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Classical North India with Lake City Udaipur 10 Nights / 11 Days
DetailItineraryMapPhotos
Delhi (01 Night) – Varanasi (02 Nights)–Khajuraho (01 Nights) Agra (01 Night) Jaipur (02 Nights) Jodhpur (01 Night) Udaipur (02 Nights)
This tour is a heady cocktail of history, culture, religion and beauty which promises to be
a vibrant assault on the senses. From the historical and architectural wonders of Delhi
and Agra, to the fusion of cultures at Jaipur, you will also visit the holiest river in the land
at Varanasi. Get transported to another era at the sensuous temples of Khajuraho, and
be entranced at the desert city of Jodhpur. The intricate and erotic sculptures at
Ranakpur and the romantic blend of palaces, temples, lakes and gardens of Udaipur,
will leave you completely spellbound.
Tour Highlights:-
Delhi – Red Fort, Raj Ghat, Jama Masjid, India Gate, President's House, Humayun's Tomb & Qutub Minar
Jaipur – Elephant ride to Amber Fort Palace, City Palace, Observatory, and Palace of Winds
Fatehpur Sikri – Akbar's Residential complex, Mosque & Tomb of Salim Chisti
Agra– Taj Mahal, Agra Fort,
Varanasi –Aarti Ceremony, Boat Ride, City Tour with temples & Sarnath
Khajuraho– Kandariya Mahadev Temple, Javari Temple, Lakshamana Temple, Vamana Temple
Jodhpur – Blue City, Fort with huge number of Canon
Ranakpur – Jain Temple
Udaipur – Boat Ride, Lake Pichola, Saheliyon ki Bari
Day 1ARRIVAL DELHI BY INTERNATIONAL FLIGHT – TBA @ TBA
Upon arrival, you will be meeting with our representative at outside the airport and transferred to the
Hotel our representative will be holding placard of "Concord Exotic Voyages" with the guests name at exit gate inside the airport Lounge
[DELHI, the capital of India, is home to 16 million people, making it the third largest city in India. The strategic location of the city made it an attractive location for invading armies, and it served as the capital for many great empires that ruled India. Many of these Empires built significant monuments, and whilst the Mughal and the British are the most visible, while driving through the city you will see ruins from previous capitals, the earliest dating back to the 12th century.]
Upon arrival, Check into the hotel
Overnight at Hotel in Delhi
Day 2DELHI/VARANASI – Flight TBA
Breakfast at the hotel after breakfast, Check out from the hotel later proceed to full day city tour of Old Delhi visiting Jama Mosque, Raj ghat and drive past Red fort with Russian speaking escort cum guide.
The tour will begin with a visit to Raj Ghat, a simple memorial to Mahatma Gandhi. He is also famously known as the "father of the nation".
Continue your tour to Jama Masjid by bicycle rickshaws, one of Asia's largest mosques. People stream in and out of the mosque continuously and the presence of a nearby bazaar means that the area is rarely quiet. Enjoy the rickshaw ride at Old Delhi peddling through the narrow by lanes of Chandani Chowk
New Delhi Including Qutub Minar, and drive past India Gate, the parliament buildings and drive past Presidential house Qutub Minar, the tallest stone tower in India. Qutub-Minar in red and buff sandstone is the highest tower in India. It has a diameter of 14.32 m at the base and about 2.75 m on the top with a height of 72.5m. Qutbu'd-Din Aibak laid the foundation of Minar in AD 1199 for the use of the mu'azzin (crier) to give calls for prayer and raised the first floor, to which were added three more floors by his successor and Son-in-law, Shamsu'd-Din Iltutmish (AD 1211-36) All the storeys are surrounded by a projected balcony encircling the minar and supported by stone brackets, which are decorated with honeycomb design, more conspicuously in the first floor We will also visit Humayun's Tomb, memorial of Mughal Emperor Humayun, built in the year 1562. The complex is a World Heritage Site & the first example of this type of Mughal architecture in India.
Later transfer to Delhi Airport for Flight DEL-VNS –As per Flight details/Schedule
[Varanasi -One of the seven holy Cities of India, Varanasi is the holiest of them all with a spiritual and religious legacy that goes back 5000 years and it is the oldest living city in the world. Situated on the banks of the holy river, Varanasi is also known as "Kashi", the city of light. The focal point of the city is the "Ghats" or steps that lead down to the river. This is where pilgrims and local people gather for a cleansing dip in the holy river, worship the rising and setting sun and cremate the dead. It is believed that to be cremated in Varanasi is to escape the cycle of rebirth]
Overnight at Hotel in Varanasi
Day 3Varanasi
Early morning boat excursion on the holy river Ganges to see the bathing ghats and cremation site For the Hindus, bathing in Ganges signify purifying oneself, also it is a belief that to die in Kashi and to be cremated on the banks of River Ganges leads to Nirvana – the release from the cycle of birth and death. During the boat ride one can see people taking bath at the ghats and offering prayers, also see the cremation ghats important ones being the Harishchandra and Manikarna ghats where the funeral pyres burn 24 hours.
Later half day city tour of Varanasi is considered to be one of the oldest cities of India, also one of seven holy cities for the Hindus, stands as a chief centre of learning. The places of interest include visit to the Bharat Mata Temple dedicated to the motherland has a big relief map of India in marble; drive through the famous Banaras Hindu University. Walk in the narrow lanes of the city passing the Vishwanath Temple (non-Hindus not permitted entry) and visit the Alamgir Mosque, built on the original Vishnu temple by Aurangzeb in 17th century
Afternoon excursion of Sarnath Buddha gave his first sermon in 4th century BC in Sarnath (about 10 kms from Varanasi) and it became a centre of learning during 4th century BC to 9th century AD. Visit the ruins, the Dhamekh stupa, and Buddhist temple containing frescoes by a Japanese artist depicting scenes from Buddha's life. The museum (closed on Fridays) has a well displayed collection of sculptures and pieces found from the site, including the famous Ashoka Chakra.
Evening Aarti Ceremony – At Ganges River
Day 4Varanasi –Khajuraho by FLIGHT [TBA]
Breakfast at Hotel
Morning at leisure, later transfer to airport for Varanasi – Khajuraho, upon arrival in Khajuraho Transfer to hotel –
Evening on Leisure
Overnight at Hotel in Khajuraho
Day 5Khajuraho –Agra by Train [by Shatabdi 12001 at 1840/2110 Hrs]
After breakfast Later proceed for the sightseeing of the famous western temples of Khajuraho.
The Western group of temples: Primarily built in one style the temples have the ardhamandapa or the entrance, the mandapa or the assembly hall, the antarala or the vestibule and finally a pradakshina or a circumambulation running around the grabha griha or the inner sanctum. The temples are divided in three major zones, the western, the eastern and the southern temples of which the western temples are the most popular ones.
The arch of Kandariya Mahadev shrine has meticulously carved various themes of life. Celestial beings, lovers serenading musicians all the movements captured in stone, frozen in time, yet retaining a quality of warm, pulsating life.
The very stone seems to have taken on the living, breathing quality of the carved figures. Outer walls have three horizontal panels showing deities of the Hindu pantheon, and groups of lovers, a pageant of sensuousness, vibrantly alive. The Chousat Yogini temple dedicated to kali is also present but without the deity in the sanctum. The Matangeshwara temple is the only shrine used for worshipping. The temple is almost devoid of ornamentation. The Varaha Temple stands opposite the Matangeshwara temple and is dedicated to the fourth incarnation of Lord Vishnu in form of a Boar. The monolithic figure is exquisitely carved with 764 divine figures around it The Lakshmana Temple, dedicated to the four armed and three headed man-lion-boar statue of Vaikuntha is the best preserved and the most evolved Vishnu temples. There are sculptures depicting many mythological stories such as the churning of the ocean and Kalia mardan. On the exterior the entire range of the Khajuraho temples is on display. Ecstatic street singers and the architect of the temples, surrounded by his apprentices are among the noteworthy images on this temple. The Vishwanath temple was supposed to be embedded with jewels, but only a stone lingam is what remains now. The exteriors of this temple however are the most stunningly beautiful. Here one can see nymphs can be seen playing on their flutes, removing thorns from their feet, fondling children and looking into a mirror. Some of the most erotic depictions are seen as well. Another interesting temple is dedicated to the Sun God, the Chitragupta temple. It shows the Sun God driving the chariot drawn by seven horses. The exteriors show, royal processions, elephant-fights, hunting scenes, group dances and the lavish lifestyle of the Chandela kings and their court in its all pomp and glory
The Eastern Group of temples: The Brahma and the Hanuman temples are the most famous and well preserved temples of this group. The Vamana temple shows all the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu. This place also has a few temples belonging to the Jain religion, probably because one of the descendants of the Chandela dynasty may have adopted Jainism. The prominent among these are the Ghantai temple, the Parsvanath and the Shnatinath temple
In afternoon Drive Khajuraho to Jhansi to Board the train Jhansi – Agra 12001 @1640/2110 Hrs
Upon arrival at Agra railway station transfer to Hotel
Agra – This was the seat of the mighty Mughal Empire before it shifted its capital to Delhi, and it is home to some of their most inspired architectural creations including the Taj Mahal. In the 16th and 17th century, the Mughal Courts were at their most powerful, and were great patron of the arts, and Agra attracted artisans, poets and musicians from across India as well as Persia and Central Asia, transforming Agra into a cultural and architectural paradise
Day 6AGRA/ FATEHPUR/ JAIPUR – DRIVE (240Kms/05Hrs)
Early mornign visit Taj Mahal – a symbol of love
Taj Mahal- Little needs to be said about this architectural wonder which is always the soul raison-de-etre for every tourist's visit to Agra. Built by Shah Jahan, the Taj is a white marble memorial to his beautiful wife Mumtaz Mahal. This monument took 22 years to be completed and was designed, and planned by Persian architect Ustad Isa. Apart from its stunning design balance and perfect symmetry, the Taj is also noted particularly for its elegant domes, intricately vehicleved screens and some of the best inlay work ever seen (Taj Mahal Closed on Friday)
After return back to hotel have Breakfast at the hotel
After breakfast full day Agra city tour
After noon visit Agra Fort – The red sandstone structure is surrounded by chahar-bagh, a four-square formal garden. Built by the famed Mughal emperor Akbar in 1565 AD, the fort is predominantly of red sandstone. Ensconced within is the picture perfect Pearl Mosque, which is a major tourist attraction. It lies on the bend of the river Yamuna, almost in the heart of the town. Akbar built it as his citadel over the years 1563-73 in the finest architectural style. It has imposing gates and walls of red sandstone and a moat
After drive to Jaipur en-route visit en-route visit Fatehpur Sikri (Ghost Capital), the political capital of India's Mughal Empire under Akbar's reign, from the year 1571 until 1585, when it was abandoned, ostensibly due to lack of water. Visit Emperor Akbar's Residential complex, Mosque & Tomb of Salim Chisti, Further continue our drive To Jaipur, beautifully situated on the banks of river Yamuna. It achieved prominence as the capital of the Mughal Emperors from 1526 to 1628, remains major tourist destination because of its many splendid Mughal-era monuments
Later drive to Jaipur –Upon arrival t Jaipur transfer to hotel –
Evening leisure – At own activities
[Jaipur- A labyrinth of fascinating bazaars, opulent palaces and a futuristic observatory, Jaipur was the inspiration of the ruler Sawai Jai Singh, who moved the capital from Amber in 1727. Jaipur was designed by a young architect from Bengal and together they planned a city along the ancient Hindu treatise of "Shilpa Shastra", a science similar to the better known Feng Shui. Jaipur is laid out in a geometric grid of streets and squares making it one of the earliest planned cities in India. In honor of the visit of the Prince Edward, then the Prince of Wales, the City was painted in rich terracotta, a tradition which has continued through the years. This is the reason why Jaipur is often called the "pink city". Today it serves as the State capital for Rajasthan]
Overnight at Hotel in Jaipur
Day 7JAIPUR
After breakfast at the hotel start a sightseeing tour of Jaipur.
Full day sightseeing of Jaipur visiting Amber fort, City palace, Observatory and Windsor palace
You will also be experiencing Elephant ride while ascending the Amer fort.
(Elephant ride is subject to availability failing Jeep ride will be provided)
Amer Fort Palace – Amer is the classic romantic Rajasthan fort palace. Its construction was started by Man Singh I in 1592, and completed by his descendent Jai Singh I. Its forbidding exterior belies an inner paradise where a beautiful fusion of Mughal and Hindu styles finds its ultimate expression.
City Palace – A delightful blend of Mughal and traditional Rajasthani architecture, the City Palace sprawls over one-seventh of the area in the walled city. It houses the Chandra Mahal, Shri Govind Dev Temple and the City Palace Museum.
Jantar Mantar or Observatory – This is the largest and the best preserved of the five observatories built by Jai Singh II in different parts of the country. This observatory consisting of outsized astronomical instruments is still in use.
Hawa Mahal or Windsor Palace – The ornamental facade of this "Palace of Winds" is a prominent landmark in Jaipur. It is a five-storied structure of sandstone plastered pink encrusted with fine
Trelliswork and elaborate balconies the palace has 953 niches and windows. Built in 1799 by Pratap Singh, the Mahal was a royal grandstand for the palace women.
Day 8JAIPUR/JODHPUR Drive (290 Kms/07Hrs)
Breakfast at the hotel after breakfast drive to Jodhpur
Upon arrival transfer to hotel later proceed for Jodhpur city tour
Jodhpur -Set at the edge of the Thar Desert, the imperial city of Jodhpur echoes with tales of antiquity in the emptiness of the desert. Once the capital of the Marwar state, it was founded in 1459 AD by Rao Jodha-chief of the Rathore clan of Rajputs who claimed to be descendants of Rama – the epic hero of the Ramayana. The massive 15th century AD Mehrangarh Fort looms on the top of a rocky hill, soaring 125 Mts. Above the plains. The city is encompassed by a high wall 10 km long with 8 gates and innumerable bastions.
Afternoon you will be doing the city tour of Jodhpur including Mehrangarh Fort & Jaswant thada Memorial followed by walking tour local market and clock tower
Mehrangarh Fort: Situated on a steep hill, Mehrangarh fort is one of the largest forts in India. The beauty and the grandeur of numerous palaces in the fort narrate a saga of hard sandstones yielding to the chisels of skilled Jodhpuri sculptures. Mehrangarh Fort, spreading over 5 km on a perpendicular hill and looking down 125 meters, presents a majestic view on city horizon. It was built on advice of a saint in 1459 to establish an impregnable head-quarter. This Fort is one of the best in India with its exquisitely latticed windows, carved panels, elaborately adorned windows and walls of Moti Mahal, Phool Mahal, and Sheesh Mahal. A collection of musical instruments, palanquins, royal costumes, furniture and the cannons on the fort's ramparts are well preserved
Jaswant Thada: Close to the fort complex, lies Jaswant Thada. This 19th century royal cenotaph built in white marble in commemoration of Maharaja Jaswant Singh II and three other cenotaphs stand nearby. The cenotaph of Maharaja Jaswant Singh holds the rare portraits of the rulers and Maharajas of Jodhpur. A visit inside the cenotaphs, with some villagers of the region, would bring forward the reverence they still hold for their brave kings.
Overnight at hotel Jodhpur
Day 9JODHPUR/RANAKPUR/UDAIPUR – Drive (260 Kms/06 Hrs)
Buffet breakfast at the hotel.
After breakfast drive to Udaipur and Enroute visit Ranakpur Temples.
The Ranakpur Temple, dating back to the 15th century. 200 pillars, none of which are alike, support its 29 halls. The Temple abounds with intricate friezes and sculptures. Includes visits to two more Jain temples and the Temple of the Sun God with its erotic sculptures
Later drive to Udaipur –Upon Arrival at Udaipur and check in to the hotel
Udaipur -The city of Dawn is a lovely land around the azure lake, hemmed in by the lush hills of the ARAVALLIS. A vision in white drenched in romance and beauty, Udaipur is a fascinating blend of sights, sound and experiences and inspiration for the imagination of poets, painters and writers.
Its kaleidoscope of fairy-tale palaces, lakes, temples, gardens and narrow lanes strewn with stalls, carry the flavor of a heroic past, epitomizing valor and chivalry. Their reflection in the placid waters of the LAKE PICHOLA is an enticing sight.
Udaipur is the jewel of MEWAR -a kingdom ruled by the Sisodia dynasty for 1200 Years.
Overnight at the Hotel Udaipur
Day 10UDAIPUR
Buffet breakfast at the hotel
After breakfast, proceed for sightseeing tour of Udaipur, stopping first at City Palace
City Palace: Standing on the east bank of Lake Pichola, is a massive series of palaces built at different times from 1559 A.D. The balconies of the palace provide panoramic views of "Jag Niwas" (the world wide famous Lake palace hotel), Jag Mandir on one side and on the other the city of Udaipur. Its main entrance is through the triple-arched gate – the Tripolia, built in 1725. The way now leads to a series of courtyards, overlapping parations, terraces, corridors and gardens – a harmonic profusion hard to describe. There is a Suraj Gokhda, where the maharanas of Mewar presented themselves in the times of trouble to the people to restore confidence. The Mor-chowk (Peacock courtyard), gets its name from the vivid mosaics in glass decorating its walls. The chini chitrashala is noteworthy while a series of wall paintings of KRISHNA are on display in Bhim Vilas. There are numerous other places such as Dilkhush Mahal, Sheesh Mahal, Moti Mahal and Krishna villas – in memory of a princess of striking beauty who poisoned herself to avert a bloody battle for her hand by rival princess. Now the palace contains many antique articles, paintings, decorative furniture and utensils and attracts thousands of visitors every day.
Proceed for Morning Motor launch cruise on the placid waters of Lake Pichola. From the boat you will be able to view the city of Udaipur as it rises majestically above the lake in the middle of the Rajasthan desert. Also visit the Jag Mandir Palace – the other island palace in the middle of the lake. Spend some time at the Jag Mandir Palace. Saheliyon Ki Bari: Maharana Sangram singh builds this in the mid-18th century. The 'garden of the maidens' brings to mind the lifestyle of the ladies of the court. The delightful gardens appear discreet and in impeccable taste. There are four pools with dainty kiosks, and all around are flowerbeds, lawns, pools and fountains protected by a series of walls and shady trees. The Foundation of the Saheliyon Ki Bari functions solely by water pressure and no pumps are used. The garden has a lotus pool, a sitting room decorated with paintings and glass mosaics. The whole ambiences are flavored by the nostalgia of those beautiful bells enjoying themselves in a lavish aura. Jagdish Temple: The temple is situated in the middle of the city. The temple of Jagannath Rai, now called Jagdish-ji, is a major monument and should be seen carefully. Raised on a tall terrace and completed in 1651, it is a tribute alike to the tenacity of its builders and the resilience of the art tradition it represents.
It attaches a double storeyed Mandapa (hall) to a double – storied, saandhara (that having a covered ambulatory) sanctum. The mandapa has another storey tucked within its pyramidal samavarna (bell – roof) while the hollow clustered spire over the sanctum contains two more, non – functional stories. Lanes taking off from many of the sheharpanah (city wall) converge on the Jagdish Temple and walking leisurely through them brings you face with the many layers of the cultural palimpsest that Udaipur is. It was built by Maharana Jagat Singh 1st in 1651 A.D.
Day 11UDAIPUR –DEPARTURE
After breakfast, Checkout from hotel And drive to Udaipur Airport to Board flight onward destination
General Travel Guidelines for India
We hope that you will find this over view useful – should you need more detailed information on subjects that are mentioned or anything else that we may be able to assist with please do let us know.
Currency India's currency is 'Rupee', abbreviated as 'Rs'. One Rupee is equal to 100 paise. Coins are in various small denominations of 10, 25, 50 Paisa (these are rarely in circulation these days) & 1, 2, & 5, Rupees. Notes (Bills) are in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 & 1000 Rupees.
You cannot purchase Indian Rupees outside India. Therefore we suggest that you carry some cash in Dollars, Pounds or Euros which can be changed upon arrival in India at the airport (where you will find a fair exchange rate). Please ask us for any further assistance or guidance on this.
Dress / Packing suggestion
Most of the hotels are smart but not hugely formal and the smart casual label is the best description for suggested dress code. Do carry a warm coat/jersey for early morning starts and especially for any train journeys and safaris. Places of religious worship should be respected by covering shoulders and above the knee – it is therefore advised that on any days when you are out sightseeing or exploring that you follow this guide line to be on the safe side. It is strongly advised that you carry a hat when there is chance you will be out in the sun in the middle of the day. Ladies will always find a shawl or Pashmina very useful. If travelling in the hotter times of the year, it is important to wear light cotton clothing and to keep your head covered when out in the heat of the day. (Its very easy to dehydrate, so a note here is to ensure you keep fluids up and consider carrying rehydration salts.)
Dress Code for National Parks / Packing suggestion
Please wear appropriate colours when in any National Park or Tiger Reserves – these should be muted earthy colours. We would also suggest a sun hat and sunglasses for game drives.
Please note from mid-November until end February, the early morning and evening games drives can be very cold – this is attributed largely to the wind factor of the 'open air' jeep. We highly recommend you to carry fleeces, jackets, hats, gloves and scarves. By about 8/9am, the sun is out and you will begin 'de-layering' and be comfortable in a t-shirt for the majority of the midday.
Electricity in India voltage is 220 volts AC, 50 cycles, though some areas also have DC supplies. Visitors are advised to check the voltage before using electrical appliances. Socket sizes vary, so it is as well to take a set of plug adapters, available from most electrical stores.
Visiting foreigners can exchange money at international airports where 24-hour exchange facilities are available, through banks and approved moneychangers. Or, one may change money at the big city hotels.
One can also change money at national or international banks such as Standard Chartered, Citibank, Bank of America, Hong Kong Bank and others in the major metro cities. Most of these have 24-hour ATMs. American Express and Thomas Cook offices may be found in major metros and tourist cities.
Bank timings are usually from 1000 hrs to 1700 hrs on weekdays and 1000hrs to 1400 hrs on Saturdays. Please remember that not all banks will exchange foreign currency or travellers cheques particularly in small towns.
Exchange money only through authorized banks or Money Changers. Insist on a receipt/encashment certificate when changing money. Retain all receipts to facilitate re-conversion of unspent money on departure from India. Current exchange rates of British Pound and US Dollar are: 1 US $: Rs 50 / 1 GBP: Rs 95
Inoculations/Vaccinations:
Before traveling to India it is advised that you get vaccinations for tetanus, malaria, hepatitis, rabies and typhoid. Consult your doctor before taking them / also take advice on other vaccinations for meningitis and tuberculosis. Most vaccination courses are completed within four weeks, best taken before the trip. Malaria preventive course may be taken before your trip, but again this should be consulted with your doctor.
While traveling in India it is important that you obtain good personal travel insurance from an insurance agent in your country. A suitable policy will include an unlimited amount for medical, hospital and additional health associated costs. Most policies cover loss of baggage, personal money (usually limited) delay and curtailment. Do make sure your policy covers you for unexpected cancellation of your trip in this unlikely event you will then be covered for financial cost. You should carry your insurance policy with you at all time, preferably in your relevant details in a separate place, with your passport photocopy.
On arrival in India at the international airport, when you disembark the aircraft please move promptly to the immigration counter as large queues can build up at this point.
You will first pass through immigration control, and then collect your baggage and pass through customs before the Concord Exotic Voyages representative meets you. He/She will be carrying a paging board with your name on it. This procedure will be followed for domestic flights, albeit without the customs & immigration.
Once you have exited customs you will find a large number of people including taxi tout. Please move very slowly so that you can spot the Concord representative. In the rare event that the Concord representative is not to be found please call up Concord's emergency number (found on Contact Details).
Payments All foreign nationals must pay their hotel bills in foreign currency (cash, Traveler's Cheques or even by Credit Cards). This can be paid in Rupees if the visitor has a receipt to show as a proof of currency exchange.
You must be in possession of a valid passport, which will not expire for at least six months after your journey is due to end. It should have to clear pages for entry and exit stamps as well as your visa. A wise precaution is to carry a photocopy of your passport kept separately, extremely useful in the event of loss or theft.
Photography Visitors to India find varied subjects for photography including people, monuments, wildlife, festivities, and landscapes. Note, however, these formalities, in respect of photography:
Special permission of the Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, is required for use of tripod and artificial light on monuments.
Special permission of Government of India is required for any photography for the purpose of publicity and commercial use.
Photography is prohibited in tribal areas.
Taking photographs of airports, railway stations, bridges, military installations, and from the air is prohibited.
Prohibited Articles
The import of prohibited articles such as dangerous drugs, live plants, gold/silver bullion and coins, not in current use, is either totally prohibited or restricted. The law provides heavy penalties for the infringement of this restriction, and in some cases punishment can extend to the death sentence. Also, by law, visitors are banned from taking antiques and wildlife products out of the country – any infringement is punishable by fines and imprisonment
India can be described as a shopper's paradise with products such as hand-woven rugs, inlaid marble, semi-precious stone jewelry, silk fabrics, brassware, etc. India's diversity is expressed though the creation of master craftspeople. Each state has a unique handicraft to proudly reflect the inherited and improved skills to near perfection. Souvenir shops and art & craft emporiums are to be found everywhere. Consult your guidebook or the local guides and people. Usually the "pavement markets" do not guarantee the products and they do not accept credit / debit cards. Genuine products can only be guaranteed at a government showroom or branded showroom. Shopping can be one of the ways to interact with a local. For people who like to bargain, shopping is a true pleasure. For others, fixed priced stores are a relief. Whatever transaction you prefer, we hope your purchase that was made in India, will remind you of your trip. Yes, the guides do take you to shops and showrooms, while you are on tour. You can say "no" when you don't want to visit the shops or not interested in shopping with a guide. But when you do visit the store with the guide, you do not necessarily pay a higher price for a substandard product. As this is a worldwide phenomenon, we accept it too with its "blues". What we have done is, selected a few stores both privately owned & government owned (but in both cases Government recognized) at important destinations, where we are sure of two things;
1) Quality of the product 2) The product if too heavy should be delivered at your doorstep without any extra cost even if the extra cost needs to be added to the price of the product. As for price, some are fixed price & some are bargain shops. So go ahead and enjoy the shopping – and please ask our advice at any time.
Travelers Cheques/Credit Cards
Travelers' Cheques should be of well-known brands like Thomas Cook, American Express and Visa. Large establishments generally accept Major Credit Cards like American Express, Master Cards, Diners Club, Visa, etc, including hotels, shops and airlines.
Unless we have informed you separately you are NOT travelling to a restricted area and it is best to apply for a multiple entry 6 month visa.
They have been known so far to change the details required from time to time, therefore if you have any questions whilst going through the application please do let us know – therefore it is advisable to complete the process during the working day so you can call to clarify anything during the process rather than having to start again.
Visiting Places of Worship
Removing one's shoes before entering temples, mosques or Gurudwara (Sikh Temple) is essential. Avoid taking leather goods of any kinds (bag, belt etc.) and cigarettes into places of worship, as these are often not permitted. Do not wear shorts or sleeveless tops in places of public worship.
Your Awesome Holiday Break in Kerala – 6 Nights/ 7 Days – Kerala


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Friendly.Store_α
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Demo(Please watch at full screen.)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vV7o8xh8xoc

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You have to install Codeer.Friendly.Stroe.Core.

Download it.
http://goo.gl/deV0J4

NuGet
https://www.nuget.org/packages/Codeer.Friendly.Store/

==============

This library is a layer on top of Friendly, so you must learn that first. But it is very easy to learn.

http://www.english.codeer.co.jp/test-automation
(No need Installer. NuGet Only.)

==============
Sample.
```cs
//attach.
var app = new StoreAppFriend(Process.GetProcessesByName("App1")[0]);

//add button.
dynamic current = app.Type().Windows.UI.Xaml.Window.Current;
dynamic main = current.Content.Content;
dynamic button = app.Type().Windows.UI.Xaml.Controls.Button();
button.Content = "NewButton";
main._grid.Children.Add(button);
```

Implementation
==============
Abstract [new StoreAppFriend(process);]
![Attach](ReadMeImages/NewFriend_2.png)

Abstract [button.Content = "NewButton";]
![Execute](ReadMeImages/Execute_2.png)

*Why use PostMessage?
・RPC_E_CANTCALLOUT_ININPUTSYNCCALL.
・And SendMessage is powerfull dispatch.

*For desktop(Friendly.Windows) is another sequence.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Q: Truble to create a matrix for sudoku in python I have to make a sudoku template, so I need to get random numbers into the matrix, but they can not be repeated in the rows or columns, but I can not do it. For this I can not use numpy. In this case I did in the code below but it does not work:
import random
matrix = []
for i in range(9):
    line = []
    for j in range(9):
        number = random.randint(1, 9)
        if number != i and number != j:
            line.append(number)
        matrix.append(line)

for i in range(9):
    print(matrix[i])

A: A sudoku board has very little chance of being valid with random numbers.  You will need a topological sort (dynamic programming) to satisfy the row, column and block constraints.
For example:
known = [ [0,0,0, 0,0,0, 0,0,0],
          [0,0,0, 0,0,0, 0,0,0],
          [0,0,0, 0,0,0, 0,0,0],

          [0,0,0, 0,0,0, 0,0,0],
          [0,0,0, 0,0,0, 0,0,0],
          [0,0,0, 0,0,0, 0,0,0],

          [0,0,0, 0,0,0, 0,0,0],
          [0,0,0, 0,0,0, 0,0,0],
          [0,0,0, 0,0,0, 0,0,0]
        ]

import random
groups  = [ p//27*3+p%9//3   for p in range(81) ]
colNums = [ set(range(1,10)) for _ in range(9)  ]
rowNums = [ set(range(1,10)) for _ in range(9)  ]
grpNums = [ set(range(1,10)) for _ in range(9)  ]
sudoku  = [ [0]*9 for _ in range(9) ]
for pos in range(81):
    row,col,group = pos//9,pos%9,groups[pos]
    fixed = known[row][col]
    if fixed:
        sudoku[row][col] = fixed
        colNums[col].discard(fixed)
        rowNums[row].discard(fixed)
        grpNums[group].discard(fixed)

pos     = 0
tried   = [ set() for _ in range(81)]
while pos in range(81):
    row,col,group    = pos//9,pos%9,groups[pos]
    number = sudoku[row][col]
    fixed  = known[row][col]
    if number != 0 and not fixed:
        sudoku[row][col] = 0
        colNums[col].add(number)
        rowNums[row].add(number)
        grpNums[group].add(number)
    available  = {fixed} if fixed else colNums[col] & rowNums[row] & grpNums[group]
    available -= tried[pos]
    if available:
        number = fixed or random.choice(list(available))
        if not fixed:
           sudoku[row][col] = number
           colNums[col].discard(number)
           rowNums[row].discard(number)
           grpNums[group].discard(number)
        tried[pos].add(number)
        pos += 1
    else:
        tried[pos] = set()
        pos -= 1

if pos < 81:
    print("FAILED!")
else :
    for r,line in  enumerate(sudoku):
        print(*[line[i:][:3] for i in range(0,9,3)],"\n"*(r%3==2))

This algorithm attempts to fill the each position using the remaining numbers that are not already used on the same row, column or group (block).  The colNums,rowNums and grpNums variables keep track of the remaining available numbers in each column, row and group.  When a position cannot be filled, the algorithm backtracks to the previous position and tries another number that has not yet been tried for that position.
The known matrix can be initialized with fixed values that will be forced at their respective position in the resulting sudoku matrix. It can be used to solve sudoku problems or to validate that a problem is doable.

A: Keep looping, know to find 9 different numbers in line = []
import random
matrix = []
for i in range(9):
    line = []
    j = 1
    while j <= 9:
        number = random.randint(1, 9)
        if number not in line:
            line.append(number)
            j += 1
    matrix.append(line)

for i in range(9):
    print(matrix[i])

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
import datetime, decimal, json, logging, os, re, sys

import boto3, requests, six
from pytz import utc

LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)

class JSONEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):

    def default(self, obj): #pylint: disable=method-hidden
        # parameter is called `o` in json.JSONEncoder.
        if hasattr(obj, 'isoformat'):
            return obj.isoformat()
        if isinstance(obj, decimal.Decimal):
            return float(obj)
        return super(JSONEncoder, self).default(obj)

class LastRunCache(object):
    """
    Cache for last run on a log file.
    """

    def __init__(self, filename):
        self.filename = filename
        self.last_run_logs = {}
        self.load()

    def load(self):
        if os.path.exists(self.filename):
            with open(self.filename) as last_run:
                self.last_run_logs = json.load(
                    last_run, object_hook=datetime_hook)

    def save(self):
        if not os.path.isdir(os.path.dirname(self.filename)):
            os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(self.filename))
        with open(self.filename, 'w') as last_run:
            json.dump(self.last_run_logs, last_run, cls=JSONEncoder, indent=2)

    def more_recent(self, logname, last_modified, update=False):
        result = (not logname in self.last_run_logs
            or self.last_run_logs[logname] < last_modified)
        if result and update:
            self.last_run_logs[logname] = last_modified
        return result

def as_keyname(filename, logsuffix=None, prefix=None, ext='.log'):
    """
    The keyname returned is in a format as expected by AWS S3
    (i.e. no leading '/') whether `filename` is an absolute path or
    a subdirectory of the current path.
    """
    filename = filename.lstrip(os.sep)
    result = filename
    if ext.startswith('.'):
        ext = ext[1:]
    if logsuffix:
        look = re.match(r'^(\S+\.%s)(\S*)$' % ext, filename)
        if look:
            result = look.group(1) + logsuffix + look.group(2)
    if prefix:
        result = "%s/%s" % (prefix.strip('/'), result)
    return result

def as_filename(key_name, logsuffix=None, prefix=None, ext='.log'):
    result = key_name
    if ext.startswith('.'):
        ext = ext[1:]
    if logsuffix:
        look = re.match(r'^(\S+\.%s)%s(\S*)$' % (ext, logsuffix), key_name)
        if look:
            result = look.group(1) + look.group(2)
    if prefix is not None:
        if result.startswith(prefix):
            result = result[len(prefix):]
        result = result.lstrip('/')
    return result

def as_logname(key_name, logsuffix=None, prefix=None, ext='.log'):
    if ext.startswith('.'):
        ext = ext[1:]
    result = as_filename(key_name, logsuffix=logsuffix, prefix=prefix)
    look = re.match(r'(\S+\.%s)((-\S+)\.gz)' % ext, result)
    if look:
        result = look.group(1)
    return result

def datetime_hook(json_dict):
    for key, value in list(six.iteritems(json_dict)):
        for fmt in ("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f+00:00", "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S+00:00"):
            try:
                json_dict[key] = datetime.datetime.strptime(value, fmt)
                if json_dict[key].tzinfo is None:
                    json_dict[key] = json_dict[key].replace(tzinfo=utc)
                break
            except ValueError:
                pass
        if not isinstance(json_dict[key], datetime.datetime):
            LOGGER.warning("%s: cannot convert '%s' to a datetime object.",
                key, value)
    return json_dict

def get_last_modified(item):
    return item['LastModified']

def list_local(lognames, prefix=None, list_all=False):
    """
    Returns a list of rotated log files with their timestamp.

    Example:
    [{ "Key": "/var/log/nginx/www.example.com.log-20160106.gz",
       "LastModified": "Mon, 06 Jan 2016 00:00:00 UTC"},
     { "Key": "/var/log/nginx/www.example.com.log-20160105.gz",
       "LastModified": "Mon, 05 Jan 2016 00:00:00 UTC"},
    ]
    """
    results = []
    for logname in lognames:
        dirname = os.path.dirname(logname)
        _, ext = os.path.splitext(logname)
        if prefix:
            prefixed_dirname = prefix + dirname
        else:
            prefixed_dirname = dirname
        if os.path.isdir(prefixed_dirname):
            for filename in os.listdir(prefixed_dirname):
                fullpath = os.path.join(dirname, filename)
                prefixed_fullpath = os.path.join(prefixed_dirname, filename)
                if (as_logname(fullpath, ext=ext) == logname
                    and (list_all or not fullpath == logname)):
                    mtime = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(
                        os.path.getmtime(prefixed_fullpath), tz=utc)
                    results += [{"Key": fullpath, "LastModified": mtime}]
    return results

def list_s3(bucket, lognames, prefix=None, time_from_logsuffix=False):
    """
    Returns a list of rotated log files present in a bucket
    with their timestamp.

    Example:
    [{ "Key": "var/log/nginx/www.example.com.log-0ce5c29636da94d4c-20160106.gz",
       "LastModified": "Mon, 06 Jan 2016 00:00:00 UTC"},
     { "Key": "var/log/nginx/www.example.com.log-0ce5c29636da94d4c-20160105.gz",
       "LastModified": "Mon, 05 Jan 2016 00:00:00 UTC"},
    ]
    """
    results = []
    s3_resource = boto3.resource('s3')
    for logname in lognames:
        logprefix = os.path.splitext(logname)[0].lstrip('/')
        if prefix:
            logprefix = "%s/%s" % (prefix.strip('/'), logprefix)
        for s3_key in s3_resource.Bucket(bucket).objects.filter(
                Prefix=logprefix):
            logkey = as_logname(s3_key.key, prefix=prefix)
            if logname.startswith('/'):
                logkey = '/' + logkey
            if logkey == logname:
                look = re.match(r'\S+-(\d\d\d\d\d\d\d\d)\.gz', s3_key.key)
                if time_from_logsuffix and look:
                    last_modified = datetime.datetime.strptime(
                        look.group(1), "%Y%m%d")
                else:
                    last_modified = s3_key.last_modified
                if last_modified.tzinfo is None:
                    last_modified = last_modified.replace(tzinfo=utc)
                results += [{"Key": s3_key.key, "LastModified": last_modified}]
    return results

def list_updates(local_items, s3_items, logsuffix=None, prefix=None):
    """
    Returns two lists of updated files. The first list is all the files
    in the list *s3_items* which are more recent that files in the list
    *local_items*.
    The second returned list is all the files in the list *local_items*
    which are more recent that files in the list *s3_items*.

    Example:
    [{ "Key": "abc.txt",
       "LastModified": "Mon, 05 Jan 2015 12:00:00 UTC"},
     { "Key": "def.txt",
       "LastModified": "Mon, 05 Jan 2015 12:00:001 UTC"},
    ]
    """
    local_results = []
    local_index = {}
    for local_val in local_items:
        local_index[as_keyname(local_val['Key'],
            logsuffix=logsuffix, prefix=prefix)] = local_val
    for s3_val in s3_items:
        s3_key = s3_val['Key']
        local_val = local_index.get(s3_key, None)
        if local_val:
            local_datetime = local_val['LastModified']
            s3_datetime = s3_val['LastModified']
            if s3_datetime > local_datetime:
                local_results += [s3_val]
        else:
            local_results += [s3_val]

    s3_results = []
    s3_index = {}
    for s3_val in s3_items:
        s3_index[as_filename(s3_val['Key'],
            logsuffix=logsuffix, prefix=prefix)] = s3_val
    for local_val in local_items:
        local_key = local_val['Key'].lstrip('/')
        s3_val = s3_index.get(local_key, None)
        if s3_val:
            s3_datetime = s3_val['LastModified']
            local_datetime = local_val['LastModified']
            if local_datetime > s3_datetime:
                s3_results += [local_val]
        else:
            s3_results += [local_val]

    return local_results, s3_results

def download_updated_logs(lognames,
                          local_prefix=None, logsuffix=None,
                          bucket=None, s3_prefix=None,
                          last_run=None, list_all=False,
                          time_from_logsuffix=False):
    """
    Fetches log files which are on S3 and more recent that specified
    in last_run and returns a list of filenames.
    """
    #pylint:disable=too-many-arguments,too-many-locals
    local_update, _ = list_updates(
        list_local(lognames, prefix=local_prefix, list_all=list_all),
        list_s3(bucket, lognames, prefix=s3_prefix,
            time_from_logsuffix=time_from_logsuffix),
        logsuffix=logsuffix, prefix=s3_prefix)

    downloaded = []
    s3_resource = boto3.resource('s3')
    for item in sorted(local_update, key=get_last_modified):
        keyname = item['Key']
        logname = as_logname(keyname)
        filename = as_filename(keyname, prefix=s3_prefix)
        filename = filename.lstrip(os.sep)
        if local_prefix:
            filename = os.path.join('.', local_prefix, filename)
        else:
            filename = os.path.join('.', filename)
        if not last_run or last_run.more_recent(
                logname, item['LastModified'], update=True):
            s3_key = s3_resource.Object(bucket, keyname)
            if not s3_key.storage_class or s3_key.storage_class == 'STANDARD':
                LOGGER.info("download %s to %s\n" % (
                    keyname, os.path.abspath(filename)))
                if not os.path.isdir(os.path.dirname(filename)):
                    os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(filename))
                s3_key.download_file(filename)
                downloaded += [filename]
            else:
                LOGGER.info("skip %s (on %s storage)\n" % (
                    keyname, s3_key.storage_class))

    # It is possible some files were already downloaded as part of a previous
    # run so we construct the list of recent files here.
    downloaded = []
    for item in sorted(list_local(lognames,
                prefix=local_prefix, list_all=False), key=get_last_modified):
        keyname = item['Key']
        logname = as_logname(keyname)
        filename = as_filename(keyname, prefix=s3_prefix)
        filename = filename.lstrip(os.sep)
        if local_prefix:
            filename = os.path.join('.', local_prefix, filename)
        else:
            filename = os.path.join('.', filename)
        if not last_run or last_run.more_recent(
                logname, item['LastModified'], update=True):
            downloaded += [filename]
    return downloaded

def upload_log(s3_location, filename, logsuffix=None):
    """
    Upload a local log file to an S3 bucket. If logsuffix is ``None``,
    the instance-id will be automatically added as a suffix in the log filename.
    """
    headers = {'ContentType': 'text/plain'}
    if filename.endswith('.gz'):
        headers.update({'ContentEncoding': 'gzip'})
    parts = s3_location[5:].split('/')
    s3_bucket = parts[0]
    s3_prefix = '/'.join(parts[1:])
    if not logsuffix:
        # https://github.com/boto/boto3/issues/313
        resp = requests.get('http://instance-data/latest/meta-data/instance-id')
        logsuffix = resp.text
        if logsuffix.startswith('i-'):
            logsuffix = logsuffix[1:]
    keyname = as_keyname(
        filename, logsuffix=logsuffix, prefix=s3_prefix)
    LOGGER.info("Upload %s ... to s3://%s/%s\n"
        % (filename, s3_bucket, keyname))
    s3_client = boto3.client('s3')
    s3_client.upload_file(filename, s3_bucket, keyname, ExtraArgs=headers)


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There is a certain captivation with a good old logic puzzle. We find ourselves drawn into them – eager to pat ourselves on the back if we are able to solve the challenge which has been set before us. The majority of these puzzles are the work of the late, great Martin Gardner – a man who definitely made us think!
Okay, time to don those thinking caps because here comes Nine-Stein's 9 Logic Puzzles Which Will Make You Think.
One Piece of String or Two?
Below you can see 2 spirals – other than the colour and them spiralling in opposite directions, they appear identical. Well not so. One spiral is formed with a single piece of string which is joined at the ends and the other is made of two separate pieces of string, each joined at their respective ends. But which one is which?
Here's a great one which might help the next time you have to cut up your child's birthday cake.
What is the maximum number of pieces/slices you can get by making six straight cuts?
Trying to solve this one might drive you a bit nuts!
Place two identical bolts together so that the threads are interlinked with each other as shown in the image below. If you rotate the bolts around each other holding each but hold the bolt firmly at its head – meaning the bolt is not turning independently – and you begin twiddling them in the direction shown, do the bolt heads ….
(a) move inward (get closer)?
(b) move outward (farther apart)?
Check out the image below. Draw one line – it does not have to be a straight line – which divides the shape into two exactly identical parts.
We've all been there. Getting dressed in the dark or while still half asleep only to realise the error of our actions later (or worse, have someone point them out to us).
The puzzle: You have a drawer full of socks, it contains ten identical blue socks and 10 identical red socks but they are all mixed up. You cannot see what you are doing, what is least number of socks you must take out of the drawer to ensure you get a pair that match?
No pen and paper please!
There are two missiles which have been launched and they are heading directly toward each other. One missile is moving at 9,000 miles per hour and the other missile is travelling at 21,000 miles per hour. They were launched 2,317 miles apart.
How far apart will they be exact 1 minute before they collide?
Mr White, Mr Green and Mr Brown met for lunch one day. One man was wearing a white tie, another was wearing a green tie and the third was wearing a brown tie. "Isn't it funny," said Mr Brown to the others, "that not one of us is wearing a tie which matches our name?" "That's true," agreed the man wearing the green tie. Can you now say which colour tie each man was wearing?
What happens to metal when it is heated? It expands – we all know that! So, if you heat up the metal ring below so that it expands, does the hole in the centre get bigger or smaller?
Have a look at the image below; you'll see four matchsticks arranged in the shape of a glass with the head of a fifth matchstick slap bang in the middle of the glass shape. The challenge is to move ONLY two matchsticks so that the glass is re-formed in the same shape but the little matchstick head is out of the glass. You ARE NOT allowed to touch/move the little matchstick head!!
Tip: the glass may be on its side – left or right, or even upside down when complete but it has to be the same shape.
How did you get on? Are you a logic grand master or a work in progress? Well, it's time to find out, here at the answers to the 9 Logic Puzzles Which Will Make You Think.
From the second cut the number of the cut is equal to how many new pieces are made. So the 4th cut makes 4 more – total of 11. 5th cut – 5 more – total of 16 and the final 6th cut makes 6 more pieces so the answer is 22.
The answer is C. The movements would simply cancel each other out. Worth a try if you don't believe us.
Very easy this one. Of course the answer is 3. If you take 2 socks out you might have one red and one blue. The 3rd sock has to be either a red or blue so bingo! There's your pair.
Another (fairly) easy one when you think about it. Ignore the useless information which at first you think you need.
Add these two speeds together, equals 30,000 mph moving toward a stationery point (the collision). 30,000 mph divided by 60 = 500 miles per minute. And that is the answer! 1 minute before impact the distance will be 500 miles. The distance at the beginning was a bluff to fool you. Did it work?
Mr Brown asks the initial question to which the man in the green tie agrees. The man in the green tie must have been either Mr Green or Mr White who agreed, yes? As he was wearing a green tie and none match, we know this was Mr White. And there we have it!
Mr White = green tie, Mr Brown = white tie and Mr Green = brown tie.
A heated metal ring expands outwards proportionally, so everything gets larger, including the hole.
I know "out of the glass" as "pooper scooper", where you start the other way around, so the little matchstick head (the poop) is outside the scooper and you need to get the poop on the scooper, by moving 2 matches and not the poop.


text:
Home Culture Spain's General Election & Catalonia Independence – World Liberty Weekend
Spain's General Election & Catalonia Independence – World Liberty Weekend
The Catalonia independence movement breathed a sigh of relief last weekend as the Spanish Socialist Worker's Party, who is more friendly to their cause, won the most seats in Spain's general election, and would just need support from the smaller parties to remain in power. Spain's proportional representation system ensured the party 123 of the available 350 seats through achieving 29% of the vote. Thankfully, the conservative People's Party, headed by the vocally anti-separatist leader Pablo Casado, lost 69 seats, meaning that talks of Catalan independence will likely continue.
The region's failed independence referendum in October 2017 was a hot topic for this election. Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez, of the Socialist Party, has shown to be more open to talks with the Catalan people despite being against the movement, which Casado and Albert Rivera, of the center-right Ciudadanos, used to claim that Sanchez of wanting to break apart Spain. Polls showed that enough undecided voters fell within the margin of error to allow for all possible outcomes, and the newly formed far-right Vox party (which gained 24 seats) was a bit of a wildcard.
This state of affairs is a demonstration of how governments only want their people to leave by their rules, and how Europeans are increasingly losing their faith in their political institutions. Catalans have long tried to be a separate entity from Spain, but continue to have that ripped away by the will of governing authorities.
Catalonia has been at odds with the Spanish government for nearly 100 years. From 1931-1939, the region was semi-autonomous and Spain had the intention of creating a federalist model, but when Francisco Franco's military rebellion took control of the country, he canceled the autonomy charters for all regions. The soon-to-be dictator wanted to "cleanse" all foreign influence from the country and make Spain culturally homogenous.
Kings and other political leaders had long been trying to force the Catalans to adopt Spanish as their official language. A dynastic marriage in the 12th century first merged the then country into the Kingdom of Aragon and centuries later another marriage would merge Castile, the country Franco sought for all of Spain to emulate, and modern Spain would be born. The Catalan people have long felt that they were distinct from the rest of the Spanish speaking kingdom, and according to Catalan history professor Paul Freedman the country "[saw] themselves as always having been more entrepreneurial and modern than Castilians, who they see as more concerned with power and religion and honor and purity of blood."
The region has continually had its culture try to be suppressed by authorities, but when General Franco passed away and democracy was restored in 1977, it regained its autonomy. They gained even more autonomy in a 2006 statute which described them as a nation. In 2010 when the Constitutional Court in Madrid ruled that there was no legal basis for recognizing Catalonia as a nation in Spain the separatist rhetoric was revived. Catalonia responded with growing tensions which peaked at an independence referendum in 2017 that was declared illegal by the Spanish government.
Police were filmed beating Catalan voters and dragging them from polling stations after the declaration. They also used axes to break down doors of schools used for voting and fired rubber bullets into crowds of people. Over 800 people required medical assistance as a result of police action, and despite the violence, 43% of citizens were able to vote with 90% voicing their desire to be independent.
For willingly ignoring the Spanish government's demands, the deputy prime minister blamed the Catalans "absolute irresponsibility" and a European official said Spain's response was correct and that "excessive actions might endanger [the Spanish government's] legitimacy."
Government's do not want their citizens to leave, and will make it as difficult as possible to prevent it. This can be seen in Catalonia; it can be seen in the fees and back taxes that the United States will charge a person to renounce their citizenship. Imagine if Brexit had been more lopsided towards leaving the EU. Had there been less certainty by politicians that the movement would fail, would the British government have declared the vote illegal in the same fashion?
The lesson is clear: if citizens try to leave the country without permission by governing bodies, they will harm them to prevent it. Even if 80% of citizens in Catalonia had the opportunity to cast their ballots, the massive majority of yes votes from 43% would still see an affirmative on independence. It was this certainty of Spain losing power that politicians used to justify using violence of their citizens who dared to defy them.
Since joining the Libertarian Party in 2016, Luke Henderson has been active in the liberty movement through journalism and political activism. Luke is an educator, composer of fine art and electronic music, and also contributes to Think Liberty, Antiwar.com and the Libertarian Coalition.
Latest posts by Luke Henderson (see all)
The Philippine War on Drugs Has Murdered Thousands – World Liberty Weekend - July 12, 2019
Pride Month & Worldwide Queer Rights – World Liberty Weekend - July 5, 2019
The Cuban Fight For Liberation, and How You Can Help – World Liberty Weekend - June 29, 2019
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