first wife, Lise Roy, disappeared in 1990 and his second wife, Jean Rock, was last seen in 2003.
The court proceedings had been put off last fall after police examined remains found at his former home on Heatherington Road in south Ottawa and later at a second site in a forest off of Albion Road.
Camille Cleroux.jpg (32.65 kB, 569x379 - viewed 850 times.)
It is disturbing that this guy seemed to think murder was easy....actually since he got away with it twice before, I suppose he thought he was above the law. Certainly the Cops didn't investigate him near enough after the first murder, and then the second. Wow...good for them, they got him on his third.
"I just lost it. I burned a fuse, that's all."
That's all? Charged of 3 murders over 20 years seems more than a "fuse" going off.
Camille Cleroux pleaded guilty to first-degree murder and two counts of second-degree murder; receives life in prison with no chance of parole for 25 years. Ontario Superior Court Judge Lynn Ratushny denied a defence request for credit for time already served. "With a mind that has functioned in a way that yours has and does, there's no better place for you than in custody," Ratuschny said. "After hearing the stomach-churning details today, and your plan to kill these cherished women just to get them out of your way, we can all take some comfort knowing that you are incarcerated and likely will be for the rest of your life." Source: http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/story/2012/06/25/ottawa-camilee-cleroux-murder-trial.html
Interview with Camille Cleroux: 'I just lost it';
He also revealed that he knows the location of his ex-wife, Lise Roy, who city police believe to be dead.
By Meghan Hurley, The Ottawa Citizen June 26, 2012
The Citizen's Meghan Hurley sat down with accused serial killer Camille Cleroux, who described the moments leading up to the death of 64-year-old Paula Leclair. (Originally published July 6, 2010)
Hours before Camille Cleroux appeared in court Monday, the man accused of being Ottawa's first serial killer appeared emotionless as he recounted what led him to allegedly murder Paula Leclair.
"I just lost it," Cleroux said in a 20-minute jailhouse interview. "I burned a fuse, that's all."
Cleroux, 56, told the Citizen he confessed during a 14-hour police interview to killing Leclair, a 64-year-old grandmother who lived in his apartment building. He said he led detectives to a body police believe to be Leclair's in the old Walkley train yards.
Cleroux is facing three first-degree murder charges related to disappearances spanning 20 years, including Leclair and two of his former spouses.
Cleroux's former wife, Lise Roy, was last seen in 1990 and his common-law spouse, Jean Rock, was last seen in 2003.
Cleroux admitted Monday that he knows where Roy is, a woman police believe to be dead.
As for Rock, he claims to have no knowledge of her location.
The women's bodies have not been found, but police say they have enough information to lead them to believe the women are dead.
"If we have charged him with the three murders, the logical conclusion is he knows where they are," said Staff Sgt. Randy Wisker, case manager for the major crimes file on Cleroux.
On Monday, Cleroux sat behind glass at the Ottawa-Carleton Detention Centre, with a phone connecting him to the outside world already in his hand as he awaited his visitor.
His eyes teared up as he spoke of the first-degree murder charges and the possibility of life in prison.
"It hurts because I know when I get out, I will be 99 years old," he said. "But I'm pretty sure I'm going to spend the rest of my life in jail."
Cleroux described his relationship with Rock as "rough" and claimed that she was abusive, including a time she struck him repeatedly with a baseball bat.
"She had a pretty bad temper," Cleroux said. "I always had a black eye."
Cleroux said he has five children -- two with a common-law spouse, one with Roy and two with Rock. He said his youngest child is 15 or 16 years old.
Cleroux admitted Monday that he is lonely in jail. The former dishwasher at a ByWard Market diner said he wants his colleagues to visit. He said that restaurant was his home for many years.
It appears the diner staff won't make a trip to visit their former employee.
"No, I'm not interested at all. Not after what he did," said a woman who answered the phone at the diner. "I mourn for those families. He needs to get help."
Even family members have not visited him since his arrest, he said. Cleroux hasn't seen his father since the 1980s and is estranged from most of his family.
Cleroux said he was given a low-fat diet in jail because of his diabetes. He said he has been treated well, and shares a cell with two roommates.
Police began to investigate Cleroux after Leclair's son reported her missing.
He had knocked on her door, only to find a man inside. The man said Leclair had just won a lottery, and dipped into her $50,000 winnings to go to Disney World. He also said she was leaving everything she owned behind and would be renting a new apartment in Hull when she got back from Florida.
When Rock disappeared in 2003, family didn't report her missing because they thought she wanted nothing to do with them.
Then, Rock's family began to receive monthly letters from her.
A woman who lived in Cleroux's building said she was hired to write letters, forging Rock's signature.
The letters said Rock had several sons. One excitedly reported the birth of a daughter, the letter writer told the Citizen in an earlier interview.
To explain Rock's absence, Cleroux told the letter writer he kicked her out when he found her in bed with another man.
Cleroux also told neighbours that his former wife, Lise Roy, committed suicide.
Cleroux was described by neighbours as a loner who was aggressive with women in the building. He used to bring women in the building the newspaper, flowers and wine to win them over.
"It was nice waking up to someone," Cleroux said with a grin.
mhurley@thecitizen.canwest.com
Possible Victims
Paula Leclair: A 64-year-old grandmother Camille Cleroux befriended while living in the same apartment building.
Jean Rock: Common-law spouse, who was last spotted in 2003.
Lise Roy: Cleroux's former wife, who was last seen in 1990.
http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Interview+with+Camille+Cleroux+just+lost/6842549/story.html
« Last Edit: October 06, 2012, 07:27:55 AM by Concerned »
cana_nomad
I keep thinking about that lady who wrote the letters to Jean's family.
Can you imagine the guilt?
I really hope this woman is getting some therapy for all of this.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


When you create a new namespace, credentials passwords are stored in a secondary database, which is, by default, not accessible to user accounts. For most productions this does not create a compatibility issue because Ensemble provides access to the password when it is needed by the business host. This change provides increased protection for stored passwords. Note that InterSystems recommends that you encrypt any database containing credentials passwords.
There are some conditions where this change can cause a compatibility issue. This section describes these conditions and ways you can avoid problems.
Some Ensemble licenses limit the number of databases allowed. This new credentials database is counted towards the limit.
When you create a new namespace, Ensemble creates a secondary database and names it by appending SECONDARY to the globals database name. For example, if you create the INVENT namespace with the INVENTG database for globals and the INVENTR database for routines, Ensemble also creates the INVENTGSECONDARY database for credentials passwords. In previous releases, Ensemble stored the credentials password in the ^Ens.Conf.CredentialsD, but in this release, Ensemble stores credentials passwords in the global ^Ens.SecondaryData.Password and maps that global to the secondary database.
For existing namespaces, upgrading Ensemble does not create the new secondary database, but when you first access credentials, the passwords are moved to the new global. If you call the %Library.EnsembleMgr:CreateNewDBForSecondary() method, Ensemble creates the secondary database for credentials passwords, migrates the password to the new secondary database, and maps the ^Ens.SecondaryData.Password to the secondary database. You should only call the CreateNewDBForSecondary() method when the production has been stopped.
Any job running code to write credentials now needs %Ens_Credentials:"W" resource. Note that the management portal escalates permissions when writing credentials. Consequently, you do not have to change the permissions of portal users who are able to enter credentials with the previous version of Ensemble.
If a web application reads or writes credentials, including by calling an InProc business operation, the web application needs to be given the necessary resources, at least for the duration of the read or write of the credentials.
If code is running in another context and needs access to the credentials password, the user account needs to have the necessary resources.
If you call the CreateBusinessService() of Ens.Director to create a business service that sends a message directly to an InProc operation that requires access to the credentials password, the user account needs to have the necessary resources.
If in an existing namespace you have created a mapping that moves ^Ens.Conf.CredentialsD to another database, you must create the same mapping for ^Ens.SecondaryData.Password.
If you are running an instance of HealthShare, it does not create the secondary database for credentials passwords unless you explicitly call the CreateNewDBForSecondary() method. Do not call this method for a namespace used in a HealthShare Information Exchange.
No productions are in the troubled state when you upgrade to a version of Ensemble that has this change.
If your code explicitly accesses these globals, you must update the code to access the data in the new location.
Since these globals are now stored in a non-journaled database, the values are not available to mirror members.
Some Ensemble licenses limit the number of databases allowed. This new database for temporary globals is counted towards the limit.
When using JDBC SQL adapters, stored Procedure large object (LOB) output parameters are now returned as streams. In previous versions, these output parameters were returned as strings, which caused errors when the LOB exceeded the maximum string size. You should modify any code that accesses these output parameters to handle streams instead of strings.
As a temporary workaround, you can set globals to return string values for these output parameters. But even with these globals set, if the size of the LOB exceeds the maximum string size, the output parameters are returned as streams.
where ConfigName is the name of the business service, process, or operation.
The Ensemble portal Import and Export buttons now use the same file format as Studio. In previous versions of Ensemble the portal export format was incompatible with the Studio export format.
If you exported a lookup table with the portal from a previous version of Ensemble, you must use the Import Legacy button on Ensemble 2015.1 or later to import it. If you are exporting a lookup table from Ensemble 2015.1 or later and intend to import it with an earlier version of Ensemble, you must import it on the earlier version using Studio; you cannot use the portal import.
In previous releases, deleting an X12 object would not delete its child objects. In this release, when you delete an X12 object, all its child objects are deleted.
Under some circumstances in previous releases, a Data Transformation would not report an error if you included the iterator key within the parentheses in a foreach. This error is now correctly reported.


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Шенау се налази у савезној држави Баден-Виртемберг у округу Рајн-Некар. Град се налази на надморској висини од 180 метара. Површина општине износи 22,5 -{km²}-. У самом граду је, према процјени из 2010. године, живјело 4.613 становника. Просјечна густина становништва износи 205 становника/-{km²}-.

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Thesium dolichomeres är en sandelträdsväxtart som beskrevs av John Patrick Micklethwait Brenan. Thesium dolichomeres ingår i släktet spindelörter, och familjen sandelträdsväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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text:
Waco man pleads guilty in connection with crash that killed two unborn babies
Jeffrey David Miller will likely be sentenced next month.
Author: Stephen Adams
Published: 7:04 PM CST February 13, 2018
Updated: 11:19 PM CST February 13, 2018
A Waco man has pleaded guilty to charges stemming from a June 2016 crash that killed two unborn babies.
The McLennan County District Attorney's Office said Jeffrey David Miller, 47, pleaded guilty to two counts of aggravated assault and one count of manslaughter. Miller had previously been indicted by a McLennan County Grand Jury on a second count of manslaughter, but that count was later dropped by prosecutors.
Police said Miller was driving south on 38th Street in Waco when he crashed into a utility pole, injuring two pregnant women who were passengers in his vehicle. Investigators have previously said Miller may have been under the influence of drugs and also distracted by his cell phone at the time of the crash.
Both the women survived, but they lost their babies.
A courthouse source said sentencing was scheduled for 1:30 p.m. on March 29.


Eighteen kittens took over City Hall today, renamed "Kitty Hall" for the third consecutive year in a proclamation by Mayor Ed Murray. The annual Kitty Hall event showcases the Seattle Animal Shelter's adoptable kittens and highlights the benefits of cat ownership. This year's event featured the return of the much loved kitten tent, in which the public was invited to play with and cuddle with the kittens.
As the event got underway, two kittens visited Mayor Murray in his office before the Mayor arrived to tour the Kitty Hall event and greet attendees. New this year, Seattle Animal Shelter staff processed on-site adoptions, which allowed four kittens to go home with their new families. Shelter staff and volunteers provided a photo booth for eager kitten cuddlers while they were waiting in line, and they offered attendees information about shelter programs and services.
And this year's Kitty Hall introduced the inaugural "Kitty Council" – three adoptable adult cats campaigning to be the "Kitty Council president" – with platforms such as low-cost spay and neuter services, pet licenses for Seattle's cats and kittens and, of course, tuna with every meal for every cat in Seattle. Attendees voted for their favorite candidate by making donations, and "Tess," a 4-year-old domestic shorthair mix, was named the first Kitty Council president.
The kittens that were not adopted at Kitty Hall are now available for adoption at the Seattle Animal Shelter. Tess and the other members of the Kitty Council are in foster care, and adoption inquiries may be made to the shelter.


The Peak District National Park is the most visited in Europe, but Derbyshire has hundreds of other great places to visit. The list below shows you what we think are the best places to visit in and around Derbyshire.
1. Chatsworth House - Set in the heart of the Peak District National Park, Chatsworth House is one of the grandest and most visited stately homes in the country.
2. Matlock - An all-year-round attraction with some stunning scenery, shops, amusements and plenty to see and do.
3. Carsington Water - A very popular tourist attraction which was opened in May 1992 by Her Majesty the Queen. It offers a wide range of activities and walks.
4. Alton Towers - Set in Staffordshire, right next to Derbyshire, Alton Towers is the most visited theme park in Britain and has some of the best, mind-blowing rides.
5. Crich Tramway Village - Set right next to Matlock, it is the perfect day out for all the family and was voted BBC East Midlands Today 'BEST DAY OUT 2005'.
6. Heights of Abraham - Along with visiting Matlock, the Heights of Abraham will give you that stunning view and an experience you'll never forget.
7. Bolsover Castle - Extensively restored in the early 1990's, Bolsover Castle is a remarkable place to see and visit which dates back to the 17th century.
8. Arbor Low Stone Circle & Gib Hill - The 'Stonehenge of the Midlands', built around 3000 BC, is one of the most famous ancient sites in Derbyshire.
9. Peak Cavern - In the Peak District village, Castleton offers amazing walks and as you get deep into the cliffs you'll find the largest cave entrance in Britain.
10. M & C Collection of Historic Motorcycles - A wide range of classic motorcycles ranging back to 1900, a perfect day out for motorcycle fans.
For more places to visit in and around Derbyshire, see our places to visit listings.


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InfoQ Homepage News JNBridgePro 6.0 Connects Java&.NET Apps in the Cloud
JNBridgePro 6.0 Connects Java&.NET Apps in the Cloud
JNBridge has enhanced their interoperability tool to enable native communication between Java to .NET applications deployed in the cloud or on the ground and in the cloud.
JNBridgePro makes it possible to access Java code from within .NET applications and .NET code from Java apps. The Java and .NET components may run in the same process and communicate over a shared memory, or within the same machine or across the network and communicated over TCP/IP, or within the cloud, communicating over HTTP/SOAP. Interoperability is realized by creating .NET proxies for all Java classes a .NET program written in C#, VB.NET, VC++, or any other .NET language, needs to access, or the other way around, Java proxies for the needed .NET classes. For that purpose, JNBridgePro comes with a standalone GUI that can be used to generate both categories of proxies, a Visual Studio plug-in for Java proxies, and an alternative Eclipse plug-in for .NET proxies.
JNBridgePro takes care of all the interoperability needs: marshaling/unmarshaling objects, data-type conversion, cross-platform exception handling and garbage collection. The framework does not need the source code of the proxied classes, but only the binaries. The .NET code runs on CLR while the Java code runs as on a JVM, there not being any cross-platform recompilation of the code.
The tool has been around for quite some time, since 2002 to be more precise, so it's not really new, but its latest version adds the ability to interoperate between applications deployed in a cloud. All communication scenarios are allowed: intra-cloud, inter-cloud, ground to cloud, cloud to ground, or a combination of those, as depicted graphically below:
Across the Internet, JNBridgePro uses HTTP and SOAP to communicate between components. We talked to Wayne Citrin, CTO of JNBridge, about the interoperability solution chosen:
InfoQ: Can you talk about JNBridge's cross-process communication? Shouldn't that be handled by message queuing and web service APIs instead so you can decouple specific instances of a given service?
Wayne Citrin: Yes, where you want to decouple multiple instances of a given service, you may want to use message queuing and web service APIs, but even in those "stateless" services the processing of a complex request may require complex intermediate state. Inside those services are multiple components, some of which may be implemented in Java and some of which may be implemented in .NET, and it's perfectly appropriate to link them together in a more tightly coupled, stateful, way. The .NET and Java-based components could be running in separate processes on the same instance, in which case the JNBridgePro mechanisms would be more appropriate than more loosely coupled mechanisms. Alternatively, the Java and .NET could be running in the same process in a cloud component, and JNBridgePro can handle that.
In other cases, where legacy code in the cloud might not be messaging-enabled or web service-enabled and could not use these mechanisms, JNBridgePro can be used to support cross-platform/cross-process communication without having to make changes to the legacy application. Also, messaging and service-oriented APIs are usually rather limited, and don't expose all the functionality that a particular module might offer through direct APIs – JNBridgePro allows access to an entire rich API, either in a single instance, in a single cloud, or between clouds, and the communication will have higher throughput than conventional web services or messaging.
Finally, even where web service APIs are used, not every cloud service provides both .NET-based and Java-based client stubs. In such cases, where client stubs do not exist for a particular platform, rather than generating the web requests directly, will likely be more convenient to use the other platform's client library, and access it cross-platform through JNBridgePro's in-process interop.
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There are typically two different ways that abdominal pain can occur. It can be sudden and acute, or long-lasting and chronic. There are different reasons, however, as to why abdominal pain might happen.
In this article, Vancouver physician Dr. Ali Ghahary is going to explain some of the common causes of abdominal pain, and what you can do to not only relieve symptoms but also how you can prevent abdominal pain from happening in the future.
One of the most common causes of abdominal pain is the flu. If you have the flu, it is not uncommon to develop abdominal pain along with other symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. While you can take certain precautions to avoid developing the flu – such as making sure you wash your hands regularly, avoiding sick people, or by getting the flu shot – it is, unfortunately, something that usually just has to take its course. Taking these precautions also do not guarantee that you won't develop the flu at some point. While there is no course of treatment for the flu, Dr. Ali Ghahary can prescribe patients with medications to help relieve symptoms associated with the flu – such as anti-emetics to help with nausea and vomiting), and ibuprofen or acetaminophen to help reduce fever and relief pain. When you have the flu it is also important to get lots of rest and drink plenty of fluids.
Another common cause of abdominal pain is a condition known as IBS, also known as Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Along with abdominal pain, symptoms of IBS include bloating, belching, indigestion, constipation, diarrhea, and more.
You may also develop abdominal pain as a result of a kidney infection. While pain that is caused by kidney infections is usually felt most in the middle to lower back, it can also cause something known as "referred" pain which makes it feel like other areas of the body – such as the abdomen – are also affected.
If you are experiencing persisting abdominal pain, Dr. Ali Ghahary recommends seeing your family physician, who may send you for additional medical imaging (such as an ultrasound or CT scan) to rule out any underlying causes. If the pain is severe, it is recommended that you go to your nearest emergency room as soon as possible, as some cases of abdominal pain may require immediate medical attention.


Kent Deng and Patrick O'Brien have done us all a service by taking a step back from the conclusions drawn by different participants in the so-called "great divergence debate" to focus on the types and quality of our data, and on some conceptual problems with the application of modern measurements such as GDP to economies that were radically different from ours – in part because they were incompletely monetized. I find myself agreeing with most of their criticisms of both GDP and real wage comparisons, and have some of my own to add. Not surprisingly, then, I share their preference for research on comparative consumption – which was a big part of my approach in The Great Divergence – and agree that this is where we have the best prospects for making further progress on these issues. But I am not as ready as they seem to be to completely discard approaches based on GDP or real wage estimates; and perhaps more importantly, I would significantly modify their assessment of where our discussion of consumption and popular living standards currently stands.
We are, quite simply, unlikely to find any data that is good enough to lay these disputes to rest. I agree that the chances of finding significantly better consumption data are higher than are our chances of finding everything we would need to construct truly persuasive GDP estimates, and that the problems with treating wages as representative of living standards in a society like 18th century China are quite severe, even if we could resolve the more narrowly empirical problems with the wage data themselves (e.g. unstated but significant in-kind components, differences in the currencies in which Chinese wages and prices are often quoted, uncertainty about the length of the "day" in day wages, and so on). But at the moment, the consumption data also have significant problems; so while this may well be where we want to concentrate future research efforts, that does not mean that this is the only metric we should be tracking as we make our best guesses about the current state of this controversy. (We could, of course, theoretically all agree not to comment on this controversy until we know more, but that seems unrealistic, given how many other issues it touches upon.) So I would be inclined to keep the wage data, and even the GDP estimates, in play in this discussion, even though I share Deng and O'Brien's sense that the consumption data are stronger (and even though those data are more favorable to the position I took in my 2000 book). Let me briefly review each of these areas.
I would not disagree with Deng and O'Brien's critique of the GDP approach, or of Maddison's figures in particular: the latter were based on far too narrow an evidentiary base for much of the world and much of history. I think, however, it is worth noting that there have been some more recent attempts to estimate GDPs, which have the advantage both of somewhat better data and of attempting to construct GDP figures for the Yangzi Delta, rather than for China. Given the points that some of us have made repeatedly about the vastly different scales of China and any single European nation, and about the advantages of comparing the most developed region of a continent-sized China with the richest regions of Europe rather than insisting on national units, these numbers seem to be worth at least some attention.
For instance, a recent paper by Stephen Broadberry, Hanhui Guan and David Daokui Li suggests that Britain must have overtaken the Yangzi Delta in per capita GDP by the first quarter of the 18th century. This is, of course, materially different from my claim in The Great Divergence that the Yangzi Delta had not fallen significantly behind until well into the second half of the 18th century, and maybe not until 1800 (though my conclusions were based on estimates of consumption, longevity, and basic human well-being, rather than GDP). Nor has this paper found a way around all the problems with historical GDP and comparisons between very different societies to which Deng and O'Brien have pointed.(These include the radically different market baskets of these two societies, which had relatively little trade between them, the very different degree to which the government tracked various kinds of production, and others; to which I would add, large differences in the degree to which various goods and services passed through the market.) Still, I would not want to simply discard such work, given the difficulties that dog other approaches. Moreover, I think it is noteworthy that a debate between an early and a late 18th century divergence represents a considerably different intellectual landscape than the one we would have if we relied on Maddison's GDP numbers, or on the non-quantitative work of David Landes, Deepak Lal, and various others – or for that matter, on an earlier attempt by Guan and Li to estimate comparative GDPs, which had previously claimed that a huge gap already existed in the 15th century. An earlier paper by Debin Ma suggested that the per capita GDP of the Lower Yangzi — which he defines slightly more broadly than I do, so that it includes some poorer areas – probably exceeded that of China in general by about 50% in 1750: such an adjustment, patched onto Maddison's data, would leave the Delta behind Britain, but by considerably less (in percentage terms) than, say, Germany lags Norway today, or the U.S. lags Luxembourg (when nobody argues that this makes either Germany or the U.S. a "backward" economy fundamentally different from the "advanced" ones, as we used to think China was relative to early modern Europe.). Similarly, a study by Li and Van Zanden, based on data for the 1820s, finds Holland well ahead of two counties in the Delta for which there are particularly good data in those years; but as they note, the 1820s were a period of both agricultural crisis due to natural disasters and depression in the cloth trade, the second biggest sector of that region. They suggest that if we had data for 1800, it would show a smaller gap, but still a significant one, with Holland perhaps 50 or even 70% higher in per capita GDP. Admittedly, that is far from the rough parity I had originally suggested at 1800, and would now be inclined to put at somewhere around 1750 instead; there are some plausible adjustments that I think would narrow the gap further, but that is not really the point for now. Instead I would emphasize that despite continuing disagreements and continuing data problems – the latter of which will probably never be fully solved – we have made some progress in narrowing the range of plausible answers about when and how much divergence occurred in these terms. Even if GDP is a seriously flawed measure for purposes of this debate, I am not sure we want to throw it out entirely.
The wage data is similarly vexed, and Deng and O'Brien have, I think, explained very convincingly some reasons for skepticism. But let me add two more, extend the discussion of another, and suggest a possible implication of how we might read this imperfect data in conjunction with the even more imperfect GDP data.
The first additional cause for skepticism in Robert Allen's own reconstruction of real wages based on prices and wages recorded by the supercargo of an East India Company ship docked in Guangzhou during the trading season of 1704. Using the same basic approach as he and his co-authors use on the larger data set they compiled a bit later, Allen arrives at the conclusion that the real wages here were roughly equal to those in London at the same time – and Guangzhou, it is generally agreed, was not quite as wealthy as the Yangzi Delta. (Allen 2004). Let me make clear that I am not saying that these data give the correct picture, and the other data a false one: there are certainly reasons why the Guangzhou data could be unrepresentative. But these are at least prices and wages that we know were actually paid by individuals in private markets, and that should be relatively free of unreported in-kind benefits. (Chinese workers would certainly not have lived on a British ship, and are unlikely to have eaten British food.) By contrast, the Chinese data in the later and better-known 5 author paper on early modern wages around the world are from administrative reports of prevailing wages, with no evidence that the reporters actually made any sort of survey, and no data at all on in-kind compensation. I would thus not be quick to throw out the Guangzhou material just because it is a smaller database – and that it gives a figure which is so much higher than those derived from the other data seems lke a good reason to doubt the data overall. There is also something highly suspicious about the lack of difference between the wage rates for different parts of China in the administrative data, when every qualitative source we know of agrees that there were very large regional differences in material living standards. Again, this is not sufficient reason to discard these data when we have so few; on the contrary, they represent the best large-scale data set that we have, and the authors have used them to make interesting claims. But I think we need to be very careful about how we use them for this particular debate.
But even if these wages do not tell us much about comparative living standards, they might nonetheless tell us something about trends in comparative labor productivity. Significantly, estimates of rural incomes and rural labor productivity suggest that the Yangzi Delta was still on a par with England and Holland on these measures even as late as the 1820s. This would place it far above the rest of Europe – including, of course, a number of countries that began mechanized industrialization and sustained per capita growth well before China did. Delta agriculture was also still well ahead in total factor productivity in agriculture as late as 1820. When taken together with the evidence already discussed which suggests a relatively late divergence, and therefore a fairly sudden widening of the gap once it manifested itself – since nobody doubts that it was quite large by the mid-19th century – this would at least suggest that we should not probably be looking at agriculture to explain the divergence. It also suggests, as Robert Allen has argued in his discussion of British industrialization, that it was higher wages in the growing urban sector that pulled up rural wages, necessitating labor-saving innovations in agriculture, rather than agriculture creating an enlarged urban work force by shedding workers on its own. It does not appear that urban demand exerted a comparably strong effect on rural Chinese wages, even though the barriers to rural-urban migration – whether in the form of exclusionary institutions or urban dis-amenities – were comparatively weak in Qing times; instead, the most likely reason not to leave was that, as noted above, most rural people earned far more than unskilled wage laborers in either city or countryside, and nothing was pushing up urban wages fast enough to overcome this disincentive. A significant gap in urban real wages – if confirmed by further studies that can more fully overcome the problems described by Deng and O'Brien – might then be significant not as a sign of a difference in living standards that already existed, but as a sign of urban changes in Europe that were beginning to create such differences.
 Broadberry, Guan and Li 2014..
 Maddison 2001: 42, suggesting that Western Europe overtook China ca. 1300.
 Guan and Li had previously argued (2010) that China was far behind by the 15th century, if not earlier, and had fallen even further behind over the succeeding centuries. See also Landes 1998, Lal 1998.
 Ma 2004. Compare Maddison 2003: 262.for an interpellated UK figure.
 It is true, for instance, that not every Chinese worker in Guangzhou was able to offer his services to the foreigners who docked there, perhaps reducing competition and driving up wages. Bt quite a few could – numerous memoirs from foreigners who visited Guangzhou in this period speak about foreigners being besieged by crowds of potential porters and other service providers. Nor is it clear why any restrictions would have driven up the price of labor more than it did that of the many kinds of provisions for which Lockyer records prices paid, and which Allen uses to create the denominator of his real wage.
 I review some of this data in Pomeranz 2006, and Pomeranz 2011. On the strength of tenant rights, which helped make this income differential durable, see for instance Rawski 1972 Li Wenzhi and Jiang Taixin 2005;Yang Guozhen 1988; Zhang Peiguo 2002.
 On the distribution of towns across space see Xue Yong 206: 319, and 302-346, 432-475 for a discussion of various estimates of urbanization in the Yangzi Delta more generally.
 Allen 2009b; Li and Van Zanden 2012.
 For intra-European comparisons, see Allen 2000..
 Li and Van Zanden 2012:975; Allen 2009b.
 On Chinese guilds in this period, see Moll-Murata 2009, Pomeranz 2013. Though our data is thus far inconclusive, China does not appear to have had a pronounced "urban graveyard effect" – that is clear evidence of worse health and higher mortality in cities, providing a disincentive to migration that had to be overcome by significant wage differentials, as was the case in early modern and industrializing Europe.
This entry was posted in China, Europe, Guest contribution and tagged China, Data, Facts, Great divergence, Western Europe on 2017-06-06 by Manuel A. Bautista-González.
What's Manhattan Worth? A Land Values Index from 1950 to 2013.
by Jason Barr, Rutgers University (jmbarr@rutgers.edu), Fred Smith, Davidson College (frsmith@davidson.edu), and Sayali Kulkarni, Rutgers University (sayali283@gmail.com).
Abstract: Using vacant land sales, we construct a land value index for Manhattan from 1950 to 2013. We find three major cycles (1950 to 1977, 1977 to 1993, and 1993 to 2007), with land values reaching their nadir in 1977, two years after the city's fiscal crises. Overall, we find the average annual real growth rate to be 5.1%. Since 1993, landprices have risen quite dramatically, and much faster than population or employment growth, at an average annual rate of 15.8%, suggesting that barriers to entry in real estate development are causing prices to rise faster than other measures of local well-being. Further, we estimate the entire amount of developable land onManhattan to be worth approximately $825 billion. This would suggest an average annual return of 6.3% since the island was first inhabited by Dutch settlers in 1626.
Debates over the high market value of real estate and the unaffordable price of housing occupy a constant place in the public spheres of the major cities of the world, especially in those where land is already a very scarce factor and vertical, intensive urban development takes place in the form of tall buildings, towers and skyscrapers. However, historical perspectives on the real estate and housing markets are for the most part lacking in these discussions. In their paper, Jason Barr, Fred Smith and Sayali Kulkarni attempt to fill the gap for New York City, a capital of capital like no other, to borrow from the title of the book by financial historian Youssef Cassis (Cassis 2007). In their work, published in NEP-HIS 2015-04-11, the authors develop a land value index between 1950 and 2013 in Manhattan, the island that defines the Big Apple like no other borough does.
According to the deflated value of their index, the real value of real estate in Manhattan since 1950 has increased at an (otherwise impressive) average annual growth rate of 5.1%. The authors identify three long cycles: the first one, 1950-1977, roughly coincided with the golden era of Western capitalism, a skyscrapers boom and the demise of urban industries; the second one, 1977-1993, began with the consequences of white flight to the suburbs and fiscal crises in the city and lasted until the financial Big Bang of the late 1980s and early 1990s; and the third one, 1993-2007, manifested the impact of financialization of the U. S. economy, the rise of Manhattan as a services powerhouse, and the emergence of New York as a truly global city, in the sense proposed by the sociologist Saskia Sassen (Sassen 2001).
View of Manhattan from Top of the Rock Observation Deck, Sunday, May 20, 2012, 5:13 PM EST. A gift from the author to the loyal audience of the NEP-HIS blog.
The authors go through the methodological problems of developing a land value index. The first problem has to do with whether one assesses the value of undeveloped land or whether one incorporates the constructions on it. The second problem is that of using either market prices or assessment of values for taxation purposes, for example. A third problem derives from the divergence of market prices and assessed values, a divergence which is considerable in the case of New York City during this period.
This entry was posted in United States and tagged 20th century, land, land values, New York, property, real estate, United States on 2015-06-10 by Manuel A. Bautista-González.
Interior of the London Exchange, The Illustrated London News, March 25, 1854.
Bloody Foreigners! Overseas Equity on the London Stock Exchange, 1869-1928.
Abstract: This paper presents data on quantity, capital gains, dividend, and total returns for domestic and overseas equities listed on the London Stock Exchange during 1869-1928. Indices are presented for Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, North America, Australia/New Zealand and for the finance, transportation, raw materials, and utilities sectors in each region. Returns and volatility were typically highest in emerging regions and the raw materials sector. Dividend yields were similar across regions and differences in total returns were due largely to disparities in capital gains. Returns of firms in more industrial markets were relatively highly correlated with each other and with developing regions with which they had substantial colonial or trade connections. Contingent liability was most extensively employed where leverage was high and the physical assets were either meager or inaccessible to creditors.
Since it was established in 1801 and most notably during the period commonly referred as the first globalization, the London exchange was the most important market for securities in the world. In this paper, distributed by NEP-HIS on 2014-01-17, Richard Grossman presents an analysis of newly assembled data on UK and foreign equities listed in the London Stock Exchange between 1869 and 1928.
The study of the performance of equities in London by Grossman offers an unparalleled register of the rhythms of the world economy, from the late nineteenth century until the start of the Great Depression. It thus offers an excellent portrait of the role of the London equities market as the chief financial intermediary for capital flows within the British empire and the rest of the world.
Data to construct annual equities indicators from 1869 to 1929 was sourced from the Investor's Monthly Manual, which was digitized by the International Center for Finance (ICF) at the Yale School of Management. Grossman describes with detail the problems of determining the industrial sector of each firm in question, the criteria used by the staff of the Manual and the ICF to ascertain the domestic or foreign nature of the firms therein listed, and accounting issues arising from several other situations, such as a share's volume of trade and differences between the nominal and market value of shares at different points in time. Grossman uses end-of-January data from 77,248 observations of equity securities, as "equity, a claim on firm profits, may be more likely to reflect expectations about future corporate profits than bonds" (Grossman 2014: 4).
This entry was posted in Britain, Economic History on 2014-02-20 by Manuel A. Bautista-González.
Abstract: Is political unity a necessary condition for a successful monetary union? The early United States seems a leading example of this principle. But the view is misleadingly simple. I review the historical record and uncover signs that the United States did not achieve a stable monetary union, at least if measured by a uniform currency and adequate safeguards against systemic risk, until well after the Civil War and probably not until the founding of the Federal Reserve. Political change and shifting policy positions end up as key factors in shaping the monetary union that did ultimately emerge.
In this piece published in NEP-HIS 2013-04-13, Peter Rousseau argues for the need to complicate the widely-held, simplistic view that political union is a necessary condition for a successful monetary union. By studying the intersection of politics, money and finance in the United States from the American Revolution to the Great Depression, Rousseau posits that there is no automatic mechanism to ensure the concurrence of political and monetary union.
Although Rousseau begins his paper with a rather narrow definition of monetary union as a "system with a uniform currency and adequate safeguards against systemic risk" (Rousseau 2013: 1), he expands it throughout the paper to take into account other characteristics and consequences of processes of monetary unification.
The most obvious element of monetary union is the adoption of a single unit of account and uniform currency throughout a territory. To function, monetary union requires credible authorities with effective powers to control the supply of money while properly backing liabilities to minimize uncertainty. To reduce transactions costs, monetary union also demands institutional arrangements between the government and the banking system as a private supplier of means of payment. With monetary union, short-term and long-term capital markets become part of a payments system, whereby due to network effects, the reduction of borrowing costs in regular conditions can meet rapidly-spreading liquidity squeezes in times of financial distress. To recapitulate, monetary union has a dual, difficult nature, for it requires the virtuous alignment of public and private interests; henceforth, politics will mold for better or for worse the actual operation of any monetary union.
This entry was posted in Economic History, Money & Banking, USA on 2013-08-07 by Manuel A. Bautista-González.


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Louis Vuitton and Gucci are the only 2 luxury companies to consistently rank among the world's most valuable brands for the last 20 years. Here's how they grew to dominate the high-end retail sector.
Dominic-Madori Davis Jan. 25, 2020, 1:17 AM
Gucci and Louis Vuitton are the only two luxury brands to have been ranked among the top global brands every year since 2000, according to a 2019 report by marketing and consulting firm Interbrand.
But despite meeting at the top of the market sector, Gucci and Louis Vuitton had extremely different paths to the luxury summit.
After years of stagnating sales, Gucci ended up as 2019's fastest growing luxury company with a brand valuation of $US15.9 billion, according to Interbrand.
Meanwhile, Interbrand ranks Louis Vuitton as the world's most valuable luxury brand. The company started off the century with a $US1.7 billion lead in brand valuation over Gucci and has been on the rise ever since.
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times – and in the luxury sector, only Gucci and Louis Vuitton can truly say they conquered both.
A 2019 report released by marketing and consulting firm Interbrand revealed that Gucci and Louis Vuitton are the only two luxury brands to have remained ranked among the world's most valuable every year since 2000 – a feat not even achieved by other luxury giants like Burberry, Fendi, Prada, Hermès, or Cartier.
Louis Vuitton – the world's most valuable luxury brand, per Interbrand's 2019 report – started the century with a $US1.7 billion lead in brand value over Gucci, and at the turn of the 2010s, it was nearly $US13 billion ahead of the Italian fashion house.
But today, Gucci is the world's fastest growing luxury brand, with a brand valuation of $US15.9 billion – though it's still trailing behind Louis Vuitton's current $US32.2 billion valuation.
Despite the difference, however, both Houses have held steady enough to remain at the top of the luxury sector, and their separate journeys also highlight the increasing competition between the conglomerates that own them – Louis Vuitton's parent company LVMH and Gucci's parent company Kering.
For decades, LVMH and Kering have been in the ruling class of luxury goods, and the trajectories of Gucci and Louis Vuitton may reveal why.
In the early 1900s, Guccio Gucci had an idea that would change the world.
Gucci Luggage in the 1980s. Fairfax Media Archives / Getty Images
The son of a craftsman, Gucci was born in 1881 in Florence, Tuscany. As a young man, he worked as a porter at the Savoy Hotel in London. It was there he fell in love with the intricate designs and craftsmanship of suitcases.
So, upon returning to Florence, he founded the House of Gucci, a shop specializing in the manufacture of leather goods. It began by selling bags to horsemen in the 1920s, then later, moved into selling luggage.
In 1938, the Gucci shop opened on Via Condotti in Rome. Nearly a decade later, the Gucci logo was introduced, and soon after, the brand's famous red stripe was born.
Roberto Gucci, grandson of Guccio Gucci Photo by David Lees/Corbis/VCG via Getty Images
Gucci, along with his sons Aldo and Vasco, created many of the brand's classic bags in the early 1950s and turned their store into a national staple.
But it wasn't until after Guccio died in 1953, that the brand became an international emblem of luxury.
After the founder's death, the Gucci family opened other stores around the world, including in Paris, London, and Tokyo.
Via Tornabuoni in Florence, Tuscany, Italy, in 1969. Photo by: Touring Club Italiano/Marka/Universal Images Group via Getty Images
The 1960s saw an increase in the brand's prestige and clientele. Gucci was welcomed and worn by the Hollywood elite, from Grace Kelly to Jackie Onassis Kennedy.
The jet-set era had been defined, and Gucci has since become a synonym for it.
But then hard times came, and it would be decades until the brand saw the height of its early glory days again.
Model seated in the open doorway of a 1958 Packard Hawk, in a beige dress by David Goodstein, with pearls from Verdura and a Gucci travel handbag. Photo by Karen Radkai/Condé Nast via Getty Images
In the 1990s, Tom Ford made Gucci synonymous with the word chic; the 2000s saw Frida Giannini define the brand as heritage. But it was Alessandro Michele, who, in the 2010s, once again made the brand synonymous with decadence.
Long before Guccio Gucci was even born, Louis Vuitton — the founder of his namesake brand — had arrived in Paris and opened a luggage company of his own.
Portrait of Louis Vuitton (1821-1892), 1892. Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images
Hailing from the village of Anchay in France, Vuitton came to Paris in 1837 and was welcomed by a city in the midst of the Industrial Revolution. In 1854, he opened his first luggage store in the city, then moved the workshops to Asnières-sur-Seine, a commune northeast of Paris.
It was there that he and his craftsman created what is still regarded as one of the most iconic travel accessories of all time — the waterproof flat top luggage trunk.
At the time, flat trunk luggage was popular, but often attracted thieves. Vuitton is also credited with revolutionising the luggage lock, putting a single lock system on his luggage, which is still in use today.
In 1896, the iconic LV monogram was introduced — nearly 50 years before Gucci's emblem was designed.
By the mid-20th century, Louis Vuitton luggage became a staple item for jet-setters, and the brand expanded into daywear, which saw the introduction of the iconic LV purse. By the 1990s, the brand was so successful that now-legendary designer Dapper Dan was able to make a fortune selling knockoffs to rappers.
Even wearing faux Louis Vuitton was a symbol of status.
In 1997, Marc Jacobs was tapped to be artistic director of women's collections at Louis Vuitton, and the brand was catapulted to the forefront of fashion's new era.
Models present creations by US designer Marc Jacobs for Louis Vuitton during the Spring-Summer 2005 Ready to Wear collections presentations in Paris 10 October 2004. JEAN-PIERRE MULLER/AFP via Getty Images
"[Louis Vuitton] is a testament to how you have to be a really strong brand with absolute clarity and conviction in who you are and what you stand for, internally and externally," Rebecca Robins, global chief learning and culture officer at the consultant group Interbrand, told Business Insider. "The stronger you have that, the harder and stronger you play with others, and that is why Louis Vuitton is the first to have ever hit the top 20 and top 100 and that's why its the only luxury brand to have stayed there."
As Vogue reports, Marc Jacobsmade hat boxes popular and launched artistic collaborations that defined the late 2000s, introducing monogrammed umbrellas, tights, fans, and even fur muffs. The Louis Vuitton logo became recognisable around the world.
In 2013, Nicolas Ghesquière replaced Jacobs as the artistic director of women's collections. Ghesquière is now helping to lead the brand through a time where streetwear is the new jet-set, and tiny bags are the new trunk luggage.
But it seems no cultural turning point was too sharp for the company to surmount, as Louis Vuitton today ranks as the world's No. 1 luxury brand, with its brand valuation topping $US30 billion, according to Interbrand.
In 1994, Tom Ford became creative director of Gucci, just three years before Jacobs took the helm at Louis Vuitton.
Gucci vs. Louis Vuitton brand valuation Interbrand
Both designers were considered game-changers while heading their respective brands and held their positions into the 2000s.
According to Interbrand, in 2000, Louis Vuitton had a brand valuation of $US6.8 billion and maintained a steady-but-faltering single billion-dollar estimation until 2005.
By that time, Jacobs had launched many successful collaborations, including one with Japanese artist Takashi Murakami, who, according to Vogue, is credited with creating the now iconic white and multicoloured LV bag pictured above.
In 2004, to celebrate its 150th anniversary, Louis Vuitton opened stores around the world, including in New York City and Johannesburg.
The company also opened a store in Shanghai. In 2005, Louis Vuitton reopened its Champs-Élysée store in Paris. By the end of that year, the brand's value more than doubled to over $US16 billion, according to Interbrand.
The brand grew steadily into the 2010s, reaching a $US21.86 billion valuation in 2010 — the highest the company had ever been valued since Interbrand began tracking brand valuations in 2000.
During the first part of the century, Jacobs modernised and reworked the LV logo, featuring the monogram on everything from umbrellas to tights, in the hopes of making the brand a constant fixture in the minds of the world's next generation of buyers – the millennials.
Meanwhile, when the new century began, Gucci only had a brand valuation of $US5.1 billion, which faltered until reaching its lowest value of $US4.715 billion in 2004.
By 2005, Gucci had climbed back up to a valuation of $US6.619 billion, but it was still nearly $US10 billion less than where Louis Vuitton was around the same time, according to Interbrand.
Ford, as reported by CR Fashion Book, is credited as being Gucci's "saviour." He was creative director from 1994 until 2004 and was known for helping to infuse a "sex appeal" that wasn't found in high fashion at the time.
But Ford stepped down from the brand in 2004, following a dispute with Kering – Gucci's parent company.
That same year, Kering took a 99.4% ownership stake in the label, up from the 67.6% stake it had the year prior.
After Ford's departure in 2004, Alessandra Facchinetti stepped in to lead the womenswear division, while John Ray took over menswear and Frida Giannini was named creative director of accessories, Vogue reports.
Frida Giannini. Photo by Larry Busacca/Getty Image
Giannini became creative director of the entire Gucci label in 2006, at which point she decided to focus on "heritage" and bring Gucci back to its roots.
Throughout her tenure, Giannini reimagined the brand's signature Flora print and redesigned some of their other classic fixtures. But her collections failed to garner consumer interestand received lukewarm reviews from her peers. Robins says this is probably due to leadership issues at the brand.
"Some of these brands expand three centuries; some of these brands are over two hundred years old," Robins told Business Insider. "[And] it's all about the strength of leadership and what that means for the brand …. If we are doing our jobs right, we are being guardians of those brands."
Source:Vogue, Business of Fashion
As writer Kimberly Ong noted in her 2017 essay about the brand, Gucci had suffered a massive blow to its image during Giannini's time at the helm, which ultimately followed the brand into the 2010s.
"Gucci was associated with bad taste," Ong wrote. "It was associated with gaudiness and outdatedness, and ultimately [it was] unrelatable. No one wanted to buy Gucci, and the company faced near bankruptcy."
Giannini left Gucci in 2015.
Gucci's brand valuation had reached a peak of $US10.385 billion in 2014 but fell to $US8.882 billion in 2015, according to Interbrand.
Louis Vuitton, meanwhile, entered the 2010s with a $US21.86 billion brand valuation.
Jacobs presenting his last spring collection for Louis Vuitton. JOEL SAGET/AFP via Getty Images
Jacobs remained the artistic director of women's collections at Louis Vuitton until 2013, when Nicolas Ghesquière took over. Over at Gucci,Alessandro Michele was tapped to take Giannini's place when she departed in 2015.
Ghesquière was then known for being the creative force behind the reinvention of Balenciaga.
At Louis Vuitton, Ghesquière launched the now-popular petite malle bag – which was the trunk luggage reimagined as a purse. And the bag quickly became sought after by consumers.
Ghesquière also had Karl Lagerfeld, Christian Louboutin, Rei Kawakubo, and others each design a handbag for Louis Vuitton's 160th anniversary. The brand also collaborated with Jeff Koons for two collections.
In fall 2017, LV created a collection with Supreme — arguably one of the most profitable and influential fashion launches of the century.
Women's Wear Daily reported that following the Supreme launch, Louis Vuitton's revenue jumped nearly 21% to nearly $US17.3 billion and accounted for a 19% jump in LVMH profits the following year to $US20.59 billion.
"[This collaboration] had a wider impact on the industry," Robins told Business Insider. "[We saw] this big shift in a greater openness, transparency, collaboration, [and] inclusiveness … we've seen barriers broken down, we've seen collaborations on what is the next wave …. in some ways it was not unexpected. If anyone was going to be big on that, it would have been Louis Vuitton."
In 2018, Louis Vuitton appointed Virgil Abloh, founder and CEO of the popular streetwear brand Off-White, as the artistic director of its menswear collection.
U.S fashion designer Virgil Abloh gives a thumbs up after the presentation of Off-White Men's Spring-Summer 2019 collection presented in Paris, Wednesday June 20, 2018. AP Photo / Thibault Camus
Abloh's appointment made him the first African American to be named artistic director of a French luxury fashion house, according to the New York Times.
Interbrand reports that LV's brand value increased substantially between 2017 and 2018, from $US22.919 billion in 2017 to $US28.152 billion in 2018.
By 2019, the brand had jumped to a $US32.223 billion brand valuation, making it the world's most valuable luxury brand, according to Interbrand.
Since then, the brand has been on a quest for (luxury) world domination. In January 2020, Louis Vuitton bought the second-largest diamond in the world, as Business Insider previously reported, in addition to launching a multiyear partnership with the NBA. It also announced plans to open up a restaurant in Japan.
Meanwhile, under Giannini's successor, Alessandro Michele, Gucci became 2019's fastest growing luxury brand, with a growth rate of 23% and a brand valuation of $US15.949 billion — nearly double the valuation it had when Michele first took over the reins in 2015.
In 2017, Gucci grew 44.5%, Forbes reported, and had made up 39% of Kering's corporate revenues, and 57% of Kering's Luxury activities segment. In a 2017 interview with CNBC, Kering chairman and CEOFrancois-Henri Pinault said that nearly 50% of Gucci's sales were coming from millennials. Today, Interbrand reports that number has jumped to more than 60%, with their fastest growing audience being Gen Z.
Much of Gucci's success comes from the way the brand has been able to utilise social media as a digital marketing tool.
On the internet, the new Gucci collections stand out – they have got a contemporary feel, mixed with vintage classics. Michele even brought back the interlocking GG logo and the iconic Gucci bags from the 1960s, while introducing consumers to the Dionysus buckle.
In fact, as reported by Forbes, Gucci's CEO Marco Bizzarri told the Julius Baer Global Advisory Board that Michele had designed nearly all of Gucci's best selling items.
By the end of 2017, Forbes reported that Gucci had a 130% increase in web traffic, surpassing that of Louis Vuitton.
Gucci has been able to appeal to younger audiences by teaming up with contemporary icons of the day.
Pop star Harry Styles (L) featured with Gucci Creative Director Alessandro Michele (R). Theo Wargo/Getty Images
Gucci has worked with people such as singer Harry Styles, photographer Petra Collins, and artists such as Sue de Beer and James Kerr.
In addition, Michele has collaborated with director Glen Luchford to create short music films, including 2017's "Soul Scene" campaign which featured only black models and was inspired by black youth around the world. At the time, New York Magazine noted that the music video was part of Gucci's quest to re-market itself toward this new generation, and "signifie[d] the brand's push for more culturally relevant and boundary-pushing advertising."
"[Gucci] has become much more open, inclusive, transparent, and collaborative," Robins said. "It's almost a masterclass in leadership style, [of] a really powerful combination of creative and business leadership."
In 2017, Bizzarri said that the brand now had a "Millennial Shadow Committee," consisting of people under the age of 35, who give feedback on the brand. At the WWD's Apparel & Retail CEO Summit in 2017, Bizzarri revealed that the shadow committee is given tasks of "either discussing the same topics that we discuss in the normal meeting with executives, or giving me ideas on different processes."
In turn, the "gaudiness" Gucci was once negatively associated with has become its signature. In 2019, Gucci sponsored the Met Gala, which had the theme "camp" — defined by Susan Sontag's 1964 essay as "love of the unnatural: of artifice and exaggeration."
"The strength [is] in [Bizzarri and Michele's] working relationship and what that meant to not only consumers, but also to Gucci's employees," Robins told Business Insider. "I think that's been a really powerful shift in how the brand has shown up differently, both on the inside and on the outside."
Gucci is, as many would say, the modern day example of "camp." Or, to others, simply "ugly fashion."
In 2018, Gucci released a collaboration with designer Dapper Dan, inspired by the latter designer's life in Harlem and pieces from his 1980s archive. Ironically, the man who got his start selling knockoff Gucci and Louis Vuitton launched a successful collaboration with the former, nearly 30 years later.
And so now it's the turn of a new decade, and Gucci's snake logos, butterflies, wolves, interlocking G-tights, clashing colours, textiles, and fabrics — once considered emblematic of the brand's "outdatedness" — has become a signature of the time.
Through the use of successful digital marketing, Gucci finally became cool again – because, quite simply, they told everyone they were cool.
And then they proved it.
Dominic-Madori Davis


Dark Star Orchestra® is excited to announce Jerry Garcia's Wolf will be in the hands of DSO's Jeff Mattson all night long when Fall Tour 2018 re-opens November 9 in Lowell, Massachusetts. We are busy constructing an original setlist composed with the Wolf in mind, and can't wait to share it with you. Come enjoy the one-of-a-kind sound of Doug Irwin's custom masterpiece and howl with the Wolf as we thoughtfully return it to its era. Tickets for this night and all others the rest of the year and beyond are available now at DSO Fan Club Ticketing and venue outlets.


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Arriah Whitehurst has learned to tune out the noise of her baby sister playing or her mom washing dishes while she studies.
The 12-year-old is a seventh-grader at Nevada Learning Academy, an online school within the Clark County School District, which means she attends class from home most days. Whitehurst has found a rhythm that works for her: She scans her assignment to-do list each morning, taking note of what's due in a few days or a few weeks. Then she dives into English work followed by math and history.
"I adjust really well to changing subjects quickly and easily," she said.
Whitehurst is one of 35 middle school and 250 high school students who attend Nevada Learning Academy full time. Some are athletes or performers with unusual schedules. Others have health issues that make brick-and-mortar schools difficult. One is a YouTube star. And others simply prefer online learning over traditional classrooms.
The online school also serves a little more than 5,000 part-time students who are taking at least one class — perhaps an Advanced Placement, dual-enrollment or career-oriented course not offered at their traditional schools, Principal Andrea Connolly said. Enrollment numbers swell in the summer when students try to work ahead or catch up.
Andrea Connolly, principal at Nevada Learning Academy, during an interview on Tuesday, Jan. 22, 2019.
But Connolly is on a mission to build more awareness about the education option headquartered in a district building on Flamingo Road. She said Nevada Learning Academy, founded in 2013, is ripe for growth given its ability to act as a great equalizer, providing course options that may not be available at individual schools.
"Our goal, like I said, is to level the playing field for all students so they can get the education that meets their needs and interests," she said.
Connolly points to an AP Environmental Science class as an example. Not every Clark County high school offers the course, but interested students can take it as an online course through Nevada Learning Academy, she said. Part-time students pay $50 to $75 per semester depending on the courses they're taking. Schools also receive waivers to help low-income students afford the opportunity.
There is no cost for full-time students, who must apply to the school. Although there's no set criteria for admitting full-time students, Connolly said the school is looking for students who mostly are on track to graduate and have at least a 2.0 grade-point average.
"Even though I'm an advocate for online education, it's not the right choice for every student," she said.
Simply put, greater flexibility comes with greater responsibility. The curriculum, she said, is just as rigorous despite students being able to work at a pace and schedule that fits their needs. Some Nevada Learning Academy students, like Whitehurst, stick to regular school hours, while others prefer working in the afternoon and evening.
But it's not a self-taught curriculum. The school employs 30 teachers who develop lesson plans and assignments in addition to conducting web-based, interactive lectures. Students are required to participate in certain lectures but can complete other coursework on their own schedules. Stroll the school's physical location and you'll find teachers donning headsets and talking to web cameras in their decorated cubicles.
Jeremiah Salzman, a high school pre-calculus and physics teacher at Nevada Learning Academy, conducts an online class on Tuesday, Jan. 22, 2019.
Anna Slighting, a Spanish teacher at Nevada Learning Academy, said she enjoys working at a school filling a niche in the education world. Two days a week, her sixth-grade son joins her in the building. Middle school students attend classes in person Tuesdays and Thursdays — a blended schedule to ease them into online learning.
Slighting said she has watched her son's anxiety levels decrease and interest in school increase since he switched to Nevada Learning Academy about nine weeks ago.
Nevada Learning Academy's middle school recently earned a five-star rating from the Nevada Department of Education, indicating that it's largely outperforming virtual charter schools at those grade levels. But its high school only received two stars, putting it on par with its virtual charter peers. The average star rating for state-sponsored virtual charter schools is 1.5 stars at the middle school level and two stars at the high school level, according to a Guinn Center analysis.
As Nevada Learning Academy grows, Connolly said she hopes it sheds the perception that it's a "last chance" for students who need credit retrieval. In reality, she said, the online school can fill curriculum voids within the district and across the state. Rural districts can forge agreements with the Clark County School District and allow their students to take Nevada Learning Academy courses. The school also offers courses in high-demand fields such as health care and information technology.
A marketing effort is underway to make those options known. Connolly said Nevada Learning Academy is working with counselors, principals and the state education department to spread the word.
A selling point for some prospective students? Pajama day, every day.
But Whitehurst said she's also becoming a bit of a computer whiz thanks to online learning.
"In this day and age, we are getting really integrated in technology," she said.


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