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Second siege of Zaragoza
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Major Siege during the Peninsular War
This article is about the siege that took place in 1809. For the siege a year earlier, see First siege of Zaragoza.
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Part of the Peninsular War
Assaut du monastère de Santa Engracia by Louis-François, Baron Lejeune. Depicts the fighting of February 8, 1809. Oil on canvas.
19 December 1808 – 20 February 1809[1]
41°39′00″N 0°53′00″W / 41.6500°N 0.8833°W / 41.6500; -0.8833
French victory[1]
Duchy of Warsaw
Jeannot de Moncey
Édouard Mortier
Jean Lannes
Louis-Gabriel Suchet José de Palafox
50,000 regulars[1] 30,000 regulars and militia[1]
1,400 cavalry
160 guns
20,000 Spanish civilian[2]
6,000 dead or wounded in combat[1]
6,000 died of disease[1] 30,000 military[1]
34,000 civilian dead[1][3]
Napoleon's campaign, 1808-1809
Zornoza
Valmaseda
Somosierra
1st Molins de Rei
2nd Zaragoza
Mansilla
Peninsular war: Napoleon's invasion
[Interactive fullscreen map]
current battle
Map (1868) of the second siege of Zaragoza
Amid bitter street fighting, French infantry assault the defenders of a church during the siege. Illustration by Jules Girardet.
The surrender of Zaragoza, by Maurice Orange.
The second siege of Zaragoza was the French capture of the Spanish city of Zaragoza (also known as Saragossa) during the Peninsular War. It was particularly noted for its brutality.[4] The city had never stood a chance. However, the desperate resistance put up by the Army of Reserve and its civilian allies had been heroic: a great part of the city lay in ruins, the garrison had suffered 24,000 deaths being augmented by 30,000 civilians dead.[5]
1 Historical context
2 The defences
3 The delay
4 The siege
4.1 Phase 1: The outworks 20 December 1808 – 15 January 1809
4.2 Phase 2: Attacking the walls, 16–27 January 1809
4.3 Phase 3: Street fighting 28 January – 20 February 1809
Historical context[edit]
As a part of the Dos de Mayo (2 May) uprising the city had already successfully resisted a first siege from 15 June 1808 to 14 August 1808. This was one of the first times in history that a regular army was defeated by irregulars in street fighting.[6]
Further defeats – especially the surrender of General Dupont at the Battle of Bailén – forced King Joseph Bonaparte to withdraw behind the Ebro River, abandoning most of Spain except a small corner in the north-east and a small area around Barcelona.
The Spanish at this point missed their best chance to defeat the French. They did not appoint a Supreme Commander, so all the armies continued to operate independently. The main armies consisted of those of General Blake on the north coast, General Castaños around Tudela and General Palafox around Saragossa. Blake was the most active, but he was defeated at Zornoza on 31 October 1808.
Napoleon's plan was to attack in strength towards Burgos in between the armies of Blake and Castaños. Once they broke through they were to swing both north and south to envelope the remaining armies. In order to achieve this, Napoleon wanted the exposed Spanish armies to remain in their current advanced positions. To achieve this Marshal Moncey's 3rd Corps opposite General Castaños remained inactive from late October to 21 November while Ney's 4th Corps tried to get to his rear through Burgos and Soria.
On 21 November 1808, the French 3rd Corps crossed the Ebro River at Logrono and headed east towards Calahorra. Marshal Ney's column reached the Upper Douro valley and headed for Tudela.
To avoid being trapped, Castaños withdrew to Tudela and asked Palafox to help him hold a line running South of the city towards Cascante, where he intended to confront Moncey's Corps before the arrival of Ney's 4th Corps. Palafox's deputy in the area, general O'Neylle demurred stating that he had strict orders not to cross the borders of Aragon (Tudela is located in Navarre).
When Palafox's approval arrived, the French attack had already begun and got the Spanish in disarray. This battle was a major victory for the French, but the Spanish armies were able to flee, O'Neylle to Saragossa and Castaños to Madrid, escaping with the large majority of their war chests and cannons. The stage was now set for a second siege.
The defences[edit]
Considerable changes occurred in the defences of Saragossa after the first siege in June–August. In that siege, the city had few fortifications, except for the medieval walls that could not withstand the French artillery bombardment. The defenders consisted of only a handful of regular troops and gunners, plus a mass of thousands of volunteers. They had, however, been able to inflict heavy casualties on the French at the barricades in the narrow winding streets.
Since September 1808, Colonel Sangenís had been working on a number of modern fortifications. To the south, the city was protected by the Huerva River, which Sangenís used as a moat with two redoubts on the south side of the river: "Our lady of the Pillar" in the south-west corner and the San Jose convent on the south-east corner. These were overlooked by the city walls.
To the west, a solid rampart had been built outside the city walls, incorporating the Augustinian and Trinitarian convents. This provided a central gun battery, as well as a ditch that was 14-metres deep.
San Lazaro was fortified with a rampart protected by waterways and the two convents on the north side of the Ebro River had been made into fortresses.
On the key position of Monte Torrero, Sangenís built an entrenched military camp using the Aragon Canal as a moat.
Progress on the fortifications had been slow until the Battle of Tudela. After that, it was clear the French could attack at any moment and suddenly 60,000 volunteers were available. If the French had attacked quickly, then even this would not have helped. Due to the delay, however, the Spanish had time to improve the fortifications and obtain sufficient supplies.
Inside the walls, the strong, almost entirely inflammable masonry homes and apartment buildings were laced together with internal passageways, making each block of the city its own barricaded fortress, with the numerous church buildings standing as keeps and strong-points, from which grapeshot and counter-battery fire could command the streets.
The garrison would also be much stronger than in the first siege. Palafox had raised an additional 10–12,000 new recruits in Saragossa plus a further 17,000 survivors of the Battle of Tudela. By the start of the siege Palafox had 32,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 10,000 armed volunteers.
To prevent the danger of magazine explosions, the city manufactured its gunpowder as it was needed.
Supplies of Food and ammunition were sufficient for three months plus private stocks held by townspeople.
The delay[edit]
The Battle of Tudela was over on 23 November 1808 but the siege of Saragossa did not commence until 20 December 1808. This allowed the Spanish sufficient time to build up the defences and to lay in supplies.
After the Battle of Tudela two corps had been available to attack Saragossa – the 3rd corps under Marshal Moncey and the 6th Corps under Marshal Ney. Both of these corps left Tudela on 28 November and arrived at Saragossa on 30 November. They were about to commence the siege when Marshall Ney was ordered to take his army across the mountains to New Castille where he was to prevent the army of Castaños, retreating from Tudela, from interfering with his movements towards Madrid.
There were now only 15,000 men under Moncey facing Saragossa which was insufficient for a siege. As a result, Moncey retired to Tudela to await reinforcements from Marshal Mortier with his 5th Corps. These troops arrived from Germany on 15 December giving a total of 38,000 infantry, 3,500 cavalry, 3,000 engineers, and 60 siege guns to attack Saragossa.
The siege[edit]
On 20 December the French forces arrived again at Saragossa. Moncey split his forces: One division under General Gazan was assigned to the north, Mortier's corps was posted to the west, and Moncey's corps went to the south.
Phase 1: The outworks 20 December 1808 – 15 January 1809[edit]
The first key objective was the weak Spanish outworks on Monte Torrero. On 21 December 1808, three batteries began bombarding these positions followed by an attack by twenty battalions of infantry which successfully drove the Spanish out of these positions. This initial success was to prove decisive as once again the French were able to deploy their main gun batteries on Monte Torrero and were ultimately successful in breaching the southern wall.
Gazan launched an attack on the same day against San Lazaro, however, this attack was unsuccessful due to the strength of the Spanish defence.
On 22 December 1808 Moncey formally demanded the surrender of the city but this was refused. Moncey then decided to concentrate his efforts on the southern side of the city and prepared attacks against the Pillar redoubt and against the San Jose convent. Preparations were also made for an attack opposite the castle of Aljafería in the north-west.
On 29 December 1808 Moncey was reassigned to Madrid and was replaced in command of the 3rd corps by General Jean-Andoche Junot. Mortier was then the senior officer however he worked in partnership with Junot until he was himself reassigned on 2 January 1809.
The French preparations were finally complete on 10 January 1809 and they commenced bombarding the Pillar Redoubt and San Jose. By the end of the day, the San Jose walls were about to collapse. Palafox counter-attacked the French guns at 1 am on 11 January 1808 but this attack failed and the Spanish troops withdrew into the city.
The French attack on the Pillar Redoubt continued until the night of 15–16 January 1808 when the 1st Polish Vistula Regiment stormed the position. The Spanish had already left destroying the bridge across the Huerva river at the same time.
Phase 2: Attacking the walls, 16–27 January 1809[edit]
On 16 January 1809 the main Spanish outworks were in French hands. The French armies could now concentrate on breaching the walls of Saragossa.
From 17 January 1809 the French began a bombardment of the walls from the San Jose redoubt. Palafox knew the walls would not last long and prepared barricades in the city, turning it into a maze of small forts.
In January Junot was replaced with Marshall Lannes who had been recovering from an earlier injury. Sickness was now creating problems on both sides. On the French side there were now only 20,000 fit infantry. At the same time new Spanish forces were being created near the city under Francisco Palafox (younger brother of the General) and the Marquis of Lazan (older brother of the General).
Lannes was concerned about his rear and recalled Mortier's division which had been protecting the lines of communication between Madrid and Saragossa. On 26 January Mortier's army defeated a peasant militia of some 4–5,000 men at Alcañiz.
The French attack commenced on 24 January 1809 when three beachheads were captured across the Huerva river. The main assault began on 27 January 1809 through three breaches in the city walls. Lannes broke through two breaches and captured the battery at the south-eastern corner and also the convent of Santa Engracia in the south-west.
This marked the end of this phase of the siege with the final phase of vicious street fighting to follow.
Phase 3: Street fighting 28 January – 20 February 1809[edit]
The Spanish defenders had been preparing for street fighting from the beginning. Lannes, however, had decided on a slow block-by-block siege of each individual fortification in order to minimise French casualties.
Individual battles were remarkable for their ferocity. At one point in the San Augustin Convent, the French held the altar end of the chapel and exchanged shots for hours on end with the Spanish entrenched in the nave and the belfry. However, French superiority in equipment and training took its toll, and thousands were falling daily both in the fighting and to disease, which was rampant throughout the city.
By February illness was decimating the population of Saragossa and only 8,495 men remained of the original garrison of 32,000 men. There were 10,000 dead and 13,737 sick or wounded.
The French were unaware of this however and morale was low due to the apparent never-ending battle in the narrow streets. Disappointed with the slow progress, Lannes ordered the troops north of the river to make a second attack on San Lazaro and on the 18th of February 1809 this attack was successful. The northern part of Saragossa could now be attacked with artillery.
By 19 February 1809 the Spanish defence was failing and Palafox himself was seriously ill. He sent his aide to Lannes to discuss terms of surrender. He then resigned his military command in favour of General St. March, and his civil command of the city to a 33-member council of local citizens.
The first offer of surrender was rejected and fighting resumed on 20 February 1809 but the civilian council quickly negotiated to end the fighting which ceased that evening.
Most of the city lay in ruins, and around 54,000 people had perished in the siege.[7]
Aftermath[edit]
Under the terms of surrender the garrison marched out of the city and stacked their arms outside the Portillo gate. They had the choice of going into captivity or joining the French army. Of the 32,000 men at the start of the siege only 8,000 survived.
The terms of surrender allowed private property to be respected and a general amnesty was granted to the city. Although some looting took place the city was not sacked.
The suffering of the city had been terrible with estimated deaths of 54,000 made up of 20,000 soldiers and 34,000 civilians.[8] Lannes himself estimated that the population of Saragossa had fallen from 55,500 to 15,000. The city considered the Florence of Spain was completely destroyed, losing many emblematic buildings like Abbey of Santa Engracia or the houses of the kingdom, the government headquarters of the medieval era.
The French had also suffered losing about 10,000 men – 4,000 in battle and the rest to sickness.
Palafox himself was harshly treated by the French who imprisoned him as a traitor at Vincennes.
^ a b c d e f g h Bodart 1908, p. 393.
^ militari 2020.
^ georgian 2017.
^ Haythornthwaite 1996, chapter 4.
^ Esdaile 2003, pp. 159–163.
^ Rickard 2008.
^ Weider 2009.
^ MacDonell 2015.
Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905). Retrieved 17 May 2021.
georgian (2017). "Napoleonic Wars in the Iberian Peninsula: Battles in Spain during 1809". Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
Haythornthwaite, Philip J. (1996). Die Hard! Famous Napoleonic Battles. London: Cassell.
MacDonell, A. (2015). Napoleon and his marshals. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1516853144.
militari (2020). "De Re Militari" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
Rickard (2008). "Second Siege of Saragossa, 20 December 1808–20 February 1809". Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
Weider (2009). "Napoleon's Total War". Retrieved 18 May 2021.
Esdaile, Charles J. (2003). The Peninsular War. Palgrave MacMillan. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
Further reading[edit]
The Spanish Ulcer, A History of the Peninsular War, Dr. David Gates. 2002, Pimlico, 592 pages, English, ISBN 978-0712697309,
An excellent single volume history of the Peninsular War, which when it was published was the first really good English language history of the entire war since Oman. This is a well balanced work with detailed coverage of those campaigns conducted entirely by Spanish armies, as well as the better known British intervention in Portugal and Spain.
A History of the Peninsular War vol. 2: Jan.–Sept. 1809 – From the Battle of Corunna to the end of the Talavera Campaign, Sir Charles Oman, New Edition 2004, Greenhill Books, 720 pages, English, ISBN 978-1853675898
Part two of Oman's classic history falls into two broad sections. The first half of the book looks at the period between the British evacuation from Corunna and the arrival of Wellesley in Portugal for the second time, five months when the Spanish fought alone, while the second half looks at Wellesley's campaign in the north of Portugal and his first campaign in Spain. One of the classic works of military history.
Los Sitios de Zaragoza (Spanish) at asociacionlossitios.com
Battles in Spain During 1809 at georgianindex.net
Second Siege of Saragossa at historyofwar.org
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Ψ.Ε.Β.Ε. > Εκδόσεις > Περιοδικό > Hellenic Journal of Psychology – Volume 06
Hellenic Journal of Psychology
Legally responsible
George Grouios
President of the Psychological Society of Northern Greece
Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece. Phone: +30-2310-992177; E-mail: ggrouios@phed.auth.gr
Editor-in-Chief:
Anastasia Efklides Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Associate Editors:
Maria Dikaiou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Angeliki Leondari, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
Georgios D. Sideridis, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece
Assistant Editors:
Irini Dermitzaki, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
Mary H. Kosmidis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Filippos Vlachos, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
Plousia Misailidi, University of Ioannina, Greece
Pagona Roussi, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Guest Editors of the Special Issue:
Evrinomy Avdi, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Anastasia Efklides, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
George Grouios, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Shulamith Kreitler, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
Diomedes Markoulis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Robert Neimeyer, University of Memphis, USA
Jose M. Prieto, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
Wolfgang Schnotz, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
Yannis Theodorakis, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
Maria Tzouriadou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
ALPHABET S.A., Vrilissou 80, Poligono, 114 76 Athens, Greece. Tel: +30-210-646686
Exploring the mind with a microscope: Freud's beginning in neurobiology
Lazaros C. Triarhou
University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), the acknowledged founder of psychoanalysis, started his research career as a promising neurobiologist. This article presents an overview of his early articles in neuroanatomy and a literature update regarding the awareness of Freud's origins in neurobiology. In all, Freud invested a decade studying animal histology, cell biology and basic neuroscience before turning to human neuropsychiatric disorders. Through his histological studies, Freud provided coherent evidence supporting the neuron doctrine and suggesting that the protoplasm consists of a contractile fibrillary network, the present-day cytoskeleton. Freud also documented movements of nucleoli in neurons, a phenomenon presently referred to as nuclear rotation. In certain instances, Freud's observations antedate later views by more than half a century and are important to our understanding of neuronal structure and intracellular motility.
Keywords: Freud, History of neuroscience, Neurohistology, Neuron theory.
Address: Lazaros C. Triarhou, Department of Educational and Social Policy, School of Economic and Social Sciences, University of Macedonia, Egnatia 156, 540 06 Thessaloniki, Greece. E-mail: triarhou@uom.gr
* Published in English.
The contemporary relevance of Freud's work
Themistocles Katrios
North Hellenic Psychoanalytic Society, Thessaloniki
This selective and brief overview of the importance and contemporary relevance of Freud's work draws from object relations theory. Aside from setting the foundations of psychoanalysis, Freud's thinking moved towards various directions which Freud himself was not always able to follow through, although later psychoanalysts used and developed them with significant results. Special mention is made to the gradual shift from a drive-structure model to a relation-structure model of the mind. In addition, emphasis is given to the non-repressed unconscious, that is the area of mental life without representation, an area which contemporary psychoanalysis has begun to explore and which, as an observation, has its origin in Freud's work.
Keywords: Dream, Non-repressed unconscious, Psychoanalysis.
Address: Themistocles Katrios, North Hellenic Psychoanalytic Society, Agias Sofias 20, 546 22 Thessaloniki, Greece. E-mail: ntiane@otenet.gr
* Published in Greek.
The application of psychoanalytic theory and practice in the general hospital
Ioanna Ierodiakonou-Benou
Psychoanalytic theory and technique, closely connected to Freud's name, is the first great conception through which symptoms can be decoded as the result of intrapsychic conflicts, and their meaning can be seen to reflect the individual's characterological structure. The work of the founder of psychoanalysis involves clinical and theoretical issues that are still relevant today. The application of Freud's work to clinical practice concerns not only the wide spectrum of the neuroses, but also the understanding of the psychotic process and personality disorders. In addition, it creates new ways of understanding symptomatology and dynamics, with the possibility of intervention in various mental health settings (e.g., general hospitals, liaison consultation psychiatry, Balint groups)
Keywords: General hospital, National health service, Psychoanalytic psychotherapy.
Address: Ioanna Ierodiakonou-Benou, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece. E-mail: ioannabenou@gmail.com
Post-Freudian encounters between psychoanalysis and culture
Ruth Parkin-Gounelas
This paper locates a crucial point of convergence between psychoanalysis and culture in the concepts of the symbol and the sublime. Although they underpin all of Freud's writing in culture, it was not until the second half of the 20th century that theories of symbolization and sublimation began to be adequately theorized, in particular in the work of Lacan and Castoriadis. Using Lacan's paradoxical insight that the sublime is precisely that which eludes sublimation, this paper analyzes the play-within-a-play in A midsummer night's dream focusing on the way Shakespeare foregrounds the chink in the wall as not an obstacle to but a protection of the lovers—from the traumatic encounter with the Real of loss. Similarly, in Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, it is the threatened loss of the symbol in the form of the mysterious footprint which poses the greatest threat to the human psyche. Finally, the paper examines the Kleinian features of Lacan's theory of the sublime, and argues that the drive towards symbolic repair, however differently formulated, underlies both their theories of sublimation.
Keywords: Freud, Lacan, Sublimation, Symbolization.
Address: Ruth Parkin-Gounelas, Department of English Language and Literature, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece. E-mail: gounelas@lit.auth.gr
Diagnosing possible mental health problems in pervasive disorders: A case report
Panagiotis Siaperas & Stephen Higgins
University of Cambridge, UK & Institute of Psychiatry-King's College London, UK
The last twenty years services and knowledge about conditions in pervasive developmental disorders have been improved. However, today there are still people with borderline abilities who are either misdiagnosed or undiagnosed and in many cases they receive accurate diagnosis only after referral of symptoms of mental health problems. One of these examples is being presented in the case study of Khaldon. He is a second-generation adolescent immigrant in Britain with Turkish background. Interviews with his mother and with Khaldon reveal that he has an undiagnosed pervasive developmental disorder, specifically Asperger's syndrome. Despite the limited information about Khaldon, it is notable that he needs support for additional mental health problems. This case study presents Khaldon's psychological problems, the difficulties he faces because of Asperger's syndrome, the confusion of mental health professionals in diagnosing Asperger's syndrome from psychotic disorder and vice-versa and proposes the guidelines of a treatment adapted to Asperger's syndrome.
Keywords: Asperger's syndrome, Mental health, Pervasive developmental disorders.
Address: Panagiotis Siaperas, University of Cambridge, Section of Developmental Psychiatry, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK. Email: panagiotis.siaperas@gmail.com
Prediction of bully and victim status among young male offenders
Stavros P. Kiriakidis
University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
The present paper explored the relations of bullying and several familial, educational, legal and institutional characteristics of young offenders kept in custody. The sample was 152 randomly selected male young offenders from the largest young offenders' institution (YOI) in Scotland, UK. They took part in a structured interview asking several socio-demographic characteristics. The sample of the study reported bullying and victimisation behaviour concistent with some but not all previous studies. This mainly reflects differences in conceptualisation and operationalisation of bullying in offenders' samples. Victim status was associated with being in special school, having a history of poor school attainment, having poor peer relations at school, expecting an unstable living situation post custody and attempted suicide/self-injury. Bully status was associated with the number of times having been sentenced to custody, the time being in YOI for current stay, the total time spent in YOIs, the age the offenders had been at first time in YOI, being in residential care, and having been seen by psychiatrist/psychologist for treatment in custody. Prediction of victim status was better than prediction of bully membership.
Keywords: Adolescence, Bullying, Suicide attempts.
Address: Stavros Kiriakidis, 29 Kapetanaki Str., Ag. Dimitrios, 173 42 Athens, Greece. Tel./Fax: +30-210-9828455. E-mail: skyriak@syros.aegean.gr & kiriaks@yahoo.gr
Morphological awareness, spelling, and dyslexia: Classification and evaluation of empirical studies
Styliani N. Tsesmeli
University of Aegean, Rhodes, Greece
The present literature review is aiming at presenting contemporary research data in relation to the new research area of morphological awareness. Specifically, the review deals with studies regarding (i) the development of morphological awareness in normal and atypical populations in relation to literacy acquisition, and (ii) the use of morphological strategies in the acquisition of spelling by these populations. The research findings are discussed in terms of (a) age and individual differences in orthographic competence, (b) the relationship between morphological awareness and literacy, and (c) the contribution of phonology and other language features in the development of morphological awareness.
Keywords: Developmental dyslexia, Morphological awareness, Spelling.
Address: Styliani Ν. Τsesmeli, Department of Primary Education, University of Aegean, 851 00 Rhodes, Greece. Tel.: +30-22410-99210. Fax: +30-22410-99244. E-mail: stsesmeli@rhodes.aegean.gr
Self-determination theory and physical activity: The dynamics of motivation in development and wellness
Richard M. Ryan, Geoffrey C. Williams,Heather Patrick, & Edward L. Deci
University of Rochester, New York, USA
To introduce this special issue, we overview self-determination theory (SDT) as it is applied to physical activity, sport, and health. SDT distinguishes intrinsic and extrinsic motivations for physical activities, and specifies separate mini-theories addressing the nature, determinants, and consequences of each. Cognitive evaluation theory (CET) details the central role of intrinsic motivation in both sport and physical activity, and the impact of autonomy and competence supports in promoting people's intrinsic motivation. Organismic integration theory (OIT) describes different forms of extrinsic motivation that vary in their relative autonomy, affecting both persistence and performance. OIT suggests that more internalized extrinsic goals, being more volitional, are better maintained over time. We also review basic psychological need theory (BPNT), which specifies the role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness satisfaction in facilitating and sustaining motivation, and the impact of intrinsic (e.g., health) and extrinsic (e.g., attractiveness) goals in physical activity. We then outline a SDT perspective on vitality and its depletion, including new research on how contact with nature can enhance subjective energy. We conclude by discussing field research, including controlled clinical trials, testing the efficacy of SDT-based interventions in the promotion of physical activity, and other health-related outcomes.
Keywords: Health, Motivation, Physical activity, Self-determination, Vitality.
Address: Richard M. Ryan, Clinical and Social Psychology, University of Rochester, Box 270266, Rochester, NY 14627-0266, USA. Phone: +1-585-2758708. Email: ryan@psych.rochester.edu
Affective consequences of imposing the intensity of physical activity: Does the loss of perceived autonomy matter?
Spiridoula Vazou Ekkekakis & Panteleimon Ekkekakis
University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece & Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
There is a common belief that, when allowed to select their exercise intensity, most people choose levels too low to accrue substantial benefits. Thus, one of the presumed functions of exercise practitioners is to "push" participants. A previous study showed that, if the imposed intensity exceeds the self-selected by even 10%, this suffices to reduce pleasure. Here, we isolated the effect of autonomy loss by having participants (a) exercise at a self-selected intensity and (b) exercise at an intensity set by the experimenter, which was identical to the self-selected. This reduced perception of autonomy and choice, and also attenuated increases in energy and levels of interest/enjoyment after the controlled condition. These effects could not be accounted for by differences in intensity, perceived competence, or self-efficacy. Thus, consistent with self-determination theory, loss of perceived autonomy in setting one's level of exercise intensity can negatively impact affect, with potentially negative implications for adherence.
Keywords: Affective valence, Arousal, Exercise prescription, Perceived exertion.
Address: Spiridoula Vazou-Ekkekakis, Department of Primary Education, School of Education, University of Crete, Gallos Campus, 741 00 Rethymno, Greece. E-mail: svazou@edc.uoc.gr
Subjective psychological distress among young adults: The role of global and contextual levels of self-determined motivation
Étienne Julien, Frédéric Guay, Caroline Senécal, & Sarah-Caroline Poitras
Laval University, Québec, Canada
The purpose of this study was to contrast two perspectives on the linkages between levels of self-determined motivation and subjective psychological distress. The first perspective posits that global self-determined motivation (i.e., a trait) is more negatively related to psychological distress than contextual self-determined motivations in leisure, interpersonal relationships, and education. The second perspective, in contrast, posits that self-determined motivation in these three contexts are more negatively related to subjective psychological distress than global self-determined motivation. Participants were 1039 college students who collaborate to a five-year prospective study. Results from structural equation modeling provided more support for the second perspective than for the first one. Discussion centers on the theoretical and practical implications of the results.
Keywords: Contextual levels of motivation, Global levels of motivation, Self-determination, Subjective psychological distress.
Address: Frédéric Guay, Chairholder of the Canada Research Chair on Motivation and Academic Success, Department of Basic and Applied Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Laval University, Quebec, G1K 7P4 Canada. Phone: +1-418-6562131 Ext. 2379. Fax: +1-418-6562885. E-mail: Frederic.Guay@fse.ulaval.ca
The role of perceived psychological need satisfaction in exercise-related affect
Philip M. Wilson*, Diane E. Mack*, Chris M. Blanchard**, & Casey E. Gray*
Vol. 6 (2009) pp. 183-206
*Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada, & **Dalhousie University
The aim of this investigation was to examine the role of psychological need fulfillment in promoting affective responses to exercise from the perspective of self-determination theory. Participants in the two studies (N ranged from 140 to 175) were university students and staff who completed measures of psychological need satisfaction and exercise-related affect. Descriptive statistics across both studies indicated that participants reported greater satisfaction of competence and autonomy than relatedness needs in exercise although minimal differences were evident in Study 2. Structural equation modeling analyses conducted in Study 1 supported the contribution of a latent variable representing overall psychological need satisfaction to positive well-being and psychological distress. Multiple regression analyses conducted in Study 2 supported the link between greater satisfaction of SDT-based needs with enhanced positive and reduced negative affect in exercise settings and provided no support for the influence of gender on the perceived psychological need satisfaction-exercise affect relationship.
Keywords: Internalization, Self-determination theory, Well-being.
Address: Philip M. Wilson, Department of Physical Education & Kinesiology, 500 Glenridge Avenue, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1 Canada. Phone: +1-905-6885550 Ext. 4997, Fax: (905) 688-8364. E-mail: phwilson@brocku.ca
Psychological needs and subjective vitality in exercise: A cross-gender situational test of the needs universality hypothesis
Symeon P. Vlachopoulos & Eleni Karavani
The present study examined (a) the mediating role of the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the relationship between perceived autonomy support and levels of subjective vitality among Greek-speaking exercise participants at the situational level of generality; and (b) the validity of the needs universality hypothesis across gender in exercise. Exercise participants (N = 388) aged between 18 and 61 years completed scales assessing situational exercise-instructor perceived autonomy support, psychological need satisfaction, and levels of subjective vitality at the end of a single exercise class. Multi-sample latent variable structural equation modeling supported both partial mediation of the psychological needs in the relationship between perceived autonomy support and subjective vitality and the equivalence of the effects of the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness on subjective vitality across gender providing support for the needs universality hypothesis. The findings open new research avenues to test the relative effectiveness of various exercise instructing styles on improving indexes of psychological health and well-being and the equivalence of the psychological processes involved across gender.
Keywords: Multi-group analysis; Physical activity; Psychological well-being, Self-determination theory.
Address: Symeon P. Vlachopoulos, Laboratory of Social Research on Physical Activity, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aghios Ioannis, 621 10 Serres, Greece. Phone: +30-2310-991045. E-mail: vlachop@phed-sr.auth.gr
Comparing self-determination and body image between excessive and healthy exercisers
Michelle S. Fortier & Robin J. Farrell
School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada & Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
The influence of self-determination and body image on exercise behavior was examined using a multi-method approach. A series of validated scales was administered to 218 male and female exercisers to compare the exercise motivation and perceived body image of four groups exhibiting low to high levels of both exercise behavior and commitment. Exercisers identified as having the most "excessive" exercise behaviors (N = 4) were also interviewed. Analyses of quantitative data revealed that "excessive" exercisers displayed higher levels of introjected regulation and of self-determined forms of motivation than "healthy" exercisers. Qualitative findings revealed health/fitness and appearance-related motives, and guilt as a motivating factor for "excessive" exercisers. Quantitative results are discussed according to self-determination theory and past research. Interview findings suggest body image does influence excessive exercise behavior.
Keywords: Exercise, Motivation, Multi-method, Self-determination theory.
Address: Michelle Fortier, School of Human Kinetics, Montpetit Hall, 125 University, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada. Tel: +1-613-5625800 (4275); Fax: +1-613-5625149. E-mail: mfortier@uottawa.ca
The mediating role of behavioural regulations in the relationship between perceived body of discrepancies and physical activity among adult women
David Markland
Bangor University, UK
Research has shown a negative relationship between perceived body size discrepancies and exercise participation among women. This might be explained from a self-determination theory perspective by perceived discrepancies between actual and ideal body size causing individuals to feel less autonomous in the regulation of their exercise behaviour. The aim of this study was to test the mediating role of exercise behavioural regulations in the relationship between body size discrepancies and physical activity participation. Participants were 102 women who completed measures of body size discrepancies, behavioural regulations and physical activity. Analyses showed that a reduction in more autonomous regulations mediated a negative relationship between discrepancies and physical activity. Less autonomous regulations did not play a mediating role. Thus it appears that body size discrepancies exert a negative influence on physical activity by decreasing feelings that exercise is a valued and enjoyable activity rather than by leading people to feel more externally or internally controlled in their behaviour.
Keywords: Body image, Exercise, Self-determination.
Address: David Markland, School of Sport, Health & Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, George Building, Holyhead Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2PZ, UK. Fax: +44-1248-371053. E-mail: d.a.markland@bangor.ac.uk
Values in acceptance and commitment therapy: A comparison with four other approaches
James E. Yadavaia & Steven C. Hayes
University of Nevada, Reno, USA
Personal values represent an integral component in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), an acceptance-based modern behavioral psychotherapy. Many other psychological approaches have held values to be central to living life. This paper compares and contrasts ACT's approach to values with four other approaches: client-centered therapy, Motivational Interviewing, positive psychology, and radical behaviorism. The ACT model is described as well as the role of values within that model, and brief clinical examples are provided to illustrate how the ACT approach to values may be used in practice.
Keywords: Behavior analysis, Motivational Interviewing, Positive psychology, Values.
Address: James Yadavaia, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0062, USA. E-mail: yadavaia@unr.nevada.edu
The nature and basis for compassion focused therapy
Mental Health Research Unit, Kingsway Hospital, De
People with complex emotional difficulties sometimes find it difficult to emotionally engage with psychological therapy. They may say things such as, "I understand the logic of the therapy, and it makes perfect sense but I just can't feel it". These kinds of difficulties are often underpinned by shame and self-criticism. Such individuals often come from harsh or neglectful backgrounds and have experienced low affection. Compassion focused therapy suggests that: (a) Shame and self-criticism are forms of safety strategies that can be resistant to change. (b) The ability to feel reassured by the therapist and therapeutic interventions depends upon activation of a specialised emotion system that gives rise to the feelings of safeness, soothing and reassurance. (c) For some people this system is inaccessible and/or frightening to work with. (d) Increased access and activation of the soothing, safeness and reassurance system can be a key focus of therapy.
Keywords: Compassion, Self-criticism, Shame.
Address: Paul Gilbert, Mental Health Research Unit, Kingsway Hospital, Derby, UK. E-mail: p.gilbert@derby.ac.uk
Affect regulation, metacommunication and mindfulness in action
Jeremy D. Safran & Julia N. Belotserkovsky
New School for Social Research, New York, USA
Deficits in affect regulation skills play an important role in many forms of psychopathology. Affect regulation involves tolerating, moderating and making constructive use of a range of affective states, including those that are intensely painful or pleasurable, without needing to dissociate them. In this article, we discuss the role that the therapist's ability to regulate his or her own affective experience can play in helping patients to regulate their own affective experience. The therapeutic encounter involves an on ongoing process of mutual affective regulation between therapist and patients through which both partners influence each other's affective experience. Patients with affect regulation problems are likely to evoke intense feelings in their therapist, and the therapist's ability to work constructively with their own internal experience is an important therapeutic skill. We explore the role that both mindfulness practice and therapeutic metacommunication (i.e., the process of collaboratively exploring what is taking place between therapist and patient in a reflective and nonjudgmental fashion) can play in facilitating the process of affect regulation in both therapist and patient.
Keywords: Affect regulation, Metacommunication, Mindfulness, Psychopathology.
Address: Jeremy D. Safran, Psychology Department, New School for Social Research, 80 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10011, USA. E-mail: safranj@newschool.edu
Some implications of attachment research for psychotherapeutic practice
University of Exeter, UK
The implications of current findings in attachment theory for psychoanalytic practice are reviewed. Discussion is divided into three sections: the therapeutic relationship; meaning making; promoting change. It is argued that attachment provides a "meta-perspective" from which the interactions of therapist and client can be viewed. Key themes discussed include: Goal Corrected Empathic Attunement as a stimulator of vitality affects and companionable exploration in therapy; the emergence of narrative competence and meaning in the context of secure attachment to the therapist; the paradoxical nature of therapy as a "positive double bind" aiming to stimulate psychic development and reorganisation. The tripartite rubric is applied to the difficulties of working with borderline clients and how these may be overcome.
Keywords: Attachment, Psychoanalysis, Psychotherapy.
Address: Jeremy Holmes, Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4 QG, UK. E-mail: j.a.holmes@btinternet.com
Seeking a balance between knowing and not knowing in the consulting room
Patrick Casement
Fellow of the Institute of Psychoanalysis, London
Psychoanalysis has been based upon a theory that suggests that those properly trained become able to know some of what is in the unconscious minds of their patients, which the patients themselves cannot know. But the power differential in this can lead to problems. It is all too easy for the link between theory and interpretation to become circular and self-proving. I therefore maintain that it is sometimes important to stay with not knowing for longer than in some analyses, in order to remain open to meanings that could be more relevant to the individual patient, rather than treating similar patients as if they were more nearly the same. It then becomes important that we also learn to differentiate between those times when not knowing is appropriate from others when it is a firmer sense of knowing that is necessary. I try to indicate something of the balance between knowing and not knowing that I believe to be a skill that all analysts need to develop.
Keywords: Certainty, Non-certainty, Psychoanalysis.
Address: Patrick Casement, 122 Mansfield Road, London NW3 2JB, UK. E-mail: patrick@pcasement.fsnet.co.uk

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Wizards of the Coast Cannot Win
There has been quite a bit of discussion, some negative, over the release schedule WotC has revealed through the coming summer.
Before we get into that, we need to realize that since 5th Edition's launch we've had six table top rpg products, a DM screen, several spell card, and miniatures releases from Gale Force 9, blind box miniatures and a miniatures game from WizKids and two novels (not counting the Sundering), as well as an expansion for an MMORPG, all of that in a seven month span.
This does not include the Adventurer's League Expeditions or Epic convention events, and also overlooks the Basic DnD PDFs.
I don't know what the future holds for D&D 5E, but that's a pretty heavy release schedule.
Looking at the first six months of 2015, we only have one table top rpg product (which I'm disappointed about), but I think we need to realize that Hasbro/WotC is delegating releases, so instead of the Elemental Evil board game and miniature game products being developed in house, they're still support for DnD and are being led/driven by WotC. Its an unusual plan, but its where DnD lives right now.
There has also been quite a bit of anger of two recent lay-offs (and losing your job sucks), but looking at Chris and Jennifer's design credits in 5E products, I think it was more of a corporate mandate being fulfilled, and less of a let's "screw DnD over". Who knows, maybe Chris and Jennifer will follow several other talented former WotC employees and create their own company and still contribute to the industry (I can only hope).
On top of the already released products, we've had about 18 months of DnD releases on dndclassics.com. I think its important to acknowledge these, because I truly think WotC expects us to mine all editions moving forward. Would I like a series of conversion guides? Sure. But let's be honest, either your comfortable doing the conversions, or your not going to go to the hassle, or some creative soul online is going to do it for fun.
Would I like WotC farther along on some fronts? Sure. Do I get frustrated at their lack of digital tools? Yes (but in watching Project: Morningstar and what they had achieved in the time given them and their kickstarter track record, I think WotC made the right decision to part ways).
I think, like always, those in charge of DnD are truly trying to shepherd the best line they can while being a part of an international corporation that merely wants to replicate the success of Magic: the Gathering.
Here is what I know from running a gaming store: I've sold close to 100 Player's Handbooks in these first six months and my Adventurer's League nights have swelled from 5 players to over 30. While, some stores may have had that level of success with Pathfinder and Pathfinder Society, I never did. 95% of those 30 players are taking advantage of my preorder and discount programs for participating in the League, but sadly 80% of my Pathfinder players subscribe to Paizo for product (not that I hold it against them, its a brilliant program, but it hurts me).
So, we can gossip about what WotC has or has not done, but meanwhile I'm going to be very busy finding and training Dungeon Master's to run some games of DnD.
By Cross Planes at January 31, 2015
Closing out January
Its been a good month. A very good month. This weekend I get to celebrate my beautiful wife's birthday and root for the Patriots (the far lesser of two evils, in my opinions, #ravensnation).
I've been thinking about the blog. I've managed to keep up my every other day pace and have been looking back at its direction since last summer.
Back then, I decided I wanted to move away from Actual Play Reports and work on content.
I think I've done that, but I'm now focusing on quality.
And I keep thinking that WotC's lack of traditional support on the table top RPG side could be an opportunity for me. But it's hard to find time to write a product, commission art and then lay it out when running a family business, being married and raising four kids.
So for now, publishing, is merely an idea.
However, this blog is more than that and I'm really working on trying to galvanize its content.
DnDClassics.com Releases for 1/27/15
I'm always surprised how difficult it is for me to find out what are the new releases on DnDClassics.com each week (aside from this thread on RPG.Net).
Then it occurred to me that I have a Blog and I'm always looking for subjects to post about!
So this weeks releases are:
Dungeon 161
Martial Power 2 (4E)
Sword and Fist: A Guidebook to Fighters and Monks (3E)
Also a big thanks to the terrific spreadsheet about all of the releases created and maintained by Jurgen Hubert (creator of Urbis)
Labels: DnDClassics.com
D&D 5th Edition's Feedback Survey is Available
Wizards of the Coast is looking for your Feedback on DnD 5th Edition, staring today.
Go here for the survey.
I hope we get some goodies soon. Even if we don't get Dungeon and Dragon Magazines, just some content on their website would be good.
Calidar?
I haven't picked up Bruce Heard's Calidar setting, yet.
I was a fan of the Voyages of the Princess Ark and of his writing. But I wonder how much those article's charm (and Mystara's) he channels?
So, my question for those who have taking the Calidar plunge, is it worth it?
Do you recommend it?
Labels: RPGs
A Good Book: London Falling by Paul Cornell
This is going to hurt my geek cred, but when I picked up London Falling (its sample was mind boggling good), I didn't realize he'd been writing comics for ages (Demon Knights for DC).
The premise is essentially, a police procedural mixed with witches and ghosts mixed with football (soccer). As good as it is (its damn fine), I think if I were a brit, it would punch me even harder on levels that I can't relate to as I'm no soccer fan.
The writing is robust and gritty and hurtful and the characters have grown and evolved and I'm not quite half way through.
I can't recommend this enough. Its kind of EXACTLY the kind of monster hunter story I've been looking forward to reading.
Don't waste a minute, pick it up today.
1st Edition Feel, 5th Edition Rules
I just got my PDF of Necromancer Games/Frog God Games Fifth Edition Foes.
I'm really glad I back this.
These are some great monsters and its nice to have some new material while I wait for Princes of the Apocalypse and contemplate the demise of the (Elemental) Adventurer's Handbook.
If you enjoy 5th Edition, I really recommend this book, many of the monsters are from the original ADnD Monster Manual II and Fiend Folio.
I'm still working my way through it, but it was great seeing vegepygmys.
More as I work my way through it.
So I've watched the first three episodes of Marvel's Agent Carter.
Let me add, that while I'm enjoying all DC's TV shows, I am not a fan of Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
I can say I like Agent Carter better, but I'm still unsure of Marvel's foray into TV.
From a Super Hero standpoint, why the reluctance to feature Superh Heroes as the central protagonists?
While, I love Agent Carter's era and believe they are handling her fellow agent's reactions to a female agent, its gets a bit heavy sometimes. Especially, as the series has progressed, I wonder if Carter is the central character or if its Jarvis or even her fellow agent?
Now here is where I turn things on their ear, if you look at Agent Carter as mere adventure TV, it works very, very well. In fact, as recruiter for a more general and female audience, its brilliant.
And Marvel Studios has proven they understand how to recruit audiences.
I just wish we'd get a real Super Hero show on ABC.
Maybe the Netflix Defender tie-ins will offer a bit more of my central desire?
But, at least I can watch Agent Carter until then and its worlds above S.H.I.E.L.D.
Their First Dungeon
So this past friday, I introduced five new players to DnD.
It went well, and I occasionally forget how exciting it is to experience DnD from a fresh set of eyes.
I ended up choosing a dungeon from onepagedungeon.info, the Titan's Burden, and it has worked well.
The adventure is loosely based in the Dalelands of the Forgotten Realms, south of the High Dale and west of the Vast Bog and north of the Sembian border.
Derbydale (a creation of my own) has heard that the nearby settlement of Hacksford was sacked by gnolls several nights ago, just after a strange, 800 foot tall "titan" appeared several miles away.
A sage, Devero Hollingswood has hired the PC's to explore the "titan" offering to give them 60% of the haul and the bounty for the gnolls (as he believes they are connected to the "titan").
They fought a blind basilisk, freed some wildlings. Refused to enter a section of the dungeon they believe is haunted (wails and ectoplasm). And encountered and defeated a mysterious sorceress who apparently had created one "mist golem" and was working on a second.
But, they only finished half the dungeon, so friday we continue.
So WotC showed us a bit of the future for DnD 5th Edition today.
Princes of the Apocalypse
Temple of Elemental Evil Adventure Game
Elemental Evil expansion for Neverwinter
But, all of a sudden, no (Elemental) Adventurer's Handbook...
I hope someone gives us a better idea of what's coming down the pike this year at WotC. Is this the only book released until the next storyline?
I respect paired back releases, but 2-3 books a year seems like a poor decision.
I can say that, as a playtester for WotC, your going to like the new stuff for characters.
And I need to mention that giving the player section away with bonus material is a big win.
I hope I can throw more money at them in May or June.
Transmedia D&D?
So as I've consumed the launch of DnD 5th Edition, which, Wizards has advertised as transmedia, a thought keeps coming to me as I run/play Tyranny of Dragons.
Where is the novel?
We've got the campaign books and the Neverwinter MMO "module", but before the term transmedia was coined, TSR used to have novel tie-ins with modules/campaigns.
We read about the Sundering, but didn't really play through it.
Now we're playing through Tyranny of Dragons, at the table and massively, but there is no novel.
I understand that the RPG division at WotC is probably smaller than ever before, but a segment of their fans like having the synergy between published material and novels. I don't assume they don't know this, and I'm certain novel sales are down (if for no other reason than a sorely limited publishing schedule...akin to how Paizo "took over" the RPG market with little to no competition from DnD). But this seems like a poor idea.
For me DnD 5E has brought me perilously close to the joy I felt with ADnD 2E, now give me the novels. Give me transmedia!
Cross Planes Drifter: Sith Apprentice for D&D 5th Edition
SITH APPRENTICE Medium humanoid (human), lawful evil ________________________________________________
Armor Class 15 (studded leather armor)
Hit Points 50 (10d8 -10)
Str Dex Con Int Wis Cha
11 (+0) 17 (+3) 9 (-1) 13 (+1) 16 (+3) 12 (+1)
Saving Throws Dex +5, Wis +5
Skills Arcana +5, Acrobatics +5, Perception +5
Tools Land Vehicle
Senses passive Perception 13
Languages Any 2
Challenge 2 (450 XP)
Multiattack. The sith apprentice makes two melee attacks with its light saber or one ranged attack with its force push.
Light Saber. Melee Weapon Attack: +5 to hit, reach 10 ft., one target. Hit: 11 (3d4) radiant damage.
Force Push. Ranged Attack: Strength Save vs DC 13 , range 30 ft., one target takes 1d8 force damage and is knocked prone on a failed save.
Labels: Cross Planes Drifters, DnD
Hard Times in Jarlsburg: Pawns to Knights in One (Winter)
The Hard Times is Jarlsburg's premier source of news (not necessarily truth) and routinely outsells it's competitor, The Cryer.
The last several weeks have been uncharacteristically quiet in the City of Thunder.
As we've previously reported, crime is down close to 30%, nearly 12% of the city's populace has emigrated from our fair city (see crime being down to see whose left first), and winter has struck a long and somber attack at our city (with many rumblings that its the Blizzard King's opening salvo of invasion!)
However, amidst the chaos of the few months, the Prime Minister's new Special Task Force on Cult Activity has stalwartly been the first, last, and perhaps only line of defense from the downright creepiness that has plagued our beloved Jarlsburg.
Wether its smashing demoniac cultists, rescuing wayward nobility, or being a voice of reason and strategy amongst the city's elite, the STFCA has not left us, from our lowliest hobo to our most potent nobility, wanting for champions.
Word has come to me that not only are the Council's current battle plans the brainchild of the STFCA, but that the Task Force will be leading our forces against the dreaded Blizzard King, himself!
Rumors are circulating that key members of the STFCA have personally devised a plan involving a "super weapon" which is sure to end this war before it begins.
We can only pray, to the Old Gods or to the New, that the rumors are true.
More as the story develops.
Pathos Gibraltar, Council Reporter
Evening Edition on the 22nd Day of Jary in the Second Hundred and Twenty Second Year of Thronehold
Labels: Jarlsburg
On Being A Game Master: Saying Yes
I'm very grateful that my store's Adventurer's League for DnD 5th Edition is growing. We've moved from 1 table to 3 in a fairly short period of time.
While I was enjoying playing in Ben B.'s game, the third table was a group of excited player's who were new to the hobby and I felt like I should be the one to guide them into our hobby.
I'm not trying to be vainglorious, it simply seemed that part of my job was to be the guy to introduce them to DnD.
A shortage of DM's was also a factor :)
Since I didn't have much time to prepare a session and I'm not terribly fond of Hoard of the Dragon Queen, we simply made characters.
At the end of character creation, I was overjoyed to see that every player had a name and goal for their PC.
One of player's goals was to find a light saber so that he could defeat the necromancer who killed his brother. A purple light saber, in fact.
We all laughed and I pointed out he really wanted a magic sword and the player happily accepted this, as we were "playing DnD, not Star Wars."
Except we are playing DnD and why can't there be light sabers? This occurred to me on the drive home. I meant no disrespect at my earlier answer to the player, but why couldn't he get a light saber?
How would that break the game?
I'm an experienced enough DM that I don't mind saying "yes" to something and seeing where it goes. I'm philosophically geared to the game being about the players, especially if those players are brand new.
There is no need to filter my preconceived notions about what fantasy is in a game with trolls, vorpal swords, and Tiamat.
In short, the game isn't about me, its about my players. Wether you call them wizards or jedi, its all just magic.
And in thinking about how that player could could get a light saber, I realized that his nemesis, the necromancer, could in fact be a Dark Lord of the Sith...
Cross Planes Drifter: Gunslinger for D&D 5th Edition
GUNSLINGER Medium humanoid (human), neutral ________________________________________________
Armor Class 15 (leather armor)
Hit Points 60 (10d8 + 10)
12 (+1) 16 (+3) 13 (+1) 10 (+0) 15 (+2) 11 (+0)
Skills Athletics +5, Perception +5
Tools Land Vehicle (Horse)
Multiattack. The gunslinger makes three ranged attacks with its revolver or one with its knife.
Revolver. Ranged Weapon Attack: +5 to hit, range 60/120 ft., one target. Hit: 10 (2d6 + 3) piercing damage.
Knife. Melee Attack: +5 to hit, reach 5 ft., one target. Hit: 6 (1d4 + 3) piercing damage.
Labels: Bestiary, Cross Planes Drifters, DnD
On Being a Game Master: No Drama
Drama is something that has rocked my gaming groups for most of the twenty plus years I've been in the hobby. As I've admitted in earlier posts, I'm at least 50% of any conflict or drama resulting from conflict that I've been apart of.
But, I've made concerted efforts to avoid drama both in my life and in my gaming life over the last decade. Taking a sabbatical from gaming was a great first step in trying to reach this point in my life and I've worked diligently to avoid falling into old patterns.
Recently, a player in several of our group's games began a new romance. And then he, well found a second romance. Everyone's an adult, no one's married, its his life. We noticed he was making excuses, constant excuses about showing up. The group did a good job of letting him know they understood, but they missed him when he returned for a session and introduced us to one of his interests, who was welcomed at the table.
The following week, I sent out our reminder and he replied he was busy. I asked if maybe he wanted to take a break and he said that he did because, "(he) felt bullied by two of the players because they made me feel guilty for not showing up."
I was there, no bullying occurred, it was obvious this player was looking to take a break, but maybe didn't no how. So we talked honestly, and I think we both felt better. I think he understood the group was trying to be supportive but not clingy.
The old me would have mishandled this, I freely admit it. I would have missed that he needed help communicating his turmoil and would have been offended at his tactic.
The new me basically said take some time away and enjoy your new romances. It's okay to do that, and you don't have to make excuses.
The old me would have burned that bridge.
The new me hopes my friend is enjoying himself and wishes him well, wherever that takes him.
The point is, sometimes you have a group and sometimes you don't, but no gaming is better than toxic gaming. And there isn't a single conflict I've had over my beloved hobby that was ever worth it.
Sometimes you need to take break. Give yourself permission.
Hard Times In Jarlsburg: Fall of the House of Dwyer?
Just as House of Dwyer reals from yet more scandal due to the Bruth's eldest son, Kieron, this reporter is investigating reports that an unknown assailant has somehow entered into the Dwyer Suite at the Imperial Hotel and that both Kireon and his uncle Darius have been murdered!
An anonymous source has confirmed that Bruth was so angry over his son's over the involvement in the death of Tibido Hammerstone, Ambassador to Iron Hall, that he had his youngest brother Darius and a crack security team to keep round the clock watch on the Dwyer heir.
Word has come to me that at least two members of the Prime Minister's new Special Task Force on Cult Activity interviewed Kireon either prior to or during the assailant's attack.
While, the security detail were not injured, I am following up reports that one of their number had to be escorted out due to "something unnatural, something not right, something out of a nightmare", according to Yuber Yatos on staff with the Imperial Hotel.
No members of the Task Force could be reached for comment and House Dwyer is not being even remotely cooperative.
Evening Edition on the 1st Day of Jary in the Second Hundred and Twenty Second Year of Thronehold
Going Ape!
With the dawn of a New Year, I've been contemplating flexing my world building muscles. While I love Jarlsburg as a setting (including the neighboring Duchy of St. Cuthbert), I'm contemplating a larger area to work within.
One of the first ideas I've been toying with the idea of replacing orcs with intelligent apes.
From there...well, I'm still figuring that out, including wether the apes are the classic version or the newer version.
I'm trying to decide if the apes are merely replacements for orcs or if I take a page from the Planet of the Apes series and have their civilization be dominant and the humans of the setting merely trying to survive...taking an additional cue from Points of Light theme.
Here is a link to a Intelligent Chimpanzee I worked up back in July.
Cross Planes Drifter: Sith Apprentice for D&D 5th ...
Hard Times in Jarlsburg: Pawns to Knights in One ...
Cross Planes Drifter: Gunslinger for D&D 5th Editi...
Hard Times In Jarlsburg: Fall of the House of Dwy...


Blogging with a friend i discovered i do not realy blog that much, so to get back to that topic.
I'm currently working on some minor projects to keep my stove buring.
The touch table i mentioned earlyer has been formulated correctly to the client and should be getting a approval sometimes soon.
In my search i've ran into some funny and inspirational aplications.
For example the application Bumptop a desktop alteration that actualy make the desktop enviroment much more usefull and fun.
I've seem to have an older version running because the project just got bought by google so this functions will probably be partially or fully implemented in either google glass or google OS.
And leap motion, a gesture device that rocked my world. This is a true gesture device. And is one that will topple the mouse and perhaps even in time the keyboard. For some people the interface of Minority Report was looking realy nice and intuitive but this takes the cake. This llooks like the next logical possible step for intuituve navigation instead of Tom Cruise his dails ans levers on a screen.


0.1 Holidaying on Gran Canaria? New to the island? Either way, we'll help you find where you can get a good Gran Canaria haircut; in the north, south, east, west, and centre of the island.
Holidaying on Gran Canaria? New to the island? Either way, we'll help you find where you can get a good Gran Canaria haircut; in the north, south, east, west, and centre of the island.
Despite their easygoing demeanour, Canarians do care quite a lot about what they look like. Which keeps barbers and hairdressers on the islands in plenty of business. Here are our top tips on where you can get a good haircut on Gran Canaria.
You'll find, as with the majority of businesses, most barbers and hairdressers in the north of the island in the capital, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Our two eldest Dani and Alex like to get their hair done for around €10 a time, like their football-playing mates, at Triana's Peluquería Quintana. You'll know you're in the right place when you mistake the owner for Barcelona's Luis Suarez, albeit with a new look of greying hair.
Gran Canaria Local Junior gets his hair cut on the other side of town, at Pérez Muñoz's CH Peluqueros which is quite the hipster hangout. Prior to Mr Gran Canaria Local's wedding to Mrs GCL, his mum got her hair, and indeed make-up, done at Carvajal's Salón Rosmen which is where Las Palmas de Gran Canaria's beautiful people tend to go. Cheaper options include the Chinese hairdressers (men's cuts as low as €5) which are dotted throughout the city, but particularly in Arenales and La Isleta.
In Arucas, BarberShop La Ideal (near the bus station) cut hair for boys big and small whilst girls of all ages are coiffeured by the slightly more out-of-town (as in Santidad) Peluquería y Estética Lorena. Over in Guía, gents who are dedicated followers of (hair) fashion are well served by Alcalde Oscar Bautistia Afonso's La Barbería. Meanwhile, La Atalaya (the Santa Brígida version) is home to Peluquería Mency, one of the leading unisexual salons in the area.
We knew him first as Hipp Astrum (it's a long story) but Mr Frederick Cleverly has become Mr Gran Canaria Local's hairdresser. Whenever Mr GCL's down south, he pops by FRDK Hair Salon in Playa del Inglés. And if FC's not there, Mr Gran Canaria Local's attended by Tom who's equally handy with the scissors.
Over in nearby Maspalomas, trendsetters Italian Hair & Beauty Project very much style hair rather than merely cut it. There's a similar ethos in Campo Internacional's Hairstudio Maspalomas, run by Bavarian prizewinning hairdresser Sandra Hohner. Further west, Arguíneguin's BarberShop No 13 is a facsimile of an old-fashioned barber.
Continuing occidentally on Gran Canaria, you'll reach one of the island's major resorts in Puerto Rico. Here, you'll find Martinica's Martinica's Hair, Beauty, Massage & Wellness, which (as you've already no doubt surmised) offers more than just haircuts. Elsewhere in the municipality, there's Atelier La Femme in Puerto de Mogán, stylish in both name and nature.
Telde's LifeStyle BarberShop is as old school as it sounds. As well as offering gentlemen's cuts, it provides beard-trimming services and wet shaves. Turn off the GC-1 at La Garita to reach this particular establishment.
On the other side of Gran Canaria's major motorway, there's Salón Peluquería Agustín in Telde proper. They're open from Monday to Friday 8:00am to 8:00pm and on Saturdays from 8:00am to 2:00pm. At 8€ for a men's haircut, they're one of the cheapest non-Chinese salons on the island.
Heading towards the interior of the island and Valsequillo, you'll discover Barbería San Miguel. A post-millennial take on the traditional men's cut, they only opened in 2015. Close by, Begoña Alfonso/Zen Beauty Peluqueros offer haircuts for women too.
If your hair's becoming too wild for your liking and you're in the west of the island, Peluquería Indira Amparo in La Aldea de San Nicolás' Calle Doctor Fleming will happily perform a salvage operation for you. Peluquero a Domicilio Joa N.L. can also come to your rescue. Quite literally, as they're a mobile hairdresser.
If you find yourself in the centre of the island, you're going to have to travel a little bit further to get a haircut. Unless your base is Vega de San Mateo, that is. Which houses Centro Estético y Peluquería Raquel Reyes, specializing in hair straightening and permanent eyelash dying.


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The Europas, created in 2009, is one of the largest startup gatherings in Europe. The 2014 edition took place last Tuesday in London. Startupbootcamp was one of the winners of The Europa award, in the category Best Accelerator. The other Dutch contribution was 3D printing startup 3D Hubs: this startup was nominated in the category coolest technology innovation.
The Europas is an American perspective on the European startup scene. It is organized by Mike Butcher from Techcrunch. one of the refreshing aspects is that it is truly European in focus: it takes place in London but is not about London. One of the few Dutch nominees was 3D print startup 3D hubs: this startup has built a platform that connects 3D printer owners to people close to them that want to print an object. 3D Hubs has grown swiftly in the last year with more than 5000 connected printers and was therefore nominated it the category "Coolest Technology Innovation". We asked founder Bram de Zwart who attended this event about his impression:"It was a very interesting event, with 750+ attendees and many interesting other startups, investors and press".
Startupbootcamp was nominated and won in the category "best accelerator and incubator". According to the jury: Now working across Istanbul, London, Berlin, Israel, Amsterdam, Copenhagen and Eindhoven and operating across numerous verticals, Startupbootcamp has, over the last year, extended its model across Europe and has created a force to be reckoned with internationally.


text:
import streamBuffers from 'stream-buffers';

const devWarningBanner = "(Mail not sent; to enable " +
  "sending, set the MAIL_URL environment variable.)\n";

function smokeEmailTest(testFunction) {
  // This only tests dev mode, so don't run the test if this is deployed.
  if (process.env.MAIL_URL) return;

  try {
    const stream = new streamBuffers.WritableStreamBuffer;
    EmailTest.overrideOutputStream(stream);

    testFunction(stream);

  } finally {
    EmailTest.restoreOutputStream();
  }
}

function canonicalize(string) {
  // Remove generated content for test.equal to succeed.
  return string.replace(/Message-ID: <[^<>]*>\r\n/, "Message-ID: <...>\r\n")
               .replace(/Date: (?!dummy).*\r\n/, "Date: ...\r\n")
               .replace(/(boundary="|^--)--[^\s"]+?(-Part|")/mg, "$1--...$2");
}

Tinytest.add("email - fully customizable", function (test) {
  smokeEmailTest(function(stream) {
    Email.send({
      from: "foo@example.com",
      to: "bar@example.com",
      cc: ["friends@example.com", "enemies@example.com"],
      subject: "This is the subject",
      text: "This is the body\nof the message\nFrom us.",
      headers: {
        'X-Meteor-Test': 'a custom header',
        'Date': 'dummy',
      },
    });
    // XXX brittle if mailcomposer changes header order, etc
    test.equal(canonicalize(stream.getContentsAsString("utf8")),
               "====== BEGIN MAIL #0 ======\n" +
               devWarningBanner +
               "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\r\n" +
               "X-Meteor-Test: a custom header\r\n" +
               "Date: dummy\r\n" +
               "From: foo@example.com\r\n" +
               "To: bar@example.com\r\n" +
               "Cc: friends@example.com, enemies@example.com\r\n" +
               "Subject: This is the subject\r\n" +
               "Message-ID: <...>\r\n" +
               "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit\r\n" +
               "MIME-Version: 1.0\r\n" +
               "\r\n" +
               "This is the body\n" +
               "of the message\n" +
               "From us.\r\n" +
               "====== END MAIL #0 ======\n");
  });
});

Tinytest.add("email - undefined headers sends properly", function (test) {
  smokeEmailTest(function (stream) {
    Email.send({
      from: "foo@example.com",
      to: "bar@example.com",
      subject: "This is the subject",
      text: "This is the body\nof the message\nFrom us.",
    });

    test.matches(canonicalize(stream.getContentsAsString("utf8")),
      /^====== BEGIN MAIL #0 ======$[\s\S]+^To: bar@example.com$/m);
  });
});

Tinytest.add("email - multiple e-mails same stream", function (test) {
  smokeEmailTest(function (stream) {
    Email.send({
      from: "foo@example.com",
      to: "bar@example.com",
      subject: "This is the subject",
      text: "This is the body\nof the message\nFrom us.",
    });

    const contents = canonicalize(stream.getContentsAsString("utf8"));
    test.matches(contents, /^====== BEGIN MAIL #0 ======$/m);
    test.matches(contents, /^From: foo@example.com$/m);
    test.matches(contents, /^To: bar@example.com$/m);

    Email.send({
      from: "qux@example.com",
      to: "baz@example.com",
      subject: "This is important",
      text: "This is another message\nFrom Qux.",
    });

    const contents2 = canonicalize(stream.getContentsAsString("utf8"));
    test.matches(contents2, /^====== BEGIN MAIL #1 ======$/m);
    test.matches(contents2, /^From: qux@example.com$/m);
    test.matches(contents2, /^To: baz@example.com$/m);

  });
});

Tinytest.add("email - using mail composer", function (test) {
  smokeEmailTest(function (stream) {
    // Test direct MailComposer usage.
    const mc = new EmailInternals.NpmModules.mailcomposer.module({
      from: "a@b.com",
      text: "body"
    });
    Email.send({mailComposer: mc});
    test.equal(canonicalize(stream.getContentsAsString("utf8")),
               "====== BEGIN MAIL #0 ======\n" +
               devWarningBanner +
               "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\r\n" +
               "From: a@b.com\r\n" +
               "Message-ID: <...>\r\n" +
               "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit\r\n" +
               "Date: ...\r\n" +
               "MIME-Version: 1.0\r\n" +
               "\r\n" +
               "body\r\n" +
               "====== END MAIL #0 ======\n");
  });
});

Tinytest.add("email - date auto generated", function (test) {
  smokeEmailTest(function (stream) {
    // Test if date header is automatically generated, if not specified
    Email.send({
      from: "foo@example.com",
      to: "bar@example.com",
      subject: "This is the subject",
      text: "This is the body\nof the message\nFrom us.",
      headers: {
        'X-Meteor-Test': 'a custom header',
      },
    });

    test.matches(canonicalize(stream.getContentsAsString("utf8")),
                 /^Date: .+$/m);
  });
});

Tinytest.add("email - long lines", function (test) {
  smokeEmailTest(function (stream) {
    // Test that long header lines get wrapped with single leading whitespace,
    // and that long body lines get wrapped with quoted-printable conventions.
    Email.send({
      from: "foo@example.com",
      to: "bar@example.com",
      subject: "This is a very very very very very very very very very very very very long subject",
      text: "This is a very very very very very very very very very very very very long text",
    });

    test.equal(canonicalize(stream.getContentsAsString("utf8")),
               "====== BEGIN MAIL #0 ======\n" +
               devWarningBanner +
               "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\r\n" +
               "From: foo@example.com\r\n" +
               "To: bar@example.com\r\n" +
               "Subject: This is a very very very very very very very very " +
               "very very very\r\n very long subject\r\n" +
               "Message-ID: <...>\r\n" +
               "Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable\r\n" +
               "Date: ...\r\n" +
               "MIME-Version: 1.0\r\n" +
               "\r\n" +
               "This is a very very very very very very very very very very " +
               "very very long =\r\ntext\r\n" +
               "====== END MAIL #0 ======\n");
  });
});

Tinytest.add("email - unicode", function (test) {
  smokeEmailTest(function (stream) {
    // Test that unicode characters in header and body get encoded.
    Email.send({
      from: "foo@example.com",
      to: "bar@example.com",
      subject: "\u263a",
      text: "I \u2665 Meteor",
    });

    test.equal(canonicalize(stream.getContentsAsString("utf8")),
               "====== BEGIN MAIL #0 ======\n" +
               devWarningBanner +
               "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\r\n" +
               "From: foo@example.com\r\n" +
               "To: bar@example.com\r\n" +
               "Subject: =?UTF-8?B?4pi6?=\r\n" +
               "Message-ID: <...>\r\n" +
               "Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable\r\n" +
               "Date: ...\r\n" +
               "MIME-Version: 1.0\r\n" +
               "\r\n" +
               "I =E2=99=A5 Meteor\r\n" +
               "====== END MAIL #0 ======\n");
  });
});

Tinytest.add("email - text and html", function (test) {
  smokeEmailTest(function (stream) {
    // Test including both text and HTML versions of message.
    Email.send({
      from: "foo@example.com",
      to: "bar@example.com",
      text: "*Cool*, man",
      html: "Cool, man",
    });

    test.equal(canonicalize(stream.getContentsAsString("utf8")),
               "====== BEGIN MAIL #0 ======\n" +
               devWarningBanner +
               "Content-Type: multipart/alternative;\r\n" +
               ' boundary="--...-Part_1"\r\n' +
               "From: foo@example.com\r\n" +
               "To: bar@example.com\r\n" +
               "Message-ID: <...>\r\n" +
               "Date: ...\r\n" +
               "MIME-Version: 1.0\r\n" +
               "\r\n" +
               "----...-Part_1\r\n" +
               "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\r\n" +
               "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit\r\n" +
               "\r\n" +
               "*Cool*, man\r\n" +
               "----...-Part_1\r\n" +
               "Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\r\n" +
               "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit\r\n" +
               "\r\n" +
               "Cool, man\r\n" +
               "----...-Part_1--\r\n" +
               "====== END MAIL #0 ======\n");
  });
});

Tinytest.add("email - alternate API is used for sending gets data", function(test) {
  smokeEmailTest(function(stream) {
    Email.customTransport = (options) => {
      test.equal(options.from, 'foo@example.com');
    };
    Email.send({
      from: "foo@example.com",
      to: "bar@example.com",
      text: "*Cool*, man",
      html: "Cool, man",
    });
    test.equal(stream.getContentsAsString("utf8"), false);
  });

  smokeEmailTest(function(stream) {
    Meteor.settings.packages = { email: { service: '1on1', user: 'test', password: 'pwd' } };
    Email.customTransport = (options) => {
      test.equal(options.from, 'foo@example.com');
      test.equal(options.packageSettings?.service, '1on1');
    };

    Email.send({
      from: "foo@example.com",
      to: "bar@example.com",
      text: "*Cool*, man",
      html: "Cool, man",
    });

    test.equal(stream.getContentsAsString("utf8"), false);
  });
  Email.customTransport = undefined;
  Meteor.settings.packages = undefined;
});

Tinytest.add("email - URL string for known hosts", function(test) {
  const oneTransport = EmailTest.knowHostsTransport({ service: '1und1', user: 'test', password: 'pwd' });
  test.equal(oneTransport.transporter.auth.type, 'LOGIN');
  test.equal(oneTransport.transporter.auth.user, 'test');

  const aolUrlTransport = EmailTest.knowHostsTransport(null, 'AOL://test:pwd@aol.com');
  test.equal(aolUrlTransport.transporter.auth.user, 'test');
  test.equal(aolUrlTransport.transporter.auth.type, 'LOGIN');

  const outlookTransport = EmailTest.knowHostsTransport(null, 'Outlook365://firstname.lastname%40hotmail.com:password@hotmail.com');
  const outlookTransport2 = EmailTest.knowHostsTransport(undefined, 'Outlook365://firstname.lastname@hotmail.com:password@hotmail.com');
  test.equal(outlookTransport.transporter.auth.user, 'firstname.lastname%40hotmail.com');
  test.equal(outlookTransport.options.auth.user, 'firstname.lastname%40hotmail.com');
  test.equal(outlookTransport.transporter.options.service, 'outlook365');
  test.equal(outlookTransport2.transporter.auth.user, 'firstname.lastname%40hotmail.com');
  test.equal(outlookTransport2.transporter.options.service, 'outlook365');

  const hotmailTransport = EmailTest.knowHostsTransport(undefined, 'Hotmail://firstname.lastname@hotmail.com:password@hotmail.com');
  console.dir(hotmailTransport);
  test.equal(hotmailTransport.transporter.options.service, 'hotmail');

  const falseService = { service: '1on1', user: 'test', password: 'pwd' };
  const errorMsg = 'Could not recognize e-mail service. See list at https://nodemailer.com/smtp/well-known/ for services that we can configure for you.';
  test.throws(() => EmailTest.knowHostsTransport(falseService), errorMsg);
  test.throws(() => EmailTest.knowHostsTransport(null, 'smtp://bbb:bb@bb.com'), errorMsg);
});

Tinytest.add("email - hooks stop the sending", function(test) {
  // Register hooks
  const hook1 = Email.hookSend((options) => {
    // Test that we get options through
    test.equal(options.from, 'foo@example.com');
    console.log('EXECUTE');
    return true;
  });
  const hook2 = Email.hookSend(() => {
    console.log('STOP');
    return false;
  });
  const hook3 = Email.hookSend(() => {
    console.log('FAIL');
  });
  smokeEmailTest(function(stream) {
    Email.send({
      from: "foo@example.com",
      to: "bar@example.com",
      text: "*Cool*, man",
      html: "Cool, man",
    });

    test.equal(stream.getContentsAsString("utf8"), false);
  });
  hook1.stop();
  hook2.stop();
  hook3.stop();
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Shirtless David Beckham flaunts his impressive physique as he relaxes by the pool in Miami (Photos) - SWANKYLOADED OFFICIAL BLOG.
Football legend, David Beckham who recently launched his new MLS soccer team, Inter Miami, was pictured enjoying a solo gateway without his family in Miami.
The 43-year-old athlete showed off his impressive physique in nothing more than a pair of swimming trunks while relaxing by the pool on Wednesday.
At one point, the father of four was pictured flaunting the logo of his new MLS soccer team at the Pool.