text:
What Money Was and What It Became: A Brief History of Currencies
This article is an analysis of the historical and current use of money and how cryptocurrencies can fit into the financial future. Therefore, the material does not mention specific forecasts for the future.
"Humanity has created money throughout its existence. This is not a technological breakthrough, but exclusively a mental revolution. Money creates a new intersubjective reality, which exists exclusively in the general view of people."
Sapiens, Yuval Noah Harari, 2011
The Beginning of Barter (remember your school lessons)
Presumably, money appeared in the heyday of hunting and gathering. The alleged first form of trade is barter, the practice in which the caveman exchanges rabbit fur for what he needs. Such an exchange can be considered the earliest type of a transaction.
At the end of the Pleistocene epoch (commonly called the last glacial period, which ended about 10,000 years ago), people cultivated grains and tamed animals. It was then that humanity settled throughout the world. The appearance of agriculture increased the density of the population and society became more centralized. Everyone concentrated on their work. Items were still exchanged for necessary things. At that time, however, barter worked only if all the participants in the transaction received what they wanted.
How They Became Rich with Money and Who Invented Metal Coins
The first known large form of currency is shells. The demand for a controlled transactional system paved the way for the appearance of money, which was used both for measuring value (money for accounting) and for transactions (currency exchange).
There was a problem with using seashells because everyone could increase their capital in a simple way by going to the nearest beach and collecting a lot of seashells, and eventually, people became rich. But how do you trust such an economic system? Coins made of noble metals were invented to denote value. The first known coins minted in about 600 BC were found in the territory of the state of Lydia (present-day Greece). Lydians, unlike other peoples, could no longer simply go out and find more gold and silver, which was yet to be melted and minted into a coin with complex stamps. Each coin bore a seal of approval in the form of government officials and national symbols. This confirmed that the currency is valuable and that with its help you can buy something that you do not have. A new era of metal coins had begun.
The invention of coins solved many monetary problems, but shortcomings still existed. First, coins were cast from precious metals, so growth in circulation and supply was limited by the availability of these metals. Secondly, the coins occupied a lot of space and were heavy, which made their storage inconvenient.
In the year 100 BC, the Chinese invented paper. Soon, this invention was applied in an economic environment as people left their valuables in a bank, and in exchange received a banknote issued about the possession of this money. Thus, the first bills appeared. The flourishing and expansion of paper money occurred only after 1440 when Johannes Gutenberg invented the first printing press, which was used for mass printing of money. Each state began introducing its own money and backing them up with precious metals to confirm the value.
The Russian Empire and the USSR
Money circulation in the Russian Empire and the USSR consisted of bills and coins.
Formally, the paper ruble was called a credit bill (a banknote exchanged for coinage) and was considered silver, and its rate to gold was fixed, that is, the monetary system was legally bimetallic. In reality, the state has not exchanged the ruble for gold or silver, and full weight silver coins have gone out of circulation. The paper ruble was supplemented by an auxiliary, partial silver coin and a copper coin.
The purchasing power of the ruble remained fairly stable in Soviet times, being almost at the prerevolutionary level. The binding of coins to noble metals ceased in 1931. During the Great Patriotic War, a card system for the distribution of essential goods was introduced. In the territories occupied by German troops, special "occupation money" was presented in local currency. For many years, up to 1991, numerous monetary reforms were carried out, but despite this, there was a gradual increase in prices, while market prices were far ahead of the state.
Prior to the 1930s, every dollar in the United States was backed by $0.40 worth of gold. And it turned out to be utterly illiquid as the reserves of precious metals began to decrease. The Great Depression then stormed America with its economic hardships. As the treasury was faced with a limited supply of gold, authorities could no longer print large sums of money. There was a crisis; the population was poor. The Great Depression turned people into gold miners. Because of this, the whole economy could collapse, so in 1933, President Roosevelt made private property in the form of gold illegal. Citizens were instructed to return the metal to the Federal Reserve System in exchange for paper money.
The Era of Digital Currency
We have reached a practice where almost all money has become digital, and paper notes remain as a form of "real" currency, which can be touched. In his book Sapiens, anthropologist Yuval Noah Harari states: "The total amount of all money in the world is about $60 trillion, the total amount of coins and banknotes is less than $6 trillion. More than 90% of all money, and that is more than $50 trillion that appear on our accounts, exist only on computer servers. In other words, 90% of the world's currency is digital."
The Time of Bitcoin
In 2009, someone under the pseudonym of Satoshi Nakamoto presented a document that contained the idea of a decentralized, impartial, peer to peer system called Bitcoin. It has the following qualities:
Decentralized means no central authority, and the participants in the system independently control all processes.
Carelessness is the approach to guaranteeing accuracy and integrity without the need for trust. In traditional centralized systems, the community relies on trust, for example, "I hope that my bank will not lose my money."
In the peer-to-peer network, a transactional approach is used without an intermediary as an exchange is carried out between the parties.
The first document using the Proof-of-Work protocol was written by the system's inventor Adam Back in 1997. In fact, Satoshi Nakamoto redesigned the system and made Bitcoin work.
How to Unite the World
The interconnection of the world and the globalization of human interaction put pressure on the need for a reliable currency on a global scale. Despite the fact that 90% of currency is digital, the process of its transfer is still ineffective and creates barriers that impede the growth of the world economy. Try to send a large amount of money to another country, and you will see state restrictions and understand just how currency transfer is an expensive and slow business.
Despite the existing political restrictions, social barriers are starting to collapse. The desire of a person to unite with society goes beyond state or corporate relations. This struggle for freedom will stimulate the existing monetary system spread by private and political institutions to the point of inflection until the moment when users choose to either continue to trust the electronic economy or abandon it. The latter requires an alternative solution for the transition to the next monetary system.
Cryptocurrency Can Be the Answer
The methodology of the blockchain is one of the solutions to the problem of uniting people around the world. Bitcoin, designed for decentralization, distributes a copy of the transaction history to anyone who wants it. Users can participate in the verification of conducted and future transactions. Thus, the entire system becomes a single whole. Mass participation in the blockchain makes Bitcoin more impenetrable for fraud, and the larger the community, the safer the system.
As the first cryptocurrency, Bitcoin has a reputation and value. These very things laid the foundation for what a decentralized currency should look like. Bitcoin proved that the concept could work. During a decade, it became a global experiment in the digital economy.
In Satoshi Nakamoto's vision, Bitcoin was intended for the needs of ordinary citizens who would participate in the process of creating transactions using a home computer with Internet access and get Bitcoins for it. Some users, however, have guessed that more powerful processors have an advantage in accelerating operations. Bitcoin uses an SHA-256 hashing algorithm that can be parallelized by processors to speed up hashing.
At present, only very expensive specialized computers with integrated circuits (ASICs) have the chance to earn Bitcoins. Therefore, ordinary people cannot participate in the process of creating blocks. At the same time, in order to maintain Bitcoin, approximately the same amount of energy per year is needed as the population of Algeria consumes during the same period. But, in fact, Bitcoin does not need so much power. It is just that people are eagerly pursuing profits and installing more and more powerful equipment, which creates competition for block rewards.
Bitcoins and Illegal Activities
There is an opinion that Bitcoin can be used for illegal, including terrorist activities. But cryptocurrency, like any innovation, refers to a tool that can be used in different hands for both progress and destruction.
In addition, one of the features of the money we are accustomed to is that it is supported by the government. Thanks to this, citizens have confidence in fiat currency, which is used in this or that country. In the world of cryptocurrency, there is no governing authority that can guarantee the value of electronic coins. This is what speculators rely on.
Once Again about ICOs
At the end of 2015, the initial placement of coins appeared. An ICO is a fundraising event in which investors of a new coin can buy cheaply what they think will soon have a high price.
For example, if you want to create a coin, you can launch an ICO and set an early purchase price of 500 of your coins for one Ethereum. Investors who are interested and see the potential value can buy your tokens.
Because of the freedom of action and openness, many scammers raise money at the ICO and do not fulfill the promises given to their depositors. Most projects are not entirely original; rather, they copy existing ideas from the sector of technologies transferred to the cryptocurrency economy.
Whether our future will be connected with cryptocurrencies or what has yet to be created is still unknown. To date, the turbulent path of the crypto market is on track to transforming the market on a global scale. Economically, money has evolved over many thousands of years from the simplest forms of barter to the rectangular plastic of the debit card, where each payment method matched the needs of its time. Today's time affects not the specific population of any country, but all of humanity. As a result, a possible replacement of the monetary system will eventually take place.


In my blog 'step into the light', I talked about how to ensure that your customers are delighted with your service all the time, every time. It's not impossible as many successful agents (and happy customers) will testify. But take a hundred customers and ask them what they regard as good customer service and you will get and equal number of different replies. But in a busy estate agency office, without the luxury of hundreds of expensive staff members to make constant customer contact calls, it's simply not possible to tailor your entire service to every individual is it?
Staffing and time management: You certainly don't need a staffing profile that resembles the extra's list from Ben Hur but, you do need well trained and intelligent staff who are free to act and think for themselves within clearly defined boundaries. Ensure that you have a set system for checking that the contact is taking place and that good work is recognised. Diarise time when customer contact can take place and make sure it happens.
Office systems: Whether you run a card index and paper diary system or the latest cloud based estate agency software; it is a simple task to ensure that each customer is contacted as regularly as you want them to be (which should be as regularly as they want to be).
Customers: Manage the whole process. Don't promise what you can't deliver. Let them know what you can. Ask your customer how often they want to be contacted from day one and stick to it. If it is every day then do so. Very few customers actually like this level of contact after a very short time of having it and a regular re-check with the customer about contact frequency will keep them smiling and you sane. A gentle suggestion that, perhaps, every week to ten days is enough for most people during the marketing phase may actually be appreciated. Tell your customers from the outset that they will be contacted regularly, what that actually means (once a year is regularly after all!) and that they can change that frequency if need be. Make sure that the customers file notes reflect this agreement and that reminders are set in the diary system. Always increase contact when increased activity is taking place that might affect the customer (viewings, offers, adverts etc). The customer will be expecting it no matter what you have agreed. Maintain this service up to completion day and beyond if required. Don't just forget it all after an offer has been accepted 'because that's the solicitors' job'.
You! As the owner, you should do the occasional courtesy call to each customer to ask how they are getting on and are they happy with the service. Can they suggest improvements? What are you getting right? Has anyone of your team really impressed them? How? Is there anything concerning them about the marketing of their home/ can they think of something that you are not doing that they would like to see done? Your customers are a gold mine of who and what is right and wrong with your business. Finally, thank the customer for their using your firm/ branch and for their time in talking to you.
On exchange of contracts: Congratulate the owner for selling their home; after all, they played their part too and, even if they didn't, they almost certainly believe they did! Send out short and simple customer questionnaires to buyer and seller asking for feedback and to rate your service (useful in so many ways). Congratulate the buyer. It's a day when the massive stress levels and worry of the past few weeks can finally be reduced a little. Give the team members who worked hardest on the case a pat on the back as well. A genuine 'well done and thank you' costs nothing.
Completion: A week or so before the big day, gently remind buyers that completion rarely happens at 9am and that they may not be able to have the keys until after lunch and to plan accordingly. Explain why this is and remind the seller of this too if they are buying another property (chances are the other agent wont have told them this). Agree with the seller when and how the keys are going to be handed over and take the opportunity to ask if there is anything they need a hand with. You might not be able to but a genuine offer of help will nearly always be appreciated.
Key hand over. Thank the seller for their business and if they know of anyone else thinking of selling in the area. If they have been pleased with your service, you will be surprised how often this brings results. Congratulate the buyer and wish them well in their new home. Thank the solicitors if they have been good too. They have made your life easier, the sale smoother and they will help you again.
I think that one of the most important aspects when dealing with customer is honesty. If you are up front and always deliver what you promise, then you wont go far wrong. The best thing is also to keep a log of conversations you have had, along with any emails sent, this way you can ultimately be on the ball when it comes to a business transaction.
Thanks for your reply and good advice. Honesty is the cornerstone of all good relationships, business or personal. Like many agents I know, at my office we keep time-logged records of our conversations, written notes and retain all correspondence between us, our customers and their solicitors/ lenders etc. It is surprising just how often someone is shocked to discover that we are able to produce this kind information when they have suffered from a sudden and occasionally convenient loss of memory.
Having set up my own business I can really relate to what your article is saying. Ultimately, the most important thing to remember in any business is to keep the customer, or client happy.
Thanks for the comments. Glad you liked the blog.
I run a successful martial arts business, having taught both kids and adults for many years, I have found that honesty is always the best policy when it comes to business, if you cannot do something, then don't profess to be able to. My business started with only one student and I built and built on this and my reputation. My business has far excelled any counterparts who tried to set up their business at the same time. Once you have built a reputation a good one then you are well on the way to success. Thank you Chris for this blog, many people will relate to it and hopefully gain from it.
Thanks. Glad you enjoyed the blog and congratulations on your business.
I run a string of successful hotels and guest houses and have a lot of people working for me. Primarily, if it was just me who was securing the success of the establishment, then all the guests would be kept happy, but I have to rely in my staff in order to do this. Over the years, I have found that best way of ensuring my staff work to the best of their ability, is to offer fair working conditions and an incentive for them to keep the customers happy. I reward bonuses and ask the guests to judge what they think of the staff, we monitor this through asking the guests to fill in a questionnaire at the end of their stay.
Consistent quality, rewarding positive behaviour/ feedback and listening to customers. So easy to do yet so few do it. Keep up the good work Oliver and thanks for your comments.
Hi, I found your site by accident really, I was looking for advise on how to boost my business, I run a a string of different businesses, one of which is a lettings agency, I am wanting advice on how to get more people to let there properties through me. I have marketed online and in areas surrounding my business, but am really wanting to take this to another level, and was wondering if you could maybe offer me some advice on this. Many Thanks for your time.
Hi Jo. Glad you liked the post. I'm not sure what kind of advice you are looking for over and above what you have said you have done already in general terms but; I run a consultancy service http://www.pdq-estates.co.uk/Information/consulting.html if you would like to get in touch, I may be able to offer some more specific advice.
Thanks for taking the time to highlight this. I'll take a look at the issue and try to sort it.
blog platform are you using for this site? I'm getting sick and tired of WordPress because I've had problems with hackers and I'm looking at alternatives for another platform. I would be great if you could point me in the direction of a good platform.
I've read several good stuff here. Definitely price bookmarking for revisiting. I wonder how a lot effort you set to create such a excellent informative site.


Financial disputes concerning 'Endowment mortgage' advice. The claimant took advice from a registered financial advisor back in 1980. The advice given to the claimant was poor.
The matter was complicated by the fact that the defendants financial advice company, had ceased trading some 20 years earlier. The matter was also further complicated by the fact that the claimant had received many communications concerning the shortfall in the value of his policy upon maturity, but had done little to address the matter.
A claim was lodged with the FSCS to establish whether there was any liability on the part of the advisor, and if so, whether this would be covered under the Financial Services Compensation Scheme.
Many years had passed since the claimant was first made aware of the shortfall and the claimant making a claim to the FSCS. Upon submission of the appropriate forms, and the involvement of a commercial mediator the FSCS made an offer of £2,156 in settlement of the claim. The claimant accepted the offer, they could clearly see getting £2,156 was better than risking this matter at trial as there was some question as to time limitation (or lack of). The FSCS had calculated the premiums that had actually been paid and compared this to what would have been paid had the advisor offered the usual repayment mortgage over a 25 year period.
The assisted negotiation took just 3 hours compared to the 25 years this dispute had already gone on.
The assisted negotiation cost each party Nil, as the mediator carried out the negotiation on a pro-bono basis. A good result for both parties when compared to the thousands the they would have spent on legal fees had they continued with Court action.


SALSA XXVII will take place April 12-13, 2019 at the University of Texas at Austin. This year's conference theme is Language and the Body: Rhetoric, Cognition, and Identity. You can download the conference schedule here.
All presenters should pre-register online here. General admission is free for UT affiliates, who should register in person on the day of the event.
Variable attainment — "different learners, different outcomes" — is a hallmark of L2 acquisition (e.g. Bley-Vroman, 1990; cf. Dabrowska, 2012 for the L1 context). But there is more to the story of L2 attainment than individual differences. In this talk I consider evidence that permits new ways of framing variability in L2 outcomes.
From one new perspective, "same learners, different outcomes, I look at variability in the shape of the function that relates L2 attainment to age of acquisition, an area of considerable debate in critical-period theory (e.g. Birdsong, 2018; Meulman, 2015). From another angle, "more learners, different outcomes,"" I examine variable outcomes as a function of statistical power (e.g. Munson & Hernandez, 2018). Merging these perspectives, I propose ways of approaching (ir)reproducibility of critical-period effects in L2 acquisition (v. Hartshorne, Tenenbaum & Pinker, 2018; Tanner, 2018).
From the perspective of "different learners, similar outcomes" I examine instances where nativelikeness in the L2 is observed among learners from heterogeneous L1 backgrounds. Coefficient-of-variation data from a post-hoc analysis of data from Green and Birdsong (2018) are contextualized theoretically and methodologically within the larger question of comparing non-native variability with native variability (v. Birdsong & Gertken, 2013; Vanhove, 2019).
David Birdsong is Professor of French Linguistics and chair of the Department of French and Italian at UT-Austin. He received the PhD in Romance Languages from Harvard University and has held the positions of Visiting Professor of Linguistics at Georgetown University, Visiting Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen (NL), and International Chair, LABEX-Empirical Foundations of Linguistics in Paris.
His research relates to second language acquisition, bilingualism, psycholinguistics and French linguistics. His interests include the neurocognitive and experiential factors that influence ultimate attainment in a second language, and the measurement and predictive power of language dominance in bilingualism.
He has published in such journals as Language, Journal of Memory & Language, Frontiers in Psychology, Language Learning, and Language Sciences, and in handbooks such as The New Handbook of Second Language Acquisition, Handbook of Bilingualism: Psycholinguistic Approaches, and The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingualism.
UNESCO's declaration of 2019 as the International Year of Indigenous Languages comes after over one hundred years of the study of Native American languages in our field(s). Given this length of time, we might expect that most topics will have been more or less covered in the published research about Indigenous languages and communities in the US, and the ways we teach (and learn) about them. However, in this talk I will highlight areas that, although central to contemporary Indigenous language use, remain at the margins of academic and community discussions including multi-tribal, multi-lingual, and urban contexts; American Indian English(es); and Indigenous language users and learners beyond cisgender and heteronormative identities. To do so, I draw on over a decade of research on language use and revitalization in both tribal jurisdictions such as the Chickasaw Nation in Oklahoma and urban contexts like Tulsa and Chicago, as well as on the role of language in the negotiation of multiply marginalized members of Two Spirit societies and activism to consider what patterns of cognition and culture might be contributing to this disjuncture between practice and representation especially in contexts where such dynamics are co-occurring. I hope to demonstrate that attention to these 'blind spots' has much to offer us in understanding the dynamics of indigenous language use, maintenance, and revitalization that can contribute not only to current theoretical inquiries within and across our fields but also to topics of critical importance to the marginalized communities under discussion.
Jenny L. Davis is a citizen of the Chickasaw Nation and an Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign where she is the director of the Native American and Indigenous Languages (NAIL) Lab and affiliate faculty of American Indian Studies and Gender & Women's Studies. She has held fellowship at Yale University, the University of Kentucky, and was just named the Chancellor's Fellow of Indigenous Research and Ethics. Jenny earned her PhD in Linguistics at University of Colorado, Boulder in 2013. Her research focuses on contemporary Indigenous language(s) and identity, with dual focuses on Indigenous language revitalization and Indigenous gender and sexuality. In addition to articles published in Language and Communication, Gender & Language, and Language Documentation & Description, Jenny has published one monograph, Talking Indian: Identity and Language Revitalization in the Chickasaw Renaissance (2018, University of Arizona Press) and a co-edited volume, Queer Excursions: Retheorizing Binaries in Language, Gender, and Sexuality (2014, Oxford University Press), which was awarded the Ruth Benedict Book Prize from the Association for Queer Anthropology and the American Anthropological Association.
There are mainstream traditions in Western philosophy, linguistics, psychology, and communication studies that regard thought and language as not being substantially shaped by our bodily makeup. In contrast, research in cognitive linguistics and neuroscience emphasizes the central role of the body and brain in constituting meaning, concepts, and thought. Meaning is not, in the first instance, linguistic. Instead, language depends on and recruits prior sensory, motor, and affective processes. I will survey some of the more important embodied structures and processes of meaning-making that give rise to the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of natural languages. This includes body-part projections, perceptual concepts, image schemas, emotions, body-based grammatical constructions, and conceptual metaphors, as those are understood from the perspective of simulation semantics, embodied construction grammar, and the neural theory of language. In addition to the popular four E's of cognition—embodied, embedded, enactive, extended—we need to add three more E's—emotional, evolutionary, and exaptative.
Mark Johnson is the Philip H. Knight Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Emeritus, in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Oregon. His research has focused on the role of human embodiment in meaning, conceptualization, reasoning, and values, especially from the perspective of the interaction of embodied cognitive science and pragmatist philosophy. He is co-author, with George Lakoff, of Metaphors We Live By (1980) and Philosophy in the Flesh (1999) and author of several other books, including The Body in the Mind (1987), Moral Imagination (1993), The Meaning of the Body (2007), Morality for Humans (2014), Embodied Mind, Meaning, and Reason (2017), and The Aesthetics of Meaning and Thought (2018).
The origins of the Afro-Hispanic Languages of the Americas (AHLAs), the languages that developed in Latin America from the contact of African languages and Spanish in colonial times, are extremely intriguing, since it still has to be explained why we do not find creole languages in certain regions of Spanish America, where the socio-demographic conditions for creole languages to emerge appear to have been in place in colonial times. Nowadays, in contrast, we can find such contact varieties in similar former colonies, which were ruled by the British, the French or the Dutch (McWhorter 2000). Despite the fascinating implications of this phenomenon, our knowledge of the AHLAs remains extremely limited. Several hypotheses have been proposed to account for this situation, but no common consensus has yet been achieved (Chaudenson 2001; Mintz 1971; Laurence 1974; Granda 1968; Schwegler 1993, 2014; Lipski 1993; etc.). The pull of different views on the issue has been labelled in the literature as the 'Spanish creole debate' (Lipski 2005: ch.9).
The current study is aimed at casting new light on the Spanish creole debate by relying on a comparative analysis of slave laws in the Americas. This article highlights the role that legal differences played in shaping colonial societies and the Afro-European languages that developed in the New World.
Sandro Sessarego is an Associate Professor in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of Texas at Austin. He is a former Marie Curie Junior Fellow at the Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, a HCAS Core Fellow at the Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, a member of the Foro Latinoamericano de Antropología del Derecho and a member of the Rapoport Center for Human Rights and Justice. His work primarily focuses in the fields of contact linguistics, sociolinguistics, syntax and human rights. He covers topics like the linguistic study of the Afro-Latino Vernaculars of the Americas (ALVAs)—the languages that developed in Latin America from the contact of African languages, Spanish and Portuguese in colonial times. In particular, his investigation combines linguistic, sociohistorical, legal and anthropological insights to cast light on the nature and origins of these contact varieties.
The Symposium About Language and Society, Austin (SALSA) is an annual symposium promoting the study of language and its intersection with society. Originally created through the joint efforts of students from the Linguistics, Anthropology, and Communication Studies Departments at The University of Texas, SALSA has developed into an interdisciplinary conference with contributions from various fields, including foreign language education, educational psychology, media studies, and language departments, including French & Italian, Spanish & Portuguese, German, and English. Our conference annual proceedings appear in special editions of Texas Linguistic Forum.


Z&Z x Toli Moli Bodega — Z&Z – Za'atar – Eat. Good. Za'atar.
Former pop-up kitchen Toli Moli is building upon its success within Union Market by introducing a bodega featuring South Asian spices and snacks — as well as space for other roaming restaurants.
The new Toli Moli Burmese Bodega, tentatively scheduled to debut Saturday, November 25, plans to carry rare ingredients from south Asia as well as essentials like tampons and aspirin. Co-owners Simone Jacbosen, Jocelyn Law-Yone, and Eric Wang also plan to support local producers such as Misfit Juice and Z&Z Za'atar.
The eclectic shop also doubles as a second kitchen, preparing $4 to $15 dishes such as Burma Toast (bread topped with a fried egg and house-made chutney), as well as sandwiches like chicken tandoori or Chinese sausage-egg creations tucked inside bread from Lyon Bakery. Toli Moli's famous falooda, the milky dessert drink that put its year-and-a half Union Market outpost on the map, remains in the mix.
Alison Beshai of Formfunction Studio designed the space with colorful Burmese markets in mind. Fellow pop-ups set to serve food inside the new retail stall include Sri Lanken-themed Short Eats(Saturday, December 9) and Tibetan dumpling maker Dorjee Momo (Saturday, December 30).
Status: Scheduled to open Saturday, November 25. 1309 Fifth Street NE; website.


As of UNR 9.10 These instructions are out of date. Instead use these.
Currently, using the Jaunty Daily live-image is the recommended way of putting UNR on your device. It's based on the standard Ubuntu install and will give you the latest drivers and truest-to-Ubuntu experience.
The following steps detail getting your downloaded .img file to a USB key, either with the usb-imagewriter gui tool or the "old" way in a terminal via commandline.
Click on the download link below to get the usb-imagewriter package. Firefox will offer you to either download the file or, as default action, to open it with the gdebi package installer. Keep the default action here and click ok.
Then run the Image Writer tool, select the downloaded image, select the target device and click on "Write to device".
Now just wait until the tool tells you you can remove the key, if you want to see the details of the copying process you can open the details window during operation.
Download the image to your disk.
Run the dmesg command to find the devicename the kernel assigned to it.
Wait until your prompt returns, unplug the USB key.
For me the flashnul tool didn't produce a bootable USB stick. That's why I used Image Writer for Windows to create the bootable USB stick. Just download, unzip, start the .exe - the rest is self evident. Here is an other guide to use Image Writer for Windows.
Note the drive letter for the target USB disk.
Answer "yes" after verifying the destination device.
Booting from such a USB key will let you install Ubuntu Netbook Remix on your device.


text:
Difference between revisions of "Fisheries in Heist"
Ruth (talk | contribs)
(→Fisheries related activities)
(→Quality labels)
[[Image:Purus.jpg|100px|thumb|left]]
The Flemish brown shrimp is a typical fisheries product in Belgium. In 2006 the Purus label was introduced by a cooperation of ship owners, the cooperative Flemish fisheries organization (Cooperative Vlaamse Visserij Vereniging CVBA) to promote the Flemish unpeeled brown shrimps. The brown shrimps are caught by Belgian fishermen, the fishermen fish no longer than 24 hours and the shrimps are cooked in old Flemish manner (in sea water with salt), there are no additives, preservatives added. This all results in high quality taste. The Purus label also promotes sustainable fishing techniques.
[[Image:North_Sea_Life.jpg|100px|thumb|left]] Since 2011, the Flemish Shellfish- and fish cooperation (VSVC) supply, via an exclusive quality label, '[http://www.northsealife.be/ North Sea Life]', life brown shrimps and swimming crabs to restaurants and wholesalers. Life shrimps allows chefs to determine how they will prepare the shrimps. Life product forms the base of creative and gastronomic possibilities. The same is true for life swimming crabs. In 2013 a minimum of 200 kilo life brown shrimps were landed each day. Prices for life shrimps are on average 30 percent higher than shrimps cooked on board of the shrimp vessel <ref>[http://www.ilvo.vlaanderen.be/NL/Persenmedia/Allemedia/tabid/6294/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/1105/language/nl-NL/ILVO-ziet-in-rauwe-garnaal-meer-dan-lucratieve-niche.aspx#.UyBv6vldVSL Press release ILVO, 29/05/2013]</ref>.
[[Image:North_Sea_Life.jpg|100px|thumb|left]]
Since 2011, the Flemish Shellfish- and fish cooperation (VSVC) supply, via an exclusive quality label, '[http://www.northsealife.be/ North Sea Life]', life brown shrimps and swimming crabs to restaurants and wholesalers. Life shrimps allows chefs to determine how they will prepare the shrimps. Life product forms the base of creative and gastronomic possibilities. The same is true for life swimming crabs. In 2013 a minimum of 200 kilo life brown shrimps were landed each day. Prices for life shrimps are on average 30 percent higher than shrimps cooked on board of the shrimp vessel <ref>[http://www.ilvo.vlaanderen.be/NL/Persenmedia/Allemedia/tabid/6294/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/1105/language/nl-NL/ILVO-ziet-in-rauwe-garnaal-meer-dan-lucratieve-niche.aspx#.UyBv6vldVSL Press release ILVO, 29/05/2013]</ref>.
==='''Organisations'''===
1 Overview and Background
2 Port description
3 Fishing Fleet
4 Fish shops and restaurants
5 Quality labels
7 Fisheries related activities
Overview and Background
The Belgian coast is 67 km long and is entirely bordering the province of West-Flanders (region of Flanders, Belgium). The Belgian part of the North Sea is 3,457 km2 (0.5% of the North Sea area), of which more than 1/3 or 1,430 km² are territorial sea within 12 nautical miles distance of the coastline. Belgium currently has 10 coastal municipalities and 4 coastal ports (Nieuwpoort, Oostende, Zeebrugge and Blankenberge), and besides the fish auctions located in Oostende, Zeebrugge and Nieuwpoort where fish is sold according to legal procedures, there are no other dispersed landing points. Although historically the port and auction of Oostende was by far the most important, today the auctions of Zeebrugge (53%) and Oostende (45%) receive the largest share of the landings of Belgian fisheries in Belgian ports.
Belgium has a minor role in the European fisheries context with 0.35% of the total EU production of fish. In 2012, the Belgian commercial sea fishing fleet counted 86 ships, with a total engine capacity of 49,135 kW and gross tonnage of 15,326 GT [1]. 45 vessels are part of the Small Fleet Segment (max 221 kW engine power) of which 2 use passive gear. The remaining 41 vessels belong to the Large Fleet Segment and have an engine power between 221 kW and a maximum of 1,200 kW. This fleet segment represents approximately 80% of the engine power capacity and 77% of the GT of the fleet. While a smaller number use trammel nets (passive gear) and otter trawl, the largest share of the Large Fleet Segment are beam trawl vessels (≥662 kW). The Belgian fleet is highly specialized: more than 68% of the effort(days at sea) and 77% of total landings are achieved by beam trawlers(2010)focusing primarily on flatfish species such as plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and sole (Solea solea). The results of the reconstruction of the Belgian fleet dynamics since 1830 are presented in Lescrauwaet et al. 2013[2].
The number of days at sea per vessel is fixed at a maximum of 265 per year and in 2011 the entire fleet realized a fishing effort of 15,855 days at sea. In 2011, the Belgian fleet landed a total of 20,138t, of which 16,905t were landed in Belgian ports. Plaice is the most important species in terms of landed weight. The landings of 2011 represented a value of €76.3 million, 14% of which was marketed in foreign ports. Sole generates 47% of the current total value of fisheries in Belgium. The Belgian sea fisheries represent 0.04% of the national Gross Domestic Product [3]. The main fishing grounds in terms of volume of landings in 2010 were in descending order: North Sea South (IVc), Eastern English Channel (VIId), North Sea Central (IVb), Southeast Ireland/Celtic Sea (VIIg) Bristol Channel (VIIf) and Irish Sea (VIIa).
In terms of direct employment, 439 fishers are registered of which approximately 350 are of Belgian nationality. Direct employment in fisheries represent approximately 0.5% of the total employment in the Belgian coastal zone. Another 1040 persons work in the fish processing industry and another 5000 persons in associated trade and services [1]. A historical overview of Belgian sea fisheries is available from [4] and [2].
The Belgian sea fishery sector is rather small compared to that of neighbouring countries in the North Sea and has been gradually losing importance since the Second World War. It is also gradually losing importance relative to the booming tourism industry in the Belgian coastal zone. However fisheries can be an added value to the tourism experience at the coast by developing fisheries-related tourism activities [5]. The present case study of Nieuwpoort (Belgium) analyzes how fisheries is embedded in tourism policy of the municipality.
{"minzoom":false,"maxzoom":false,"mappingservice":"leaflet","width":"564px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"wmsoverlay":false,"copycoords":false,"static":false,"zoom":14,"defzoom":14,"layers":["OpenStreetMap"],"overlaylayers":[],"resizable":false,"enablefullscreen":false,"scrollwheelzoom":true,"markercluster":false,"clustermaxzoom":20,"clusterzoomonclick":true,"clustermaxradius":80,"clusterspiderfy":true,"geojson":"","locations":[{"text":"\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-parser-output\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFisheries in Heist\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003C/div\u003E","title":"Fisheries in Heist\n","link":"","lat":51.341087,"lon":3.24017,"icon":"/w/images/4/40/Harbor_past.png"}],"imageoverlays":null}
Heist (Geographical coordinates: 51°20'N 3°14'E) is situated at the eastern part of the Belgian coast and has a population of about 12.900 people. It is part of the municipality Knokke-Heist, which next to Heist and Knokke also comprises the villages Ramskapelle, Westkapelle and Duinbergen. From the 13th century onwards, Heist became known as a relatively important fishing place, despite the absence of an actual port. Traditionally, the fishing vessels moored on the beach. Similar to those of Blankenberge, the boats of Heist had a flat bottom, which made it easier to land on and depart from the beach [6].During a first period of fishery activity, which lasted till the end of the 16th century, the fleet of Heist took part in the important and prosperous Flemish herring fisheries. Circa 1525, Heist had around 10 herring busses ('haringbuizen') and 150 fishermen, on a total number of 450 inhabitants [7]. However, due to the religious wars in the second half of the 16th century, this industry vanished in Heist and during the 17th and the first part of the 18th century no active fishermen were reported in this village. With the help of the Austrian government however, the fishing sector in Heist slowly recovered from the second part of the 18th century on [8].This time around, the village focused on fresh fishery with small boats, close to the shore [7].In 1800, 4 of these vessels were counted in Heist. The fleet subsequently grew steadily over the course of the 19th century and in 1905, 60 boats and 234 fishermen were reported [9] (see also graph 1 and 2).
Fig. 1 and 2. Part of the Heist fishing fleet, moored on the beach (Dekeyzer, 1969).
In 1901, Heist even got its own fish auction. The construction and inauguration of the port of Zeebrugge in 1906 eventually halted this flourishing period: more and more ships left Heist for Zeebrugge and after only five years, the Heist fish auction lost its purpose [8] [10]. Eventually, all ships from this town relocated to Zeebrugge. As a result, the typical flat bottomed vessels disappeared in favor of faster ships with keels [6].
Fig. 3. An image of the Heist fish auction, that only existed for a short number of years (Devent, 1989).
Fishing Fleet
As shown on graph 1 and noted above, the fleet of Heist grew subsequently over the course of the 19th century. Fleet data from 1929 onwards are available from the Officieele lijst der visschersvaartuigen documents. In 1940 the last fishing vessels were recorded in Heist. Since then the fishing vessels left Heist and mainly chose Zeebrugge as their home harbor.
Graph 1: Fishing fleet in Heist (Source: 1832-1841: (1866). Rapport de la Commission chargée de faire une enquête sur la situation de la pêche maritime en Belgique. Séance du 17 mai 1866. Chambre des Représentants: Bruxelles. XLII, 75 pp.; 1842-1864: Enquete sur la situation de la peche maritime en belgique instituee par arrete du 20 avril 1865, 1872-1903: ICES Fisheries Statistics = Bulletin Statistique des Pêches Maritimes 1903, 1905: De Zuttere (1909). Enquête sur la pêche maritime en Belgique, 1910: Von Schoen, F. (1912). La pêche maritime de la Belgique, 1928: Officieele lijst der visschersvaartuigen).
Due to the flourishing fishing activities during the 19th century, a lot of people were employed in the fisheries sector in Heist. Graph 2 illustrates the number of fishermen from 1836 until 1907 (De Zuttere, 1909). The number of fishermen grew steadily over the years, together with the increasing number of ships. Heist counted 286 fishermen in 1903.
Graph 2: Number of fishermen in Heist (1836-1909). (Source: De Zuttere, 1909)
Fish shops and restaurants
Several fish restaurants can be found in Heist and the rest of the municipality of Knokke-Heist. For example, located on the seawall of Heist, you can find Restaurant Bartholomeus, which recently received its second Michelin star. Chef Bart Desmidt was born and raised at the Belgian shore and grew up in a family of fishermen: both his grandfather and his uncle were fishermen. He prefers to work with local ingredients, such as polder products and North sea fish [11].
There are several fish shops located in the municipality of Knokke-Heist. (click here for an overview). A fish shop in Heist with a long history is Vishandel Depaepe. It was established in Heist in 1928 by Victor Depaepe and is nowadays managed by a fifth generation of this family. The fish shop purchases its fish at the fish auction of Zeebrugge. Apart from a wide range of North sea fish, customers can also find lobsters from Canada, Norway or the Oosterschelde (Eastern Scheldt) and oysters from Zeeland and Normandy.
Fig. 4 and 5. The fish shop 'Depaepe', then and now (Vishandel Depaepe).
Since 2011, the Flemish Shellfish- and fish cooperation (VSVC) supply, via an exclusive quality label, 'North Sea Life', life brown shrimps and swimming crabs to restaurants and wholesalers. Life shrimps allows chefs to determine how they will prepare the shrimps. Life product forms the base of creative and gastronomic possibilities. The same is true for life swimming crabs. In 2013 a minimum of 200 kilo life brown shrimps were landed each day. Prices for life shrimps are on average 30 percent higher than shrimps cooked on board of the shrimp vessel [12].
In Belgium, the FLAG, also called the 'local group', 'Plaatselijke Groep Belgisch Zeevisserijgebied', is a partnership between socio-economic stakeholders in the fisheries sector, NGOs and public authorities that play a crucial role in the implementation of the proposed development strategy. The lead partner of the Belgian FLAG is the Province of West Flanders. The main focus of the FLAG strategy is to add value to local fisheries products and increase local consumption. Belgian landings represent only 10% of fisheries products consumed in Belgium, leaving the remaining 90% to be met by imports. Therefore there is a considerable potential for discovering and developing local markets. It will also support diversification, innovation, the involvement of women and efforts to promote the sustainable management of the marine environment[13].
Fig. 6. Belgian FLAG area: West Flanders
In 1904 the 'Vrije Visserijschool', the first fisheries school of Heist, opened its doors. Originally, the school only offered theoretical and practical courses on Saturday afternoon and Sunday morning. From 1925 onwards however, it became an evening school for boys aged 13 to 17 years . In 1947, it eventually transformed into a day school. In the same year, another fisheries school appeared in the same town: the 'Rijksvisserijschool De Golfbreker'. 31 years later, in 1978, both fisheries institutes merged into the 'Visserijschool van de Vlaamse gemeenschap', which was later renamed as the 'Provinciaal Maritiem Instituut'. In 2005, the institute in Heist was shut down and all maritime education was centralized in Ostend [14].
Fig. 7. Students learn how to mend nets in the 'Vrije Visserijschool', circa 1930 (Devent, 1989).
Fisheries related activities
Heist's past as a fisheries town is annually commemorated during the 'Vistival', which fits into the 'Dag van de Heistse visserij' (''Day of the Heist fisheries''). The one-day-festival offers an overview of the past, present and future of the fishing industry and invites the visitor to discover how to live from and with the sea, through a wide range of exhibitions and demonstrations [15].
Every year on August 15th, the day of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary into Heaven, the procession 'Stella Maris' moves through the town of Heist in honour of Our Lady, Star of the Sea and recalls the origin of Heist as a fishermen's village. The procession is followed by the Benediction of the Sea, performed by the chaplain of sea fisheries [16] [17].
In 1964, a monument honoring the fishermen of Heist was erected. It was designed by sculptor André Taeckens and represents a fisherman with wife and child. Every year, on the Sunday before the Carnival-festivities in Heist, floral wreaths are deposited at the base of the monument, to commemorate the fishermen who lost their lives at sea [18].
Fig. 8. Image of the procession 'Stella Maris' (© www.knokke-heist.be)
Fig. 9. The fishers monument of Heist (© Sara Hemeleers – www.standbeelden.be)
A fishermen's chapel was built in Heist in 1892 and was renovated in 1992-1994. The altar is devoted to Our Lady, Star of the Sea (Onze-Lieve-Vrouw Ster der Zee or Stella Maris). The chapel is decorated with blue stained glass windows depicting ships and seamen, and votive offerings of life buoys, boats and pictures of fishermen who died at sea [19].
Fig. 10. The fishermen's chapel of Heist in the olden days, when it was still surrounded by sand and dunes (Dekeyzer, 1969).
Fig. 11. The interior of the fishermen's chapel of Heist (© Onze kust / VLIZ (Coppieters), 2007).
Sincfala, the museum of the Zwin area, is located in Heist and devotes an important part of its space to the town's history of fisheries. In a specific section of the museum, the tough daily life of young and old fishermen and their families is portrayed. The museum takes a closer look at, amongst other things, their living conditions, their opportunities for amusement in local bars, the evolution of shipbuilding and what life was like aboard a fishing vessel. In the backyard, the 'O.32 Jessica', an old wooden shrimp boat from the 1930s, is exhibited [20].
Fig. 12. The 'Jessica', an old wooden shrimp boat from the 1930s, which is preserved in the Sincfala museum (© Kneistikrant.be).
↑ 1.0 1.1 Roegiers, B.; Platteau, J.; Van Bogaert, T.; Van Gijseghem, D.; Bekaert, K.; De Bruyne, S.; Delbare, D.; Depestele, J.; Lescrauwaet, A.-K.; Moreau, K.; Polet, H.; Robbens, J.; Vandamme, S.; Van Hoey, G.; Verschueren, B. (2013). VIRA Visserijrapport 2012 Departement Landbouw en Visserij: Brussel. 98 pp.
↑ 2.0 2.1 Lescrauwaet, A.-K. (2013). Belgian fisheries: ten decades, seven seas, forty species: Historical time-series to reconstruct landings, catches, fleet and fishing areas from 1900. PhD Thesis. Ghent University (UGent): Gent. xiii, 242 pp.
↑ Anon. (2008). Strategische Milieubeoordeling van het Nationaal Operationeel Plan voor de Belgische visserijsector, 2007 - 2013. ILVO Visserij: Oostende. 103 pp.
↑ Lescrauwaet, A.-K.; Debergh, H.; Vincx, M.; Mees, J. (2010). Fishing in the past: Historical data on sea fisheries landings in Belgium. Mar. Policy 34(6): 1279-1289. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2010.05.006
↑ Anon. (2011). Europees Visserijfonds (EVF). AS 4: ontwikkelingsstrategie voor het Belgisch kustgebied. Europees Visserijfonds: (s.l.). 33 pp.
↑ 6.0 6.1 Larbouillat, J. (1974). De zeevisserij te Heist. Heemkundig Museum Sincfala: Knokke-Heist. 1-80 pp.
↑ 7.0 7.1 'Evolutie van strand- en kustvisserij' Sincfala – Museum van de Zwinstreek, consulted on february 19th, 2014.
↑ 8.0 8.1 Devent, G. (1989). De Vlaamse zeevisserij. Marc Van de Wiele: Brugge. ISBN 90-6966-061-X. 208 pp.
↑ Desnerck, G.; Desnerck, R. (1974). Vlaamse visserij en vissersvaartuigen: 1. De havens. Gaston Desnerck: Oostduinkerke. 256 pp.
↑ Hovart, P. (1994). 150 jaar zeevisserijbeheer 1830-1980: een analyse van normatieve bronnen. Mededelingen van het Rijksstation voor Zeevisserij (CLO Gent), 235. Rijksstation voor Zeevisserij: Oostende. 317 pp.
↑ Interview with Bart Desmidt, Vlaanderen Vakantieland 2013, consulted on February 20th 2014.
↑ Press release ILVO, 29/05/2013
↑ FLAG factsheet - Belgium - West Flanders
↑ 'Visserijonderwijs', Sincfala – Museum van de Zwinstreek, part of the exhibition Klasgenoten in Heist-aan-zee (2009-2010), consulted on february 19th, 2014
↑ News municipality of Knokke-Heist, Vistival
↑ Benediction of the Sea en Procession 'Stella Maris', Knokke-Heist.be)
↑ Procession 'Stelle Maris', Landelijk Expertisecentrum voor Cultuur van Alledag
↑ Dekeyzer, M. (1969). Heist: van vissersdorp tot badstad. Eddy-Druk: Heist-Duinbergen. 120 pp.
↑ De Inventaris van het Bouwkundig Erfgoed, Visserskapel Heist
↑ Website Museum Sincfala
Retrieved from "http://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Fisheries_in_Heist&oldid=62750"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Show and Tell Meg: WIP Wednesday: Limbs and Pieces Everywhere!
WIP Wednesday: Limbs and Pieces Everywhere!
Well, Birthday Zombie 2.0 is coming right along :) I finished his head yesterday, so all I need to do now is add hair and velcro to call the actual zombie completely done. Now I just have to make his clothes and his rat, lol. I took this opportunity to take some fun pictures this morning.
And of course, I had to take some silly photos. I love that you can turn the eye ball - it's like one of those pictures that is looking right at you no matter where you stand, lol.
Here are all my pieces so far :) As much as I love how these come out, I can't wait to be finished. It feels like they just take absolutely forever. He is pretty cute though.
I also was able to make some progress on my Myrna this weekend. I hadn't touched it since the previous weekend, but when it comes time to go to a family gathering I grab it. My zombie has so many little pieces and parts that I don't want to cart around and chance losing. So, Myrna got some attention :) I've finished the upper back and now I'm just about to start the increases on the right front. I am thrilled to say that I was able to hold up the pieces that I have done and it looks like they will fit great! I was so worried after my first go at this. I will say - my gauge is definitely tighter than the pattern calls for, but it seems to work out so I'm not worried about it. I love that this is such a quick project, and I really can't wait to give it more undeterred time.
So, that's all around these parts this week :) Head over to Tami's Amis' Blog to see what others are cooking up!
That zombie is all kinds of awesome!


text:
Digital Camera Home > Photo Software > TECHnik's nik Sharpener
NEVER A DULL MOMENT
TECHnik's nik Sharpener
Review Date: August 2001
There are two kinds of people in this world: those who use Unsharp Masking and those who've never heard of it. Once you understand it, you won't be without it.
It's so important, in fact, that you'll probably find it everywhere: in your camera, your scanner software and your image editing program.
But unless you're mathematically inclined, you're not liable to have much confidence using it. Until today, that is. Because today, we're introducing you to nik Sharpener, a plug-in from TECHnik (http://www.tech-nik.com/) that handles it with style, smarts and elegance.
But first, what is Unsharp Masking?
THE DEVIL DEFINED
A blurred image suffers poorly defined, soft edges. This can, to some extent, be corrected, by sandwiching a soft mask of an image (made by exposing a sheet of film through the original negative with a glass plate in between, creating a positive but blurred image with no fine detail) with the original image. The final image enjoys the detail of the negative and the more uniform density modulated by the mask. A sharper image, in short.
This technique translates very well to and enjoys some enhancement in the digital darkroom where the edge areas can be mathematically discovered and extended by any factor at all with the effect reined in by yet another variable.
The trick is to effectively calculate these three variables to improve the image. We should probably say to sharpen the image because the image may be just fine until you reproduce it (on press or on your printer). The mechanics of reproduction introduce some blur. USM hedges your bet against that.
Using USM isn't easy but it's always worth the trouble. And after resizing an image, it's essential. Although it is often harmful to apply it too early in the editing process (in camera, say) and almost always fatal to do it twice (you can overdo it).
Your image editor may define them differently, but the three variables are commonly called Amount, Radius and Threshold.
Amount, a percentage, is simply the change in exposure or density you want. Radius, in pixels, is how wide a swath you want to affect around the presumed edge. And Threshold is the cutoff level for determining what an edge is (zero means all pixels get sharpened, which can create noise).
Dave's USM
Mike's USM
Common superstition suggests using an Amount between 150 and 200 percent, a Radius between 1 and 2 pixels and a Threshold between 2 and 20. But on a recent Jerry Springer episode, Dave confessed he likes to go crazy with 300 percent, 0.3 pixels and 1. And Mike (later on Nightline) revealed he likes to slide between 20/40/60 percent with a Radius of 1.5 pixels and a Threshold of 0.
If you're going to press (where USM is not optional), conventional wisdom is to use an Amount of 100 percent with a 1 pixel Radius and a Threshold of 4 for an offset press. Alternately, you can try an Amount of 200 percent with a pixel Radius of 0.5 to 0.7 and a Threshold of 4. Keep the Amount at 200 percent and the Threshold at 4 but modify the pixel Radius to 1 for newsprint on a web press.
This is, strictly speaking, oversimplifying. Each image likes its own USM tweak. And you should always consult your printer (they know what works best on their presses) for recommended USM values.
In addition to the image itself, these superstitions ignore some other very important factors: the resolution of the image, the quality of the output and how far away the image will be viewed.
If you're getting the feeling the very same image might be sharpened quite differently for printing or displaying on the Web, you're getting the message. How much USM to apply to any given image is directly related to output, not the inherent quality of the image.
NIK SHARPENER
Enter nik Sharpener. This Adobe plug-in uses artificial intelligence to scan the image, set the variables, provide you with easy-to-use controls to adjust its settings, gives thorough feedback and is quick and resource efficient. It protects the image from oversharpening, safeguards anti-aliased type and avoids hue shifts (which typically require you to convert your image to LAB mode and do USM on the luminosity channel only). In short, it doesn't just make it easy to use USM, it makes it easy to optimize USM.
The plug-in runs under Mac OS and Windows 95/98/NT. TECHnik recommends 32-MB RAM (modest, considering image editors today like 64-MB). Sharpener runs under any program that conforms to the Adobe plug-in architecture, including Photoshop, Illustrator, Corel Photo-Paint and Corel Draw.
Installation is so simple we almost screwed it up. Just copy the folder of filters to the Filters folder of your Plug-ins folder. Do it right and you'll see a set of options fly out from the nik Sharpener option in your Filters menu.
The options you see depend on which version of the program you buy. The Pro version has seven options: color laser (autoscan or not), inkjet (autoscan or not), Internet (autoscan), offset press (autoscan or not). But these options are a bit more generic than they might seem. You can, for example, use the Internet option when the output device is unknown and if you are printing on a black and white laser printer, the manual suggests which inkjet or offset settings to use.
We always recommend working on a copy of your original image. Think of the original as a musical score which can be interpreted in performance many different ways. Keep an archival copy of that score so you can perform it later in a different way.
But when you are done editing your image (crop, final size, color correction, etc.) for any particular "performance," it's time to sharpen.
Your Options May Vary
Just select the appropriate filter and the plug-in will present a dialog box.
If you select an option that autoscans, Sharpener Pro analyzes the image before displaying the dialog box.
Autoscan determines the type of image source (slides, digicam images, scans, etc.) and the "real" resolution of the image (which TECHnik defines as the level of detail in the image, regardless of the number of pixels, expressed as a number between 1 and 500 and usually between 90 and 250). Sharpener will sharpen the image differently based on the quality autoscan detects.
One of the most valuable benefits of autoscan is learning whether or not the image has sufficient detail (not to be confused with sufficient quality) to print. A lot goes into this calculation: image content, resolution, printer type and distance viewed.
And some things get tossed out: up to three scratches, for example (which could skew the sharpening).
A small text window at the bottom of the dialog box gives you instant feedback on what Sharpener Pro has found, its USM settings and any pertinent warnings. You can easily adjust the sliders to alter the effect.
Sharpener's interface displays from one to several sliders alongside a zoomable image preview.
The image preview, warns president and developer Nils Kokemohr, is "a bit of a contradiction." You can't, he notes, evaluate sharpening for print output based on screen appearance. But as a relative indicator of the various settings, it's useful.
The settings (which vary by filter) include:
Print Width (determined from the image settings).
Print Height (determined from the image settings).
Image Source (set automatically during autoscan). APS film, small to large transparencies and slides, low- to high-end digicams, low- to high-end scans. For digicam users, a low-range setting applies to images under one million pixels; mid-range to images of one to two million pixels; and high-end to two to 4.2 million pixels (above which, TECHnik recommends using the larger slide/transparency settings).
Image Quality. Bad, below average, average, above average and good. Burred images and images with little detail are sharpened differently than images with fine detail.
Printer. An important setting to describe your output device. TECHnik warns that the Radius for a 360x360 dpi inkjet printer is about 10 times that of a 600x600 dpi color laser printer. So don't skip this setting.
Printer Quality. Bad, below average, average, above average and good. Inkjet print quality can vary tremendously (Fast or Best quality, type of paper, etc.). This slider accommodates that variation very nicely.
Our single complaint (OK, it's just a sigh) about Sharpener is that it doesn't remember our settings. You can save and load settings in the Pro version but we'd just like it to remember them. No big deal, really, but we're spoiled. If we tell the inkjet filter that our printer is a 600x600 dpi printer, we don't think we should have to load and save a setting.
VIEWING DISTANCE
The factor most often missing from most output calculations is the distance at which the image will be viewed. Sharpener Pro doesn't make that mistake.
It does however, make it a little obscure. There are five settings: Book, Small Box, Large Box, Small Poster and Large Poster. We prefer to think of them as a scale of 1 to 5 from Near By to Far Away.
Meet Anna, John and Zap (he's the dude in the shades). They're "styles" of sharpening in the Pro version that range from the modest to the radical. Well, more radical than modest, at least. The real function of these "personalities" is to let you nudge the program in a direction you, personally, are comfortable with. We tend to prefer Anna, as a general rule. Most of our friends, we suspect, would prefer Zap.
We're not showing you screen shots of these various settings for a reason. The test of proper sharpening is how it works on the print, not the screen. (But we do have a comparison of screen sharpening below.)
Sharpener Pro's artificial intelligence can apply USM settings selectively. Not all edges are edges. Sharpening foliage or a beach of pebbles can obscure the real subject of an image. Tiles, checkerboard patterns and fences, likewise.
Sharpener Pro also includes a hue protection process to minimize color changes (artifacting) that can occur during USM.
And it sports anti-aliasing protection to miraculously avoid confusing anti-aliased edges (commonly employed to render fonts) with blurred ones.
You can control how long Sharpener Pro spends sharpening with the "accelerator" button. It's quick enough that you needn't accelerate it when sharpening individual images, but if you are batch processing a group of images, running Sharpening in accelerated mode will get good results quickly.
You can record the nik Sharpener filter in a Photoshop Action to subsequently batch process a group of images. TECHnik suggests using the Autoscan Internet filter (which sharpens independently of output) to get both a safe and effective effect for large numbers of images in the shortest period of time.
Help is very nicely integrated into the plug-in. It even restricts itself to discussing the filter you've selected.
Are you sitting down? The Pro version runs $329.95 while the Standard version is $129.95. The Standard version, in our less-than-humble opinion, lacks too many important features to satisfy us as either a consumer or prosumer product. TECHnik does, fortunately, offer the Pro Internet Autoscan filter with its Inkjet filters for $199.95. If it was up to us, it would be bundled with every digicam.
So how has Sharpener Pro done in the few months we've used it?
First, we haven't been sharpening for offset printing around here lately. We're sharpening for monitor display (the Web) and for prints (both inkjet and dye sub). If you try the shortcuts above, you'll see the modest but noticeable improvement we look for in our images. But we generally don't sharpen digicam images unless we change size. Then we always do it, inertia or no.
Internet/Autoscan 'John'
Well, we took this 463x636-pixel scan of a kid clowning around and prepped it to send via email (Web quality here). We asked Sharpener to work its autoscanning Internet magic and it came up with a setting for each of its personalities (the only setting in the dialog box) that we would never have divined.
In all of the following cases Sharpener Pro figured the Real Resolution Index of the image at 171.
Anna produced a lovely effect with a sharpening Radius of 0.147 or 0.4194 pixel. John came in politely but a little sharper with a Radius of 0.184 or 0.5242 pixel. Zap came in with a loud thud using a Radius of 0.211 or 0.6028 pixel. Comparing Sharpener's results to those of our suggested ones above confirmed Sharpener is operating at a different level of sophistication.
Using just the Inkjet Autoscan filter and a 600x600 printer setting with "good" printer quality (the highest setting) and "book" eye distance with an Anna personality, we got a Radius of 0.260 or 0.7422 pixel.
The same settings without Autoscan yielded a Radius of 0.090 or 0.2579 pixel. No printing information was available without Autoscan, but Sharpener added the Image Source slider (small slide).
We obviously got a bit of USM culture shock leaving things in nik Sharpener's hands. But both our screen images and print images weren't just sharper, they were etched and polished without degrading anti-aliased type overlays or creating color artifacts. Had it been developed in a different era, who knows, the f64 Group (who prided themselves on the sharpness of their images) might have called themselves the nikNacks. We're content just to call ourselves lucky to have found nik Sharpener.


Pack of 10 felt squares 23cm / 9 inch pack of purple shades 30% wool 70% synthetic. 30% wool 70% synthetic. Conformity: Manufactured to comply with: toy Trade standards EN71 parts 1, 2 and 3. BS5665 parts 1 and 2.


Mariemont High School is a public high school located in Mariemont, Ohio, a wealthy suburb of Cincinnati, and part of the Mariemont City School District. Mariemont High School is known for its high academic standards. Dr. James Renner is the principal of the school and Tom Crosby is the vice principal of the school. Mariemont has been a Blue Ribbon School of Excellence four separate times. The years include 1984-85, 1988-89, 2001-02 and 2004-05. Mariemont is the first to receive this award four times in the state of Ohio and the fourth nation wide.
Mariemont offers a college preparatory curriculum with well over 90 percent of graduates each year going to an accredited college or university. Mariemont offers basic courses in such areas as Maths, English, Science, Social Studies and Foreign Languages namely Latin, German, Spanish and French as well as a wide array of elective classes. The Technology department is particularly strong. Mariemont has a seven bell school day. Mariemont offers primarily college preparatory classes but also has advanced placement, foundations and special education classes.
Mariemont offers a wide array of extra curricular activities for the student body. The participation fee for these groups is generally free or very inexpensive. Many members of the student body participate. Some extra curriculars include Latin club, Latin quiz team, string orchestra, world affairs and literary magazine, environmental club, key club, Spanish, leadership council, National Honors Society, book club, academic team, mock trial and many more. Mariemont is part of CHL, the Cincinnati Hills League. The mission of Mariemont School is to provide an environment in which all students will acquire the necessary skills to become responsible thinkers who appreciate diversity and are productive citizens in their community.


This Sterling Silver 7mm Milgrain Wedding Band, literally translated to mean a thousand grains, holds a spectacular design that is unlike other wedding bands. It is traditional yet refined, drawing on inspiration from a centuries-old technique to create a decorative design in the precious metal.
At 7mm wide, this wedding band is a perfect size to announce the vows you have entered into with your soul mate. It is carefully designed as a comfort fit band, which you can see from the rounded-edge treatment on the sides of the ring. The surface edge of the ring is ornamented with a design reminiscent of tiny grains of sand to symbolize how life is made up of countless moments to be remembered and cherished forever. The ring is composed of the finest sterling silver (.925) and buffed to a high polish to bring out its lovely silver color and reflective surface.


Despite High Definition Digital Versatile Disc HD-DVD) being the original DVD Forum approved successor to the DVD format, it was ultimately doomed, eventually consigned to history by the rival Blu-ray Disk (BD) technology.
Originally called Advanced Optical Disc (AOD), the technology's basic format specifications were developed and proposed jointly by Toshiba and NEC. These define an optical disc that uses state-of-the-art blue-violet laser technology to enable extremely large-capacity recordings and high speed data transfer rates. Although primarily designed as a high-definition consumer video recording format, its very high storage capacities and high-speed data transfer rates also make HD-DVD suitable for storage libraries and ultimately other applications.
An HD-DVD disc has the same physical size as a DVD, but has higher data and track densities that give it between roughly three to six times the storage capacity of a standard 4.7GB DVD-R. This feat is made possible using a 405nm blue-violet laser, actually violet-purple, and an optical pickup head with a 0.65 numerical aperture (NA) lens. Because a blue-violet light laser has a shorter wavelength than the red light's 650nm, used in CD and DVD systems, it allows the laser beam to make a smaller spot on the disc surface. With each bit of data taking up less space on the disc, more data can be stored on a 4.7in disc.
(For comparison with the light wavelengths depicted above, a human hair averages around 100,000nm thick).
The HD-DVD format offered significantly less capacity than the Blu-ray technology, using low-bit-rate encoding technology such as MPEG-4 to store 9GB of high-definition video content onto a dual-layer DVD. However, HD-DVD's big advantage over the rival Blu-ray Disc format is that it is compatible with the current generation of red laser DVD discs, enabling HD-DVD to play DVD discs without problem.
Today's DVD is a widely accepted and very reliable data storage and delivery system. The 1.2mm thick disc has the data placed in the middle of a protective outer layer of transparent plastic. HD-DVD has built on this tried and trusted format by adopting the same physical disc parameters. Compatibility with the current generation of red laser DVD discs enables HD-DVD systems to play DVD discs without problem. This was not the case for Blu-ray systems.
Indeed, NEC had developed the technology required to record and read both current and next-generation DVDs with a single optical head that combined both blue and red lasers as early as the end of 2003. Furthermore, the transition required by equipment manufacturers and disc replicators alike is a relatively simple one, tests having demonstrated that it was possible to change over an HD-DVD production line to conventional DVD replication in less than five minutes.
HD-DVD drives used state of the art signal processing – partial response and maximum likelihood PRML – to minimise noise problems resulting from playing high-density data. In addition to DVD's MPEG-2, they also recognised both MPEG-4 AVC and VC-1, allowing image data to be compressed to about one-third the size achieved by MPEG-2.
As originally specified, HD-DVD had a single layer capacity of 15GB and a dual-layer capacity of 30GB. In the spring of 2005, Toshiba announced a 45GB triple-layer. The DVD Forum had originally defined the standard for a single-sided, single-layer HD DVD-Rewritable disc with 20GB capacity, sufficient capacity for about 5.5 hours of HD content. In early 2004, Toshiba announced plans to develop a 32GB dual-layer rewritable disc.
Alternative architectures include the combination disc, in which one side may be a conventional DVD-9 and the other a dual layer HD-DVD. This offers a single inventory product for retailers and a future-proof acquisition for consumers. The format also allows for hybrid, twin format discs, in which the layer closest to the pick-up head is reflective to red and transparent to blue-violet light. With this structure, a conventional DVD video player sees the disc as a normal DVD-5, while the blue laser penetrates the first layer to read the HD-DVD data behind.
a single-sided, dual-layer HD DVD-ROM/DVD-ROM hybrid disc, coupling a DVD layer that meets the specification for current DVD disc with a capacity of 4.7GB, and an HD-DVD layer with a capacity of 15GB.
a double-sided, dual-layer HD-DVD ROM/DVD-ROM hybrid disc, which effectively bonds together a 0.6mm thick dual-layer HD-DVD ROM disc with 30GB capacity, and a 0.6-mm thick dual-layer DVD-ROM disc with an 8.5GB capacity.
However, HD-DVD by then was losing ground to Blu-ray. Despite late support thrown in by Microsoft and Intel in 2005, it was looking bleak. Toshiba continued efforts up until autumn 2007, finally having their long heralded triple layer HD-DVD approved for the HD-DVD specification. This brought HD-DVD up to 51GB capacity, finally matching Blu-rays 50GB dual layer disks – but by then, Blu-ray's triple layer plans already promised 75GB storage.
The writing was on the wall. Less than a year later, the DVD Forum was forced to admit that their HD-DVD technology was not going to compete with Blu-ray. Finally, in the autumn of 2008, HD-DVD was discontinued by all involved.


text:
module Restforce

  module DB

    # Restforce::DB::RecordCache serves as a means of caching the collections of
    # recently-updated database and Salesforce instances for passed mappings.
    # The general goal is to avoid making repetitive Salesforce API calls or
    # database queries, and ensure a consistent list of objects during a
    # synchronization run.
    class RecordCache

      # Public: Initialize a new Restforce::DB::RecordCache.
      def initialize
        reset
      end

      # Public: Iterate through the recently-updated instances of the specified
      # type for the passed mapping. Memoizes the records if the collection has
      # not previously been cached.
      #
      # mapping     - A Restforce::DB::Mapping.
      # record_type - A Symbol naming a mapping record type. Valid values are
      #               :salesforce_record_type or :database_record_type.
      # options     - A Hash of options to pass to `all` (optional).
      #
      # Returns an Array of Restforce::DB::Instances::Base.
      def collection(mapping, record_type, options = {})
        return cached_value(mapping, record_type) if cached?(mapping, record_type)
        cache(mapping, record_type, mapping.send(record_type).all(options))
      end

      # Public: Reset the cache. Should be invoked between runs to ensure that
      # new options are respected.
      #
      # Returns nothing.
      def reset
        @cache = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = {} }
      end

      private

      # Internal: Store the supplied value in the cache for the passed mapping
      # and record type.
      #
      # mapping     - A Restforce::DB::Mapping.
      # record_type - A Symbol naming a mapping record type. Valid values are
      #               :salesforce_record_type or :database_record_type.
      #
      # Returns the cached value.
      def cache(mapping, record_type, value)
        @cache[record_type][key_for(mapping)] = value
      end

      # Internal: Get the cached collection for the passed mapping and record
      # type.
      #
      # mapping     - A Restforce::DB::Mapping.
      # record_type - A Symbol naming a mapping record type. Valid values are
      #               :salesforce_record_type or :database_record_type.
      #
      # Returns nil or an Array.
      def cached_value(mapping, record_type)
        @cache[record_type][key_for(mapping)]
      end

      # Internal: Have we cached a collection for the passed mapping and record
      # type?
      #
      # mapping     - A Restforce::DB::Mapping.
      # record_type - A Symbol naming a mapping record type. Valid values are
      #               :salesforce_record_type or :database_record_type.
      #
      # Returns a Boolean.
      def cached?(mapping, record_type)
        !cached_value(mapping, record_type).nil?
      end

      # Internal: Get a unique key with enough information to look up the passed
      # mapping in the cache. Scopes the mapping by its current list of
      # conditions.
      #
      # mapping - A Restforce::DB::Mapping.
      #
      # Returns an Object.
      def key_for(mapping)
        [mapping, mapping.conditions]
      end

    end

  end

end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


OWCareers is very advanced and the best job portal in Philippines and the world that publishes thousands of jobs every day from different functions, countries and seniority levels. Here, you can find jobs in Manila, Quezon City, Budta and many other cities in Philippines. It is World's first career portal that introduced Automatic Job Application and Virtual Assistant for job search - by subscribing these services, you don't need to apply on jobs by yourself, our system shall make job applications on your behalf with perfect reporting.


GTA V publishers Rockstar Games have just announced on their Facebook page that tomorrow (July 9th) we will see the release of some GTA V gameplay footage.
This will be the first time that GTA V fans will see any gameplay footage that they have been clamouring for since the game's announcement in 2011.
The much-anticipated game has had a character trailer for each of the 3 protagonists, a tonne of screen-shots and of course the initial teaser trailer as the promotional tools for the latest instalment in the Grand Theft Auto series.
The fifth Grand Theft Auto game is due to be released on September 17th for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. A PC version will most likely be released months after the September 17th date.
Will the video live up to everyone's standards? Do you think it will reveal much insight into the game? Or will it just be a slideshow of screenshots? Let us know what you think in the comments section below.


The Narendra Modi government is constantly undermining the Parliament and it is a serious threat to the democratic structure of our country, CPI (M) General Secretary Sitaram Yechury said on Sunday.
Yechury was in neighbouring Navi Mumbai to hold a meeting of the state's party workers.
"In Uttar Pradesh elections, Modi promised loan waiver.
His candidate for Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath is imposing bans on slaughter houses and his party workers are talking about Hindu majority ruling the state. This is the real face of the BJP, as they talk about one thing but after winning, do exactly the opposite," claimed Yechury.
The senior CPI(M) leader alleged that "from 2014 summer, the Modi government is pushing for the Hindu ideology." "And it is threatening minorities with a clear message that they are not going to be equal in his idea of India.
Besides disrupting the social fabric, the government is also threatening the democratic procedures. It is constantly undermining the Parliament.
"The way 40 bills have been cleared recently by showing them as money bill, the BJP government has once again demonstrated its unparliamentary style," he further alleged.


text:
package commands

import (
	"log"
	"os"

	"github.com/containerd/continuity"
	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
)

var ApplyCmd = &cobra.Command{
	Use:   "apply <root> [<manifest>]",
	Short: "Apply the manifest to the provided root",
	Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
		root, path := args[0], args[1]

		p, err := os.ReadFile(path)
		if err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("error reading manifest: %v", err)
		}

		m, err := continuity.Unmarshal(p)
		if err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("error unmarshaling manifest: %v", err)
		}

		ctx, err := continuity.NewContext(root)
		if err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("error getting context: %v", err)
		}

		if err := continuity.ApplyManifest(ctx, m); err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("error applying manifest: %v", err)
		}
	},
}


Till 1.05.1920 Solombaka station operated (64°35'N, 40°30'E). Since 1.05.1920 - ARHANGEL'SK station (9 km SE from ARHANGEL'SK). Moved 1.7 km eastward on 12.11.1963.
9. 22583 KOINAS (RUSSIA) 64°45' 47°39' 63 1912 Moved from the center of the settlement to its SE outskirts in 1924.
16. 23146 MYS KAMENNY (RUSSIA) 68°28' 73°35' 2 1950 Status of the station was changed to "supplementary" in 1994.
17. 23205 NAR'JAN-MAR (RUSSIA) 67°38' 53°02' 5 1926 Moved : 24.06.1927 2 km eastward, 26.08.1941 2 km south-westards, 11.1947 1 km eastwards.
19. 23405 UST'-CIL'MA (RUSSIA) 65°26' 52°16' 78 1892 Moved : 10.1933 7 km westward, 22.08.1950 3 km eastward.
22. 23631 BEREZOVO (RUSSIA) 63°56' 65°03' 27 1936 Moved : in 10.1969 2 km to SSW, 30.06.1983 1.5 km to SW.
23. 23711 TROICKO-PECHERSKOE (RUSSIA) 62°42' 56°12' 135 1888 From 02.1888 to 10.1892 located on the left bank of Pechora river, 10.1892 moved 1 km south-eastwards, 07.1901 moved back. 4.08.1932 moved 2.5 km away to the western part of the settlement, 12.07.1940 moved 3 km SE-wards to the airport, 4.03.1960 moved 1 km Easwards, 20.04.1965 moved 8 km Northwards.
25. 23804 SYKTYVKAR (RUSSIA) 61°40' 50°52' 116 1888 In 02.1950 moved from the town to SYKTYVKAR airport.
26. 23849 SURGUT (RUSSIA) 61°15' 73°30' 55 1884 Moved : 10.07.1939 by 4.5-5 km eastwards, 25.12.1961 moved by 1.5 km WNW, closed in 1984.
27. 23884 BOR (RUSSIA) 61°36' 90°01' 62 1936 Moved : 15.10.1957 by 1.5 km eastwards, 20.10.1976 by 2.5 km SEwards.
30. 23933 HANTY-MANSIJSK (RUSSIA) 61°01' 69°07' 46 1892 HANTY-MANSIJSK (SAMAROVO) with coordinates 60°58'-69°04' till March 1960. From 25.06.1961 to 20.09.2006 coordinates 61°01'-69°02'. Since 20.09.2006 coords: 61°01'-69°07'.
31. 23955 ALEKSANDROVSKOE (RUSSIA) 60°26' 77°52' 47 1936 Moved : 29.09.1954 1.5 km NW, 1.07.1959 3 km NW.
32. 24125 OLENEK (RUSSIA) 68°30' 112°26' 217 1936 Moved 06.1965 2 km ENE.
33. 24266 VERHOJANSK (RUSSIA) 67°34' 133°24' 136 1885 Moved : 30.10.1940 1.5 km NNE, 27.04.1947 2.5 km SSE to the airport, 06.09.1999 2.5-3 km SW.
34. 24343 ZHIGANSK (RUSSIA) 66°46' 123°24' 88 1936 Moved 4.09.1957 1 km NW.
35. 24507 TURA (RUSSIA) 64°16' 100°14' 188 1928 Moved 25.07.1962 500 m NE.
36. 24641 VILJUJSK (RUSSIA) 63°47' 121°37' 110 1898 Moved 10.11.1956 1 km SE.
38. 24738 SUNTAR (RUSSIA) 62°09' 117°39' 131 1936 Moved : 21.09.1960 1.5 km NE, 10.09.1973 2.5 km N.
41. 24944 OLEKMINSK (RUSSIA) 60°24' 120°25' 223 1882 Moved 1.5 km in 01.1945.
42. 24951 ISIT' (RUSSIA) 60°49' 125°19' 117 1936 Moved : 3.10.1942 7 km SW, 4.09.1945 moved back, 16.10.2002 1.5 km WNW.
43. 24959 JAKUTSK (RUSSIA) 62°01' 129°43' 98 1888 Moved NW: 3 km in 10.1930, 700-800 m in 01.11.1964 .
44. 24966 UST'-MAJYA (RUSSIA) 60°23' 134°27' 169 1897 Not worked from 1914 to 1925. In 1925 moved 7 km SW (to Petropavlovskoye). 1.10.1930 moved back. 15.09.1943 moved to Charan (former Petropavlovskoye).
45. 25173 MYS SHMIDTA (RUSSIA) 68°54' 180°38' 2 1936 Moved 7 km E in 1953.
46. 25551 MARKOVO (RUSSIA) 64°41' 170°25' 25 1894 Moved 25 km E in 1940, in 10.1942 moved back to MARKOVO.
47. 25563 ANADYR' (RUSSIA) 64°47' 177°34' 64 1898 Moved : 5km SW in 1913. Moved back on 1.12.1935.
48. 25594 BUHTA PROVIDENJA (RUSSIA) 64°25' 186°46' 25 1936 Moved to the region of airport on the opposite bank of the river in 1938. Moved to township Ureliky in 1940. Moved to the airport Provideniya in 2002.
49. 25703 SEYMCHAN (RUSSIA) 62°55' 152°25' 206 1936 Moved 1.5 km N in 12.1941.
50. 25744 KAMENSKOE (RUSSIA) 62°29' 166°13' 10 1950 Moved 7 km NE 13.07.1964 (to 62°26'-166°05'), moved 7 km SW 11.2002.
51. 25913 MAGADAN (RUSSIA) 59°33' 150°47' 115 1936 Moved 1.7 km SE 17.02.1937.
53. 26038 TALLINN (ESTONIJA) 59°23' 24°35' 34 1936 Moved within the area of airport.
54. 26063 ST.PETERSBURG (VOEJKOVO) (RUSSIA) 59°58' 30°18' 3 1881 Moved 5 km NNW in 07.1933.
55. 26188 VERB'E (RUSSIA) 58°41' 32°42' 116 1936 Closed in 08.1986.
56. 26231 PYARNU (ESTONIJA) 58°22' 24°30' 8 1936 Moved 2 km SSE 7.11.1947.
57. 26258 PSKOV (RUSSIA) 57°49' 28°20' 43 1936 Moved : 2.8 km NNW in 08.1944, 3.7 km SSW in 06.1957.
58. 26406 LIEPAJA (LATVIJA) 56°29' 21°01' 7 1881 Moved 5 km SSE on 5.07.1961.
60. 26477 VELIKIE LUKY (RUSSIA) 56°21' 30°37' 97 1881 In 1921 moved S to mill. 07.1924 moved to the town, in 12.1933 moved 10 km NNE, in 02.1946 moved to village Zimari 5 km NNE from the town. 09.1946 moved 2 km SSW.
61. 26629 KAUNAS (LITVA) 54°53' 23°50' 77 1922 Moved 6 km E on 26.05.1955.
63. 26730 VILNIUS (LITVA) 54°38' 25°06' 156 1881 Moved 3 km NE on 14.12.1953. Closed 30.05.1964. Since 1964 - aviation meteorological stattion VILNIUS.
66. 27037 VOLOGDA (RUSSIA) 59°19' 39°55' 125 1938 Moved 2 km S on 15.09.1959.
67. 27199 KIROV (RUSSIA) 58°36' 49°38' 157 1881 Moved : 17.11.1936 1 km SW, 15.02.1957 1 km SW, 01.01.1993 4.3 km SW.
68. 27333 KOSTROMA (RUSSIA) 57°44' 40°51' 125 1925 Moved 1.09.1992 10 km WSW to village Koriakovo.
69. 27459 Nizhny Novgorod(RUSSIA) 56°16' 44°00' 161 1881 Moved 05.1922 2-3 km SE, 07.1932 7 km SSW .
70. 27595 KAZAN' (RUSSIA) 55°44' 49°12' 116 1881 Till 11.1925 KAZAN' (University), 55°47' - 49°08'. Since 11.1925 KAZAN' (basic).
74. 27947 TAMBOV (RUSSIA) 52°44' 41°28' 160 1936 Moved : 24.09.1948 6 km NE, 15.05.1962 8 km N.
78. 28275 TOBOL'SK (RUSSIA) 58°09' 68°15' 49 1884 Closed in 1957. 19.06.1957 - resumed.
79. 28411 Izhevsk (RUSSIA) 56°50' 53°27' 155 1958 Moved : 30.10.1974 10 km E, 25.07.1977 1.4 km NE.
80. 28434 KRASNOUFIMSK (RUSSIA) 56°39' 57°47' 205 1936 Moved 5.11.1956 6 km N.
82. 28493 TARA (RUSSIA) 56°54' 74°23' 73 1936 Moved in 10.1951 5 km SW.
83. 28661 KURGAN (RUSSIA) 55°28' 65°24' 73 1893 Moved : in 1940 5 km E, in 08.1942 2 km NE, in 06.1976 1.65 km NNW, in 06.1994 1.5 km SSW.
84. 28679 PETROPAVLOVSK (KAZAKHSTAN) 54°50' 69°09' 142 1890 Moved 31.12.1935 6 km NE, 24.11.1936 8 km SSW.
85. 28698 OMSK (RUSSIA) 55°01' 73°23' 121 1916 From 1916 to 06.1934 station OMSK. Since 1935 - OMSK, steppe's.
87. 28900 SAMARA (RUSSIA) 53°15' 50°13' 136 1936 Moved 1.02.1940 8 km E.
88. 28952 KOSTANAY (KAZAKHSTAN) 53°13' 63°37' 170 1902 Moved 04.1933 7 km SE.
89. 29231 KOLPASEVO (RUSSIA) 58°18' 82°53' 75 1936 Moved 1947 г. 2 km E.
90. 29263 ENISEJSK (RUSSIA) 58°27' 92°09' 77 1884 Till 1915 moved 15 times without changes in coordinates.
91. 29282 BOGUCANY (RUSSIA) 58°23' 97°27' 131 1930 Moved 09.12.1960 2 km NW.
92. 29430 TOMSK (RUSSIA) 56°30' 84°55' 141 1881 Moved 18.04.1934 3 km away.
94. 29612 BARABINSK (RUSSIA) 55°20' 78°22' 119 1990 Moved : 31.05.1939 2-.2.5 km N, 20.10.1949 4 km SW.
95. 29698 NIZNEUDINSK (RUSSIA) 54°53' 99°02' 410 1940 NIZNEUDINSK - aviation meteorological station till 04.1964, after that - aerological station.
97. 29838 BARNAUL (RUSSIA) 53°26' 83°31' 183 1959 Moved in 12.09.1970 8 km W.
98. 29866 MINUSINSK (RUSSIA) 53°43' 91°42' 254 1910 Moved 25.06.1990 800 m NW.
100. 30230 KIRENSK (RUSSIA) 57°46' 108°04' 256 1892 Moved : in 11.1909 1500 m E, in 06.1931 to the bank of river Lena, 15.08.1933 to the right bank of Lena. In 09.1940 established aviation meteostation 2.5-3 km away on the left bank of Lena, in 07.1942 moved 1500 m SSE (right bank).
102. 30372 CHARA (RUSSIA) 56°54' 118°16' 709 1938 Moved : 09.1949 1 km NE (56°55' - 118°22'), 01.01.1969 1 km SW.
103. 30393 CHUL'MAN (RUSSIA) 56°50' 124°52' 855 1936 Moved : 12.09.1940 1 km S, 1.01.1966 6 km N (to the airport), in 09.1987 3 km N.
104. 30521 JIGALOVO (RUSSIA) 54°48' 105°10' 416 1937 Moved : 07.09.1967 3 km, 03.10.2001 3 km WNW.
106. 30636 BARGUZIN (RUSSIA) 53°37' 109°38' 488 1898 Moved : in 03.1936 1 km NW, in 1952 2 km W.
107. 30673 MOGOCHA (RUSSIA) 53°45' 119°44' 624 1910 Moved in 1937 1 km NW.
108. 30692 SKOVORODINO (RUSSIA) 54°00' 123°58' 397 1912 Moved : in 11.1932 3 km NE.
110. 30758 CHITA (RUSSIA) 52°05' 113°29' 671 1890 Moved : 24.03.1955 3 km N. Previous coordinates: 52°03'-113°29'.
111. 30777 SRETENSK (RUSSIA) 52°14' 117°42' 528 1936 Moved in 06.1941 2.5 km SSW.
112. 30823 ULAN-UDE (RUSSIA) 51°50' 107°36' 514 1886 Moved : in 08.1901 1 km NW, in 04.1919 3-5 km SE, in 11.1934 3 km NW, in 06.1942 10-15 km WSW. Not worked in 1943-1946. In 1953 moved 1.5 km SW.
115. 30965 BORZYA (RUSSIA) 50°24' 116°31' 675 1901 Moved in 05.1953 1.2 km NNE.
118. 31168 AYAN (RUSSIA) 56°27' 138°09' 6 1931 In 10.1937 moved downhill.
119. 31253 BOMNAK (RUSSIA) 54°43' 128°52' 365 1909 In 17.04.1996 moved 7 km away.
121. 31369 NIKOLAEVSK-NA-AMURE (RUSSIA) 53°09' 140°42' 67 1881 Moved : till 1909 located in the town, in 10.1909 moved 0.5 km N, 17.06.1949 3 km W (to the airport), 22.07.1987 1 km NNW.
125. 31532 CHEKUNDA (RUSSIA) 50°52' 132°15' 271 1936 In 04.1979 moved 7 km up along river Bureya.
131. 31909 TERNEY (RUSSIA) 45°00' 136°36' 51 1923 Moved : in 1940 г. 4 km, in 12.1975 5 km away from the coast.
133. 31960 VLADIVOSTOK (RUSSIA) 43°48' 131°56' 187 1917 Moved 17.02.1959 2 km E.
134. 32061 ALEKSANDROVSK-SAHALINSKIJ (RUSSIA) 50°54' 142°10' 30 1881 In 01.1893 moved 2 km N, in 12.1960 2 km N.
136. 32165 YUJNO-KURIL'SK (RUSSIA) 44°01' 145°52' 44 1947 Moved 1.01.1957 5 km E.
139. 32583 PETROPAVLOVSK-KAMCHATSKY (RUSSIA) 52°59' 158°39' 32 1894 Moved 01.04.1946 2 km S.
140. 32564 OKTYABR'SKAY (RUSSIA) 52°50' 156°18' 30 1909 Closed 19.12.1989.
141. 33008 BREST (BELARUS') 52°07' 23°41' 146 1944 Moved : 8.10.1945 1.5 km WSW, 1.10.1947 moved back, 4.10.1960 1 km to the northern part of the city.
142. 33038 VASILEVICHI (BELARUS') 52°15' 29°50' 142 1881 Moved : in 1917 700 m E, in 1960 1.5 km N.
144. 33377 LUBNY (UKRAINE) 50°00' 33°01' 158 1936 Moved : 22.09.1943 to the western part of the town.
146. 33562 VINNITSA (UKRAINE) 49°14' 28°36' 298 1936 Moved : 28.01.1940 4.2 km NE. On 10.04.1964 moved 9 km E.
149. 33815 CHISINAU (MOLDOVA) 47°01' 28°59' 173 1886 Before 1940 was located 2 km NW from current location.
151. 33889 IZMAIL (UKRAINE) 45°22' 28°51' 30 1886 До 1946 г. находилась в 5 km к SSW от нынешнего положения. С 1.01.1946 на терр. аэропорта в 2 km к SW от теперешнего положения.с 1.01.1959 АМСГ закрыта, а наблюдения до 23.12.1960 проводились на ст. от ВМФ в 6 km к SSW от нынешней станции.
152. 33910 GENECHESK (UKRAINE) 46°10' 34°49' 15 1883 В 1910 г. перенесена в порт. 1.02.1936 moved на 1 km.
153. 33915 ASKANIIA-NOVA (UKRAINE) 46°27' 33°53' 30 1910 Moved 17.03.1925 на 1 km к S.
155. 33976 FEODOSYA (UKRAINE) 45°02' 35°23' 26 1881 Moved 9.06.1944 на 1 km к NNE, в сев. часть гор.
157. 34009 KURSK (RUSSIA) 51°46' 36°10' 246 1891 Moved 29.06.1957 на 4 km к N.
158. 34123 VORONEZ (RUSSIA) 51°42' 39°13' 147 1918 Moved 29.05.1930 на 1 km к W.
166. 34730 ROSTOV-NA-DONY (RUSSIA) 47°15' 39°49' 88 1936 ROSTOV, from 12.1910 to 06.1988 coordinates: 47°15'-39°44'. From 1992 to 1996 and from 05.2006 coordinates: 47°15'-39°49'. From 08.1996 to 04.2006 coordinates: 47°16'-39°49'.
167. 34747 THCELINA (RUSSIA) 46°33' 41°03' 111 1936 Didn't work from 1999 to 2004.
169. 34861 ELISTA (RUSSIA) 46°22' 44°20' 151 1927 From 15.03.1926-19.04.1944 coordinates 46°05'-44°05', moved 5 km NE. From 19.04.1944 to 07.09.1970 coordinates: 46°19'-44°18', moved 7 km NE.
172. 35108 URALSK (KAZAKHSTAN) 51°15' 51°17' 37 1900 Moved 06.1924 1.5 km W.
173. 35121 ORENBURG (RUSSIA) 51°41' 55°06' 115 1886 In 01.1962 moved 5 km NE.
174. 35133 ADAMOVKA (RUSSIA) 51°31' 59°57' 285 1936 Closed in 1988 г.
176. 35229 AKTUBINSK/AKTUBE (KAZAKHSTAN) 50°17' 57°09' 219 1904 Moved 5.08.1937 4 km S.
178. 35394 KARAGANDA (KAZAKHSTAN) 49°48' 73°09' 553 1936 Moved : 11.09.1941 3 km NNE, 16.08.1944 13 km S.
180. 35416 UIL (KAZAKHSTAN) 49°04' 54°41' 128 1925 Moved 23.11.1933 800 m ESE.
185. 35746 ARAL'SKOE MORE (KAZAKHSTAN) 46°47' 61°39' 62 1905 Moved 30.11.1953 6 km SW.
186. 35796 BALHASH (KAZAKHSTAN) 46°48' 75°05' 350 1936 Moved : 06.1937 8 km SW, 26.08.1941 8 km NNW.
187. 36034 RUBTHSOVSK (RUSSIA) 51°30' 81°13' 216 1936 Moved : 5.11.1942 1.5 km NE, in 05.1943 2 km SE, in 08.1955 10 km NW.
190. 36729 UTH-ARAL (KAZAKHSTAN) 46°10' 80°56' 388 1936 Moved 27.07.1955 1.7 km SE.
191. 36859 PANFILOV/JARKENT (KAZAKHSTAN) 44°10' 80°04' 645 1917 Moved 15.08.1935 5 km ENE.
193. 36974 NARYN (KYRGYZSTAN) 41°26' 76°00' 2041 1913 Moved in 12.1960 1.3 km W.
194. 37031 ARMAVIR (RUSSIA) 44°59' 41°07' 158 1936 Moved in 1963 6 km N.
195. 37050 PYATIGORSK (RUSSIA) 44°03' 43°02' 533 1934 Closed in 12.1997.
198. 37385 SAMTREDYA (GEORGIA) 42°11' 42°22' 26 1936 Moved : in 09.1941 1.5 km N, 25.12.1961 5 km SE.
199. 37472 MAKHACHKALA (RUSSIA) 42°58' 47°33' 28 1882 From 1882 to 06.1897 coordinates: 42°59'- 47°31' (in the port). At the lighthouse from 07.1897 to 12.1964. In 1962 moved 5.5 km to 43°00'- 47°30'. From 01.1965 to 11.1991: 42°58'- 47°32'.
204. 38198 TURKESTAN (KAZAKHSTAN) 43°16' 68°13' 207 1882 Moved : 26.11.1930 5 km W, 23.08.1938 2 km W.
205. 38262 CHIMBAJ (UZBEKISTAN) 42°57' 59°49' 66 1937 Moved : 1.10.1940 4 km N, 12.04.1950 4.5 km NW, 14.10.1955 3 km E.
206. 38353 BISHKEK (KYRGYZSTAN) 42°51' 74°32 760 1936 Moved 12.1939 2 km N.
207. 38413 TAMDY (UZBEKISTAN) 41°44' 64°37' 237 1932 Moved : 08.1936 1.5 km E, 19.12.1957 2.5 km W.
209. 38507 TURKMENBASHI (TURKMENISTAN) 40°03' 53°00' 82 1936 From 06.1958 to 10.1960 was closed.
210. 38599 LENINABAD/KHUDJENT (TADJIKISTAN) 40°13' 69°44' 427 1936 Moved : 08.1940 15 km S, in 06.1961 1250 m S, 15.10.1966 1.6 km WSW.
216. 38836 DUSHANBE (TADJIKISTAN) 38°33' 68°47' 800 1926 Moved 29.05.1929 by 1 km SW.
219. 38927 TERMEZ (UZBEKISTAN) 37°14' 67°16' 310 1936 Moved 12 km eastward 10.03.1956.
220. 38933 KURGAN-TYUBE (TADJIKISTAN) 37°49' 68°47' 429 1936 Moved 2 km to WNW in 11.1949.
222. 38974 SERAKHS/SARAGT (TURKMENISTAN) 36°32' 61°13' 275 1936 12.06.1961 moved 2 km NE.