text:
The Battle of Arenfjord, Part One
MMythos Defence and Warfare, Global News, Russo-Arendellian War January 17, 2021 January 17, 2021 12 Minutes
Warning: Violent depictions
Featured image "Baltic Brawl," by Arute (@ast05water)
Anna got up early, as always. She usually went to bed two hours after midnight, having checked in on Danny, Elsa's adopted daughter, and crawled into bed – sometimes in Kristoff's, sometimes in her own. Today she got up well before her fiancé did, and was now in her study looking over the map of Arendelle and the islet of Sudden Death across from the fjord. Elsa would be staying in the palace for the next few months. She looked up at the grandfather clock across from her room: five thirty-three in the morning.
"Has Mattias set off?" she asked quietly, seemingly to herself. But a shadow with glinting yellow eyes emerged from behind her desk.
"Yes," said Commander Hilde quietly, hands behind her back. Ever graceful and deadly-looking in her impeccable black and silver uniform, her presence was calm, confident, and reassuring. "I'll be sailing up the strait as well, to catch Yaraslaf in a pincer attack just as he's engaging Mattias on Sudden Death."
"Right. As we planned." Anna stood up from her chair, staring at the Countess's right-hand woman. "Destin will always want to me to feel safe, to not over-worry. Tell me honestly, Hilde. How confident are you of beating back Yaraslaf?"
Hilde's expression was impassive. "He's a powerful warrior."
"So are you."
"He'll be tough. I'll fight him to the death."
"You're not going to die. Please don't say it like you're prepared to sacrifice your life today."
"I know you care about me. About everyone. But you're being irrational, Anna," said Hilde calmly, and to the queen's annoyance, Hilde was right. "I must be prepared to give everything to stop the Grand Duke if we're to have a hope. I know Mattias feels the same."
Anna turned away. "Stop it."
Hilde gazed at Anna's slumped back, and those arms wrapped around herself. She looked like Elsa in such moments. So tired. So afraid of losing someone. She smiled sadly. "I'm sorry, Your Majesty. My mistress has the same issues with me, too. That I can be too plain-speaking, when what you need is comfort and sympathy."
"Yes, you can," reproached Anna softly, before turning back to look at Hilde. "Come back to me safely – you and the rest. Kick Yaraslaf's butt, and keep our fjord safe."
Hilde snapped to attention and saluted. "You have my word, Your Majesty."
A great roar punctured the misty fog surrounding the shores of the small island that had been nicknamed Sudden Death.
The hulls of three great ships – Poseidon, Charybdis, and Scylla – sliced through the dewy ocean air, with dozens upon dozens of smaller boats cutting along the calm sea around them. Each boat was filled with rowing Russian soldiers in their impeccable uniforms and high hats, who were cheering each other on as the shoreline grew closer and closer. "Yaraslaf!" they bellowed, with each pull. "Katina! Roo-si-ya!" Rapidly, the boats swept onto the sand and gravel of the coast, and companies of Russian soldiers leaped off, quickly moving into formation and marching up the gentle hills of Sudden Death. "Go, go!" barked the lieutenants, hurrying their men, who were armed with state of the art rifles and cutlasses, and supplied with several days' worth of provisions. "Secure this island in preparation of our admiral's arrival."
Sudden Death was a barren islet, of little interest to the Viking settlers at the dawn of Arendelle's history. No crops could be grown there. The prospect of building a settlement seemed redundant when, opposite to the island, there was a much more fertile, comfortable, and secure hillside nestled between the mountains and the fjord. That area became what would be known as Arendelle. That was the ultimate objective of Yaraslaf's troops as they stormed the shores. Over a thousand elite troops of the Baltic Navy now spanned the entire shoreline.
"War map," by Arute (@ast05water)
"Prepare for anything funny from our foes," called one of the lieutenants, as the main ships of the Baltic Fleet stopped a short distance away from the island. "We set up camp here, and prepare our attack on the fjord by tonight."
Everything seemed to be going quite smoothly – too smoothly. Some distance from the sandy coast, after which were dotted mildly hilly knolls for across the landscape, reeds and grass stirred, and suddenly there came a great cry from a Viking blowing horn. And then, a great war cry – the same bellow that had driven Elsa's and Colisa's victory against the tsar's first invasion years ago – shook the heavens. The Russians had called again, and Arendelle was going to answer.
"Fagra, grýttur land, heimr Árnadalr!"
Beautiful, stony land, our home of Arendelle.
"Fylgið dróttningu ljóssins!"
Follow the queen of light.
The roar of Arendellian artillery thundered through the sky as howitzers, positioned from behind the grassy knolls since the early morning, fired round after round, shells falling upon the Russian divisions and exploding, hurling men and body parts into the sky. The Russian soldiers rallied and pushed forward, maintaining disciplined rows as they charged up the gentle slope. Explosive projectiles and cannonballs continued to rain down on the Russians as the first wave of Arendellian defenders emerged. Several Russian soldiers blanched as their line of sight met the sinister silver masks of screaming women, their wearers enshrouded in a cloak and uniformed in jet-black coats and trousers.
Countess Vi's Court Guard were already here?
General Mattias and his second-in-command, the grizzled veteran Sergeant Severin, emerged from the front of the MCG. For years, Severin had been the go-to operative for Arendellian intelligence, and his work with the Raven spies of Arendelle had made him one of the most well-informed lieutenants in the military. "It's going to be a bloody awful day," he said, scratching his beard. "But at least we get to make a bit of a mess for the Russians too."
"I'm afraid you're right," said Mattias, smiling grimly. Vi and Hilde had offered the Court Guard to not just take the heaviest losses, but also to stymie the Russian advance. Not even Yaraslaf would have expected them to strike so boldly early on. But they needed to keep their momentum if they didn't want to waste the MCG's early intervention.
Mattias raised his sword. It glimmered in the morning sky as he pointed it at the Russians. Silently, the MCG marched down the hill in lockstep towards the Russians, outnumbered but unbothered in the slightest. They aimed their rifles and began to fire, their explosive rounds puncturing several lines of men, blowing apart their bodies and sending guts and tissue spattering their horrified comrades. Amidst screams of surprise and agony, the Russians returned fire, furious that the Arendellians were hitting them so hard. The Court Guards quickly moved into a new formation, several V-shaped lines that began to pick up pace as the dark knights broke into a sprint at the Russians. "Oh, shit. They want to keep us pinned down here!" cried a sergeant. "Here they come!"
The cold and silent MCG smashed into the Russian lines with ferocious speed, engaging the infantry in fierce melee combat. Cries and roars rose into the morning clouds as the MCG tore through the Russians, while the latter tried to surround them. Bayonets and cutlasses stabbed and hacked at each other as several Court Guards fell, bodies riddled with bullets. A Russian gurgled at two Court Guards thrust their sabres into his midsection, spilling his guts out. Meanwhile, Arendellian howitzers continued to shell the coastline, shattering Russian formations and blunting the momentum of their advance. A company of soldiers managed to beat back a group of Court Guards, only to be blasted apart by a howitzer's shell. The Russians hadn't advanced nearly as far inland as they'd wanted.
"We can't let them keep us here! We're sitting ducks, exposed!" cried a Russian commander, struggling to fend off the swords from two spinning Court Guards. "Go! Take the hills! Go, go, go!"
A division of Russian infantry separated from the core mayhem and tried to scramble up the hill at Mattias. Mattias and Severin looked at each other, nodding, as the main force of Arendillian infantry moved into position behind them. There was both trepidation and determination on the green-clad men and women's faces as they glared down at the ongoing battle, the MCG holding their own for now against the superior Russian numbers. They couldn't let Sudden Death fall into Russian hands.
"I'd best be going," said Severin quietly, as the well-built commander drew his own revolver. "It's been an honour, General." He squinted into the distance, before his blue eyes widened in horror. "Sir, I'd best get down there. I think Poseidon and the other Baltic Fleet ships are turning their starboard cannons to bombard the coast."
Sure enough, there was a great cheer among the Russians as they began to push back the MCG slightly. Poseidon and Charybdis were moving into position, and row upon row of cannons could be heard emerging from their starboards. "Crap. If they start shelling us, we must withdraw the Court Guards and fall back. Let me get down there, Mattias. Without support, they're sitting ducks."
"Wait. Wait for it." said Mattias, holding up a hand. "We still don't need to do anything yet. Everything is happening just as Hilde and I planned."
"What… what is that?" cried one of the Russian lieutenants, as from the mists emerged a hull of cold, armoured metal.
The encouraged roars from the Russian troops suddenly died down. A shocked silence fell upon the battlefield as an ironclad warship, towering and frightening, slowly made for Poseidon. "What… what the hell is that?" screamed a Russian soldier, and before anyone could react, the warship, as if to taunt Yaraslaf, smashed into Poseidon, outmaneuvering the Baltic Fleet and changing the landscape of the battle immediately. There was a sickening CRUNCH, but it was music to Mattias' ears. Poseidon was now damaged, its hull split and the rest of the ship stuck as several dozen grappling hooks shot from the ironclad warship and pulled Poseidon closer. The Arendellians behind Severin let out their own whoops of support, and Severin breathed a sigh of relief.
Mattias smiled grimly. "As prompt and timely as expected, Commander Hilde."
Muspelheim, the deadliest ship Arendelle had to offer, had made contact with the enemy.
"We'll hold back Pride of Elsa and Nobility for now," said the general quietly. "The Russians should be pretty disoriented by now. Their ships are neutralized until they get rid of Muspelheim – if they can. Let's push back the soldiers along the coast. They've got nowhere to go, but the Court Guards can't hold them off forever. I'll leave it to you."
Severin raised his pistol, turning to the Arendellian troops. "This is the day you see a real battle!" he cried. "This is the day Arendelle calls you to help your people and your queen. Our goal is to stop the Russians from setting up camp on this island at all costs! If they manage that, Arenfjord, the queen's castle, and our entire harbour are completely exposed! I'm ready to give my life for this objective. Are you?"
The Arendellian troops thundered their willingness, and Severin turned around, licking his lips. "Then what are we waiting for, kids? Charge!" he cried, bursting into a run as the Arendellians followed him, scrambling across grass and weeds and sand to join the battle. Hundreds upon hundreds of troops ran down the gentle hill, bayonets and rifles raised high, roaring as the Russians tried to form a defensive line while holding off the MCG. The Russians reformed and fired volley after volley of bullets at the Arendellians, many of whom were caught and fell, gurgling. Another hail of deadly projectiles send dozens of Arendellian troops to the ground, screaming. "Go! Go, go, go – forward, and don't look back, lasses and lads," yelled Severin, firing his revolver with abandon. The Arendellians closed the distance with the buckling Russian formations, already torn apart by the MCG, and collided with them, the hand-to-hand combat vicious as Arendellians and Russians tried to overpower one another, shooting, hacking, bashing, and stabbing. With the Baltic Fleet preoccupied by Muspelheim, the Russian landing force didn't have the support it expected, and the fight had devolved into a brawl for who was more desperate to hang on to the islet. Severin drew his cutlass, striking down an infantryman and shooting another that tried to attack him in the chest. All around him, Russians, Arendellian troops, and the MCG fought, struggled, and fell. Slightly dazed but full of exhilaration, he staggered away from the swipe of a bayonet and continued to fire, screaming incoherently as he did so. His troops followed, determined to hold back the Russians at all costs.
Meanwhile, at the head of Muspelheim, Hilde looked coldly down at the struggling seamen and sailors on Poseidon. From behind her stepped two Court Guards.
"Don't let Scylla and Charybdis sail away," she said. "They're going to aim their cannons at Muspelheim. Anna isn't here, so we'll fight this battle my way. Board them both, and slaughter all hands."
The MCG nodded silently as Hilde slowly stepped forward, before shooting into the sky with supernatural strength and crashing like a descending comet into the planks of Poseidon. Several seamen instantly ran at her, but she drew her revolver and shot them all, sending their punctured bodies to the deck. She lunged, body as taut as an archer's bow, grabbing a soldier's face and slamming him into the floor. She lunged, fist punching through the ribcage of a wheezing man and her roundhouse kick sending another spinning overboard. She smoothly weaved past the swords of two other sailors and picked them off with her revolver, shooting them point-blank through the chests. "Where's the Grand Duke?" she shouted, as their crumpling bodies folded and stained her boots with their blood. "Your deaths will be swift and painless if you lead me to him."
"I'm not hiding, so don't ask my men." Yaraslaf's voice made Hilde turn around, her eyes falling on the hulking monster of an admiral, his polar bear's form casting a dark shadow as he walked circles around her. Swaggering before her arrogantly and adjusting his tunic boorishly, Yaraslaf bared his great teeth, which looked as if they could tear off a head from a neck or rip off a limb.
"Werewolf!" he cried, snorting at Hilde. "Hilde Von Altheim!"
Hilde's yellow eyes glinted. "Werebear," she acknowledged.
"A nice little trick, distracting my fleet while your troops pin my men down on Sudden Death. Are you sure you won't exhaust yourselves before we overwhelm you? You're operating on borrowed time, girl. Once I've got a foothold on that islet, you and Mattias will fall back to Arendelle. And it'll all be downhill from there." He glanced at the looming hull of Muspelheim. "A nice toy you have here, too. I should add it to my Baltic Fleet once I win this battle."
"For someone who claims to love fighting, you're a big blabberer," replied Hilde.
"I talk a lot to entertain myself. I've won too many battles, you see – it gets boring. By the way, I thought your kind went extinct long ago," boomed Yaraslaf. "I was so curious when Katina told me that among the ranks of Arendellians, there was actually someone like you – a true werewolf, with complete mastery over her lycanthropy. At last, I meet someone in Anna's forces that is worthy of my challenge. I have my doubts about Elsa, but I'll take her once I've broken you. So you, the last of her kind, has been serving the Mundilfari clan all this time?"
"I'd assumed the same about you, but apparently you found entertainment in working for Katina Romanov," said Hilde.
Of the many feared Altheim powers, the noble clan's hereditary lycanthropy is most certainly its most formidable.
"She provided a chance to make war, to lead armies, and to win glory – perpetually. The thrill of strategizing, of outflanking, and even of being outfought and beaten by superior enemies – this is what my ancient arctic race of werebears has lived for since the primeval days. The choice to follow Katina was irresistible."
Hilde cracked her fingers. "I'm not interested in your biography. But I am looking forward to ending your life." Her yellow eyes shifted as grey fur began to grow from her smooth face, and her teeth started to elongate, becoming too big for her mouth. Long ears began to sprout from the top of her head, and her face morphed into a ferocious wolf's as her uniform began to burst at the seams. She howled as the rest of her body transformed, her fingers extending and her nails becoming huge, deadly claws. Her legs had burst from their trousers and boots, and were now furry hind legs with sharp claws as well.
A contingent of four muscular men rushed up to Yaraslaf, carrying with difficulty his weapon, which was as long as a tall person. "Now there's your transformation. Quite the sight. My Moonscape Halberd should do the trick with you, werewolf." He raised a massive polearm, its blade in the shape of a crescent moon. He waved away the men as Hilde roared at him, slobber dripping from her snapping, hungry jaws, as she shifted, preparing to lunge at him.
Yaraslaf grinned. "So, Russia and Arendelle's generals meet for the first time on the field of battle. Give me a better challenge than that time I broke Honeymaren and Amira, girl! Come on," he bellowed, bear eyes narrowing as he prepared to receive Hilde's attack.
"I'll devour you, pup!"
TO BE CONTINUED! MATTIAS AND HILDE VERSUS YARASLAF!
mattias
Previous Post BREAKING: Baltic Fleet Approaches Arendelle as General Mattias Readies Defences
Next Post The Battle of Arenfjord, Part Two
7 thoughts on "The Battle of Arenfjord, Part One"
"Don't let Scylla and Charybdis sail away," Hilde said. "They're going to aim their cannons at Muspelheim. Anna isn't here, so we'll fight this battle my way. Board them both, and slaughter all hands."
I got wind of it. My reply to Hilde;
"Hold them by the balls and kick 'em in the ass!" (General George S. Patton.)
Now, go turn Yaraslaf into a Polar Werebear RUG!
One more. "You don't win a war by dying for your country (Or even for Queen Anna,) you win it by making the OTHER poor dumb bastard die for his! (General George S. Patton.)
Go, go, go Hilde! And Mattias – Uncle and I are cheering you both on.
Anna, my dear niece Anna.
I know you hate the prospects of losing loved ones, especially in this time of war. I tough talk to Hilde and Destin to prosecute this war to a quick, decisive and victorious end. A wise General put it this way. He called it "The Great Trap."
"To be a good soldier, you must love the Army. To be a good Commander, you must be willing to order the death of the thing you love. We are never afraid of our own deaths, but we're never ready for so many to die. We do expect the occasional "empty chair," a salute to fallen comrades, …we are prepared to lose some of us, but never all of us. That is the great trap." (General Robert E. Lee's words plus some from the movie "Gettysburg")
I know Mattias and Hilde respect your opinion, so they'll definitely aim to deal a quick and heavy blow to the enemy. I'm prepared for loss, even if my heart recoils from it.
"Holy shit, this is nuts."
I have faith that you and my commanders… and yes, Elsa… will save the kingdom from this madness. My role is to lead the effort to stop the Grand Dukes.
"I definitely agree.
We will get this done."


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Filme | Seriale | Comedy
Two Doors Down: Series 6 2022 DVD
3 ore 18 minute
All six episodes from the sixth series of the BBC comedy about the capers of a group of neighbours. In Scotland, married couple Eric and Beth (Alex Norton and Arabella Weir) live next door to their son Ian (Jamie Quinn) and his partner Gordon (Kieran Hodgson) on Latimer Crescent. Along with the street's other residents, Colin (Jonathan Watson), Michelle and Alan (Joy McAvoy and Graeme 'Grado' Stevely) and Christine (Elaine C. Smith), the tight-knit households try to support each other through the highs and lows of life. In this series Colin is struggling after being dumped, Alan has an accident at work and Christine turns 69. The episodes are: 'Macaroni', 'Alan's Boot', 'Dinner for Seven', 'Christine 69', 'Aussie Holiday' and 'Garden Party'. The 2022 Christmas special is also included.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


These moist-textured savoury madeleines have a delicious combination of 2 cheeses: Cheddar and Parmesan. They make an ideal aperitif snack.
Grate 200 g cheese. For this recipe, I used half and half Cheddar and Parmesan, but you can use other cheeses (see below).
Tip the grated cheese into a mixing bowl and add 150 g flour, 10 g baking powder, 3 eggs, 100 ml olive oil, salt and pepper.
Mix well with a soft spatula.
Finish by adding 30 ml milk and mix again.
Pour the mixture into madeleine tins or moulds.
You can also use other shapes, such as mini-cannelés.
Bake for about 20 minutes, keeping a watchful eye on the colour towards the end of cooking.
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Joshua Winslow Groban (Los Angeles, 27 februari 1981) is een Amerikaanse zanger van lichte populaire en klassieke muziek, daarnaast is hij ook acteur.

Carrière
Nadat hij geaccepteerd was voor het prestigieuze Interlochen Arts Program begon hij met het volgen van muzieklessen en theater. Uiteindelijk wist hij zijn opleiding aan de Los Angeles County High School for the Arts succesvol af te ronden.

Eind 1998 volgde Josh Groban zanglessen bij een zangleraar die contacten onderhield met producer en tekstschrijver David Foster. Nadat Foster de demo van Groban had beluisterd, vroeg hij hem te komen repeteren voor het evenement. Dankzij zijn succesvolle uitvoering op de inauguratie, vroeg Foster hem in 1999 om in te vallen voor de wereldberoemde tenor Andrea Bocelli.

Groban werd toegelaten tot de prestigieuze muziek-/theateropleiding van Carnegie Mellon University. Echter, na een van zijn optredens kreeg hij een aanbod dat hij niet kon weigeren: een platencontract bij Reprise Records. Zijn eerste uitgebrachte nummer was het duet "For Always" met Lara Fabian voor de soundtrack van de film "Artificial Intelligence" (AI) die in de zomer van 2001 uitkwam. Grobans debuutalbum kwam uit in het najaar van 2001, gevolgd door enkele uitverkochte concerten voor een televisiespecial. Deze is later op dvd uitgebracht onder de naam "Josh Groban in Concert". In 2003 werd zijn doorbraak definitief toen de dvd goud werd in januari en zijn debuutalbum goed was voor driemaal platina.

Acteerwerk
Groban speelde ook mee in twee afleveringen van de televisieserie Ally McBeal waar hij de rol speelde van een verlegen solozanger van een kerkkoor. Hij verzorgde tevens de titelsong 'Remember me' van de film Troy. Dat werd geschreven door James Horner.
Ook heeft hij in de concertversie van de musical 'Chess. Live at the Royal Hall, London' de hoofdrol gespeeld, als de Russische schaker Anatoly. Deze musical is geschreven door Tim Rice met de muziek van de mannen van ABBA.

In de succesvolle film Crazy, Stupid, Love. speelt hij een bijrol. Groban speelt onder andere nog in de serie 'The Office' en 'CSI: New York' verschillende bijrollen.

Discografie

Albums

|-
|align="left"|Josh Groban||2003||08-02-2003||8||19||
|-
|align="left"|Closer||2003||29-11-2003||38||9||
|-
|align="left"|Live at the greek||2004||11-12-2004||67||1|| Livealbum
|-
|align="left"|Awake||03-11-2006||11-11-2006||25||28||
|-
|align="left"|Noël||2007||10-11-2007||26||10||
|-
|align="left"|Awake live||09-05-2008||17-05-2008||51||2|| Livealbum
|-
|align="left"|A collection||07-11-2008||15-11-2008||11||16||
|-
|align="left"|Illuminations||19-11-2010||20-11-2010||10||10||
|-
|align="left"|All that echoes||2013||09-03-2013||3||14||
|}

|-
|align="left"|Awake||2006||25-11-2006||69||6||
|-
|align="left"|A collection||2008||29-11-2008||85||2||
|-
|align="left"|Illuminations||2010||27-11-2010||100||1||
|-
|align="left"|All that echoes||2013||09-02-2013||38||1*||
|}

Singles

|-
|align="left"|Brave||2013||-|||||| Nr. 69 in de Single Top 100
|}

Dvd's

Externe links
  Officiële website
 Nederlandse Fanclub

Amerikaans zanger
Amerikaans acteur

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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\section{Introduction}

Squeezing of quantum fluctuations has long been paraded as a key feature of inflation (e.g.~\cite{grish, Grishchuk:1993zd, starob96}). In a recent paper~\cite{us}, however, we showed that once one focuses on the end-product of squeezing, just about any model complies with the observational constraints. All that is observationally needed is that at late-time horizon reentry the fluctuations form standing waves with the correct temporal phase \cite{Dodelson:2003ip}. As shown in~\cite{us} this does not require that in the primordial phase there was ``squeezing'' (seen as the suppression of the momentum mode with respect to the momentum-free mode).
It is sufficient for the  momentum mode not to be overwhelmingly large at the end of the primordial phase, so that its decay during the standard Big Bang epoch leaves a dominant momentum-free mode at late times, producing the required standing wave.  Thus, inflation and other models where fluctuations are squeezed (such as bimetric VSL models \cite{Jprl, Jprd}) are actually ``overkill'', or surplus to requirement.

This remark is particularly pertinent for some models based on modified dispersion relations (MDR) \cite{DSRJM, Mukohyama:2009gg,DSR-dimred, DSR-rainbow, Amelino-Camelia:2013gna}, specifically  the ``critical'' MDR model. This model is  characterized by the dispersion relation found in Horava-Lifshitz theory, and is known to produce an exactly scale-invariant spectrum of primordial fluctuations. The critical model does not squeeze the primordial fluctuations, injecting equal amounts of momentum and momentum-free modes into the standard radiation epoch \cite{us}. As shown in~\cite{us} this is phenomenologically acceptable. Yet,  one may wonder about the physical origin of this result, particularly as it is an oddity with respect to almost every other scenario.

In this paper we shed light on this matter, re-examining the model in the dual frame, where the speed of light $c$ is set to one as a result of a wavelength-dependent redefinition of time. It was previously suggested that in this dual frame, driven by rainbow gravity, ``gravity switches off'', or matter becomes ``conformally coupled to gravity'' \cite{essay, DSR-rainbow}. In Sections~\ref{dual},
\ref{squeezing},
\ref{critical}
we show that the former description is more precise. In a radiation dominated Universe (i.e. with conformal coupling to gravity) there is squeezing; in Minkowski spacetime there is not. The fluctuations in the critical MDR model behave for the purposes of squeezing just as if they were in Minkowski spacetime; therefore for all practical purposes gravity is ``switched off''. In this way this paper clarifies both the result on squeezing and the nature of gravity for the critical MDR model.

Beyond the critical model, we know~\cite{us} that for MDR models with a red spectrum of perturbations squeezing does occur. Thus,  the observed slightly red scalar perturbations must behave similarly to inflation, even if produced by MDR. In Section~\ref{gw} we show that substantial novelties with regards to inflation might arise for tensor perturbations. The MDR for gravitons can in principle be different from that for scalar perturbations; in particular it can produce a blue spectrum. In that case not only would there be no squeezing, but the momentum mode could grow large enough (compared to the momentum-free mode)
that the evolution in the standard radiation phase would not be able to suppress it before horizon reentry.

We find that this possibility depends solely on the background equation of state during the MDR phase.
If $w<1$ then the usual standing waves are formed. If $w>1$ tensor perturbations form standing waves with a cosine temporal phase (complementary to the sine phase of scalar perturbations, responsible for the observed position of the Doppler peaks).
For $w=1$  tensor perturbations would form traveling waves upon horizon reentry.

\section{MDR frame and its dual frame}\label{dual}
The theory of cosmological fluctuations for MDR models was first developed~\cite{DSRJM,DSR-dimred} in a frame where the existence of MDRs is made explicit and Einstein gravity is valid in a well-defined sense. This frame is thus called the MDR or Einstein frame. In this frame the second order action for the fluctuations is:
\begin{eqnarray}
S_2&=&\int d^3 k d\eta \, z^2[\zeta'^2 -c ^2 k^2 \zeta^2]
\end{eqnarray}
with $z= a$ and $c$ given by:
\begin{equation}
c= \left(\frac{\lambda k}{a(\eta)}\right)^{\gamma}\,,\label{eq:speedgamma}
\end{equation}
where $\lambda^{-1}$ is the UV scale and $\gamma$ is a dimensionless parameter.  The critical model with $\gamma=2$ reproduces the dispersion relation found in the Horava-Lifshitz critical model and leads to perturbations that are scale invariant already inside the horizon \cite{DSR-dimred}.

As usual, one sets $\zeta=y/a$ to obtain the dynamical equation:
\begin{equation}
y''+\left(c^2k^2-\frac{a''}{a}\right)y=0.
\end{equation}
The conjugate momentum to $y$ is given by
\begin{equation}\label{mom1}
p=y'-\frac{a'}{a}y=a\zeta'.
\end{equation}
In general the positive and negative frequencies can be identified from:
\begin{eqnarray}
y({\mathbf k},\eta)&=&\frac{c({\mathbf k},\eta)+c^\dagger (-{\mathbf k},\eta)}{\sqrt{2\omega}} \label{eq:yvsc}\\
p({\mathbf k},\eta)&=&-i \sqrt{\frac{\omega}{2}}(c({\mathbf k},\eta)- c^\dagger (-{\mathbf k},\eta)).\label{eq:pvsc}
\end{eqnarray}
An analysis of the squeezing parameter $s$ in this frame was carried out in~\cite{us}, with the result that for $\gamma=2$ no squeezing occurs: $s=0$. One may also compute~\cite{us} the parameter $\sigma$ that measures the ratio of the momentum-free mode and the momentum mode (equivalent to $s$ asymptotically for many models, including inflation) with the result:
\begin{equation}\label{sigma}
\sigma=\frac{\omega^2 |y|^2}{4|p|^2}\sim1.
\end{equation}
Hence no suppression of the momentum mode over the momentum-free mode occurs in the MDR phase; but also neither is there an enhancement of this mode, as would be the case for a collapsing universe (see~\cite{us}).

As explained in~\cite{DSR-rainbow}, a dual frame, with a constant $c$, may be obtained by defining a new time variable:
\begin{equation}\label{tau}
\tau=\int c d\eta
\end{equation}
(in what follows we shall use a tilde to denote quantities as measured in the dual frame).
This is a ``rainbow frame'' because the new time is also $k$ dependent (i.e.: $\tau=\tau(\eta,k)$).
In such a frame $\tilde c=1$, however the non-trivial effects of what in the MDR frame is a varying-$c$ are shifted elsewhere.
In the dual frame Einstein's gravity is no longer valid, and is replaced by rainbow gravity~\cite{DSR-rainbow}. Setting $\tilde\zeta=\zeta$ it is straightforward to show that:
\begin{eqnarray}
S_2&=&\int d^3 k d\tau\, \tilde z^2[\dot{\tilde \zeta}^2 - k^2 \tilde \zeta^2]\\
\tilde z &=& a\sqrt{c}
\end{eqnarray}
where a dot denotes derivative with respect to $\tau$. The equation of motion associated with this action is:
\begin{equation}\label{eom1}
\ddot {\tilde y} + \left(k^2-\frac{\ddot{\tilde z}}{\tilde z}\right)
\tilde y=0,
\end{equation}
with $\tilde \zeta=\tilde y/\tilde z$, as usual.
It is remarkable that for $\gamma=2$ we obtain a time independent parameter $\tilde z$ controlling the effects of gravity upon the fluctuations:
\begin{equation}
\tilde z=\lambda k.
\end{equation}
Although the $k$ dependence in $\tilde z$ signals a non-local relation between $\tilde \zeta$ and $\tilde y$, its lack of time-dependence has an important implication. It marks a decoupling of the fluctuations from gravity (or the ``switching off of gravity'', as speculated in~\cite{essay}). In fact, for $\gamma=2$ the fluctuations live as if they were in Minkowski spacetime, with dynamical equation:
\begin{equation}\label{eom}
\ddot {\tilde y} + k^2\tilde y=0,
\end{equation}
since the term in $\ddot{\tilde z}/\tilde z$ now vanishes. Moreover, for $\gamma=2$ the conjugate momentum to $\tilde y$ is simply:
\begin{equation}\label{mom}
\tilde p=\dot{\tilde y}.
\end{equation}
This is to be contrasted with the result for a radiation dominated universe (where a term in $a'/a$ subsists in the relation between $y$ and its conjugate momentum), with implications to be made apparent soon.

\section{A squeezing dictionary between frames}\label{squeezing}
We now provide a dictionary between frames for the quantities appearing in the squeezed state formalism, in order to facilitate a re-examination of the findings in~\cite{us} from the perspective of the dual frame. In providing this dictionary we shall keep $\gamma$ general.

Taking $\tilde \zeta=\zeta$ as a starting point, and setting $\zeta=y/z$ and $\tilde \zeta= \tilde y/\tilde z$ as usual,  we have at once that:
\begin{equation}
\tilde y=y\frac{\tilde z}{z}=y\sqrt{c}.
\end{equation}
In addition, using  (\ref{mom1}), we find the relation between the momenta:
\begin{equation}
\tilde p=\tilde z \dot\zeta=p\frac{\tilde z}{z}\frac{1}{c}=\frac{p}{\sqrt{c}}.
\end{equation}
In view of these relations, and considering that $\omega=c k$,
comparing (\ref{eq:yvsc}) and (\ref{eq:pvsc}) (valid in the Einstein/MDR frame) with their homologous in the  dual frame:
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde y({\mathbf k},\tau)&=&\frac{\tilde c({\mathbf k},\tau)+\tilde c^\dagger (-{\mathbf k},\tau)}{\sqrt{2 k}} \label{eq:yvsc1}\\
\tilde p({\mathbf k},\tau)&=&-i \sqrt{\frac{ k}{2}}(\tilde c({\mathbf k},\tau)- \tilde c^\dagger (-{\mathbf k},\tau))\label{eq:pvsc1}
\end{eqnarray}
we can conclude that:
\begin{eqnarray}
c({\mathbf k},\eta)&=&\tilde c({\mathbf k},\tau)\\
c^\dagger (-{\mathbf k},\eta)&=&\tilde c^\dagger (-{\mathbf k},\tau).
\end{eqnarray}
Therefore the Bogolubov transformations in the MDR frame:
\begin{eqnarray}
c({\mathbf k},\eta)&=&u_{\mathbf k}(\eta)c_0({\mathbf k})+  v_{\mathbf k}(\eta)c^\dagger _0(-{\mathbf k}) \label{eq:cEvolution}\\
c^\dagger (-{\mathbf k},\eta)&=&v^\star_{\mathbf k}(\eta)c_0({\mathbf k}) + u^\star _{\mathbf k}(\eta)c^\dagger _0(-{\mathbf k})\label{eq:cdagEvolution}
\end{eqnarray}
are exactly mimicked in the dual frame with $\tilde u_{\mathbf k}=u_{\mathbf k}$ and $\tilde v_{\mathbf k}=v_{\mathbf k}$, with the consequence that when we parameterise
\begin{eqnarray}
u_{k}(\eta)&=&e^{-i\theta_{k}(\eta)} \cosh(r_{k}(\eta))\label{uexp}\\
v_{k}(\eta)&=&e^{i(\theta_{k}(\eta)+2 \phi_{k}(\eta))} \sinh(r_{k}(\eta))\label{vexp},
\end{eqnarray}
and likewise for the dual frame, we find that squeezing parameter and angles are the same in both frames.
Specifically:
\begin{equation}
\tilde s_k=s_k
\end{equation}
(where $s_{\mathbf k}(\eta)=|v_{\mathbf k}(\eta)|^2$, and likewise for the dual frame).

It is also straightforward to see that the parameter $\sigma$ introduced in~\cite{us} and defined in (\ref{sigma}) is invariant under frame transformation:
\begin{equation}
\tilde \sigma=\frac{|\tilde y|^2 k^2}{4 |\tilde p|^2}= \frac{|y|^2 \omega^2}{4 |p|^2}=\sigma.
\end{equation}
The relative strengths of the momentum mode and the momentum-free mode are therefore the same, once we include the different value of $c$ in the two frames. Therefore arguments laid out in the dual frame transpose directly to the Einstein/MDR frame. This will help us understand better the result found in~\cite{us}.

\section{Explaining the solutions in the MDR frame for the critical model}\label{critical}
It should be obvious from Eqs.~(\ref{eom}) and (\ref{mom}) that for $\gamma=2$ the fluctuations behave as if they were living in Minkowski spacetime. This is to be distinguished from fluctuations living in a radiation dominated universe with Einstein gravity. In fact in that case  Eq.~(\ref{eom}) is valid as well (since the term in $a''/a$ in the equation of motion vanishes, due to conformal coupling). However, the effects of expansion are still present in the definition of the conjugate momentum, $p=y'-y/\eta$. This leads to squeezing, as explained in~\cite{us}. In the present case things are quite different in this respect, as we now see.

The most general solution to (\ref{eom}) is:
\begin{equation}\label{ysoldual}
\tilde y= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2k}}(\tilde c_0({\mathbf k})e^{-ik\tau}+ \tilde c_0^\dagger (-{\mathbf k})e^{ik\tau})
\end{equation}
with conjugate momentum:
\begin{equation}
\tilde p =\dot{\tilde y}=- i\sqrt{\frac{k}{2}}(\tilde c_0({\mathbf k})e^{-ik\tau}- \tilde c_0^\dagger (-{\mathbf k})e^{ik\tau}).
\end{equation}
Comparing with (\ref{eq:yvsc1}) and (\ref{eq:pvsc1}) we therefore find:
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde c({\mathbf k},\eta)&=&\tilde c_0({\mathbf k})e^{-ik\tau}\\
\tilde c(-{\mathbf k},\eta)&=& \tilde c_0^\dagger (-{\mathbf k})e^{ik\tau}
\end{eqnarray}
so that $v_{\mathbf k}=0$ and there is no squeezing at all,
\begin{equation}
\tilde s=0,
\end{equation}
as expected in Minkowski spacetime.  Also it is obvious that for vacuum fluctuations at late times we have:
\begin{equation}
\tilde \sigma\sim 1.
\end{equation}
This explains the results found in~\cite{us}. Since $\tilde s=s$ and $\tilde\sigma=\sigma$, both squeezing and momentum suppression can be equally understood in both frames. In the dual frame the fluctuations behave as if they were living in Minkowski spacetime. Thus, there is no squeezing or momentum suppression, just as was found in~\cite{us}.

It also explains why the solutions found in~\cite{us} are so simple for $\gamma=2$. They are in fact  harmonic oscillations transposed to the MDR frame (note that Hankel functions of order $\nu=1/2$ are just harmonic oscillations). To make this explicit note that if:
\begin{equation}
a\propto \eta^m
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
m= \frac{2}{1+3w} \label{mw}
\end{equation}
then the relation between the two times given by (\ref{tau}) is:
\begin{equation}\label{taueta}
\tau =\frac{-\lambda^2 k^2}{(2m-1)\eta ^{2m-1}}.
\end{equation}
The minus sign represents the fact that growing $\eta>0$ maps into growing $\tau<0$ if
$-1/3<w\le1$ (or $m\ge 1/2$), needed for solving the horizon problem (see~\cite{us}). Inserting \eqref{taueta} into (\ref{ysoldual}) we recognize the solutions found in~\cite{us}, with amplitudes $c({\mathbf k})=\tilde c({\mathbf k})$, with the sign of the exponentials flipped (as explained there, this is needed so that ${\mathbf k}$ points to the actual direction of propagation).

\section{Non-critical models and gravity waves}\label{gw}
It was shown in~\cite{us} that, should $\gamma\neq 2$, then $\sigma$ changes in time and therefore will not be of order 1 at the end of the primordial MDR phase, as is the case for $\gamma=2$. However, the observed red spectrum of scalar fluctuations suggests $\gamma\ <2$ (see \cite{DSR-dimred}), for which it was shown that $\sigma$ {\it increases} in time,
much as in inflation.
Therefore no new constraints upon the theory are obtained. The situation would potentially be different if the spectrum could be blue (and $\gamma >2$), because then $\sigma$ could {\it decrease} during the MDR phase to the point where its growth in the radiation epoch might not be enough to ensure the production of the correct standing waves at horizon reentry. This cannot happen for scalar perturbations since their spectrum has been observed to be red. For tensor perturbations, however, it remains a possibility, with implications explored in this Section.

As was stated in \cite{DSR-dimred} much of the discussion for scalar modes in MDR models can be replicated for tensor modes, assuming a dispersion relation of the same form, but with possibly different values for the parameters $\gamma$ and $\lambda$ (cf. Eq. \eqref{eq:speedgamma}). We should just add $S$ and $T$ labels to all variables, to distinguish the two types of fluctuations. The fact that $\lambda_S$ could be different from $\lambda_T$ leads to different amplitudes (and thus controls the observable tensor to scalar ratio $r$  \cite{DSR-dimred}). It could also be that the exponents are different, $\gamma_S\neq \gamma_T$, with the implication that $n_S\neq n_T$. Given that no primordial tensor modes have yet been observed, we can speculate on the implications for the squeezing of tensor modes, should they have a blue spectrum. Could it be that for a given range of blue spectra the gravity waves reenter the horizon as travelling waves, or even as standing waves with the complementary phase to the one observed for scalar modes?

In order to answer this question we note that during the MDR phase we have \cite{us}:
\begin{equation}\label{sigmaDSR}
\sigma_T \propto
a^{4-2\gamma_{T}},
\end{equation}
so that for $\gamma_T>2$ it decreases in time starting from a value of order 1. We should therefore evaluate
 the evolution of $\sigma_T$ in the radiation epoch, should it be fed a very small $\sigma_T$ from the primordial phase. Until $\sigma_T\sim 1$ we have $y_T\approx B\eta/a$ and $p_T\approx B'/a$, so that
\begin{equation}\label{sigmarad1}
\sigma_T\propto \eta^2
\end{equation}
(this is the same result as for a contracting radiation dominated universe, since the evolution has $\sigma\ll 1$ throughout). Once $\sigma\sim 1$ (if this ever happens), then $y\approx A $ and $p\approx B'/a$, and we have:
\begin{equation}\label{sigmarad2}
\sigma_T\propto a^4\propto \eta^4.
\end{equation}
This is consistent with the formula relating $\sigma_0$ and $\Sigma$ in \cite{us}, valid when  $\sigma_0$ is not much smaller than 1. In our problem the two regimes (Eq.~(\ref{sigmarad1}) and Eq.~(\ref{sigmarad2})) may need to be considered.

We now need to work out the condition for the decay in $\sigma_T$ in the MDR phase to be severe enough that its growth in the radiation epoch is not sufficient to make it large upon horizon reentry.
The specific dependence of the scale factor on time depends on both the parameter $\gamma_T$ and the equation of state parameter $w$.
The generalization of (\ref{taueta}), relating the conformal MDR frame time and the rainbow time $\tau$ for a generic $\gamma_T$, is:
\begin{equation}
\eta\propto (-\tau)^{\frac{-1}{\gamma_T\, m-1}}
\end{equation}
so that the evolution of the scale factor is:
\begin{equation}
a\propto (-\tau)^{\frac{-m}{\gamma_T\, m-1}},
\end{equation}
for $m$ defined in eq. \eqref{mw} and $\gamma_T \,m>1$. This last condition is needed so that we have inflation in the dual frame and solve the horizon problem. In terms of the equation of state parameter it is equivalent to
\begin{equation}\label{horsol}
-\frac{1}{3}<w<\frac{2\gamma_T-1}{3},
\end{equation}
something that was know since \cite{DSR-rainbow}. Combining these results we see that during the MDR phase:
\begin{equation}\label{sigmatau}
\sigma_{T}\propto (-\tau)^{\frac{-m(4-2\gamma_T)}{\gamma_T \,m-1}}\,.
\end{equation}

The advantage of using $\tau$ instead of $\eta$ to discuss our problem is that the ratio between $|\tau|$ at horizon first crossing and the end of the MDR phase and the ratio of $|\eta|$ at horizon reentry and at the end of the MDR phase is the same. Hence we can find directly the conditions for $\sigma$ not to decrease so much in the MDR phase so that it cannot grow again to be large in the radiation epoch. The condition is simply that the exponent in (\ref{sigmatau}) be smaller than the one in  (\ref{sigmarad1}). The limiting condition (that the exponent is 2) would translate into travelling waves on reentry, since the momentum-free mode and the momentum mode would have  similar amplitudes. This happens for $m=1/2$, that is
\begin{equation}
w=1
\end{equation}
and any value of $\gamma_T>2$ (see (\ref{horsol})). If $1<w<\frac{2\gamma_T-1}{3}$ the exponent in \eqref{sigmatau} is larger than 2, indicating that the momentum mode is dominant at horizon reentry. Thus  near-standing waves with a cosine temporal phase would reenter the horizon. If $w<1$, on the other hand, the exponent in \eqref{sigmatau} is smaller than 2, so that the growth of the momentum mode  during the MDR phase is more than compensated by  its suppression during the following radiation epoch. In this case near-standing waves with the sine temporal phase would reenter the horizon, similarly to scalar perturbations.

We have demonstrated that the temporal phase of gravity waves at late time horizon reentry only depends on the equation of state parameter for any $\gamma_{T}>2$, that is for any value of the spectral index $n_{T} > 1$. Hence, even if gravity waves were blue, we would not get a direct constraint on $n_T$ from the phenomenology of primordial gravity waves, should these ever be observed. Instead we would constrain the equation of state during the MDR phase. The observation of travelling waves, in particular, would require $w=1$.
From another perspective, if we were to observe that the position of the Doppler peaks of gravity waves is compatible with a cosine temporal phase at horizon reentry, rather than a sine phase, then MDR models would predict a blue spectrum and $w>1$.

\section{Conclusions}
In this paper we reexamined the status of squeezing of primordial fluctuations produced
in models with MDR. New insights were obtained from the perspective of the
dual rainbow frame, where perturbations propagate with constant speed, but time is wavelength-dependent.
We first focused on the model characterized by the dispersion relation that leads to an exactly  scale-invariant power spectrum ($\omega^{2}\sim k^{6} $). We found that in the rainbow frame perturbations propagate following the same dynamics that they would have in Minkowski spacetime. This happens both at the level of the equations of motion and their solutions (harmonic oscillations) and at the level of the definition of the conjugate momentum to perturbations. Thus the absence of squeezing (which would still be expected if the fluctuations were simply conformally coupled to gravity, as is the case of a radiation dominated universe). Absence of primordial squeezing, however, does not lead to pathological implications. Equal amounts of momentum and momentum-free modes would be injected in the radiation dominated phase. The former, then, decays,  so that
perturbations reenter the horizon as standing waves with a sine temporal phase, similarly to what happens in inflation.

In more general models we have $\omega^{2}\sim k^{2(\gamma+1)} $, and $\gamma$ could be different for scalars and tensors.  If $\gamma<2$ then the spectrum is red; thus this would be a more realistic model for scalar perturbations. In that case squeezing does occur, so no further constraints arise. The case $\gamma>2$ is interesting in that during the primoridal phase the momentum mode is enhanced over the momentum-free mode (just like in a contracting universe), possibly leading to new results. However, in this case the spectrum is blue. Therefore this could only be relevant for tensor perturbations, since for them we do not yet have constraints on the spectral index of their power spectrum.

If the spectrum of tensor fluctuations were to be blue, we find that whether or not perturbations reenter the horizon as standing waves depends on the equation of state during the MDR phase. For $w>1$ one would have standing waves with a cosine phase, while a sine phase would be expected for $w<1$. If $w=1$ one would expect  perturbations to reenter the horizon as travelling waves. This relation between the kind of waves formed by the perturbations and the equation of state is likely to be a unique feature of MDR models, with interesting potential phenomenological implications in the distant future.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
We thank Robert Brandenberger, Carlo Contaldi and
Marco Peloso for discussions related to this paper.  We acknowledge support from the John Templeton Foundation. JM was also supported by an STFC consolidated  grant.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


This kit was designed to replace the factory Lotus Exige steel body shim spacers (shown below) with a permanently secured lightweight alternative.
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Initial removal will take 1.5 to 2 hours. However, with some modifications, as detailed in the manual, the process can be reduced to 10 minutes or less.
The aluminum Radium shims bolt in place for a more permanent solution using stainless steel countersink hardware.


text:
HALLE, THORE GUSTAF
1884 - 1964 from Sweden
Swedish botanist and geologist, was born on 25 September 1884 in Nykyrka, close to Mullsjö in Västergötland, Sweden. His father, Carl Otto Gustafson was a shopkeeper, and his mother was Eva Cornelia née Larsson. His elementary schooling was followed by secondary grammar school in Jönköping where he developed a strong interest in science and in particular botany. In 1903 he began studies at Uppsala University graduating in 1906 with a Bachelor of Science in geology.
458 Swedish botanist and geologist
In 1911 he received the title of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Uppsala for his work on the geology of the Falkland Islands and in the same year was appointed docent at Stockholm University.
Halle began a long association with the Swedish Museum on Natural History in 1907 under the tutelage of the renowned palaeobotanist Professor AG Nathorst. In 1914 he was employed at the museum, and on the 22 February 1918 he succeeded Nathorst as head of the Department of Palaeobotany. Between 1921 and 1947 Halle was also director of the Swedish Museum of Natural History before he retired in 1950.
Halle's book published in 1911...
Halle was active in other fields and served as vice-secretary to the Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1930 he received an honorary Doctorate from the University of Cambridge for his contributions to Palaeobotany. In particular Halle is best know for his seminal works describing the first Mesozoic flora from the Antarctic, floras from Patagonia and his most famous work of 1927 on the Permian floras of China.
Halle was one of the worlds leading palaeobotanists, who was respected as an excellent morphologist and for the development of new techniques to study fossil material. Halle married Helga Elvira Westman (b1898) on 24 November 1921; they had at least one son. On 12 May 1964 Halle passed away at Saltsjöbaden, Nacka, (Sweden).
Darwin Harbour c.1920s
Halle's association with the Falklands arose through investigations made on the Swedish South Polar Expedition (1901-1903). The discoveries by Prof JG ANDERSSON raised Halle's interest in the geological history of this region and on 26 October 1907 Halle arrived in the Falklands at Port Stanley as part of CJF SKOTTSBERG's Swedish Magellanic Expedition. He spent several months in the Falkland Islands and departed on 12 February 1908. During this time the expedition travelled widely in the Falkland Islands through the generous offer of free passage on the Falkland Island Company ships. The expedition visited Saunders Island, Roy Cove, Fox Bay, Speedwell Island, Darwin Harbour, Port Howard, Hill Cove, Port Philomel, Halfway Cove, and many other places. These were often used as bases for trips into the hinterland.
Halle mentioned that he was based at Mr Allan's home in Darwin Harbour for all his trips across Lafonia.
The geological investigations and collections made as part of the Skottsberg Expedition formed the basis for Halle's PhD thesis which was published under the title On the Geological Structure and History of the Falkland Islands in 1911. Some of the main findings were the extent of the Permo-Carboniferous glacial beds, extensive Glossopteris fossils from Lafonia, and the discovery of in situ forest horizons on West Point Island. This comprehensive work with its associated geological map formed the main body of knowledge about the geology of the Islands for the next 62 years until The Geology of the Falkland Islands was published as a British Antarctic Survey Scientific report (No 76) in 1972.
David Cantrill
See: Thore Halle
Thore Halle; On the Geological Structure and History of the Falkland Islands; 1911.
August 2019 External link added; additional photograph added
November 2019 One reference added; one additional photograph added
Chief Botanist and Director, National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne.


text:
Detection of transcription-pausing in vivo in the trp operon leader region
R. Landick, J. Carey, C. Yanofsky
To determine whether RNA polymerase pauses during transcription in vivo, we have examined transcripts of the trp operon leader regions of Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli. Labeled RNAs synthesized in E. coli strains containing plasmids bearing wild-type or mutant trp leader regions of S. marcescens or E. coli were isolated by hybridization and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The labeled RNAs synthesized in vivo on the S. marcescens wild-type and deletion mutant plasmids were the same size as the in vitro pause and leader transcripts. Hybridization of the presumed in vivo pause RNAs, and control in vitro pause RNAs, to M13 phage DNA containing a trp leader region deletion followed by treatment with S1 nuclease produced identical protected RNA species, proving that the in vitro and in vivo RNAs were identical. The amount of labeled pause RNAs relative to leader RNAs decreased following a chase with unlabeled uridine. E. coli RNAs identical to the previously characterized in vitro pause and leader transcripts were demonstrated by electrophoretic band position and fingerprint analysis. The finding that transcription pausing occurs in vivo is consistent with the view that transcription pausing and ribosome release of paused transcription complexes are responsible for the coupling of translation with transcription that is crucial to attenuation.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.84.6.1507
10.1073/pnas.84.6.1507
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Detection of transcription-pausing in vivo in the trp operon leader region'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Operon Medicine & Life Sciences
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Plasmids Medicine & Life Sciences
Bacteriophage M13 Medicine & Life Sciences
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Landick, R., Carey, J., & Yanofsky, C. (1987). Detection of transcription-pausing in vivo in the trp operon leader region. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 84(6), 1507-1511. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.84.6.1507
Landick, R. ; Carey, J. ; Yanofsky, C. / Detection of transcription-pausing in vivo in the trp operon leader region. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1987 ; Vol. 84, No. 6. pp. 1507-1511.
@article{9e589aa82b3f4ff58e722f74046069c4,
title = "Detection of transcription-pausing in vivo in the trp operon leader region",
abstract = "To determine whether RNA polymerase pauses during transcription in vivo, we have examined transcripts of the trp operon leader regions of Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli. Labeled RNAs synthesized in E. coli strains containing plasmids bearing wild-type or mutant trp leader regions of S. marcescens or E. coli were isolated by hybridization and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The labeled RNAs synthesized in vivo on the S. marcescens wild-type and deletion mutant plasmids were the same size as the in vitro pause and leader transcripts. Hybridization of the presumed in vivo pause RNAs, and control in vitro pause RNAs, to M13 phage DNA containing a trp leader region deletion followed by treatment with S1 nuclease produced identical protected RNA species, proving that the in vitro and in vivo RNAs were identical. The amount of labeled pause RNAs relative to leader RNAs decreased following a chase with unlabeled uridine. E. coli RNAs identical to the previously characterized in vitro pause and leader transcripts were demonstrated by electrophoretic band position and fingerprint analysis. The finding that transcription pausing occurs in vivo is consistent with the view that transcription pausing and ribosome release of paused transcription complexes are responsible for the coupling of translation with transcription that is crucial to attenuation.",
author = "R. Landick and J. Carey and C. Yanofsky",
doi = "10.1073/pnas.84.6.1507",
Landick, R, Carey, J & Yanofsky, C 1987, 'Detection of transcription-pausing in vivo in the trp operon leader region', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 84, no. 6, pp. 1507-1511. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.84.6.1507
Detection of transcription-pausing in vivo in the trp operon leader region. / Landick, R.; Carey, J.; Yanofsky, C.
In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 84, No. 6, 1987, p. 1507-1511.
T1 - Detection of transcription-pausing in vivo in the trp operon leader region
AU - Landick, R.
AU - Carey, J.
AU - Yanofsky, C.
N2 - To determine whether RNA polymerase pauses during transcription in vivo, we have examined transcripts of the trp operon leader regions of Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli. Labeled RNAs synthesized in E. coli strains containing plasmids bearing wild-type or mutant trp leader regions of S. marcescens or E. coli were isolated by hybridization and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The labeled RNAs synthesized in vivo on the S. marcescens wild-type and deletion mutant plasmids were the same size as the in vitro pause and leader transcripts. Hybridization of the presumed in vivo pause RNAs, and control in vitro pause RNAs, to M13 phage DNA containing a trp leader region deletion followed by treatment with S1 nuclease produced identical protected RNA species, proving that the in vitro and in vivo RNAs were identical. The amount of labeled pause RNAs relative to leader RNAs decreased following a chase with unlabeled uridine. E. coli RNAs identical to the previously characterized in vitro pause and leader transcripts were demonstrated by electrophoretic band position and fingerprint analysis. The finding that transcription pausing occurs in vivo is consistent with the view that transcription pausing and ribosome release of paused transcription complexes are responsible for the coupling of translation with transcription that is crucial to attenuation.
AB - To determine whether RNA polymerase pauses during transcription in vivo, we have examined transcripts of the trp operon leader regions of Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli. Labeled RNAs synthesized in E. coli strains containing plasmids bearing wild-type or mutant trp leader regions of S. marcescens or E. coli were isolated by hybridization and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The labeled RNAs synthesized in vivo on the S. marcescens wild-type and deletion mutant plasmids were the same size as the in vitro pause and leader transcripts. Hybridization of the presumed in vivo pause RNAs, and control in vitro pause RNAs, to M13 phage DNA containing a trp leader region deletion followed by treatment with S1 nuclease produced identical protected RNA species, proving that the in vitro and in vivo RNAs were identical. The amount of labeled pause RNAs relative to leader RNAs decreased following a chase with unlabeled uridine. E. coli RNAs identical to the previously characterized in vitro pause and leader transcripts were demonstrated by electrophoretic band position and fingerprint analysis. The finding that transcription pausing occurs in vivo is consistent with the view that transcription pausing and ribosome release of paused transcription complexes are responsible for the coupling of translation with transcription that is crucial to attenuation.
U2 - 10.1073/pnas.84.6.1507
DO - 10.1073/pnas.84.6.1507
Landick R, Carey J, Yanofsky C. Detection of transcription-pausing in vivo in the trp operon leader region. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1987;84(6):1507-1511. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.84.6.1507


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Tahnée Seagrave cemented her place as one of the downhill mountain bike scene's most promising young talents with victory at the Junior World Championships. Her career highlights include a bronze and two silver medals at the UCI Mountain Bike World Championships.
Tahnée's 2019 season got off to a flying start with victory at Round 1 of the Downhill Mountain Bike World Cup in Maribor, Slovenia. A heavy crash during a practice run at Fort William saw her undergo a shoulder operation and miss the next six rounds of the competition, however she returned to action in stunning style, picking up a silver medal at the World Championships in Canada just three months later. In February 2020 a new crash resulted in a dislocated ankle, broken tibia and fibula, putting her out of action for the start of the 2020 season.
"D3O® is a no-brainer"
"I use any injury time to double down on helping with new product development," says Tahnée. "My profession requires highly advanced protective gear, and my scars and audience are there to remind me that I need to keep pushing to help set the standard for protection. I get asked for advice on what protective gear to wear on a daily basis! D3O and Fox are working together constantly to apply protection to new areas that are susceptible to injury and adapt it for wider use."
Protected by D3O® and FOX Racing, Tahnée is able to take on each trail knowing we've got her back.
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text:
Melbourne Festival
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Belfast International Arts Festival
Carmel International Arts Festival
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African Festival 2014
The festival will run for 2 days in Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake's city
On Wednesday, April 2, 2014, Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake announced the 2014 African American Festival Musical Artist Performances and Experiences. "We are truly making Baltimore a key destination for people on the East Coast.
From our ethnic celebrations to our arts festivals and other tourist attractions, we're giving people a reason to visit and move to Baltimore", said Mayor Rawlings-Blake as she began announcing this year's event. Mayor Rawlings-Blake was joined by event producer Shelonda Stokes, President and CEO of greiBO Entertainment along with this year's festival presenting sponsor, Earl "Butch" Graves, CEO of Black Enterprise. 2014 festival sponsors and supporters were also on hand for the announcement of this year's festival event, activities, and entertainment for the 2014 African American Festival.
The 2014 African American Festival will take place on Saturday, June 21, 2014, 12:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. and Sunday, June 22, 2014, 12:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. at the Camden Yards Sports & Entertainment Complex. RELATED: Backtalk with Robert Townsend
Spectators were on the edge of their seats as Mayor Rawlings-Blake announced musical performances by R&B Divas Star Monifa, Chico DeBarge, the multitalented Jacob Latimore, and the rock-based funk band Mint Condition on Saturday, June 21. On Sunday, June 22, we are bringing back Gospel with the Choir Boys, and Preachers of L.A. star Deitrick Haddon. Sunday evening the soulful R&B crooner Johnny Gill takes the stage, and Grammy Award winning artist Brandy will close out the festival. More talent will be announced as the festival draws near.
In addition to the exciting festival entertainment, Mayor Rawlings-Blake also announced the return of the air- conditioned experiences like a Health, Wellness & Access, presented by Evergreen Health which includes health screenings, fitness demonstrations, and nutrition seminars.
Pan African Film Festival 2014
2014 Lowell African Festival Jama
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Ulster Bank Belfast August 3, 2018
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Here's a great deal on a 2011 Buick Lucerne!
An American Icon. This 4 door sedan provides exceptional value! Comfort and convenience were prioritized within, evidenced by amenities such as: front and rear reading lights, automatic temperature control, and power seats. A 3.9 liter V-6 engine pairs with a sophisticated 4 speed automatic transmission, and load leveling rear suspension maintains a comfortable ride.


text:
37609 LaVelle è un asteroide della fascia principale. Scoperto nel 1992, presenta un'orbita caratterizzata da un semiasse maggiore pari a 2,5616518 UA e da un'eccentricità di 0,1559332, inclinata di 8,27652° rispetto all'eclittica.

Collegamenti esterni

LaVelle
Corpi celesti scoperti nel 1992


text:
PROPERTY OF A24
Edited By McKayla Hockett
Written By Tiffany McLaughlin
Genre: Horror. Drama. Mystery.
SAINT MAUD is hauntingly beautiful
SAINT MAUD (2020)
OPENING THOUGHTS:
There are many different ways horror movies can affect me. The best of them will have me paranoid and skittish for days after watching. I wasn't expecting this review to take me weeks to write, as every time I went back to write it I felt very uncomfy revisiting the movie in my head. I think that's good... That's good right?
Since I was a little girl, I've always found the psychology of religion extremely eerie. My godmother always told me "you'll feel him, one day." She'd go on to explain the rush of God's presence entering her soul for the first time when someone close to her passed away and she called out to him, not expecting any sort of response. I remember thinking "okay, lady, sure" and to this day I've never felt anything of the sort. However, after watching Saint Maud, I'm good if I never do. Saint Maud is a story of a spiritual awakening gone slightly awry.
As the directorial debut for Rose Glass, we embark on a righteous journey through the eyes and prayers of Maud. What I appreciate the most about this film is the director's ability to curate unsettling scene after unsettling scene without having to rely on any typical horror cliches. The horror isn't anything that we can see, it's what she can. The whole movie shows Maud walking around with a purpose, but we really don't know what that purpose is until she acts on it.
But to say this film is creepy is a total understatement. Saint Maud does what so many other films before it have merely grazed. Being from A24, it sits right up there with Hereditary and The VVitch in terms of showcasing psychological horror that sits beneath the surface. These three films may be the modern trifecta of horror for me. What makes this film stand out from other Catholic centric horrors like The Omen and The Exorcist is that it's in the perspective of the presumed possessed. We can't trust the point of view because we aren't sure what's real and what isn't. Another film I thought of while watching this was MOTHER! for its religious theming and greatly unsettling direction. It certainly says a lot if an unknown director (to me, at least) has come out with such a brilliant piece as her feature debut that brings to mind the likes of Aster, Eggers, and Artofsky. Let alone the fact that Saint Maud comes from the mind of a female writer/director. My only fear is that people will see this film and accuse it of being a knock off of any of these films, when in reality, it's truly an original psychological horror story of its own.
Maud is a lonesome and shy home health nurse who has recently found God in Catholicism after a traumatic experience with a past patient. Her new job is caring for a wealthy woman named Amanda who is dying of cancer. Maud becomes increasingly aware of her relationship with "God" while reaching an obsession with trying to get Amanda and trying to get her to believe before she passes.
Without saying too much else, this story is fantastic. There is so much to it even though it plays out very plainly, which is not a bad thing I might add. As much as it is horror, it's a very much an emotional and captivating drama. I'd also like to add that it was very refreshing to watch a film like this that didn't set up subverted expectations. It just does its own thing beautifully.
ACTING | CHARACTERS | DIALOGUE:
Maud is an incredible character study and arc, while making you second guess everything about her at all times. Morfyyd Clark has scarred me for life with this performance. It is truly one of the scariest I have seen this year, and it's been months since I first watched this. Jennifer Ehle is a superb screen partner who radiates the uncertainties about Amanda that Maud feels on screen. They have an organic bond as two women tied together in this tragic circumstance but are complete polar opposites. The dynamic of this growing bond ties deeply into the mechanics of Maud's motivations to not only save Amanda but also be the only person in her life. Two things that Maud claims go hand in hand religion-wise, but I think it's pretty clear what feelings she's suppressing. With that being said, both of these actresses killed it but I hope they came out of these performances emotionally and physically unscathed.
VISUAL EFFECTS | MAKEUP | DESIGN:
This indie flick is a master class in showing us things that we don't actually see on screen. This is not a movie about scary monsters coming for you lurking around corners. It's about religious spirits and what they can do to the soul. Some of the ways those spirits manifest in Maud's psyche can be utterly terrifying. However, this isn't your run of the mill jump scare cash grab either. This is a film that relies on good production design of its dulled 70s retro vibe making it feel vintage. The lighting is rarely ever super dark or super light, but an overall grey tone. It's all about Maud's depressing perspective. There's an incredible amount of tense visual setup with subdued but satisfying payoffs.
MUSIC | SCORE | SOUND DESIGN:
This score is perfect in that it is always building, but not in the way we are used to. It's really effective in creating this incredibly heavy atmosphere by keeping us alarmed and focused. The movie isn't always trying to necessarily show you something, but it's always trying to tell you something. There's moments of sound design that tell you how you need to feel about a scene even more effectively than the visual ever could. Thats a big ole chef's kiss for me.
I don't just hope for this film to put Rose Glass on the map, I highly expect it. I honestly can't wait to see what else she has in store. Saint Maud is hauntingly beautiful, and not even saying that in a corny way. It stuck with me for days that turned into weeks. I kept churning it over in my mind, slowly picking up on its subtleties while remaining immersed in its atmosphere. I absolutely can't wait to watch it again, but after revisiting the trailers to jog my memory, I'm still terrified to even try.
THANK YOU WALL


text:
Q: WS02: Identity Server: "No SaaS SAML service providers found for the issuer" I've been able to set up a federated SSO SAML2 using OpenAM but when attempting to use WS02's Identity Server as the resident IDP I'm getting the following error.
response back to: /samlsso...
commonAuthAuthenticated: true
authenticatedUser: wmAdmin
authenticatedIdPs: eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCAiYWxnIjoibm9uZSJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJ3c28yIiwiZXhwIjoxNTI4MjI5ODYwOTEyMzAwMCwiaWF0IjoxNTI4MjI5ODYwOTEyLCJpZHBzIjpbeyJpZHAiOiJMT0NBTCIsImF1dGhlbnRpY2F0b3IiOiJCYXNpY0F1dGhlbnRpY2F0b3IifV19.
sessionDataKey: d4e6915d-96fb-4ed0-a8b7-2163f6f6ad00
TID: [-1234] [] [2018-06-05 16:17:40,984] DEBUG {org.wso2.carbon.identity.sso.saml.servlet.SAMLSSOProviderServlet} -  Query string : null
TID: [-1234] [] [2018-06-05 16:17:40,984] DEBUG {org.wso2.carbon.identity.sso.saml.servlet.SAMLSSOProviderServlet} -  No SaaS SAML service providers found for the issuer : wmSP. Checking for SAML service providers registered in tenant domain : carbon.super
TID: [-1234] [] [2018-06-05 16:17:40,985] ERROR {org.wso2.carbon.identity.sso.saml.servlet.SAMLSSOProviderServlet} -  Error when processing the authentication request!
org.wso2.carbon.identity.base.IdentityException: Error while reading service provider configurations for issuer : wmSP in tenant domain : carbon.super

What should I look for to solve this error?  Through the browser I'm able to go from the service provider URL and get directed to the WSO2 resident IDP login screen.  After typing in the password and submitting I end up in the error page.  Any ideas what might be miss-configured?
Full call stack:
TID: [-1234] [] [2018-06-05 16:17:40,984] DEBUG {org.wso2.carbon.identity.application.authentication.framework.handler.request.impl.DefaultAuthenticationRequestHandler} -  Sending response back to: /samlsso...
commonAuthAuthenticated: true
authenticatedUser: wmAdmin
authenticatedIdPs: eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCAiYWxnIjoibm9uZSJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJ3c28yIiwiZXhwIjoxNTI4MjI5ODYwOTEyMzAwMCwiaWF0IjoxNTI4MjI5ODYwOTEyLCJpZHBzIjpbeyJpZHAiOiJMT0NBTCIsImF1dGhlbnRpY2F0b3IiOiJCYXNpY0F1dGhlbnRpY2F0b3IifV19.
sessionDataKey: d4e6915d-96fb-4ed0-a8b7-2163f6f6ad00
TID: [-1234] [] [2018-06-05 16:17:40,984] DEBUG {org.wso2.carbon.identity.sso.saml.servlet.SAMLSSOProviderServlet} -  Query string : null
TID: [-1234] [] [2018-06-05 16:17:40,984] DEBUG {org.wso2.carbon.identity.sso.saml.servlet.SAMLSSOProviderServlet} -  No SaaS SAML service providers found for the issuer : wmSP. Checking for SAML service providers registered in tenant domain : carbon.super
TID: [-1234] [] [2018-06-05 16:17:40,985] ERROR {org.wso2.carbon.identity.sso.saml.servlet.SAMLSSOProviderServlet} -  Error when processing the authentication request!
org.wso2.carbon.identity.base.IdentityException: Error while reading service provider configurations for issuer : wmSP in tenant domain : carbon.super
        at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance0(Native Method)
        at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.java:62)
        at sun.reflect.DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.java:45)
        at java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance(Constructor.java:423)
        at org.wso2.carbon.identity.base.IdentityException.error(IdentityException.java:91)
        at org.wso2.carbon.identity.sso.saml.servlet.SAMLSSOProviderServlet.getServiceProviderConfig(SAMLSSOProviderServlet.java:1333)
        at org.wso2.carbon.identity.sso.saml.servlet.SAMLSSOProviderServlet.handleAuthenticationReponseFromFramework(SAMLSSOProviderServlet.java:762)
        at org.wso2.carbon.identity.sso.saml.servlet.SAMLSSOProviderServlet.handleRequest(SAMLSSOProviderServlet.java:209)
        at org.wso2.carbon.identity.sso.saml.servlet.SAMLSSOProviderServlet.doGet(SAMLSSOProviderServlet.java:107)
        at org.wso2.carbon.identity.sso.saml.servlet.SAMLSSOProviderServlet.sendRequestToFramework(SAMLSSOProviderServlet.java:1205)
        at org.wso2.carbon.identity.sso.saml.servlet.SAMLSSOProviderServlet.handleRequest(SAMLSSOProviderServlet.java:171)
        at org.wso2.carbon.identity.sso.saml.servlet.SAMLSSOProviderServlet.doPost(SAMLSSOProviderServlet.java:119)
        at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:650)
        at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:731)
        at org.eclipse.equinox.http.helper.ContextPathServletAdaptor.service(ContextPathServletAdaptor.java:37)
        at org.eclipse.equinox.http.servlet.internal.ServletRegistration.service(ServletRegistration.java:61)
        at org.eclipse.equinox.http.servlet.internal.ProxyServlet.processAlias(ProxyServlet.java:128)
        at org.eclipse.equinox.http.servlet.internal.ProxyServlet.service(ProxyServlet.java:60)
        at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:731)
        at org.wso2.carbon.tomcat.ext.servlet.DelegationServlet.service(DelegationServlet.java:68)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:303)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208)
        at org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:52)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:241)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208)
        at org.wso2.carbon.identity.captcha.filter.CaptchaFilter.doFilter(CaptchaFilter.java:76)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:241)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208)
        at org.owasp.csrfguard.CsrfGuardFilter.doFilter(CsrfGuardFilter.java:88)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:241)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208)
        at org.apache.catalina.filters.HttpHeaderSecurityFilter.doFilter(HttpHeaderSecurityFilter.java:124)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:241)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208)
        at org.wso2.carbon.tomcat.ext.filter.CharacterSetFilter.doFilter(CharacterSetFilter.java:65)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:241)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208)
        at org.apache.catalina.filters.HttpHeaderSecurityFilter.doFilter(HttpHeaderSecurityFilter.java:124)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:241)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:219)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:110)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:169)
        at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:103)
        at org.wso2.carbon.identity.context.rewrite.valve.TenantContextRewriteValve.invoke(TenantContextRewriteValve.java:80)
        at org.wso2.carbon.identity.authz.valve.AuthorizationValve.invoke(AuthorizationValve.java:91)
        at org.wso2.carbon.identity.auth.valve.AuthenticationValve.invoke(AuthenticationValve.java:60)
        at org.wso2.carbon.tomcat.ext.valves.CompositeValve.continueInvocation(CompositeValve.java:99)
        at org.wso2.carbon.tomcat.ext.valves.CarbonTomcatValve$1.invoke(CarbonTomcatValve.java:47)
        at org.wso2.carbon.webapp.mgt.TenantLazyLoaderValve.invoke(TenantLazyLoaderValve.java:57)
        at org.wso2.carbon.tomcat.ext.valves.TomcatValveContainer.invokeValves(TomcatValveContainer.java:47)
        at org.wso2.carbon.tomcat.ext.valves.CompositeValve.invoke(CompositeValve.java:62)
        at org.wso2.carbon.tomcat.ext.valves.CarbonStuckThreadDetectionValve.invoke(CarbonStuckThreadDetectionValve.java:159)
        at org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve.invoke(AccessLogValve.java:962)
        at org.wso2.carbon.tomcat.ext.valves.CarbonContextCreatorValve.invoke(CarbonContextCreatorValve.java:57)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:116)
        at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:445)
        at org.apache.coyote.http11.AbstractHttp11Processor.process(AbstractHttp11Processor.java:1115)
        at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$AbstractConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:637)
        at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint$SocketProcessor.doRun(NioEndpoint.java:1775)
        at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint$SocketProcessor.run(NioEndpoint.java:1734)
        at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1149)
        at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:624)
        at org.apache.tomcat.util.threads.TaskThread$WrappingRunnable.run(TaskThread.java:61)
        at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)
Caused by: org.wso2.carbon.identity.sso.saml.exception.IdentitySAML2SSOException: Error occurred while retrieving SAML service provider for issuer : wmSP in tenant domain : carbon.super
        at org.wso2.carbon.identity.sso.saml.servlet.SAMLSSOProviderServlet.getServiceProviderConfig(SAMLSSOProviderServlet.java:1322)
        ... 59 more

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In Submission, Stanley Tucci has this little chuckle he deploys in a variety of situations. He plays a creative-writing professor at a second-rank college, and his automatic laugh comes in handy when placating inquisitive students, attending faculty parties with pedantic colleagues, or shrugging off incessant questions about when he's going to finish his new novel. I swear Tucci delivers it so that it expresses a dozen different meanings and feelings, all appropriate to the position in which he's trapped at that moment. Acting is a precise craft but also a mysterious alchemy, and when you've gotten as good as Tucci has, a seamless performance like this can transform a so-so movie into a pleasure, merely for watching a veteran at the top of his game. The professor's practiced chuckle also proves useful when navigating conversations with an attractive student who idolizes him, a case of sexual boundary-trampling that becomes the crux of the movie.


For an idea on how this site works, you can check out the first design challenge.
Here's a good idea: A knowledge sharing site dealing with public transportation. choosingvis.org.
Bus stop accessibility and safety report by the Easter Seals Project Action.
Get involved! Download and print our flyers announcing this competition.
A great list of literature and other resources on bus stop design.
A simple site plan of the 900 E. 2100 S. intersection.
Let us know if you have a good resource that would benefit this project.


The technology for energy storage isn't the problem -- it's the way we price electricity.
Bill Gates on Tuesday called for "new inventions" in energy storage to make generating power from solar and wind more economical.
In a blog post accompanying his annual letter, the Microsoft founder said storing energy in lithium-ion batteries for use when the sun has set or the air is still costs triple the average kilowatt-hour of electricity in the United States.
"This is why we need new inventions that improve our ability to store energy cheaply and efficiently," Gates wrote. "Getting them will make it even easier for solar and wind to be a big part of our zero-carbon future."
The problem is twofold. The way electricity is priced in the United States provides poor incentives for storing excess solar and wind energy, and batteries are expensive.
Electricity is more expensive during the day, when solar panels generate energy, and cheaper at night. Utility companies will buy consumers' excess solar generated during peak hours and recirculate it into the power grid, then sell it back at a cheaper night rate, when solar panels aren't producing energy.
Therefore, there's little incentive for people to use solar-storage batteries that hang onto energy during the day if they could be selling it at peak prices to the utility companies and buying it back later on the cheap.
That remains a problem in most states.
But Gates is wrong to harp on the high costs of energy storage technology, according to Matt Roberts, executive director of the trade group Energy Storage Association.
"There's sort of this perception that costs need to come down for something to happen," Roberts told The Huffington Post by phone on Tuesday. "This cost focus is a bit of a red herring. What we need to see out there is more value focus."
For businesses, the long-term benefits are clear. The historic climate accord reached in Paris last year provides a framework for building a low-carbon economy, and it signals to companies that renewable energy will be a smart investment right now, even if the tangible benefits won't show for another few years.
The costs of storing energy are likely to decrease by 50 percent in the next five years, according to Roberts. That makes sense. Electric automaker Tesla, which released two storage batteries last year, is building a $5 billion manufacturing plant in Nevada called the Gigafactory, which at its peak is projected to produce more lithium-ion batteries in a day than were produced in the entire world in 2013.
Roberts said Gates would better serve the renewable energy movement by highlighting the positive outlook for energy storage instead of noting obstacles that are already in decline.
"Those costs are still coming down," he said. "But the big thing that unlocks this is value."


text:
Morrissey Announces First Canadian Shows in More Than 15 Years
By Exclaim! Staff
Morrissey hasn't stepped foot on Canadian soil since launching protests against the country's seal-clubbing policies more than a decade ago, but that's about to change. At long last, he has announced a Canadian tour.
The trek will kick off in mid-April and consist of eight concerts. Canadian cities included on the tour include Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Saskatoon, Winnipeg, Montreal and Toronto (where he will play two shows).
UPDATE (2/22, 3 p.m. EST): Moz has added a second Vancouver show. He'll now play the Orpheum Theatre on April 14, as well.
Tickets go on sale Friday (February 22) at 10 a.m. local time. See the list of upcoming shows below.
Last fall, the former Smiths frontman hinted that he would return to Canada, pledging to make donations to animal-saving charities in each of the cities he plays — including Toronto Pig Save, Ottawa Animal Save, St John's Chicken Save and Vancouver Chicken Save, as well as PETA and Direct Action Everywhere.
04/14 Vancouver, BC - Orpheum Theatre
04/17 Calgary, AB - Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium
04/18 Edmonton, AB - Northern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium
04/20 Saskatoon, SK - TCU Place
04/22 Winnipeg, MB - Centennial Concert Hall
04/26 Toronto, ON - Sony Centre for the Performing Arts
04/29 Montreal, QC - MTelus
More Morrissey
More Smiths
Read Our Latest Coverage
Related Concerts
Oct 10 @ 8:00PM - Morrissey Edmonton @ Northern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium
Oct 11 @ 8:00PM - Morrissey Calgary @ Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium
Oct 14 @ 8:00PM - Morrissey Vancouver @ Orpheum Theatre
Oct 21 @ 8:00PM - Morrissey Winnipeg @ Centennial Concert Hall
Oct 24 @ 8:00PM - Morrissey Saskatoon @ TCU Place
More Related Concerts
Billy Bragg Now Blasts Both Morrissey and Defender Brandon Flowers
Billy Bragg made headlines recently for taking a verbal swing at the increasingly controversial Morrissey, saying "I think he's decided that...
The Killers Frontman Brandon Flowers Defends Morrissey: "He's Still a King"
The Killers frontman Brandon Flowers isn't shying away from his love of Morrissey, despite the latter's recent streak of controversial polit...
Nick Cave Says Morrissey's Music "Will Long Outlast His Offending Political Alliances"
Earlier this week, Morrissey tried yet again to defend his far-right leanings with some galaxy brain thoughts on racism, and while record st...
Billy Bragg Weighs In on the Morrissey Debate: "I Have No Respect for Him"
ICYMI Morrissey and his views have been stirring up more trouble than usual recently. Not only did the former Smiths singer try to teach us...
Morrissey Confronts the Racism Issue by Telling Us "Everyone Ultimately Prefers Their Own Race"
Morrissey has found himself in hotter water than usual recently due to his controversial views on both politics and — as he's just proved ye...
Morrissey Responds to Train Station Ban: "It's Very Third Reich, Isn't It?"
Morrissey was not only recently banned from the world's oldest record store, but from train stations in the U.K. Now the ever-controversial...
Morrissey Responds to For Britain Pin Backlash: "The Print Media Write as If Someone Is Coming to Get Them"
Morrissey has come under fire in recent weeks for sporting a For Britain pin at live shows and on his TV performance on The Tonight Show Sta...
Record Stores Are Finally Starting to Ban Morrissey Albums
In case you didn't realize, Morrissey has transformed into one seriously controversial figure. In fact, it's now got so bad that record stor...
Morrissey Just Performed His First Canadian Show in over 15 Years in Toronto
It finally happened — Morrissey just played his first Canadian show in more than 15 years, as he took the stage tonight at the Sony Centre i...


text:
package function.external.gerp;

import function.external.base.DataManager;
import function.variant.base.RegionManager;
import global.Data;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.HashMap;
import utils.DBManager;
import utils.ErrorManager;

/**
 *
 * @author nick
 */
public class GerpManager {

    static final String table = "gerp_2011_12_27.gerp_chr";
    private static Gerp gerp = new Gerp();

    private static final HashMap<String, PreparedStatement> preparedStatement4SiteMap = new HashMap<>();

    public static void init() {
        if (GerpCommand.isInclude) {
            for (String chr : RegionManager.ALL_CHR) {
                String sql = "SELECT gerp_rs FROM " + table + chr + " WHERE pos=?";
                preparedStatement4SiteMap.put(chr, DBManager.initPreparedStatement(sql));
            }
        }
    }

    public static String getHeader() {
        return "Gerp RS Score";
    }

    public static String getVersion() {
        return "Gerp: " + DataManager.getVersion(table) + "\n";
    }

    public static float getScore(String chr, int pos, String ref, String alt) {
        if (ref.length() > 1
                || alt.length() > 1) { // indels
            return Data.FLOAT_NA;
        }

        if (chr.equalsIgnoreCase("MT")) { // not support MT regions
            return Data.FLOAT_NA;
        }

        if (!gerp.isSameSite(chr, pos)) {
            try {
                PreparedStatement preparedStatement = preparedStatement4SiteMap.get(chr);
                preparedStatement.setInt(1, pos);
                ResultSet rs = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
                float score = rs.next() ? rs.getFloat("gerp_rs") : Data.FLOAT_NA;
                rs.close();
                gerp.setValues(chr, pos, score);
            } catch (SQLException ex) {
                ErrorManager.send(ex);
            }
        }

        return gerp.getScore();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I thought I'd start a new section to the website that keeps you up to date with what's happening inside and outside the studio. I often do this on my Facebook page but I thought I'd extend it to the website in order to connect with the wider internet community. We really do live in an amazing time and space where the world feels smaller and more accessible by the minute.
One of the first things I thought I'd do is share some happy snaps of my exhibition 'Viscera' that ran from the 10th to 22nd of December last year at Graydon Gallery, New Farm. It was a gorgeous opening night and I was blown away with just how blessed I am to have such loyal group of supporters. On the long, sometimes treacherous road that is the artist's path it helps to be surrounded by the love. Thank you.


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