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Eyes of the Guru Preseason Part 2: NFC North
An overview of defenses in the NFC North with an emphasis on individual defensive players and their fantasy value.
Photo: Benny Sieu, USA Today Sports
Welcome to part two of this year's Eyes of the Guru series - the NFC North
For reference, when I mention where players finished in the rankings last season, my model will be the standard Footballguys scoring system. This is the standard stuff:
Tackles = 1.5
Assists = .75
Sacks = 4
Forced fumbles = 3
Fumble recoveries = 3
Interceptions = 4
Passes defended = 1.5
Touchdowns = 6
The Vikings defense is on the verge of becoming one of the league's best. They were middle of the pack versus both the pass (12th) and the run (17th) in 2015 but Minnesota was number five in scoring and their 43 sacks ranked seventh. One big reason for their success and my optimism is the rock solid front four they have assembled. Linval Joseph and Sharrif Floyd are the foundation of the unit. Checking in at 329 and 311 pounds respectively they are a powerful tandem of big men with enough athleticism to be a factor against both the pass and run. Neither player will light up the box scores with a bunch of sacks but there is some fantasy production here. Joseph finished last season with a sack and a half while his 43 solo tackles were the third most in the league by an interior lineman. Those numbers are even more impressive when you consider he missed four of the final five games with injury. It is hard to say if last year's big tackle totals were a fluke or a sign of great things to come. What we do know is since becoming a starter for the Giants in 2011 Joseph has averaged around 35 tackles, 19 assists and 3 sacks a season. Those numbers would make him a quality second starter or low end number one at a position that is always thin. He was on pace for 57 solo stops last season so the upside pushes his value into the top ten.
Floyd was a player many expected to have a breakout season in 2015 but instead he actually regressed, at least in the box scores. After going 28-14-5 in fourteen games in 2014, Floyd managed just 19-14-2.5 in his third season. Those were disappointing numbers for a player who was once compared to Warren Sapp by scouts and was drafted twenty third overall. Floyd plays the Geno Atkins role in Mike Zimmer's scheme so we know the opportunity is there and the talent is still there as well. The poor production from last season will keep him off a lot of draft boards this year. I suggest you keep Floyd on yours and target him as a backup with upside.
It is rare to see a team with two defensive tackles worthy of consideration. The Vikings are the only team with three. Tom Johnson is the third man in their interior rotation. Most of his playing time comes in sub packages where he usually replaces Joseph. While Johnson's tackle numbers are generally held down by lack of opportunity, he has recorded 12 sacks over the past two seasons. With everyone healthy Johnson's pass rush potential makes him a bye week fill in at best, but if there is an injury this is a player to grab immediately. Over the final five games last year when Joseph was hurt, Johnson was 14-4-3.5.
With so many teams using three man fronts these days, three down defensive ends in a 4-3 scheme have become a valuable commodity. Everson Griffin is one of those players. He is a stout run defender who can hold ground at the point of attack and has developed into one of the league's best pass rushers. Griffen is a perfect fit in Mike Zimmer's aggressive scheme. He recorded a career best in both tackles (39) and sacks (12) in 2014 when he was the fantasy game's number six defensive end. Griffen followed it up with 34 tackles and 10.5 sacks in fifteen games last season. He is 28 years old and in the prime of his career so barring injury, Griffen should be a perennial top twelve lineman who may find his way into the top five a few times in the coming.
Brian Robison gives the Vikings a quality bookend to pair with Everson Griffen, but he does not give fantasy owners anything to get excited about. In the prime of his career Robison was consistently putting up tackle numbers in the mid to upper twenties with 7-9 sacks. While his 30 solo stops in 2015 were a career best, he is now 33 years old and has no more than 5 sacks in either of the past two seasons. Robison has never been much more than a bye week stop gap in most leagues. Even that may be coming to an end as Minnesota has a young man named Danielle Hunter who is on the rise.
The Vikings seem to have gotten a steal when they picked Hunter in the third round last year. He was the third man in the defensive end rotation for most of his rookie season, finishing with an impressive 27 tackles and 5.5 sacks. Even more promising is the fact he was 10-3-3.5 over the team's final four games. At 6'5" he has the length and wingspan team's like at the position. At 252 pounds however, Hunter a bit light for an every down role. Robison will be ahead of him on the depth chart entering camp but is certainly looks as if Hunter is the future bookend to Everson Griffin. If Hunter convinces the coaching staff he can hold up on early downs he may move past Robison into the starting spot this summer.
DE Everson Griffen - Solid DL1 with top 5 potential
DE Brian Robison - Minimal value at best
DE Danielle Hunter - Rising young star with top 15 potential
DE Scott Crichton - No value
DT Sharrif Floyd - Target as depth with upside in 12 team leagues starting 2 tackles
DT Linval Joseph - Low end DT1 with top five potential
DT Tom Johnson - Bye week fill in with big upside if a starter goes down
DT Shamar Stephen - No value
DT Kenrick Ellis - No value
Until three years ago the linebacker position in Minnesota was a black hole. Only Chad Greenway offered any fantasy value and the second level was a weakness for the team on the field. Things change quickly in the NFL. With the addition of Anthony Barr in 2014 and Eric Kendricks last year, linebacker is now a team strength and Greenway has been pushed into a two down role with little box score production. This year's addition of Kentrell Brothers could be the writing on the wall that spells 2016 as Greenway's last season with the team.
Kendricks is the top fantasy prospect of the group. He has outstanding instincts, good coverage skills, a high football IQ, and the ability to make plays sideline to sideline. He also brings character and leadership to the field and locker room. In his final year at UCLA Kendricks recorded the most tackles by a Bruin in a season since 1978. In his rookie year with the Vikings he averaged better than 5 solo stops a contest with a total of 73-20-4 in fourteen games. One area he will look to improve is big play production. All four of his sacks last year came in the first seven games while he accounted for no turnovers and had a single pass breakup. This was somewhat of a shortcoming during his college career as well so fantasy owners may want to temper expectations a bit. Kendricks was just outside the top thirty in fantasy points per game last year, making him a solid third starter in most leagues. Unless he can get some big plays going he may never make the top ten, but his production should improve now that he has a year of experience under his belt.
When the Vikings used the ninth overall pick on Anthony Barr in 2014 many expected him to be a younger incarnation of Chad Greenway. In many ways Barr has been just that. At 6'5" 255 pounds he has defensive end size with the quickness and athleticism of a weak side linebacker. Barr is hardnosed and tough versus the run with the versatility to line up as an outside pass rusher on one play then drop into coverage on the next. While he is an excellent contributor to the Vikings cause, there are some concerns in fantasy terms. Barr has been banged up in each of his two seasons, missing six games combined. The bigger issue however is his marginal tackle totals. Over his twenty six games as a pro he has averaged barely over 4 solo tackles and 1 assist per game. The 7.5 sacks and 9 turnovers have supplemented his point totals to some extent but his fantasy points per game average ranked outside the top 40 in 2015. Week to week consistency has also been an issue. Six times last year Barr exceeded double digit points while five times he managed four or fewer. There is a good deal of big play upside with Barr who has more value in leagues emphasizing them. For owners in balanced scoring leagues he has proven to be no more than quality depth or a marginal third starter.
Thirty three year old Chad Greenway will be entering his tenth seasons with the Vikings. He was an excellent fantasy contributor in his prime and proved he can still be when Kendricks and Barr were banged up last season. Greenway will continue to start in for the Vikings 2016 but has been phased out of the sub packages over the past two years. With everyone was healthy last year Greenway had all of 8 solo tackles through the first seven games. Have him on your short list in case one of the young guys suffers a significant injury but there is no need to roster Greenway in any but the deepest leagues.
There are some in Minnesota who claim Greenway is washed up. While I am not going to completely agree with that assessment, the drafting of Kentrell Brothers could spell the end for the veteran as a Viking. Brothers was the team's fifth round pick but we should not underestimate his potential based on draft status. This is a guy who did not test particularly high but is an excellent and productive football player. He is more instinctive than athletic and compensates for average speed by diagnosing plays a step quicker than most. Most importantly for fantasy owners he was a box score monster at Missouri, racking up 152 combined tackles and assists with 2.5 sacks and 3 turnovers as a senior. His lack of speed makes Brothers a better fit at middle linebacker but keep in mind many scouts projected Eric Kendricks as a weak outside linebacker in a 4-3 at the pro level when he came out of UCLA. By 2017 we may see Brothers in the middle with Barr and Kendricks on the outside.
WLB Chad Greenway - Two down player unless someone is injured
MLB Eric Kendricks - Solid third starter with LB2 upside
SLB Anthony Barr - Quality depth or marginal third starter in balanced scoring systems
MLB Kentrell Brothers - Dynasty stash with long term potential
MLB Audie Cole - No value unless there is a rash of injuries
SLB Edmond Robinson - No value
SLB Emmanuel Lamur - No value
WLB Stephen Weatherby - Developmental player to keep an eye on
Minnesota entered the offseason looking to get more big play production for their secondary in general and better run support from the strong safety position in particular. They addressed both areas by adding veteran safety Michael Griffin via free agency then drafting Mackensie Alexander in the second round. The Griffin addition makes a lot of sense. Drafting Alexander on the other hand, is a bit of a head scratcher.
Griffin has the versatility to play either free or strong safety and worked at both positions extensively during his nine years with the Titans. He is not the most physical tackler but is fundamentally sound and rarely lets a ball carrier get by. While Griffin is not a playmaker on the scale of Harrison Smith, he can make a significant contribution in that area. With 25 career interceptions and 42 total takeaways Griffin has averaged better than 4.5 turnovers a year over his career, adding 8 sacks as well. He recorded 85 solo tackles as the Titans strong safety in 2014 and would have come in around 70-75 at that position had he not been banged up early last season. Griffin should have decent fantasy value this year as the Vikings strong safety but we should not expect the same production he had previously. Simply put there is much more competition for tackles in Minnesota than he faced in recent years with the Titans. I like him as a bargain priced late round sleeper with DB3 or maybe even low end DB2 potential.
The solid veteran presence of Griffin will allow the Minnesota coaching staff to be more creative with star free safety Harrison Smith. At 6'2" and 214 pounds Smith is one of the biggest free safeties in the league. He can be a physical tackler but it is a knack for the big play which makes him so valuable to both the Vikings and fantasy owners. He has never totaled more than 73 solo stops in a season yet Smith has finished among the top five safeties twice in his four years as a pro. In 2014 he was the fantasy game's number one defensive back and has three top five finishes in points per game average. There are some things to think about when considering his fantasy value going forward however. Smith has been plagued by injury and has missed eleven games over the past three years. In 2013 he was on pace for 92 tackles before losing the final eight games to injury. In 2015 he missed three games and most of a fourth. The other consideration is how much better the Vikings are in the front seven. Early in his career Minnesota's linebacker corps consisted of Chad Greenway with a collection of marginal starters and backup quality stop gaps. That meant a lot of opportunity for the safeties in run support. With the addition of Eric Kendricks and Anthony Barr over the past two years, Smith was on pace for about 62 solo tackles before he was injured last season. There is also the addition Griffin which is a double edged sword. On one hand he will free up Smith to take more chances and make more big plays. On the other hand Griffin will bring even more competition for tackle numbers. Smith is still one of the league's premier big play safeties and should continue to be an excellent starter for fantasy owners but his days as a top five stud may be over.
Just like when he was with the Bengals, Mike Zimmer is stockpiling corners in Minnesota. And just like when he was with the Bengals, being an early round selection at corner under Zimmer does not mean a player will be on the field a lot right away. Vikings corners combined for all of 6 interceptions last season. So the team drafted Mackensie Alexander to help fix the shortcoming. The problem is Alexander failed to make a single interception in two years as a starter for Clemson. He is a good cover man with plenty of speed and will compete for a sub package role as a rookie. The coaching staff obviously saw something they liked in the young man. Maybe they believe some good coaching can make him a playmaker. The rookie corner rule could be in play here if Alexander somehow ends up in a starting role. We should not hold our breath for that to happen. In fact he may not even win the job as the third corner.
Despite being the eleventh overall pick in last year's draft Trae Waynes failed to make much of an impact as a rookie. He was on the field for 196 snaps or about 20% of the team's defensive plays. Entering camp the Vikings depth chart at corner has Captain Munnerlyn and Xavier Rhodes as the starters with Waynes, Alexander and fourteen year veteran Terrence Newman in competition for the nickel job. Nothing is set in stone here including the starting spots, so fantasy owners looking for help at corner will need to keep an eye on the situation this summer. It could be well worth the effort. Despite the lack of big plays, there is value to be found here. In 2015 three Minnesota corners exceeded 50 solo tackles. Munnerlyn finished the season at 51-4-0 with a couple of picks, a forced fumble and 2 recoveries. He was the sixteenth ranked fantasy corner when all the numbers were in. Newman was 52-11-0 and led the team in interceptions with 3. He too finished among the top thirty corners at number twenty seven. Rhodes led the group in solo stops with 55 but his 3 assists and single interception left him short of top forty. Munnerlyn is the only safe bet to be an opening day starter and is a worthy target as a CB2. Take a wait and see approach with the rest of these guys but be ready to move quickly in the early weeks of the season if someone stands out.
FS Harrison Smith - Quality DB1 but not the stud he once was
SS Michael Griffin - Target as a DB3 with DB2 upside
SS Andrew Sendejo - No value
CB Terence Newman - Depth at best in leagues starting two corners
CB Xavier Rhodes - Minimal value
CB Captain Munnerlyn - Solid second starter
CB Mackensie Alexander - Possible rookie corner rule
CB Trae Waynes - Sleeper with CB2 upside is he starts
It has been a long time since a Lions defensive end last posted 40 tackles and double digit sacks in the same season (Robert Porcher 2001, 45-7-11). Ezekiel Ansah came very close in his breakout season of 2015 when he was 38-8-14.5. Ansah was a little undersized for a three down end when he entered the league in 2013. He served as a pass rush specialist during his rookie season posting a solid 8.5 sacks, but his low tackle totals of 18 solo and 12 assists left us wondering if or when he would become a serious fantasy factor. Ansah hit the weight room hard and the added muscle made a big difference. He displayed considerable improvement versus the run and landed a three down role in his second season. The result was greatly improved tackle totals of 37 solo, but his sack numbers actually dropped. It is not rare in the NFL for a player to regress in sack production when moving from a part time role to full time. The extra snaps can take its toll on lighter guys in particular as they sometimes wear down and lose the burst that made them productive as pass rushers. In his third season however, Ansah put it all together. I personally had my doubt that he could be a 40 tackle and double digit sack guy but last year made me a believer. He is in the prime of his career at age 27 and seems set to be a perennial top 5 fantasy option.
The question for Detroit now becomes the same as it was when Porcher was playing; can they find someone to be productive opposite their star? The organization is looking for Devin Taylor to be that guy. He is on a similar path to that of Ansah, though it has taken Taylor longer to reach the prize. He was a fourth round pick in 2013 seeing little action over his first two seasons with the team. Last year he worked in a time share with Jason Jones. Jones saw most of the action in base packages with Taylor drawing mostly sub package duties. Taylor finished at 27-8-7 while playing 552 of the team's 1013 defensive snaps. He has worked diligently in the weight room to add muscle and is now up from the 260 range that he weighed a couple of years ago to about 275. Time will tell if he can be the long term answer but we know Taylor will get the first shot at it. He is not Ansah but I believe Taylor will be a serious contributor and possibly a solid DL2 for us this season. Slip him onto your late round sleeper list and target Taylor as a third or even fourth end. He has not been drawing much interest in the draft/auctions I have participated in so far and could be a pleasant surprise as your last pick.
The Lions added Wallace Gilberry to fill the role of third end. He is one of the examples of a successful pass rush specialist who floundered in an every down role. In 2013 he was 19-5-7.5 in a sub package role for the Bengals. When Michael Johnson went to Tampa in 2014, Gilberry was promoted to starter. The additional playing time showed up in his tackle numbers with 49 combined solo and assists but he managed just a sack and a half. When Johnson returned to the Bengals last year Gilberry's role was reduced to the point he was not even a regular in sub packages and saw only spot duty. His role with the Lions is not going to provide enough opportunity for Gilberry to be a fantasy factor but his presence reinforces the organizations belief and commitment to Taylor.
When the Lions lost Ndamukong Suh to free agency last year they moved quickly to add Haloti Ngata as a stop gap replacement. Detroit soon learned what Baltimore already knew, Ngata's best days are well behind him. He is still a good player entering his eleventh year but has not exceeded 23 tackles or 2.5 sacks in a season since 2012.
Ngata will be one of the starters on the inside. There will be an open competition for the other spot. Tyrunn Walker and Stefan Charles will be mentioned by many as part of that competition but the real battle will likely be between third year man Caraun Reid who started next to Ngata last season, and second round pick A'Shawn Robinson. Reid was adequate on the field last year but was nothing to get excited about in the box scores. His 23-7-2 was of no use to fantasy owners and there is no reason to expect much more from him this year. Robinson has a ton of talent and on field potential as a run stuffing two gap beast but neither his scouting report nor college production provide much optimism when it comes to his fantasy potential. Linebackers Tahir Whitehead and DeAndre Levy stand to gain much more from his presence than we do.
DE Ezekiel Ansah - Perennial top five
DE Devin Taylor - Sleeper with DL2 upside and DL3 floor
DE Wallace Gilberry - No value
DE Anthony Zettel - No value
DT Haloti Ngata - No value
DT A'Shawn Robinson - Sleeper with low floor and DT3 upside
DT Tyrunn Walker - No value
DT Caraun Reid - Depth at best in 12 team leagues starting two tackles
DT Stefan Charles - No value
Can someone please tell us what is going on at middle linebacker in Detroit? The team told us months ago Stephen Tulloch was not part of their plans going forward. They have anointed Tahir Whitehead as the starter yet Tulloch remains on the roster. He led the team in tackle last season albeit with a modest 74 solo, so it would be nice to have some clarity from the organization. As of late June there is a fishy smell coming from this whole situation. Assuming the reports are accurate Tulloch will be released at some point so we will move on assuming Whitehead is the guy. I have mixed thoughts on what this means in fantasy terms but I will say I am not all that excited about Whitehead. Since 2011 Tulloch has completed four full seasons as the Lions middle backer. While he has not been much of a playmaker when it comes to sacks or turnovers, he averaged about 81 tackles and 36 assists over those seasons and was a solid third starter for us. In 2014 Tulloch was lost for the season in week three. That year Whitehead moved from the strong side to the middle just as he is doing now. In thirteen starts in the middle he totaled 59-19-0 with a couple of picks (both in the same game) and 5 passes defended. Averaged over a full slate of games those numbers project to 73 tackles and 23 assists with no more big play production than Tulloch. As the team's strong side linebacker last season Whitehead was limited to a two down role even after DeAndre Levy landed on IR, which does not shine brightly on his ability to cover or his chances of being a three down player. I expect we will see Levy and Josh Bynes as the sub package backers with Whitehead once again working in a two down role. Factor in the solid play of Bynes as a starter last year and the return of Levy who will be the leading tackler if healthy, and you do not get a lot of opportunity for Whitehead. He is the starting middle backer and things can change quickly in the NFL. So Whitehead is still worth a late round flier as an LB5 or LB6, but I would not invest more than that at this point.
DeAndre Levy is the player to target here. With 119 solo tackles, 32 assists, 2.5 sacks and an interception he was the number two linebacker in many formats in 2014. Levy missed all of last season with a lingering hip injury that eventually landed him on IR. He is healthy entering training camp and is set to pick up where he left off. Levy was a top five linebacker in many leagues in 2013 as well, but he got there in a different way. That season he turned in a solid 85 solo stops with 32 assists and no sacks but he intercepted 6 passed, defended 15 and scored once. Looking at his career stats is evident the gaudy interception total was an anomaly and not something we should expect to be repeated. In fact the 6 interceptions equal the total from his other five seasons combined. The Lions have a long way to go defensively and there is not a great deal of competition for tackles. With this consideration it is safe to expect 90+ tackles, a handful of big plays and another top ten finish in 2016.
Josh Bynes is expected to round out the starting lineup. He is a versatile player who can fill in at any of the linebacker positions and is slated to shift to the strong side with Whitehead moving to the middle. Bynes is not a long term answer for the Lions. In fact he could feel some heat from Kyle Van Noy, Jonathan Bostic or even rookie Antwione Williams this summer. In the end Bynes will likely hold onto the starting job and remain on the field with Levy in nickel packages. He played roughly 80% of the Lions defensive snaps last season, finishing at 54-26 in the tackle columns with half a sack and a forced fumble. If he holds the role of the three down strong side backer Bynes might be worth a roster spot in some deeper leagues. For most owners however, he is not worth a roster spot at this point.
MLB Tahir Whitehead - Sleeper with low floor and LB3 upside
WLB DeAndre Levy - Top ten LB1 in tackle heavy and balanced leagues
SLB/WLB Josh Bynes - Depth at best
SLB Kyle Van Noy - No value
SLB/MLB Jonathan Bostic - No value unless something changes drastically
SLB/MLB Antwione Williams - two down thumper even is he finds a place on the field
WLB Khaseem Greene - No value
There must be an unwritten rule in Detroit saying any defensive back showing fantasy potential must be removed. It has been a long time since anyone in the Lions secondary held more than fleeting value for us. James Ihedigbo came close in 2014 when he was 60-11-2.5 with 8 turnovers and 8 passes defended in thirteen games. He opened last season on the same pace with 26 tackles, 8 assists, a pair of turnovers and a sack through the first five games. Apparently that was too much production for the Lions coaching staff so Ihedigbo was benched and ultimately let go at the end of the year. Glover Quin is the next best returning fantasy prospect. His three seasons with Detroit have produced a strong 14 turnovers and 25 passes defended but his average of 52 tackles and 13 assists a year over that span have made him a marginal option at best.
It is not as if there is no potential for production from the Lions safeties. In fact Ihedigbo, Quin and Isa Abdul-Quddus combined for 143 solo tackles a year ago. Abdul-Quddus was the replacement when Ihedigbo was benched. It looked like he too could become a productive player so he is now with the Dolphins. Quin will again be the starter at free safety with free agent additions Tavon Wilson and Rafael Bush battling fourth round pick Miles Killebrew for the starting job at strong safety. Wilson did little over his four years in New England while Bush flashed both quality play and fantasy friendly tackle numbers in a brief stint as an injury replacement for the Saints in 2014. The player I like here is the rookie. Killebrew is a 6'2", 217 pound strong safety who fits the new NFL trend of productive linebacker/safety hybrids. His scouting report draws many comparisons to Arizona's Deone Bucannon and the 49ers Jaquiski Tartt. Killebrew is a punishing hitter but unlike most highlight reel guys he rarely misses a tackle. Playing against lesser competition in the Big Sky conference makes evaluating Killebrew a little tricky. Scouting reports will tell us his cover skills are average and he is not the most instinctive of players, while excellent combine results helped boost his draft status. The one thing that reads loud and clear is his college production. In Killebrew's final two seasons at Southern Utah he racked up 233 combined tackles and assists with 3 interceptions and a score. I believe he will ultimately come away with a starting strong safety job and will see a lot of time at linebacker in sub packages. He may just be the next Bucannon or Mark Barron. Another great thing about Killebrew is no one knows much about him so he is falling into the late/last rounds of rookie drafts. Dynasty owners in particular should slot him high on their sleeper list and keep their fingers crossed the coaching staff does not recognize when he starts putting up good numbers.
The Lions pass defense was middle of the pack last year. They are unlikely to show much improvement until they invest in a top shelf corner. Fourth year man Darius Slay is the team's acting number one. He is a good player with speed and cover skills which would make him an excellent number two, but is sometimes overmatched by the league's elite receivers.
Last summer's training camp standout and 2014 fourth round pick Nevin Lawson moved into the role of number two corner when Reshean Mathis was lost to injury in week seven last year. He did a lot of things well but at 5'9" and 191 pounds Lawson was exploited by some of the league big physical receivers. He will enter camp in a battle with last year's sixth round selection Quandre Diggs who is virtually identical in stature. As a rookie Diggs received extensive playing time as the Lions slot corner over the second half of the season. He too found the going tough at times. Maybe the most telling sign of the team's plight at corner is the mere 3 interceptions recorded by all their corners combined in 2015. Slay accounted for two of those with the now retired Mathis accounting for the third. Other than Slay the Lions returning starters at corner have zero career interceptions between them. Shockingly the organization used no draft pick to sure up the position and minimal resources in free agency where they signed former Jets backup Darrin Walls. At least Walls has a couple of picks in his three years of service. The rest of the team's depth at corner consists of little more than warm bodies.
From a fantasy perspective there is not much to count on here. Lawson accounted for 37 tackles, 3 assists and 7 passes defended in his nine starts. If he can continue that tackle production and throw in some big plays he could be a worthwhile in season addition. That of course is assuming he keeps the starting job. I do not recall the last Detroit corner to provide starter value for fantasy owners and I have been at this since 1992. That alone speaks volumes.
FS Glover Quin - Depth at best in twelve team leagues starting three defensive backs
SS Rafael Bush - Deep sleeper. Wait until he shows us something
SS Miles Killebrew - Dynasty sleeper with strong long term upside
FS Tavon Wilson - No value
CB Darius Slay - Marginal depth in twelve team leagues starting two corners
CB Quandre Diggs - No value
CB Nevin Lawson - CB3 with low end CB2 potential if he can keep the starting job
CB Darrin Walls - No value until proven otherwise
Talking about the fantasy value of Chicago linemen does not take long. All you really need to know is no Bears lineman has recorded more than 22 solo tackles over the past three seasons while the only one to exceeded 4.5 sacks is longer with the team. Vic Fangio coached some excellent 3-4 defenses while he was in San Francisco but there is no Justin Smith on Chicago's roster. What the Bears have is a collection of solid 2 gap defenders who can do the job of eating up blockers for the linebackers but will make a minimal splash in the box scores.
Journeyman Jarvis Jenkins was the Bears most fantasy productive lineman last year with 22 tackles and 4 sacks. Journeyman Akiem Hicks was added in free agency to replace him. Hicks was a two year starter in Rob Ryan's 3-4 with a career best of 29 tackles, 27 assists and 4.5 sacks in 2013. He managed 3 sacks on about 40% of the Patriots defensive snaps last year. If there is anyone among this group who could have a little value this year it would likely be Hicks. Will Sutton, Ego Ferguson and third round pick Jonathan Bullard are expected to be in the mix for playing time as well. All four will probably factor into the rotation in some form. Bullard is a player who may be worth keeping an eye on. He is one of the more athletic interior linemen in a rookie class deep at the position. As a senior at Florida he totaled 40 tackles, 23 assists and 6.5 sacks from the tackle position. Bullard will play end in Fangio's 3-4 where he could be fairly productive as a pass rusher.
Eddie Goldman led Chicago's linemen with 4.5 sacks from the nose tackle position in 2015 but his 16 solo tackles ruined him as a fantasy prospect. I would expect those numbers to improve a little in his second season but probably not enough to matter.
NT Eddie Goldman - Minimal value at best
NT Terry Williams - No value
DE Will Sutton - No value
DE Akiem Hicks - Possible depth in leagues with deep rosters
DE Jonathan Bullard - Rookie worth keeping an eye on
DE Ego Ferguson - Minimal value
DE Bruce Gaston - No value
Nearly every linebacker on the Bears roster was given an opportunity last season as the coaching staff looked at multiple combinations. Ultimately the organization concluded they did not have the right players in place to get the job done. In response the team threw a ton of resources at the second level of the defense. They used free agency to acquire a pair of proven inside backers in Danny Trevathan and Jerrell Freeman, then invested their first round pick in pass rushing outside backer Leonard Floyd. Trevathan and Freeman are immediate starters who should provide both instant credibility for the Bears and quality production for fantasy owners. Like the situations both players came from, it is likely we will see one of these guys have better numbers one week and the other be more productive the next. Both are likely to be in the 80-85 solo tackle range at the end of the season but I rank Trevathan a bit higher based on big play expectations. In 2013 he contributed 7 turnovers, 2 sacks and 10 passes defended in his first year as a starter. His numbers were far less impressive last season but keep in mind Trevathan was coming back from a serious injury and was not a three down player until late in the season. In 2015 he finished at 73-36-0 with 6 passes defended, a pair of picks and a score. At a glance those are not particularly impressive numbers. When we consider he played 740 snaps or about 72% of Denver's defensive plays his totals take on a different perspective. Target Trevathan as a solid LB2 but do not be surprised if he slips into the top twelve.
As a starter for the Colts Freeman totaled 90-55-2 with a couple of turnovers in 2012 and 83-43-5.5 with an impressive 10 turnovers in 2013. Over the past two seasons however, his numbers dropped off considerably. Some of his production slide might be blamed on nagging injuries. Freeman missed four games in 2014 and three last year. In the twenty five games played over those two seasons he averaged a solid 5 tackles and 3 assists per start but accounted for only 2 turnovers. All things considered I am looking at Freeman as a priority third starter with a mid LB2 ceiling.
The Bears got pretty good production from their outside linebackers last year. Willie Young finished with 9.5 sacks and Pernell McPhee added 7.5. Both players are likely to return as starters with Leonard Floyd learning the ropes as a sub package specialist in his rookie season. Floyd has drawn a lot of comparison to Aldon Smith who was also a Fangio draft pick. Both players will enter the league raw but exceptionally athletic and talented. We should see some form of rotation among these three with Floyd seeing most of his playing time in sub packages until he can beef up his frame. Lamar Houston should also see some action. It may be Houston and McPhee on early downs with Young and Floyd in the sub packages. Anyway we look at it the fantasy value among Chicago's outside linebackers will be limited to owners in big play based leagues. Young was the top tackler at OLB in 2015 with 28 solos and 12 assists.
ILB Danny Trevathan - Solid LB2 with low end LB1 ceiling and high LB3 floor
ILB Jerrell Freeman - Priority LB3 with LB2 upside
ILB Christian Jones - Minimal value as an injury replacement
OLB Pernell McPhee - Depth in big play based leagues
OLB Leonard Floyd - Dynasty prospect with strong long term upside in big play leagues
OLB Willie Young - Low end LB2 in big play leagues, not much value otherwise
OLB Lamarr Houston - No value
OLB Sam Acho - No value
History paints a pretty clear picture for us when it comes to getting fantasy value from a Vic Fangio secondary. In sixteen seasons as an NFL defensive coordinator for the Panthers, Colts, Ravens, 49ers and Bears, Fangio's scheme has produced only one defensive back with 70 or more solo tackles. The lone exception is Antoine Bethea who had a solid but not great 2014 under Fangio going 71-14-1 with 5 turnovers and 10 passes defended. This can be seen as somewhat of a tribute to Fangio whose defenses are traditionally excellent and particularly strong in the front seven. Defensive backs in his scheme do not make a lot of tackles but tend to make respectable contributions in the big play columns. Donte Whitner is a good example of the Fangio effect. In 2010 Whitner had 95 tackles and 44 assists for the Bills. Over the next three seasons under Fangio in San Francisco he failed to reach 60 tackles twice with a high of 62. On the other hand in seven NFL seasons under other coordinators Whitner had 12 turnovers combined while his three years in San Francisco produced 15.
Adrian Amos is the player with the best shot at bucking the trend. He led the Chicago secondary with 57 tackles as a rookie last season and is the only sure starter at safety. His goose egg in the turnover columns last year is a concern but the comfort level of a second year in the scheme should change that in 2016. Amos was not much of a ball hawk at Penn State so it will be interesting to see what Fangio can get out of him. The bottom line here is 65 tackles, 12 assists and 3-4 turnovers are probably high end expectations for Amos this year.
At the other safety position there will be an open competition between a collection of former backups. Omar Bolden, Chris Prosinski and Harold Jones-Quartey have nine years of NFL experience between them but only a handful of games as starters. What little starting experience there is belongs to Prosinski who bombed when given an opportunity in Jacksonville in 2012. Rookie Deon Bush could be in the mix as well. Scouts had mixed reviews on Bush heading into the draft. He made a good showing at the combine but a lot of people are unimpressed with his instincts and coverage skills, projecting him as a career backup and special team ace. The Bears could use him as an in the box strong safety and may see him as a nickel linebacker type.
Former Bears star Charles Tillman was once a perennial top five corner and a solid DB2 in leagues not breaking out the positions. When the team drafted Kyle Fuller as his supposed replacement some were counting on similar production. Thus far Fuller has been a disappointment for fantasy owners and nothing is going to change in 2016. Simply put Fuller is not the same type of player Tillman was and even more of a factor, the scheme in Chicago is vastly different. Tillman was a great fit in the cover-2 which kept the safeties deep and gave corner much more responsibility in run support. That scheme left the building with Lovie Smith. Fuller is a good corner but Fangio's 3-4 is not going to make him or any other Chicago corner a fantasy factor.
SS Adrian Amos - Depth in most leagues with DB3 upside at best
FS Deon Bush - Sleeper with long term potential
SS Omar Bolden - No value
FS Harold Jones-Quartey - No value
SS Chris Prosinski - No value
CB Kyle Fuller - CB3 at best
CB Bryce Callahan - No value
CB Tracy Porter - No value
CB Deiondre Hall - Dynasty deep sleeper
Over the past ten years the Packers have used a lot of early draft picks on their three man front. Despite all the investment there has not been a truly special defensive lineman in Green Bay since they moved to the 3-4 several years back. Mike Daniels led the unit statistically last season with 27 tackles and 4 sacks while 2013 first round selection Datone Jones managed 14 tackles and 3 sacks. The entire defensive line combined for a meager 8.5 sacks in 2015 so the organization once again committed a first round pick.
Kenny Clark is expected to play nose tackle though it will be no surprise to see him get snaps at end as well. Calling a 314 pound man undersized seems like an oxymoron but that is how the game has evolved. Clark is considered a bit undersized for the nose tackle spot in a 3-4 but exceptional strength and his ability to play with leverage make him an excellent point of attack run defender. He is not a one trick pony though. Clark had 6 sacks for the Bruins last season to go with his 75 combined tackles and assists. He can push the pocket with power and has some wiggle to his pass rush as well. Like many 3-4 linemen Clark's full contribution on the field is unlikely be reflected in the box scores. To see what he really does for a team we need to consider the production of UCLA teammate Myles Jack who worked behind Clark. Some scouts compare Clark to Domata Peko Sr which is not a bad thing. I think he has more box score upside than Peko and see him as more of a Dontari Poe type. Either way Clark is not likely to put up eye popping numbers. At a tackle position short on fantasy friendly players he may have more value than his situation would suggest.
As for the rest of the Packers linemen there is little to get excited about in fantasy terms. This is a good group of players who fit well in the scheme as 2 gap defenders. Their jobs are to soak up blockers and keep the linebackers clean. Any additional contribution is a bonus.
NT Mike Pennel - No value
NT Kenny Clark - Low end DT1 upside
DE Datone Jones - No value
DE Mike Daniels - Possible backup in deep drafted leagues
DE Letroy Guion - No value
There are a lot of uncertainties at the Packers linebacker positions, particularly on the inside. In 2014 Sam Barrington emerged as a player the coaching staff though could be a three down starter and a long term answer. He performed well that seasons making seven starts while working in both base and sub packages over a short stint down the stretch. Barrington was set to open last season in a three down role before going down with a season ending ankle injury in week one. He is expected to be ready for camp but as of late June has not been cleared to participate in offseason practices.
Barrington's absence has opened the door for second year pro Jake Ryan and rookie Blake Martinez. Both players have seen time with the first team during the offseason. Ryan moved into the starting role in week thirteen last year but was not given an opportunity to play many sub package snaps. He will have at least the same two down role in 2015. His playing time could expand if he impresses or if Barrington is not all the way back. Ryan looked pretty good as an early down thumper late in the year, averaging about 5 tackle and 2 assists per game as a starter. One big reason to be optimistic about Ryan from a fantasy perspective is his production per play average. On the season he saw action on 260 snaps, or roughly 27% of the team's 979 defensive plays. Thus his final numbers of 31 tackles and 15 assists are somewhat impressive. A little math suggests Ryan could have been up over 115 solo stops and 55 assists had he held the same pace and played full time. Ryan is a tough player with good size and enough speed to handle coverage responsibilities underneath. He is not a sure thing to land an every down role but he will be given an opportunity to do so. Ryan could prove to be a great late round sleeper as he is getting little love in early drafts this summer. At worst I see him as a solid LB4 and possibly the most productive two down linebacker in the league this year. If he plays full time the top twenty is a real possibility.
Barrington and Ryan have the inside track to the starting jobs but we should not write off Martinez, especially when it comes to dynasty consideration. At Stanford Martinez was a physical downhill tackler who was tough versus the run and more than adequate in coverage. As a two year starter for the Cardinals he totaled 129 solo tackles, 111 assists with 6.5 sacks, 4 interceptions and 4 forced fumbles. As a three down inside backer in his senior year he was 75-63-2 with a forced fumble, 6 passes defended and a pick. Martinez is not particularly big, nor does he have better than average speed. What he does have is good instincts and a motor that never quits.
All three of these players are young. If they all pan out the Packers will turn what was a serious hole on the inside over the past few seasons, into a strength for years to come. It has been a while since we had real fantasy production from the inside linebacker position in Green Bay (Desmond Bishop 2011). While it is too early to say for certain where it lies, I have to believe the drought will end in 2016. If you have room grab two or even all three of these guys and see what happens. If you have to take a shot on one I would probably stick with Barrington at this point simply because we know the team will trust him in a three down role when healthy.
With enough talent at inside backer to actually have competition there, the Packers can move stalwart Clay Mathews back outside where he belongs. Mathews has spent much of the last two seasons playing out of position on most downs. The result was better but still not good tackle totals for Mathews who still managed to keep producing in the big play columns. As an outside linebacker Matthews managed more than 37 solo tackles once in five seasons while reaching double digit sacks three times. His two years doubling as an inside guy saw him total 93 solo tackles and 17.5 sacks. In 2016 he will be more likely to reach double digit sacks and less likely to land 40 solo tackles. Having him back at his normal position will be a plus for the Packers defense but will have little impact for fantasy owners. Once again Mathews will have starter value in big play based scoring while being match up based depth in most leagues.
The 11 sacks Julius Peppers recorded last season tied the career high he had in 2014. The 26 solo tackles he accounted for last season set a new career low. At age 36 Peppers is still getting it done as a pass rusher but the Packers continue to look for ways to keep him fresh. He was on the field for 700 of the team's 979 defensive snaps last season and is likely to see a few less snaps again this season. As Peppers nears the end of an outstanding career it is safe to expect his fantasy production to slide. He will continue to have some value for owners in big play leagues but I would not expect more than 30 tackles and 9-10 sacks this year; especially if third round pick Kyler Fackrell pans out as well as the organization hopes he will.
Nick Perry has been part of the outside linebacker rotation since being drafted in round one of 2012. He has been a contributor but with 12.5 sacks over his four seasons in the league, has fallen well short of the expectations heaped on a first round selection. With Matthews playing inside a lot, Perry and Peppers were joined in the rotation by 2014 undrafted free agent Jayrone Elliot last year. Between them Perry and Elliot provided a modest 7.5 sacks. Peppers could call it quits at the end of this season and is sure not to play more than a couple more at most. The thought of Perry or Elliot starting was not appealing to the organization so they were happy to get Fackrell in the third round. His production as a senior at Utah State was not particularly impressive at 37-45-5. It would likely have been much better had he not suffered a torn ACL as a junior in 2014. Fackrell is long, athletic and versatile with the ability to rush or drop into coverage with equal success. While he has work to do as a point of attack defender versus the run, the Packers are excited about his potential.
ILB Sam Barrington - Sleeper with LB3 or better upside
ILB Jake Ryan - Sleeper with big upside if he lands a three down role
ILB Blake Martinez - Dynasty prospect with strong long term potential
OLB Clay Mathews - Decent second or excellent third starter in big play based leagues
OLB Julius Peppers - Third starter or depth in big play based leagues
OLB Nick Perry - No value
OLB Kyler Fackrell - Dynasty sleeper with a high ceiling in big play based leagues
The Packers secondary has a long history of being fantasy friendly. In 2015 Ha Ha Clinton-Dix kept the tradition going. His 83 solo tackles were sixth most in the league among defensive backs while 3 turnovers and 3 sacks helped him to finish on the cusp of the top twelve. Before assuming Clinton-Dix will pick up where he left off last year, there are some interesting numbers we should look closely at. As a rookie in 2014 he was 66-28-1 with a couple of turnovers and 6 passes defended. That season teammate Morgan Burnett was the fantasy games number three defensive back with 94 solo stops, 35 assists and a handful of big plays. Burnett missed most of the first eight games last season. Through week eleven of 2015 Clinton-Dix averaged 6 tackles an assist and nearly 13 fantasy points a game. He recorded at least 5 solo stops in eight of those ten games. Over the final six weeks of the season Clinton-Dix reached 5 solo stops once while averaging about 7.4 points per game. Over those final six weeks Burnett recorded 5 or more solo stops five times, reaching 7 or more in three of those contests. If we throw out a week fourteen fluke Burnett averaged 14 points a game after week eleven. The bottom line here being while Clinton-Dix will have some value as the third starter or quality depth, it is Morgan Burnett who belongs near the top of our draft boards this summer.
The corner position in Green Bay has also provided quality fantasy production over most of the past decade. From 2008 through 2014 it was Tramon Williams putting up 50 or more solo tackles in eight of nine seasons while averaging nearly 6 turnovers and 15 passes defended. Williams turned in several top twenty finishes with a handful of top twelves. In 2015 Williams took the free agent boat out of Green Bay. He was replaced by rookie first round pick Damarious Randall who also stepped right into the fantasy role. Randall was 51-5-0 with 14 passes defended, 3 interceptions and a score in his first season as a pro, ranking eleventh among corners. In most situations the rookie corner rule would point toward declining numbers for Randall as he gains experience. Between the history of production from the position, the physical play of Randall who was a former safety and his big play ability, we may actually see him become more productive in 2016. I like Randall as a low end CB1 with top five potential.
Sam Shields and Quintin Rollins fill out the top three at the corner positions. Shields is the Packers number one cover man at this point with Rollins and number three safety Mycah Hyde serving in sub package roles. Shields will have some good games along the way but is neither productive nor consistent enough to provide much value. Both Rollins and Hyde are more than capable if called upon to start but neither will have much value without an injury ahead of them.
SS Morgan Burnett - Solid DB1 with top 5 potential
FS Ha Ha Clinton-Dix - Solid third starter with a lot of upside if Burnett is injured again
FS Mycah Hyde - Injury sleeper
CB Damarious Randall - Low end CB1 or excellent second starter
CB Sam Shields - match up based value at best
CB Quinton Rollins - Injury sleeper
CB Demetri Goodson - No value
CB LaDarius Gunter - No value
That is going to do it for the NFC North. Next up the AFC South.
Tags:IDPDBDLLBChicago BearsDetroit LionsGreen Bay PackersMinnesota Vikings


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After rumors of his involvement made its rounds around the Internet, Travis Scott will join Maroon 5 in their performance at the 2019 Super Bowl halftime show.
TMZ reports today (Dec. 20) that the "Yosemite" rapper is expected to perform with the pop band during their set at the 2019 Super Bowl in Atlanta. Scott, who's Astroworld album was nominated for a Grammy award, will also be bringing his baby momma Kylie Jenner with him to the big game. Along with Scott, Maroon 5 is also in the process of locking in other MC's like "Girls Like You" collaborator Cardi B and OutKast's Big Boi, who hails from the ATL.
Bardi is already scheduled to perform alongside Ludacris, Migos and more at the Bud Light Super Bowl Music Festival so booking her to perform at the final game of the season shouldn't be difficult as long as the check is right. Although Big Boi is in the mix, there's no word on Andre 3000's involvement with the show so another OutKast reunion doesn't seem likely.
When the NFL first announced Maroon 5 as the headlining halftime show performers, the hip-hop community was furious that the league didn't request Black artists to perform at the Super Bowl, which will go down in Atlanta. Waka Flocka Flame slammed the NFL for not even considering artists from the A.
"I think the Super Bowl, you should have somebody that's from Atlanta, representing Atlanta," Waka said. "They need somebody from Atlanta, it's only right. It's not fair, but this the NFL we talkin' about—they're not fair."
On the other hand, some rappers like RZA have defended the NFL's decision.
"The climate, I don't think should weigh on the music," RZA said of the League's choice. "The NFL has been going back and forth with great artists, you know. We had Beyonce, we had Bruno Mars, [Justin] Timberlake. I think [Maroon 5 front man] Adam Levine, and what he's been doing on his TV show, cross-pollinating talent, he's a pretty good example of a progressive artist's mind."
The 2019 Super Bowl will take place on Feb. 3 in Atlanta, GA.


text:
Q: PHP user profile page Im trying to make a website with users on it, and I'm trying to create a script so that whenever a new user registers it will automatically create a user folder and profile for them but when I try to register it doesn't create the files, could someone please help me with this, Thanks

<?php

    include "inc/header.php";

    $newfolder = $username;

    if (!mkdir($newfolder, 0777, true)) {
        die('Failed to create folders...');
    }

    $pagename = $username;

    $newFileName = './u/'.$username.'/'.$pagename.".php";
    $newFileContent = '<?php echo "something..."; ?>';
?>

A: To make a directory/file
if (!file_exists("parent_folder/$username")) {
//Create a file with read write execute PERMISSIONS ENABLED
//Please check :  your parent folder also must have 0777 permissions to avoid any kind of read write error
        mkdir("parent_folder/$username", 0777);
//now u have to create a FILE with .php
//now this file_put_contents is VERY importnant !
$pagename = $username ;
$newFileName = './parent_folder/$username/'.$pagename.".php";
$newFileContent = '<?php echo "something..."; ?>';

if (file_put_contents($newFileName, $newFileContent) !== false) {
//notify file is created
    echo "File created (" . basename($newFileName) . ")";
} else {
//notify u have error
    echo "Cannot create file (" . basename($newFileName) . ")";
}

//now create ur .php file in user folder
        }
       else {
    echo "Your parent folder does not exist"
    }

Now the possible error and some tips
1) Most of people do fopen("filename_with_PATH", "w")
and expect that file will be generated in PATH folder !
Some times it might fall wrong (depends on version)

fopen is meant to create a file in the directory where your php resides

2) check ur php permission in php.ini if u dont give php permission to write,remote access then u might get some errors (it will be displayed that u have error in my script)
3)For more info and tinkering file_put_contents
Hope this will be helpful for you ..

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home » Education & Beyond »
International Literacy Day 2022: Theme, History, Significance, and Key Facts
Posted by Shivi
"Literacy is a bridge from misery to hope" ~ Kofi Annan
A person can easily be held back by a lack of essential literacy skills at every stage of their life. They won't be able to succeed academically as a child, won't be able to find employment as a young adult, and won't be able to fund their own child's education as a parent. A fairer society and social mobility are made more challenging by this intergenerational cycle.
Table Of Contents−
▪ When is Literacy Day?
▪ History of Literacy Day
▪ How Literacy can help?
▪ Key Facts
▪ What is the theme of International Literacy Day 2022?
This is why International Literacy Day is important. It is also called World Literature Day! To spread awareness of the importance of being literate and being thankful as well.
Low-literacy individuals might not be able to read a book or a newspaper, comprehend price tags or road signs, comprehend a bus or train schedule, fill out a form, read medication instructions, or use the internet. Literate people, at times, underestimate their ability to read, they take it for granted. Imagine, that you step out of the house and you aren't able to read anything. All the words are just some lines to you.
Let's celebrate International Literacy Day 2022 by contributing to someone's education.
Literacy is the passport to a comfortable and well-settled life. International Literacy Day is celebrated to:
Spread awareness on the importance of literacy
Being thankful to be able to read and write
When is Literacy Day?
Every year on September 8, International Literacy Day or World Literature Day is observed to bring attention to and concern for literacy issues that exist both locally and globally. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, or UNESCO, established International Literacy Day in 1966 "to remind the public of the importance of literacy as an issue of dignity and human rights." On International Literacy Day, local communities—where literacy starts, one individual at a time—take responsibility for the problems of illiteracy.
The importance of celebrating world literacy day was highlighted more during the pandemic. The COVID-19 crisis exposed the weakness of adult literacy programs as well as the inadequacy of education systems, infrastructure, teachers, and students for distance learning. The most severely affected were those who were already marginalized, including the 617 million children and adolescents who were already struggling to learn basic reading and math abilities and the 773 million adults and young people who are illiterate, two-thirds of whom are female.
Many initial education responses from nations and the international community lack adult literacy and education. Even before the financial crisis, fewer than 4% of education expenditures were allocated by roughly 60% of governments for adult literacy and education.
The objective of International Literacy Day 2022 is to pay attention to learning initiatives. If there is no investment in education at all levels, including literacy from the standpoint of lifelong learning, society will not recover. Access to education must continue to emphasize equity. We must help those who are most in need.
History of Literacy Day
The history of World Literacy Day dates back to 1965. Members of the World Conference of Ministers of Education in Tehran in 1965 emphasized the low literacy rate among young people and the necessity of eradicating illiteracy. They also discussed the advantages that increased access to employment will bring to individuals all across the world.
They also emphasized the importance of literacy as a strong instrument for developing society or an individual who can think for themselves and is empowered by it.
In order to promote the development of more literate communities worldwide, UNESCO designated September 8 as International or World Literacy Day in 1966.
Why do we need to spread awareness of Literacy Day?
Some statistics show literacy rates globally.
The COVID-19 pandemic epidemic has had a significant detrimental effect on educational quality in general and the growth of literacy skills in particular. 90% of the 1.57 billion students around the world were unable to attend class during the start of the pandemic because schools were shut down in more than 190 nations.
By November 2020, a typical child has lost 54% of a year's contact time. When we take into account the loss of prior knowledge, this can be equivalent to more than a year of lost learning10.
In general, 40% of low- and lower-middle-income nations did not provide assistance to students who were in danger of exclusion during the COVID-19 epidemic, including those who resided in distant places, the underprivileged, members of linguistic minorities, and students with impairments.
The COVID-19 school closures were addressed by a variety of remote learning strategies, from the distribution of paper-based take-home materials to the delivery of lessons via digital and broadcast media (such as TV and radio). The most popular media among low-income people was the radio.
826 million pupils, or 50% of those prevented from attending classes by the pandemic, lack access to a home computer, based on a recent study by the UNESCO Institute of Statistics (UIS)
These situations put into question the complete move to online and digital learning for a lot of kids and teenagers.
The pandemic's effects on education, society, and the economy have disproportionately hurt many young people and adults who cannot read or write. Many nations did not specifically include adult literacy programs in their education response plans at the start of the pandemic. Only a small number of adult literacy programs that were already in place were kept alive digitally, via radio and television, or, if possible, outside.
How Literacy can help?
Why do we need to spread awareness of literacy day? Why literacy is important to the human race?
1. Mental Well-Being
Even reading can help you unwind physically by bringing your heart rate down and releasing tension in your muscles. It offers a constructive diversion.
Reading transports us from our reality (and brains) into the pages of a book, which contains another world.
Reading, writing, and mental math exercises keep brain cells healthy as we age, lowering the risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia later in life, according to studies.
2. Community involvement
The inability of adults and children to participate fully and make contributions to the benefit of society is caused by a lack of literary skills, which restricts social involvement at all age levels.
Being a part of a community can be beneficial for one's mental and emotional health. Participating in the community fosters a sense of social connectedness and belonging. Additionally, it can give daily life a deeper sense of meaning and purpose.
Literacy opens the door of golden opportunities
3. Effective Communication
The ability to read, write, listen, and speak in a way that allows us to communicate successfully and comprehend the world around us is referred to as literacy. Students who lack fundamental literacy skills may struggle in school, have trouble landing a job, experience inequality, or have trouble getting access to healthcare.
Strong literacy abilities can open numerous avenues and foster other abilities including communication, critical thinking, the capacity to comprehend difficult situations, and a love of reading.
4. Escape from Poverty
Reading, writing, and mathematic proficiency is necessary for employment that offers the chance to move up the social and economic ladder. One life at a time, literacy helps to break the cycle of poverty.
The seemingly endless list of advantages of literacy, a steady salary, insurance, benefits, and social standing are just a few.
International Literacy Day (ILD) festivities have been held every year since 1967 to raise awareness of the value of literacy as a matter of human rights and dignity and to push the literacy agenda in the direction of a more literate and sustainable society. Despite advancements, there are still 771 million illiterate persons around the globe, the majority of whom are women. These people are more vulnerable since they lack even the most basic reading and writing skills.
What is the theme of International Literacy Day 2022?
International Literacy Day 2022 theme is "Transforming Literacy Learning Spaces," and it will be an occasion to reconsider the basic significance of literacy learning spaces for fostering resilience and guaranteeing high-quality, equitable, and inclusive education for all.
International Literacy Day 2022 theme focuses on ensuring good quality of learning spaces. It covers infrastructure, teaching methodologies, visual aids, and technology.
Here are four ways to use the power of literacy in your own life to honour International Literacy Day:
When did you last settle in to read a book? Reading offers the door to a world of information and adventure, whether you get it from your neighbourhood bookshop, Amazon, or on your Kindle. You can peek into people's lives all across the world through books. You can live as a wallflower in the lives of Kenyan smallholder farmers or a teen girl living in Pakistan with books like The Last Hunger Season and I Am Malala.
ALSO READ: Best Books to Read For Students
Financial Literacy Day Activity
More than ever, it's crucial to have a strong foundation in financial literacy, but regrettably, neither parents nor teachers frequently emphasize this skill. These financial literacy exercises can help students of all ages learn how to manage their money for the rest of their lives.
Everyone's future success depends on their ability to use technology.
Together, come up with a list of justifications for the significance of learning to read, write, and speak.
This time, celebrate International Literacy Day 2022 by being thankful for being able to read and write. Try your bit and help the less fortunate by passing on this ability. Join an NGO and teach young kids how to read and write.
Spread your ability with needy ones
How do you plan to celebrate World Literacy Day?
Teachers' Day: Significance and Facts
Essay Writing Tips: How to Write an Essay
About Shivi
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Similar legislation has passed the Senate before, only to die in what used to be a Democrat-controlled House. Republicans -- who have made combating illegal immigration a priority -- now control both the Senate and House, increasing the likelihood that the bill will become law.
» State and local police who stop someone for a violation would be required to ask for proof that the person is in the country legally if they have "reasonable suspicion" that the person is not.
why not bypass any question of racial profiling and just ask everyone for proof of citizenship?
what would give LE reasonable suspicion that a person wasnt a citizen/legal resident?
For the umpteenth time, they are NOT being asked for proof of citizenship. Rather, proof of legal status in this country. BIG difference. If a person is stopped for a traffic violation and lacks a driver's license, insurance, registration AND has no ID to prove their identity, or has several forms of ID containing different names, law enforcement should have the right to detain them to ascertain their status. That is not racial profiling.
Where are the roaches gonna flee to now? Illinois?
So everyone without driver's license should be detained to acertain status not identity but status, right?
So LE will detain all those with no I.D. for status check?...is that what SB 590 says?
Should LE "have the right" or should everyone be detained for status check automatically?
What part of my post did you not comprehend? You stated that "citizenship" was being questioned, and I corrected your erroneous assertion.
All foreign nationals with legal status are required by law to carry their ID AT ALL TIMES. Otherwise, they are in violation of the law. Most states require a driver to have on their person a valid driver's license, and to be prepared to provide a valid registration and proof of insurance. If a person is driving without a license, registration, and insurance, they are in violation of the law, and should be dealt with accordingly. Bottom line: Obey the law.
Reasonable suspicion would be the person not having a valid DL or I.D. on them. We have pointed that out over and over in here. It has nothing to do with suspicion based on skin color or ethnicity. No matter who you are if you can produce the two items above you are not asked for citizenship papers. Even when those items can't be produced no one is expected to carry citizenship papers on them. All it means is that lack of the two items above creates enough suspicion to further investigate them. I wish the pro-illegals would get this through their thick skulls once and for all.
I was stopped because a cop thought I hit (a suspected) illegal alien. Instead I jammed on the brakes and the guy got across. Anyway, I was coming from the gym and couldn't find my DL I had put in my pants pocket. The officer lectured me about it but since I knew my DL number and gave him my address he called it in. It came back it matched me. On I went.
Now if I gave him a bogus number or name with no address I probably would have been arrested. Not seeing the problem here.
Nor do I. Of course pro-illegals must continue to grasp at straws.


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Morphological classification of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma that predicts molecular subtypes and correlates with clinical outcome
Sangeetha N Kalimuthu Anatomical Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Gavin W Wilson Latner Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Robert C Grant Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Matthew Seto Anatomical Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Grainne O'Kane Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Rajkumar Vajpeyi Anatomical Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Faiyaz Notta Division of Research, Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Steven Gallinger PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgical Oncology Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Runjan Chetty Anatomical Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Correspondence to Dr Sangeetha N Kalimuthu, Anatomical Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Programme, University Health Network, Toronto ON M5G 2C4, Canada; sangeetha.kalimuthu{at}uhn.ca
N Kalimuthu S, Wilson GW, Grant RC, et al
Gut 2020;69:317-328.
Received January 3, 2019
Revised May 6, 2019
First published June 14, 2019.
Online issue publication
Previous version (14 June 2019).


Tide Lines are 4 young guys originally from the Highlands of Scotland. Their roots run from Hebridean Islands to Lochaber through Alness and Lossiemouth to the West End and South Side of Glasgow.
Forged from the literature and music of the areas they grew up in, Tide Lines meld romantic, rural life with a record collection of classic American songwriters. Imagine, if you will, a 70's Springsteen and an E-Street band of bagpipes and electronics! It's a Tenth Avenue Freeze Out but not one made in New Jersey.
Whilst still in their (very) early 20s singer Robert Robertson and multi-instrumentalist Ross Wilson were a substantial part of Scottish super-group Skipinnish but left to set up their own band in late 2016. 2 became 4 and 4 became Tide Lines when Alasdair Turner (guitar & bagpipes) and Fergus Munro (drums) were recruited. A clutch of digital singles saw a fervent online fanbase grow, consuming in their thousands everything from a limited pressing of their debut record 'Dreams We Never Lost' to a rampant demand for concert tickets.
Growing a fanbase entirely organically, Tide Lines have racked up nearly 2 million single track streams on Spotify. Their videos play to hundreds of thousands on youtube and their social media accounts number followers in the tens of thousands. Their debut album 'Dreams We Never Lost' was released on Friday 1st June 2017. By the following day, while the band were onstage performing at Oban Live, it was rapidly rising to number 14 in the iTunes UK download charts, and subsequently trending on Apple Music. Finally, in March 2018 with the buzz growing and their shows selling out all over the place Mark Radcliffe gave the band their first national radio airplay for single Far Side of the World.
Folk in the Barn met and saw them play at Celtic Connections in January. Robert Robertson was introduced to me with the words, 'meet the best voice in Scotland'… that evening we heard him and the band for ourselves and have to agree.


text:
New Study Confirms that Homosexuality's Acceptance is growing in the World
In a new study, findings suggest acceptance of homosexuality has risen in 90% of countries surveyed over the last 20 years.
Social researchers at NORC at the University of Chicago and the LGBT think-tang Williams Institute at UCLA said acceptance has grown by an average of 0.9% annually by nation.
Andrew Park, director of International Programs at the Williams Institute, said: "This study shows a clear trend toward increasing acceptance across the globe".
Looks like the world has become a far more acceptable to be gay. Why I am not so optimist about that?
Too much red in this map yet
Publicat per Ben Aquila a 11:45 AM
Eddi Haskell November 14, 2014 at 11:45 PM
The map seems very "off" to me. For example, Pakistan is one of the most dangerous places in the world to be an LGBT person -- yet it is given the same orange rating as Thailand, one of the most tolerant and friendly countries in the world for lgbt people -- with a thriving gay scene. Israel, where 70% of the population supports gay rights, and with the booming gay scene in Tel Aviv, has the same rating as Syria (orange) where being openly gay will get you killed just about anywhere. There are no gay bars or cafes in Cuba -- none, and until recently, being gay was a crime -- yet it is rated ahead of Mexico, which has a thriving gay scene in many cities and has marriage equality in some areas. Poland is a member of the EU and has protections on the books for lgbt people -- with the age of consent being 15 for decades. It is a conservative country, but no way should it rate the same as bigoted Russia. The Czech Republic only rated yellow, yet the Czech people in surveys are very accepting of gay people -- and Prague has some of the est nightlife around. The map is not right-- (it even conflicts with their own published numbers) -- they need to watch what they publish.
Andorra recognizes same-sex unions
Finland legalizes gay marriage!
Mass Gay Wedding in Brazil
Same-sex Marriage in Arkansas Goes On
November 25 International Day Stop Violence Agains...
Sean Hayes (Will & Grace) marries his longtime boy...
University Field Hockey Team Strips Naked to Fight...
Colin Farrell suports gay marriage in Ireland
Stewie Griffin (Family Guy) Comes Out
250,000 visitors on my blog
Anti Bullying Week: 17 to 21 November
Trans Guy Comes Out to His College Classmates
New Study Confirms that Homosexuality's Acceptance...
Spanish Doctors say they've found a cure for HIV
Judge strikes down state's ban on same-sex marriag...
Ladies Prefer Brown
Two women marry in Russia despite ban
World Motorbike Championship speaks catalan
Queens & Cowboys: The Gay Rodeo
Aussie giant pink condom to HIV awareness
A Real Brokeback Mountain in Australia
Warwick Rowers say Thank You
Yes Equality in Ireland
Two gay dads save their son's life over and over a...
Drag Race in Starbucks Commercial


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Spectrum of Diagonal Operator in $\ell^2$ This question is from Kreyszig 7.3, #4-6:
Let $T: \ell^2 \rightarrow \ell^2$ be defined by $y = Tx, x = (x_i), y = (y_i), y_i = a_ix_i$ where $(a_i)$ are dense in [0,1]. Find $\sigma_p(T)$ and $\sigma(T)$. Moreover, show that if $\lambda \in \sigma-\sigma_p$ then $R_\lambda(T)$ is unbounded. (The definitions of spectrum can be found here)
Extending the foregoing problem: Find a linear operator $T: \ell^2 \rightarrow \ell^2$ whose eigenvalues are dense in a given compact set $K \subset \mathbf{C}$ and $\sigma(T) = K$.
So far:
My only steps so far were recognizing that $(a_i)$ should be in $\sigma_p$. I'm having trouble exhibiting a sequence that's in the spectrum but not in the point spectrum. I tried to use the second part of the first question by thinking about what would make $(T-\lambda I)$ unbounded but to no avail.
Any thoughts? Thanks!

A: Let  $A$ stand for the (dense) set of $(a_n)_n$. Since $\sigma(T)$ is closed and $A\subseteq\sigma(T)$, it follows that $[0,1]=\overline{A}\subseteq\sigma(T)$. On the other hand, if $\lambda\notin[0,1]$, then $S$ defined by $Se_j=\frac{1}{\lambda-a_j}e_j$ for any $j\in\mathbb{N}$, is a bounded (diagonal) operator whose inverse is $\lambda I-T$.Thus $\sigma(T)=[0,1]$.
If $\mu$ is an eigenvalue, then we have $Tx=\mu x$ for some non-zero $x=\sum b_je_j$. Then $Tx=\sum a_j b_j e_j=\sum \mu b_j e_j$. Hence, for any $j\in\mathbb{N}$, $a_j b_j=\mu b_j$, which only can happen if $\mu=a_k$ for some $k$. Thus $\sigma_p(T)=A$.
The generalization has almost identical proof. Take $A$ to be a countable, dense subset of $K$, and define a diagonal operator as above.


text:
St Thérèse of Lisieux Catholic Primary School
Visit our new website on https://stherese.npcat.org.uk
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Governing Body 2018/2019
Mr A Chadwick (Chair of Governors)
Mrs C Redman (Vice Chair)
I have been a Foundation Governor since April 2015 and currently sit on the School Improvements Committee, and have an interest in Early Years.
My background is 28 years in the Chemical Industry in a variety of roles such as Sales &Marketing, Public Relations, Human Resource and currently work on a Student Scholarship Programme.
Mr K Kilmartin (Foundation Governor)
I have lived and worked on Teesside for the past 30 years.
I have been a member of the Governing Body of St Therese Primary for the last 5 years; a school attended by all four of my children since it opened in 2000.
I am also Chair of Admissions and a member of Resources Committee.
Canon P Hartnett (Foundation Governor)
I was born and brought up in Middlesbrough. My father came over from Dublin to play football for Middlesbrough FC, he also played for the Republic of Ireland. Two of his caps and football shirt are on display at the Riverside Stadium. I studied for the priesthood at St. Patrick's seminary in Thursles, County Tipperary and was ordained in St. Joseph's Church, Middlesbrough on 15th June 1979.
I am currently parish priest in St. Therese of Lisieux Parish and am also parish administrator for St. Mary & St. Romuald's Church, Yarm. Additionally I am also a Foundation Governor for St Patrick's Catholic College, Thornaby.
Mrs C Stott (Headteacher)
I am very proud to belong to the community of St Therese of Lisieux. I have worked in school since 2002, been a member of the governing body for 6 years and a senior leader within school for 5 years. I have served the school as head teacher for three years and I am passionate about ensuring our children receive the very best start to life and value the opportunity to support their growth and nurture our young people to ensure they are fully equipped to lead happy and successful lives.
I am also very fortunate to work with a committed and dedicated local Management Board, I ensure they are fully informed of all aspects of school life and enjoy and appreciate their advice, feedback and challenge.
Mrs L McNicholas (Staff Governor)
I have worked at ST Therese for the past 15 years from an NQT and fulfilled many roles within a primary school during my time here: class teacher from Nursery to Year Six, Phase leader for Early Years, Key Stage One and Key Stage Two, SENCO, Deputy Safeguarding Officer, English and RE Lead, Assistant Head teacher and currently Deputy Head teacher.
My commitment and dedication to our school, parish and wider community is intrinsic to my daily life and in my role as Staff Governor, I am able to give the Local Management Board valuable insight into the day to day running of the school and contribute to their work of building on our many successes and achievements.
Mrs J Gallagher (Parent Governor)
Mrs I Lewis (Foundation Governor)
I am a parishioner at St Therese of Lisieux Parish in Ingleby Barwick. I am married to Tony and have two children and six granddaughters. I work in the A&E department at North Tees University Hospital.
I am a Foundation Governor and a member of the Resources Committee, Admissions Committee and Attendance Committee.
Mr E Sherrington (Foundation Governor)
I have lived in Ingleby Barwick for over 20 years and have been a foundation governor of St Therese for 8 years. Prior to my retirement I was Headteacher of Our Lady and St Bede RC School in Stockton having served for 40 years as a teacher in various Catholic secondary schools in the Teesside area.
Although now retired my commitment to Catholic Education has not diminished. Consequently I feel very strongly that our Catholic schools must be at least as good as or indeed better than comparative state schools in order to hold their true place in modern educational society.
My particular passion is to ensure that St Therese and other schools in the Academy Trust provide sufficient opportunities for all our children, especially the challenged pupils, to develop and maximize their individual potential.
Being a governor is not always easy and can be time consuming but I thoroughly enjoy my involvement in the work of the Governing Body and the Resources, School Improvement and various other committees. I feel that, in some small way, I am repaying the debt my family owes to the Catholic Schools in this area for the quality of education they provided over many years.
Mrs D de Moor (Parent Governor)
I am mum to Lia & Luuk, a loving wife and successful director for a global company, focussed on driving innovation and efficiency into public & private sectors. I have been a parent governor since 2016, and am passionate about how our school helps to develop our children. I am delighted to be a voice of the parents on what is important to us and our children.
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text:
Islanders in Diapers
NHL Draft: New York Islanders Coverage
2009 NHL Draft Redo: Any changes?
By Dominik@LHHockey Updated Aug 1, 2010, 8:00am EDT
Share All sharing options for: 2009 NHL Draft Redo: Any changes?
From his NHL Network performances, I would not say I'm enamored with Craig Button's analysis. Sometimes I can feel it, sometimes I'm left scratching my head. (Rational response: "He was an NHL GM. You're not." Rational counter-response: "He wasn't a GM for long -- he was fooled by Roman Turek (he wasn't the only one) -- and his father's NHL career no doubt helped get him into the ol' club. Just sayin'.")
That doesn't mean I'm above referencing his analysis for discussion purposes. He's a hockey guy with opinions and I respect that they're out there, respect his background. For argument's sake, it's cool that he made picks for the 2009 draft, and now a year later he's reshuffled them based on what we know (or think we know) now. I wish more draft pundits would do this, if only to demonstrate how volatile prospect stock can be. If rankings can change monthly on 17-year-olds, they're sure to change at age 18 and 19, too.
Feel free to discuss any of them, but here is where he puts the top three picks, as well as the Islanders' second pick:
Prospect Button's 2009 pick 2010 Re-draft
John Tavares 2 3
Victor Hedman 1 2
Matt Duchene 3 1
Calvin de Haan 26 27
Just as I don't get how Yahoo's Greg Wyshynski can list Victor Hedman as a "huge disappointment" in need of a bounce-back year, I don't get how Button can reshuffle the 2009 top three after the year of evidence we had.
On Draft Day people rated Hedman, Tavares and Duchene really closely, and I've seen little reason to change that today. Duchene had a slightly better year, Hedman had a slightly worse year, but none of them hit strong enough extremes to change my thinking about their long-term prospects. In fact, I can't imagine if any of the three affected teams -- even under the influence of a truth serum -- would prefer a different guy today.
Of more interest to me is the de Haan pick. That one was seen as a reach by many on draft day, and at least in Button's mind that hasn't changed. Was another team targeting de Haan to justify Snow trading up twice? We'll never know. We do know Minnesota, who traded down once because (presumably) they were happy to take Leddy, have since traded him to Chicago for the salary dump known as Cam Barker. That's not to say Leddy was a mistake -- Barker is an NHLer after all -- but rather to say things change. Constantly.
De Haan is certainly a nice player who should have at minimum a decent NHL career. (At #12, you better get at least that.) If we're lucky, he'll be something special. But as on Draft Day, it seems like the Islanders are currently higher on De Haan than many others are. The fun will be in finding out over the next decade who was right.
Not Only But Also
If you haven't been checking the official site, they've been pumping out some decent offseason fodder this month. My favorites: Jack Hillen's offseason workout includes a healthy dose of golf ... A note on Zenon Konopka, Trevor Gillies and J.P. Parentau's shared AHL history, which may be a hint to how Konopka was signed ... Mark Eaton and Milan Jurcina on why they like Long Island, and how they see each other coming from opposite sides of the Pens-Caps rivalry.
...If you didn't see this, a nice write-up on Eric Nystrom.
...and finally, this was a great write-up on the experience of watching the late John Kordic fight, and how watching NHL fighting can both draw you in and make you feel like crap. I share a lot of the conflicted sentiments described therein.


text:
Amplification without transistors or tubes?
Are there any means or technologies that can be used to linearly (or close to linear) amplify an audio or LF RF electrical signal that do not require transistors or vacuum tube technologies? (Or equivalent tech such as ICs, photo-transistors, klystrons, etc.)
Specifically linear (or "close enough" as are the usual slightly non-linear simple tube or transistor amp circuits), so disqualifying a two state relay as a possible solution.
Were any electromechanical gadgets tried before Fleming and De Forest?
hotpaw2hotpaw2
Negative-resistance devices such as tunnel diodes can be used as amplifiers/oscillators.
There are also magnetic amplifiers, most often used for electromechanical control.
A relay has gain, but it's highly nonlinear.
Are these the sorts of things you're looking for?
Dave Tweed♦Dave Tweed
A generator without permanent magnets can be used as a amplifier. The extra power comes from the power provided by mechanically rotating the shaft. The magnitude of the output signal is then proportional to the shaft rotation speed and the field winding current. Since extra power is being added to the system via the shaft, you can get more power out than you put into the field windings. If you keep the shaft rotating at a fixed speed, the generator can be thought of as a amplifier from the field current to the output.
One problem with this is that these generators usually put out AC. That can be rectified, but will still have some ripple. If you wind the generator with enough poles and spin it fast enough, the AC output frequency can be higher than your highest frequency of interest. In that case, it can be AM demodulated to yield the final amplified signal.
Rigging up something like this to work at audio frequencies will be tricky. However, you can demonstrate the concept without too much trouble at lower frequencies. Connect a LEB (light emitting bulb) to the output of the generator and spin it to get typical line frequency out, like 60 Hz. Now you can control the lightbulb, or a bank of lightbulbs, with much less power than it takes to drive them directly.
The alternator in your car actually works on this principle to keep the rectified output of the alternator at the right voltage. The alternator spins at whatever speed it spins at. The control system modulates the field current so that the alternator output produces the right voltage to keep the battery charged but to not overcharge it. In this case the "amplifier" is being used as a voltage regulator, but the overall concept is the same. Less power is required to run the alternator field windings, which comes from the 12 V DC, than the alternator puts back onto the 12 V DC line. The extra power comes from adding a mechanical load on the engine.
Olin LathropOlin Lathrop
\$\begingroup\$ What would be the effect of using a large number of poles and a commutator (rather than a rectifier or other demodulator)? \$\endgroup\$ – supercat Mar 17 '14 at 19:16
\$\begingroup\$ @supe: Commutation is a form of rectification in this case. More poles would give less ripple and higher ripple frequency, which would generally help in allowing that noise to be separated from the desired signal. \$\endgroup\$ – Olin Lathrop Mar 17 '14 at 19:35
\$\begingroup\$ Normally when I think of rectification, I think of something that restricts either voltage or current to a certain polarity. I would expect that the aforementioned generator would be able to handle voltages and currents of either polarity equally well. \$\endgroup\$ – supercat Mar 17 '14 at 19:52
\$\begingroup\$ @supe: Today most people think of rectification as something you do with diodes, but it didn't used to be that way. The earliest power utility systems were DC. This was produced with synchronous rectification by commutation. That is also how a brushed DC motor running backwards as a generator makes DC instead of the inherently AC produced by magnets moving past coils. There is a wide world out there beyond diodes. \$\endgroup\$ – Olin Lathrop Mar 17 '14 at 21:14
\$\begingroup\$ Certainly I'm aware that things like rotary converters were used to convert AC to DC before diodes were invented, but here the goal is to end up with an AC waveform. The voltage on any particular coil would represent the original signal ring-modulated with a sinusoid generated by the rotation, but the purpose of the commutator would be to add or subtract combinations of modulated signals so as to reconstruct the original AC signal. Using the term "rectification" to describe a process yielding an AC signal seems unusual. \$\endgroup\$ – supercat Mar 17 '14 at 21:37
A pure mechanical audio amplifier called an auxetophone uses an air compressor and a gate that is mechanically modulated. This video shows a recreation of an auxetophone where a solenoid is used to move the gate, but it can be mechanically moved.
In a similar manner, the gate could be replaced with an adjustable power resistor, so you can build a mechanical amplifier that converts the small signal to mechanical movement, which then modulates a much larger power source.
Adam DavisAdam Davis
A transformer can provide gain i.e. a "step-up" transformer can magnify the input voltage by the turns ratio but it isn't a power amplifier. They can be fairly linear.
A tuned circuit (L & C) can also amplify a voltage signal by many times but it is limited to a small band of frequencies close to the resonant point. Beyond that frequency signal output levels fall off.
Parametric amplifiers can be made with nonlinear capacitors.
In the early days of radio, a device called the coherer was used.. It could be described as a detector with gain. Not linear at all.
There were various devices in the early history of instrumentation that provided something like gain without actual power gain. For example, the optical lever, the galvanometer, the thermopile.
Connor Wolf
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged amplifier or ask your own question.
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text:
Education Dept. Defends Its Approach to Title IX in Face of Senate Pressure
February 24, 2016 Jim Zellmer
The Education Department is standing by its controversial guidance to colleges on sexual harassment and sexual assault in response to questions raised by a prominent Senate critic.
Catherine E. Lhamon, the department's assistant secretary for civil rights, defended her agency's actions in a letter on Wednesday to Sen. James Lankford, who, as head of the Senate's subcommittee on regulatory affairs and federal management, had accused the department of overreach in pressuring colleges to fight sexual discrimination to comply with the gender-equity law known as Title IX.
Ms. Lhamon's response to Senator Lankford, an Oklahoma Republican, appears to set the stage for a clash between the Education Department and the Senate over the department's powers, Darrell (D.J.) Jordan, a spokesman for the senator, said on Thursday. The letter "raises further concerns for Senator Lankford, and he is now contemplating several measures to continue this oversight," Mr. Jordan wrote in an email. He added, however, that "we're not ready to confirm our next steps just yet."
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text:
Пегг () — фамилия. Известные носители:
 Пегг, Джоанна — шотландская кёрлингистка.
 Пегг, Дик (1878—1916) — английский футболист.
 Пегг, Дэвид (1935—1958) — английский футболист.
 Пегг, Кен (1926—1999) — английский футболист.
 Пегг, Саймон (род. 1970) — английский актёр, комик, сценарист, писатель, режиссёр, продюсер.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia