The foreign-born population in Norway displays considerable diversity in terms of source country, socioeconomic status and settlement experience. This study assessed the consequences of this diversity for the risk of being admitted to hospital with a serious condition. To what extent could variations between immigrant and native-born hospitalisation patterns be accounted for by variations in income, education and residential area characteristics?
The study linked information on socioeconomic and geographical level-of-living factors involving 2,820,283 individuals between 20 and 69 years old to hospital admissions recorded in Norway's National Patient Registry. Immigrants from 11 of the most frequently represented countries were included. The outcome variable consisted of a selection of relatively serious diagnoses (neoplasms and endocrine, circulatory and respiratory diseases), totalling 548,140 admissions from 2008 to 2011. Age- and gender-adjusted admission rates were analysed using a Poisson regression.
The adjustments for income and education reduced the hospitalisation rates of almost all immigrant groups. The groups whose previous rates were above native-born rates moved towards the Norwegian reference, whereas groups that initially had lower age- and gender-adjusted rates compared with the Norwegian-born population increased the distance to the Norwegian reference. The risk of hospitalisation among most immigrant groups decreased compared with the Norwegian-born population when their income and educational levels were accounted for. Particularly, immigrants with lower levels of income or education tended to have relatively low hospitalisation rates, indicating the possibility of a healthy immigrant effect. While many immigrant groups used less somatic healthcare than the native-born population did, higher educational or income levels did not prevent hospitalisation to the same extent as they did for the native-born population.
Although adjustments for socioeconomic factors tended towards lower hospitalisation rates for most immigrant groups, the adjustments did not reduce the considerable variations among individual countries.
Immigration to Norway has expanded rapidly; the population of immigrants (defined as foreign-born with foreign-born parents) increased from 2% of the total population in 1990 to 12% in 2014. This study assess immigrants' risk of being hospitalised with a serious condition compared with the native-born population. Research in several European countries claims that immigrants encounter a double jeopardy at both individual and contextual levels [1–7]. The assumption seems to be that a substantial part of the poor health of immigrants relates to socioeconomic factors and unfavourable geographical environments. The immigration status might also add to the risk factors, such as low educational and income levels, consequently placing immigrants in a position of 'cumulative disadvantage' . Additionally, immigrants often have jobs below their educational levels, causing social degradation and implying their lower likelihood of benefiting from a higher education compared with the native-born population.
On the other hand, it is possible to question the assumptions that immigrants in general have higher rates of healthcare utilisation and that their income, educational and residential patterns contribute to their vulnerability. In fact, several studies document the presence of a 'healthy immigrant effect', stating that foreign-born groups tend to have lower morbidity and mortality rates than those of native-born populations [9–12]. This effect can be accounted for partly by a selection of individuals who are healthy enough to migrate and partly by lower rates of risky behaviours among certain immigrant groups. A recent Norwegian study on morbidity finds higher mortality rates of 25–79-year-old native Norwegians than those of most immigrant groups, but immigrant women from Sub-Saharan Africa tend to have high mortality rates . Specific studies have disputed the idea that social background is a significant factor contributing to poor health among immigrants . The more educated immigrants are more likely to share cultural similarities with the host population and perhaps be in a better position to take advantage of what the healthcare system has to offer.
Furthermore, the association between socioeconomically deprived areas and negative health outcomes for immigrants can also be questioned, as some studies have identified possible beneficial effects of segregation, the so-called 'ethnic density effect' [15, 16]. It follows that even if immigrants settle in geographical areas with a high prevalence of health-related risk factors, it does not necessarily result in an increased risk of hospitalisation.
In a 2009 review of migrants' utilisation of somatic healthcare services in Europe , the authors conclude that immigrants tend to have a lower level of use of preventive services, more contact with primary care and the same or higher level of use of specialist healthcare compared with the native-born population. A larger registry-based Norwegian study on emergency room contacts concludes that immigrants tend to have more often emergency visits, particularly those who arrived more recently . Several studies on the use of general practice services have been conducted in Norway, with inconclusive results about whether immigrants more often consult general practitioners (GPs) [19, 20].
A few international studies have identified immigrants from specific countries and have applied measures of socioeconomic position, explicitly in relation to hospital utilisation [2, 21–23]. The last three cited studies [22–24] conducted surveys, whereas the first  based their analyses on registry data from Scotland, using a methodology similar to the present study. The Scottish study concludes that adjustments for socioeconomic variables have little effect on hospitalisation for cardiovascular diseases.
As few previous studies have addressed the effect of socioeconomic and spatial risk factors, it is difficult to formulate a specific expectation regarding the impact on immigrants' hospitalisation rates in Norway. Given the diversity among different immigrant groups in Norway, a range of outcomes might also be expected with respect to hospitalization rates.
Health services in Norway are predominantly public, and utilisation of hospital services is free of charge. However, individuals cannot access specialist care without a referral from a GP, who acts as an access-regulating gatekeeper. General medical practice in Norway is organised as a patient-list system, implying that almost all inhabitants are registered with regular GPs. Immigration is marked by four main groups or causes; refugees, labour migrants, family reunion and educational purposes. It is mandatory for all immigrant groups to apply to The Norwegian Directorate of Immigration if they want to visit or live in Norway. There are no waiting or qualification periods to qualify for healthcare for immigrants, as they have the same right to healthcare as the rest of the population, even during the application period. The application criteria differ among the different causes for migration, although health condition and disability are not included in these criteria. A major present concern of the Norwegian immigration ministry relate to asylum seekers and documentation of the actual dangers they face in their country of birth.
To what extent do demographic, socioeconomic and spatial risk factors increase or reduce differences in hospitalisation rates between immigrants and native-born Norwegians?
Furthermore, do higher income or educational levels have a protective effect on the risk of being hospitalised for immigrants as well as for native-born Norwegians?
Immigrants, in this study, are defined as foreign-born people with foreign-born parents. The immigrant population is extremely diverse in terms of source country, socioeconomic status and settlement experience . As specific immigrant groups vary in their social composition and geographical settlement patterns, it is important to identify each group on its own, instead of classifying the groups under heterogeneous categories. This study identified 11 of the most frequently represented immigrant countries in the analyses. Considerable variations also exist in terms of the period of arrival and the reasons for migrating. A couple of studies address an acculturation process, in which immigrants' healthcare utilisation approaches the levels in their host country as they assimilate into the mainstream culture [25, 26]. For reasons such as education, work, family reunion or exile, migration might have different implications for healthcare utilisation patterns. Hence, these factors are controlled for in the analyses.
The outcome measure included all hospital admissions from 2008 to 2011 for the following diagnostic groups: neoplasms and endocrine, circulatory and respiratory diseases (International Classification of Diseases v.10 codes C00-D48, E00-E90, 100–199 and J00-J99, respectively). Of the four groups, circulatory diseases (42%) and neoplasms (34%) were the most frequent. The diagnostic groups were chosen because they represent relatively serious cases involving potentially life-threatening conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases and various types of cancer. The four diagnostic groups accounted for 72% of all deaths in the population under investigation over the four-year period, with the NPR providing the data. Owing to ethical considerations, only the main groups of diagnoses were permitted to be identified at the individual level.
The population under investigation included all Norwegian-born natives and immigrants from 11 countries, comprising Sweden, Poland, Vietnam, Russia, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Bosnia, Iran, Iraq and Pakistan. As immigrants in general are younger than their native-born counterparts, the study population was limited to individuals from 20 to 69 years old, totalling 2,820,283 individuals, of whom the 11 immigrant groups comprised 4.1%.
Data on the country of birth, family income and education were added to the dataset by Statistics Norway and linked to the population through the use of personal identification numbers. Due to ethical considerations, the age information was only available for the researchers at 10-year intervals. The availability of identification numbers for the resident municipality and city districts (Oslo) made it possible to add pre-coded variables describing the local level of living conditions in the resident municipality/city region (percentage of the population with a university education, percentage of social assistance recipients and percentage of disability benefit recipients).
The information about education was missing in many cases for several immigrant groups, often due to their late arrival and the lack of registry updates . The registry data did not include the reasons for the migration (education, work, family reunion or exile) of individuals who arrived before 1990 .
The outcome variable involved the count data – the number of admissions during a defined time period suitable for Poisson regression. Incidence-rate ratios were calculated by using multivariate analyses. Ethical approval was granted by the Norwegian Data Inspectorate, as well as by other relevant institutions and owners of specific parts of the data.
Table 1 presents the descriptive statistics on the individual countries included in the analyses. The age ranges significantly varied, thereby mirroring the immigration history of each group. The relatively young age range that characterised immigrants from countries such as Iran and Somalia reflected a relatively recent influx of mainly refugees, as well as job-seeking migrants from Poland. Other immigrant groups, such as Pakistanis, had an age range similar to that of native Norwegians. However, the oldest age group (60–69) was relatively predominant for Norwegians compared with all immigrant groups. Males were often over-represented among immigrants. Notable exceptions existed, such as the low percentage of male immigrants from Russia (27%) compared with that of Poland (70%), illustrating the difficulty in generalising among immigrant groups, even from the same region. Because the age and the gender demographics are important for healthcare utilisation, it is necessary to account for these variations in the analyses.
The assumption is that all immigrants who have low income and educational levels have to be treated with caution. Returning to the contrast between Polish and Russian immigrants, the latter group had the highest educational attainment of all the groups, whereas the Poles had among the lowest (Table 1). Among non-European groups, Iraqi and Iranian immigrants' educational levels were almost comparable to that of native-born Norwegians. As for income, considerable variations existed among the groups. Several non-Western immigrant groups' income levels were significantly below that of native Norwegians; however, the generally high income level of immigrants from Sri Lanka pointed out the difficulty in making sweeping generalisations. When comparing groups, it is important to note that descriptive statistics can only provide crude measures, without any age and gender standardisations.
Regarding residential patterns (see Table 9, Appendix), several immigrant groups lived in areas whose residents had a relatively high educational level, such as Swedes, Somalis and Iranians, areas also characterised by a low number of disability benefit recipients, thus reflecting an urban or centralised settlement pattern. In contrast, areas with higher numbers of social assistance recipients had in many cases a considerable degree of immigrant clustering.
In total, 548,140 admissions were registered in the four-year study period (2008–2011), of which native-born Norwegians accounted for almost 97% (Table 2). Immigrant groups from five countries had lower age-adjusted rates compared with native-born Norwegians, those from three countries occupied a level above, while those from the remaining three countries had a level close to that of native-born Norwegians.
Table 3 displays the crude incidence rate ratios for groups with a different country of birth, using individuals born in Norway as a reference group. With the exception of immigrants from Pakistan, all of the groups had incidence ratios significantly below the Norwegian reference.
Table 4 displays age- and gender-adjusted incidence-rate ratios. Due to the younger age structure of all immigrant groups compared to the native population, the incidence ratios displayed in Table 2 are considerably closer to the national average. Of the 11 countries, five had incidence ratios below the Norwegian reference (Sweden, Poland, Russia, Somalia and Vietnam). No differences were found in two countries (Turkey and Sri Lanka), whereas Iraq and Iran had slightly higher utilisation rates, and Pakistan showed significantly higher rates. In some cases, the differences were substantial. An adjusted incidence-rate ratio of 0.69 (Poland and Vietnam) indicated a utilisation level that was 45% below the Norwegian reference, while a rate of 1.49 (Pakistanis) showed a utilisation level that was 49% above the Norwegian reference.
How were the estimates of incidence ratios affected by the inclusion of education and income variables in the analyses (Table 5)? The estimates showed that only immigrants from Pakistan had a level of utilisation above the Norwegian reference. Particularly, the estimates for Somali, Turkish and Vietnamese immigrants were markedly lower after adjustments. For Vietnamese immigrants, estimates were 72% lower than the Norwegian reference; the corresponding estimates for Somali and Turkish immigrants were 45 and 18% lower, respectively. In the majority of the cases, adjustments for education and income lowered the incidence ratios compared with the Norwegian reference.
The rate ratios of Table 6 included variables related to level-of-living conditions in resident municipality, the date of arrival and the reason for migration. No significant effect of date of arrival could be observed (results not showed in table). The effect of work-based migration was evident in the cases of Polish and Russian immigrants. Controlling for these factors, Polish immigrants' utilisation rates appeared to be comparable to the Norwegian reference. Moreover, the low rates for Russian immigrants disappeared when adjusting for reasons for migrating. However, although many immigrants from non-Western countries were refugees, controlling for this factor did not seem to alter the estimates, nor did arrival before or after the year 2000 influence the hospitalisation rates.
Overall, two general patterns can be observed in Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6 regarding changes in incidence ratios adjustments in Tables 5 and 6, compared to the age- and gender-adjusted rates in Table 4. For one group of countries, adjustments make moderate or marginal changes in the differences in incidence ratios, compared with the age- and gender-adjusted incidence ratios. This group includes Sweden, Sri Lanka, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan and Vietnam. A second group of countries includes those where inclusion of the new variables in Tables 5 and 6 leads to more noticeable changes; these are Poland, Bosnia, Russia, Somalia and Turkey. For the second group, model adjustments tended to lead towards rate ratios that approach the Norwegian reference category, or, in cases of Somalia and Turkey, where adjustments in Table 5 increase the discrepancy.
Table 7 presents the results of the stratified analyses, in which the sample is divided into three sub-samples according to the educational level. To some extent, the findings revealed an overall tendency; specifically, the incidence ratios in the sample with primary education were significantly below the Norwegian reference in almost all cases. This pattern changed in the second and the third analyses of individuals with a secondary or tertiary education; the incidence ratios were either significantly higher than the Norwegian reference (Bosnia, Sri Lanka, Iran and Iraq), or no significant difference could be found (Poland, Russia, Somalia, Turkey and Vietnam). Two countries showed exceptions to this pattern; for Swedes, the rates were low in all of the analyses, and for Pakistanis, the rates were consistently above the Norwegian reference. Notably, however, in the case of Pakistani immigrants with a primary education, the incidence ratios were relatively close to the Norwegian reference.
The patterns described in Table 7 are mostly present in the analyses of income groups, as displayed in Table 8. Overall, immigrants in the low-income groups were significantly less likely to be hospitalised compared with their Norwegian-born counterparts. For the higher income groups, immigrants tended to be more often hospitalised or had hospitalisation rates that were not significantly different from the Norwegian reference. Exceptions emerged again (as above) for Swedes and Pakistanis. Another exception was found among Sri Lankans, for whom no differences in the hospitalisation rates of any of the income groups could be reported. It must also be noted that for Somali immigrants with higher income or educational levels, incidence ratios (not significant) were below the Norwegian reference.
Due to their younger age structure, immigrants are, in general, less likely to be admitted to hospital for a serious health condition compared to the native population. Although several of the immigrant groups had lower age- and gender-adjusted hospitalisation rates compared with native Norwegians, the results displayed a great deal of variations. Pakistani immigrants experienced hospital admission levels that were significantly above those of the rest of the groups, including the Norwegian-born cohort. Iranian and Iraqi immigrants' rates were slightly above the Norwegian reference, whereas immigrants from Vietnam and Poland in particular had hospitalisation rates that were considerably below that of native Norwegians.
When adjusting for income and education, some countries whose previous rates were above that of the native-born population moved towards the Norwegian reference; only Pakistani immigrants retained rates that were statistically significant above the reference. However, a significant group of countries did not experience marked changes in incidence ratios when adjusting for income and education, nor could the addition of further sociodemographic variables account for differences in incidence ratios among countries. For this group of countries, other factors not accounted for in the analyses override the impact of the sociodemographic variables included in the analyses.
The stratified analyses clearly indicate that compared with native Norwegians, immigrants with lower levels of education or income in most cases have a significantly lower probability of hospitalisation with a serious condition. The health risk associated with a lower income or educational attainment of the native-born cohort does not appear to be present at the same level for most immigrant groups, with the only exception being Pakistani immigrants. However, Pakistanis with low income and educational levels have an incidence-rate ratio that is considerably closer to the Norwegian-born reference (1.17 and 1.21, respectively) compared with Pakistanis with high educational or income levels (1.67 and 2.10, respectively).
Considering the possible health benefits of having an income or education in the upper levels, the relationship between immigrants and their native-born counterparts seems to be the opposite. Immigrants with higher levels of education or income are in many cases more often admitted to hospital. These findings might imply that immigrants with higher incomes or educational attainment represent a health policy concern. Nonetheless, it is not necessarily the case that second-generation immigrants, who mostly tend to follow the general educational patterns , will display the same hospitalisation patterns as those of their first-generation parents.
The fact that immigrants more often (but not always) only completed primary education or earn lower incomes and that most immigrant groups with such characteristics are less likely to be admitted to hospital implies that adjusting for income and education lowers the hospitalisation rates compared with the native-born population. This result is in line with the previously mentioned studies' claim that immigrants' poor health is partly related to their socioeconomic position [2, 3]. An important contributing factor to this finding is the significantly lower rate of hospitalisation among almost all immigrant groups. In their 1967 classic study, 'The American Occupational Structure', Blau and Duncan observe that migration 'has in recent decades become increasingly effective as a selective mechanism by which the more able are channelled to places where their potential can be realized' , p. 274]. The authors do not explicitly refer to intranational migration. Several studies conducted in different countries have documented that a possible selective mechanism might also apply to transnational migration [7–10], so it follows that one possible explanation of the results can be related to the existence of a healthy immigrant effect.
More importantly perhaps, it could be argued that immigrants with lower levels of income or education differ from native Norwegians in ways that could help explain the lower incidence ratios. For native-born Norwegians, the lack of success in the education and labour market might involve a chronic disease or disability acquired from birth or early childhood. Similar life courses are less likely for immigrants with low levels of income or education, as a migrant without a secondary education could be thought of as a special case of 'the healthy immigrant effect'. Nonetheless, it must again be emphasised that the healthy immigrant effect does not seem to apply to immigrants with higher levels of income or education.
In light of the findings in the epidemiological literature, the documented utilisation levels are in some cases expected (Pakistani immigrants) but unexpected in other cases. A significantly high risk of diabetes is found for non-European immigrants in both the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, while a literature review of the prevalence of diabetes in the Nordic countries suggests that diabetes is more frequent among non-European immigrant groups . A Norwegian study on the prevalence of cardiovascular disease reports significantly higher rates among immigrants from Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Iran, Vietnam and Turkey . Based on tests of blood pressure and cholesterol values, another study records a higher cardiovascular risk among immigrants from the same countries, with the exception of Vietnamese immigrants . High rates of obesity are also found among immigrants from non-Western countries, again with the exception of Vietnam . A 2010 research review about the public health challenge of immigrants in Norway concludes that they generally present with poor health conditions and are disproportionately exposed to a number of lifestyle- and diet-related illnesses and infectious diseases .
The inclusion of variables that involve measures of the level of living conditions in residential areas has in most cases no impact on the hospital admission rates. As observed in a couple of studies, immigrant-segregated settlement patterns could have positive health-related influences that might counter the possible negative effects of poor living conditions [13, 14]. Furthermore, the findings presented in this study only partially support the belief that immigrants generally live in socioeconomically deprived areas. Several immigrant groups also have a relatively geographically dispersed settlement pattern.
This study presents a major national investigation into variations in hospitalisation affecting a number of specific immigrant groups, including a substantial number of available hospital admissions. The Norwegian-born population is used as a reference category. This does not mean that this cohort's level of utilisation represents a norm or in any way a measure of how often a group of individuals should be admitted to hospital. Although plausible explanations for the relatively low admission rates among several immigrant groups are suggested, underutilisation cannot be ruled out as a possibility. The patterns observed in the analyses do not necessarily reflect the real incidence of diseases with the selected diagnostic criteria. Without relevant measures of morbidity for the specific diseases in question, it is not easy to arrive at firm conclusions on whether the level of hospital utilisation of each immigrant group actually reflects the need for healthcare services. As observed by studies on medical sociology in general , as well as specific studies on immigrant utilisation of healthcare , decisions concerning illnesses may be informed by lay consultants, and people's differences in their knowledge about diseases and sources of treatment might have a bearing on the patterns of utilisation documented in the present study. However, the adopted strategy to select diagnoses that all represent serious conditions to some extent counters the lack of information about morbidity, health profiles and other determinants of utilisation that are not directly related to health. Because the outcome only includes serious conditions, it could be expected that admission rates would reflect variations in morbidity, perhaps more so compared with the use of other sources of healthcare, such as outpatient services, emergency room utilisation, primary physicians or preventive health services.
The study is not necessarily applicable to other European countries. Educational attainment and income are key components in the analyses, and these are variables that may have a different impact in countries with a welfare state based on liberal or corporatist-statist models. The composition of immigrant groups may also differ from country to country. In addition, countries' different policies regarding immigration may introduce health-related biases.
Immigrants from the same country might differ in terms of ethnic and cultural background and language, all factors with possible implications for health condition and healthcare-seeking strategies. This study used country of birth to define immigrants, limiting the possibility of analysing within-country variations.
Missing values for education in particular could also introduce bias, since missing values are relatively frequent among more recent immigrants .
The general assumption that immigrants impose a burden on somatic healthcare institutions is not supported by this study's findings, as hospitalisation rates substantially vary among immigrants from different countries, as well as between immigrants and native-born Norwegians. The implication of these results is that in the context of Norway, more heterogeneous models for explaining the impact of immigrants on the healthcare system are required. It is not the case that adjustments for socioeconomic factors always equal levels of hospitalisation, hence making immigrants more similar to the native-born population. The risk of hospitalisation associated with the lower levels of income or education observed for the native-born cohort does not seem to be present at the same level among most immigrant groups, with the exception of Pakistani immigrants. However, a higher level of education or income is less likely to protect immigrants from hospitalisation compared with their native-born counterparts.
Although in many cases, adjustments for socioeconomic factors lower hospitalisation rates, such adjustments offer little explanation for these differences. Further research to unveil the mechanisms behind the major differences among specific immigrant groups presents itself as an interesting agenda, especially in contrast to two of the most frequently represented immigrant groups with relatively long histories of immigration in Norway – the Vietnamese, with consistently low hospitalisation rates, and the Pakistanis, with consistently high hospitalisation rates. Research that addresses the experiences of specific immigrant groups has the potential to acquire new knowledge about the mechanisms that either prevent or cause costly hospital admissions, with serious implications for the well-being of individuals at risk.
The author would like to thank Statistics Norway for their help in assembling the data used in the analyses.
This work was funded by the Norwegian Research Council, Grant Number 222100. The funding body had no role in any part of the research process.
Due to restrictions set by the Norwegian Data Protection Authority, data is only available to the research group, and for a restricted time-period. Due to these restrictions, researcher outside the research group will not be able to access the data.
This research project is approved by the Norwegian Data Protection Authority, as well as The Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REC), region REC South East (application reference 2013/821/REK sør-øst D). The unique personal identification number and variable categories which could potentially be used for identifying individuals were removed from the data before made available for research, implying that individual consent to participate is not required according to the national legislation (https://helsedirektoratet.no/Lists/Publikasjoner/Attachments/207/Helsepersonelloven-med-kommentarer-IS-8-2012.pdf).


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Do Rolls-Royce Make Their Own Engines?
Rolls-Royce makes some of the finest cars in the world, but do they equip them with their own engine, or do they outsource them?
While Rolls-Royce is known for the manufacture of aircraft engines, the engines in its cars are actually built and supplied by BMW. The German manufacturer has been the supplier of Rolls-Royce engines since 1998.
White Rolls-Royce | Nikita Anokhin / Shutterstock.com
Read on to learn more about Rolls-Royce, and the relationship it has with BMW, the supplier of its engines.
The Foundations Of Greatness
Rolls-Royce is one of the oldest names in motor engineering, having been founded in 1904 in Manchester. However, while Rolls-Royce started with the vision of manufacturing the best car in the world, the company quickly moved on to dominate the aero-engine space.
When the First World War kicked off, Rolls-Royce invested heavily in the manufacture of airplane engines. It was relatively new ground for the entire world, and Rolls-Royce was something of a pioneer in the space.
At the end of the Second World War, Rolls-Royce started research and development in jet engines, yet another new innovation. They'd come to be known as the de facto standard for aircraft engines, up until the collapse of the organization in the 1960s.
The mid-to-late twentieth century was a confusing time for Rolls-Royce, which fragmented and split into several sub-organizations. These fragments were picked up by various competing names, such as Volkswagen and BMW, but the aero-engine portion of the company was nationalized.
Today, Rolls-Royce is still a prominent manufacturer of aircraft engines and turbines, one of the biggest in the world, in fact. It has seen many beneficial partnerships with the likes of Boeing, Airbus, and it has received contracts to work with the British Ministry of Defence.
However, it can be argued that Rolls-Royce is better known today for the remarkable cars that are manufactured bearing the company name and image. These days, Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited is an automotive subsidiary owned by BMW.
Since 1998, BMW has supplied the engines that power the Rolls-Royce cars on the road. In 2003, BMW assumed direct control of the entity and started manufacturing cars that carried the Rolls-Royce name.
Remarkable Car, Powerful Engine
Most Rolls-Royce models are powered by the BMW N74 engine, a massively powerful, twin-turbo V12 engine that has been in production since 2008. It's an eight-speed engine, built with a displacement of around six liters.
However, it doesn't end with that one particular engine, as there are several variants that are used in Rolls-Royce cars. For example, the Ghost, Dawn, and Wraith all use the N74B66, an 'enlarged' version of the standard engine.
This variant is capable of producing more than six hundred horsepower, and it effortlessly powers these uber-luxurious Rolls-Royce models. The Rolls-Royce Cullinan, the SUV offering, is powered by a slightly different engine.
The N74B68 is a 6.75-liter variant that has also seen use in the Phantom and Ghost models, but it's used consistently under the hood of the Cullinan. These engines are considered some of the highest-quality builds in the world, which makes sense considering their use cases.
Rolls-Royce cars are some of the most dramatically expensive cars on the road today. At the most affordable end of the spectrum, a Rolls-Royce will cost you around $314,000, assuming you were to purchase it brand new from the manufacturer.
At the top end of the scale sits the Rolls-Royce Phantom, a half-a-million-dollar car that is unsurpassed in luxury and finery. This is arguably the flagship model for Rolls-Royce, and it absolutely dominates the road wherever it goes.
From the sound-proof cabin that eliminates outside noise to the iconic LED ceiling of the car, every inch of the Phantom is crafted for luxury. The seats are sumptuous, the legroom is overwhelming, and the specification is mindblowing.
When you're in the back of a Phantom, you feel as though you're flying first-class on the world's finest aircraft. It comes as no surprise to learn that the Phantom is the vehicle of choice for many high-class executive chauffeuring companies.
With the intensely powerful BMW engine under the hood and decades of Rolls-Royce engineering experience driving the vehicle forward, there's no finer choice. The sheer appearance of this vehicle on the road is sure to turn heads.
Thankfully, if you are parting ways with half a million dollars, you can do so safe in the knowledge that your Phantom is your Phantom. Rolls-Royce offers extensive customization options, meaning you can quite literally build the car of your dreams.
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Materials: Bronze
Measurement: Dia. 74 mm, Wt. 130.868 g
Note: Tiffany & Co. on the edge
Theodore Roosevelt met sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens in the 1890s, when T.R. was an aspiring young politician, and Saint-Gaudens was establishing a reputation as a brilliant artist. When Roosevelt was elected President in 1904 and needed an inaugural medal, he gave the commission to Saint-Gaudens after rejecting the standard, unmemorable medal typically produced for this occasion by the United States Mint.
Saint-Gaudens's results shattered precedent. The piece was modern in all senses of the word. There was no attempt to beautify or romanticize the President's head on the obverse, yet the image clearly conveyed vision and power. The reverse was, if anything, even more groundbreaking. The magnificent, left-facing eagle epitomized authority and presence, while displaying a classical ancient style. (The same eagle is used on the Saint-Gaudens $10 in 1907). This bird unquestionably ruled all it surveyed.
Saint-Gaudens's success with this medal convinced Roosevelt that the artist was the partner he needed to collaborate on a pet project: the redesign of America's money. Saint-Gaudens signed on, and the plotting began. But the potential for trouble hovered on the horizon: this medal had been struck, not by the United States Mint in Philadelphia, but by Tiffany & Company in New York. If the Mint hadn't produced Saint-Gaudens's medal, would it agree to produce any of his coins?
1901: Theodore Roosevelt takes office when President William McKinley dies.
1902: Congress authorizes building of the Panama Canal.
1904: Theodore Roosevelt elected president in his own right.
1907: Roosevelt sends a "Great White Fleet" of 16 battleships around the world to showcase American power.
1907: The stock market crashes and depositors make a run on banks in the Panic of 1907.
Legendary Beauties The following objects are in this section.
Ancient Greek Silver Coin (Dekadrachm), about 400 B.C.E. United States, 20 Dollars, 1906 (Pattern) United States 10 Dollars, 1907 (Pattern)
Roosevelt Inaugural Medal, 1905 United States, 20 Dollars, 1907 United States, 10 Dollars, 1908
United States, 20 Dollars, 1907 (Pattern) United States, 20 Dollars, 1907
United States, 20 Dollars, 1907 (Experimental) United States. 20 Dollars, 1908 (Matte Proof)
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In the new Spider-Man film, Spider-Man: Far From Home, Tom Holland′s Peter Parker is trying to recover from the death of mentor Tony Stark in the final scenes of Avengers: Endgame. He's trying to take a break from literally saving the planet by going on a summer trip with his classmates to Paris. And he's trying to let Zendaya′s MJ know that he cares about her. So it's too bad Samuel L. Jackson′s Nick Fury is trying to get his help as the only Avenger available to take out a new inter-dimensional threat–a threat from world-destroying giants called The Elementals. Spider-Man: Far From Home, which opened in theaters nationwide this weekend, is Holland's fifth outing as Peter Parker, after Captain America: Civil War, Spider-Man: Homecoming, Avengers: Infinity War, and Avengers: Endgame, and Spidey fans will be happy. Holland continues to give the best performances of any actor to don a Spidey suit (he wears a few new great versions in this film thanks to designer Anna B. Sheppard). He's also as established in the MCU as Hugh Jackman's Wolverine–Holland is Spider-Man.
But the supporting characters and actors are equally superb. At the top, Zendaya has carved out her own fantastic MJ/Mary Jane for the MCU, much more integral to who Spidey is than the character from the past two trilogies. Holland continues to convey that teen uncertainty and lack of confidence, while slipping in the word "awesome" every few minutes to acknowledge he's seeing all the cool things going on around him that the audience sees. New to the MCU, Jake Gyllenhaal creates another memorable character after excellent work in films like Donnie Darko and Source Code with the new power-wielding Mysterio. Gyllenhall brings equal gravitas and charm to Michael Keaton's Vulture as seen in the last Spider-Man solo outing. And Angourie Rice really has a stand-out performance compared to when we last saw her, playing high schooler Betty, a new close friend to Ned (Jacob Batalon)–together they make a fun duo and solid coming of age movie sidebar to the film.
How does this compare to Spider-Man: Homecoming? It's hard to believe that incredible reboot film was in theaters only two years ago. Screenwriter Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers have inked both Spider-Man films plus the script for Ant-Man and the Wasp, and Homecoming still nudges out the others as the tightest story of the group. But Spider-Man: Far From Home is a great follow-up, easily combining with the 2017 film to create the best two side-by-side solo films in the entire decade-plus run of the MCU. No two back-to-back Iron Man, Thor, Captain America, Guardians, Ant-Man or Avengers movies surpass what director Jon Watts has done with these two films. Spider-Man has always been Marvel Comics' #1 superhero, so it's about time the movies at last reflect that popularity.
Tags: Angourie Rice, Anna B. Sheppard, Chris McKenna, Cobie Smulders, coming of age movies, Erik Sommers, Jacob Batalon, Jake Garber, Jake Gyllenhaal, Jon Favreau, Jon Watts, Kevin Feige, Marisa Tomei, Michael Giacchino, Michael Keaton, Mysterio, Opening weekend movie review, Samuel L. Jackson, Spider-Man, Spider-Man movies, Spider-Man: Far From Home, Spider-Man: Far From Home movie review, Spider-Man: Homecoming, The Elementals, The Sting, Tom Holland, Zendaya
New book digs into the creation of Marvel Studios' 100 biggest heroes and villains
Filed under: Backstage Pass, Comics & Books, Movies, Superheroes — Leave a comment
Following up on its successful look behind the entire Star Wars saga in The Moviemaking Magic of Star Wars: Creatures and Aliens (reviewed earlier here at borg), Abrams Books is bringing home the characters of Avengers: Endgame and the Marvel Studios long journey to get there in its new release The Moviemaking Magic of Marvel Studios: Heroes and Villains. Incorporating its trademark interactive Cinemagic features, including booklets, interactive flaps, and accordion fold-out images of the concept art behind every major Marvel Studios superhero, Abrams has nicely timed this book for fans of the franchise who can't get enough of the latest MCU film. Full of color photographs and interviews with the producers, directors, art designers, costume and prop makers, and special effects magic makers behind the 21 films leading up to Avengers: Endgame, writer Eleni Roussos (The Art of Black Panther, The Art of Thor: Ragnarok) has pulled together behind the scenes insights that offer something new for even the most diehard fan.
Which characters wore practical, real-life costumes and armor, and which required motion capture and/or CGI effects? What was the key element included in Marvel's Avengers that Joss Whedon required to be added before he agreed to direct the film? What do the contributors agree was the smartest strategic decision made for the Marvel films? How did each artist convert the character from the comic book page to the finally constructed costume that appeared on the big screen? What effects were the most challenging for each film?
Altogether The Moviemaking Magic of Marvel Studios: Heroes and Villains spotlights more than 100 individual superheroes, on-screen support crew, and the most colorful and memorable villains from the series, with significant creative and visionary contributions from Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige, directors Anthony Russo, Joss Whedon, and Peyton Reed, visual development executive Ryan Meinerding and artist Andy Park, and costume designers Rebecca Gregg, Laura Jean Shannon, Mayes Rubeo, Alexandra Byrne, Anna B. Sheppard, Judianna Makovsky, Sheldon Differ, Louise Frogley, and Ruth Carter.
Take a look at this giant preview of The Moviemaking Magic of Marvel Studios: Heroes and Villains below, courtesy of Abrams Books:
Tags: Aaron McBride, Aaron Simms, Abrams Books, Abrams Books for Young Readers, Adi Granov, Alan Taylor, Alexandra Byrne, Andy Park, Anna B. Sheppard, Anthony Francisco, Anthony Russo, Barry Gibbs, Brad Winderbaum, Charlie Wen, Charlie Wood, Chris Rosewarne, Chris Swift, Chris Townsend, Cinemagic, Constantine Sekeris, Craig Kyle, Dan Deleeuw, Danielle Costa, David Grant, David Krentz, David White, Diana Giorgiutti, Edward Norton, Eleni Roussos, Eric Carroll, Fernando Castro, filmmaking, Gale Anne Hurd, Graham Churchyard, Greg Smith, Iain McCaig, Ian Joyner, Industrial Light & Magic, Ivo Coveney, Jack Dudman, Jack Kirby, Jackson Sze, Jake Morrison, James Chinlund, James Gunn, Jeffrey Ford, Jen Underahl, Jerad Marantz, Jeremy Latcham, Joe Russo, John Blake, John Nelson, Jon Favreau, Jonathan Schwartz, Jonay Bacallado, Josh Herman, Josh Nizzi, Joss Whedon, Judianna Makovsky, Justin Sweet, Kan Muftic, Karla Ortiz, Keith Christensen, Kent Seki, Kevin Feige, Laura Jean Shannon, Letitia Wright, Liv Tyler, Louis D'Esposito, Louis Leterrier, Louise Frogley, Mariano A. Diaz, Marvel Cinematic Universe, Marvel Studios, Mayes Rubeo, Michael Grillo, Nancy Campbell, Nate Moore, Nathan Schroeder, Peyton Reed, Phil Keller, Phil Saunders, production process, Ra Vincent, Rebecca Gregg, Rodney Fuentebella, Ruth Carter, Ryan Meinerding, Scott Derrickson, Shane Mahan, Sheldon Differ, SMUFX, Stan Winston, Stephane Ceretti, Stephen Broussard, Stephen Schirle, Steve Jung, The Moviemaking Magic of Marvel Studios Heroes and Villains, The Moviemaking Magic of Marvel Studios: Heroes and Villains book review, The Moviemaking Magic of Star Wars: Creatures & Aliens, The Moviemaking Magic of Star Wars: Creatures and Aliens, Tom Hiddleston, Trinh Tran, Tully Summers, Vance Kovacs, Victoria Alonso
SDCC 2018–Women costume designers and superheroine costumes take center stage at Comic-Con
Filed under: Backstage Pass, Comics & Books, Con Culture, Fantasy Realms, Movies, Sci-Fi Café, Superheroes, TV — Leave a comment
Last weekend San Diego Comic-Con spotlighted women costume designers and the creations of more than a dozen women designers created for actresses for some of the decade's biggest genre films. The Costume Designers Guild presented a panel Saturday featuring members Sanja Hays (costume designer, Captain Marvel, Star Trek: Beyond, Star Trek: Insurrection), Amanda Riley (costume designer, Supergirl, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.), and Laura Jean Shannon (costume designer, Iron Man, Titans, Black Lightning, Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle) who provided highlights and anecdotes about their careers designing costumes for some of the most popular current and recent productions on television and in film. A big high point for attendees was Hayes, whose new Captain Marvel costume will be the next benchmark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, to be worn next year by Brie Larson in Captain Marvel–the first Marvel film with a woman in the title role. Hayes commented that she found working on Marvel movies different from past projects in that many details of design and even minor changes require extra levels of approval from Marvel's continuity side. Each of the designers stated they have arrived at a stage in their careers where they now have the power to cherry pick costumes to personally dive into from their projects and assign other production team members for the rest. They also stressed the value of having close-knit and exceptional artists on their teams that can work together to meet the requirements of production.
At the giant Marvel Studios area on the convention floor, attendees could get up close to several key screen-used superheroine costumes from the past ten years, from Anna B. Sheppard's World War II Agent Carter uniform worn by Hayley Atwell from the beginning of the franchise to Evangeline Lilly's armor from The Wasp from this summer's Ant-Man and The Wasp, created by Louise Frogley. Eight other costumes bookended one side of the Marvel stage, including another four costumes opposite them in glass display cases–twelve heroines in all: Lupita Nyong'o's Nakia, Danai Gurira's Okoye, and Letitia Wright's Shuri costumes from Black Panther, created by Ruth E. Carter, Tessa Thompson's Valkyrie armor created by Mayes C. Rubeo for Thor: Ragnarok, Scarlett Johansson's Black Widow costume from Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Zoe Saldana's Gamora costume, Karen Gillan's Nebula costume, and Pom Klementieff's Mantis costume from Guardians of the Galaxy, Vol. 2, all created by Judianna Makovsky, Elizabeth Olsen's Scarlet Witch costume from Avengers: Age of Ultron, created by Alexandra Byrne, and Jaimie Alexander's Sif armor from Thor: The Dark World, created by Wendy Partridge.
A separate giant display elsewhere was created for Karl Urban's Skurge armor created by Mayes C. Rubio for Thor: Ragnarok. DC Entertainment displayed Leah Butler's Shazam! costumes for Asher Angel's Billy Batson and his superhero alter ego, played by Zachary Levi. And Lucasfilm presented David Crossman and Glyn Dillon's costumes from Solo: A Star Wars Story (a little more out of reach than the rest, posed high at the top of their exhibit), including screen-used costumes from Alden Ehrenreich's Han Solo, Joonas Soutomo's Chewbacca, Emilia Clarke's Qi'ra, Donald Glover's Lando, Erin Kellyman's Enfys Nest, and Paul Bettany's Dryden Vos. And it wasn't just about costumes, as many displays included the corresponding screen-used prop weaponry for the character.
Costume designers Laura Jean Shannon, Sanja Hays, and Amanda Riley at the costume designers panel at San Diego Comic-Con Saturday, July 21, 2018.
The following are photographs of all 22 costumes. The lighting and glass displays limited the clarity of some of the images, and the Star Wars display was too high for our equipment to get any detail. Yet some of the detail is better than you find in many behind the scenes books on the market today showing the costumes of DC, Marvel, or the Star Wars films–nothing beats seeing these close-up. Take a look:
Tags: Alden Ehrenreich, Alexandra Byrne, Amanda Riley, Anna B. Sheppard, Ant-Man and the Wasp, Asher Angel, Black Panther costumes, Captain Marvel, Comic-Con, costume design, costume designer, Costume Designers Guild, Danai Gurira, David Crossman, DC Entertainment, Donald Glover, Elizabeth Olsen, Emilia Clarke, Erin Kellyman, Evangeline Lilly, Glyn Dillon, Guardians of the Galaxy 2, Hayley Atwell, Jaimie Alexander, John Muto, Joonas Suotamo, Judianna Makovsky, Karen Gillan, Karl Urban, Laura Jean Shannon, Leah Butler, Letitia Wright, Louise Frogley, Lupita Nyong'o, Marvel Cinematic Universe, Mayes C. Rubeo, Paul Bettany, Pom Klementieff, production design, production designers, Production Designers Guild, Richard Bridgland, Sanja Milkovich Hays, Scarlett Johansson, Scott Chambliss, screen used costumes, screen-used props, SDCC 2018, Shazam, Star Wars, Star Wars costumes, Supergirl, Tessa Thompson, Wendy Partridge, Zachary Levi, Zoe Saldana


Live at the Eccles presents A Kurt Bestor Christmas December 13-15, 2018 at the Eccles Theater on Main Street in downtown Salt Lake City. ArtTix is the official source for tickets for Live at the Eccles events.
This year's A Kurt Bestor Christmas carries with it the title "Peace on Earth."Bestor hopes that during this season, his 31st year of performing his wildly- popular show, his audience will not only find the joy and happiness of the Christmas season, but also the peace and tranquility.


the whole series looks great!
Extreme Autofest Remix San Diego.
shoot and Ferdie set up the shoot.
Jason and I co shot these.
we both shoot and edit."
for the use of the bay and his web site.
her Facebook Page, Tumblr Page.


text:
/** Bootstrap 4 specific XSP CSS tweaks/fixes **/

/** Base HTML styles **/
/** Override these to change default base styles. **/

/** Caution: Changing this font size will change the size
 of many CSS values. This is because Bootstrap4 uses 'rem'
 units (relative em). This allows upscaling/downscaling
 purely by changing the root font size.

 TODO Is this addition necessary, as it is already set in Bootstrap's css?
**/
/*** >> XSP BASE DECLARATIONS  << ***/
/********************************************************************************/

/*** XSP TEXT.<?> ***/
.xspTextViewTitle{font-weight:bold !important;color:#000000;font-size:1.1em;font-weight:bold}
.xspTextViewColumn{font-weight:normal;}
.xspTextViewColumnComputed{font-weight:normal;}
.xspTextViewColumnHeader{font-weight:normal;}

/*** XSP INPUT.<?>  ***/
.radio td, .checkbox td {padding-left: 1.25rem}
.radio label input[type="radio"] {margin-top: 3px;}
.xspGroupCaption {font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:4px;}

/* Removed hack rules for Dojo compatibility */
.xspInputFieldRichText{width:100%;background-color:#ffffff;}
.xspInputFieldRichText ul, .xspInputFieldRichText ol{padding-left: 40px;}
/* override dojo theme rule for rte container - this provides a border around the rte */
.RichTextEditable{border-color:#b3b3b3 !important;border-style:solid !important;border-width:1px !important;}
.xspInputFieldHidden{display:none;}

/*** XSP SECTION.<?>  ***/
.xspSection{}
.xspSection-header{cursor:pointer;padding:6px;}
.xspSection-header-underline{}
.xspSection-header a{text-decoration:none;color:#000000;font-weight:bold;}
.xspSection-header a:hover{text-decoration:underline;}

.xspSection .xspSection-header > div > a > span,
.xspSection .xspSection-wide-header > div > a > span,
.xspSection .xspSection-box-header > div > a > span,
.xspSection .xspSection-tab-header > div > a > span {line-height: 1.5rem;}

.xspSection .xspSection-header > div > a:focus,
.xspSection .xspSection-wide-header > div > a:focus,
.xspSection .xspSection-box-header > div > a:focus,
.xspSection .xspSection-tab-header > div > a:focus {outline:0px none;}

.xspSection-wide-header{border-bottom-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e0e0e0;cursor:pointer;padding:6px;}
.xspSection-wide-header a{text-decoration:none;color:#000000;font-weight:bold;display:block;width:100%;}

.xspSection-box-header{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e0e0e0;cursor:pointer;padding:6px;}
.xspSection-box-header a{text-decoration:none;color:#000000;font-weight:bold;display:block;width:100%;}

.xspSection-tab-header{margin:0px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e0e0e0;cursor:pointer;padding:6px;}
.xspSection-tab-header a{text-decoration:none;color:#000000;font-weight:bold;}
.xspSection-tab-header-layout{border:1px solid #e0e0e0;padding: 8px 6px 10px 6px;background-color:#f0f0f0;-moz-border-radius:4px 4px 0px 0px;}
.xspSection-tab-header-layout-underline{font-size:0.375rem;height:0px;background-color:#f0f0f0;}

.xspSection-body{padding-top: 6px;}

/** PAGERS **/
ul.pagination {
	font-weight: normal;
}

/** type="group" **/
.xspGroup span{margin:0px;padding:0px;}
.xspGroup span span{color:#848484;display:inline;margin:0px;padding:0px 7px;border-color:#cccccc;}
.xspGroup span span.xspFirstItem{}
.xspGroup span span.xspLastItem{}
.xspGroup span span a, .xspGroup span span a:visited{color:#105cb6;font-weight:bold !important;text-decoration:none;}
.xspGroup span span a:hover, .xspGroup span span a:focus, .xspGroup span span a:active{font-weight:bold !important;text-decoration:underline;}
.xspGroup span span.xspCurrentItem{color:#848484;}

/** type="first" **/
.xspFirst a, .xspFirst a:visited{color:#105cb6;font-weight:bold !important;text-decoration:none;}
.xspFirst a:hover, .xspFirst a:focus, .xspFirst a:active{font-weight:bold !important;text-decoration:underline;}
.xspFirst .xspCurrentItem{color:#848484;}

/** type="previous" **/
.xspPrevious a, .xspPrevious a:visited{color:#105cb6;font-weight:bold !important;text-decoration:none;}
.xspPrevious a:hover, .xspPrevious a:focus, .xspPrevious a:active{font-weight:bold !important;text-decoration:underline;}
.xspPrevious .xspCurrentItem{color:#848484;}

/** type="next" **/
.xspNext a, .xspNext a:visited{color:#105cb6;font-weight:bold !important;text-decoration:none;}
.xspNext a:hover, .xspNext a:focus, .xspNext a:active{font-weight:bold !important;text-decoration:underline;}
.xspNext .xspCurrentItem{color:#848484;}

/** type="last" **/
.xspLast a, .xspLast a:visited{color:#105cb6;font-weight:bold !important;text-decoration:none;}
.xspLast a:hover, .xspLast a:focus, .xspLast a:active{font-weight:bold !important;text-decoration:underline;}
.xspLast .xspCurrentItem{color:#848484;}

/** type="goto" **/
.xspGoto a, .xspGoto a:visited{color:#105cb6;font-weight:bold !important;text-decoration:none;}
.xspGoto a:hover, .xspGoto a:focus, .xspGoto a:active{font-weight:bold !important;text-decoration:underline;}
.xspGoto input{width:20px;text-align:center;color:#848484;}
.xspGoto .xspCurrentItem{color:#848484;}

/** XSP VIEW PANEL **/
.xspDataTable tr > td > input.checkbox + a{
	position: absolute;
}
.xspDataTable div.checkbox {
	padding-left: 1rem;
}
.xspDataTable .xspColumnUnreadImage {
	display: none;
}
.xspDataTableRowUnread .xspBootstrapRowIcon:before{
	font-family: 'Glyphicons Halflings';
	content: '\e022';
	font-weight: normal;
	color: #0275d8;
	padding: 0px 8px;
	font-size: 0.5rem;
}
.xspDataTableRowRead .xspBootstrapRowIcon:before{
	font-family: 'Glyphicons Halflings';
	content: '\e022';
	font-weight: normal;
	color: #DDDDDD;
	padding: 0px 8px;
	font-size: 0.5rem;
}
.xspDataTableRowRead > td span,
.xspDataTableRowRead > td a,
.xspDataTableRowUnread > td span,
.xspDataTableRowRead > td a{
	font: "Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
}
.xspDataTableRowUnread {
	font-weight: bold;
}

/** Radio Group and Checkbox Group **/
.xspGroupCaption {
	font-weight: bold;
}

/** Date time picker **/
.xspInputFieldDateTimePickerIcon {
	background-image: url("/xsp/.ibmxspres/.extlib/responsive/xpages/img/glyphicons-halflings.png");
	background-position: -192px -120px;
}
.xspInputFieldDatePickerIcon{
	background-image: url("/xsp/.ibmxspres/.extlib/responsive/xpages/img/glyphicons-halflings.png");
	background-position: -192px -120px;
}
.xspInputFieldTimePickerIcon{
	background-image: url("/xsp/.ibmxspres/.extlib/responsive/xpages/img/glyphicons-halflings.png");
	background-position: -48px -24px;
}
.xspInputFieldDatePickerIcon, .xspInputFieldTimePickerIcon, .xspInputFieldDateTimePickerIcon {
	height: 1rem;
	width: 1rem;
	border: none;
	box-shadow: none;
	padding: 0px;
	cursor: pointer;
	background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);
	margin-top: 0px;
	left: 2px;
	position: relative;
}
.xspInputFieldEditBox[role="combobox"] {
	overflow: hidden;
	position: relative;
	height: 2.25rem !important;
	width: 16rem;
}
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitTextBox .dijitValidationContainer {
	display: none;
}
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitTextBox .dijitButtonNode {
	border-width: 0;
}
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijit.dijitDateTextBox {
	padding: 0;
}
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijit.dijitDateTextBox .dijitInputContainer {
	padding: .375rem .75rem;
}
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijit.dijitDateTextBox .dijitArrowButtonContainer {
	float: right;
	padding: 0.625rem 0.75rem;
}
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijit.dijitDateTextBox .dijitInputContainer input.dijitInputInner{
	font-size: 1rem;
	line-height: 1.5rem;
	height: auto;
}
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitTextBox{
	border: .0625rem solid #ccc;
}
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitCalendar {
	font-size: 0.875rem;
}
/* Fix alignment in date time pickers */
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitCalendarContainer th, .dijitCalendarContainer td {
	text-align: center;
}
/* Fix arrows for month increment/decrement in DTPs */
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitCalendarContainer thead .dijitCalendarMonthContainer th:first-child:before {
    color: #0275d8;
    content: "\e079";
    font-family: "Glyphicons Halflings";
}
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitCalendarContainer thead .dijitCalendarMonthContainer th:last-child:before {
    color: #0275d8;
    content: "\e080";
    font-family: "Glyphicons Halflings";
}
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitCalendarContainer thead .dijitCalendarMonthContainer th:first-child,
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitCalendarContainer thead .dijitCalendarMonthContainer th:last-child{
    cursor: pointer;
}
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitCalendarIncrease:before,
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitCalendarDecrease:before {
	content: " ";
}

.bootstrap-theme .btn.btn-primary,
.bootstrap-theme .btn.btn-success,
.bootstrap-theme .btn.btn-info,
.bootstrap-theme .btn.btn-danger,
.bootstrap-theme .btn.btn-warning{
	text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
}
/** Type Ahead Styling **/
.dijitComboBoxMenuPopup .dijitComboBoxMenu .dijitMenuItem pre {
	background-color: inherit;
	border-radius: 0px;
	border: 0px none;
	padding: 0px;
	font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
	margin: 0px;
	font-size: 1rem;
}

/** End Base HTML & body styles **/
html {
	font-size: 16px;
}

body.xsp{
	color: #373a3c;
	background-color: #fff;
	margin: 0;
}
body.xsp, body.xsp li {
	font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
	font-size: 1rem;
	line-height: 1.5;
}

/** Button styles **/
.btn + .btn {
	margin-left: 0.5rem;
}

/** Navbar styles **/
.xspNavItem {
	padding: .425rem 0rem;
}
.xspNavbarContent .xspNavItem > * {
	padding: 0rem;
}
.xspNavbarContent .nav-item:nth-of-type(1){
	margin-left: 1rem;
}

/** Application Layout styles**/
.applayout-content {
	padding: 0.5rem;
}
.applayout-column-left {
	padding: 0.5rem;
}
.applayout-column-right {
	padding: 0.5rem;
}

.applayout-searchbar{
	margin: 0 0.5rem;
}
.applayout-titlebar .applayout-searchbar{
	margin-top: -2px;
}
.applayout-searchbar .applayout-searchbtn{
	min-height: 2.35rem;
}
.applayout-search-options{
	padding-top: 0.5rem;
	padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
}
/*.applayout-searchbtn{
	padding: 0.625rem 1rem;
}*/
.applayout-searchbar .input-group .input-group-btn .applayout-search-options{
	border-top-left-radius: 0.25rem;
	border-bottom-left-radius: 0.25rem;
}

.xsp .navbar.applayout-placebar {
	z-index: 994;
	border-bottom: 1px solid #DDDDDD;
}
.applayout-placebar .applayout-placebar-title h4{
	margin-bottom: 0;
	padding-top: 0.25rem;
}
.applayout-placebar-actions {
	margin-bottom: 0;
}

.applayout-titlebar .applayout-titlebar-name{
	padding-top: .25rem;
	margin-bottom: 0;
}
.applayout-main .navbar.applayout-titlebar {
	z-index: 995;
}
/*.applayout-titlebar-inner ul:nth-child(2) > li {
	margin-left: 0.75rem;
}
.applayout-titlebar-inner h4:nth-child(2) {
	margin-left: 0.75rem;
}*/

.applayout-footer {
	margin-left: auto;
	margin-right: auto;
	text-align: center;
}
.applayout-footer .applayout-footerlinks{
}
.applayout-footer .applayout-footerlinks > li{
	display: inline-block;
	vertical-align: top;
}
.applayout-footer .applayout-footerlinks .nav-item{
	float: none;
}
.applayout-footer .applayout-footerlinks ul{
	padding-left: 0;
}

/** Dashboard Styles **/
.row.xspDashboard {
	margin: 0.5rem 0;
}
.xspDashboard > h2 {
	margin: 0 0 0.5rem 0;
}
.xspDash {
	text-align: center;
	align-content: center;
	padding-top: 0.5rem;
	padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
}
.xspDash .xspDashTitle{
	margin-bottom: 0;
}
.xspDash .glyphicon{
	font-size: 7rem;
}
.xspDash .dashBadge {
	margin-left: 0.425rem;
	top: -2px;
	position: relative;
}
.xspDash .xspNodeDescription {
	display: block;
}

.xspDash .glyphicon {
	margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
}

/** Navigator styles **/
.xspNavigator .nav-item .nav-link:hover, .xspNavigator .nav-item .nav-link:focus {
	background-color: #eee;
}
.xspNavigator .nav-item .nav-link.active:hover, .xspNavigator .nav-item .nav-link.active:focus {
	background-color: #0275d8;
}
.xspNavigator.nav-pills.nav-stacked hr {
	margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
	margin-top: 0.5rem;
}
.navigator-twisty.glyphicon-plus-sign,
.navigator-twisty.glyphicon-minus-sign {
	margin: 0.5rem 0.25rem 0.5rem 0.25rem;
	padding: 2px 0px;
	color: #0275d8;
	float: left;
}
.nav.nav-pills > li > a {
	padding-left: 1.25rem;
}
.nav.nav-pills li > .nav.nav-pills {
	padding-left: 1.25rem;
}
.nav.xspNavigator li .xspSection{
	padding: .5rem 1rem .5rem 0;
	display: block;
	text-decoration:none;
	border-radius: 0.25rem;
}
.nav.xspNavigator li .xspSection:hover {
	background-color: #eee;
}

/* Simple App Layout sidebar */
.sidebar {
	background-color: #F5F5F5;
	border-right: 1px solid #EEEEEE;
	display: block;
	overflow-x: hidden;
	overflow-y: auto;
	padding: 1rem 0.5rem;
	z-index: 996;
	position: relative;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
	.sidebar {
		position: fixed;
		left: 0;
	}
}
@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .sidebar {
	border-bottom: 1px solid #dddddd;
	top:0;
  }
}

/* Data View styles */
.table.dataview .glyphicon-plus-sign,
.table.dataview .glyphicon-minus-sign{
	position: relative;
	top: 2px;
	font-size: 1rem;
	color: #0275d8;
}
.dataview td .glyphicon {
	top: -1px;
}
.table.dataview td, .table.dataview th {
	padding: 0.5rem;
}
.dataview .glyphicon-file{
	position: relative;
	left: 0.5rem;
	font-size: 1rem;
	top: 0;
	color: #0275d8;
}
.table.dataview thead th {
	vertical-align: middle;
}
/*.table.dataview .xspDataViewSummary{
	padding-top: 2px;
}*/
div.glyphicon.xspReadIcon{
	color: #dddddd;
}
.table.dataview [class*="glyphicon-sort"],
.forumView [class*="glyphicon-sort"]{
	display: inline;
	padding: 0 0.5rem;
	color: #0275d8;
}

/** Use glyphicons in dojo checkbox and dojo radio button **/
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitCheckBox.dijitCheckBoxChecked:before{
	content: "\e013";
	font-family: "Glyphicons Halflings";
	font-size: 9px;
	left: 1px;
	position: relative;
	color: #0275d8;
}

/** dojo radio button **/
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitRadio.dijitRadioChecked:before {
	content: "\2022";
	font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
	font-size: 34px;
	line-height: 14px;
	text-align: center;
}
.xsp.dbootstrap tr.dijitMenuItem td:last-child {
	padding-right: 10px;
}
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitTitlePane .dijitArrowNode {
	margin-right: 15px;
}
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitMenuArrowCell .dijitMenuExpand:before,
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitTitlePane .dijitClosed .dijitArrowNode:before {
	font-family: "Glyphicons Halflings";
	content: "\e080";
	font-size: 12px;
	padding-left: 10px;
	position: relative;
	top: -1px;
	color: #0275d8;
}
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitMenuArrowCell .dijitMenuCollapse:before,
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitTitlePane .dijitOpen .dijitArrowNode:before {
	font-family: "Glyphicons Halflings";
	content: "\e114";
	font-size: 12px;
	padding-left: 10px;
	position: relative;
	top: -1px;
	color: #0275d8;
}
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitInputContainer {
	padding: 4px;
}

.xsp .dijitIcon:before, .xsp.dbootstrap .dijitMenuArrowCell .dijitMenuExpand:before,
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitTabStripIcon:before, .xsp.dbootstrap .dijitArrowButtonInner:before,
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitCheckBox:before, .xsp.dbootstrap .dijitRadio:before,
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitCalendarIncrementControl:before, .xsp.dbootstrap .dijitTreeExpando:before,
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitTitlePane .dijitArrowNode:before, .xsp.dbootstrap .dgrid-sort-arrow:before {
	font-family: "Glyphicons Halflings";
	color: #0275d8;
}
.xsp .icon-arrow-left:before {
	font-family: "Glyphicons Halflings";
	color: #0275d8;
}

.xsp .icon-arrow-right:before{
	content: "\e080";
	font-family: "Glyphicons Halflings";
	color: #0275d8;
}

/* Hide the text icons on arrow buttons*/
.dbootstrap .dijitTabContainer .dijitTabController .dijitTab.tabStripButton .dijitTabStripSlideLeftIcon,
.dbootstrap .dijitTabContainer .dijitTabController .dijitTab.tabStripButton .dijitTabStripMenuIcon,
.dbootstrap .dijitTabContainer .dijitTabController .dijitTab.tabStripButton .dijitTabStripSlideRightIcon {
	display:none;
}
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitDownArrowButton .dijitArrowButtonInner:before,
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitUpArrowButton .dijitArrowButtonInner:before {
	font-family: "Glyphicons Halflings";
	font-size: 0.75rem;
	color: #0275d8;
	padding-top: 1px;
}
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitDownArrowButton .dijitArrowButtonInner:before {
	content: "\e114";
	padding-left: 0px;
}
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitUpArrowButton .dijitArrowButtonInner:before {
	content: "\e113";
	padding-left: 2px;
}
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitActive .dijitUpArrowButtonActive .dijitArrowButtonInner:before{
	border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) #888888;
}
.xsp.dbootstrap .dijitActive .dijitDownArrowButtonActive .dijitArrowButtonInner:before {
	border-color:  #888888 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)
}

/** Form Table - Need to switch to div based form table
instead of table based. These styles may need to be
re-worked if/when that switch happens **/
/*.form-table .form-title h2 {
	line-height: 30px;
	margin-bottom: 12px;
	margin-top:-20px;
} */
.form-table {
	width: 100%;
}
.xspFormTableContainer {
	padding-top: 0;
}
.xspFormTableContainer .control-label label{
	font-weight: bold;
}
.xspFormTableContainer .xspFormTableRowData {
	padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
}
.xspFormTableContainer .form-table .control-label{
	padding-left: 0.5rem;
}
.xspFormTableContainer .form-table .control-label > label{
	margin-bottom: 0;
}
.xspFormTableContainer .form-table .form-title .lotusMeta{
	font-size: 1rem;
}
/*.form-table .alert{
	margin-top: -20px;
}
.form-table .alert .text-error {
	font-weight: bold;
	margin-left: -10px;
}*/
.has-error .text-error {
	color: #A94442;
}

/***********************************************************************
	OneUI like specific styles used by XPages controls
	-> Ideally, these classes should be renamed and the renderer adapted
	   to the new names.
***********************************************************************/

/* Common utilities coming from OneUI */
.lotusAltText {
	display: none;
}

/************ GLYPHICONS ***************/
/** Glyphicon references for Bootstrap4
	as the resources are contained in
	Bootstrap3
**/
@font-face {
  font-family: 'Glyphicons Halflings';

  src: url('/xsp/.ibmxspres/.extlib/responsive/bootstrap3/fonts/glyphicons-halflings-regular.eot');
  src: url('/xsp/.ibmxspres/.extlib/responsive/bootstrap3/fonts/glyphicons-halflings-regular.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('/xsp/.ibmxspres/.extlib/responsive/bootstrap3/fonts/glyphicons-halflings-regular.woff') format('woff'), url('/xsp/.ibmxspres/.extlib/responsive/bootstrap3/fonts/glyphicons-halflings-regular.ttf') format('truetype'), url('/xsp/.ibmxspres/.extlib/responsive/bootstrap3/fonts/glyphicons-halflings-regular.svg#glyphicons_halflingsregular') format('svg');
}
.glyphicon {
  position: relative;
  top: 2px;
  display: inline-block;
  font-family: 'Glyphicons Halflings';
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: normal;
  line-height: 1;

  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
}
.glyphicon-asterisk:before {
  content: "\2a";
}
.glyphicon-plus:before {
  content: "\2b";
}
.glyphicon-euro:before {
  content: "\20ac";
}
.glyphicon-minus:before {
  content: "\2212";
}
.glyphicon-cloud:before {
  content: "\2601";
}
.glyphicon-envelope:before {
  content: "\2709";
}
.glyphicon-pencil:before {
  content: "\270f";
}
.glyphicon-glass:before {
  content: "\e001";
}
.glyphicon-music:before {
  content: "\e002";
}
.glyphicon-search:before {
  content: "\e003";
}
.glyphicon-heart:before {
  content: "\e005";
}
.glyphicon-star:before {
  content: "\e006";
}
.glyphicon-star-empty:before {
  content: "\e007";
}
.glyphicon-user:before {
  content: "\e008";
}
.glyphicon-film:before {
  content: "\e009";
}
.glyphicon-th-large:before {
  content: "\e010";
}
.glyphicon-th:before {
  content: "\e011";
}
.glyphicon-th-list:before {
  content: "\e012";
}
.glyphicon-ok:before {
  content: "\e013";
}
.glyphicon-remove:before {
  content: "\e014";
}
.glyphicon-zoom-in:before {
  content: "\e015";
}
.glyphicon-zoom-out:before {
  content: "\e016";
}
.glyphicon-off:before {
  content: "\e017";
}
.glyphicon-signal:before {
  content: "\e018";
}
.glyphicon-cog:before {
  content: "\e019";
}
.glyphicon-trash:before {
  content: "\e020";
}
.glyphicon-home:before {
  content: "\e021";
}
.glyphicon-file:before {
  content: "\e022";
}
.glyphicon-time:before {
  content: "\e023";
}
.glyphicon-road:before {
  content: "\e024";
}
.glyphicon-download-alt:before {
  content: "\e025";
}
.glyphicon-download:before {
  content: "\e026";
}
.glyphicon-upload:before {
  content: "\e027";
}
.glyphicon-inbox:before {
  content: "\e028";
}
.glyphicon-play-circle:before {
  content: "\e029";
}
.glyphicon-repeat:before {
  content: "\e030";
}
.glyphicon-refresh:before {
  content: "\e031";
}
.glyphicon-list-alt:before {
  content: "\e032";
}
.glyphicon-lock:before {
  content: "\e033";
}
.glyphicon-flag:before {
  content: "\e034";
}
.glyphicon-headphones:before {
  content: "\e035";
}
.glyphicon-volume-off:before {
  content: "\e036";
}
.glyphicon-volume-down:before {
  content: "\e037";
}
.glyphicon-volume-up:before {
  content: "\e038";
}
.glyphicon-qrcode:before {
  content: "\e039";
}
.glyphicon-barcode:before {
  content: "\e040";
}
.glyphicon-tag:before {
  content: "\e041";
}
.glyphicon-tags:before {
  content: "\e042";
}
.glyphicon-book:before {
  content: "\e043";
}
.glyphicon-bookmark:before {
  content: "\e044";
}
.glyphicon-print:before {
  content: "\e045";
}
.glyphicon-camera:before {
  content: "\e046";
}
.glyphicon-font:before {
  content: "\e047";
}
.glyphicon-bold:before {
  content: "\e048";
}
.glyphicon-italic:before {
  content: "\e049";
}
.glyphicon-text-height:before {
  content: "\e050";
}
.glyphicon-text-width:before {
  content: "\e051";
}
.glyphicon-align-left:before {
  content: "\e052";
}
.glyphicon-align-center:before {
  content: "\e053";
}
.glyphicon-align-right:before {
  content: "\e054";
}
.glyphicon-align-justify:before {
  content: "\e055";
}
.glyphicon-list:before {
  content: "\e056";
}
.glyphicon-indent-left:before {
  content: "\e057";
}
.glyphicon-indent-right:before {
  content: "\e058";
}
.glyphicon-facetime-video:before {
  content: "\e059";
}
.glyphicon-picture:before {
  content: "\e060";
}
.glyphicon-map-marker:before {
  content: "\e062";
}
.glyphicon-adjust:before {
  content: "\e063";
}
.glyphicon-tint:before {
  content: "\e064";
}
.glyphicon-edit:before {
  content: "\e065";
}
.glyphicon-share:before {
  content: "\e066";
}
.glyphicon-check:before {
  content: "\e067";
}
.glyphicon-move:before {
  content: "\e068";
}
.glyphicon-step-backward:before {
  content: "\e069";
}
.glyphicon-fast-backward:before {
  content: "\e070";
}
.glyphicon-backward:before {
  content: "\e071";
}
.glyphicon-play:before {
  content: "\e072";
}
.glyphicon-pause:before {
  content: "\e073";
}
.glyphicon-stop:before {
  content: "\e074";
}
.glyphicon-forward:before {
  content: "\e075";
}
.glyphicon-fast-forward:before {
  content: "\e076";
}
.glyphicon-step-forward:before {
  content: "\e077";
}
.glyphicon-eject:before {
  content: "\e078";
}
.glyphicon-chevron-left:before {
  content: "\e079";
}
.glyphicon-chevron-right:before {
  content: "\e080";
}
.glyphicon-plus-sign:before {
  content: "\e081";
}
.glyphicon-minus-sign:before {
  content: "\e082";
}
.glyphicon-remove-sign:before {
  content: "\e083";
}
.glyphicon-ok-sign:before {
  content: "\e084";
}
.glyphicon-question-sign:before {
  content: "\e085";
}
.glyphicon-info-sign:before {
  content: "\e086";
}
.glyphicon-screenshot:before {
  content: "\e087";
}
.glyphicon-remove-circle:before {
  content: "\e088";
}
.glyphicon-ok-circle:before {
  content: "\e089";
}
.glyphicon-ban-circle:before {
  content: "\e090";
}
.glyphicon-arrow-left:before {
  content: "\e091";
}
.glyphicon-arrow-right:before {
  content: "\e092";
}
.glyphicon-arrow-up:before {
  content: "\e093";
}
.glyphicon-arrow-down:before {
  content: "\e094";
}
.glyphicon-share-alt:before {
  content: "\e095";
}
.glyphicon-resize-full:before {
  content: "\e096";
}
.glyphicon-resize-small:before {
  content: "\e097";
}
.glyphicon-exclamation-sign:before {
  content: "\e101";
}
.glyphicon-gift:before {
  content: "\e102";
}
.glyphicon-leaf:before {
  content: "\e103";
}
.glyphicon-fire:before {
  content: "\e104";
}
.glyphicon-eye-open:before {
  content: "\e105";
}
.glyphicon-eye-close:before {
  content: "\e106";
}
.glyphicon-warning-sign:before {
  content: "\e107";
}
.glyphicon-plane:before {
  content: "\e108";
}
.glyphicon-calendar:before {
  content: "\e109";
}
.glyphicon-random:before {
  content: "\e110";
}
.glyphicon-comment:before {
  content: "\e111";
}
.glyphicon-magnet:before {
  content: "\e112";
}
.glyphicon-chevron-up:before {
  content: "\e113";
}
.glyphicon-chevron-down:before {
  content: "\e114";
}
.glyphicon-retweet:before {
  content: "\e115";
}
.glyphicon-shopping-cart:before {
  content: "\e116";
}
.glyphicon-folder-close:before {
  content: "\e117";
}
.glyphicon-folder-open:before {
  content: "\e118";
}
.glyphicon-resize-vertical:before {
  content: "\e119";
}
.glyphicon-resize-horizontal:before {
  content: "\e120";
}
.glyphicon-hdd:before {
  content: "\e121";
}
.glyphicon-bullhorn:before {
  content: "\e122";
}
.glyphicon-bell:before {
  content: "\e123";
}
.glyphicon-certificate:before {
  content: "\e124";
}
.glyphicon-thumbs-up:before {
  content: "\e125";
}
.glyphicon-thumbs-down:before {
  content: "\e126";
}
.glyphicon-hand-right:before {
  content: "\e127";
}
.glyphicon-hand-left:before {
  content: "\e128";
}
.glyphicon-hand-up:before {
  content: "\e129";
}
.glyphicon-hand-down:before {
  content: "\e130";
}
.glyphicon-circle-arrow-right:before {
  content: "\e131";
}
.glyphicon-circle-arrow-left:before {
  content: "\e132";
}
.glyphicon-circle-arrow-up:before {
  content: "\e133";
}
.glyphicon-circle-arrow-down:before {
  content: "\e134";
}
.glyphicon-globe:before {
  content: "\e135";
}
.glyphicon-wrench:before {
  content: "\e136";
}
.glyphicon-tasks:before {
  content: "\e137";
}
.glyphicon-filter:before {
  content: "\e138";
}
.glyphicon-briefcase:before {
  content: "\e139";
}
.glyphicon-fullscreen:before {
  content: "\e140";
}
.glyphicon-dashboard:before {
  content: "\e141";
}
.glyphicon-paperclip:before {
  content: "\e142";
}
.glyphicon-heart-empty:before {
  content: "\e143";
}
.glyphicon-link:before {
  content: "\e144";
}
.glyphicon-phone:before {
  content: "\e145";
}
.glyphicon-pushpin:before {
  content: "\e146";
}
.glyphicon-usd:before {
  content: "\e148";
}
.glyphicon-gbp:before {
  content: "\e149";
}
.glyphicon-sort:before {
  content: "\e150";
}
.glyphicon-sort-by-alphabet:before {
  content: "\e151";
}
.glyphicon-sort-by-alphabet-alt:before {
  content: "\e152";
}
.glyphicon-sort-by-order:before {
  content: "\e153";
}
.glyphicon-sort-by-order-alt:before {
  content: "\e154";
}
.glyphicon-sort-by-attributes:before {
  content: "\e155";
}
.glyphicon-sort-by-attributes-alt:before {
  content: "\e156";
}
.glyphicon-unchecked:before {
  content: "\e157";
}
.glyphicon-expand:before {
  content: "\e158";
}
.glyphicon-collapse-down:before {
  content: "\e159";
}
.glyphicon-collapse-up:before {
  content: "\e160";
}
.glyphicon-log-in:before {
  content: "\e161";
}
.glyphicon-flash:before {
  content: "\e162";
}
.glyphicon-log-out:before {
  content: "\e163";
}
.glyphicon-new-window:before {
  content: "\e164";
}
.glyphicon-record:before {
  content: "\e165";
}
.glyphicon-save:before {
  content: "\e166";
}
.glyphicon-open:before {
  content: "\e167";
}
.glyphicon-saved:before {
  content: "\e168";
}
.glyphicon-import:before {
  content: "\e169";
}
.glyphicon-export:before {
  content: "\e170";
}
.glyphicon-send:before {
  content: "\e171";
}
.glyphicon-floppy-disk:before {
  content: "\e172";
}
.glyphicon-floppy-saved:before {
  content: "\e173";
}
.glyphicon-floppy-remove:before {
  content: "\e174";
}
.glyphicon-floppy-save:before {
  content: "\e175";
}
.glyphicon-floppy-open:before {
  content: "\e176";
}
.glyphicon-credit-card:before {
  content: "\e177";
}
.glyphicon-transfer:before {
  content: "\e178";
}
.glyphicon-cutlery:before {
  content: "\e179";
}
.glyphicon-header:before {
  content: "\e180";
}
.glyphicon-compressed:before {
  content: "\e181";
}
.glyphicon-earphone:before {
  content: "\e182";
}
.glyphicon-phone-alt:before {
  content: "\e183";
}
.glyphicon-tower:before {
  content: "\e184";
}
.glyphicon-stats:before {
  content: "\e185";
}
.glyphicon-sd-video:before {
  content: "\e186";
}
.glyphicon-hd-video:before {
  content: "\e187";
}
.glyphicon-subtitles:before {
  content: "\e188";
}
.glyphicon-sound-stereo:before {
  content: "\e189";
}
.glyphicon-sound-dolby:before {
  content: "\e190";
}
.glyphicon-sound-5-1:before {
  content: "\e191";
}
.glyphicon-sound-6-1:before {
  content: "\e192";
}
.glyphicon-sound-7-1:before {
  content: "\e193";
}
.glyphicon-copyright-mark:before {
  content: "\e194";
}
.glyphicon-registration-mark:before {
  content: "\e195";
}
.glyphicon-cloud-download:before {
  content: "\e197";
}
.glyphicon-cloud-upload:before {
  content: "\e198";
}
.glyphicon-tree-conifer:before {
  content: "\e199";
}
.glyphicon-tree-deciduous:before {
  content: "\e200";
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Omar Puente is a world class violinist. Having successfully released two albums, Omar has garnered the respect of the modern thriving Jazz community and has developed a truly unique sound.
Omar has maintained an international profile and - since arriving in England in 1997 - has enjoyed playing in Europe, the USA and Africa. While in England he has supported Tito Puente, Ibraham Ferrer and Omara Portundo, playing with John Williams, Kirsty MacColl, Jools Holland and Eddie Palmier and has been invited to jam with many visiting Latin artists like Ruben Gonzales and the Afro Cuban Allstars.
Moreover Omar is regularly involved with commissioned projects and toured internationaly a part of Denys Baptiste's 'Let Freedom Ring', a brilliant composition which celebrated the 40th anniversary of Dr Martin Luther King's inspirational 'I Have A Dream' speech. Omar has also worked with the esteemed Dennis Rollins on commissioned projects for Ensemble 360 which concluded with a well-received performance at The Doncaster Minster in February 2006.
Later on in the year, Omar played with the legendary Courtney Pine and released a collaborative album with Robert Mitchel. After their joint release, Omar and Robert continued to work together and helped to develop project 'nuance' with members of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.
Having had the opportunity to perform and collaborate with these musicians as well as working with artists like Rod Youngs, Jason Yarde, Cameron Pierre and Byron Wallen has allowed Omar Puente to develop his own sound which draws together elements of jazz, classical and Cuban music.
Omar has appeared on BBC and ITV programmes, various radio shows and toured the length and breadth of Britain. From Aberdeen to the Isle of Wight, Newcastle to the Eden Project, Belfast to Cork Omar has played at prestigous venues such as Ronnie Scott's, The Jazz Café, QEH, the Royal Albert Hall and the Royal Festival Hall.
Aside from performing, Omar teaches Jazz violin to up and coming musicians at music institutions such as the Leeds College of Music and London City University. He now teaches at Trinity college in London and continues to teach in Havana while maintaining a close relationship with the Cuba Solidarity Campaign. He is proud supporter of 'Attitude Is Everything' - a campaign to encourage arts venues to become accessible to disabled artists and patrons.
Omar has played regularly at Ronnie Scott's, played with Winston Marsalis at the Barbican Centre, with the Simon Bolivar Philharmonic Orchestra at the Royal Festival Hall, with Nigel Kennedy at 606 Jazz Club, with Eddie Palmieri at Queen Elizabeth Hall, and with Reuben Gonzales on tour in Europe.