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BA FRENCH AND ITALIAN RR13
Full Time: 4 Years
A more connected world demands language skills. Expand your horizons and achieve fluency in two languages by immersing yourself in the history and cultures of Italy and the French-speaking world with our BA French and Italian course.
Join our friendly and dynamic Department of Modern Languages and European Studies, which offers the opportunity to study in a lively, multilingual community with staff and students from all over the world. We offer a flexible and supportive approach to learning which allows you to tailor your degree to your interests, including the opportunity to learn other languages.
Through this course you will become confident and highly skilled in French and Italian, both written and spoken. You will master the fundamental elements of each language, to the point where you will graduate with a near-native command of both. We're proud of our small language classes, led by native speakers. Direct access to expert staff for help and feedback ensures you develop your language skills to the best of your ability.
You will learn both languages in the political, social and cultural contexts of the countries in which they are spoken. This not only considerably enhances your understanding of the languages, but also provides you with the knowledge to live and work in these countries, as well as enter professional roles with global companies that operate in and interact with them.
In Italian, you will have the opportunity to study with leading academics on topics including Dante, Machiavelli and Michelangelo and covering fascism, the history of the language, the resistance, Fellini and contemporary culture.
In French, you will develop an in-depth knowledge of the French language, the wider culture of Francophonie in the many countries across the globe where French is spoken, and the varied history, literature, theatre, politics and cinema in which the language is embedded. You will have the opportunity to study with staff who are internationally recognised experts in French-speaking literature, history and culture; including the literature of the French Caribbean; French children's books and publishing; 20th century French history; Medieval literature, history and art, as well as translation studies.
You will also be able to explore a specific topic in both of the languages you're learning through comparative modules. If you really enjoy studying cinema, for example, then you can opt to take modules in European and World cinema and gain an even broader knowledge of the medium.
An integral part of the course is the opportunity to study or work abroad during your third year. You will split your time equally between Italy and a French-speaking country (six months in each), studying at a university or working on a placement. It enables you to directly immerse yourself in the culture and considerably develop your knowledge of both Italian and French. A key advantage of this joint honours degree course is that you can incorporate both study and placement work into the year abroad for a more varied experience. The core language module in the second year will prepare you for studying abroad, equipping you with the skills and knowledge required to work and live in a different culture.
We provide some accelerated learning in Italian and French, meaning that you can start both languages from beginner's level if you have not studied them before, or you can learn Italian at intermediate level if you have only learnt it up to GCSE or AS level. Regardless of which level you join the course at, all students achieve the same standard of written and spoken Italian and French by the final year. Please check the entry requirements for more details on entry points.
Quick look entry requirements A Level ABB-BBB | IB 32-30 pts overall
At Reading, we reward commitment. Select Reading as your firm choice on UCAS, and we will guarantee you a place should you achieve the lower grade in the offer range (shown below):
Typical offer
ABB–BBB including French or Italian at grade B.
Students wishing to study a joint course containing two Modern languages (French, German, Spanish and Italian are required to take one of the joint languages at A Level (or equivalent. The other language can be studies from beginner, intermediate or advanced level.
32–30 points overall including 5 in French or Italian at higher level.
In recognition of the excellent preparation that the Extended Project Qualification (EPQ) provides to students for University study, we can now include achievement in the EPQ as part of a formal offer.
IELTS 7.0, with no component below 6.0
For information on other English language qualifications, please visit our international student pages.
Alternative entry requirements for International and EU students
For country specific entry requirements look at entry requirements by country.
International Foundation Programme
If you are an international or EU student and do not meet the requirements for direct entry to your chosen degree you can join the University of Reading's International Foundation Programme. Successful completion of this 1 year programme guarantees you a place on your chosen undergraduate degree. English language requirements start as low as IELTS 4.5 depending on progression degree and start date.
Learn more about our International Foundation programme
Pre-sessional English language programme
If you need to improve your English language score you can take a pre-sessional English course prior to entry onto your degree.
Find out the English language requirements for our courses and our pre-sessional English programme
What will you study?
Core Modules include:
French language (at beginner's, intermediate or advanced level)
Italian language (at beginner's, intermediate or advanced level)
Optional modules include:
The making of modern France
Introduction to French culture
Italian Medieval and Renaissance culture (in translation)
Twentieth-century Italian culture
Making Italians: a journey in the history and culture of modern Italy
Comparative modules include:
In addition to these French and Italian modules, students may choose to take a module from our list of comparative modules. Comparative modules do not focus on one specific country or culture, but rather they contrast and compare different literary, cinematic or historical traditions.
The making of modern Europe: 1789 to the present
What is comparative literature?
Greats of European cinema
Introduction to linguistics
Please note that all modules are subject to change.
Advanced French translation and language skills
Introduction to the French novel
Introduction à la littérature de jeunesse
French literature on-screen
How to think in French
The Great War in France
Italian cinema
'Apocalittici e integrati': intellectuals and society in twentieth-century Italy
Fictions of Italy: themes and genres
In addition to these Italian modules, students may choose to take a module from our list of comparative modules. Comparative modules do not focus on one specific country or culture, but rather they contrast and compare different literary, cinematic or historical traditions.
Society, thought, and art in modern Europe
Unity, nationalism and regionalism in Europe
Science, perversion, and dream in global fantastic literature
Love in Medieval Renaissance
You can choose from two options for your third year: studying at a partner institution through the Erasmus+ programme or undertaking a work placement. You will spend six months in each country and can choose a different activity for each.
Our French partner institutions include universities in Paris, Lyon, Toulouse, Rennes, Poitiers and Grenoble, as well as prestigious business schools such as Paris-Dauphine and Montpellier. Italian partner institutions include universities in Bergamo, Bologna, Florence, Genoa, Naples, Padua, Pavia, Pisa, Rome, Siena and Venice. The Department of Modern Languages and European Studies has a study abroad officer who can help you prepare for study at one or two of these universities.
You can also talk to the Department's specialist year abroad team, who can provide you with support in securing and preparing for a placement. Past students have carried out roles with companies such as Airbus Helicopters, Siemens, PwC, SAP, Knight Frank, Hewlett Packard, PSA Peugeot, Ermanno Scervino, the Istituto per la storia della Resistenza e dell'età contemporanea and the UN.
French language for management and business
The legend of Tristan and Iseult
La Belle Epoque: France 1880-1914
The French Caribbean: language, literature and identity
Italian language for management and business
Performance and the self in Renaissance Italy
History of the Italian language
Voice and the self in modern Italian poetry
EU case studies
Cinemas of the world
19th century European novel
Language and power
New UK/EU students: £9,250* per year
New international students: £16,475 per year
* UK and EU fee changes
UK undergraduate fees are regulated by the government. These fees are subject to parliamentary approval and any decision on raising the tuition fees cap for new UK and EU** students would require the formal approval of both Houses of Parliament before it becomes law.
From 2020, the UK government may link tuition fees to the Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF).
**EU students
For more information on fees, loans and grants for EU students, see fees and funding for home/EU students.
These course fees cover the cost of your tuition. Some courses will require additional payments for field trips and extra resources. You will also need to budget for your accommodation and living costs. See our information on living costs for more details.
Financial support for your studies
You may be eligible for a scholarship or bursary to help pay for your study. Students from the UK and other EU countries may also be eligible for a student loan to help cover these costs. See our fees and funding information for more information on what's available.
Flexible courses (price per 10 credit module)
Home/EU students: £750
International students: £1275
Subject to the Government passing legislation to raise the minimum fee cap, we will raise undergraduate tuition fees from £9,000 to £9,250 for new UK/EU students applying to start courses in the 2017/18 academic year. You will not be affected by this rise if you have deferred entry to the 2017/18 academic year. The Government will confirm future arrangements for EU students in due course.
The tuition fee will remain £9,000 per year for the full duration of this course if you start in the 2016/17 academic year or have accepted an offer but deferred your entry until the 2017/18 academic year. This is unlike other institutions who are planning to raise fees midway through courses.
For further information, please see our webpage on the Teaching Excellence Framework and future tuition fees.
What career can you have?
Being able to write and speak fluently in French, Italian and English, as well as having an in-depth knowledge of the countries in which these languages are used, will make you highly attractive to a wide range of employers. Well-qualified linguists are currently in short supply in the UK, which will enhance your career prospects even further.
The course provides you with numerous transferable skills in research, analysis, presenting and group working. The experience of studying or working abroad also distinguishes you from non-language graduates, providing evidence of self-reliance, adaptability and enterprise.
Studying or working abroad provides evidence of self-reliance, adaptability and enterprise, making you highly attractive to employers, as demonstrated by 94% of graduates from the Department of Modern Languages and European Studies being in work or further study six months after graduating (DLHE survey, 2016/17. This data is for the MLES Department as a whole.)
Our graduates have an excellent record of gaining employment or progressing to further study. Recent graduates have gone on to careers ranging from translating, teaching and research (doctorates at Oxford and Queen Mary, University of London) to financial services (HSBC, Zurich Insurance), telecommunications (Vodafone), marketing, the fashion industry (Chanel), the international art business (Christie's) regional development (the Design Wales Project), companies and organisations such as the Ministry of Defence, Energis Communication, BNP Paribas, the Taylorian Institution Library and Riso Scotti SRL, Prada, Dolce and Gabbana, PGL Travel Ltd.
Throughout the course, you receive first-rate language training which equips you with a high level of competence in Italian (even if you learned the language from scratch, as I did). Not only that, but the year abroad gives you the opportunity to gain a completely new perspective on life in another culture and experience the French and Italian higher education systems at first hand! If you enjoy a challenge, this course is hugely regarding. I am now working in an international software company called Zinc Ahead in the Customer Service division using my language skills – I'm so glad to be putting my degree to good use.
Chelsea Moran
BA French and Italian
Visit the Department of Modern Languages and European Studies website
Come to an Open day
Get a prospectus
Chat to our students
BA French R120
BA French and German RR12
BA French and Spanish RR14
View all Undergraduate Modern Languages and European Studies degree courses courses
Subjects A-B
Building and Surveying
Business and Management, Accounting and Finance
Subjects C-E
Classics and Classical Studies
Consumer Behaviour and Marketing
English Language and Applied Linguistics
Subjects F-G
Film, Theatre and Television
Subjects H-M
International Foundation Programme (IFP)
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Physician Associate
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Strategic Studies
Typography and Graphic Communication
War and Peace Studies


text:
Wild Mustang () é um filme faroeste dos Estados Unidos de 1935 estrelado por Harry Carey e dirigido por Harry L. Fraser.

Ligações externas

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1935
Filmes de faroeste dos Estados Unidos
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes em preto e branco

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


www.NewChristianSpiritualistsSociety.com - Creation Not Evolution!
By the same token, those who say that the physical and material life is all there is, that the universe and this world within it came about by accident, and among those are many who profess a nominal adherence to a particular religion while denying that all life is based on an eternal exterior existence of spirit, should be made aware that this can be proved by a better scientific extrapolation than that pressed into the service of supporting the theoretical basis for believing in evolution.
So it isn't really surprising to find so many who are sceptical of the part a Creator has played to produce the place they presently live in, claiming affiliation to any religion that removes the responsibility of actually thinking very deeply about its origins, or indeed its rituals, laws and ceremonies. All religious groupings offer spiritual leadership with advice and comfort and give a sense of belonging and purpose in this life to which all human beings respond.
They all also speak of a life beyond the physical...Whether they promise a paradise for the faithful as an immediacy on the death of the body as in Islam, or a sleep until the last trump when all the faithful shall be resurrected in their old bodies to be sent to heaven after judgement, as in Judaism and orthodox Catholic Christianity, or to be clothed in glory to be with Jesus the Christ as soon as they shuffle off this mortal coil, these major world religions all promise their followers a life eternal. The problematic triune question for them, sceptic and believer alike, given they feel themselves to have followed the ordinarily ethical precepts as laid down for them by their respective religious leaders, accepting the notion of deity and so be deserving of living on in these Elysian conditions, is where is this place to which their essence travels, of what substance is their essence, and can this state of immortality be true?
Spiritualism of course contains all the answers, embodied in one. We are all spirit, of the One Spirit that both completely pervades and encompasses the universe and we can all be aware of those who have lived in it physically and are now discarnate living on in another dimension through the practices of genuine mediumship.
Indeed it was through mediumship, the ability to access the highest spiritual realms and those entities there residing being able to communicate with willing (or even not so willing) mediums, those sensitive to spiritual emanations on the earth plane, that many teachings were given, and manifestations of spirit origin took place, that were either written when they occurred or recorded orally and later written down, to be considered rightly, considering their inspirational sources, as sacred texts.
For those questioning the veracity of a created universe, the idea of a spirit world coexistent with the physical would concomitantly be considered ludicrous. There must be great difficulty for them in being expected to accept supernormal, supernatural or metaphysical narratives within their own religion's writings. However they could do a lot worse than reread these texts from the viewpoint of Spiritualist understanding.
With the dawning of self-consciousness comes an awareness of both a spiritual aspect of oneself and of some greater invisible world without. There also appears to be an inbuilt understanding of everything having been brought into being by purposeful thought...A feeling of God within and God without.
Humankind has always expressed this awareness by coming together in groups with their various interpretations that always seem to require some associated ceremonials and rituals to accompany the information that has been relayed through those individuals sensitive to spirit world emanations and communications.
While we know that some followers of these major religions have Spiritualist leanings, the most marked differences are those heightened by the existence of those who identify themselves as Spiritualists within Christianity, and many whose denomination is in fact Christian Spiritualist.
Now there is in Spiritualism, as well as the philosophy and science, the same desire for comfort, advice and spiritual (often construed as emotional) wellbeing as there is by those followers of more 'orthodox' religions.
One thing individual Spiritualists benefit from in their religious belief is the agreeable human centred focus of receiving a message from Beyond, whether privately or from a platform in a Spiritualist meeting/service.
Now whether or not such contact with the spirits of the dead produces a constant stream of irrefutable self identifications, astounding memory links and information about their loved ones' current earthly situations etc, or offers the odd correct item per reading – it is a demonstrable fact that human beings do live in a multi dimensional universe of spirit and matter and are able to prove their immortality by sending messages back, via any kind of human medium, having shuffled off this mortal coil.
All this proves to us that in this complex modern age, we have the same inner concerns as in ancient times. The human race as a whole has never had much time, and a vast percentage of it not the inclination, to dwell on the spiritual aspects of its incarnation.
So from early on, individual people, either singly or in groups, who have concerned themselves with their own, and others' spirituality, have been and are relied upon and resorted to in those matters. This fast moving impersonal technological material world of almost instant communication and networking has had little impact and effected no change in that state of affairs.
arising from those beliefs, are still antagonistic to others – an antagonism that can mix with political views and socio-economic conditions which added to volatile situations can cause violent confrontations and conflict, and are doing so even now somewhere on this planet.
All sacred texts are held by too many to be works of fantasy, notwithstanding historical authenticities and latterly since 1848 and the advent of Modern Spiritualism scientific proof of spirit generated and manifested contacts and events.
On that note alone, I would ask you to look at your dog. Mine has short fat hairy legs, short fat body and a propensity to bark.
At no point have we been treated to a fossil, so beloved of evolutionary theorists who wave the trilobites and dinosaur bones at us, of a wolf emerging into a sheep dog, or dare I say it, a Jack Russell.
And of the famous author of 'The Water Babies', Reverend Charles Kingsley, he was most admiring as the Reverend had remarked that 'the theory of 'natural selection' was 'just as noble a conception of Deity'... The Water Babies was a spirit-filled morality tale from beginning to end.
Darwin also wrote at the conclusion of his book expounding his theories that has given so much ammunition to atheistic materialists as well as racists et al, 'Life, with its several powers having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or one...' With a stroke of his pen giving the lie to his entire suppositional thesis!
On a lighter note, we might ask, what of the turnip? It appears that the self centred human is happy not to concern themselves over much with the possibilities of an evolution of vegetables, or why the turnip can salve human famine as it can lie unharvested in a year of glut to be dug up and eaten should the year after prove unfruitful...Or the spiritual aspect of this plant that hides its edible root in the soil good or bad and has green leaves that are also nourishing and grows and is eaten in many countries from East to West. On the spiritual note, the old Celtic and Pagan religionists used hollowed out turnips as lanterns at their Halloween/ Samhain ceremonies and celebrations, while less spiritually inclined perhaps, famous Roman, friend of the tyrant anti Christian Emperor Vespasian, Pliny the Elder, who died with his friends in Pompeii in 79CE/AD praised the turnip as both fodder for farm animals and as a prevention of famine in humans.


LMA Recruitment's client is an exciting financial services provider looking for a Senior Relationship Manager to join on a potential temp to perm basis.
They are looking for an experienced relationship manager, who has proven experience working within SME credit analysis. You must have experience of working with debt restructuring within a bank. You must have a valid UK driving licence, and own car and be willing to travel to meet with clients.


In the spot resin market, it's starting to feel a lot like Christmas—in reverse. While shopping reaches its annual paroxysm in malls and shops, buying and selling activity is winding down in the resin marketplace. Still, the PlasticsExchange (Chicago) is not registering any complaints in its weekly Market Update. While completed volumes were only about average this past week, December started quite strong, it reminds us.
Fresh polyethylene (PE) rail car offerings have been flowing, and while not overly abundant, suppliers indicated that more is available, if needed. PE prices slid another $0.005 to 0.01/lb and seem to be heading still lower.
Polypropylene (PP) offers have only been trickling in and prices held steady this past week, writes the PlasticsExchange.
Spot PE trading was challenged by fewer buyer/seller inquiries as the market moves into year-end mode. Prices continued to be pressured by growing supplies and lack of demand, while domestic processors avoided high-volume purchases as they anticipate still lower levels ahead. HDPE supplies have been recovering, joining LDPE resins as the weaker priced materials; LLDPE for film and injection are still relatively snug and have been holding up a bit better. Processors are looking ahead to the first quarter of 2018, when they expect the hurricane-related contract price increases to peel off, which has been foreshadowed by recently falling spot prices, reports the PlasticsExchange.
PE levels are falling in Houston, too, as producers seek levels to move high incremental volumes offshore. However, Houston area traders are also wary to take in extra inventory, which would be subject to tax. The first quarter of 2018 should see the PE supply situation reverse from tight toward loose, as Harvey becomes an issue of the past and new PE production kicks into full gear, according to the PlasticsExchange. Export channels will likely need to fully re-open to soak up these forthcoming supplies.
Spot PP prices were flat and firm, as fresh railcar offers were scarce and buyers reluctantly picked away at the lightly available warehoused materials. Despite generally slow order flow, resellers resisted discounting their materials, noting higher replacement costs and a slightly bullish outlook. Moderate volumes of imported PP have hit the shores, sapping some domestic demand, but arbitrage margins are minimal, so few importers are bringing in meaningful supplies of speculative PP resin. December PP contracts could edge up another cent or two, mostly based on very modest cost-push pressure.


text:
Academics & Majors
Physics, B.S.
Overview of Physics
Physics is the study of nature at its most fundamental. Its scope covers everything from the tiniest particles of matter — such as atoms, electrons and quarks — to the structure of the entire universe, encompassing innumerable galaxies and stars.
Physicists seek to understand complex phenomena in terms of simple, unifying principles. Their queries have ranged from the seemingly innocuous, like "What causes an object to fall?", to the more elemental, like "What is the true nature of light?" Such questions led to the discovery of the gravitational force, which governs the motion of planets and stars, as well as to the biggest breakthrough of the twentieth century — quantum mechanics — which governs the very small. Answers to physicists' questions have revolutionized society, not only altering our basic understanding of the universe, but also profoundly affecting our day-to-day lives, laying the foundation for numerous technological innovations such as the laser, computer, and cellular phone. And physics continues to evolve and excite us, with unanswered questions from a multitude of active and emerging fields of research, such as Quantum Computation, Superconductivity, Chaos, Biophysics and String Theory, to name a few.
The Physics program at UC Merced provides a strong foundation in the fundamentals of theoretical and applied physics, while also emphasizing the increasingly interdisciplinary role played by physicists in the scientific and technological community. This is reflected in the "core plus emphasis track" model of the major. The core is a rigorous grounding in fundamental physical principles, including electricity and magnetism, quantum and classical mechanics, and thermodynamics. The emphasis tracks consist of flexible specialization options. Possible emphases include Atomic, Molecular, and Optical (AMO) Physics; Mathematical Physics; Biophysics; and Condensed Matter and Materials Physics.
Physics students develop excellent quantitative and analytical skills, enabling them to approach new and complex problems that arise in any field. These fundamental skills are essential preparation for a wide range of careers in such fields as aerospace, biotechnology, computers, engineering, medicine, education, law, finance, business and consulting.
Atomic, Molecular and optical physics
Nonlinear and statistical physics
Soft Matter Physics
Solar and energy sciences
Biophysicist
Computational chemist
Cryptographer
Renewable energy manager
Pyrotechnician
Radar project manager
Gravity researcher
Laser fusion scientist
Solar energy physicist
Particle physicist
* Please Note: Some of these carers might require education beyond a Bachelor's degree.
Students graduating from the Physics program demonstrate the following:
Physical Principles. Students will be able to apply basic physical principles—including classical mechanics, electricity and magnetism, quantum mechanics, and statistical mechanics—to explain, analyze, and predict a variety of natural phenomena.
Mathematical Expertise. Students will be able to translate physical concepts into mathematical language. Furthermore students will be able to apply advanced mathematical techniques (e.g., calculus, linear algebra, probability, and statistics) in their explanations, analyses, and predictions of physical phenomena.
Experimental Techniques. Students will be able to take physical measurements in an experimental laboratory setting and analyze these results to draw conclusions about the physical system under investigation, including whether their data supports or refutes a given physical model.
Communication and Teamwork Skills. Students will be able to clearly explain their mathematical and physical reasoning, both orally and in writing, and will be able to communicate and work effectively in groups on a common project.
Research Proficiency. Students will be able to formulate personal research questions that expand their knowledge of physics. Students will be able to apply sound scientific research methods to address these questions, either by researching the current literature or developing independent results.
Sample plans of study for the Physics degree may be found in the School of Natural Sciences website ns-advising.ucmerced.edu.
More Information about Physics
Degree Requirements:
Physics, Atomic/Molecular/Optical/Condensed Matter Emphasis, B.S.
Physics, Biophysics Emphasis, B.S.
Physics, Custom Emphasis, B.S.
Physics, Mathematical Physics Emphasis, B.S.
Physics Program
Brochure, School of Natural Sciences (pdf)
Explore UC Merced
Admissions Advisors

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Thinly sliced red onion, iceburg lettuce, vine-ripe tomato, jalepanos, and ranch or blue cheese drizzle.
Thinly sliced red onion, iceburg lettuce, vine-ripe tomato, and red wine vinegar and oil blend with italian herb spices.
Thinly sliced red onion, iceburg lettuce, vine-ripe tomato, red wine vinegar and oil blen with italian herb spices, and pesto aioli.


text:
Николай Иосифович Николенко, (10 сентября 1912, дер. Алексеевка Елисаветградского уезда Херсонской губернии  — 12 мая 1975, Мюнхен, Германия) — русский живописец и иконописец, иллюстратор

Биография

Родился 10 сентября 1912 г. в деревне Алексеевка Елисаветградского уезда Херсонской губернии в семье священника. Рос в Киеве. Его отец погиб в застенках советских карательных органов, мать была репрессирована.

В 1928 г. поступил в художественную студию Крюгера-Прахова в Киеве.

В 1930 г. перешёл в Киевский художественный институт в мастерскую профессора Михаила Бойчука, знатока византийского и древнерусского искусства, погибшего в советских лагерях.

В 1932 г. уехал из Киева и плавал моряком на международных рейсах.

В 1933 г. был арестован и приговорён к 5 годам лишения свободы.

В 1933-1939 гг. находился в заключении в лагере. В 1939 г. был снова арестован по обвинению в подготовке вооружённого восстания. Приговорён к расстрелу, с заменой 10-летним заключением.

В 1940 г. освобождён по амнистии.

В 1941 г. был призван в армию и, как бывший заключённый, направлен в штрафной батальон. Был несколько раз ранен, попал в немецкий плен и отправлен в рабочий лагерь под Дрезденом. Работал на фабрике в рабочем лагере в Дрездене до окончания войны. После окончания войны избежал принудительной выдачи в СССР.

В 1950 г. с помощью Толстовского фонда эмигрировал в США.

В 1970 г. переехал на постоянное жительство в ФРГ.

Скончался 12 мая 1975 г. в г. Мюнхен (Германия).

Творчество

Зарабатывал на жизнь, иллюстрируя книги, работал театральным художником. После окончания войны вернулся к живописи, искал рецепты красок старых мастеров. Преподавал в Русской художественно-промышленной школе в г. Гамбург, организованной Г.Я. Киверовым и А.А. Абрамовым. Основная направленность школы – разработка проблем стилистики и техники византийской и древнерусской иконописи и фрески. Одновременно писал иконы для церкви Успения Пресвятой Богородицы в лагере Фишбек (Германия). В 1951 г. после эмигрирации в США в Фордэмском университете состоялась первая выставка Николенко. В 1956 году участвовал в выставке византийского искусства в Вашингтоне. Автор выставки документальных рисунков «Колыма». Участвовал в выставке «Искусство США в 1958 г.». В 1961 г. состоялась персональная выставка Николенко в музее Атланты, вызвавшая интерес к творчеству художника. В 1962 г. выполнил 104 рисунка для книги «Мифы о героях» - сборника легенд разных народов в пересказе Нормы Лорри Гудрич, изданной «Орион Пресс». В 1969 г. вернулся к изображению природы, к архитектурным пейзажам и сюрреализму. Оформлял книги А. Галича, А.В. Кузнецова, Дж. Орвелла и др. авторов, выходивших в свет в издательстве «Посев» (Франкфурт-на-Майне).

«В небольшом салоне художника Николая Иосифовича Николенко собирались многие художники зарубежья, в том числе и Сергей Петрович Иванов, внук Фета, старый эмигрант из Парижа, друг Александра Бенуа, Серебряковой» (Сергей Голлербах)

Семья
Жена  - Лада Ростиславовна Николенко (урождённая Воинова) (1915, Петроград - 5 июля 1996, ФРГ) — доктор истории искусства, донская казачка, её крестным отцом был Казимир Малевич. Изучала историю искусства в США и в Англии. Автор многочисленных трудов об искусстве и автобиографического романа "Как пыль из степи".

Персональные выставки
 1956 - Персональная выставка в музее Атланты, США.
 1951 - Персональная выставка в Фордэмском университете США
 1956 - Выставка Византийского искусства в Вашингтоне
 1958 - Участвовал в выставке «Искусство США»

Примечания

Ссылки
 Религиозные деятели русского зарубежья
 Интервью Николая Николенко на Радио Свобода 1962г.
 Сергей Голлербах «О русских художниках в Америке»
 «Мир — очень пестрая и интересная картина…»
 Нью-йоркский блокнот
 Дом-музей Марины Цветаевой
 Иллюстрации к книге Стругацких «Гадкие лебеди»

Художники СССР
Художники Украины
Репрессированные в СССР


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Climate Change / Human Rights / Paris Agreement / Stefan Newton / Trade
Human Rights in the context of the International Climate Change Agenda
by caribbeantradelaw October 4, 2018 October 4, 2018
Stefan Newton, Guest Contributor
Stefan Newton
In her address to the 73rd Session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), Prime Minister of Barbados, the Hon. Mia Mottley, abandoned a scripted speech and made a passionate appeal to United Nations (UN) Member states to make good on their commitments to climate change under the United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC). She urged States to accelerate mobilizing the necessary funding for climate adaptation and mitigation under The Green Climate Fund.
In thinly veiled remarks, she criticized the current position of the United States of America (USA) by refusing to acknowledge the reality of climate change, noting "For us it is about saving lives. For others it is about saving profits". It is well known by now that the USA has regrettably withdrawn from the Paris Climate Agreement: which builds upon the UNFCCC and for the first time brings all nations into a common cause to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects, with enhanced support to assist developing countries to do so.
Moreover, the Prime Minister pointed to the need for UN Member States to recognize that "mighty or small we must protect each other in this world". In closing her speech, she appealed to the international community to exercise empathy and care for those States and their citizens who are most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. I humbly submit that this is perhaps the most significant speech given by a Barbadian leader to the United Nations, as it impinges on Barbados' very survival as a nation State. Indeed, if climate change ambitions are not met, Barbados and its citizens will face very certain demise due to the effects of climate change.
Climate Change is a Human Rights Problem
While climate change is most often viewed as an environmental problem, it is also very much a human rights problem. Mary Robinson, the former president of Ireland and former High Commissioner for Human Rights, has described climate change as "probably the greatest human rights challenge of the 21st century".
Explicit mention of human rights is now being made in international climate agreements. The Preamble to the Paris Agreement to the UNFCCC calls for all States, when acting to address climate change, to "respect, promote and consider their respective obligations on human rights". The World Bank Report on Human Rights and Climate Change highlights the relevancy of international human rights law to climate change by linking particular social and human impacts of climate change to special human rights standards under international human rights treaties, thereby confirming human rights impacts. For example, the right to life is the most fundamental human right and well enshrined in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
A number of observed and projected effects of climate change will pose direct and indirect threats to the human right to life. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projects with high confidence an increase in people suffering from death, disease and injury from heat waves, floods, storms etc. Equally, climate change will affect the right to life through an increase in malnutrition, cardio- respiratory morbidity and mortality related climate change effects.
Despite the clear human rights implications of failure to act to combat climate change, the international community is not "grasping the baton firmly" enough through decisive policy actions to reach the ambitions of the climate change agenda. The USA- Trump led administration seems to be a lost cause with its view that climate change is a fiction. Heeding Prime Minister Mottley's call to climate action will most likely be viewed by them as a mere courtesy, not an obligation. However, it can be soundly argued that Prime Minister Mottley's urging of States to protect each other from the effects of climate change, are not merely aspirational or appeals to international consciousness, but are linked to and grounded in legally binding international human rights principles.
Legal Link between Human Rights and Climate Change
The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) has set out the essentials of the legal dimensions link between Human Rights and Climate Change. International Human Rights principles to respect, protect and fulfill the human rights of all people without discrimination gives rise to a wide range of duties for State in acting on climate change. I will touch on three.
First, under these principles is the duty to mitigate climate change and to prevent its negative human rights impacts. Failure to take affirmative action to prevent human rights harms caused by climate change, including foreseeable long-term harms, breaches this obligation. Second is the duty to ensure that all persons have the necessary capacity to adapt to climate change. Falling under this duty States must ensure that appropriate adaptation measures are taken to protect and fulfil the rights of all persons, particularly those most endangered by the negative impacts of climate change e.g. small islands, riparian and low-lying coastal zones. Third, under core human rights treaties, States acting individually or collectively are obliged to mobilize and allocate the maximum available resources for the progressive realization of economic, social and cultural rights, as well as the advancement of civil and political rights and the right to development. The failure to adopt reasonable measures to mobilize available resources to prevent foreseeable climate change harm breaches this obligation.
Incorporating Human Rights into Climate Change Policy Discussions
Besides recognizing the legal implications of international human rights law as it pertains to climate change, Caribbean policy makers should also recognize the value added of incorporating human rights into discussions around climate change policy.
Among other things, a focus on human rights law may serve to locate policy within the framework of internationally agreed obligations and acceptance of certain goods, interests or goals as rights. This has the effect of establishing a hierarchy of importance among policy goals, helping to ensure that human rights are not traded off among interests lacking that status. Simply put, human rights place people before profits. This is critical as more firms and investors enter the Caribbean market whose activities may have climate and environmental impacts.
Additionally, human rights offer a normative and institutional framework for strengthened accountability and international co-operation for those responsible for adverse impacts of climate change. It may be argued that states should be encouraged to take climate action on this basis and do more in their capacity to assist and contribute to the financing of climate adaptation programs. This might be a useful bargaining chip in the realm of international relations and negotiations. For small developing states, such accountability can be used as a tool of moral suasion against large carbon emitting States like the USA which have retreated from global actions on climate change, or to spur States who are already implementing climate action targets to redouble their efforts.
Diagonal Environmental Rights
Further to policy, human rights law has an incredible potential to fill in a missing legal gap present in the international legal framework addressing climate change. The carbon emissions from large industrial States have a disproportionate impact on small lesser emitting States. Citizens of small developing States are thus marginalized and face aggravated vulnerability to human rights impacts from climate change. Yet currently there exists no formal legal mechanism for citizens to claim climate justice against large states responsible for impacting on and violating their human rights. This is referred to a Diagonal Environmental Rights; a term coined by John Knox the United Nations Independent on Human Rights relating to a safe, healthy and sustainable environment. Without going into the theory of a State's extra-territorial human rights obligations, and proving causation, I submit that the ability to claim climate justice is well founded in the principles of international law.
As previously stated, no formal international diagonal environmental rights legal mechanism exists. Given the state of geo- political madness that has taken hold of multilateralism, I also do not see one being created and implemented by UN Member States. As the experience of the Paris Agreement has shown, it is a challenge just to get a critical mass of countries- let alone all countries- to participate in an international environmental agreement.
Therefore, the greatest hope is that existing international human rights mechanisms, such as the Inter-American Court on Human Rights (IACHR), and domestic courts are flexible enough to accommodate climate change litigation. There has been jurisprudence emerging from domestic courts that successfully incorporates rights-based arguments to climate change e.g. Pakistan in the case of Leghari v Federation of Pakistan.
Albeit these claims were made in the context of litigation by citizens against their own State for failing to respond to climate change. Nevertheless, such cases do much to add shape and contour to this emerging body of climate justice jurisprudence. They set precedents on which international, and broader litigation may find success.
Stefan Newton is a graduate of the University of the West Indies Faculty of Law. The views reflected here are entirely his own.
TaggedBarbadosCaribbeanClimate ChangeHuman RightsParis AgreementStefan NewtonUNFCCCUNGA
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text:
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echo Build Project Generator:
echo.
echo [0] Clean
echo [1] Visual C++ 2013
echo [2] Visual C++ 2013 (deps only)
echo [3] Flood
echo [4] GNU Make
echo.

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set /P C="Choice: "
if "%C%"=="4" goto gmake
if "%C%"=="3" goto flood
if "%C%"=="2" goto vs2012deps
if "%C%"=="1" goto vs2012
if "%C%"=="0" goto clean

:clean
"../tools/premake5" --file=premake/premake4.lua clean
"../tools/premake5" --file=premake/premake4-deps.lua clean
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:end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
History of Plastic Surgery by United Credit
In August 9, 2021
On Corporate, Cosmetic Surgery
The truth is that cosmetic and plastic surgery and purely aesthetic surgery are far older than most people realize. Cosmetic surgery includes procedures like tummy tuck, mommy makeover, and breast augmentation, but it also encompasses treatments like skin graft procedures for burn patients and reconstruction after trauma. Patients with congenital cleft lip and palate disorders, who have undergone mastopexy because of breast cancer and need breast reconstruction with breast implants, or who have undergone facial reconstructions including facial implants after traumatic facial injury all benefit from cosmetic surgery procedures to improve their quality of life or, in some cases, even save them.
At United Credit, we believe patients who are well-informed about the cosmetic procedures and other healthcare options they may seek out are more likely to make good choices in their own care and be better advocates for themselves. That's why we're pleased to offer you some deeper historical perspectives on this fascinating topic with this brief history of plastic surgery.
Where did plastic surgery originate?
The historical record shows the first documented plastic surgeries date back at least to Ancient Egypt. We know this because of the so-called "Edwin Smith Papyrus," which has been dated to somewhere in Egypt's Early Period or Old Kingdom between 3000-2500 BCE and was named for the American collector who "acquired" it in the 19th century. According to this document, ancient plastic surgeons conducted craniofacial surgery procedures such as primitive forms of breast surgery, nose reconstruction and rhinoplasty, how to set broken noses, and more. As far as we know, procedures performed during this time were done without anesthesia as we understand it today!
However, Egypt wasn't the only place where plastic surgery was being taken seriously. In ancient India, a text known as the Sushruta Samhita provides a glimpse into plastic surgery's history as early as the sixth century BC, although this estimate of the document's age is heavily disputed. Regardless of its age, the Sushruta Samhita is considered a seminal medical text covering a wide range of ailments, maladies, treatments, and surgical procedures, including the fitting of prosthetics for people who had undergone amputations. This reputation cements its place in the history of medicine.
Roughly 600 years later and across the known world in Rome, an encyclopedist named Aulus Cornelius Celsus sought to gather up the collected knowledge of the Empire's finest medical minds into a single reference, along with other references on the arts of agriculture, warfare, and law, among other things.
One example is the Celsus tetrad of inflammation, which is still used as a primary diagnostic tool by many healthcare professionals, including those involved in plastic surgery, to this day.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, relatively little is known about cosmetic surgery in the ancient world until the end of the Middle Ages.
The next reputable reference we have is a date to the late 1500s and a man named Gaspare Tagliacozzi, an Italian physician and renowned cosmetic surgeon. His reputation was built on an innovative early iteration of the nose job, mostly to repair the damage done to the nasal area during rapier duels amongst the nobles, as well as birth defect treatment for some of the wealthiest and most powerful families in Italy. In his definitive work on the subject, De Curtorum Chirurgia per Insitionem, Taliacozzi wrote,
"We restore, rebuild, and make whole those parts which nature hath given, but which fortune has taken away. Not so much that it may delight the eye, but that it might buoy up the spirit, and help the mind of the afflicted."
After Gaspare Tagliacozzi's passing, there appear to have been relatively few significant strides in plastic surgery as we know it today until the American Civil War. Doctors on both sides dealt with men and occasionally women who had been grievously wounded on the battlefield, under horrific conditions and the ever-present threat of artillery from the other side. Despite the terrible risks and patient safety practices which could only be described as rudimentary, these physicians had access to alcohol, particularly whiskey; opium; ether; and laudanum, all of which were used to treat battlefield casualties in several ways from anesthesia to cleaning and sterilizing wounds. After the war, many physicians went back to the wider world beyond the military and began plying their trade for the health of the civilian population, pushing the bounds of cosmetic and other forms of surgical procedures as they went. Also notable on the global scale in the post-Civil War era is the world's first successful surgery performed under general anesthesia, a mastopexy undertaken in Japan in the early 1890s.
In 1895, when Vincent Czerny, a physician, and professor in Heidelberg, Germany, performed the first breast reconstruction using tissue harvested from a woman's back as a sort of primordial breast implant, he secured his place in plastic surgery history and the era of modern cosmetic surgery truly began.
Did you know breast augmentation is the most commonly performed plastic surgery procedure in America according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons?
This marked a quantum leap of innovation and advances in nearly every area of plastic surgery, but in a twist of irony, it would be WWI and WWII which drove the next immense strides. With battlefield medical technology at an all-time high, wounds that would have been disfiguring or even fatal only sixty or eighty years before were now treatable. The discoveries and advances made during this period truly heralded the beginning of modern plastic surgery history.
After WWII, a group of American surgeons, many of whom had seen action across the face of the globe in support of the Allied war effort, formed the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.
In the ensuing years, virtually every area of the human body, and our understanding of how it functions, has been touched by plastic and reconstructive surgery. Today, organizations such as the American College of Surgeons and the Royal College of Surgeons, along with ASPS and their overseas counterparts, exchange news updates, communication, conversation, information, and opinion to further fuel the advance of plastic and cosmetic surgery around the world. Each organization has its own medical journal, newsletter, and formal functions within the medical establishment.
Closer to home, Johns Hopkins Medical School, the Indiana University School of Medicine, and other institutions around the country continue to set new standards for all surgical specialties, including reconstructive plastic surgery and general surgical health care. It's worth noting that Indiana University School of Medicine's popular blog, "History of Medicine," also regularly shares recommended reading and historical texts as its featured History of Medicine book of the week.
With new, groundbreaking surgical procedures happening nearly daily from new dermal filler techniques and technology to new methods and means of performing face implants, we are living the next quantum leap in cosmetic surgery care. America remains one of the premier global hot spots for innovation and advances in these procedures.
Jobs in this sector of healthcare are flourishing, and every day plastic and cosmetic procedures are being carried out across the country. Some of these include:
Body contours sculpting and refinement
Bone grafts
Cleft lips
Cleft palates
Ear reconstruction
Facial trauma correction
Fat grafting and transplantation
Nonsurgical cosmetic treatments
Orthognathic surgery (jaw surgery)
Pediatric and neonatal cosmetic surgery
Spider vein treatments
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…is widely acknowledged to be one of the most successful methods of predicting an individual's success within a role, for both job applicants and succession planning.
Our Aptitude tests increase the likelihood of selecting the best person for the job, and provide an objective and standardised approach to reduce bias in the selection process. These tests filter out candidates earlier in the recruitment process, reducing costs, and can be used to identify strengths and development needs for current employees.
Our range of psychometric Aptitude Tests have been designed by Chartered Psychologists who have also developed tests for the world's largest test publisher.
These tests are available in our Online Psychometric Testing System – The Psychometric Portal®. The system is available for those trained to use aptitude tests. Alternatively, our psychologists can assist untrained users with our Psychologist-on-Call™ Service.
The Managerial & Professional Series tests can be used for graduate recruitment or management development and would best suit the grade of a newly appointed graduate manager, an experienced manager or any more senior position involving the use or application of budgets, financial planning, policies or potentially complex procedures.
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In use, the Velvet Compressor should be set so that the volume does not change when the pedal is switched on/off. This is achieved by adjusting the "Input" and "Output" level controls. The "Input" rotary control has an accompanying 3-band (white blue and red) LED light control to assist you in setting the perfect input level before hitting the compressor. The light tickling the blue being the recommended amount. With your input signal at its optimum, set the overall output of the pedal into the amplifier with the "Output" control.
Once set, the "Compact" control is really where it counts… adding more or less compression, whilst retaining dynamics and keeping your sound consistent.


text:
Rediff.com » News » In Lalu's bastion, no walkover for Tejashwi
In Lalu's bastion, no walkover for Tejashwi
By Sanjay Kumar Sinha
He is hopping from one region to another daily to drum up support for the Grand Alliance so that he could become the chief minister of Bihar, but winning his own seat won't be easy for Tejashwi Yadav who is up against an experienced Bharatiya Janata Party rival in Raghopur constituency.
IMAGE: RJD leader Tejashwi Yadav addresses a gathering, in Munger district. Photograph: PTI Photo
A part of the Hajipur Lok Sabha seat, Raghopur assembly segment in Vaishali district will vote in the second phase on November 3.
The 31-year-old, the younger son of Lalu Prasad, had taken the electoral plunge from Raghopur in 2015, when he had barely reached the qualifying age of 25 for fighting polls.
He won the election and went on to become the deputy to Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, whom he would call chacha (uncle) then, an expression of respect and alliance. But the alliance fell apart in 2017, and now Tejashwi is challenging his chacha for the top post.
The Grand Alliance, spearheaded by the Rashtriya Janata Dal and with the Congress and Left parties as its members, has already announced Tejashwi as its CM candidate.
But from being a CM candidate to actually becoming the one depends on whether Tejashwi wins his won elections.
Raghpur seat is a Yadav-dominated constituency across river Ganga which Lalu Prasad had won in 1995, 2000, and his wife Rabri Devi in 2005.
Tejashwi's main rival now, the BJP's Satish Kumar, had emerged a giant killer, defeating Rabri Devi in 2010 state election.
Kumar, however, had lost to Tejashwi in 2015, when Tejashwi was a nominee of an alliance comprising his RJD, the Janata Dal-United and the Congress, while the BJP had gone solo.
The equation has changed since. The JD-U is back with the BJP and the RJD is in an alliance with the Congress and the Left parties.
Tejashwi and Satish Kumar are among 12 candidates in the fray from Raghopur seat in the 2020 Bihar polls.
The Chirag Paswan-headed Lok Janshakti Party has fielded Rakesh Roshan to make the contest triangular.
While, Satish is canvassing across the constituency daily, Tejashwi has not been able to devote much time because he is busy criss-crossing the state as an RJD star campaigner in the absence of his father Lalu Prasad, who is serving a jail term in fodder scam cases.
Tejashwi had addressed a gathering of his supporters in Hajipur on the day of filing nomination on October 14, and told them that they would be electing a chief minister.
Tejashwi returned to Raghopur on October 29 to seek support from the voters.
LJP's Rakesh Roshan is also active, but the BJP nominee is taking him lightly, terming him a vote katua (one who eats up rivals' votes but does not benefit from it oneself), and also claiming that he is not getting the support of even Paswans, traditionally an LJP support base.
As per the voter list of 2019, there are 3,36,613 electorate in Raghopur assembly segment.
While over 1.30 lakh Yadavs form the bulk of the voters, the constituency has a significant presence of upper caste Rajputs, whose electorate size is estimated at around 40,000 followed by Muslims 22,000 and Paswans 18,000.
On the face of it, it seems being a son of Lalu Prasad, Tejashwi will not find it difficult to win the seat.
But, Satish Kumar, also a Yadav, is no pushover.
He is contesting from Raghopur seat for the third consecutive time.
"He (Tejashwi) has lost trust of the people of Raghopur because he did not do any substantial development work and only cheated voters for five years," Kumar says about his main rival.
"Though he (Tejashwi) is trying to woo Yadav voters by claiming that he is going to become the chief minister after the elections, people are not interested," he claimed.
Asked if Tejashwi has the edge because of the fact that his father is the tallest leader of Yadavs in Bihar politics, Kumar told PTI, "The achievements of Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the Centre and Nitish Kumar in Bihar will comfortably see me through."
Union Minister of State for Home Nityanand Rai, also a Yadav, has a great influence among the caste, which is an advantage for the BJP candidate.
"If Lalu Prasad's name guarantees win for his sons, why Tej Pratap flee to Hasanpur from Mahua in Vaishali? Even Tejashwi was planning to shift to some other constituency, but was given a false believe by his advisors not to do so as he will win from Raghopur by hoodwinking people in the name of being CM candidate of the opposition," Kumar said.
On LJP's Rakesh Roshan, Kumar said, "Had Ramvilas Paswan been alive this would not have happened. But, the LJP candidate is nowhere in the race as even the Paswan voters are not backing him."
Reports from ground zero suggest that though the LJP nominee is not in a winning position, he is denting BJP's chances by dividing the upper caste Rajput votes.
A scenario that may put Tejashwi at advantage.
Devyanti Devi, a resident of Chakmasud village under Bidupur block, said the Modi government has done a lot for women and also gave old age pension. Mahesh Singh of Bidupur also praised the National Democratic Alliance government.
But, Ramratan Yadav of Tersia riverine belt highlighted the issues of unemployment and migration.
Sanjay Kumar Sinha
Source: PTI© Copyright 2021 PTI. All rights reserved. Republication or redistribution of PTI content, including by framing or similar means, is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent.
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text:
While you sleep, your brain clears out toxins that are linked to Alzheimer's
A peaceful night of sleep clears the mind — literally, according to neuroscientist Jeff Iliff.
In a recent TEDMED talk, the University of Rochester researcher says that healthy brains use the downtime of sleep to basically clean house.
"When the brain is awake and is at its most busy, it puts off clearing away the waste from the spaces between its cells until later," says Iliff. "Then when it goes to sleep and doesn't have to be as busy, it shifts into a kind of cleaning mode."
Iliff was referencing a study that he and his colleagues from the University of Rochester Medical Center published last year. They discovered that the sleeping brains of mice wash away debris accumulated during a day's worth of action-packed thinking and doing — the very same debris that clogs the brain of an Alzheimer's patient.
Every cell in our body feeds on nutrients and produces metabolic waste as a byproduct. It's a bit like "engines producing exhaust," says naturopathic doctor Angele Besner.
"This cellular byproduct becomes toxic to cells if it's allowed to accumulate and hang round too long," Besner wrote on her blog. "Brain cells are delicate and especially vulnerable to this kind of damage."
When we enter the dream world of sleep, explains Iliff, brain cells shrink, opening up the space between them and allowing cerebrospinal fluid to wash away these toxic substances. "It's like a dishwasher," explains study lead author and neurosurgeon Dr. Maiken Nedergaard in an interview with NPR.
But not every brain is able to clean itself.
"In patients with Alzheimer's disease, [the waste product] amyloid beta builds up and aggregates in the spaces between the brain's cells instead of being cleared away like it's supposed to be," explains Iliff.
Indeed, amyloid beta buildup is a longtime hallmark of the disease, explains Alzheimer's Foundation of America, dating back to an autopsy of the first-identified Alzheimer's patient in 1906.
Many neurological disorders — Alzheimer's, yes, but also dementia and stroke — are linked to sleep disorders, Nedergaard tells Science, which noted that "the study suggests that lack of sleep could have a causal role, by allowing the byproducts to build up and cause brain damage."
"This could open a lot of debate for shift workers, who work during the nighttime," Nedergaard told Science. "You probably develop damage if you don't get your sleep."
Newsmanaging myhealthnewshealth
What the research says on coffee: Good for you or not?
Study suggests link between autism and prenatal brain growth
Working the night shift could be hazardous for your (gut) health
Are you at risk for Type 2 diabetes? Experts urge testing
Hungover? That cup of coffee is not the cure you seek
Medtronic and Samsung are looking for a way to link brains and phones
Cardio in your 20s could benefit your middle aged brain
Primary care docs on the front lines of medicine are burning out


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The Latin name of the game, Ludus Duodecim Scriptorum, means "game of the twelve lines." It was a popular game in the Roman Empire. A picture of people playing this game was found on the back of a Roman hand mirror (c. 2nd or 3rd century BC), although the version that you will find here may actually be a later form of the game that evolved from a more complex game from Egypt (Bell, Board and Table Games 30). Duodecim Scriptorum (as the game is also called) lost its popularity in the 1st century AD as more people began playing Tabula (Bell, Board and Table Games 33). Duodecim Scriptorum may also have been played in Ancient Greece under the name Grammai (Parlett, The Oxford History 70). There is no surviving ancient description of the rules, but scholars have re-created a set of rules reasonably close to the original using game boards that have been found and the rules for the related game Tabula (Bell, The Boardgame Book 84).
Duodecim Scriptorum
The rules for this game come from The Boardgame Book by R.C. Bell, pp. 84-85, with additional information from The Oxford History of Board Games by David Parlett, pp. 70-72, and The Book of Games by Jack Botermans, pp. 289-298. Although I really consider Bell to be the more reliable source, I found his list of instructions vague on a number of points. I used Botermans to clarify a number of these, although I don't think that Botermans's book is as well-researched and documented. (See Bibliography for more information). If you've already read the rules for Tabula, you'll see that they have many features in common.
Object: To be the first to remove all of your pieces from the board.
Equipment: Aside from the game board (printable), you will need three six-sided dice and two sets of fifteen discs in two different colors to use as playing pieces (You can cut the pieces from construction paper. In the examples, I use red and blue for the different sides because the colors show up well, but you can use other colors. You can use other things as playing pieces, but whatever you use should be flat and stackable.)
The Board: The designs of the game boards could vary, but generally they contain three rows of twelve spaces, six on each side of the board, with a space or symbol separating each half. The six spaces on each side could be marked with lines, symbols, or letters of the alphabet. Sometimes, these letters would spell out six-letter words. For instance, one board contained the words "Venari Lavari Ludere Ridere Occest Vivere" which means "To hunt, to bathe, to play, to laugh -- this means to live!" (Parlett, The Oxford History 71).
Although the board can say anything you like or just be decorated with random letters or symbols (the decorations or words are really just for fun and not important to the game play -- you could just as easily have a board that says "Muffin, Cookie, Turtle Sundae, Sweets, Nummy!" with the exclamation point getting its own space), I decided to use the saying above for my example board. You could number the spaces (I have an example below with spaces numbered to show movement), but adding words or symbols makes the board a little more colorful. (Note: Roman boards wouldn't have the lines to make boxes around the letters or symbols like my board does. I added them just to make the board easier to understand, so players would have clearly defined spaces.)
Beginning: At the beginning of the game, the board is empty, and each player receives a set of fifteen discs. One player sits at the top of the board (which is the side that says "Venari Lavari" on this board), and the other sits at the bottom (the side saying "Occest Vivere"). The two players decide which of them will go first (Botermans 290).
There are three phases to the game. During the first phase, the players put their pieces on the board. In the second phase, the players move the pieces across the board. In the third phase, the players take their pieces off the board (Botermans 290).
Placing Pieces: The six home spaces for each player are on the middle row of the board. Each player's home spaces are on their right-hand side (Botermans 290-291). (In this example, the red player's home spaces are on the word "Ludere", and the blue player's home spaces are on the word "Ridere.") The players take turns rolling all three dice and placing their pieces on their home spaces.
The numbers on the dice (or the total of these numbers) indicate where to put the pieces within the home spaces. The numbers on the three dice can be totaled or used separately. If used separately, a player can place three pieces on the board instead of just one. In fact, it is possible to total two of the dice and use just one separately (Botermans 291, 296). There will be multiple pieces on one space at the same time, and there is no limit to the number of pieces which can share the same space. The players cannot begin moving their pieces from their home spaces until all of their pieces are on the board.
Tips for Placing Pieces: I've numbered the spaces on the board below to help demonstrate where the pieces should go. For example, if a player rolls 1, 2, and 3 on the three dice, there are several different ways he can place his pieces on the board, depending on how he wants to total the numbers on the dice or if he wants to use each one separately. The player's options are:
Place one piece on the 1 space, another piece on the 2 space, and the third piece on the 3 space.
Place two pieces on the 3 space (1 + 2 and the 3 used separately).
Place one piece on the 5 space (2 + 3) and one piece on the 1 space.
Place just one piece on the 6 space (1 + 2 + 3).
The advantage of putting a piece on the 6 space is that a piece on the 6 space would move more directly onto the next set of six spaces when it's time to start moving pieces. Of course, the more the player uses the dice numbers separately, the more pieces he can put on the board at a time and the faster he can move on to the next phase of the game. How the player totals his dice is up to him.
Since this phase of the game is all about placing pieces and all of the pieces have to be placed on a player's home spaces, if the total of the dice is more than 6, the numbers on the dice have to be used separately instead of together. For instance, if the numbers on the dice are 2, 4, and 6, the total of the numbers will be 12. Since there is no 12 space on a player's home spaces, the player cannot use the total of all three dice to place a single piece. The player can use the numbers on the three dice separately to put three pieces on the board on spaces 2, 4, and 6 of his home spaces. Alternatively, he can total the 2 and the 4 to make 6, and put two pieces on the 6 space.
Moving Pieces: When a player has all fifteen of his pieces on his home spaces, he can start moving them around the board in the direction shown by the arrows. The players never have their pieces on each other's home spaces. Note that the red player's pieces jump directly from the last of the red player's home spaces to the first space in the next row. Each player's pieces have to follow the path around the board and leave the board through the very last set of six spaces (marked by the word "Vivere" in this case).
The players continue to roll all three dice to determine how many spaces to move. As the players move, friendly pieces can continue to share spaces with no limit. What happens when unfriendly pieces meet is described under Capturing and Blocked Pieces.
Determining Possible Moves: Just like in placing the playing pieces at the beginning, the numbers on the individual dice can be totaled so that players can move fewer pieces longer distances or used separately to move up to three pieces shorter distances. However, players are no longer limited to keeping the pieces within a set of six spaces. Once a piece reaches the end of a set of six spaces, it immediately goes on to the next set of six and, eventually, off the edge of the board after passing through the last six spaces (marked by "Vivere").
Example: Suppose that a player rolled 1, 2, and 5 on the three dice. The player's possible moves are:
Move one piece 1 space, one piece 2 spaces, and one piece 5 spaces.
Move one piece 3 spaces (1 + 2) and one piece 5 spaces.
Move one piece 7 spaces (2 + 5) and one piece 1 space.
Move one piece 8 spaces (1 + 2 + 5).
Players do not roll again if they get doubles or triples on a roll.
The one thing a player cannot do is ignore one of the dice. All of the numbers on all three dice have to be used in one of the ways described above. If a player cannot use all three numbers, he must forfeit his turn (see Blocked Pieces) (Botermans 291).
Capturing: The two players' pieces can never safely land on the same space. Playing pieces are safe on their own home spaces, but on any other space, they are vulnerable to capture. A player can capture another player's piece only if it is alone on its space. Lone pieces are called wanderers ("vagi"). The opposing player can capture a wanderer by landing on the same space with one of his pieces. Once a piece is captured, it is taken from the board and has to be placed back in its owner's home spaces on the owner's next turn (use the rules for placing pieces at the beginning of the game).
The best way to prevent the other player from capturing your pieces is to make sure than no piece is alone on its space. When a player has multiple pieces on the same space, those pieces are called orderlies ("ordinarii"). Orderlies are safe from capture as long as they stay together on the same space because they protect each other, and the opposing player cannot land on a space with orderlies.
However, a player's piece can move through spaces occupied by their opponent's orderlies as long as there is a space beyond them where the player's piece can land (Botermans 296-297).
Blocked Pieces: Sometimes, a piece can be blocked so that it is impossible to move so matter what numbers the player gets on the dice. This happens when the opponent has a series of orderlies in front of the other player. Pieces in that position are called immovables ("inicti").
If a player has other pieces to move, he can continue to play. If the immovables are the player's only pieces, the player must forfeit his turn until his pieces can be moved (Botermans 294).
Winning: The first player to take all of his pieces off the board by passing through all of the other spaces on the path wins.
Copyright © 2016-2019 Tracy Christenson
Contact: historicalgamesinfo@gmail.com
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In January, the Chinese telecommunications giant Huawei made a grab for the world's attention at the Consumer Electronics Show 2017 in Las Vegas when it announced that its global flagship smartphone, the Huawei Mate 9 Pro, would be available in the US for the first time, and become the first phone in the world to have Amazon's Alexa voice service preinstalled.
In his keynote speech, Richard Yu, the chief of the 29-year-old Chinese company's consumer division, laid out an ambitious agenda for the global market and announced that the company had shipped 139 million smartphones in 2016, an amazing number, although still far less than Samsung and Apple. The company took in revenue of $26.5 billion on smartphone sales, a 40% increase over the previous year.
"Five years ago, we were nothing," said Yu, managing to both brag and sound humble at the same time.
Long a telecom equipment provider, Huawei shifted its focus to consumer devices around 2012, launching headfirst into the competitive handset arena. It quickly got a grip on the fast-growing industry, becoming a contender for top spot in terms of market share in China's cutthroat marketplace. It took the third spot globally last year with just over 9% of the world market, with smartphones making up about one-third of Huawei's total revenue.
But that's not good enough for Huawei. According to Yu, the company is aiming to be the world's No. 2 smartphone maker within two years and No. 1 in five years. Research firm Strategy Analytics showed that Huawei overtook Samsung as the world's most profitable Android smartphone maker in December 2016, controlling 2.4% of the global smartphone operating profit share, or $200 million, in Q3 2016.
Smartphones are the highest-profile part of what is a sprawling telecom giant, which sells communications equipment in 170 countries—they are also the focus of the future. According to the company's own reports (Huawei is not public), in 2016, 44% growth in its smartphone business helped push total revenue growth up 32% to RMB 522 billion ($75.66 billion). Profit, however, was up just 0.4% on the year to RMB 37 billion ($5.36 billion), the company's worst performance in five years. Stiff competition saw the operating margin down to 9.1%, from 11.6% in 2015.
More than half of Huawei's revenue comes from outside China, making it one of only a few Chinese companies to have so far made the transition from a local business to a global brand—something that even Alibaba has arguably not yet managed. But in addition to powerful rivals, Huawei's overseas expansion has also been hampered by the company's origins and perceived close ties with the Chinese government. And it is this problem that is at the core of its next big challenge: Cracking the US market.
Huawei was founded in Shenzhen in 1987, a critical year in the early phase of China's economic reform process, by Ren Zhengfei, a former civil engineer in the Chinese army. Coming from the military, Ren had deeply-embedded ideas about self-discipline and hierarchy, which he used to create Huawei's well-known "wolf culture" of success through hard work, sacrifice and a spirit of innovation.
In the first years of the company, every new employee was given a blanket and a mattress, as many would sleep in the office. Today, after one year of work, employees are able to sign a "dedicated employee agreement," voluntarily forgoing some paid vacation days and overtime pay.
Despite his advanced age of 73, Ren is still a big personality and continues to exert huge personal influence on Huawei's daily operations in his role as company president. His culture of self-sacrifice endures.
"I always work overtime, but the pay is okay," says Su Qi, a 22-year-old engineer, who works for Huawei in its Istanbul office, despite the greater sense of personal danger there. But that's nothing to the selflessness shown by Su's colleagues in West African countries who stayed at their posts during the 2014 ebola outbreak as other international companies evacuated their staff. Those employees later were rewarded with special bonuses.
Huawei also encourages loyalty with its unique employee ownership structure. Ren Zhengfei has only a 1.4% share in the company, with the rest spread among more than 80,000 employees who have earned a share. There are very strict performance appraisal systems inside the company, and only those who perform well enough qualify to be awarded with company shares—Su has not yet got a share.
The idea underlying this scheme is to share both responsibilities and benefits with his colleagues—"I want everyone to act like the boss," Ren has said. However, according to the Harvard Business Review, the plan also originated from Ren's trepidation of owning a private company at a time when private ownership was new in China. He thought the safest thing to do would be to spread out the ownership.
The scheme has enormous impact in how profits are allocated. Employees are eligible to receive not only salaries, but also bonuses and dividends if they are in the right posts. The company is private, so the full details are not available, but in 2015, about 1,000 employees were reported to have each made more than RMB 5 million ($726,000) for the year. This largesse no doubt benefits the company overall, but it also creates at least some tension among junior employees who are not part of the dividend scheme.
The employee-ownership arrangement has also raised difficulties in governance.
Greeven says he believes it's an ongoing experiment inside the company.
Another management experiment inside the company is the CEO rotating system, which was adopted in 2011. Initiated by Ren, the mechanism consists of three senior executives, currently Guo Ping (finance), Ken Hu (human resources) and Eric Xu (business strategy), who take turns acting as CEO for six months each. The three rotating CEOs have more influence in decision making during board meetings than the other 10 directors on Huawei's board. At the same time, Ren maintains his role, mainly coaching and mentoring the three CEO's, as well as exercising a veto right over major decisions.
It is believed that the system was part of Ren's plan to cultivate a successor for his business empire. In Asian culture, the search for a company successor usually starts from the family. Ren's daughter, Sabrina Meng, is now Huawei's Hong Kong CFO. His son, Ren Ping, works for a subsidiary that provides hotel and ticket reservations and trade show support, but shows little interest in leading the company. The system of rotating CEOs, meanwhile, is seen by many as having helped Huawei to develop a more democratic decision-making process, and the question of the succession is still, at least publicly, unresolved.
Huawei's business history of bootstrapping its way to the top is to a large extent the result of Ren's fiercely hardworking, don't-take-no-for-an-answer personality. The company had a modest start as a sales agent for a Hong Kong company producing switching equipment, but it was not long before higher goals were set.
China was just opening up to the West when Huawei got its start in the late 1980s and manufacturing was still in its infancy. At the time, many Chinese companies were entering joint ventures with foreign enterprises to learn from them, but Ren instead decided to reverse engineer foreign technology to allow Huawei to compete rather than cooperate.
The strategy worked out well, helping the company achieve dominance in the domestic telecom market, including as a key supplier to the government. Huawei has been pushing its own limits ever since.
Huawei quickly moved on to selling infrastructure equipment for mobile networks, mobile services and enterprise services internationally. By 2012 it had become the world's largest telecommunications equipment maker.
But the journey was not without bumps. In February 2003, Cisco Systems sued Huawei for allegedly infringing on its patents and stealing source code used in its routers and switches.
Cisco dropped the lawsuit 20 months later in exchange for a promise from its rival to modify its product lineup. But Huawei learned its lesson and began aggressively shoring up its intellectual property position. In 2015 Huawei filed almost 4,000 patents, making it the biggest patent-filer in the world for the second year in a row.
The change in strategy helped facilitate the company's global expansion, and at the same time become a powerhouse of innovation. The company's R&D budget, $9.2 billion last year, placed it ninth among all companies in the world in terms of such investment. About 60% of its employees are engineers, while the number at Google is 40%.
But the company's biggest move in recent years has been its effort to become a household name. For many years, Huawei made white label smartphones, meaning it manufactured devices that carried the brands of other companies. But in 2011, Huawei decided to produce mobile phones under its own name.
Sheng says that the history of Huawei as an equipment manufacturer before its foray into mobile phones gives the company a unique edge. For example, Huawei is one of a limited number of phone makers that can produce its own integrated circuit chips, which helps lower the cost.
But whatever the combination of factors, Huawei's success is undeniable. According to research firm IDC, in 2016 Huawei shipped over 130 million phones, ranking third worldwide at about 9.4% market share. Apple and Samsung had around 14% and 20% respectively. It is currently No. 2 in China's hyper-competitive market, with 16.4% market share. In Europe, it is now the top-selling smartphone maker in Portugal and the Netherlands and the second biggest in Italy, Poland, Hungary, and Spain. In Latin America, the company sold 12 million smartphones in 2016, a year-on-year increase of 39% for the region.
Part of the reason for its successful market share grab is that Huawei has so far mainly sold lower-end phones—but if it wants matching financial success it must change perceptions yet again.
Still with an eye to the future, Huawei is also trying to get ahead through innovation. In December 2016, Huawei released its technology for 5G bearer networks, aiming to help set standards for the latest mobile technology. Sheng believes this will give Huawei an edge in future competition.
"When it's competing with Samsung, lack of recognition is one of the major challenges for Huawei in the global market," says Xiaohan Tay, a senior market analyst at IDC. Still, she thinks Huawei has done a great job in marketing in Europe. In April 2016, Huawei launched the P9 and P9 Plus smartphones in London, partnering with iconic German photography company Leica.
Now that Huawei has built its footing in major markets, the company is marching towards the US market—hence the high-profile appearance at CES 2017.
But it will take a lot more than a cool product launch to truly win over the US market. Previous attempts by Huawei to introduce non-consumer equipment to the US have been stymied by the company's ties to the Chinese military and government.
The relationship has been a double-edged sword in its global expansion. On one hand, government support helped it build strong R&D capabilities, and Huawei continues to receive loans to help with their international expansion. For example in 2015, China Development Bank helped raise several billion dollars to help Huawei bid to build a broadband network in Mexico.
But it has also raised cyber security concerns in foreign markets, particularly the US. A 2012 US House of Representatives Intelligence Committee investigative report claimed Huawei presented a clear "threat to US national security interests," suggesting Huawei's telecom networking gear could be used by the Chinese government to spy on Americans.
The committee pointed to Huawei's failure to clearly answer questions about how its board of directors is selected, although they did not have any direct proof. Because company management's connection to military or civilian security services, the West suspects Huawei's products may have so-called 'back doors' built in for spying.
"A lot of private security companies in the West or those making security hardware or software also have ex-generals on the advisory board," said Graeme Batsman, a data security consultant and blogger at datasecurityexpert.co.uk. He puts the accusation down to protectionism and the old Cold War mentality towards the Sino-US relationship.
Apart from core networking equipment, which has raised the most concern, Huawei smartphones have been on sale in the UK for two plus years and in the US since last year. Already major UK mobile networks use Huawei networking kit, with some government clients using their infrastructure. But as Huawei phones enter the US market, spillover concern by consumers has been difficult to mop up.
Despite the concern, Scott became the first one among his friends to order a Huawei Honor 8 Phone on Amazon last November after watching several YouTube reviews. The phone cost him $335, which he really liked because "it has just as much power and speed as the Samsung Galaxy 7 and iPhone 7 with more capacity for half the price." But after-sale service may be a potential risk, as Scott has no idea about where to get it fixed.
Huawei lacks agreements with the US's big four carriers, Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile and Sprint, so US customers have to resort to online retailers such as Amazon, or Huawei's website, to purchase one of their devices, reducing the brand's visibility in the country. As consumers tend to opt for something they already know, Huawei is still struggling to get noticed in the US.
In a statement accompanying Huawei's somewhat lackluster 2016 financial report, rotating CEO Eric Xu, in a show of classic Huawei spirit, refused to take anything for granted.
The VR Kingdom: Is the Virtual Reality Boom in China the Real Thing?