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The honeybee comb, which is highly similar among honeybee species, is a mass of six�Csided cells made by honeybees. It contains the brood, the honey and the pollen within horizontally�Carranged and parallel structures. The construction processes and the geometry of the hexagonal cells have been extensively studied since centuries. Although studies of the natural, full�Csized comb structure have been thoroughly performed in the past, the analysis of their early developmental stage size properties has not been investigated in detail. Here in particular, I found that the general two�Cdimensional elliptical form of the newly�Cconstructed honeycombs could be drawn into a rectangle of modules having values approaching either 2.00 or 1.62, where the module of the rectangle is the simple division of it's long by it's short side lengths. It is proposed here that the elliptical form of the early stage honeybee comb is not random, but is following mathematical rules reflecting some geometry intimately related to the golden ratio, also called golden mean or divine proportion. This mathematical presence of the golden ratio might reveal the effect of an inherent law of the Cosmos in the honeybees' world.
A honeycomb is certainly one of the most beautiful and impressive natural structures. It's study is not only allowing the understanding of the honeybees' natural conditions of living, but it is also a fascinating piece of natural wax architecture. The honeycomb is a crucial part of the honeybee's nest, whose composition, structure and function have been extensively reviewed . An exhaustive coverage of the synthesis and secretion of beeswax, its elaboration into combs and the factors that bear on the execution of these processes by honeybees has been reviewed elsewhere . In particular, the construction of the hexagonal cells and the regulation of the space between adjacent combs have been a matter of extensive research . Analyses of freely�Cbuilt combs in mixed or pure A. mellifera and A. cerana (Hymenoptera, Apoidae, Apidae) colonies, in terms of numbers of festoons, number of honeybee workers on festoons, percentage of irregular cells, cell size and patterns of newly built combs, have been presented elsewhere . The biological foundations of swarm intelligence of bees, ants and locusts have been extensively reviewed ; in the case of the honeybee, the pattern of the hexagonal cells in the combs can be thought to be the result of the darwinian natural selection, or the application of simple physical or mathematical rules . The formation of the hexagonal pattern itself can be explained by wax flowing in liquid equilibrium, in which ''the structure of the combs of honeybees results from wax as a thermoplastic building medium, which softens and hardens as a result of increasing and decreasing temperatures'' . These original results were supported later by independent researchers .
Physicians have proposed a mathematical model for honeycomb construction in which, via a set of dynamical coupled partial differential equations, the essential dynamical features of bee�Cbee and bee�Cwax interactions are integrated . This domain has been the subject of intensive research (reviewed in ). Two main mechanisms can hypothetically explain the hidden geometry of the honeycomb, namely the diffusion-limited aggregation , and the constructal theory .
I have certainly not the perception that mathematics is a dull subject with no connection to real life. As a scientist, I am also not " studying nature just because it is useful, but because it is beautiful" . Among many other scientists, I believe mathematics is nature's language. Sometimes this language is (very) complicated. Sometimes it is more simple, but not directly evident, or even hidden.
It is obvious that honeycombs do present, at peculiar stages during their growth progression, the signature or pattern of ellipses (Figure 1). This is a well�Cknown and widely accepted fact, since the normal sketch of the comb does possess an ellipsoidal form that is typically described by all of the authors involved in the study of the beeswax construction [13,14].
In this article, I am presenting circumstantial evidence that the elliptical honeycomb is based on the golden ratio. The golden ratio is an irrational number. It is represented by the Greek letter Φ or f (Phi) and has the value 1.6180339887, approximately . The value of Φ is calculated as (1 + √5) divided by 2. Throughout history, the golden ratio has been studied not solely by mathematicians and philosophers, but also by biologists, naturalists, artists, architects and musicians, since it was also for them an essential element for the creation and keeping of order, form and beauty [16,17]. The fascinating presence of the golden ratio in the early honeycomb is an additional stone in the edification of the Cosmos, in which it's ubiquitous presence can only be deciphered but not formally explained.
The experiments were conducted in a public land owned by the community of the village of Aclens (Vaud, Switzerland), with the informed consent of the legal authorities. The regular permission to perform beekeeping at this location was obtained from the Service de la Consommation et des Affaires Vétérinaires (SCAV ; Lausanne, Switzerland) du Canton de Vaud (beekeeper number : 5004/5621, since 2008). No specific permissions were required to perform the field experiments at this location, since beekeeping is regularly performed in this area. These field studies did not involve endangered or protected species. Eight healthy colonies (in Dadant�CBlatt hives) were employed for honeycomb analyses that were performed between March 2015 and July 2015. In each hive, two to three frames out of a total of eleven consisted of so�Ccalled "foundationless" frames  allowing close�Cto�Cnatural construction of the combs by the honeybees. As an apiary adviser in the Canton de Vaud (Switzerland), I followed the official beekeeping procedures provided by the Bee Research Center at the Agroscope Liebefeld�CPosieux (Berne, Switzerland) . During the previous autumns and winters, the Apis mellifera carnica honeybees have been treated against the varroa mite Varroa destructor with acetic acid and oxalic acid, essentially as recommended elsewhere . Bee hives were located 5 km north of the city of Morges (altitude 510 m above sea level; Switzerland). In the geographic area where the study took place, the bees usually begin foraging to collect nectar and pollen in early March, depending on the weather conditions. The hives were opened no more than once every seven to ten days, in order to keep the honeybees quiet most of the time. The presence of a laying queen and brood was regularly controlled. The observations of the frames and the honeycombs were performed following established and regular beekeeping practices, and did not harm the honeybees.
Figure 1. Some characteristics of the ellipsoid and the ellipses. Ellipsoid is the three�Cdimensional form characteristic of the early comb found in beehives. It contains three axes, denoted x (major axis), y (middle axis) and z (minor axis). Ellipses are two�Cdimensional and have two perpendicular axes about which the ellipse is symmetric. These axes intersect in the middle of the ellipse. The major axis is the longest distance between antipodal points of the ellipse. The smallest distance across the ellipse is the minor axis. Conventionally, the major radius of the ellipse is denoted a, whereas the minor radius is denoted b. The minor radius is kept constant in this figure. The ratio a/b can reflect the extension of the ellipse : ratios without units and having values of 1.50 (A), 1.70 (B), 2.00 (C) and 3.00 (D) are showing increasing vertical extensions.
Two main procedures were employed for the analysis of the honeycombs. First, natural and intact honeycombs presenting evident elliptical forms were sampled for measurements using a mechanical precision caliper. The same combs were photographed using a digital camera (Panasonic DMC�CTZ20 ; 3648 by 2736 pixels) followed by the analysis of the ellipses using the POWERPOINT software (Microsoft Corporation, Redmont, USA). For this, computer�Cgenerated ellipses were superimposed to each elliptical honeycomb in the picture, and the peculiar sizes (major and minor axes ; see  ) were obtained using 200% magnification through the format calculating routine of the computer program. These numbers are given with two decimals by the computer program. Second, pictures of honeycombs were searched in both the scientific or beekeeping literature and on the internet by using a mixture of several specific keywords (such as : Apis mellifera, dorsata, cerana, honeycombs, colony, wax, frames, comb building & construction, foundationless frames). The digital images were used as described above, or the pictures from books were scanned using a regular printer scanner. The sizes of the elliptical honeycombs were determined electronically as described above. In order to minimize distortions in the measurements, elliptical honeycombs showing both their major and minor axes in their maximal sizes were considered. Appropriate sampling procedures were employed as objectively as possible, except for the pictures to be chosen from the occasions when the honeycombs were presenting their major outlines to the observer, i.e., when they were not observed obliquely.
The statistics reported here are the mean ± 1 standard deviation. To test for the equality of two means, the unilateral Student t-test was employed with a level of significance α = 0.01. In order to asses, whether a single extreme value could be removed from each set of data, the Dixon test was employed, with a 5% unidirectional risk. After the removal of one extreme value in each set, the normality test from Shapiro-Wilk was employed, with a level of significance of 0.01.
Natural honeycombs that were built in hives containing 2 to 3 foundationless frames were found to possess evidence for a two�Cdimensional elliptical structure in their early stage of construction. Initial measurements of these honeycombs were performed using a mechanical caliper. This procedure is providing accurate values for the length of the middle axis of the ellipsoid, but not for its major axis, since the natural honeycomb does present a striction line and a gorge on its upper side, which is not allowing sufficiently accurate measurements. Therefore, this procedure of measurements was abandoned.
In order to obtain more accurate values with these measures, ellipses allowing the measurements of both the major and minor axes of the elliptical honeycomb were electronically drawn on the respective two�Cdimensional pictures. This procedure was performed with honeycombs originating from my own apiary (Figure 2), from the beekeeping and scientific literature (Figure 3) and from websites in the internet (Figure 4).
Figure 2. Honeycombs found in hives containing Apis mellifera carnica and foundationless frames. (A) Two honeycombs found under the inner cover of the hive. The striction line and the gorge are indicated by an arrow. (B) Honeycomb built in a 10 cm x 12 cm long frame employed for comb honey production. (C), (D), (E) Honeycomb built in a foundationless frame, which has an oblique wooden bar making a plane angle of α = 26.6° with the horizontal bars. All honeycombs were in the brood box, except in (B) in the honey super. The ratio a/b (length of the major axis divided by the length of the minor axis) is indicated for each ellipse by a number.
Figure 3. Honeycombs found in the scientific and beekeeping literature. (A) Apis mellifera capensis honeycomb ( (© EDP Sciences, Les Ulis, France). (B), (D), (F) Apis mellifera ligustica honeycombs  (© Bernadette Darchen). (C) Early combs from honeybees  (Bibliothèque Nationale de France : public domain). (E) :  (© Springer�CVerlag Berlin Heidelberg). The ratio a/b (length of the major axis divided by the length of the minor axis) is indicated for each ellipse by a number.
This revealed that two kinds of honeycomb ellipses could be found, according to the values of the ratio provided by dividing the length of the long axis by the length of the short axis of the ellipse. These values were found to range either consistently between 1.84 and 2.18 (except for one measure, 2.84 ; n = 28 allowing the generation of a first set of values with a mean 2.0046), or between 1.51 and 1.63 (except for one measure, 1.40 ; n = 16 for the generation of a second set of values with a mean 1.5706). These two sets with all their respective values were further compared together with statistical analyses that are summarized in the Table 1. Using the Student t-test, the t value was t = 1.42 x 10�C13. There is 99% probability that the full first set of values falls between the range of 1.9064 and 2.1029 (P <0.01). There is 99% probability that the second full set of values is comprised between 1.5270 and 1.6142 (P <0.01). Finally, the removal of the extreme value 2.84 in the first set of values, and the removal of the minimal value 1.4 in the second set of values, was acceptable for each set of data with a 5% unidirectional risk, as revealed by using the statistical Dixon test. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test performed on both new sets of values revealed that these values were normally distributed (p-value of 0.372 in the first set of values, n = 27 ; p-value of 0.172 in the second set of values, n = 15). When the full set of data is considered, the mean is equal to 1.847, and the confidence interval (alpha=0.05 ; standard deviation of 0.02 ; n=44) is equal to 0.392. Therefore, nothing relevant can be said about the values considered as a whole, thus justufying the generation of two statistically relevant sets of values.
To my knowledge, there is no systematic mathematical analysis of the ellipses and the ellipsoids formed by honeycombs in their early stages of construction that has been published in the scientific literature, yet. Although the scrutiny of honeycomb pictures in books or electronic sources is providing valuable data, there is unfortunately a lack of reports or scientific articles dealing with the statistical analyses of such ellipsoidal or elliptical honeycombs. Therefore, the comparison of the data presented in this article with the cognate published scientific or beekeeping literature is quite finical.
To date, an abundant and growing scientific literature is focused on the construction of the honeycomb and its hexagonal cells, the nature and production of beeswax, the manipulation of wax by honeybees, the nests and nesting, the self�Corganisation of nest contents, the wax gland complex and even the repair of experimentally dislocated cells or combs [13,14,31-34], reviewed in [2,3,35].
Figure 4. Honeycomb pictures found in internet. (A) Ottawa Honey House . (B) Natural Beekeeping Trust  (© The Natural Beekeeping Trust). (C)  Backyard Ecosystem (Photographer John Castro. Beekeeper Kevin Murphy and bees in urban Denver CO. Photo used courtesy of BackyardEcosystem.com). (D) Landwirtschaftlicher Informationsdienst  (© Landwirtschaftlicher Informationsdienst, LID). (E) Who's Robb ?  (© Lisa & Robb). (F) Chitra Katha Pvt.  (© Sidharto Rao). The ratio a/b (length of the major axis divided by the length of the minor axis) is indicated for each ellipse by a number.
Table 1. Two families of honeycombs according to their elliptical ratio.
is distributed between 1.51 and 1.63.
‡ Standard deviation. Calculus was performed with the EXCEL software (2010 version).
The ellipsoidal or elliptical forms of honeycombs have been recognised and attested by ancient and more recent authors [2,13,23,36]. My observations suggest that apart from their evident elliptical structure, early stage honeycombs present peculiar intrinsic mathematical properties. When the length of the long axis of the honeycomb ellipse is divided by the length of its minor axis, the resulting ratio is either very close to the number 2.00 or to the number 1.62, with high probabilities. The two rectangles circumscribing these ellipses are revealing the presence of the golden ratio, Φ, with high statistical probabilities.
In the future, similar observations could be obtained and confirmed by other researchers dealing with hives housing honeybees. Will all the early stage honeycombs fit to these observations? What factors are responsible for putative discrepancies? Do honeybee colonies build preferentially honeycombs with one of these two ratios, or both simultaneously, without any preferences? What are the benefits in terms of statics and building behavior ? Obviously to answer such questions satisfactorily is beyond the scope of this article based on the limited data sets available. A more thorough investigation is therefore needed, in which both the measures of the ellipsoid  and the ellipses found in honeycombs might be analysed with procedures involving either real three�Cdimensional printing or electronic two�Cdimensional pictures. A real�Ctime investigation in the hive would further allow a precise analysis of the development of the honeycomb.
In order to provide scientific explanations for the understanding of the growing process and the design of the elliptically�Cgrowing honeycomb, one should refer to two specific models. First, the diffusion�Climited aggregation (DLA) is a model in which the irreversible morphogenesis of the object arises with scale invariance [10,38]. It includes so�Ccalled reaction�Cdiffusion processes which are an essential basis for processes involved in morphogenesis in biology . The second model, the constructal theory, covers natural phenomena of organization and the occurrence of design and patterns in nature based on the laws of physics [11,40,41]. The constructal theory, as a self-standing principle, is distinct from the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Epistemologically, its inherent method proceeds from the simple to the complex ; philosophically, the constructal theory ''assigns the major role to determinism and contributes significantly to the debate on the origin of living systems'' [42,43].
Evidence was presented that ''honeybees neither have to measure nor construct the highly regular structures of a honeycomb, and that the observed pattern of combs can be parsimoniously explained by wax flowing in liquid equilibrium. The comb structure is a result of a thermoplastic wax reaching a liquid equilibrium'', and that "these interpretations would eliminate the need for bees to perform any mathematical calculations or complex measurements of length and angles'' . On the other hand, therefore, we should ask ourselves, whether honeybees do indeed perform calculations involving the golden ratio in order to generate the elliptical honeycombs. In other words : if the honeybees do not perform these calculations, how are such calculations performed ? This provocative question encompasses the mathematical, the philosophical, the teleological and/or the spiritual relevance or the ubiquitous presence of the golden ratio in nature .
According to the philosopher Immanuel Kant, artworks are made by rational agents : ''For though we like to call the product that bees make (the regularly constructed honeycombs) a work of art, we do so only by virtue of an analogy with art; for as soon as we recall that their labor is not based on any rational deliberation on their part, we say at once that the product is a product of their nature (namely, of instinct)'' . In the years 1850s, Charles Darwin explained the evolution of the honeybee's comb-building abilities, which was essential for the generation of his theory of natural selection. In order to explain the hexagonal geometry of the bee cells, he personally performed experiments and wrote many letters, the latter being extensively reviewed elsewhere . However, none of these two philosopher or naturalist studied the global elliptical nature of the honeycomb considered as a whole.
The construction of the early honeycomb by honeybees is not a random process, but is following mathematical rules involving the golden ratio. When this honeycomb is presenting an ellipse circumscribed in the long square shown in Figure 5, it reveals a full set of proportions that are related to the golden ratio, as presented in full details elsewhere . When the honeycomb ellipse is circumscribed in the golden rectangle, other interesting properties, also involving the golden ratio, do emerge [48-50].
How the connection between mathematics and the world is to be accounted for remains one of the most challenging problems in philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, and general philosophy. A very important aspect of this problem is that of accounting for the explanatory role mathematics seems to play in the account of physical phenomena.  The golden ratio is an intrinsic and ubiquitous aspect in such physical phenomena .
We should ask ourselves, whether the early phases in the construction of the honeycomb is indeed reflecting the fractal geometry of nature . Fractal structures are abundant in living organisms, ranging from the genetic level, to tissues, organs, organisms and population levels . Moreover, both morphological fractals and temporal fractal structures have been shown to be present within organisms . The growth of the fractal structures has been extensively reviewed not solely for the mineral but also for the animal kingdom [58,60]. Fractal objects do present extremely rich variety of possible realizations of various geometrical objects, to which ellipses might be comprised.
Therefore, the study of the early elliptical honeycomb might thus provide one more note into the hearing of the symphony of life. The fact that the ratios of the honeycomb ellipses do not fit exactly with the values 2.000 or 1.618 can be explained by the observation that in the biological world, living systems are always only approaching their exact mathematical model .
The removal of one extreme value in both sets of data is supporting the hypothesis that these two extreme values might belong to a third set of values, namely ellipses circumscribed by rectangles having a ratio which is a multiple of the square root of 2, approximately. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the building of honeycombs by honeybees is following mathematical rules involving irrational numbers, namely the golden ratio and possibly the square root of 2. Further observations around the world will substantiate and confirm these early findings.
Might elliptical honeycombs with geometries close to the golden ratio reflect a relatively healthy hive ? Today, a widespread colony collapse disorder is affecting hives worldwide. As written elsewhere by a poet, novelist and nature writer, we have to ''create less mechanistic stories about A. mellifera'' ; in this ''alert to the plight of pollinators, writers and artists have begun retelling the bee's story''.
Figure 5. The double square ellipse and the golden ellipse in honeycombs. Left : a rectangle ABCD having its length AD twice longer as its width AB is called the double square. O is the centre of the rectangle. Numbers refer to the different lengths in arbitrary units. The length of the diagonal AC has the value √5. A circle with its centre in O and with a diameter equal to AB is intersecting the diagonal AC in T and U. The distance between the points A and T is equal to the golden ratio Φ = 1.6180339887, approximately (shown in red colour). The distance between the points A and U is equal to Φ�C1 = 0.6180339887, approximately. F and F' are the two foci of the ellipse circumscribed in the ABCD rectangle. This ellipse has a ratio (division of the length of the long axis by the length of the short axis of the ellipse) of 2. Its surface is twice the surface of the inner circle. This kind of ellipse is the one that is found in early honeycombs. Right : the golden ellipse comprised within the golden rectangle . An ellipse that would be circumscribed in the golden rectangle having a distance between A and D of 1.6180339887 approximately and a width of 1 is called the golden ellipse. This kind of ellipse is the second one that is found in early honeycombs.
The beehive itself is also, figuratively, a microcosm of the biosphere, a concise and comforting poetic image for the architectonics of ecology. Built out of the living substance of bee bodies, the combs of the hive evoke, in their intricate cell-structure, the architecture of niches that characterizes the biosphere . This architecture is the revelation and the representation of an ancient knowledge, called gnomonicity, related to the word gnomon . The word gnomon was originally given by the Hero of Alexandria, such as "the form that, when added to some form, results to a new form similar to the original". This is thus "a portion of a figure which has been added to another figure so that the whole is of the same shape as the smaller figure" . The addition of successive geometric gnomons to a figure does not alter its proportions, as it is the case for the early honeycomb (Figure 6). The mathematical and scientific explanation of the gnomonicity is thus avoiding the pitfalls of the widespread and unfortunate golden ratio mysticism.
Figure 6: The gnomonic growth of the ideally symmetrical early honeycomb. The elliptical gnomon is shown in yellow. It is resembling an "elliptical donut".
This research was performed under the full responsibility of the main author (D.F.) I thank Prof. Harald Berresheim for helpful comments and for the critical reading of the manuscript, Lawrence Michel for his advice in the statistical analyses, and Léonard Ribordy for his comment regarding the golden ellipse. This work is dedicated to the memory of the late mathematician Midhat J. Gazalé.
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44. Boeyens JCA, Thackeray JF. Number theory and the unity of science. S Afr J Sci. 2014; Art. #a0084. Available : http://www.sajs.co.za/sites/default/files/publications/pdf/Boeyens_SciCo.pdf. Accessed 1 May 2016.
45. Kant I. Critik der Urtheilskraft (Critique of the Power of Judgment). Berlin und Lidau; 1790. Available : http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1217. Accessed 1 May 2016.
46. Burkhardt F (2015) The evolution of honeycomb. Darwin Correspondence Project. University of Cambridge, UK. Available : https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/the-evolution-of-honey-comb. Accessed 1 May 2016.
47. Koelliker T. Symbolisme et Nombre d'Or - Le rectangle de la Genèse et la Pyramide de Khéops, avec fascicule-annexe de 48 figures. Paris: Les Editions des Champs-Elysées ; 1957.
48. Kapur JN. The golden ellipse. Internat J Math Ed Sci Tech. 1987; 18: 205-214.
49. Kapur JN. The golden ellipse revisited. Internat J Math Ed Sci Tech. 1988; 19: 787-793.
50. Huntley HE. The golden ellipse. The Fibonacci Quarterly. 1974; 12: 38-40.
51. Thompson DAW. On Growth and Form. New York: The MacMillan Company; 1942.
52. Adam JA. Mathematics in Nature: Modeling Patterns in the Natural World. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2003.
54. Colman S. Proportional Form: Further studies in the science of beauty, being supplemental to those set forth in "Nature's harmonic Unity." By Samuel Colman and C. Arthur Coan. The drawings and correlating descriptions are by Colman, the text and mathematics are by Coan: G. P. New York: Putnam's Sons; 1920.
55. Weyl H. Symmetry. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1952.
56. French KL (2014) The Hidden Geometry of Life: The Science and Spirituality of Nature. London: Watkins Media Limited; 2014.
57. Mancosu P (2008) Explanation in Mathematics. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Zalta EN, editor. Available : http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/mathematics-explanation/. Accessed 1 May 2016.
58. Queiros-Condé D, Chaline J, Méhauté AL, Dubois J. Le monde des fractales: La nature trans-échelles. Paris: Ellipses Marketing; 2015.
59. Posamentier AS, Lehmann I. The Glorious Golden Ratio. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books; 2012.
60. Fleury V. Arbres de pierre: la croissance fractale de la matière: Paris: Flammarion; 1998.
61. Burnside J. Apiculture: Telling the bees. Nature. 2015; 521: 29-30.
62. Mathews F. Planet Beehive. Australian Humanities Review. 2011; 50: 159-178. Available : http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-May-2011/mathews.html. Accessed 1 May 2016.
64. Huntley, H.E. The divine proportion : a study in mathematical beauty. Mineola (New York) : Dover Publications, Inc., 186 pp. ; 1970.
Copyright © 2016 by the Author | Published by the Journal of Nature and Science (JNSCI) | www.jnsci.org from California, USA.


text:
Self Builders
SCOSS Alert: A sudden loss of ground support
Labc
A new Alert guidance document published by Structural-Safety* incorporating CROSS (Confidential Reporting on Structural Safety) and SCOSS (Standing Committee on Structural Safety) and the HSE (Health & Safety Executive) provides guidance on precautions that can be taken to identify the potential for sudden loss of ground support.
Who is the alert aimed at?
This Alert is aimed at both public and private clients who own infrastructure assets and/or buildings, those who are engaged in development, designers, including architects and structural engineers, and contractors.
What are the issues?
The most recent example of loss of ground support was at Pinner Primary school in London. This is now facing an uncertain future after a chalk mine was discovered beneath it in March. Geological surveys have found an "unacceptable risk" that the ground below the school could become unstable.
Until recently, the existence of the mines was unknown and they are said to be uncharted. However, it has now been identified that parts of the mine roofs have collapsed and this is putting the stability of the school itself at risk. This is not a one off and news reports of sink holes opening up and foundations washed away through flooding or water leaks feature regularly in the news.
SCOSS has logged several incidents of unstable ground below structures where voids have opened up; so far without loss of life, but pictures of the incidents show that safety could easily have been compromised, severely.
And the conclusions?
Given the range of incidents reported over recent years, and the fact that these encompass domestic properties, large infrastructure projects and public utilities, designers are cautioned:
Be aware of the hazard. In its broadest definition, this is: 'sudden loss of ground support'. A number of causes are possible.
Consider how gross movement might be triggered by severe weather.
Ensure all site investigations include searches of historical databases for potential underground workings such as mine workings and services. Local Building Control Surveyors may be acquainted with local activity. Obtain a commercially available coal mining or ground stability report.
If there is reason for concern, ensure the site investigation includes ground probing or geophysical surveying such as ground penetrating radar seismic, electrical resistivity or microgravity methods.
Be aware of the possibility of wash out from leaking culverts, drains, sewers, water mains or pumping mains. As for mines, the exact pipeline location may be unknown, so on site construction may reveal more information.
If piped services are close to foundations, consider the risk (and consequences) of wash out. Be especially careful if large or high-pressure pipelines are close to isolated shallow foundations which support significant structure (e.g. bridges).
For all key infrastructure components, ensure regular inspections, monitoring for signs of movement. Exercise caution if foundations are exposed to hazards but cannot be checked. Investigate any signs of movement.
Consider the sensitivity of the design to foundation disturbance and make sure the structure is 'robust'. When doubts exist, opt for foundation forms that are less vulnerable to credible ground loss events (e.g. rafts).
Ensure structures sensitive to the effects of climate change, such as increased flood potential, are reviewed for the potential to need enhancements to their foundations.
Ensure all site investigations are robust in their consideration of the potential for the ground to be subject to undermining from soluble subsurface features such as limestone, gypsum and chalk.
*Structural-Safety works with the professions, industry and government on safety matters concerned with the design, construction and use of building and civil engineering structures.
For more information http://www.structural-safety.org/media/398754/scoss-alert-sudden-loss-of-ground-support-final.pdf
Also read SCOSS's alert on steel frame buildings and basement work that avoids house collapse
By LABC
Visit www.labc.co.uk for more information.
Please Note: Every care was taken to ensure the information in this article was correct at the time of publication. Any written guidance provided does not replace the reader's professional judgement and any construction project should comply with the relevant Building Regulations or applicable technical standards. However, for the most up to date LABC Warranty technical guidance please refer to your Risk Management Surveyor and the latest version of the LABC Warranty technical manual.
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Site Manager of the Year 2020 - Tony Robinson, Willmott Dixon
2020 has been a tough year – so let's hear it for the Site Managers. We speak to 2020 award winner Tony Robinson from Willmott Dixon.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
autothrow
=========

Experiments in machine vision

Notes on opencv
---------------
Install x264

Much of this taken from: http://www.ozbotz.org/opencv-installation/

Dependencies (Debian, Ubuntu, Mint etc.)  Correct for Ubuntu 13.04 Raring
(aka Mint 15 Olivia)

    - build-essential
    - checkinstall
    - cmake
    - git
    - gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg
    - gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad
    - gstreamer0.10-plugins-base
    - gstreamer0.10-plugins-good
    - gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly
    - gstreamer0.10-tools
    - libfaac-dev
    - libgstreamer0.10-0
    - libgstreamer0.10-dev
    - libgstreamer-plugins-base0.10-dev
    - libgtk2.0-0
    - libgtk2.0-dev
    - libjack-jackd2-dev
    - libjpeg8
    - libjpeg8-dev
    - libmp3lame-dev
    - libopencore-amrnb-dev
    - libopencore-amrwb-dev
    - libsdl1.2-dev
    - libtheora-dev
    - libva-dev
    - libvdpau-dev
    - libvorbis-dev
    - libx11-dev
    - libxfixes-dev
    - libxvidcore-dev
    - texi2html
    - yasm
    - zlib1g-dev

Install x264

    wget ftp://ftp.videolan.org/pub/x264/snapshots/last_x264.tar.bz2
    x264home=$HOME/apps/x264-snapshot-20131207-2245
    ./configure --enable-shared --enable-pic --prefix=${x264home}
    make && make install

Install ffmpeg

    ffmpeghome=$HOME/apps/ffmpeg-2.1.1
    ./configure --enable-gpl --enable-libfaac --enable-libmp3lame \
      --enable-libopencore-amrnb --enable-libopencore-amrwb --enable-libtheora \
      --enable-libvorbis --enable-libx264 --enable-libxvid --enable-nonfree \
      --enable-postproc --enable-version3 --enable-x11grab --enable-shared --enable-pic \
      --extra-cflags=-I${x264home}/include \
      --extra-ldflags="-L${x264home}/lib -Wl,-rpath=${x264home}/lib" \
      --prefix=${ffmpeghome}
    make && make install

Install v4l

    v4lhome=$HOME/apps/v4l-utils-1.0.0
    ./configure --prefix=${v4lhome} --with-udevdir=${v4lhome}/udev

Install opencv

    export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${ffmpeghome}/lib
    export PKG_CONFIG_PATH=$PKG_CONFIG_PATH:/${ffmpeghome}/lib/pkgconfig
    export PKG_CONFIG_LIBDIR=$PKG_CONFIG_LIBDIR:/${ffmpeghome}/lib

    opencv=opencv-2.4.7
    opencvhome=$HOME/apps/${opencv}

    tar xf ${opencv}.tar.gz
    mkdir -p ${opencv}/release
    cd ${opencv}/release
    cmake -DCMAKE_LIBRARY_PATH=${x264home}/lib:${ffmpeghome}/lib:${v4lhome}/lib \
          -DCMAKE_INCLUDE_PATH=${x264home}/include:${ffmpeghome}/include:${v4lhome}/include \
          -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=RELEASE -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${opencvhome} ..
    make && make install

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Reform movement has launched a series of public dialogues about its future, and the timing could not be more fitting. While Reform remains the largest of America's four main streams of Judaism, overall membership in Reform synagogues has declined. The movement's central institution, the Union for Reform Judaism, is still navigating the aftermath of major budget cuts and staff reductions. The search for a successor to the movement's leader and spokesman, Rabbi Eric Yoffie, has begun. The time is right for a hard-headed exploration of what values Reform Judaism's leaders will highlight as the movement enters a new era.
What we urgently need now is to articulate a broad vision about what Reform Judaism means. What word or phrase will come to mind when people think about Reform Judaism? What motivating passion will drive the leadership and thinkers of the movement?
Jews of every generation are looking for ways that Judaism speaks to the pressing concerns of daily life. We search, for example, for ways to become better parents, and it is no accident that Wendy Mogel's "The Blessing of a Skinned Knee: Using Jewish Teachings To Raise Self-Reliant Children" is an extraordinarily popular Jewish book. We search for ways to make a difference in our communities, and it is no wonder that numerous studies suggest many Jews identify their Judaism with acts of social justice. We watch what we eat, and it is no coincidence that issues of food consumption and sustainability have drawn attention from rapidly growing Jewish environmental groups like Hazon.
Focusing on relevance puts the needs of people ahead of the assumptions of organizations. It begins where Jews are, rather than where others think they should be. It does not, however, end there.
A Judaism of relevance does not simply accept and affirm that the vast majority of Jews do not attend Shabbat worship, even on a monthly basis. It does not say that since we spend time at Starbucks, concerts and the health club, the way to make a synagogue relevant is to have good coffee, rock-style musical services and weekly yoga classes. Rather, it seeks to focus on the areas where Judaism can add meaning and purpose to our lives. It seeks to address the desires we have to feel part of something larger than ourselves and to make our lives matter.
In what way would a focus on relevance change current Reform practices? Rather than craft boiler-plate statements on Zionism and the importance of visiting Israel, leaders of our movement would seek to articulate a compelling reason as to why Israel matters to Reform Jews and what obligations — given that we live in America — we have to it. Rather than just provide new curricula for religious schools, we would first try to better understand the ways Reform Jewish families spend their time and act on their values, and seek to make Jewish practices and activities a more meaningful part of their daily lives.
We would also address real theological questions that American Jews confront. Anecdotal evidence from my own experience working as a rabbi suggests that a large number of Reform Jews know very little about Jewish understandings of God. They see their Jewish identity in cultural terms, and if asked about God, they would probably describe either the "old man in the sky" they do not believe in, or something close to "the power that makes for human salvation" envisioned by Mordecai Kaplan. Neither our prayer books nor our curricula address God in a meaningful, relevant way. We need powerful statements about a God that address the doubts we have, connect to the lives we live, and enrich our relationships and activities in a sustained way.
Some may decry a Reform Judaism organized around relevance as dumbing down Judaism and creating a self-centered vision of Jewish life. What happened to commanded-ness? What about the parts of Jewish tradition that are difficult, time-consuming and countercultural?
A focus on relevance does not mean we do not engage in difficult parts of Jewish life. Indeed, what is hard is often what is most worthwhile. Relevance insists, however, that we ensure that what happens in our synagogues, schools and camps makes a difference in the way we live. It seeks to break down the barriers that often exist between rabbis and laypeople, between the theology of the prayer book and our own beliefs, and between what we learn in religious school and what we do at home.
The word relevance is defined as "having application." Reform Jews need a vision of Jewish life that applies to the practices and values of 21st-century American Jews.
Rabbi Evan Moffic is the rabbi of Congregation Solel in Highland Park, Ill.
This story "Evan Moffic: Making Reform Relevant" was written by Evan Moffic.


Replacement brake assembly for the 4.0ci.
Upgrade component to add a brake to the 3.0ci, replaces stage 1 carrier gear asssembly.
Easy to install (does require some mechanical aptitude), comes complete with instructions.


The Satolas Green business park brings together commercial, industrial and logistics companies such as Géodis, Panalpina, Fatton, Dimotrans, Fot, Stryker, Electro Calorique and Vorwerk. The businesses situated in the park have help to create a total of more than 1,500 jobs. Longbow has built almost 70,000 square meters of buildings in this planning zone, sold to end users. Longbow have also designed and built the Cap Arrow building, dedicated exclusively to offices. Tenants now include Expeditors, Agility, Jet Air Service.


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text:
Chain extension study of aqueous polyurethane dispersions
Young Kuk Jhon, In Woo Cheong, Jung-Hyun Kim
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
In the several decades, aqueous polyurethane dispersion has been investigated by many researchers. However, relatively little systematic work has been reported in detail on chain extension process. This work describes the reaction of chain extension step (chain extended reaction) as the variation of residual NCO group and subsequent weight average molecular weight of the polyurethane during the chain extension step. Polyurethane dispersion was prepared by neutralization emulsification method. The dispersions with prepared different average particle sizes were obtained by varying the degree of neutralization and each of them chain extended subsequently by water-soluble chain extender; 1, 6-hexanediamine. Time-dependent change of free and residual NCO group was measured by FT-IR spectroscopy during the chain extension process. As the total surface area of polyurethane particle decreased, the amount of residual NCO group and consequently required amount chain extender for optimum chain extension decreased. According to the GPC and FT-IR data, optimum amount of 1, 6-hexanediamine was determined by the location of the NCO group and contact area between the residual NCO groups and water molecules. Additionally, it was found that excess amount of chain extender had an unfavorable influence on adhesive strength.
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects
1,6-diaminohexane
Emulsification
Infrared spectroscopy
Jhon, Y. K., Cheong, I. W., & Kim, J-H. (2001). Chain extension study of aqueous polyurethane dispersions. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 179(1), 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(00)00714-7
Jhon, Young Kuk ; Cheong, In Woo ; Kim, Jung-Hyun. / Chain extension study of aqueous polyurethane dispersions. In: Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2001 ; Vol. 179, No. 1. pp. 71-78.
@article{5f57d2d4c11c45f490c17d1695f2aa2b,
title = "Chain extension study of aqueous polyurethane dispersions",
abstract = "In the several decades, aqueous polyurethane dispersion has been investigated by many researchers. However, relatively little systematic work has been reported in detail on chain extension process. This work describes the reaction of chain extension step (chain extended reaction) as the variation of residual NCO group and subsequent weight average molecular weight of the polyurethane during the chain extension step. Polyurethane dispersion was prepared by neutralization emulsification method. The dispersions with prepared different average particle sizes were obtained by varying the degree of neutralization and each of them chain extended subsequently by water-soluble chain extender; 1, 6-hexanediamine. Time-dependent change of free and residual NCO group was measured by FT-IR spectroscopy during the chain extension process. As the total surface area of polyurethane particle decreased, the amount of residual NCO group and consequently required amount chain extender for optimum chain extension decreased. According to the GPC and FT-IR data, optimum amount of 1, 6-hexanediamine was determined by the location of the NCO group and contact area between the residual NCO groups and water molecules. Additionally, it was found that excess amount of chain extender had an unfavorable influence on adhesive strength.",
author = "Jhon, {Young Kuk} and Cheong, {In Woo} and Jung-Hyun Kim",
journal = "Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects",
Jhon, YK, Cheong, IW & Kim, J-H 2001, 'Chain extension study of aqueous polyurethane dispersions', Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol. 179, no. 1, pp. 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(00)00714-7
Chain extension study of aqueous polyurethane dispersions. / Jhon, Young Kuk; Cheong, In Woo; Kim, Jung-Hyun.
In: Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 179, No. 1, 01.04.2001, p. 71-78.
T1 - Chain extension study of aqueous polyurethane dispersions
AU - Jhon, Young Kuk
AU - Cheong, In Woo
AU - Kim, Jung-Hyun
N2 - In the several decades, aqueous polyurethane dispersion has been investigated by many researchers. However, relatively little systematic work has been reported in detail on chain extension process. This work describes the reaction of chain extension step (chain extended reaction) as the variation of residual NCO group and subsequent weight average molecular weight of the polyurethane during the chain extension step. Polyurethane dispersion was prepared by neutralization emulsification method. The dispersions with prepared different average particle sizes were obtained by varying the degree of neutralization and each of them chain extended subsequently by water-soluble chain extender; 1, 6-hexanediamine. Time-dependent change of free and residual NCO group was measured by FT-IR spectroscopy during the chain extension process. As the total surface area of polyurethane particle decreased, the amount of residual NCO group and consequently required amount chain extender for optimum chain extension decreased. According to the GPC and FT-IR data, optimum amount of 1, 6-hexanediamine was determined by the location of the NCO group and contact area between the residual NCO groups and water molecules. Additionally, it was found that excess amount of chain extender had an unfavorable influence on adhesive strength.
AB - In the several decades, aqueous polyurethane dispersion has been investigated by many researchers. However, relatively little systematic work has been reported in detail on chain extension process. This work describes the reaction of chain extension step (chain extended reaction) as the variation of residual NCO group and subsequent weight average molecular weight of the polyurethane during the chain extension step. Polyurethane dispersion was prepared by neutralization emulsification method. The dispersions with prepared different average particle sizes were obtained by varying the degree of neutralization and each of them chain extended subsequently by water-soluble chain extender; 1, 6-hexanediamine. Time-dependent change of free and residual NCO group was measured by FT-IR spectroscopy during the chain extension process. As the total surface area of polyurethane particle decreased, the amount of residual NCO group and consequently required amount chain extender for optimum chain extension decreased. According to the GPC and FT-IR data, optimum amount of 1, 6-hexanediamine was determined by the location of the NCO group and contact area between the residual NCO groups and water molecules. Additionally, it was found that excess amount of chain extender had an unfavorable influence on adhesive strength.
JO - Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects
JF - Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects
Jhon YK, Cheong IW, Kim J-H. Chain extension study of aqueous polyurethane dispersions. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2001 Apr 1;179(1):71-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(00)00714-7


text:
'use strict';

var yeoman = require('yeoman-generator');
var path = require('path');
var util = require('../../util.js');

module.exports = yeoman.generators.Base.extend({
  initializing: function() {
    this.sourceRoot(path.join(__dirname, '../../templates/tasks'));

    this.argument('name', {type: String, required: true});
    this.filename = this.name.toLowerCase();

    this.name = this._.capitalize(this._.camelize(this._.slugify(
      this._.humanize(this.name))));

    this.appname = this.determineAppname();
    this.scriptsDir = this.config.get('scriptsDir') || this.options.scriptsDir;
  },
  writing: {
    files: function() {
      this.template('app/_controller.js', this.scriptsDir + 'controllers/' +
        this.filename + '.js');
      this.template('test/_controller.js', 'test/spec/controllers/' +
        this.filename + '.js');

      this.on('end', function() {
        util.wireIndex(this.scriptsDir);
      });
    }
  }
});


text:
Метанаука ( — «после», «о себе»; ; ) — универсальная наука; наука, претендующая на обоснование и изучение различных наук на основе особого, общего для них метаязыка. Таким образом, представляет собой обобщение какой-либо научной отрасли (когда она, в свою очередь, становится объектом исследования), могущее захватывать и смежные науки, с целью выявления взаимосвязей в структуре знания и методологии в рамках этой отрасли.

В философии метанаука — наука, призванная объединить и направить все науки с помощью и с учётом социальных факторов, воздействий, умозаключений и так далее. Замечательным, в данном контексте, является тот факт, что почти вся европейская наука исторически так или иначе «выросла» из философии. Понятие метанауки основывается на наблюдении неизбежности присутствия точек пересечения между дисциплинами, при должном уровне их развития и постулирует принципиальную возможность сведения человеческих знаний во всеобъемлющую, согласованную науку, основанную на каком-либо едином комплексе понятий.

Может также относится к:
 Метаистория
 Метагеография
 Метафизика
 Метаматематика
 Метафилософия

Примечания

Философия науки
Науковедение

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Proper way to pass on "this" to custom Tap event callback I picked up a some code for a JavaScript tap event for touch devices here : GitHub page. Credit to Jørn Kinderås for this code.
My problem is that if I do something like this :
    $('.support input').tap(function () {
        $(this).click();
    });
It doesn't work because this is referring to DOMWindow (as I can see by doing a console.log(this).
The workaround I have found for now is to change a couple lines in the tap event code. I changed the following :
elem.on('touchend', _bind(function (e) {
    endTime = new Date().getTime();
    if (!didMove && ((endTime - startTime) < tapCancelTime)) {
        callback(e);
    }
}, this));

To this:
elem.on('touchend', _bind(function (e) {
    endTime = new Date().getTime();
    if (!didMove && ((endTime - startTime) < tapCancelTime)) {
        elem.onTap = callback;
        elem.onTap(e);
    }
}, this));

I feel there is probably a better way to do this the the whole elem.onTap = callback; feels dirty.
Here is the source code from GitHub :
(function ($) {
    "use strict"
    $.fn.tap = function (callback) {
        var version, didMove, tapCancelTime, startTime, endTime, _bind;
        version = "1.0.1";
        tapCancelTime = 2 * 1000;
        _bind = function (fn, me) { return function () { return fn.apply(me, arguments); }; };

        return this.each(
            function (index, element) {
                var elem = $(element);

                elem.on('click', function (e) {
                    e.preventDefault();
                });

                elem.on('touchstart', _bind(function (e) {
                    didMove = false;
                    startTime = new Date().getTime();
                }, this));
                elem.on('touchmove', _bind(function (e) {
                    didMove = true;
                }, this));
                elem.on('touchend', _bind(function (e) {
                    endTime = new Date().getTime();
                    if (!didMove && ((endTime - startTime) < tapCancelTime)) {
            callback(e);
                    }
                }, this));
                elem.on('touchcancel', _bind(function (e) {
                    callback(e);
                }, this));
            }
        );
    };
})(jQuery);

A: Use .apply() or .call() to pass on a desired value of this to any function.
In your case, you can change this:
callback(e);

to this:
callback.call(this, e);

or this (either will probably work in your case):
callback.call(elem, e);

and then the callback function will have the value of this from your event handler instead of window.  FYI, you use .call() when you know all the arguments you want to pass to your method/function.    You use .apply() when you have an array-like data structure of arguments and you want to pass all the arguments in the array.
For reference, see MDN for more info on .call() and .apply().

A: You have a couple of options:
var $this = this;
$('.support input').tap(function () { $this.click(); });

or
$('.support input').tap(function(o){return function () { o.click(); };}(this));

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Sorry but we lost all of our original replies to this advert. If you are still interested, please can you resend us your CVs with a covering email. Please also tell us a little about yourself, for example why you are in Edinburgh, how long you plan on staying here, what you plans are while you are here. Thanks *************************************************************** * Initially Tues, Wed, Thurs 3pm – 6pm * Occassional half days, full days and full weeks * Starting properly in July 2013, but occassional hours as soon as we find the right nanny * Position will hopefully be available for 2 – 3 years We are looking for a nanny to look after our little boy for a few hours on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday afternoons. Ideally, we would like to find someone who would also be happy to do occasional full or half days, and full weeks. These would be planned well in advance.


JiTT.travel works offline, so it won't cost you the earth in expensive roaming rates. The app generates your tour based on your location and the time you have available. It accounts for the time of day, opening times, and whether you want to complete your tour at your starting point or elsewhere. Actors tell the stories behind San Francisco's history, and the quirky tales that give the city its character and charm. It's as though an old friend is guiding you around the city.
JiTT.travel doesn't just tell a city's stories through time, but takes into consideration your own available time. Whether you're on a business trip with minimal free time to take in the historical sights, or on a short city break and want to make the most of your trip, JiTT.travel will create a route to match your available time, and interests. If you've already seen one of the sights, simply delete it from the route; or if you want to see a particular monument, add it in. The app will recalculate your route and show you the sights of San Francisco!
• Teasers of San Francisco's monuments and points of interest.


Harry Redknapp, the Tottenham manager, spoke of the end of a "nightmare" after he and co-defendant Milan Mandaric, the Sheffield Wednesday chairman, were acquitted of all charges at the end of their trial for tax evasion, with both men maintaining that the case should never have reached court.
Emerging from Southwark Court, where a unanimous decision of not guilty had been returned on the second day of deliberation, Redknapp expressed his gratitude to his family, legal team and supporters of Tottenham Hotspur who had backed him during the two week trial and the five years of investigation that had preceded it.
"My family … have really pulled through it these last five years that this has been hanging over us," he said on the steps of the court.
"I'm really just looking forward to getting home to my wife Sandra. It really has been a nightmare, I've got to be honest.
"This is a case that should never have come to court. It's unbelievable, really."
Redknapp described waiting for the verdict to be delivered as "horrendous", but was quick to point out that the jury had been in total agreement.
"It was a unanimous decision, absolutely unanimous," he said. "There was no case to answer."
Mandaric, who left the court before Redknapp, also insisted that the case was never a valid one but maintained that he always had faith in British legal system to deliver a just decision.
"I've got to go somewhere to try to pinch myself and wake me up from that horrible dream that I had in the past," he said.
"I always believed in the truth, and always believed in the British justice system."
Do you want Harry Redknapp to be England's next manager?
Redknapp was found not guilty of two counts of concealing $295,000 (£187,000) of transfer bonuses in a Monaco bank account while in charge of Portsmouth.
In a case that stemmed from an £8 million police inquiry into football corruption, former Portsmouth chairman Mandaric also was found not guilty of two counts of cheating the public purse.
Mandaric hugged Redknapp as the verdict was announced, and their supporters cheered from the back of the courtroom.
Redknapp was brought to Tottenham from Portsmouth in 2008 despite the allegations.
"Everyone at the club is delighted for Harry and his family," Tottenham said in a statement.
"This has been hanging over him for over four years and the last two weeks have been particularly difficult. We are pleased to see this resolved and we all look forward to the rest of the season."
In his third decade in management, the 64-year-old Redknapp is enjoying his most successful period, making him the favourite to replace Fabio Capello after the European Championship this summer.
As Redknapp was cleared, Capello was at Wembley Stadium seeking to resolve a dispute with Football Association executives over the decision to strip John Terry of the England captaincy. Terry faces trial in July on charges of racially abusing Queens Park Rangers defender Anton Ferdinand.
"Now that Harry has been proved innocent it makes a clear path should the FA wish in the future to offer him the England manager's job when Fabio Capello comes to the end of his reign," former England coach Graham Taylor said.
Redknapp managed Portsmouth from 2002 to 2004 and returned in 2005 after a brief spell at Southampton, winning the FA Cup before moving to Tottenham in 2008.
Despite facing a trial, Redknapp has kept Tottenham in contention for their first English title since 1961, with the team currently third in the Premier League.
Jurors accepted Redknapp and Mandaric's evidence that the Monaco account in the name of Redknapp's dog, Rosie, had nothing to do with footballing matters. The 73-year-old Mandaric claimed he was providing tax free loans to Redknapp.
Britain's tax authority said it had "no regrets" about taking the case to trial.
"It was vitally important that the facts were put before a jury for their consideration," said Chris Martin, assistant director of criminal investigations at HM Revenue and Customs.
"We accept the verdict of the jury but I would like to remind those who are evading tax by using offshore tax havens that it always makes sense to come forward and talk to us before we come to talk to you."
At an earlier trial, which could only be reported for the first time on Wednesday, Mandaric and former Portsmouth chief executive Peter Storrie were also cleared of evading 600,000 pounds in taxes.
Mandaric is now chairman of third-tier club Sheffield Wednesday following a spell in control of Leicester after selling Portsmouth in 2007.
"I am delighted I have today been cleared of the totally unfounded allegations of tax evasion," the Serbian said. "I came to Britain 12 years ago because of my love of football and since saved three much-loved football clubs which were on the brink of extinction.
"As a result I have saved thousands of jobs and paid tens of millions of pounds into the public purse through tax. To suggest I would cheat the taxman is highly offensive to me, my family, my associates and friends. I am happy that my good name and reputation has been upheld."


Child Psychologist Swarthmore, PA. Counseling for children.
Child Psychologists and Child Therapists in Swarthmore, PA.
Find a child psychologist or a counselor who specializes in therapy and assessment for children in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania.
In 19019 - Nearby to Swarthmore.
In 19110 - Nearby to Swarthmore.
Our therapists have extensive backgrounds working with families and children. Each therapist has been trained specifically in a form of therapist with children and is prepared to address various issues such as, behavioral issues, grief and loss, ADHD, life transitions, divorce, social anxiety, self esteem, trauma, addiction issues, etc. Each of our therapists provides a safe, warm, and empathetic environment for children and families to relax and heal.
In 19102 - Nearby to Swarthmore.
I do not treat young children because for many problems it is best to teach parents skills for effectively responding to their children's emotional and behavioral needs. I teach what is called Parent Effectiveness Training Skills. This involves helping parents reinforce behaviors in children they wish would occur with greater consistency. Train the parent!
Unlike adults, young children have not fully developed their ability to communicate uncomfortable feelings. Often children will act out when they feel angry, worried, or sad. I specialize in helping children with grief and trauma in a safe and understanding environment. Children express their difficult feelings through story telling, playing, and drawing. I work with the parent and the child to develop coping skills that help the child to feel happier and express their emotions in a healthier manner. I was trained to address grief and trauma after Hurricane Katrina with children in New Orleans.
In 19115 - Nearby to Swarthmore.
Children are exhilarating and exhausting and we each write our own parenting manual following our trials and errors. Whatever the problem with your child- medical, developmental, learning, or behavioral - it shapes and affects your entire family. I work with families to help each member increase their mindfulness of how their actions influence the behaviors of their child. I also help parents/guardians create new ways of supporting and insuring that the needs of all family members are satisfied. I invite you to visit me at www.PhillyFamilyLifeCounseling.com and to allow me to join you as you write your parenting manual.
In 19807 - Nearby to Swarthmore.
Dr. Jemail has worked with children and families for over 35 years. She has expertise in diagnostic work of learning differences, depression, anxiety, trauma, OCD, autism spectrum disorders, coping with parental separation and divorce, attachment disorders, peer issues, cutting and self mutilation and behavioral problems including aggression, stealing, biting, and bullying. Her work with children involves family work. She has expertise in neuropsychological testing and provides second opinions to parents and school districts in DE and PA. She will do school observations and provide consultations in the school as needed.
In 08033 - Nearby to Swarthmore.
Does your child struggle with challenges in terms of communication, emotion or behaviors? Are you feeling frustrated with these issues and feel coaching may improve your relationship with your child? I utilize music , art and play therapy to help your child explore feelings and develop new coping skills. I believe in a collaborative approach, where I assist the entire family in building upon strengths.
In 19147 - Nearby to Swarthmore.
When working with young children, my natural passion and connection for children guide every therapy session. In my practice, I help children to feel seen as the beautiful, resilient and joyfulness that they are, which allows me to build a bond with your child so can open up to me through play and creative expression. I create a space where your child feels comfortable expressing their need for love, which allows me to tell you (the parent) how your child loves.
As your child's therapist my job is to help your child identify their strengths and take pride in who they are. I will create a safe environment for them to express themselves using play, art and games through which they can learn about their emotions and to express themselves in healthy ways. In addition to helping your child, I know that It can feel scary, sad and lonely when your child is struggling. I have had a great deal of experience in empowering parents to be the best supports to their children as they can be. I can do the same for you!
You have found the top therapists in Swarthmore, PA who specialize in helping children.
Thank you for visiting our Pennsylvania page of licensed child psychologists and child therapists in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania who are trained and experienced in helping children and youth. Working with children requires a different skillset from other types of therapy and here you will find therapists who are skilled, patient and experienced. Please note that while all therapists here work with children, not all may be a registered psychologist. You can easily verify this on each profile. Reach out to a child therapist or child psychologist in Swarthmore today, our contact forms are "open" 24/7.
Swarthmore is located in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. It has a land area of 1.39 square miles and a water area of 0.00 square miles. The population of Swarthmore is 6,211 people with 1,898 households and a median annual income of $101,686. .
Booking a weekly counseling session with a licensed therapist in Swarthmore is not a large financial issue for the majority of people in this area. Sustaining a commitment to mental health treatment is easily accessible for the average family, but ask your therapist if there are any concerns as many will accept insurance or even offer sliding scale fees. Low cost counseling and affordable therapy are also sometimes offered by listed city and university level clinics, check with your local Swarthmore public health department.


text:
Ринат Низамович Мифтахов (1937—2014) — советский и российский актёр театра, народный артист Татарской АССР.

Биография
Родился 5 января 1937 года в деревне Челны Камско-Устьинского района Татарской АССР.

После школы учился в Казани в производственно-техническом училище и получил профессию столяра. Но затем решил связать свою жизнь с искусством. С 1957 по 1991 годы работал в Республиканском передвижном театре (ныне ГБУ «Татарский государственный театр драмы и комедии имени К. Тинчурина»). В 1999—2002 годах работал в Татарском театре юного зрителя.

Среди его известных театральных работ:
 Зуфар — «Резидәкәй» Ш. Мазита по поэме И. Юзеева «Знакомые мелодии»,
 Батыршин — «Бессмертная песнь» Р. Ишмуратова,
 Богач — «Черноликие» М. Гафури,
 Салих — «Лесной парень» Т. Закирова,
 Туктаров — «Судьбы, избранные нами» Т. Миннуллина,
 Касымхан — «Потоки» Т. Гиззата,
 Хаджи — «Хаджи женится» Ш. Камала,
 Сильвио — «Слуга двух господ» К. Гольдони,
 Султанбек — «Аршин мал алан» У. Гаджибекова,
 Даулятбай — «Каракумская трагедия» А .Бадыгова,
 Васил — «Вдовий пароход» И. Грековой.

Умер 4 августа 2014 года, был похоронен на родине — в Камско-Устьинском районе. Ему посвящена отдельная глава в книге «Народные артисты СССР, РФ, РТ» (Казань, Издательство «Магариф-Вакыт», 2011); автор-составитель — член Союза писателей Республики Татарстан, лауреат премии им. Дж .Валиди — И. Илялова.

Награды
 Заслуженный артист Татарской АССР (1982).
 Народный артист Татарской АССР (1988).

Примечания

Ссылки
 Мифтахов Ринат Низамович
 Мифтахов Ринат Низамович
 www.kino-teatr.ru/teatr/acter/m/ros/402907/bio/ — Мифтахов Ринат Низамович

Народные артисты Татарской АССР
Театральные деятели Татарстана


And it's SPRING! Don't look at the calendar! We may get some cold days, but I do believe that Winter has PASSED and the bulbs popping up all over Scioto County are backing me up on this. So happy to see the sun and know that the vegetable garden season is upon us. Now to get those seeds and seedlings ready for planting. Nothing like fresh, home grown tomatoes!


Many games help to preserve identity through oral tradition. These games can strengthen cultural identity in times of globalization or threat. Singing games, for example, help to recall specific historical figures and events and to pass on lessons learned by previous generations. Because these games preserve information about the past, they can offer evidence about the time and environment in which they were created.


The article examined a survey of 747 students, regarding literacy habits of teachers or prospective teacher. Findings suggest high literacy, the ability to read out, but no interest in personal reading.
This summary identifies various types of thinking skills and skill components recommended for classroom instruction. The author describes and cites research-derived features of effective, direct instruction in thinking skills and describes a framework for this instruction. He also describes researcher-and specialist-recommended teaching techniques and lesson strategies for introducing any thinking skill, guiding continuing skill practice, and teaching students to transfer thinking skills to other contexts. The research cited here suggests both students' academic achievement and their quality of thinking can be improved by using these techniques and strategies to teach thinking skills in subject-matter courses.
The article considers the value placed on talk as opposed to silence in the classroom and suggests that a cultural bias towards talk means that silence is commonly perceived negatively. It concludes by proposing that classroom observations should take into account the complex skills of 'silent pedagogy' where the teacher makes conscious decisions to abstain from intervention based on continuous sensitive readings of the learning environment.
This article uses specific issues surrounding course blogging to provide a series of reflections regarding the articulation between pedagogy and technology in creating a next generation learning space and discourse community. It investigates the underlying structure and necessary constituent elements of a successful blog assignment.It suggests that blog assignments may not succeed equally well in all subject areas and gives a number of possible reasons.


text:
Smart Homes, Smarter Consumers
John Bray Tech (March 3, 2017)
(Photo: Alex Wong/Getty Images)
Today, the phrase "internet of things" or simply the acronym "IoT" is commonplace. There are currently more than 13 billion interconnected devices (digital and electronic) globally and the path toward broader connection between various aspects of daily life is paved with everything from smart phones and tablets to smart appliances and security cameras.1 According to the Consumer Technology Association, 15% of households already own smart home devices and that number is growing.2 However, as devices get smarter and homes grow more connected than ever before, the risk of cyberattacks is also rising.
The companies who design and manufacture the smart devices of tomorrow must stay ahead of these threats by focusing on security with every product, but this responsibility is not one sided. Users of these connected device must remain savvy, aware, and willing to take necessary precautions to keep their networks and devices safe. Intelligent assistants (e.g. Alexa and Siri), smart appliances, HVAC controls, lighting, speakers and the various other gadgets that make a home "smart" are convenient and exciting to use, but it's important to understand the related cybersecurity risks even when they may not be as flashy as some of the fancy features. With that, it's also good to know what the industry is doing to keep consumers safe.
Read the Manual, Know the Product
With new devices pouring into the market, it's easy to get caught up in product releases. That often means buying a product and putting it to use as quickly as possible, but that can be a mistake. Before buying a smart/connected device, research your options and get to know the company. After you've made your purchase, spend time reading the manual, familiarizing yourself with the device and understanding its security features. If the device requires a password for administrative access or daily use, be sure to set a secure password. Passwords are your first line of defense against a cyberattack. As these devices often use your Wi-Fi network, setting a strong password for network access is equally as important. But administrative actions don't stop with passwords.
These devices require software to operate and, as bugs are discovered or vulnerabilities surface, manufacturers will typically update the software. When your device recommends a software update, it's best to complete it as soon as possible. These updates often help strengthen security.
Always Monitor Access
Anyone with access to the system can change settings, operate devices or, if their intent is malicious, cause problems. By limiting who has access – from friends and family to third party applications that may request access for a given purpose – you can limit your exposure to unwanted use. In other words: keep your password a secret.
Understand the industry
Though the number of attacks reported on smart home systems is relatively low, studies have found numerous vulnerabilities. From poor low-energy security to a lack of general security protocols, hacking events sponsored by the University of Michigan, MIT, and DEF CON 24 have found security flaws in smart home automation systems, baby monitors, lighting systems, and more.
To help safeguard the industry, the U.S. government has been involved in connected-device security efforts since 2013. In November of 2016, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) released, "Strategic Principles for Securing the Internet of Things," a guidance document aimed at those who "design, manufacture and use Internet-connected systems and devices." This document outlines six principals — including "Incorporate security at the design phase" and "Prioritize security measures according to potential impact" – that are intended to foster the creation of more secure products.
As a global leader in product safety, UL is also working to help keep everything as safe as possible. With UL's Cybersecurity Assurance Program (UL CAP), they work to help manufacturers minimize the vulnerability of smart home systems and devices. Through a series of UL requirements that provide criteria for assessing cyber vulnerabilities, UL CAP complements the DHS guidance in its effort to work toward a safer world.
Ultimately, the combined efforts of consumers, designers, manufacturers, government bodies, and independent safety organizations like UL can lead to a safe, secure network of connected devices. However, with technology advancing as quickly as it is, working together now is the best way to make that happen.
1. http://www.juniperresearch.com/press/press-releases/iot-connected-devices-to-triple-to-38-bn-by-2020.
2. http://www.ces.tech/Show-Floor/Marketplaces/Smart-Home.aspx
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