The Naqshbandi (Persian: نقشبندی) or Naqshbandiyah (Arabic: نقشبندية, translit. Naqshbandīyah) is a major Sunni spiritual order of Sufism. It got its name from Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari and traces its spiritual lineage to the Islamic prophet Muhammad through Abu Bakr, who was father-in-law, companion, and successor of Muhammad. Some Naqshbandi masters trace their lineage through Ali, his son-in-law and successor, in keeping with most other Sufis.
This means that a Sufi master has met and taken the way from a master, and that during his lifetime he has explicitly and verifiably invested the disciple—whether in writing or in front of a number of witnesses—as a fully authorized master (murshid ma'dhun) of the spiritual path to succeeding generations of disciples.
Such spiritual transmission from an unbroken line of masters is one criterion that distinguishes a true or 'connected' Sufi path (tariq muttasila), from an inauthentic or "dissevered" path, (tariq munqati'a). The leader of a dissevered path may claim to be a Sufi master on the basis of an authorization given by a master in private or other unverifiable circumstance, or by a figure already passed from this world, such as one of the righteous person or Muhammad, or in a dream, or so on. These practices only "warm the heart" (yusta'nasu biha) but none meets Sufism's condition that a Sufi master must have a clear authorization connecting him with Muhammad, one that is verified by others than himself. Without such publicly verifiable authorizations, the Sufi path would be compromised by the whims of the people.
The chain of spiritual transmission is not tied to a country, family or political appointment, but is a direct heart to heart transmission, at or after the time of death or burial. It is also considered that the appointed sheikhs will be in some communication with past sheikhs. All are joined by their common spiritual allegiance to the master of spiritual lineages, Muhammad.
The Naqshbandi order owes many insights to Yusuf Hamdani and Abdul Khaliq Gajadwani in the 12th century, the latter of whom is regarded as the organizer of the practices and is responsible for placing stress upon the purely silent invocation. It was later associated with Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari in the 14th century, hence the name of the order. The name can be interpreted as "engraver (of the heart)", "pattern maker", "reformer of patterns", "image maker", or "related to the image maker". The way is sometimes referred to as "the sublime sufi path" and "the way of the golden chain."
The path's name has changed over the years. Referring to Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, it was originally called "as-Siddiqiyya"; between the time of Bayazid al-Bistami and Abdul Khaliq al-Ghujdawani "at-Tayfuriyya"; from the time of 'Abdul Khaliq al-Ghujdawani to Shah Naqshband the "Khwajagan" or "Hodja"; from the time of Shah Naqshband and on "an-Naqshbandiyya".
Afterwards, a branch or sub-order name was added. From 'Ubeydullah Ahrar to Imam Rabbani, the way was called "Naqshbandiyya-Ahrariyya"; from Imam Rabbani to Shamsuddin Mazhar "Naqshbandiyya-Mujaddadiyya"; from Shamsuddin Mazhar to Mawlana Khalid al-Baghdadi "Naqshbandiyya-Mazhariyya"; from Mawlana Khalid onwards "Naqshbandiyya-Khalidiyya" (Khalidi) and so on.
The way or school connected to the late Shaykh Sultan ul-Awliya Moulana Sheikh Nazim, who lived in Northern Cyprus, is undoubtedly the most active of all Naqshbandi orders with followers in almost every corner of the World. It is referred to as the "Naqshbandi-Haqqani" way. According to some estimates there are over sixty million disciples, and centres in almost every country of the world. It also had the largest internet presence. There are disciples in almost all of Europe including the United Kingdom, Germany, and France, and in the United States of America, the Middle East, Africa, India, Bangladesh, China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Latin America, etc. It is most active in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. As well as being the most prevalent Sufi Order in the west. The Prince of Malaysia, Raja Ashman Shah was a disciples of this order.
Aurangzeb was a member of the Naqshbandi Sufi order.
The Naqshbandiyya order became an influential factor in Indo-Muslim life and for two centuries it was the principal spiritual order in the Indian Subcontinent. Baqi Billah Berang (No. 24 in the Naqshbandi-Haqqani Golden Chain) is credited for bringing the order to India during the end of the 16th century. He was born in Kabul and brought up and educated in Kabul and Samarqand, where he came in contact with the Naqshbandiyya order through Khawaja Amkangi. When he came to India, he tried to spread his knowledge about the order, but died three years later.
Among his disciples were Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi (No. 25 in the Naqshbandi-Haqqani Golden Chain) and Sheikh Abdul Haq of Delhi. After his death, his student, Sheikh Ahmad primarily took over. Sheikh Ahmad was born in 1561 and his father Makhdum Abdul Ahad was from a high Sufi order. He completed his religious and secular studies at the age of 17. Later he became known as Mujaddad-i-Alf-i-Thani. It was through him that the order gained popularity within a short period of time.
Sheikh Ahmad broke away from earlier mystic traditions and propounded his theory of the unity of the phenomenal world. In particular, he spoke out against innovations introduced by Sufis. For instance, he opposed Emperor Akbar's views on Hindu and Muslim marriages. He stated, "Muslims should follow their religion, and non-Muslims their ways, as the Qur'an enjoins 'for you yours and for me my religion'". Also he did not believe in keeping the state and ruler separate and worked hard to change the outlook of the ruling class. After his death, his work was continued by his sons and descendants.
In the 18th century Shah Wali Allah played an important role in the religious sciences, particularly the hadith and translated the Qur'an into Persian. He also looked at a fresh interpretation of Islamic teachings in the light of the new issues. Furthermore, he played a significant role in the political developments of the period.
The Naqshbandiyya was introduced into Syria at the end of the 17th century by Murad Ali al-Bukhari, who was initiated in India. Later, he established himself in Damascus, but traveled throughout Arabia. His branch became known as the Muradiyya. After his death in 1720, his descendents formed the Muradi family of scholars and sheikhs who continued to head the Muradiyya. In 1820 and onward, Khalid Shahrazuri rose as the prominent Naqshbandi leader in the Ottoman world. After the death of Khalid in 1827, his order became known as the Khalidiyya, which continued to spread for at least two decades. In Syria and Lebanon, the leaders of every active Naqshbandiyya group acknowledged its spiritual lineage, which had retained the original Naqshbandiyya way. Later a strife between Khalid's khalifas led to disruption of the order, causing it to divide.
When political leader Musa Bukhar died in 1973, the pre-Mujaddidi line of the Naqshbandiyya in Greater Syria came to an end. One of the only branches to have survived till recently is the one based in the khanqah al-Uzbakiyya in Jerusalem. The number of its members had increased at the end of the 19th century. The Farmadiyya branch, which practices silent and vocal invocation, is still present in Lebanon and is named after Ali-Farmadi.
Sheikh Abdullah moved to Homs, where he visited the mosque and tomb of the Companion of the Prophet, Khalid ibn al-Walid. He stayed briefly in Homs. He moved to Damascus, in the Midan District, near the tomb of Sa`d ad-Din Jibawi, a saint from the family of the Prophet. There he established the first zawiya for the branch of the Naqshbandi Order which had gone to Daghestan. With him the Golden Chain of the Naqshbandi Order which had gone from Damascus to India, Baghdad, and Daghestan, now returned to Damascus.
Soon people began to crowd into his zawiya. They arrived there from all over the city: Sufis, government people, businessmen, and common people. Murids were coming every day to sit at the door of his khanqah. Daily they served food to hundreds, many of whom also slept there.
Then he received a spiritual order to move to the Mountain of Qasyun. It is the highest point in Damascus, from whose vantage the entire city can be viewed. With the help of his two senior murids, Shaykh Muhammad Nazim 'Adil and Shaykh Husayn 'Ali, he built a house. This house and the mosque next to it still stand, and the mosque is the site of his maqam (shrine). He saw in a vision, while he was building the mosque, that the Prophet, with Shah Naqshband and Sayyidina Ahmad al-Faruqi, came and put posts to mark the shape and location of the walls of the mosque. As soon as the vision ended, the markers were visible, and everyone present saw them. At that mosque, over the years, hundreds of thousands of visitors were received: for healing, for prayers, for training, for all kinds of external and internal knowledge.
It was in Damascus, Syria, that Grandsheikh Abdullah Fa'izi ad-Daghestani, preached from, and also died. His blessed tomb is to be found in Damascus. It is estimated that a massive crowd of about 400,000 people attended his funeral (see Sheikh Hisham Kabbani's book on the Forty Grandsheikhs of the Naqshbandi Sufi path ). Lately the Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order was led by his successor Nazim Al-Haqqani and might still be very active in Syria.
Naqshbandi silsilah beginning from Muhammad is passed in chain till Ismail Kurdumeri (who is No. 31 in the Naqshbandi-Haqqani Golden Chain). After Ismail Kurdumeri the chain has split in two as he had two Ma'zuns, i.e. Muhammad Salih Shirwani (No. 32) and Khas Muhammad Shirwani. From Khas Muhammad Shirwani the chain goes to Muhammad Yaraghi ad-Daghestani (in Daghestan), and from him to Jamaluddin al-Ghumuqi ad-Daghestani, who had three Ma'zuns, i.e. Mamadibir ar-Rochi ad-Daghestani, Imam Shamil ad-Daghestani (both had no Ma'zun), and `Abdurrahman Abu Ahmad as-Sughuri ad-Daghestani. According to Shuaib Afandi Bagini ad-Daghestani, 'Abdurrahman as-Sughuri had two ma'zuns, i.e. Muhammad Haji 'Obodi ad-Daghestani and Ilyas Tsudakhari ad-Daghestani (d. 1312 AH). Both had no ma'zuns, and thus the split chain coming from Khas Muhammad Shirwani has ended here.. There are strict requirements as to who gives the permission, how it is given and received. The chain from Muhammad Salih Shirwani (No32) on the other hand, is continuous and goes all the way to Mahmud Afandi, Hasan Hilmi Afandi and the rest of the Daghestani Ma'zuns. The Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order has roots in Dagestan through Muhammad al-Madani, the successor of Abu Ahmad as-Sughuri and his successor Abdullah Fa'izi ad-Daghestani and his successor and Grandshaykh of the order Nazim al-Haqqani.
A Khanaqah (prayer house) of Naqshbandi in Saqqez's bazaar- Iran.
During the middle of the 19th century Egypt was inhabited and controlled by Naqshbandis. A major Naqshbandi khanqah was constructed in 1851 by Abbas I, who did this as a favor to Naqshbandi sheikh Ahmad Ashiq. Ahmad Ashiq headed the order till his death in 1883. Ahmad Ashiq's was a practicer of the Diya'iyya branch of the Khalidiyya. In 1876 sheikh Juda Ibrahim amended the original Diya'iyya, which became known as al-Judiyya, and gained a following in al-Sharqiyya province in the eastern Nile Delta.
During the last two decades of the 19th century two other versions of Naqshbandiyya spread in Egypt. One of these was introduced by a Sudanese, alSharif Isma'il al-Sinnari. Al-Sinnari had been initiated into the Khalidiyya and Mujaddidiyya by various sheikhs during his time in Mecca and Medina. Initially, he tried to obtain a following in Cairo but was not able to, therefore he resorted going to Sudan. It is from there that the order spread into Upper Egypt from 1870 onward under Musa Mu'awwad, who was al-Sinnari's successor. Muhaamad al-Laythi, son of al-Sinnari, was the successor after Mu'awwad's death.
The Judiyya and the Khalidiyya branches spread in the last decades of the 19th century and continued to grow and are still active today. Khalidiyya of Muhammad Amin al-Kurdi is headed by his son Najm a-Din. The Judiyya split into three main branches:one led by the founder's son Isa, another led by Iliwa Atiyya in Cairo, and another led by Judah Muhammad Abu'l-Yazid al-Hahdi in Tanta.
Unfortunately, none of the early orders survived far into the 20th century. The longest living group of khanqah based Naqshbandis lived in the khanqah of sheikh Ahmad Ashiq, which closed in 1954. This is when all the khanqahs in Egypt were closed and the awqaf supporting these establishments were taken over by the Ministry of Awqaf. The buildings were either assigned a different function or demolished as part of urban renovation programs.
Ma Laichi's mausoleum (Hua Si Gongbei) in Linxia City, is the earliest and most important Naqshbandi monument in China.
Ma Laichi brought the Naqshbandi (نقشبندية) 納克什班迪 order to China, creating the Khufiyya (خفيه) 虎夫耶 Hua Si Sufi 华寺; ("Multicolored Mosque") menhuan. Ma Mingxin, also brought the Naqshbandi order, creating the Jahriyya (جهرية) 哲赫林耶 menhuan. These two menhuan were rivals, and fought against each other which led to the Jahriyya Rebellion, Dungan revolt, and Dungan Revolt (1895).
Some Chinese Muslim Generals of the Ma Clique belonged to Naqshbandi Sufi menhuan including Ma Zhan'ao and Ma Anliang of the Khufiyya Naqshbandi menhuan. Ma Shaowu, and Ma Yuanzhang were other prominent leaders from the Jahriyya Naqshbandi menhuan.
Many disciples of the Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order remain in China today.
Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari (1318–1389) was the founder of the Sufi Naqshbandi Order. He was born in the village of Qasr-i-Hinduvan near Bukhara.
Shaykh Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī (1564–1624) was considered a Mujaddid and a leading Naqshbandi Sheikh from India. He was from an ashraf family claiming descent from caliph Umar, he received most of his early education from his father, Shaykh 'Abd al-Ahad and memorised the Qur'an. He was trained in all Sufi orders by the age of 17 and was given permission to initiate and train followers in the Naqshbandi Order.
Sheikh Ahmad made revolutionary changes to the Mughal empire. He persuaded Jahangir to disallow drinking alcohol and destruction of pubs and clubs. He made the Emperor revert the rule of exemption of sacrificing cows. Instead, religious conferences and meetings for spiritual development (known as halqas) were held throughout the territory.
Aside from this, Sheikh Ahmad wrote several letters to his murideen (pupils) and khulafa in Turkish and Arabic. These letters are a marvelous collection of spiritual knowledge and religious information. Later these were collected and preserved in book form by Dr. Ghulam Mustafa Khan, and translated to Urdu by Syed Zawar Hussain Shah. This book is known as Maktoobat, and, as Ghulam Mustafa says, is the best and most knowledgeable book after Quran and Hadith and are applicable for all problems to rise within 1000 years. For this purpose, Sheikh Ahmad is known as Mujaddid Alif Sani.
Sheikh Ahmad's three sons died in a plague, all religious and spiritually well developed. These included Muhammad Sadiq, Muhammad Farrukh and Muhammad Isa, his favorite son being Muhammad Sadiq, the eldest. His death caused Sheikh Ahmad immense sorrow, but he says that bearing this pain of loss gave him so many divine rewards that he'd have been not given them for any other deed.
The Golden Chain of the Sufi Naqshbandi Order, containing the names of the 40 respected Sufi Grand Masters of the Order.
They comply with the law.
They must be knowers. There can be no Sufism without knowledge.
Spiritual allegiance is openly and regularly given to the leader of the order, not the local teacher or sheikh.
They accept interaction with other disciples of the order.
They do not accept personal certification of dead persons, or in dreams, or through special spiritual experience (rawhani). There are exceptions to this rule according to the uwaisi concept of transmission where someone who lived before can train and transmit knowledge to someone who came later.
They only accept written personal certification in the presence of witnesses.
Known as the Eleven Naqshbandi principles, the first eight were formulated by Abdul Khaliq Gajadwani, and the last three were added by Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari.
Remembrance (Yad kard – Persian: یاد کرد): Always orally and mentally repeating the dhikr.
Restraint (Baz gasht – Persian: بازگشت ): Engaging in the heart repetition of the al-kalimat at-tayyiba phrase – "La-ilaha il-allah muhammadur rasul-allah".
Watchfulness (Nigah dasht – Persian: نگاه داشت): Being conscientious over wandering thoughts while repeating Al-kalimat at-tayyiba.
Recollection (Yad dasht – Persian: ياد داشت): Concentration upon the Divine presence in a condition of dhawq, foretaste, intuitive anticipation or perceptiveness, not using external aids.
Awareness while breathing (Hosh dar dam – Persian: هوش در دم): Controlling one's breathing by not exhaling or inhaling in the forgetfulness of the Divine.
Journeying in one's homeland (Safar dar vatan - Persian سفر در وطن): An internal journey that moves the person from having blameworthy to praiseworthy properties. This is also referred to as the vision or revelation of the hidden side of the shahada.
Watching one's step (Nazar bar qadam): Do not be distracted from purpose of the ultimate journey.
Solitude in a crowd (Khalwat dar anjuman): Although journey is outwardly in this world, it is inwardly with God.
Temporal pause (Wuquf-I zamani): Keeping account of how one spends his or her time. If time is spent rightfully give thanks and time is spent incorrectly ask for forgiveness.
Numerical pause (Wuquf-I adadi): Checking that the dhikr has been repeated in odd numbers.
Heart pause (Wuquf-I qalbi): Forming a mental picture of one's heart with the name of God engraved to emphasize that the heart has no consciousness or goal other than God.
Muraqaba is known as spiritual communion. In this practice one tries to unveil the mystery of life by losing oneself in it. One imagines his heartbeats calling out the name of the almighty. It is highly believed that it is true that our heart calls out for Allah with every beat. But it is our hearts which are draped by sins and so the heartbeat is heard as dhak dhak and not Allah Allah. Muraqaba is done by sitting in a lonely place with eyes closed and maintaining a calm position, imagining your exterior eyes closed, interior eyes opened, (zahiri aankhen band krke batini aankhain kholiye) your heart calling out for Allah, and trying to hear the word 'Allah' in each and every heartbeat.
Tawajjuh is derived from wajh (face) and means confrontation. It is used in relation to the act of facing the point of adoration during ritual prayer. Knowing the direction of adoration is incumbent on the Sufi master who is the gateway to God. To the uninformed the sheikh is often made the point of adoration. The goal is that the worshipper cleanses his clouded heart so that it is pure enough that God may be reflected in it.
They are experienced more explicitly and frequently in human beings who have undergone a spiritual evolution. Activating (or awakening or "illuminating") the explicit experience of the individual Lataif (and thereby the Jism Latif as a whole) is considered to be the central part of the comprehensive spiritual development that is Sufi spiritual practice.
The activation/awakening/illumination process consists of various methods and exercises. One such method, for example, includes having the student concentrate awareness on the part of the body that is related to each Latifa. Another method is direct activation of the Latifa by a special interchange, called "tajalli" ("luminizing"), between Sufi teacher and student.
A person in whom the Jism Latif is explicitly realized and functioning is understood to have achieved the first, preliminary, level of the Sufi ideal of a Perfect Man (Al-Insān al-Kāmil.).
^ Kugle, Scott Alan (2007). Sufis & saints' bodies: Mysticism, Corporeality and Sacred Power in Islam. University of North Carolina Press. p. 143. ISBN 0-8078-5789-0.
^ Kabbani, Muhammad Hisham (2004). Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition. Islamic Supreme Council of America. p. 557. ISBN 1-930409-23-0.
^ a b Haq, Muhammad M. Some Aspects of the Principle Sufi Orders in India. Bangladesh: Islamic Foundation, 1985. Print.
^ "Home - Brill Reference". brillonline.nl.
^ a b c d e f Jong, Frederick De. Sufi Orders in Ottoman and Post-Ottoman Egypt and the Middle East: Collected Studies. Istanbul: Isis, 2000. Print.
^ Kees Versteegh; Mushira Eid (2005). Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics: A-Ed. Brill. pp. 380–. ISBN 978-90-04-14473-6.
^ Bahauddin, Naqshband. "The Imam of the Tariqat Shah Baha'uddin Naqshband".
^ Shah, Idries "The Sufis". Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, 1971.
^ Almaas, A. H. "Essence". York Beach, Maine: Samuel Weiser, 1986.
Algar, Hamid (1998). Sufism: Principles and Practice. Islamic Publications International. ISBN 1-889999-02-4.
Bennett, John G. (1995). The Masters of Wisdom. Bennett Books. ISBN 1-881408-01-9.
Clayer, Nathalie, Muslim Brotherhood Networks, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved: 23 May 2011.
Itzchak Weismann (2007). The Naqshbandiyya: Orthodoxy and Activism in a Worldwide Sufi Tradition. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32243-X.
Sheikh Hisham Kabbani (1995). The Naqshbandi Sufi Way History and Guidebook of the Saints of the Golden Chain. [kaza publications inc].
Ahmad al-Fārūqī al-Sirhindī (1564–1624) was an Islamic scholar, a Hanafi jurist, and a prominent member of the Naqshbandī Sufi order during the Mughal period. He has been described as a Mujaddid, meaning "the reviver", for his work in rejuvenating Islam and opposing the dissident opinions prevalent in the time of Mughal emperor Akbar. While early South Asian scholarship credited him for contributing to conservative trends in Indian Islam, more recent works, notably by ter Haar, Friedman, and Buehler, have pointed to Sirhindi's significant contributions to Sufi epistemology and practices.Most of the Naqshbandī suborders today, such as the Mujaddidī, Khālidī, Saifī, Tāhirī, Qasimiya and Haqqānī sub-orders, trace their spiritual lineage through Sirhindi.
The Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order (Arabic: جيش رجال الطريقة النقشبندية Jaysh Rijāl aṭ-Ṭarīqa an-Naqshabandiya), also called the Naqshbandi Army, is one of a number of underground Ba'athist and Sufi militant insurgency groups in Iraq. Media frequently refers to the group by the initials JRTN, a romanization of its Arabic name. Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation, technically the name of the umbrella organisation to which JRTN belongs, is also often used to refer to JRTN specifically.It is ostensibly a militant Sufi Muslim organisation named for the Naqshbandi Sufi Order and the JRTN's ideology has been described as "a mix of Islamic and pan-Arab nationalistic ideas", with Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri being described as "the hidden sheikh of the Men of the Naqshbandi".
Syed Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari' (Uzbek: بهاءالدین محمد نقشبند بخاری) (1318–1389) was the founder of what would become one of the largest Sufi Muslim orders, the Naqshbandi.
Ismail al-Khalidi al-Minangkabawi (1712 - 1844) was an Islamic scholar belonged to Khalidiyya branch of Naqshbandi tariqa in the 18th to 19th century, hailed from today's Tanah Datar Regency, West Sumatra. He is regarded as the pioneer of the tariqa in Minangkabau region, as well as the whole Indonesian archipelago. He was also known as a scholar of Islamic jurisprudence, kalam theology and tasawwuf (science of Islamic mysticism).
Naqshbandiyya Khalidiyya, Khalidiyya or Khalidi is the title of a branch of the Naqshbandiyya Sufi lineage, from the time of Khalid al-Baghdadi until the time of Shaykh Ismail ash-Shirwani.
Muhammad Hayyat al-Sindhi (Urdu: محمد حيات سنڌي) (died 3 February 1750) was an Islamic scholar who lived during the period of the Ottoman Empire.
He belonged to the Naqshbandi order of Sufism.
Allama Muhammad Idrees Dahri (Urdu: علامہ محمد ادریس ڈاہری, Sindhi: علامه محمد ادريس ڏاهري) is a notable Islamic scholar, preacher, writer, author, poet and researcher of Sindh, Pakistan. He is Hanafi, Maturidi, and belongs to the Naqshbandi Mujaddidi Sufi order. He is a khalifa (deputy) of Allah Bakhsh Abbasi Naqshbandi and currently of Muhammad Tahir Bakhshi Naqshbandi. He also has Ijazah in Shadhili and Alawi Sufi orders.
The Murad Pasha Mosque (Arabic: جامع مراد باشا, transliteration: Jami Murad Pasha) is an early Ottoman-era mosque and mausoleum in Damascus, Syria, located in the Suwayqa sector of the Al-Midan quarter. The mosque was erected and named after Murad Pasha, who served as the Ottoman governor ("wali") of Damascus between 1568-1569. The mosque was built in 1568. The mosque is also known as the Naqshbandi Mosque (Arabic: جامع النقشبندي) after the Naqshbandi sufi order which it served as a center for.
Murāqabah (ar. to observe) refers to meditation in Sufi terminology. Through murāqbah a person watches over their (spiritual) heart and gains insight into the heart's relation with its creator and its own surroundings. Murqābah is a core concept in commonly found ṭarīqas (ar. sufi orders). The objective of murāqbah is to purge one's base characters and develop lofty character in its place.
al-Murtaḍá al-Husaynī al-Zabīdī (Arabic: المرتضى الحسيني الزبيدي) was an Islamic scholar (1732-1790 CE; 1145-1205 AH).Born during the year 1145AH/1732CE in Bilgram Hardoi district, Uttar Pradesh, India) into a family originally from Wasit in Iraq, his parents moved to the Hadramawt region in the east of Yemen, where the Husaynī tribe is situated, and he himself later on spent time in Zabīd in the south western coastal plains of Yemen which was, at the time, a centre for academic learning, before dying in Egypt during an epidemic plague in the year 1205AH/1790CE.
He was affiliated with the Naqshbandi Sufi Order and some source says Rifayia Sufi Order. He wrote a famous commentary on al-Ghazali's monumental Ihya' Ulum al-Din.
He is also the author of the renowned dictionary Taj al-Arus Min Jawahir al-Qamus (تاج العروس; The Bride's Crown from the Pearls of the Qamus (Ocean)). It is an expansion of Fairuzabadi's Al-Qamoos, which is the second most frequently cited dictionary of Classical Arabic (after Lisān al-ʿArab by Ibn Manẓūr).
Mehmet Nazım Adil (April 21, 1922 – May 7, 2014; Sha'ban 23, 1340 AH – Rajab 8, 1435 AH), commonly known as Sheikh Nazim (Turkish: Şeyh Nazım), was a Turkish Cypriot Sufi Muslim sheikh and spiritual leader of the Naqshbandi tariqa.
Siddiqui (Urdu: صدیقی) are a Muslim community, found mainly in Pakistan, India, Saudi Arabia, Bangladesh and Middle East Region. Siddiqui is a family name or surname belonging to the descendants of Abu Bakr, a companion and father-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad through his daughter AishaThe title "As-Siddiq" (Arabic: الصديق) was given to the first Muslim Caliph (one of the Rashidun, or "Rightly guided" Caliphs) Abu Bakr by Muhammad. Siddiqui is an attributive form of the Arabic As-Siddiq. The literal meaning of Siddiqui is "The Truthful".
Pirzada or Peerzada is a surname used by Siddiqui's as many of the Pir were from this Lineage and Sufi Order.
Some Naqshbandi masters trace their lineage to Muhammad through Hazrat Ali, His son-in-law and the fourth Caliph, in keeping with most other Sufis.
The Sūlaimānī Jamia (Jamia-e Sūlaymānīyyā / Süleyman Efendi Cemaati) or Süleymancılar (Sūlaymanites) is a Muslim Sunni-Hanafi jamia based in Turkey. It takes its name from Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan. In the early 1990s it was estimated that there were over two million members in Turkey. There are also independent branches in Germany and United States.Ahmet Denizolgun and Mehmet Denizolgun are Turkish politicians associated with the group.
The Uwaisī is a form of spiritual transmission in the vocabulary of Islamic mysticism that was named after Awais Malik (Owais al-Qarni). It refers to the transmission of spiritual knowledge between two individuals without the need for physical interaction between them. The term Uwaisīyaan refers to those Sufis who have gained the Sufi spiritual chain from another Sufi without physically meeting them in this world. It can refer to a school of Sufism, and its singular form, Uwaisi, refers to a single individual.
Abu Yaqub Yusuf Hamdani (born 1062 /440 H - died March 1141 /Rajab 535 H) is the first of the group of Central Asian Sufi teachers known simply as Khwajagan (the Masters) of the Naqshbandi order. His shrine is at Merv (Turkmenistan).


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Moxi™ X-ray source is calibrated to within ±250 V over all settings between 5 to 50 kV. This impressive accuracy and precision is achieved spectroscopically, by measuring an X-ray spectrum's bremsstrahlung edge and storing correction high voltage offset information on each source.
Miniature 60 kV, 1000 μA 12 W X-ray Source
The 12 W miniature source has a higher voltage and a much higher emission current than our present miniature X-ray sources, which is an advantage for a number of applications.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Do you provide turnkey service?
CMC is flexible in how relationships are structured. We will work with our brand partners' needs and provide turnkey solutions, tolling (fill fee) only, or anything in between.
Can you fill OTC products?
Yes! CMC is a FDA registered and licensed facility.
Can you fill powders or tablets?
No. At this time CMC does not have the capability to work with powders or tablets.
What is my product going to cost?
While a seemingly easy question, a multitude of variables can affect the answer. We will work closely with you to develop all the information needed to provide a quotation.
What is your available capacity?
We currently operate one shift, 5 days per week. We have flexible staffing and can easily add hours, weekends or shifts.
What are your minimum run sizes?
This is a very challenging question to answer. CMC bases each product or sku's minimum run size on a combination of container fill size and batch size. Batch size is determined by what equipment can be used for a given formula depending on its unique characteristics and requirements.
Yes! CMC has a diverse network of packaging suppliers we work with on a daily bases including some of the largest packaging suppliers in the world.
Can you develop my product?
Absolutely. We offer R&D services ranging from reverse engineering to custom development. In the last two years our R&D team has developed more than 60 products for our brand partners.
What will my lead time be?
From receipt of all materials, lead time is usually less than 2 weeks.


While others may argue that spray foam insulation is expensive as compared to other traditional insulating products in the market today, its value and cost efficiency will showcase years after it was installed. Why? Simply because the energy savings of spray foam insulation is second to none. It's common to see instant energy consumption reduction in your heating and cooling costs that would reach for up to 50% and beyond even. In this case, spray foam insulation generally pays for itself allowing you to save much on costs in the long run.
A properly insulated home as compared to fiberglass insulation and other insulation materials will be outperformed nearly 2 to 1 should you choose spray foam insulation as your material. Aside from that, spray foam insulation also provides tax credits, rebates and even local benefits that are available to homeowners and building owners alike who choose to utilize spray foam insulation in their house or building.
Spray foam insulation has an R-value of about 6.0 per 1 inch thickness depending on the specific formulation and application, allowing it to supply more thermal resistance with less material than any other type of commercial insulations. Spray foam insulation is frequently used to insulate and protect a wide array of residential, industrial, and commercial buildings.
Utility and monthly energy savings of 50% or greater can be achieved as compared to other insulation systems. The cost installing Spray Foam Insulation can be recovered in less than 5 years, simply through energy savings alone.
Utilizing Spray Foam Insulation enables you, the homeowner, to take advantage of tax credits through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. This means that homeowners are permitted to take a credit of 10% of the cost they incur for spray foam insulation. This would amount for up to $500. The tax credit applies to materials that are used during the installation of spray foam insulation and doesn't cover labor costs. This tax credit also applies to existing homes and primary residences and not on newly constructed buildings or rental properties.
Also, spray foam insulation requires little to no maintenance so you need not constantly spend hundreds and thousands of dollars in repair or maintenance services. The foam used for spray foam insulation lasts longer as compared to even the most popular insulating materials today. Foam insulation costs a lot less than it does to repair your roof or any parts of your house installed with it. Studies and testing have also showcased that roofs installed with spray foam insulation withstand more than two hundred mile an hour winds and can even stay intact with hurricane level winds.
It is a fact that one of the most sought after benefits of spray foam insulation is energy savings. However, with the diversity and efficiency of this insulating material, it's got more to offer rather than just the cost effective benefits it provides. The advantages of foam insulation extend further from the common function it performs which is sealing to keeping a home healthy and comfortable to live in.


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text:
Q: Angular ngFor not iterating This is my template

        {{ 'attachments' | translate }}

    {{ attachments.data[0].title }}

        {{ item.title }}

Now when i print title above like this attachments.data[0].title it shows, but when i try to iterate over attachments.data it doesn't show
Sorry i didn't write it. It does not show any error it just does not render

A: With the current limited information, there is only one reason it wouldn't work, and that's because it's an Object with numerical string keys and not an Array.
Something like this:
this.attachments = {
  data: {
   0: { title: 'hi' },
   1: { title: 'bye' }
  }
};

You can try to reassign your attachments.data variable where you obtain it:
this.attachments.data = Object.values(this.attachments.data);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Father Fortuna - The rappin' jazz priest of Scola Tristano
october 4 2006 • Written by Jonathan Funke for new york press
"BLESS ME FATHER, for I have riffed. Like, a lot, man."
It's how I imagine Father Stan Fortuna at confession after a fire-breathing gig at Birdland with his free-improv band Scola Tristano. How else to pardon an ascetic Roman Catholic priest who sleeps on a bare floor, ministers daily to the poorest kids in the South Bronx, then packs up his borrowed bass fiddle to play a notoriously indulgent form of music in one of the toniest venues in Christendom?
The short answer is that there needn't be any conflict. The Lord's calling proved undeniable; music simply shouted first. Father Stan doesn't even try to blend his inspirations in the manner of John Coltrane's epochal hymn of faith and renewal, A Love Supreme.
"It wasn't like, 'Wow, Coltrane did it—maybe I can do it,'" says the Franciscan, who made a name for himself bumming around New York clubs before entering St. Anselm's College in his mid-20s to answer a higher calling. "I came in thinking I was letting it all go. But people started to say, 'Wait, you're that bassist from New York.' And after a lot of time, it started coming back."
That's not to say that music—even hip-hop culture—doesn't help the ministry. Our interview is briefly interrupted by a young graffiti artist who, under the guiding hand of the Community of Franciscan Friars of the Renewal, has redirected his energies from defacing property to creating "Francesco Ghetto Design" T-shirts. Sales of shirts, videos and music downloads (at www.francescoproductions.com) support outreach efforts, which have grown since 1987 to include missions from Honduras to the United Kingdom
Opinions differ on how much reverence to give to Father Stan's rap credentials, but that shouldn't be at issue on Monday for the man who got his start "trading fours with Slam Stewart" and Woody Herman. "I'm not gonna be doing any hip-hop at Birdland, you know what I'm saying?" he reassures in a rapid-fire version of his "hey, man" lingua franca.
Though versed in the street currency of 50 Cent, Fortuna and drummer Peter Scattaretico both drew personal inspiration directly from mentor Lennie Tristano. The Scola Tristano trio, rounded out by veteran guitarist Peter Prisco, is a breathing tribute to the free-jazz pioneer once described as an "adamant iconoclast" at the keyboard.
Pressed to show a connection between jazz and other influences, Father Stan blows past "fusion" to the deeper musical truths they share. "Lyrical improv is the best of Brazilian music. It's the best of what hip-hop is; hip-hop is heavily seasoned with jazz melodies. Improv is a language. You develop some vocabulary, learn some grammar … but whether it's music or life, I want to be swinging."
Amen to that.


[BlushyFaceBot] What are channel drops?
An item drop happens every 10 minutes in chat (regardless if I'm streaming or not) but only those that actually received an item will be shown in chat.
Currently there are around 90+ avatar items but expect a lot of more in the future and other item types as well as I continue to update the bot.


HGH is the Growth Hormone in Human produced by pituitary gland present in the interior of the brain. Somatrotropin produces these growth hormones in abundance.
One of the most effectively secreted hormone in mammals in HGH. The growth hormone created by Somatrotropin helps in the proper growth of cells, tissue's and other body organs. HGH hormone production rate decrease with the aging process sexual desires and physical mobility weakens. This can cause cardiovascular diseases and shortens healthy life. People get caught up in aging process. HGH is an amazing scientific product that decelerates aging process and helps restoring youth and passion and vigor. HGH supplements are examined properly to ensure safety and quality. Numerous HGH yield is out in the market and are available in the following types.
HGH Anti aged supplement helps to deteriorate the tell tale signals of aging and decelerate the stage of aging. HGH supplement are available in local stores and on the internet. Buy HGH for sale online to improve physical strength and mental process. To deep your sleep, for advance look, boost thin muscles, enhances sexual drive and presentation, HGH supplement are the best products to buy. Many websites of HGH products offer HGH supplements and their usage guides. The buyer can also consult their online consultancy and Physicians to get proper information. Many athletes take HGH products to advance bone solidity and osteoporosis reversal and increase their power grades. Many medical and pharmaceutical stores offer HGH supplements.
HGH for Sale Online is provided by more than 300 companies, all around the globe. These products enhance functionality of body by increasing the production of Somatrotropin, which is the Human Growth hormone. Many companies offer HGH supplements at discount rate for the new users. The best HGH supplements are Sytropin and GENf20. Sytropin contains HGH supplement and is created to excite and enhance the pituitary gland to manufacture more and more HGH inside brain. The basic function of Sytropin is to strengthen skeletal parts, heal injured components, Muscle growth and to maintain energy levels. Sytropin companies offer this supplement with proper guide and All Sytropin products pass the FDA's GRAS .These companies also offer money back guarantees if the product fails to satisfy. You can buy HGH for sale online at www.sytropin.com , www.sytropinfreetiral.com and from many other websites.
GenF20 is the second most successful supplement of HGH family. GenF20 benefits Skin and helps it to feel more youthful, expands mental and maintain body in good shape, decelerates aging process, It aids in enhancement of feeling, lessens hopelessness and strains decreases gray hair and improves Re-pigmentation of your hair. The price of GENf20 varies from $70 to $490. Many companies provide free shipping services for GEnf20 around the globe. http://www.quick2you.com/ offer delivery within 2-3 days worldwide. www.GenF20Plus.Official2.com offers money back guarantee and maximum discount on each purchase of Genf20.


After graduating from university and gaining initial professional experience in hotel operations, you were quickly offered a position as a revenue manager, mainly concerned with strategies for increasing a hotel's revenues. In your opinion, what was the most important factor that enabled you, as a young professional, to take on this responsible position so soon?
In 2009, the effects of the economic crisis were still clearly noticeable. Hotel chains had significantly downsized their trainee programmes. The decisive factor for my immediate career start was in any case IUBH's excellent reputation in the industry, the combination of theoretical and practical curricula as well as outstanding opportunities to study abroad.
"It is possible even during your studies at IUBH to directly apply your acquired knowledge to exciting projects"
How did you succeed in being promoted to Director of Sales at the Renaissance Düsseldorf Hotel?
I really enjoyed working as a revenue manager. However, I also wanted to gain experience as a manager with HR responsibilities. Thanks to the support of my boss and key talks with the area directors, this career step within the hotel group became possible. Everyone has their own career path in their own hands - new opportunities sometimes emerge sooner than expected. It is important to recognise them and embrace them. That's what I did.
After holding various positions in the hotel industry, you switched to the online travel agency Expedia Group. What was your motivation?
Change is exciting. It expands your horizons and deepens the wealth of your experience. Only those who constantly strive for new challenges and leave their comfort zone will continue to learn. I definitely found these opportunities for growth at Expedia.
Currently I am Area Manager Germany West. I lead a team of account managers who are responsible for supporting our hotel partners in North Rhine-Westphalia, Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate. Our goal is to increase sales through promotional activities such as promotion campaigns, and adjustments to compensation and contract models. In these areas, we work in close contact with our hotel partners and also support them with technical challenges, such as connectivity to our systems.
What did you learn during your studies at IUBH that has proven to be useful in your current job?
At IUBH, students are well prepared for the working world. In addition to having basic subject-specific knowledge, the most important thing in professional life is to develop the right attitude and a passion for one's work. Instead of challenges, there are only new opportunities. Even while studying at IUBH, it was always important to adjust to new situations: be it in projects, internships, during the study year abroad or working with fellow students. Looking back, the integration of theoretical and practical content and the opportunity to study abroad were of great importance. This allowed me to acquire my first experiences in an international environment.
In addition, it is possible even during your studies at IUBH to directly apply your acquired knowledge to exciting projects. The professors and lecturers themselves usually have a very practice-oriented background and are open to suggestions from students that in turn can lead to new projects. While studying there are many opportunities to build a professional network - thanks also to IUBH's excellent contacts with companies.
Which tips about starting a career would you like to pass on to students and prospective students?
Modern companies are constantly changing in order to adapt to globalisation and digitalisation. Therefore, it is important to always be open to new ideas, to accept change, to dare courageous moves, to be proactive, to show passion and never lose sight of your personal vision.


"…ANNOUNCEMENT of ERREA AS TECHNICAL PARTNER!!!
The ERREA Brand has partnered with the Sydney AMAZONS and the Sydney WARRIORS for the 2018 Australian Volleyball National Championships for 2018!
As the Technical Apparel and Uniform Sydney AMAZONS and Sydney WARRIORS, ERREA supports and underpins the on-court and off-court High Performance and Brand Building of these two NSW Representative National Level Teams.
All Players are outfitted in FIVB Approved Apparel and now join over 17 Current National Teams as part of the Errea Volleyball family World Wide.
ERREA are proud to be a manufacture with no outsourcing of its textiles and no manufacturing under licence. ERREA manufactures all of its key textiles products in Europe. One of the key factors of the Partnership lay in the belief ERREA was the first sportswear brand to have certification of Non-Toxic Chemicals in all its fabrics.
Website Designed and Developed By IMA Sydney Website Designs.


Vineyard candle Diffusers are hand blended and poured in their workshop in Cornwall. The luxury reeds are designed for a great fragrance throw and do not need turning or replacing. The diffuser will give you at least four months of subtle but constant fragrance. Created using luxury natural ingredients blended with the finest fragrance from around the world. Presented in a luxury tube to complement the range. This Gin and Tonic fragrance was created using the tasting notes from a famous Gin maker - Juniper with hints of coriander and citrus.


Fashion designer Stella McCartney has designed a collection for Swedish clothes retailer H&M. The campaign site is now up and running in a sneak preview mode. Full site will be available tomorrow, Octorber 27. The clothes will be available in selected H&M-stores worldwide from November 10. More info on the project in the pressrelease and the image archive.


The Faculty of Technology Engineering is a department of the management structure of the institute. The activity of the faculty is directed to the training of students in specialties and areas, to conduct the educational process of teaching is inextricably, the preparation of scientific and pedagogical personnel, as well as the implementation of research projects. The faculty provides the continuity of production with training. Faculty management is conducted by the dean and deputy deans of the faculty.
• coordination of the work of departments that provide training for students in areas assigned to the faculty.
• Provide work on the creation of textbooks, teaching aids in the disciplines and subjects of the faculty of the department at the faculty, including in cooperation with foreign scientists. Expansion of the base of the Faculty Information Resource Center.
• Organization and provision of conditions for the development of priority research areas.
Currently, 1,144 students are studying in various areas of undergraduate studies at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering..
1.5320300-"Technological machines and equipment" – 465 students.
The faculty has 5 departments and 90 professors, teachers.
1. Department of "Engineering Technology". The head of the department is Candidate of Technical Sciences, associate professor Kh.Akbarov, 23 professors-teachers.
2. Department "Technological machines and equipment". The head of the department is Candidate of Technical Sciences, associate professor N. Kobulova. 20 professors-teachers.
3. The department "Organization of industry production." The head of the department is Doctor of Economics, Professor U. Madrakhimov, 14 professors and teachers.
4. Department of "Humanities". The head of the department is Ph.D. G. Bazarov, 16 professors-teachers.
5. Department of "Languages". Head of the department N.Mirzaeva. 25 professors and teachers.
The study of disciplines and foreign languages plays an important role in the preparation of future qualified engineers of the faculty.


text:
About McKay
MCKAY USA
McKay News
Whangarei District Council Water SCADA & Telemetry Upgrade
SCADA, Telemetry and Control System upgrade 2019-2021
McKay was engaged by the Whangarei District Council (WDC) to provide an upgrade strategy for their Water Services control systems.
The upgrade entailed a complete replacement of SCADA, PLCs, RTUs and communication network for 7 treatment plants and more than 70 outstations. Working closely together, McKay and WDC developed a list of key requirements for the project. Combining this list of requirements with extensive knowledge of industry standards and best practices, McKay was able to achieve the following outcomes for WDC:
A highly scalable software platform which, through its object orientation, reduces development time, increases the overall quality and makes the system easier to maintain
Improved process awareness for operators through an intuitive and consistent user interface, leading to faster and more informed decision making
Situationally aware design draws attention to the consequential details, facilitating more effective interactions for operators
Better stability and speed of wide area networks, enabling real time control and monitoring of remote stations
Enhanced data integrity through automatic backfilling of gaps and redundancy in persistent data storage, resulting in reliable compliance and maintenance reporting
Up to date hardware, providing compatibility with the most advanced software on the market and the latest cyber security solutions.
Summary of works:
An inventory was made of each of the existing installations. These included site inspections and interpreting the previous controls software and hardware configurations. All information was captured in a standardised format to assist decision making during the requirements capture process.
Discussions and workshops were conducted with WDC stakeholders to determine a list of key requirements. These discussions were held regularly throughout the whole project so that the list of requirements evolved over time to best meet WDC needs.
Control hardware and software were compared based on a large set of ranking criteria. Standard parts and software packages were selected for use in all future WDC water installations. All servers and networking equipment were replaced by a specialised IT provider with consultation from McKay. The combination of McKay's control system and SCADA expertise with third party technical IT expertise resulted in an incredibly fast, robust, and scalable system.
A comprehensive set of control system standards were produced which included detailed guidelines on object models, programming conventions and user interface design. These standards were strictly adhered to throughout the project. For every site a detailed functional design was produced, encompassing all control and monitoring.
Using the new standards and functional designs as directives, the main controllers were programmed. For large plants these were Modicon M580 PLCs, and for outstations SCADAPack RTUs were used. Controllers were programmed with an object-oriented approach while following the S88 standard. This created very modular code, perfect for testing and future maintenance. The same philosophies were applied to the SCADA. Since the standards were designed to be hardware and software independent, the SCADA objects automatically became compatible with the field devices without further effort. This compatibility was proven when the standards were successfully adopted by a different client using Rockwell PLCs.
The SCADA user interface was based on a combination of the 'Situational Awareness' design philosophy and New Zealand industry best practices and conventions. The interface incorporated both a traditional P&ID (process and instrumentation diagram) style overview of the process, and a modern dashboard showing key performance metrics.
McKay supplied and installed new hardware for every site. During installation, wiring was tidied up, documented, and standardised by our team of expert electricians. Installation and commissioning were organised and planned, so that the downtime of each process was minimised. Even the largest plant had a turnaround of less than one week's shut down for the whole changeover.
McKay continues to work with the Whangarei District Council under a long term maintenance contract for all water electrical and control systems. Together, we strive towards a common goal of continuous improvement.
Want to hear more about our water and wastewater SCADA services? Find out more here. For more water and wastewater content, sign up to our water newsletter here.
All Water projects
Please submit an enquiry form
McKay Group Companies:
© 2022 Copyright McKay Group.


The Uco Valley has some of the highest elevation vineyards of all of Mendoza, and has garnered a reputation for producing wines with elegance and ageing potential. This is a fresh, fruit forward Malbec that is crying out for some food to have alongside with, maybe a beef burger with blue melted cheese on top? Done.


I start playing Norah Jones.
Denise: I really like this music.
Scott: You say that every time I play it.
Denise: And you say that every time back to me.
Scott: Well, somebody's stuck in a loop, and I don't think it's me.


text:
Displaying items by tag: interview
Bottom of the Barrel: Remembering "The Man with the Golden Gun" on its 45th Anniversary
"It's the worst Bond movie ever made." — Lee Pfeiffer, co-author of The Essential Bond: The Authorized Guide to the World of 007
The Digital Bits and History, Legacy & Showmanship are pleased to present this retrospective commemorating the 45th anniversary of the release of The Man with the Golden Gun, the ninth (official) cinematic James Bond adventure and second entry to feature Roger Moore as Agent 007.
In case you missed them or desire a refresher read, this column's other celebratory 007 articles in this series include The World Is Not Enough, Licence to Kill, Moonraker, Quantum of Solace, From Russia with Love, Never Say Never Again, Live and Let Die, Octopussy, Casino Royale (1967), Tomorrow Never Dies, Die Another Day, Dr. No, The Living Daylights, The Spy Who Loved Me, You Only Live Twice, Diamonds Are Forever, Casino Royale, For Your Eyes Only, Thunderball, GoldenEye, A View to a Kill, On Her Majesty's Secret Service, Goldfinger, and 007… Fifty Years Strong.
The Bits continues the series with this retrospective featuring a Q&A with an esteemed group of film historians and James Bond authorities who discuss the virtues, shortcomings and legacy of 1974's The Man with the Golden Gun. [Read more here...]
John Cork
Jon Burlingame
The Music of James Bond
Bond Girls Are Forever
The Essential Bond
TWINE: Remembering "The World Is Not Enough" on its 20th Anniversary
"The World Is Not Enough is the first and only Bond film to feature a woman as the arch-villain. For this reason, it is worthy of recognition" — Lisa Funnell, co-author of The Geographies, Genders, and Geopolitics of James Bond
The Digital Bits and History, Legacy & Showmanship are pleased to present this retrospective commemorating the 20th anniversary of the release of The World is Not Enough, the 19th (official) cinematic James Bond adventure and third of four to feature Pierce Brosnan as Agent 007.
Our previous celebratory 007 articles include Licence to Kill, Moonraker, Quantum of Solace, From Russia with Love, Never Say Never Again, Live and Let Die, Octopussy, Casino Royale (1967), Tomorrow Never Dies, Die Another Day, Dr. No, The Living Daylights, The Spy Who Loved Me, You Only Live Twice, Diamonds Are Forever, Casino Royale, For Your Eyes Only, Thunderball, GoldenEye, A View to a Kill, On Her Majesty's Secret Service, Goldfinger, and 007… Fifty Years Strong.
The Bits continues the series with this retrospective featuring a Q&A with an esteemed group of film historians and James Bond authorities who discuss the virtues, shortcomings and legacy of 1999's The World is Not Enough. [Read more here...]
Lisa Funnell
Robert A Caplen
Robbie Coltrane
No Comparison: Remembering "Star Trek: The Motion Picture" on its 40th Anniversary
"Star Trek: The Motion Picture wasn't a perfect film, but it had a plethora of nearly perfect moments." — Inglorious Treksperts co-host Mark A. Altman
The Digital Bits and History, Legacy & Showmanship are pleased to present this retrospective commemorating the 40th anniversary of the release of Star Trek: The Motion Picture, the first big-screen adventure based upon Gene Roddenberry's legendary 1960s television series with William Shatner, Leonard Nimoy and DeForest Kelley reprising the roles that made them famous of Kirk, Spock and McCoy, respectively.
Directed by Robert Wise (West Side Story, The Sound of Music), the film also reunited James Doohan as Scotty, George Takei as Sulu, Majel Barrett as Dr. Chapel, Walter Koenig as Chekov, and Nichelle Nichols as Uhura, and also featured Persis Khambatta as Ilia and Stephen Collins as Decker. [Read more here...]
Mark A Altman
Gene Roddenberry
Persis Khambatta
Sci-Fi Disney Style: Remembering "The Black Hole" on its 40th Anniversary
"If you have never seen it, don't expect Star Wars. Watch it for being an ambitious Disney answer to Star Wars. Watch it from the perspective of it signaling a change at Disney at that time. Watch it for the incredible sets, visual effects and a storyline that mimics 20000 Leagues under the Sea, but set in space." — William Kallay, author of The Making of Tron
The Digital Bits and History, Legacy & Showmanship are pleased to present this retrospective commemorating the 40th anniversary of the release of The Black Hole, the Walt Disney Company's science-fiction and fantasy adventure directed by Gary Nelson (Freaky Friday) and featuring Oscar-nominated cinematography and visual effects.
Starring Maximilian Schell (Judgment at Nuremberg), Anthony Perkins (Psycho), Robert Forster (Jackie Brown), Joseph Bottoms (Santa Barbara TV series), Yvette Mimieux (The Time Machine), Ernest Borgnine (Marty), Roddy McDowall (Planet of the Apes), and Slim Pickens (Blazing Saddles), The Black Hole opened forty years ago this month, and for the occasion The Bits features a Q&A with Disney authority and The Making of Tron author William Kallay, who discuss the movie's virtues and shortcomings. [Read more here...]
Gary Nelson
Robert Forster
Joseph Bottoms
Yvette Mimieux
Slim Pickens
William Kallay
Hellzapoppin': Remembering "1941" on its 40th Anniversary
"Any legitimate study of Spielberg's career has to include 1941." — film music historian Mike Matessino
The Digital Bits and History, Legacy & Showmanship are pleased to present this retrospective commemorating the 40th anniversary of the release of 1941, Steven Spielberg's zany, whacky, epic World War II comedy featuring a screenplay by Robert Zemeckis & Bob Gale (Used Cars, Back to the Future) and John Milius (Big Wednesday, Red Dawn), an all-star cast headed by Dan Aykroyd (The Blues Brothers, Ghostbusters) and John Belushi (Animal House, The Blues Brothers), and Oscar-nominated Cinematography, Sound and Visual Effects.
The large ensemble cast also featured Nancy Allen (Dressed to Kill), Ned Beatty (Deliverance), Eddie Deezen (Grease), Bobby DiCicco (I Wanna Hold Your Hand), Lorraine Gary (Jaws), Murray Hamilton (Jaws), Diane Kay (Eight is Enough TV series), Christopher Lee (The Man with the Golden Gun), Tim Matheson (Animal House), Frank McRae (Used Cars), Toshiro Mifune (The Hidden Fortress), Warren Oates (The Wild Bunch), Slim Pickens (Dr. Strangelove), Wendie Jo Sperber (Back to the Future), Robert Stack (The Untouchables TV series), Lionel Stander (Hart to Hart TV series), and Treat Williams (Prince of the City). [Read more here...]
Bob Gale
Nancy Allen
Ned Beatty
Remembering "The Brady Bunch" on its 50th Anniversary
"The Brady Bunch is 'comfort TV' to the highest degree." — Classic TV historian Herbie J Pilato
The Digital Bits and History, Legacy & Showmanship are pleased to present this retrospective commemorating the golden anniversary of the premiere of The Brady Bunch, the classic family sitcom which originally ran on ABC from 1969 to 1974 and starred Florence Henderson as Carol/Mom, Robert Reed as Mike/Dad and Ann B. Davis as housekeeper Alice.
The series (and ultimately franchise) — created by Sherwood Schwartz (Gilligan's Island, It's About Time) and featuring as the memorable Brady kids Barry Williams (Greg), Maureen McCormick (Marcia), Christopher Knight (Peter), Eve Plumb (Jan), Mike Lookinland (Bobby) and Susan Olsen (Cindy) — premiered 50 years ago this month, and for the occasion The Bits features a Q&A with classic television historian Herbie J Pilato, who offers some recollections and insight into the timeless series. [Read more here...]
Herbie J Pilato
Robert Reed
Ann B Davis
Eve Plumb
Susan Olsen
Barry Williams
Christopher Knight
Mike Lookinland
Frank De Vol
The Brady Bunch Kids
Peppermint Trolley Company
The Brady Bunch: 50th Anniversary TV & Movie Collection
School's Out: Remembering "Dazed and Confused" on its 25th Anniversary
"Dazed and Confused is an admirably nuanced take on the teen movie that was congruent with the fresh wave of nineties entries in the genre." – Thomas A. Christie, author of The Cinema of Richard Linklater
The Digital Bits and History, Legacy & Showmanship are pleased to present this retrospective commemorating the 25th anniversary of the release of Dazed and Confused, the coming-of-age comedy revolving around the final day of school in 1976 in a small Texas town. Directed by Richard Linklater (Slacker, Before Sunrise, Boyhood) – and featuring a large ensemble cast including Jason London, Joey Lauren Adams, Michelle Burke, Wiley Wiggins, and notable early-career performances by Ben Affleck, Milla Jovovich, Matthew McConaughey, and Parker Posey – Dazed and Confused opened 25 years ago this month, and for the occasion The Bits features a Q&A with author, film historian and Richard Linklater biographer Thomas A. Christie. [Read more here...]
Parker Posey
Jason London
Michelle Burke
Wiley Wiggins
The Cinema of Richard Linklater
Returning to Mayfield: Remembering "Leave it to Beaver" on its 60th Anniversary
"Leave it to Beaver offers the complete package of what a television show should be for yesterday, today, and tomorrow." — Classic TV historian Herbie J Pilato
The Digital Bits and History, Legacy & Showmanship are pleased to present this retrospective commemorating the 60th anniversary of the premiere of Leave it to Beaver, the memorable situation comedy which originally ran from 1957 to 1963 and starred Jerry Mathers as the titular character and Tony Dow as brother Wally. [Read more here...]
Tony Dow
Hugh Beaumont
Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
Hers and Hers and His: Remembering "Three's Company" on its 40th Anniversary
"It's amazing how such a silly sitcom can help refuel the spirit by helping us appreciate life's absurdities. Three's Company constantly reminded that such a shift in perspective can help us tackle the not-so-funny stuff in life." — Come and Knock on Our Door author Chris Mann
The Digital Bits and History, Legacy & Showmanship are pleased to present this retrospective article commemorating the 40th anniversary of Three's Company, the farcical situation comedy television series starring John Ritter as Jack Tripper which showcased his comedic exploits with his two female roommates, friends and nosy landlord. [Read more here...]
Jack Tripper
Norman Fell
Audra Lindley
Jenilee Harrison
Richard Kline


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Q: Do I need anything besides Xcode to develop a vector drawing app for iPhone? I am new to vector animation. I am practicing an Xcode4.3 project that allows the user to draw objects of exact length, breath or radius of his preference. The user will be drawing the objects in a drawing board. The user can insert text into the draw object of his preferred dimensions and based on the manual increase or decrease of the text the size of the created object needs to change.
Apart from installing Xcode 4.3, is there anything else additional that I need to install to start the project(Like Quartz2D, Cocos2D framework etc..)? Please mention.
Also please let me know if there is any step-by-step tutorial for the same.

A: Welcome to stackoverflow.
You only need to install Xcode to get started.  You don't need to install any other tools, apps, or libraries on your Mac.
You will probably need to install a lot of new knowledge in your brain, though. ;^)  If you don't have much experience developing for iOS, or using Core Graphics, you need to work through some tutorials first.  You can find many free tutorials on the web.
You might also want to upgrade to Xcode 4.4.1 (released today!).  And when you want to actually run your app on a device (instead of the simulator), you will need to pay Apple to join the iOS developer program.
As for whether there's "any step-by-step tutorial for the same": on stackoverflow, we expect you to do this sort of research yourself, and show us what you've done when you ask for help.


THE SCALE BUILDER'S GUILD > THE SBG SCALE GALLERIES > DESERT OFFROAD & RALLY > VIDEO > Changing the chassis!
View Full Version : Changing the chassis!
Just for fun,i decided to filming while change the chassis at my Serpent after a big crash during the track turn last few days.


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Wellbeing inequality in retrospect
Leandro de la Escosura 02 June 2018
Rising trends in GDP per capita are often interpreted as reflecting rising levels of general wellbeing. But GDP per capita is at best a crude proxy for wellbeing, neglecting important qualitative dimensions. This column explores the long-term trends in global wellbeing inequality using a new dataset. Inequality indices reflecting various aspects of wellbeing are shown to have been declining since WWI, unlike real GDP per capita inequality.
Asking people which aspects of wellbeing matter most
Daniel Benjamin, Samantha Cunningham, Ori Heffetz, Miles Kimball, Nichole Szembrot
In defence of GDP as a measure of wellbeing
Nicholas Oulton
New evidence on the social context of wellbeing
John Helliwell, Christopher Barrington-Leigh, Anthony Harris, Haifang Huang
In the last one and a half centuries, substantial gains have been observed for wellbeing dimensions beyond GDP per capita – including health, education, political voice, civil liberties, and personal security (Bourguignon and Morrisson 2002, Morrisson and Murtin 2009, Prados de la Escosura 2015, Pinker 2018). How have these gains been distributed? Do inequality trends in wellbeing dimensions concur? In recent research, I have tried to answer these questions by presenting a long-run view of global wellbeing inequality, based on a new historical dataset (Prados de la Escosura 2018).
The measurement of wellbeing: Not a negligible issue
Most studies address inequality in social wellbeing dimensions using their original values (Becker et al. 2005, Bourguignon and Morrisson 2002, Morrisson and Murtin 2013), but as non-income wellbeing indicators have asymptotic limits (reflecting biological or physical maxima), the range of variation is very narrow, forcing smaller gains (both absolute and relative) as their levels get higher (Sen 1981, Dasgupta 1990). The shortcomings of using original values – or, by the same token, linear transformations thereof – become more evident when quality is taken into account. Life expectancy at birth, or years of schooling are just crude proxies for a long and healthy life with access to knowledge. These objections are particularly relevant when the distribution of social dimensions of wellbeing are measured across countries and over time, as the use of original values unavoidably leads towards convergence.A way of mitigating this spurious tendency is to employ Kakwani's (1993) non-linear transformation of health and education dimensions, which for achievements of the same absolute size imply that the higher the starting level, the larger the impact.
Trends in wellbeing inequality
Initial high levels of inequality in education – well above those for per capita income and life expectancy at birth – are observed in the late 19thand early 20thcenturies, prior to the diffusion of mass primary education (Benavot and Riddle 1988). Thereafter, inequality experienced a steady decline throughout most of the 20th century in terms of literacy and years of schooling. In terms of gross enrolments, these fell until the early 1980s, but suffered a reversal in the 1990s.Nonetheless, inequality was still high in the third quarter of the 20thcentury. Globalisation of primary education has steered the inequality decline.
Figure 1 Population-weighted inequality in years of schooling, 1870–2015 (Kakwani index)
Inequality in life expectancy has been driven by the diffusion of the 'health transitions'. During the epidemiological (or first health) transition, relating to the diffusion of the germ theory of disease, persistent gains in lower mortality and higher survival were achieved, as infectious disease gave way to chronic disease as the main cause of death (Omran 1971). Thus, substantial achievements in longevity were attained. However, these gains were not shared equally within societies and across countries – lack of economic means and basic scientific knowledge prevented it. The increase in life expectancy inequality in the late 19thand early 20thcenturies can be tied to the uneven distribution of the first health transition, initially restricted to advanced western countries (Figure 2).
Figure 2 Population-weighted inequality in life expectancy, 1870–2015 (Kakwani Index)
The gradual international diffusion of the health transition between the 1920s and the 1970s helps to explain the reduction in life expectancy inequality. Its contraction was particularly intense during the globalisation backlash (1914–1950), at a time of stagnant or declining average incomes in many countries, and increasing international income inequality (Riley 2005, van Zanden et al. 2014). Improvements in public health (often at low cost, as low incomes prevented the purchase of the new drugs), the diffusion of preventive methods of disease transmission, and knowledge dissemination through school education contributed to reducing infant mortality and maternal death, two major determinants of the increase in life expectancy at birth in developing regions (Riley 2001). At the turn of the 20thcentury, a new health transition emerged. In this new transition, mortality and morbidity have fallen among the elderly as a result of new medical knowledge that has permitted better treatment of respiratory and cardiovascular disease and vision problems (Chernew et al. 2016). The rise in longevity has also been helped by better nutrition in the early years of life. The result is people living not just longer lives, but also healthier lives (Mathers et al. 2001, Salomon et al. 2012). Thus, the increase in life expectancy inequality after 1990 may be associated not just with the impact of HIV-AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa or the effects of the demise of socialism in Eastern Europe, but also with a second health transition so far restricted to the developed world.
Figure 3 Life expectancy, population-weighted inequality (Gini) versus level (Kakwani indices)
An association might be suggested between the level of longevity and its international distribution. The observed inverted-U shaped curve between inequality and the level of life expectancy at birth could be deemed a Health Kuznets Curve (see Figure 3). The driving force of the Health Kuznets Curve would be the spread of the health transitions across countries. The uneven diffusion of the epidemiological or first transition would account for its rise, while its gradual diffusion across the globe would explain its decline. Moreover, it may be that the closing of the Health Kuznets Curve gave way to a new one. The new Health Kuznets Curve appears to have been short-lived, though, as longevity differences across countries resulting from the uneven diffusion of the second health transition (Cutler et al. 2006) have been offset, at least temporarily, by the recovery of life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa and former socialist Europe.
Figure 4 Population-weighted inequality in human development and real per capita GDP, 1870-2015 (MLD)
These findings are at odds with the view on long-run inequality derived from real per capita GDP. While population-weighted income inequality increased until the third quarter of the 20thcentury, inequality in social dimensions has declined since WWI. Furthermore, the contrast between inequality in terms of income and human development (Figure 4) is striking and challenges the idea that per capita income provides a good predictor of welfare trends.
Pressing questions emerge demanding new research. Why did inequality decline in terms of social dimensions, but not in terms of GDP per head? Was it due to public policy, or to the public good properties of medical technology? Why has there been no second health transition in the developing world? Is it the outcome of unequal access to new medical technologies, or of a lack of public policies? As the new medical technologies become accessible, is a decline in life expectancy inequality foreseeable in the 21stcentury?
Becker, G S, T J Philipson and R R Soares (2005), "The quantity and quality of life and the evolution of world inequality", American Economic Review 95(1): 277–291.
Benavot, A and P Riddle (1988), "The expansion of primary education, 1870-1940: Trends and issues", Sociology of Education 61: 191–210.
Bourguignon, F and C Morrisson (2002), "Inequality among world citizens", American Economic Review 92(4): 727–744.
Chernew, M, D M Cutler, K Gosh and M B Landrum (2016), "Understanding the improvement in disability free life expectancy in the US elderly population", NBER Working Paper 22306.
Cutler, D M, A Deaton and A Lleras-Muney (2006), "The determinants of mortality", Journal of Economic Perspectives 20: 97–120.
Dasgupta, P (1990), "Well-being and the extent of its realization in poor countries", Economic Journal 100(400): 1–32.
Kakwani, N (1993), "Performance in living standards: An international comparison", Journal of Development Economics 41: 307–336.
Mathers, C D, R Sadana, J A Salomon, C J L Murray and A D Lopez (2001), "Healthy life expectancy in 191 countries", Lancet 357: 1685–1691.
Morrison, C and F Murtin (2009), "The century of education", Journal of Human Capital 3 (1): 1–42.
Morrisson, C and F Murtin (2013), "The Kuznets curve of human capital inequality: 1870–2010", Journal of Income Inequality 11(3): 283–301.
Omran, A R (1971), "The epidemiological transition: A theory of epidemiology of population change," Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 49(4): 509–538.
Pinker, S (2018), Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism and Progress, Allen Lane.
Prados de la Escosura, L (2015), "World human development: 1870-2007", Review of Income and Wealth 61(2): 220–247.
Prados de la Escosura, L (2018), "Wellbeing inequality in the long run", CEPR Discussion Paper 12920.
Riley, J C (2001), Rising Life Expectancy: A Global History, Cambridge University Press.
Riley, J C (2005), Poverty and Life Expectancy: The Jamaica Paradox, Cambridge University Press.
Salomon, J A, H Wang, M K Freeman, T Vos, A D Flaxman, A D Lopez and C J L Murray (2012), "Healthy life expectancy for 187 Countries, 1990–2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden Disease Study 2010," Lancet 380: 2144–2162.
Sen, A K (1981), "Public action and the quality of life in developing countries," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 43: 287–319.
Zanden, J L van, J Baten, P Foldvári and B van Leeuwen (2014), "The changing shape of global inequality 1820-2000: Exploring a new dataset", Review of Income and Wealth 60(2): 279–297.
Topics: Development Health economics Poverty and income inequality
Tags: wellbeing, happiness, schooling, life expectancy, Inequality, health transition
Leandro de la Escosura
Professor of Economic History, Universidad Carlos III, Madrid; Research Associate, CAGE; Honorary Maddison Chair, University of Groningen; and CEPR Research Fellow