text:
Engineering and Technology - Research article
Electrochemical performance of sulfone-based electrolytes in sodium ion battery with NaNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 layered cathode
THANH DUY VO
AN LE BAO PHAN
BINH THANH TRAN
NAM PHAM PHUONG LE
PHUNG MY LOAN LE
Section: Engineering and Technology - Research article
Introduction: Sulfolane (SL), having an edge of low melting point over other sulfones, has been adopted as an electrolyte co-solvent for lithium-ion battery (LIB), as it exhibits high stability against oxidation and combustion while not causing much side effects to the battery electrochemistry. It is therefore expected that SL may serve as a safety-enhancing agent in sodium-ion battery (SIB). To evaluate the effect of SL content on the behavior of common carbonate-based sodium electrolytes as well as the compatibility of SL-based electrolytes with NaNi1=3Mn1=3Co1=3O2 (NaNMC) cathode, mixtures of 0, 10, 20, 30 or 50% vol. SL and each of the following, EC:PC 1:1 vol. (EP11), EC:DMC 1:1 vol. (ED11), EC:PC:DMC 1:1:3 vol. (EPD113) and EC:PC:DMC 3:1:1 vol. (EPD311), with or without 1M NaClO4, were studied with regard to both inherent properties and performance in NaNMC half-cells.
Methods: Solvent flammability was evaluated via the self-extinguishing time (SET) and ignition time indexes. Conductivity and viscosity were respectively measured by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Ostwald method. Electrochemical techniques, i.e. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Galvanostatic Cycling with Potential Limitation (GCPL), were used to test the sodium-ion battery performance.
Results: A moderate amount of SL (typically below 30% vol.) proved to enhance both electrolyte non-flammability and self-extinguishing behavior, while maintaining an acceptable compromising rate in viscosity and conductivity. Amongst 30%-SL electrolytes, EPD311-based ones allow the best Na+ diffusion when combined with NaNMC cathode in sodium half-cell configuration. The corresponding system gives satisfactory performance: initial specific capacity of 97 mAh.g-1, 92% capacity retention, and above 90% reversibility after 30 cycles at C/10 rate.
Conclusion: SL can be used as a stabilizing co-solvent for SIB, but its content should be limited to below 30% vol. to ensure its effectiveness.
Sodium-ion battery (SIB) has recently emerged as a promising alternative to the prevailing lithium-ion battery (LIB), due to its better sustainability and suitability for large-scale applications, e.g. electric vehicles and grid storages 1 . Similar to its lithium predecessor, SIBs generally suffer from unguaranteed fire safety that arises from high volatility and flammability of the commonly used electrolyte solvents, i.e. organic carbonates 2 , 3 , 4 . Introducing a co-solvent with low vapor pressure and high burn-resistance, such as ionic liquids, sulfones and phosphates, proved to be a promising solution for this problem, as previously shown 4 , 5 , 6 .
Sulfone compounds are well-known for their excellent stability towards oxidation, including oxidative combustion. Besides, due to high polarity arising from the two S-O bonds, they are able to allow good salt solvation and high charge-transport number. And although sulfones are generally unable to form a protective layer on commonly-used graphitic anodes 7 , it was discovered recently that the use of appropriate anode binder, Li salt and electrolyte additive may help 8 , 9 . The only real limitation that prevents most sulfones from being attractive as an ambient-temperature electrolyte co-solvent for LIB (as well as SIB in the future) is their point.
Being one of the rare examples of low-melting sulfones, sulfolane (SL, also known as tetramethylene sulfone) has unsurprisingly received much interest from the LIB community, either as an electrolyte solvent, co-solvent or additive. As expected, SL exhibits desirable properties for a safe electrolyte solvent: wide liquid range (melting point T m = 27.5 o C and boiling point T b = 285 o C), high flash point (T f = 165 o C) and high dielectric constant (ε = 60 at 25 o C). The stability-related advantages have also been well-demonstrated to be inheritable to SL-based electrolytes without much compromise in electrochemical capability. For example, 1M LiPF 6 in SL:EMC 1:1 vol., while being about 20 times less flammable than its counterpart (EC:EMC 3:7 vol.), was still able to work well in a LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 /Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 full-cell, even after 1000 cycles at 2C rate 6 . More recently, Kurc et al . 10 showed that solutions of various Li salts in SL solvent, with or without a small amount of vinyl carbonate additive, exhibited comparable flash point to SL and remained finely stable after 20 cycles working in LiNO 2 half-cell at up to C/2 rate.
Considering the analogies between LIB and SIB, we expect that SL acts as a powerful co-solvent for SIB electrolyte. To evaluate the effects of SL on the behavior of carbonate-based sodium electrolytes and estimate the appropriate SL content, we investigated the mixtures of 0, 10, 20, 30 or 50% vol. SL with each of the four common carbonate combinations, namely EC:PC 1:1 vol. (EP11), EC:DMC 1:1 vol. (ED11), EC:PC:DMC 1:1:3 vol. (EPD113) and EC:PC:DMC 3:1:1 vol. (EPD311), either in the absence (applied in flammability tests) or presence (all other tests) of 1M NaClO 4 . Important parameters of SL-contained electrolytes, including SET, ignition time, viscosity and conductivity, as well as their dependence of SL content were determined. We also managed to figure out a favorable range for SL content although the optimal value has yet to be concluded. The electrolytes with favorable SL content were then tested and compared in terms of electrochemical performance in NaNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 (NaNMC) half-cell.
Electrolyte and cathode composite preparation
Carbonate solvents including ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), propylene carbonate (PC), sulfolane (SL) and NaClO 4 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) with high purity (> 99.0%) and stored in glove box under argon atmosphere ([H 2 O] < 10 ppm). Carbonate mixtures (EP11, ED11, EPD113 and EPD311) were first prepared by mixing the components, then mixed with 0, 10, 20, 30 or 50% vol. SL; 1M NaClO 4 was finally added. At the end of each step, the mixtures were stirred for 8-12 hours.
NaNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 was synthesized by co-precipitation method. The hydroxide precursor Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 (OH) 2 was prepared by dripping 10 mL of 3M aqueous solution of Ni(NO 3 ) 2 , Co(NO 3 ) 2 and Mn(CH 3 COO) 2 following the stoichiometric ratio into 25 mL of 4M NaOH solution. The reacting system was kept at 50℃ and stirred at 500 rpm for 15 hours. The product was then filtered at low pressure and washed by distilled water until pH became neutral. The powdered Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 (OH) 2 was then dried under vacuum at 100℃ for 15 hours. A homogeneous mixture of hydroxide product and Na 2 CO 3 (5% excess) was calcined following a three-step solid state process: 500℃ for 6 hours, 900℃ for 36 hours, and then quenching immediately in Argon filled glove box.
Cathode composite was prepared by mixing 80% wt. NaNMC powder, 15% wt. carbon C65 (Timcal) and 5% wt. PTFE binder (Sigma-Aldrich). The resulting paste was laminated and then cut into 10-mm-diameter round disks. Both processes were carried out in glove box.
Figure 1 . SET (a) and ignition time (b) measurement set-up.
All flammability tests were performed on electrolyte solvents (carbonate-SL mixtures, without salt) only. Solvent flammability was assessed via two parameters: the self-extinguishing time (SET) and the ignition time. In the SET measurement ( Figure 1 a ), a fixed amount of solvent immobilized on a 14-mm-diameter piece of Whatman paper was exposed to a burner for 3 s at the distance of 13 cm to trigger ignition. The time the sample continues to burn after removal from the flame, i.e. the SET, was recorded and normalized against solvent mass (as proposed by Xu et al. 11 ). Regarding the ignition time measurement ( Figure 1 b ), the solvent (100 μL, unless otherwise stated) was placed on a metallic container and ignited from the distance of 10 cm and the inclination angle of 45 o vs . vertical. The time it takes to form a sustainable flame was recorded and regarded as the solvent ignition time. All reported SETs and ignition times are average values calculated from the results of 5 experiments.
Conductivity and viscosity measurements
Electrolyte ionic conductivity was determined by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) recorded on Bio-Logic VSP3 instrument in the frequency range of 10 Hz to 1 MHz. Sample (0.5 mL each) were placed in a dip-type glass cell of known cell constant (CDC749 conductivity cell, radiometer, and distance between Pt electrodes (fixed at 4 mm). The samples were kept at the desired temperature for 120 minutes prior to measurement. Viscosity determination was conducted on an Ostwald CANON 150 viscometer (Canon, Tokyo, Japan). Sample temperature was adjusted by a controlled-temperature chamber.
Electrochemical techniques were performed on Bio-Logic MGP2 instrument using Swagelok half-cell with Na metal foil (Aldrich, battery grade) as anode, glass microfiber paper (Whatman, GF/D) soaked in one of the concerned SL-based electrolytes as separator, and as-prepared NaNMC composite as cathode. Cell assemblage was conducted in glove box.
Cycling Voltammetry (CV) was carried out in the voltage range of 2 V – 4 V vs . Na, at various scan rates ranging from 0.01 to 0.20 mV.s -1 . From the slope of I p (peak current) vs . v 1/2 (square root of scan rate) plot, Na + diffusion coefficient (D Na ) values were calculated using Randles-Sevcik equation:
where I p is the peak current (A), n is the number of charge transferred, A is the electrode area (0.785 cm 2 ), D Na is Na + diffusion coefficient (cm 2 .s -1 ), C Na is the Na + concentration of the cathode (mol.cm -3 ), and v is the scan rate (V.s -1 ). Cycling test was performed at C/10 rate and also in the voltage range of 2 V – 4 V vs . Na.
Figure 2 expresses the dependence of solvent SET values upon SL content. In general, with the addition of SL, SET values initially decreased to reach a minimum at around 20% to 30% vol. SL, before sharply rising up. This suggests that while SL, at a reasonable content, does exhibit flame-retardant effects, its presence in excessive amount may be detrimental to the solvent self-extinguished behavior. It was also noted that SET values of DMC-rich solvent families, i.e. ED11- and EPD113-based ones, tended to be lower than those of other families.
Figure 2 . SET of carbonate-SL solvent families at various SL contents . The self-extinguishing nature of electrolytes is enhanced when a small amount of SL is added. However, when exceeding 20-30% vol., SL may promote the electrolyte flame sustainability due to its heat-economical combustion.
Table 1 Ignition time of pure SL seems not to depend on the sample amount and is much larger than carbonate solvents
SL vol. (μL)
Ignition time (s) 10.23 ± 0.26 9.77 ± 0.35 10.25 ± 0.35 10.52 ± 0.22 10.24 ± 0.46
Mean ignition time: 10.22 ± 0.38 s
The ignition time values of pure SL are shown in Table 1 . In order to verify the relationship between ignition time and sample amount, we included SL samples of different volumes (from 100 to 500 μL) in our experiment. The results indicate that regardless of sample volume, a sustainable flame was formed after around ten seconds of ignition, indicating that ignition time is an intensive property. Accordingly, ignition time values may be reported in second(s) without further normalization. Moreover, from those data, the ignition time of pure SL was found to be 10.22±0.38 s, which is superior to that of traditional carbonate solvents. It is therefore not surprising that the ignition time values of all concerned solvent families increased 1.5 – 2 fold with the addition of the first 10% vol. SL. and continues rising with further increase in SL content, as can be seen in Figure 3 .
Figure 3 . Ignition time of carbonate-SL solvent families at various SL contents . Electrolytes that are rich in SL or cyclic carbonates (EC and PC) are generally more difficult to ignite. The increase in ignition time with SL content, however, is not simply linear.
Figure 4 . Viscosity η (a) and ionic conductivity σ (b) of carbonate-SL electrolyte families at 350C vs . their SL content . As SL content increases, viscosity increases and conductivity decreases. EPD311-based electrolytes exhibit the highest conductivity, as their relatively high viscosity is compensated by good ionicity.
Figure 4 shows the viscosity and ionic conductivity at 35 o C of various carbonate-SL electrolytes as a function of their SL content. In all cases, the viscosity exhibits a positive correlation towards SL content, while the ionic conductivity, as expected, follows an opposite trend. Another point worth considering is that despite not standing out in terms of fluidity, 1M NaClO 4 in EPD311 + SL demonstrates good ionic conductivity, perhaps amongst the best ionic conductivity of interested electrolyte families.
Figure 5 . CV curves of NaNMC half-cell using 1M NaClO 4 in mixture of 30% vol. SLand (a) ED11, (b) EP11, (c) EPD113 and (d) EPD311, as electrolyte. Scan rateswere 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.16 and 0.20 mV.s -1 .The peak names (I p,a1 , I p,c1 , …) are shown for thepurpose of peak identification. Except EPD113-based electrolyte, the otherswork well with NaNMC material.
Table 2 Diffusion coefficient of Na + ion in NaNMC half-cells employing 30%-SL electrolytes .1M NaClO 4 was used as electrolyte solute in all cases. EPD311-basedelectrolyte generally allows the most effective Li diffusion
Electrolyte solvent 1013 DNa (cm2.s-1)
Ip,a1 Ip,c1 Ip,a2 Ip,c2 Ip,a3 Ip,c3 Ip,a4 Ip,c4 Ip,a5 Ip,c5
ED11 + 30% SL 0.68 1.8 11 12 0.73 2.5 5.5 1.2 4.6 12
EP11 + 30% SL 1.0 0.33 14 11 0.94 7.4 6.7 1.9 5.3 16
EPD311 + 30% SL 0.71 - 20 12 1.6 9.0 9.6 2.3 7.1 18
The ability of 30%-SL electrolytes to facilitate Na + intercalation kinetics in NaNMC half-cell was tested to provide a preliminary evaluation of their feasibility in SIB. Figure 5 shows the multi-scan-rate CV curves of NaNMC cathode in our 30%-SL electrolytes. Except for the EPD113-based system, which decomposed only after the first scanning cycle, the other three electrolytes are compatible with NaNMC material as their CV profiles reveal clear and relatively reversible redox peaks. That being said, because EPD311-based electrolyte allows highest Na + diffusion coefficient at most redox events, as evidenced in false , it apparently outperforms the other system. Accordingly, we tested the charge-discharge performance of NaNMC in 1M NaClO 4 in EPD311 + 30%SL electrolyte. As shown in Figure 6, the system demonstrates an initial discharging capacity of 97 mAh.g -1 , along with 92% capacity retention after 30 cycles at C/10 rate. The Coulombic efficiency remains steady at around 90-95% throughout the test.
Figure 6 . Voltage vs . capacity (a) and capacity vs . cycle number (b) plots for NaNMC half-cell using 1M NaClO 4 in EPD311 + 30% vol. SL as electrolyte . The cycling performance is relatively stable at C/10 rate.
The addition of SL has significant impacts on the overall behavior of traditional carbonate-based electrolytes. On the one hand, SL can greatly reduce the solvent flammability and, thus, the battery fiery hazards, if its content lies within a specific range (around 30% vol.). Considering SL low volatility and flammability, it is expectable that increasing SL content results in better SET and ignition time indexes. Although this is mostly the case at low SL content, one should notice that the solvent self-extinguishing nature started to decline when the SL content exceeds a threshold value and is presumably large enough for the combustion of SL to be triggered. It is likely that flame-resistant substances, such as SL, EC and PC, are able to sustain their flame for a long time once they get ignited, as their combustion rate is reasonably low and the heat loss during combustion is thus limited. In this way, the aforementioned low SET values of DMC-rich solvents as well as other similar observations reported in previous studies 3 , 4 can also be explained. On the other hand, SL inevitably thickens the electrolyte solutions and, as a result, compromises their ionic conductivity to a certain extent. However, the conductivity loss corresponding to the addition of up to 30% vol. SL remains at around 20%-30%. We believe that such a sacrifice is practically acceptable and may barely interfere with the battery performance, given that the rate determining step of Li + intercalation process is usually the diffusion through the cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI) and/or within the solid electrode, rather than the ionic conduction in liquid phase. In brief, the results of flammability tests as well as viscosity and ionic conductivity measurements suggest that the addition of a moderate SL amount, i.e. below 30% vol., is generally favorable to improve the safety profile of our electrolytes.
Amongst tested electrolytes, the EPD113-based one is the one with the most subjects, as well as the only one that underwent oxidative decomposition during cycling test with NaNMC material. Although high DMC content clearly signifies the low anodic stability of EPD113-based electrolyte, its oxidation at such a low voltage as 4 V vs . Na + /Na is unexpected and may result from direct exposure to the catalytic transition metals in cathode material. A comparison between Na + diffusion coefficients in the other three systems reveals that the EPD311-based is the most compatible with NaNMC material, suggesting that either too low or too high DMC content in the electrolyte (as in EP11- and ED11-based ones, respectively) is not ideal in terms of promoting Na + diffusion kinetics. The underlying reason has yet to be fully investigated, but we believe that it can be associated with the effects of different CEI behaviors. Cycling test results confirm that the EPD311-based electrolyte/NaNMC half-cell works well at regular cycling rate to give typical NaNMC charge-discharge profile as well as high specific capacity, capacity retention and cycling reversibility.
CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVE
Carbonate-SL electrolytes were investigated in terms of their inherent properties as well as their electrochemical performance in NaNMC half-cell. In general, increasing SL content in the range of 0-30% vol. proportionally reduces the electrolyte fire hazard at an acceptable expense of conductivity drop, based on the SL-case. SL compromises both the battery safety and performance aspects. Amongst 30%-SL electrolytes, the EPD311-based one exhibits the best compatibility with NaNMC material. Their combination operated smoothly at C/10 rate, yielding 97 mAh.g -1 discharging capacity, above 90% reversibility and 92% capacity retention after 30 cycles. It is suggested to test the compatibility, including interfacial electrochemistry, Na + intercalation kinetics and cycling performance, of carbonate-SL electrolytes towards SIB anode as well as other cathode materials. This helps to ensure and diversify their applicability in full SIB cells.
SL : sulfolane
SIB : sodium-ion battery
LIB : lithium-ion battery
EC : ethylene carbonate
PC : propylene carbonate
DMC : dimethyl carbonate
EP11 : EC:PC 1:1 vol.
ED11 : EC:DMC 1:1 vol.
EPD113 : EC:PC:DMC 1:1:3 vol.
NaNMC : NaNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2
SET : self-extinguishing time
D Na : diffusion coefficient of Na + ion
CEI : cathode-electrolyte interface
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.
All the authors contribute equally to the paper including the research idea, experimental section and written manuscript.
The authors acknowledge funding from Viet Nam National University of Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM) under the project number C2019-18-08.
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Key laboratory of Applied Physical Chemistry (APCLAB), VNUHCM-University of Science
Email I'd for correspondance: vodthanh@hcmus.edu.vn
Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, VNUHCM- University of Science
Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, VNUHCM- University of Science Key laboratory of Applied Physical Chemistry (APCLAB), VNUHCM-University of Science
VO, T., PHAN, A., TRAN, B., LE, N., & LE, P. (2019). Electrochemical performance of sulfone-based electrolytes in sodium ion battery with NaNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 layered cathode. Science and Technology Development Journal, 22(3), 335-342. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v22i3.1682
Linh Thi-My Le, Thanh Duy Vo, Hoang Van Nguyen, Quan Phung, Man Van Tran, Phung My Loan Le, Physical and electrochemical properties of mixed electrolyte 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and ethylene carbonate as electrolytes for Li-ion batteries , Science and Technology Development Journal: Vol 22 No 1 (2019)
Thanh Duy Vo, Trung Minh Phung, Hoang Quoc Duy Hoang Truong, Linh Thi My Nguyen, Oanh Hoang Nguyen, Phung My Loan Le, Physical-chemical and electrochemical properties of sodium ion conducting polymer electrolyte using copolymer poly(vinylidene fluoride- hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP)/ polyethylene oxide (PEO) , Science and Technology Development Journal: Vol 22 No 1 (2019)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Why exactly is eval evil? I know that Lisp and Scheme programmers usually say that eval should be avoided unless strictly necessary. I've seen the same recommendation for several programming languages, but I've not yet seen a list of clear arguments against the use of eval. Where can I find an account of the potential problems of using eval?
For example, I know the problems of GOTO in procedural programming (makes programs unreadable and hard to maintain, makes security problems hard to find, etc), but I've never seen the arguments against eval.
Interestingly, the same arguments against GOTO should be valid against continuations, but I see that Schemers, for example, won't say that continuations are "evil" -- you should just be careful when using them. They're much more likely to frown upon code using eval than upon code using continuations (as far as I can see -- I could be wrong).

A: Another couple of points on Lisp eval :

*

*It evaluates under the global environment, losing your local context.

*Sometimes you may be tempted to use eval, when you really meant to use the read-macro '#.'  which evaluates at read-time.

A: eval (in any language) is not evil in the same way that a chainsaw is not evil.  It is a tool.  It happens to be a powerful tool that, when misused, can sever limbs and eviscerate (metaphorically speaking), but the same can be said for many tools in a programmer's toolbox including:

*

*goto and friends

*lock-based threading

*continuations

*macros (hygenic or other)

*pointers

*restartable exceptions

*self-modifying code

*...and a cast of thousands.

If you find yourself having to use any of these powerful, potentially dangerous tools ask yourself three times "why?" in a chain.  For example:

"Why do I have to use eval?"
  "Because of foo."  "Why is foo
  necessary?"  "Because ..."

If you get to the end of that chain and the tool still looks like it's the right thing to do, then do it.  Document the Hell out of it.  Test the Hell out of it.  Double-check correctness and security over and over and over again.  But do it.

A: Like the GOTO "rule": If you don't know what you are doing, you can make a mess.
Besides from only building something out of known and safe data, there's the problem that some languages/implementations can't optimize the code enough. You could end up with interpreted code inside eval.

A: Eval is just unsecure.
For example you have following code:
eval('
hello('.$_GET['user'].');
');

Now user comes to your site and enters url http://example.com/file.php?user=);$is_admin=true;echo(
Then the resulting code would be:
hello();$is_admin=true;echo();

A: Eval is fine, as long as you know EXACTLY what is going into it. Any user input going into it MUST be checked and validated and everything. If you don't know how to be 100% sure, then don't do it.
Basically, a user can type in any code for the language in question, and it will execute. You can imagine for yourself how much damage he can do.

A: "When should I use eval?" might be a better question.
The short answer is "when your program is intended to write another program at runtime, and then run it". Genetic programming is an example of a situation where it likely makes sense to use eval.

A: Eval is not evil. Eval is not complicated. It is a function that compiles the list you pass to it. In most other languages, compiling arbitrary code would mean learning the language's AST and digging around in the compiler internals to figure out the compiler API. In lisp, you just call eval.
When should you use it? Whenever you need to compile something, typically a program that accepts, generates or modifies arbitrary code at runtime.
When shouldn't you use it? All other cases.
Why shouldn't you use it when you don't need to? Because you would be doing something in an unnecessarily complicated way that may cause problems for readability, performance and debugging.
Yeah, but if I'm a beginner how do I know if I should use it? Always try to implement what you need with functions. If that doesn't work, add macros. If that still doesn't work, then eval!
Follow these rules and you'll never do evil with eval :)

A: There are several reasons why one should not use EVAL.
The main reason for beginners is: you don't need it.
Example (assuming Common Lisp):
EVALuate an expression with different operators:
(let ((ops '(+ *)))
  (dolist (op ops)
    (print (eval (list op 1 2 3)))))

That's better written as:
(let ((ops '(+ *)))
  (dolist (op ops)
    (print (funcall op 1 2 3))))

There are lots of examples where beginners learning Lisp think they need EVAL, but they don't need it - since expressions are evaluated and one can also evaluate the function part. Most of the time the use of EVAL shows a lack of understanding of the evaluator.
It is the same problem with macros. Often beginners write macros, where they should write functions - not understanding what macros are really for and not understanding that a function already does the job.
It often is the wrong tool for the job to use EVAL and it often indicates that the beginner does not understand the usual Lisp evaluation rules.
If you think you need EVAL, then check if something like FUNCALL, REDUCE or APPLY could be used instead.

*

*FUNCALL - call a function with arguments: (funcall '+ 1 2 3)

*REDUCE - call a function on a list of values and combine the results: (reduce '+ '(1 2 3))

*APPLY - call a function with a list as the arguments: (apply '+ '(1 2 3)).

Q: do I really need eval or does the compiler/evaluator already what I really want?
The main reasons to avoid EVAL for slightly more advanced users:

*

*you want to make sure that your code is compiled, because the compiler can check code for many problems and generates faster code, sometimes MUCH MUCH MUCH (that's factor 1000 ;-) )faster code

*code that's constructed and needs to be evaluated can't be compiled as early as possible.

*eval of arbitrary user input opens up security problems

*some use of evaluation with EVAL can happen at the wrong time and create build problems
To explain the last point with a simplified example:
(defmacro foo (a b)
  (list (if (eql a 3) 'sin 'cos) b))

So, I may want to write a macro that based on the first parameter uses either SIN or COS.
(foo 3 4) does (sin 4) and (foo 1 4) does (cos 4).
Now we may have:
(foo (+ 2 1) 4)

This does not give the desired result.
One then may want to repair the macro FOO by EVALuating the variable:
(defmacro foo (a b)
  (list (if (eql (eval a) 3) 'sin 'cos) b))

(foo (+ 2 1) 4)

But then this still does not work:
(defun bar (a b)
  (foo a b))

The value of the variable is just not known at compile time.
A general important reason to avoid EVAL: it is often used for ugly hacks.

A: IMO, this question is not specific to LISP. Here is an answer on the same question for PHP, and it applies to LISP, Ruby, and other other language that has an eval:

The main problems with eval() are:

*

*Potential unsafe input. Passing an untrusted parameter is a way to
  fail. It is often not a trivial task
  to make sure that a parameter (or part
  of it) is fully trusted.

*Trickyness. Using eval() makes code clever, therefore more difficult
  to follow. To quote Brian Kernighan
  "Debugging is twice as hard as
  writing the code in the first place.
  Therefore, if you write the code as
  cleverly as possible, you are, by
  definition, not smart enough to debug
  it"

  The main problem with actual use of
  eval() is only one:

*

*inexperienced developers who use it without enough consideration.

Taken from here.
I think the trickyness piece is an amazing point. The obsession with code golf and concise code has always resulted in "clever" code (for which evals are a great tool). But you should write your code for readability, IMO, not to demonstrate that you're a smarty and not to save paper (you won't be printing it anyway).
Then in LISP there's some problem related to the context in which eval is run, so untrusted code could get access to more things; this problem seems to be common anyway.

A: The canonical answer is to stay away.  Which I find weird, because it's a primitive, and of the seven primitives (the others being cons, car, cdr, if, eq and quote), it gets far and away the least amount of use and love.
From On Lisp: "Usually, calling eval explicitly is like buying something in an airport gift-shop. Having waited till the last moment, you have to pay high prices for a limited selection of second-rate goods."
So when do I use eval?  One normal use is to have an REPL within your REPL by evaluating (loop (print (eval (read)))).  Everyone is fine with that use.
But you can also define functions in terms of macros that will be evaluated after compilation by combining eval with backquote.  You go
(eval `(macro ,arg0 ,arg1 ,arg2))))

and it will kill the context for you.
Swank (for emacs slime) is full of these cases.  They look like this:
(defun toggle-trace-aux (fspec &rest args)
  (cond ((member fspec (eval '(trace)) :test #'equal)
         (eval `(untrace ,fspec))
         (format nil "~S is now untraced." fspec))
        (t
         (eval `(trace ,@(if args `(:encapsulate nil) (list)) ,fspec ,@args))
         (format nil "~S is now traced." fspec))))

I don't think it's a filthy hack.  I use it all the time myself to reintegrate macros into functions.

A: There have been many great answers but here is another take from Matthew Flatt, one of the implementers of Racket:
http://blog.racket-lang.org/2011/10/on-eval-in-dynamic-languages-generally.html
He makes many of the points that have already been covered but some people may find his take interesting nonetheless.
Summary: The context in which it's used affects the result of eval but is often not considered by programmers, leading to unexpected results.

A: I like Zak's answer very much and he has gotten at the essence of the matter: eval is used when you are writing a new language, a script, or modification of a language. He doesn't really explain further so I will give an example:
(eval (read-line))

In this simple Lisp program, the user is prompted for input and then whatever they enter is evaluated. For this to work the entire set of symbol definitions has to be present if the program is compiled, because you have no idea which functions the user might enter, so you have to include them all. That means that if you compile this simple program, the resulting binary will be gigantic.
As a matter of principle, you can't even consider this a compilable statement for this reason. In general, once you use eval, you are operating in an interpreted environment, and the code can no longer be compiled. If you do not use eval then you can compile a Lisp or Scheme program just like a C program. Therefore, you want to make sure you want and need to be in an interpreted environment before committing to using eval.

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text: - Reference to **1:50** enlarged plan in H series

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We ground ourselves in the lived experience of women and families.
We strive to support those who face the greatest barriers to equity and opportunity, and we seek to amplify the leadership of grassroots groups and women of color who are fighting for social justice.
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Passionate about mission: We are deeply committed to creating a more just and equitable country for all people.
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Nigeria's Aliko Dangote sole African in Bloomberg's top 100 billionaires
Cyprus-based Woodbrook enters Middle East by buying Dubai's Mondial
Bank Indonesia makes key rate cut as economy slows down, exports drop
UAE's United Arab Bank cuts 150 jobs in efforts to reduce costs
The bank conducted an assessment that found an 'excess capacity' in its human resources
The UAE's United Arab Bank cut 150 jobs last week as part of its cost-saving measures, Reuters reports. The bank said in a statement that it found an 'excess capacity' in its human resources after conducting a thorough assessment.
"Letting go of talent is never an easy decision," it said. The United Arab Bank job cuts decision affected mainly, junior and middle-level staff and select senior positions.
Last month, the bank appointed Ahmad Mohammad Abu Eideh as its new chief executive officer. The new CEO's appointment was in efforts to reinforce the services, provide more benefits to the customers, and generate significant revenue for the shareholders.
In recent times, banks in the UAE have reduced job positions under various circumstances such as economic slowdown and consolidation in the banking sector.
Last September, the government of Sharjah was considering a merger between Invest Bank, Bank of Sharjah, and the United Arab Bank. The initiative came as part of an effort to help Invest Bank with its high bad debt ratios, partly owing to the underperforming real estate and construction sectors.
However, the bank's shareholder Commercial Bank did not appear very keen on the merger. Commercial Bank chief executive Joseph Abraham said in a statement "Our focus remains on executing the agreed strategy of UAB, and merger discussions are not a priority as we believe there is significant potential in UAB."
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text:
Abike Kafayat Oluwatoyin Dabiri-Erewa  (born 10 October 1962 ) is a Nigerian politician and former member of the Nigeria Federal House of Representatives representing Ikorodu Constituency in Lagos State. She was the Chairman of the House Committee on Media & Publicity.

She was also the former Chairperson of the House Committee on Diaspora Affairs, and was elected for the first time in 2003, and re-elected in 2007 and 2011.

In 2015, she was appointed as the Senior Special Assistant to President Muhammadu Buhari on Foreign Affairs and Diaspora. In November 2018, Dabiri-Erewa was given a new role of Chairman/CEO of Nigerians in Diaspora Commission. The letter for the confirmation of her appointment was sent to the Senate in 2018 by the Presidency but was delayed until May 2019 when the Senate confirmed her appointment.

She was also a supporter of "Together Nigeria"; an independent advocacy group launched to work towards President Muhammadu Buhari's 2019  re-election bid.

She is the incumbent Chairman/CEO of Nigerian in Diaspora Commission.

Career
Dabiri-Erewa worked for the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) for fifteen years, anchoring the weekly NTA News line programme and taking a particular interest in poverty and social justice issues. She retired from her position at Nigerian Television Authority to stand for election in the House of Representatives, winning with a substantial majority. While in this role, she stood against the third term bid of former President Olusegun Obasanjo.

She was the Chairperson, House Committee on Media in Federal House of Representative from 2003 to 2007, Honourable Member, Federal House of Representative from 2003 to 2007, Board Member, Lagos State Broadcasting Corporation Vision 2010, Honourable Member, Federal House of Representative from the year 2007 to 2011.

Education
Dabiri-Erewa attended Maryland Private School, Maryland, Ikeja for her primary school education, and St. Teresa's College, Ibadan for her secondary education. She obtained her first degree in English Language from the University of Ife (now Obafemi Awolowo University, OAU) Ile – Ife. She obtained a post graduate diploma (PGD) in mass communication and also a master's degree in mass communication from the University of Lagos, Akoka. She also studied in the United States at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government.

Bills Sponsored
Dabiri-Erewa sponsored a number of significant bills that were passed by Parliament, including:
The Freedom of Information Bill
A Bill for an act to ensure full integration of Nigerians with physical disabilities and eliminate all forms of discrimination against them.
The Nigerian Infant Health Welfare Bill (ensuring every child under five receives free medical care)
Nigerian Diaspora Commission Bill
A Bill to repeal Nigerian Press Council Bill and replace it with the Nigerian Press and Journalism Council Bill (strengthening the NPC and                              promote responsible journalism and protect the welfare of journalists in Nigeria).

Journalism Bill Controversy
In 2009, Dabiri-Erewa sponsored a Bill before the Nigerian Federal House of Representatives that would grant the freedom to practice journalism only after obtaining certain qualifications. The bill received public criticism, and was seen as an attempt to gag the media. There was a concern that the change would serve to enable tyranny and nepotism since most of the board appointments would be made by the President and/or Government executive members. In a morning TV program aired on November 30, 2009, Dabari-Erawa denied aiding corruption and hindering media freedom, stating that the bill would serve to professionalise journalism in Nigeria.

Personal life
Dabiri-Erewa was born to the family of Alhaji and Alhaja Ashafa Erogbogbo of Ikorodu. Her father, Alhaji Ashafa Erogbogbo is one of the children of late Alh. Sule Erogbogbo of Adegorunsen Compound, Ajina square, Ita – Agbodo, Ikorodu. Her paternal grandmother, Alhaja Alimotu Erobogbo is from Bello Solebo family of Ita – Elewa Square, Ikorodu. She is married to Segun Erewa.

On the 4th of August 2015, her name appeared in National dailies as part of prominent personalities who have non performing loans with Nigeria Deposit Money Banks. Reacting to this development, she sent series of tweets to debunk the claim citing mistaken identity and that she owes no one.

Eventually the Bank in question responded by sending an apology in dailies for their erroneous mistake.

See also
Glory Emmanuel Edet

References

External links

 Parliamentary website
 Official website - House Committee on Diaspora Affairs
 Abike Dabiri debunks alleged N122m debt says she owes no one
Official website
Nigerians in Diaspora Commission (NIDCOM)

Living people
Yoruba women in politics
People from Jos
Obafemi Awolowo University alumni
University of Lagos alumni
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
21st-century Nigerian women politicians
21st-century Nigerian politicians
Members of the House of Representatives (Nigeria)
Women in Lagos politics
Nigerian women journalists
Yoruba women journalists
Nigerian television journalists
Women television journalists
1962 births

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L: 32" x W: 31" x H: 33"
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text:
Mentha laxiflora, the forest mint, is native to moist woodland in eastern Australia (Victoria, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory).

This plant usually flowers from September to March and has a usual size of . The flowering is present with 4–8 lobed flowers on short stalks that are mauve pink to white. It grows in damp soils in mountain forests and is used by Aborigines for medicines.

References

External links

laxiflora
Endemic flora of Australia
Plants described in 1848


To enhance quality of life in Wood Buffalo by ensuring every KID can afford to have fun.
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St Albans (Lat. Villa Sancti Albani or Villa Albani) is a city in southern Hertfordshire, England, around 22 miles (35 km) north of central London, which forms the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans. It is a historic market town, and is now a sought-after dormitory town within the London commuter belt. Property prices are notoriously high within the district, which is one of the most expensive in the UK.
Between 1403 and 1412 Thomas Wolvey, formerly the Royal Mason, was engaged to build "Le Clokkehouse" in the Market Place. It is the only extant mediaeval town belfry in England. The tower's design was based on the Clock House at Westminster Palace that the architect Henry Yevele (Wolvey's master) built in 1365. The Clock Tower was used to sound the curfew until 1863. The Tower was also used as a semaphore station from 1808 to 1814 during the Napoleonic Wars. The architect George Gilbert Scott restored the structure of the tower in 1865-6; he also added the gothic spire and parapets.
The local authority is St Albans City Council, which also calls itself St Albans City and District Council and St Albans District Council. The irregular sounding name reflects the diverse nature of the area covered, with two main urban areas and several villages; typically districts with the status of cities are known simply as Cities, for example the City of Peterborough or the City of York.


In 2006, the Florida Supreme Court rejected a class action lawsuit by Floridians who died or were the victim of smoking-related illnesses against tobacco companies but the court did open the way for individual litigation. The court upheld findings that tobacco companies intentionally misled the Florida public about the health risks and addictive qualities of cigarettes. They also found that smoking causes certain diseases such as lung and throat cancer, and heart disease. The verdict concluded that cigarettes are unreasonably dangerous and therefore tobacco companies may be liable for the illnesses and deaths caused by their products.
In product liability cases, a plaintiff can sue for a number of damages. These include medical expenses, loss of wages, pain and suffering and other punitive damages. The medical costs associated with the serious illnesses caused by tobacco products can be immense and can be compounded if the illness causes absences or an inability to work. Lawsuits against big Tobacco companies can be incredibly lucrative for the plaintiff and because of the Supreme Court's ruling, there is already a legal precedent to win these cases.
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text:
Critics At Large
Independent reviews of television, movies, books, music, theatre, dance, culture, and the arts.
Meet the Critics
David Churchill (1959-2013)
Song and Dance, Part II: Fosse/Verdon
Sam Rockwell and Michelle Williams in Fosse/Verdon.
Sam Rockwell's portrait of Bob Fosse – the legendary director-choreographer whose body finally succumbed to drugs, alcohol, nicotine and workaholism at the age of sixty, in 1987 – in the eight-part F/X miniseries Fosse/Verdon is one of those rare dramatic reincarnations of a celebrity that you feel, as you watch, you will retain forever in your mind alongside the work of the real one. (Some other examples: Judy Davis as Judy Garland and Geoffrey Rush as Peter Sellers, both also in TV dramatizations, and Annette Bening as Gloria Grahame in the 2017 movie Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool.) I saw Rockwell was at the Williamstown Theatre Festival in 2000 in the supporting role of the desk clerk in a production of Lanford Wilson's The Hot L Baltimore, which is set in the lobby of a low-rent residential New York hotel. The director, Joe Mantello, staged a pre-show during which some of the members of the ensemble wandered on and improvised behavior that sketched in their characters before we heard any of the dialogue Wilson had scripted for them. I can't remember what any of the other actors did because Rockwell made his simple tasks so interesting – so detailed and so quirky – that my companion and I kept our eyes on him the whole time. And nearly twenty years later, his performance, in the margins of the show, is the only one I still recall. I had already started spotting him in movies like Galaxy Quest and Michael Hoffman's version of A Midsummer Night's Dream, where he exhibited the same distinctive combination of focus, precision and humor, all guided by an unpredictable perspective, as if his character occupied some space in the world that no one else had ever noticed before. Both those movies came out in 1999; Rockwell has played dozens of roles since, many of them in bad or forgettable movies, and I haven't always liked him. (I hated his Oscar-winning performance in Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri, but it would be unfair to pin the blame on Rockwell, since nothing in that repellent movie made an iota of sense.) But I think his gifts are both outsize and off-kilter, and when he's good he can be sensational. He was the best thing about Vice, for instance, drawing on impressive resources for satirical impersonation to play George Bush Jr. But what he does as Bob Fosse goes way beyond impersonation, though he gets down the man's slouching grace and his sexy slightness and the way the cigarette tucked insouciantly in the corner of his mouth completed him as definitively as it completed Bette Davis or Humphrey Bogart. Rockwell gets inside Fosse – his compulsions about work and sex, his ambition and unsatisfiable perfectionism, his cynicism about show business and about his own talents, the erotic charm that was generated as much by his world-weariness as by his persistence and the appeal of being around his genius.
It's easy in our current culture to reduce Fosse to a masculine cliché, a seducer who uses his talent and position to get the women he wants even though they know he's incapable of remaining faithful to them or that they're helping him cheat on someone else; perhaps the most haunting scene in Michelle Williams's portrayal of Gwen Verdon, the indelible musical-theatre star who became first his muse and then his wife, is the one, early in the series, where she meets the fading Joan McCracken (Susan Misner), his second wife, whom she replaces in his bed just as Joan replaced his first wife, Mary Ann Niles – all dancers – and the thought that she's stealing the husband of a dying woman makes her sick to her stomach. And some critics, I know, have done exactly that, questioning whether we should bother to watch a drama about yet another bad-news bad boy. There's no way to answer this kind of complaint, if you really think that the story of one of the signal talents of the musical theatre isn't worth telling because you don't like the way he related to women, or if you prefer to wag a finger at his behavior rather than exploring the complex psychology that explains it. But for those of us who believe that the construction of great art or entertainment is a worthy subject in its own right and who don't think that sexual conduct should be subjected to a grading system, the story of this relationship is fascinating.
Thomas Kail (the celebrated director of Hamilton) and Steven Levenson (the book writer of Dear Evan Hansen), who developed the series, adapted Sam Wasson's 2014 biography Fosse, which is a remarkable piece of work. Wasson's analysis of his subject is simultaneously deeply sympathetic and surgically exact. He peels away one layer after another, and no matter how many times Fosse marches through the same behavioral patterns – not only with the women he clings to even as he serially betrays them, but also in the lies he tells routinely about his drinking and drug-taking, his refusal to accept the triumphs in his career (after winning the show-biz Triple Crown, the Oscar for Cabaret, the Emmy for Liza with a 'Z' and the Tony for Pippin, he winds up in a psychiatric institution for suicidal depression) – the book never repeats itself. Moreover, Wasson is a first-rank theatrical historian, drawing on a staggering breadth and depth of information to situate Fosse's work, beginning with his choreography for the 1954 Damn Yankees (starring Verdon as Lola) and the musical-theatre era in which he came up. I couldn't absorb the book fast enough. I grew up with Fosse and Verdon. My parents were big Verdon fans; the original cast album of Damn Yankees was one of the first LPs I can remember listening to, and I saw the movie version, starring Verdon, when I was eight or nine, around the same time my dad took me to see Redhead, the first show Fosse directed as well as choreographed, on Broadway. When I was a teenager my mother and I saw Verdon in Fosse's Sweet Charity, and after Cabaret made film history in 1972 I made sure not to miss a single Fosse movie or stage production, including his calamitous swan song, Big Deal (which contained one amazing number, "Beat Me Daddy Eight to the Bar"). Wasson's bio is a treasure trove for a long-time fan like me; reading it, I felt as if I was looking at the work I know so intimately with new eyes. That's especially true of Chicago, Verdon's last starring vehicle, which went through an acrimonious rehearsal period, received mixed reviews, lost the Tony Award to Michael Bennett's A Chorus Line and then turned around to become a big hit. I remember vividly seeing it on Broadway in 1975, but until I read Wasson's book I knew very little about its trials and tribulations, which included extraordinary tension between Verdon and Fosse.
Michelle Williams in Fosse/Verdon. (Photo: Eric Liebowitz/FX )
Fosse/Verdon begins with the film version of Sweet Charity, Fosse's debut as a movie director, which he got because the star, Shirley MacLaine, insisted on it. But it includes flashbacks to Damn Yankees and to Fosse's teenage dancing career, when his teacher and mentor, with the tacit, uninformed approval of his mother, allowed him and his partner to perform in seedy burlesque houses. (Wasson underscores the effect of his early sexual experiences at the hands of strippers on his sexual attitudes as well as his push-pull attraction-repulsion with regard to show business. His analysis is extremely convincing.) And because Kail and Levenson have expanded the subject matter to include Vernon as a co-protagonist, we also get a few flashbacks to her early life, too – her abusive father, her child performances, her disastrous first marriage to an older man who got her pregnant, and her expert training by the tyrannical choreographer Jack Cole. There are two problems with this shared-protagonist structure. The first is that there's so much material that it becomes unwieldy, and you can't work out exactly what the central dramatic idea is. The second is that, aside from the sections of Wasson's book that deal with Verdon, Kail and Levenson don't have a source as rich for the sections that focus on her, so some of them are underwritten (especially in the middle episodes) and they start to repeat themselves. This isn't helpful to Williams, who gives a sporadically terrific performance but can't prevent some parts of it from going flat and other parts from descending into melodrama. In Wasson's account, Verdon doesn't object when Fosse's career eclipses her own: though she gets to recreate Lola in the movie of Damn Yankees, she never becomes a movie star and isn't even considered for the Sweet Charity film, though everyone seems to know (and it's true) that she was a far better Charity than Shirley MacLaine. And she displays remarkable patience with Fosse's peccadilloes, even though his philandering eventually drives her out the door; she spends her life as his caregiver, even after they've separated and she's moved in with the actor Scott Brady (played by Nicholas Baroudi, in a colorless performance). In the miniseries, she is permitted explosions of anger, and they should make her character more interesting. But they're not exactly high points in the writing; they have a stock quality. (A blow-out climactic speech about all the ways in which Verdon has held Fosse him up through decades of marriage and artistic collaboration is a bit of an embarrassment.)
Dozens and dozens of actors pass through the series and many of them are canny visual matches for the real-life show-biz characters, but most of them don't get much to do. Misner makes the most of her few scenes as Joan McCracken and Keane-eyed Margaret Qualley is excellent as Ann Reinking, the dancer who was, after Verdon, the most important woman in Fosse's life. (Later she was instrumental in the still-running Broadway revival of Chicago, which she starred in, though that's outside the purview of Fosse/Verdon.) Young Blake Baumgartner makes a lovely impression in a few episodes as Nicole Fosse, Bob and Gwen's daughter, but Juliet Brett, who takes over the role when Nicole becomes a troubled teenager, falls victim to sparse screenwriting. Norbert Leo Butz and Nate Corddry are strong casting choices for the parts of Fosse's closest friends, Paddy Chayefsky and Neil Simon, but no one has written characters for them to play. (His other screenwriting pal and lunchtime companion, Herb Gardner, has been left out of the adaptation.) Aya Cash has a few scenes as Joan Simon, Neil's first wife and Gwen's best friend, who dies young of cancer, and though he doesn't have much to do, Lin-Manuel Miranda is an ideal choice for Roy Scheider, who played Fosse's alter ego in his 1979 movie All That Jazz. Paul Reiser shows up as Cy Feuer, the producer who keeps trying to derail Fosse while he's shooting Cabaret, but he's miscast. We get brief glimpses of George Abbott (who directed Damn Yankees), John Kander and Fred Ebb (Chicago's songwriters), Liza Minnelli, Ben Vereen, Chita Rivera, Hal Prince, choreographer Michael Kidd, Joel Grey, Jerry Orbach, Debbie Allen and others, and an ambitious attempt is made to recreate the choreography of numbers like Sweet Charity's "Big Spender" and Cabaret's "Mein Herr." But who wants to see a Liza Minnelli look-alike leading some highly competent dancers in "Mein Herr" when you can watch the original?
Still I got engrossed in Fosse/Verdon, for all its faults. Williams may not have the triumph with Gwen Verdon that she had with Marilyn Monroe – partly because she's not quite right physically, though she does a good job with her trademark vocal quiver. But her best scenes are very fine indeed, and there are a lot of those. And you can't afford to miss Sam Rockwell. His best scene is at Chayefsky's memorial, where – making good on a smart-ass promise he made to his friend while he was alive – he executes a sandman dance, introducing it by saying to the assembled crowd of mourners that he hopes he won't offend anybody. It's such an obvious gift of love that you can't imagine anyone – in this group especially – seeing it as anything else. And I can't imagine that anyone who sees it will ever forget it.
– Steve Vineberg is Distinguished Professor of the Arts and Humanities at College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, where he teaches theatre and film. He also writes for The Threepenny Review and is the author of three books: Method Actors: Three Generations of an American Acting Style; No Surprises, Please: Movies in the Reagan Decade; and High Comedy in American Movies.
Posted by Critics at Large at 11:00 AM
Labels: Dance, Steve Vineberg, Television
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Tumult!: The Incredible Life and Music of Tina Turner
by Donald Brackett
Frank Zappa FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the Father of Invention
Read John Corcelli's book that answers all questions about American composer, Frank Zappa.
Long Slow Train: The Soul Music of Sharon Jones and the Dap-Kings
Ballerina, by Deirdre Kelly
Back To Black by Donald Brackett
In Paperback on Nov 22, 2016.
The Empire of Death
by David A. Churchill
The Man Who Saw a Ghost
Read Devin McKinney's new book on The Life and Work of Henry Fonda.
Artificial Paradise
Read Kevin Courrier's book on The Dark Side of The Beatles' Utopian Dream.
High Comedy In American Movies
Read Steve Vineberg's book on Class And Humor From The 1920's To The Present.
Read Susan Green and Randee Dawn's Law & Order Special Victims Unit: The Unofficial Companion
That Line of Darkness (Vol 1 & 2)
Read Bob Douglas's two volume work on the spirit of the gothic
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Gaining weight is a passive process while losing weight is a ruthless active process which can absorb you physically, physiologically and psychologically. But if you are determined enough to conquer this battle then we are with you. You can start journal about your food intake, habits and physical activities throughout the day which will give you a clear picture of your aim and helps in developing a strategy to achieve it. There are many shortcut products for weight loss are available in market like pills, weight loss programs and supplements but we will suggest you to go for the conventional way of weight loss which involves a healthy diet and workout plan. But guess what, we will also share some secret tips here which involves new diet strategies, eating practices and behaviors.
People always suggest eating variety of food but even eating single bite of different type of food can loathe you with calories. A research report states that more food option tends makes a person eat more. For instance, if you provide French fries with catsup and mayonnaise then people would like to try both flavors with French fries hence they will eat twice. Therefore, we suggest you to opt for fewer options in food and keep variety only in case of nutrients on your plate.
Swedish researchers have found out that barley has hunger suppressing abilities and thus it has potential of becoming new oatmeal for the breakfast. The barley and rye kernels maintains the blood sugar level since they contain carbs with low glycemic index which increase the blood sugar level with low rate as compared to other carbs. The research reports provide evidences for hulled barley and not for the pearl barley so that it cannot be claimed that the effect of pearl barley would be same as hulled barley.
According to a nutritionist of Boston University, people used to take vegetable salad without or little dressing which makes them hungry by early evening. Eating salad in lunch is a great dietary idea if you add some protein and little fat to it as it will keep you full for longer hours and there is less chances of having a cheat meal.
Fresh fruits and veggies are a great idea but some people find the cleaning, cutting, chopping practices troublesome and go for instant solution like packet of chips or other processed food items. That is why; it is suggested to stock up frozen fruits and veggies in your refrigerator. The best thing about them is they are ready to eat or cook items then you have no excuses of cleaning or chopping. Cook them in advance so that you can munch on them when you have cravings.
Prepare a large vegetable or fruit platter for yourself or you can share it with your family or health conscious guests. Keep it in the front level of your fridge and encourage yourself to munch on it several times a day. Studies have proved that we have tendency to eat those food which comes first within our reach.
If spending time in hot sauna can burn calories then spending few hours in a chilly room should not be underestimated. Low temperature of 61 Fahrenheit stimulates the fat burning process of the body. When brown fat which is also known as "good fat" is exposed to low temperature it enhances its metabolic rate to 15 fold which burn the extra calories. It is found that lean people have more brown fat rather than the white fat which has calorie storage property. So, try to spend some time in a chilly house instead of a sauna.
The bigger plate you have the more food you will put into it. Try to serve your meals in small plates which help you in eating less. Eat several times a day on the small plate and it will help you in keeping full means less cravings for the day.
When you found out that you have made a progress then reward yourself with a treat. Make this an excuse to go out to get your favorite yoghurt or candy. You will find that when you reach for your favorite food item your craving for it will subside.
The idea can be sound funny but it will affect you psychologically. When you will try your skinny jeans and couldn't fit into it then you will double up your effort. Trying the jeans on weekends prevents you turn away from your weight loss promise and you will not take benefit of holidays.
This trick is for your motivation and it requires you to click some front, back and side pictures of yourself. You can paste it on your mirror and compare yourself with those pictures every day. It will act as a reminder for you that you have to look more healthy and fit.
Banaba is a medicinal plant and found in Southeast Asia and Philippines. It has medicinal properties which help in diabetes and weight problems. It helps in lowering down the blood sugar level and enhances the utilization of insulin by the body.
Olive oil is used for salad dressing and in cooking as it has great taste but scientist has proved that it helps has many medicinal properties which include taking care of your heart, fighting off stomach bugs, curing stomach upsets but in one sentence it takes care of your overall health. Olive oil helps in losing weight as its smell and consumption gives you a sense of fullness for longer hours which makes you eat less.
Cinnamon is a prebiotic and helps in digestion, reduces cholesterol, lower down blood sugar level. It helps in losing weight by processing the sugar in a healthy manner and thus prevents the body from fat storage. Teaming up cinnamon with honey can take care of your heart, immune system, sore throat besides weight loss.


When do we feel loved?
We put special focus on the ''positive relationships'' dimension of the self-reported well-being state by considering cognitive evaluations of feeling loved as an crucial variable. The goal is to study cognitive aspects of how the feeling of being loved is experienced by the receiving individual. Specifically, we will evaluate through the use of psychometric modeling what it is that makes people feel loved, and explore whether people broadly agree on indicators of feeling loved. Moreover, we examine whether an individual's ability to recognize the state of being loved is related to other factors.


ELISA-VIDITEST anti-TBEV kits are intended for the diagnosis of the infection caused by Tick borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), e.g. encephalitis or meningoencephalitis. Kits can also be used for differential diagnosis of neuroinfections and follow-up of the protective antibody titers in immunized persons.


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Mob Lawyer Isaiah Leebove for Mobster Arnold Rothstein & Purple Gang Ties Original 1938 Press Photo
All > Original Photos > Historical Photos
Offered is an original 6.5" x 8.5" 1938 Vintage Press Photo by ACME.
Isaiah Leebove, Leading Midwest oil operator and former New York City Attorney who was once the lawyer for Arnold Rothstein, the gambler who was killed in a New York hotel, was shot and killed in the bar room of the Doherty Hotel in Clare, Michigan.
Isaiah Leebove, 42, chairman of the Board of Directors of the Mammoth Producing and Refining Corporation of Clare had been shot dead. Not only was Leebove shot, but his attorney, Byron Geller, had suffered two bullet wounds to the left thigh.
Historic photo of one of the most notorious 1930's mob lawyers!!


To be successful in woodwork construction the possession of two secrets is essential—to know the right joint to use, and to know how to make that joint in the right way.
THE chief charm of Astronomy, with many, does not reside in the wonders revealed to us by the science, but in the lore and legends connected with its history, the strange fancies with which in old times it has been associated, the half forgotten myths to which it has given birth.
A Guide for those who wish to prepare and mount animals, birds, fish, reptiles, etc., for home, den, or office decoration.


View this slideshow of screens from drchrono's iPad EHR. Using the iPad's streamlined functionality and convenient technologies like speech recognition, the EHR offers customizable forms and efficient workflow.
drchrono's EHR uses the iPad's built-in camera to allow providers and patients take photos, so that each patient's record has a headshot. The patient details screen has the patient's contact and appointment information. A sidebar shows other appointments for the day.
Click on the images to enlarge. Images courtesy of drchrono.
The EHR offers accurate medical speech-to-text technology. Tap the screen, speak and the text appears in the record.
The physical exam screen has multiple fields for entering vital information, as well as details specific to the patient's condition. Providers can customize any clinical form in the drchrono EHR.
A list of all the medications a patient is taking helps eliminate confusion. The EHR also allows doctors to fill out prescriptions and send them to any retail pharmacy location in the United States.
The EHR also allows providers to view images, and share them with the patient. The FreeDraw functionality lets providers make freehand drawings on anatomical diagrams, X-rays or any other file and embed them into the patient record.
The screen shown above is where providers enter CPT and ICD codes. There is a handy search function, to make entering codes more efficient. The simple design makes it easy to verify that the information entered is correct.


A home study is a review of you, your family and your homeenvironment. It assists U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), as well as a foreign country's adoption authority, in determining whether you and your home environment would be suitable for a child. Home study preparation requirements vary provided for the post by International Adoption research blogger and columnist.
This entry was posted in adoption agencies, home study, intercountry adoption, international adoption, international adoption agencies, orphans, parenting and tagged adoption agencies, home study, intercountry adoption, international adoption, international adoption agencies, New Child, orphans, Parenting. Bookmark the permalink.
So we see that acmeology and psychology of management and other fields related to psychology, professional development, elaborate the various methods aimed at optimizing the mental stability of personnel management. Currently, however, the system of higher education faces a number of difficulties in the way of implementation of humanitarian technologies, the practical implementation in education humanistic principles. Therefore, the main task of Geologov, in your opinion, to prepare professionals of public service is not only development, but also practical implementation in the system of continuous education integrated programs aimed at optimizing the mental stability of personnel management.
the availability of knowledge about different approaches to management, work on the creation of a complete picture of its management activities.
Cooperative and communicative type of reflection is activated when specially organized procedures for making group decisions and analyzing this process.
You must also use the reflexive diagnostics, to create conditions for the realization by state officials identified gaps between those components of professional activity, which they identify as necessary for innovative change and those, where they actually carry out these changes.
Another important component of creating a reflective environment and implementation of the cultivating effects is the creation of a relationship of co-creation. Reflective environment associated with the creative emancipation of the individual, this system of learning and developing relationships. The latter is possible only in the openness of relations in the team. A necessary condition-the principle of equality of psychological positions. Refers to the situation of bilateral cooperation. It is important to create the character interactions, which stimulates creative research professional experience, self-consciousness, self-development.
One of the effective ways of development of intellectual and personal reflection is to develop civil servants ' productive personal position in relation to itself and the search for solutions to creative challenges under particularly unfavourable and stressful for a productive process. Conditions, when the output of a problem-conflict situation is possible only through personal mobilization in the form of active reflection of the contradictions between the existing stereotypes and experience requirements of the situation. This lecture and didactic teaching methods, where the translation of knowledge about reflection.
The second way is the implementation of special forms of reflexive-acmeological, psychological-pedagogical influence, which are aimed at the intensive self-development, reflexive competence.
The third method involves self-reporting and analysis have already been implemented.
Reflection here is understanding the mechanism of partners for their success and failures in communication, rethinking the stereotypes of his behavior, the causes and conditions of their actualization.
Thanks to specially designed treatments, activates untapped intellectual, emotional and volitional capacity.
Awareness of various spheres were not previously conscious creates conditions for the holistic rethinking of the "I" as the subject of creativity.
Reflective-humanistic, cultivating a model of psychological and pedagogical influence has its own logic of deployment, and the first step and the main condition is to create a reflective environment conducive to the development of reflective abilities. The thinking is the presence of problem-conflict situations, and in activities – installation on cooperation, not on competition in the communication relationship, which is the availability of own human experience for the other and openness to experience another.
Each of the described components can be a subject reflexive awareness, rethinking, changing, i.e. professional self-improvement.
The development of reflective culture to optimize mental stability should be based on a holistic psycho-acmeological concept of reflective practice, with its own design principles (scenarioname) and implementation (co-creation).
Most often the development of reflective culture of innovative uses of games in which reflection is seen as an appeal to himself, his consciousness, thinking, consciousness and thinking of others.
For the development of communicative reflection is traditionally used socio-psychological training. There are two main approaches to the development of competence in communication. First, the development of social skills (training in business communication), and secondly, is the sensitivity training aimed at deepening the experience of living and analysis of the situation of communication.
The first type of training implies the main task of the development of specific instrumental skills, and the second is the personal growth of group members, resulting in improving the adequacy of self-perception, partner communication, situations of communication in General.
We believe it is necessary to note that the most important point while optimizing mental stability is the development of reflective culture of personnel management.
The essential component of reflective culture of civil servants is communicative, which implies the ability to work with people, to Express and protect their interests and to gain the confidence and credibility as a representative. By "will" of the state.
No less important is the awareness of civil servants of the grounds of their assuming office, the principles that guide them. As show results of sociological researches, reducing the efficiency of the civil service contributes to the conflict status of professional identity of the absolute majority of civil servants. This is due to the conflicting motives of their government service and evaluations of the real role they have to play everyday. On the basis of this outstanding personality-motivational component of the reflective culture, presents psychological characteristics of the civil servant, his personal and professional qualities (values, motives, goals, attitudes, etc.).
Because it is believed that the main result of the activities of the head-the adoption and implementation of managerial decisions as a product of intellectual activity of the subject of management. It must be allocated to subject-intellectual component that is directly associated with the content and specific activities of government officials and of the decisions made.
active involvement of professionals, leading experts and successful program of training, retraining, advanced training. When this is achieved the optimization of professional interaction.
assistance in developing personal contacts between civil servants (organisation for joint excursions, Museum visits, etc.).


Jon Huntsman, confirmed as the next U.S. Ambassador in Russia on Friday, has made little secret of what sort of diplomat he intends to be.
He will meet dissidents, end human rights abuses and help solve the conflicts in Syria and Ukraine, all while cultivating a "necessary" relationship with Moscow, he said during his confirmation hearing earlier this month.
The former Utah governor arrives to Moscow at a delicate time. A U.S. investigation into Russian electoral meddling is spiralling. Relations between the White House and the Kremlin are at a "low point," his predecessor John Tefft told The Moscow Times the day of his departure.
Nevertheless, if his confirmation hearing is anything to go by, Huntsman intends to live up to his reputation in Moscow as a hardliner.
Although Huntsman's testimony likely riled Russian officials, the Kremlin may learn to appreciate the new ambassador, says Vasily Kashin, an analyst at the Moscow-based Higher School of Economics.
When Huntsman was U.S. Ambassador in Beijing between 2009 and 2011, relations with China were precarious too. The United States was scrutinizing China's military buildup in the Pacific and the Chinese worried that then-U.S. President Barack Obama's "pivot to Asia" was antagonistic.
Huntsman did not always avoid controversy during his time in China. In 2011, he infamously walked through an anti-government protest, perhaps by accident, perhaps to remind Beijing that Washington was watching.
Having served as ambassador to Singapore under George H.W. Bush, Huntsman arrived to his post in Beijing well-versed in Asian affairs. It didn't hurt that he spoke Mandarin Chinese too.
But the 2012 U.S. presidential candidate and billionaire, whose family company has holdings in Russia, will arrive in Moscow a novice.
Jonathan Winer, a former diplomat in the U.S. State Department, described Huntsman as an "establishment, safe and conventional choice," who has earned respect from across both sides of the aisle in Washington.
Did Russia's New Ambassador to the U.S. Really Just Quote Lenin on Day 1?
"Huntsman dealt with a complex China relationship, so he can deal with a complex Russia relationship," Winer added.
Vladimir Frolov, a Russian political analyst, is less certain.
Huntsman will also be "hobbled by his lack of Russian, Frolov added. "Maybe he will read Mandarin signs at GUM and TsUM, but that would not get him too far," he quipped, referring to the iconic department stores.
Ariel Cohen, a senior fellow at the Atlantic Council and a specialist on Russia, stresses that while he believes Huntsman will be a success, it is the White House, not the ambassador, that will be dictating policy.
In any case, says Frolov, the bar measuring Huntsman's success should be set low.
The Kremlin has nothing to fear in Armenia's "Velvet Revolution," analysts say.


Lemon and lime slices floating on water full hd slow motion close up video. Cycle round fruit rotation mixing on white background. Juicy fruity citrus water.
Woman's hands removes seeds from the pomegranate.


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Microsoft and city of Louisville in talks over software piracy dispute
Phillip Bailey, courier-journal, 9/25/2017
Microsoft is examining Louisville Metro Government use of its software in a piracy dispute that could lead to a hefty bill for the city.
Interim Information Technology Director Grace Simrall, a top aide in Mayor Greg Fischer's administration, said the city and the technology giant are in talks over whether employees used more software than was allotted over the years.
"Microsoft raised the concern about licensing fees, and right now we're in discussion with our vendor about that," Simrall said.
Rob Scott
Robert represents mid-market and large enterprise companies in software license transactions and disputes with major software publishers such as Adobe, IBM, Microsoft, Oracle and SAP. He has defended over 250 software audit matters initiated by software piracy trade groups such as the BSA and SIIA. He is counsel to some of the world's largest corporations on information technology matters including intellectual property licensing, risk management, data privacy, and outsourcing.


The Wyoming Chiropractic Association is a group of Doctors that strives to maintain the rights, privileges, and integrity of the health care profession for which we participate. Established in 1927, the Wyoming Chiropractic Association is a professional organization representing Doctors of Chiropractic in the state of Wyoming. Its purpose is to provide leadership in healthcare and a positive presence for the chiropractic profession and its natural approach to health and wellness. The objectives of the Wyoming Chiropractic Association are to promote legislation favorable to Chiropractic, advance the Science, Art, and Philosophy of Chiropractic, and to establish and promote a closer interest professionally and socially between Chiropractors. As an association we provide continuing education opportunities for the doctors in the state.
The WCA is looking to hire an Executive Director (ED). We are looking for someone who has a love of chiropractic, is self-motivated, and has excellent organizational skills. This is a work from home position with very flexible hours. There will be some weeks that the ED will only spend a few hours and there will be a few weeks a year (the Spring Conference week, legislative time) that will require 40 hours. There will be some travel required that will be reimbursed. We do have some equipment such as a laptop, printer, office supplies, etc. that the ED would need to keep at their home. We need someone with a high level of digital literacy including common web tools.
The ED is the first point of contact for the association and will return phone calls and emails promptly. Yearly the WCA holds a Spring Conference. This year's conference is May 15-17, 2015. The orchestration of this event is carried out by the ED.
The ED will take minutes at monthly WCA board conference calls, produce and send out a monthly newsletter, and maintain the WCA website.
The ED works closely with the WCA President and Board and will perform other duties as assigned.


Cushion Filled Sole Pleather Upper,Crafted from faux leather upper with extra soft insoles and a textured rubberized outer sole for comfort traction. Each pair of our Sandals stands out in presentation, comfort, variety and style , and others will remember you wearing them!
They are a little narrow through the instep. The white upper top gaps out a little. Otherwise they're fine. I WOULDN'T purchase them again but it's not worth sending them back.