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text:
William L. Silber Wikipedia Page
WILLIAM L. SILBER
The Power of Nothing to Lose: The Hail Mary Effect in Politics, War, and Business
Complete Book Reviews
The Story of Silver
Volcker:The Triumph of Persistence
When Washington Shut Down Wall Street
Pit Deception
A Course In Finance
Sample Syllabus
Before and After Book
Problem Set Questions
Spreadsheet Exercises
Sample Lecture Video
WHEN WASHINGTON SHUT DOWN WALL STREET:
The Great Financial Crisis of 1914 and the Origins of America's Monetary Supremacy
Princeton University Press (2007)
When Washington Shut Down Wall Street unfolds like a mystery story. It traces Treasury Secretary William Gibbs McAdoo's triumph over a monetary crisis at the outbreak of World War I that threatened the United States with financial disaster. The biggest gold outflow in a generation imperiled America's ability to repay its debts abroad. Fear that the United States would abandon the gold standard sent the dollar plummeting on world markets. Without a central bank in the summer of 1914, the United States resembled a headless financial giant.
William McAdoo stepped in with courageous action, we read in Silber's gripping account. He shut the New York Stock Exchange for more than four months to prevent Europeans from selling their American securities and demanding gold in return. He smothered the country with emergency currency to prevent a replay of the bank runs that swept America in 1907. And he launched the United States as a world monetary power by honoring America's commitment to the gold standard. His actions provide a blueprint for crisis control that merits attention today. McAdoo's recipe emphasizes an exit strategy that allows policymakers to throttle a crisis while minimizing collateral damage.
Review Excerpts & Comments
"An insightful new book by William L. Silber . . . argues that the closing of the New York Stock Exchange at the outbreak of World War I played a critical role. . . . The conventional view was that the exchange was closed to keep share prices from plunging. But the book, When Washington Shut Down Wall Street, asserts that the historians--and contemporary observers--had it wrong. . . . By delaying the reopening of Wall Street and making sure that American grain was ready to be exported to Europe to bring in gold, the United States was able to stay on the gold standard and become an alternative to London as a financial capital."---Floyd Norris, New York Times
"In his fascinating work of financial history, When Washington Shut Down Wall Street, William L. Silber recounts the heroics of Treasury Secretary William McAdoo, who closed the New York Stock Exchange for more than four months--four months!--in 1914 to avert a larger economic crisis. . . . It was, as Silber explains, a brilliant exercise of arbitrary power that helped propel the United States toward global financial supremacy."---Carlos Lozada, Washington Post
"It is an engaging story; part economic history, part how-to manual on dealing with financial crises. . . . William Silber's main contention . . . is well taken. It takes a lot to uproot an incumbent world financial leader. Potential rivals need to be smart enough to take advantage if and when a moment of opportunity arises--a moment that almost by definition will be one of global financial crisis."---Krishna Guha, Financial Times
"[This] lively new book by New York University economist William Silber, When Washington Shut Down Wall Street, makes a convincing plea for the inclusion of William McAdoo in the Dollar Pantheon."---Daniel Gross, Slate.com
"Reading Silber's tale of unintended consequences is as close as one gets to a historical 'thriller.' At the same time, one can't help but reflect on the challenges ahead. A 'rebalancing' of the world economy in today's environment will be much more complex than was the case in 1914. As then, the outcomes are unlikely to follow popular predictions. In this respect, as well as in providing a fascinating historical account of a major financial and political drama, Silber does any reader great service."---Edward Waitzer, Financial Regulator
"More than just a ripping yarn--and it is that--[When Washington Shut Down Wall Street] is a cautionary tale of how humankind can get suckered into so believing economic myths that they take on a dangerous reality."---James Srodes, The Washington Times
"When I first picked up this book, I wondered whether it described events so long ago that they were irrelevant today and whether it would be written in such an academic fashion as to be turgid and unreadable for the ordinary mortal interested in business and a good read. Well, I was wrong on both counts."---Richard Keatinge, Irish Times
"This short volume tells the intriguing tale of how the financial crisis wrought by Europe's plunge into World War I opened the door to America's emergence as the world's dominant financial and economic power. Few writers have paid much attention to the closing of the Exchange, except as a curiosity exemplifying the shock experienced by Americans when the war came. Silber has done historians a favor by placing that event in a context that reveals its broader significance."---Maury Klein, Business History Review
"When Washington Shut Down Wall Street is a thrilling yet compact financial history of events surrounding the crisis at the outbreak of the first world war. . . . Overall, it's well-written and articulate, and one of the historical financial reads of the year that also offers a blueprint for the future, outlining Silber's words the legacy of 1913 and what that year can teach us about crisis management, even in today's gloomy economic outlook."---Paul O'Doherty, The Investor
"Economist William L. Silber has written a fascinating account . . . that may appeal to students of banking and finance interested in leadership and crisis control."---Alfred E. Eckes, International History Review
This book addresses an important issue that deserves wide readership. It is lucid and clear and deals with some very important episodes in American history."--Milton Friedman, Nobel Prize-winning economist
"William Silber has performed two sterling services with this fascinating and original book. He has illuminated the hitherto neglected financial crisis of 1914, an event that deserves to be mentioned in the same breath as the Crash of 1929 in the history of Wall Street. But he has also come up with some bold and compelling answers to two burning questions that are of more than purely historical interest: How should monetary policymakers cope with a really big and unexpected political shock? And how does one international reserve currency come to be overtaken by another? I cannot praise this book too highly. It is rare that one author so skillfully unites the disciplines of finance and history."--Niall Ferguson, Harvard University, author of Colossus
"A fascinating story that mixes first-rate economic theory with telling observations about U.S. financial and monetary policy decisions taken in the midst of an international finance crisis that were permanently to reshape the international financial landscape. The book is full of insights about the ideas and the personalities of the founders of the Federal Reserve System and other anchors of our financial system today."--Thomas Sargent, Hoover Institution, coauthor of The Big Problem of Small Change
"Silber tells a compelling tale proving the power of the law of unintended consequences. The financial crisis of 1914 was a major turning point in American economic history, an outcome nobody could have predicted as massive amounts of gold sailed to Europe, banks shook at their foundations, and the nascent Federal Reserve System was only just going into operation. What a story!"--Peter L. Bernstein, author of The Power of Gold
"Silber's book weaves a fascinating historical story about the shaping of U.S. financial policy during the chaotic years surrounding World War I. The story centers on William McAdoo, who as Senator, Treasury Secretary, and first Chairman of the Federal Reserve System, displayed courage and principles which paved the way for the success of financial institutions that we take for granted today. The story of McAdoo's role in securing the dominance of the U.S. in the world's financial markets will inform a new generation of students of financial markets."--Robert Shiller, Yale University, author of Irrational Exuberance
"When Washington Shut Down Wall Street iis political and financial history at its best. William Silber reminds us that the U.S., and indeed the world, might easily have suffered a financial meltdown when World War I began. Instead, largely because of U.S. Treasury Secretary William McAdoo's leadership skills in staring down incipient financial crisis, the summer of 1914 became the panic that didn't happen. By year end, the dollar had become the world's strongest currency, paving the way for U.S. international leadership from then to now. Anyone interested in what leadership is, and how it is gained and retained, will want to read Silber's fascinating account of 1914."--Richard Sylla, New York University, President of the Business History Conference
"One of the great strengths of the book is that while it never loses sight of the major issues—the rise of New York as the world's leading financial centre, crisis management, and so on—it also explains the workings of the financial sector in convincing detail. Every postgraduate student of economics and finance, and many of their academics, would benefit from reading these sections and seeing how the financial series to which we apply our econometric skills actually arise from the actions of real people coping on a daily basis with problems that appear to them to be unprecedented." Hugh Rockoff, Rutgers University
Complete Book Reviews in the Press
Copyright © 2022 William L. Silber. All Rights Reserved.
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You might have to tell your kids about elephants because there won't be any left.
Elephants might be extinct in Africa in 25 years; gorillas could be extinct in Central Africa in less than a decade. The Western black rhino is already extinct. Three northern white rhinos are left. In total, of the world's largest animals—from pandas to yaks—around six out of 10 are threatened.
A new paper from 43 wildlife scientists argues that the world needs immediate, large-scale action to have a chance of saving many iconic species, and others that are little-known.
"We wrote this paper as a call to the world's citizens," says William Ripple, lead author and professor of ecology at Oregon State University, who also published papers in 2014 and 2015 tallying the number of large animals at risk of disappearing.
Large mammals are at greater risk than smaller animals for several reasons. Most reproduce more slowly; they also need more land to survive than smaller animals, so as agriculture and development spreads, their habitat is first to disappear. They're also more likely to be killed by humans–either for meat or products like ivory, or because they're seen as a threat.
This last fact means that the rate of extinction could be slowed, at least temporarily, if people made the choice. "A lot of these animals are dying off just because we're killing them directly," says Ripple.
The researchers believe that it's still possible to save most large mammals, but it will take massive, coordinated effort, and that has to start with people making it clear to their governments that they want change. The paper was translated into Spanish, Chinese, French, Malay, Portuguese, and Thai, to help spread the message around the world.


Conspiracy theories are our modern day folk stories. They come in and out of vogue, but they never, ever truly go away. For every weird, outlandish story, there is some element of truth which is enough to sustain them for years, decades & even centuries. The core of all of these stories is secret plans within plans or secret secrets. The rabbit holes go deep, split off and divide into so many if you try to follow them all, you might as well put on the mercury coated hat and be done with it.
Ah, but just like these stories, I digress. So if you want a rear paranoid film which will make you deactivate you phone's GPS & re-watch Loose Change, why not go with one from the 70s. It has has it all: unmarked military helicopters, murdered whistle blowers, fake space exploration & (it doesn't get any more meta than this this) OJ Simpson. Pull the shades, lock your doors & windows, put a towel under the door and smoke that joint. Enjoy because it's just a movie, right?


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North Carolina has millions in unclaimed cash. See if any of it is yours!
Exit interview: Nearing the end of his term, Gov. Ralph Northam sits down with 10 On Your Side
by: Andy Fox
RICHMOND, Va. (WAVY) — When he was elected governor, Ralph Northam said "Virginians have told us to end divisiveness. That we will not condone hatred and bigotry."
We asked him four years later: has he lived up to that? He thinks he has, but there's no doubt he's been a governor put to the test.
10 On Your Side was with Northam when he was elected on Nov. 7, 2017,
"What I have tried to do at the end of the day is keep people at the table. We have had so many gatherings over at the governor's mansion with bipartisan groups," Northam said.
His administration nearly came to an end when a picture surfaced on his Eastern Virginia Medical School yearbook page. It was a man in blackface standing next to a person in a Ku Klux Klan robe and hood.
"I went in front of the camera, and the following morning I tried to clarify, and it was confusing."
It was confusing because the night before he first apologized, he said he was in the picture without saying which one he was. But the next day, he said upon further reflection, it was not him.
How did that happen? Northam explained.
"When things started happening, they happened fast that night, and I am always one to take responsibility. That picture was on my page in the yearbook. I apologized for it. I went back to the house probably about 9 p.m., and people started calling me and saying, 'Ralph that is not you in that picture,' and we need to take a step back. And that's when we decided to do the investigation," he said.
Probe into racist photo on Northam yearbook page cost EVMS nearly $368K
Crisis management had failed him.
"I always tell people now when they ask about crisis management… to step back and take your time and figure out what's going on before you make statements like that," he said.
However, what came from that disastrous incident was a change in direction for the Northam administration.
"First of all, that was a difficult time for Virginia, and I regret that. I woke up the next day, and I came in, and I told people we can do better. I went on a listening tour. Virginians stuck with me. I learned a lot, and a lot of what I was able to learn, I put into action to make Virginia, I think, one of the most welcoming and most inclusive states in our country," he said.
Northam started addressing inequities,
"We started on criminal justice reform, legalizing the recreational use of marijuana, ending the death penalty, raising the felony larceny threshold," he recounted.
His tenure was forged in responding to the greatest medical threat: COVID-19.
"We need to fight this pandemic by rolling up your sleeves and be part of the solution and take a shot," he said.
We asked the Democratic governor whether Republicans taking over the House of Delegates and the governor's mansion reflect on his tenure as governor.
"No, and I think hindsight is 20-20, and I wish the Democratic candidate had talked more about what we have been able to accomplish," he said.
Republicans won on eliminating the grocery tax, and Northam just announced he is eliminating the grocery tax.
Northam proposes $250 rebates for taxpayers, eliminating grocery tax after Va. reports record financial reserves
"In 2017, I ran on eliminating the grocery tax, and we haven't been able to do it because we haven't had the revenue," he said.
Northam says his successor is inheriting a fiscally sound Virginia which is rated, again, the best state for doing business by CNBC.
"Our economy is on fire, over 100,000 new jobs, a surplus of $2.6 billion, which is the largest has ever occurred," Northam said.
He says his greatest accomplishment is "getting Amazon."
"I worked hard on that project, and it has totally transformed Northern Virginia bringing in thousands of good-paying jobs," he said.
We asked Northam how he would like to be remembered.
"That my life has been about helping people. That is why I get up in the morning. Whether it is serving the Army, observing as medical director of a hospice group, or taking care of children or sick families, and now serving 8.5 million Virginians," he said.
On Saturday, Jan. 15, Gov.-Elect Glenn Youngkin will be sworn in.
Northam will then return home to the 757.
He will take off Sunday, and then on Monday resume his practice as a pediatric neurologist.
"After four years, who would want to be my first patient?" he joked.
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Winter weather and school closings: ECU, PCC, public schools announce closures on Friday due to threat of winter weather
Bertie Correctional Institute offender dies in prison in an apparent suicide
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TERRY ILOUS, Lead Singer of Great White and Founder of XYZ to Release New Solo Album
Terry Ilous, lead singer for the band Great White, and founder of 80's metal band XYZ is premiering his third solo venture, Gypsy Dreams, on Friday, April 28th, 2017.
Terry Ilous relocated to Hollywood, California from Lyon, France in 1986 forming the metal band XYZ along with friend and bassist Pat Fontaine. Ilous quickly became a favorite on Sunset Strip scene in the late 80's before getting signed to Enigma / Capitol Records. After selling over 1.5 million records worldwide and touring with artists such as Foreigner and Alice Cooper; Ilous has continued to release albums well into the 2000's along with film, song-writing, and television work.
In 2009, Terry was contacted to play a handful of dates with multi-platinum recording artists Great White. The line-up was made official in 2011 and Great White immediately headed out on an extensive year long tour followed by a new album in 2012 that was highly praised by the media & fans alike. With the song 'Hard To Say Goodbye' reaching #8 in the Billboard Radio Chart.
Currently Ilous has been finalizing his latest project, Gypsy Dreams, a cover album of classic rock and hard rock favorites with a Latin and flamenco edge.
The album features an amazing cast of L.A. based artists including, Luis Villegas [Grammy nominated artist ] on Guitar, Jose Garcia [vocalist, renowned flamenco guitarist] on Guitar, Chris Trujillo [former percussionist for Toto, Black Crows] Drums / Percussion, Al Velasquez [Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, Michael McDonald, Albert Lee] on Drums / Percussion, Mike Paganini – [renowned session player, Bassist] on Bass, Ben Woods – [renowned flamenco guitarist w/ Benise, Heavy Mellow] on Guitar, Mike Bennett [Alicia Keys, Pitbull, Ritchie Kotzen] on Drums / Percussion, Jesse Stern [George Clinton, Chad Smith] on Bass and Natalie Gelman [singer / songwriter] on Background Vocals.
This album is just the start in a series of different projects I have in mind for the future. I decided to start with covers of familiar & rock favorites to introduce the Latin / Flamenco Rock sound to my audience, and I plan to start up a series of intimate club shows reminiscent of close-knit Latin & Gypsy gatherings."
On recording "Long Train Running" – "In the late 80's I would warm up with Long Train Running while on the road with XYZ; and for years I wanted to record the song with more of a Latin edge."
Terry Ilous on recording "Heaven & Hell" – "Dio was arguably one of the biggest inspirations in music. And this is one of the songs that really influenced my decision in making this album."
He adds: " This has been a long road, but the final tracks sound truly amazing, and are definitely worth the wait. I thank all my fans & band for being a part of this journey and for all your support along the way, I couldn't have done it without each and every one of you."
-Terry Ilous
Gypsy Dreams Track listing.
1. Whole Lotta Love – (Led Zeppelin)
2. Boys Of Summer – (Don Henley)
3. In Your Eyes – (Peter Gabriel)
4. Long Train Running – (The Doobie Brothers)
5. Wicked Game – (Chris Isaak)
6. Heaven And Hell – (Black Sabbath)
7. Ride Like The Wind – (Christopher Cross)
8. Love Bites – (Def Leppard)
9. Kill The King – (Rainbow)
Album Features:
Terry Ilous – Vocals
Luis Villegas– Guitar
Jose Garcia– Guitar
Mike Paganini – Bass
Mike Bennett – Bass
Ben Woods – Guitar
Jesse Stern – Drums / Percussion
Chris Trujillo – Drums / Percussion
Al Velasquez – Drums / Percussion
Natalie Gelman – Background Vocals
Gypsy Dreams is slated to be released Friday, April 28th, 2017 via digital format on iTunes.
The physical copy will be arriving in May 2017 on Terry Ilous private label, Fyco Records and can be pre-ordered here: http://terryilous.com/new-release/
Footage from a show last year at Souncheck Live:
Connect with Terry Ilous:
www.terryilous.com
www.facebook.com/TerryIlous
www.twitter.com/Terryilous
www.instagram.com/terryilous
www.youtube.com/TerryIlousTV


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Governor Brown is Not Green
California EJ Communities Bear Brunt of Bad Policies
By Eric K. Arnold
At the Paris climate summit, California Governor Jerry Brown played up his reputation as a progressive visionary—one of America's most experienced politicians on environmental issues. He met with world leaders, did a photo-op with Arnold Schwarzenegger, and gave a speech to graduate students about climate awareness, saying, "we're talking about a different kind of life, a life not based on oil, and a life not based on so much emphasis on the individual as opposed to the common good."1
Prior to leaving on the trip, he signed an executive order2 aligning California's greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction goals with EU standards, noting that "California is on track to meet or exceed the current target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020, as established in the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32). California's new emission reduction target of 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 will make it possible to reach the ultimate goal of reducing emissions 80 percent under 1990 levels by 2050."
But even as Brown received accolades from mainstream journalists and government leaders, frontline community members, climate experts and activists held a protest against the Governor's support of offset credits for polluters and broader use of fracking technology in California—right in the midst of the climate talks.3
Back home, Brown is also often at the receiving end of criticism from environmental justice advocates.
"As much as Jerry Brown likes to talk about California being a leader in addressing climate change and other environmental justice issues, he has a real blind spot for oil and gas. As a result, California has seen a series of environmental catastrophes, including toxics in water and the rampant spread of fracking across the state," says Hollin Kretzmann, attorney for the Center for Biological Diversity (CBD), a group that is suing the Brown administration for polluting the water in Kern County.
Even the right-wing blog Breitbart reports:4 "Despite Brown's tirades against fossil fuels, he has been very supportive of the California oil industry while governor."
Once an Environmental Champion
Brown first rose to political prominence in the 1970s. As California's Secretary of State he challenged Big Oil on campaign finance, which resulted in the Political Reform Act of 1974. That same year, he was elected California's governor at the young age of 36. Given the sobriquet "Governor Moonbeam" for his pledge to expand California's space program, he was way ahead of the curve on renewable energy and energy efficiency, signing a groundbreaking tax incentive for rooftop solar in 1977. He established a moratorium on nuclear power, addressed air pollution in Los Angeles by creating the South Coast Air Quality Management District, blocked offshore coastal drilling through the California Coastal Act, and pushed for five California rivers to be added to the federal Wild and Scenic River System.
After failed runs for President and the US Senate and a stint as a KPFA radio talk show host, Brown returned to politics in 1999 as mayor of Oakland, where he pursued an ambitious plan to draw 10,000 new residents to the city, in the process, some say, accelerating gentrification. Brown used his connections to developers to propel himself into the Attorney General's chair in 2006, and ultimately, the Governorship five years later. To his credit, as state Attorney General, Brown pursued emission limits under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). His advocacy contributed to California's becoming a national model for federal fuel-economy standards during the Obama Administration.
Ironically, California's strongest piece of environmental legislation, AB32, was enacted not by the Democratic Brown, but by his Republican predecessor, Schwarzenegger. Yet Brown has been happy to take credit for being proactive on climate change when it suits his purpose. As governor, Brown opposed the controversial Proposition 23, which would have rolled back AB32 until unemployment levels reached a 5.5 percent threshold. In the process, he pushed back directly at Big Oil, earning platitudes from environmental organizations like the Sierra Club.
Until recently, national media has often seemed in awe of Jerry The Environmentalist. In 2010, the New York Times noted, "Brown's record on the environment is so deep and wide that he is probably the most experienced candidate on this set of issues running anywhere in the country."5
Three years later, Rolling Stone magazine gushed, "Brown's first gubernatorial legacy was one of pathbreaking environmental reform," and "A generation later, Brown has picked up where he left off."6
While Brown may go down in history as one of the most celebrated politicians when it comes to climate change, he has undermined his own environmental legacy with a series of moves supporting oil, gas and big developers. As BuzzFeed stated, "…many environmentalists, farmers, and others have questioned an array of his policies and his apparently close relationship to the oil industry."7 One prominent Democratic environmentalist told The Nation, "…climate leaders don't frack."8
Undercutting His Own Legacy
Environmentalists, and particularly environmental justice advocates, have long been frustrated with Brown's contradictions. One recent controversy erupted over Brown appointees to the Coastal Commission who have reportedly taken pro-development stances and may have orchestrated the ouster of former Executive Director Charles Lester last February. Brown reportedly refused to intervene on behalf of environmentalists to influence the vote on Lester.
The same year Rolling Stone called Brown "arguably the most accomplished progressive governor in America," Alternet reported on his "10 Worst Environmental Policies."9 As it turns out, Governor Moonbeam isn't quite as green as he might seem.
The article noted that Brown fast-tracked a $54 billion plan which would "divert massive quantities of water from the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta to corporate agribusiness, developers and oil companies," imperiling salmon, steelhead, smelt, sturgeon, and other freshwater marine life populations. Other environmentally-dubious policies included Brown's support of: (a) hydraulic fracking; (b) the REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation), which would sidestep California's GHG emission reduction laws by allowing polluters to buy offset credits from Brazil and Mexico; (c) record exports of Delta water to corporate agribusiness; (d) the weakening of CEQA "…to fast-track big developments for giant corporations;" (e) clear-cutting in the Sierra Nevada; and (f) implementation of the controversial Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) initiative, denounced as "…one of the worst examples of corporate greenwashing in California history."
According to environmental journalist Dan Bacher on the Daily Kos, "Under Brown, the Department of Conservation has become known as a virtual subsidiary of the oil and gas industries."10 Oil industry regulators have been fired for refusing to violate the Clean Water Drinking Act by expediting oil drilling permits, and former oil industry executives have been appointed to high-ranking positions in state departments and commissions dealing with natural resources and fossil fuels.
As former Coastal Commissioner Steve Blank told KQED, "Under Schwarzenegger, there was an extended effort to reach out to a constituency he didn't own. And now, with Brown, there is benign neglect of the constituency he'll own forever."11
Conflicts of Interest Fuel Policy
Charges of conflict of interest and nepotism have arisen from Brown's delaying of a declaration of emergency in the horrific Porter Ranch natural gas leak caused by Sempra Energy—a company which paid Brown's sister, Kathleen, almost half-a-million dollars to serve as a board member in 2013-14 and made $26,000 in campaign donations to Brown in 2014.12 Another Sempra board member, Lynn Schenk, also serves on the board of the California High Speed Rail Authority and was the state's Secretary of Business, Transportation and Housing (1978-83) during Brown's previous stint as governor.
The buck doesn't quite stop there. Kathleen Brown is also a director of the Forestar Group, a Texas-based oil and gas company who have aggressively lobbied against expanding regulation of fracking. Her stock in Forestar was valued at almost $950,000 as of December 2015. Coincidentally (or not), Forestar owns a 285-acre luxury condo development adjacent to Porter Ranch. The governor's sister is also a partner in Manatt Phelps, a law firm used by the state's biggest fracking lobby, the Western States Petroleum Association, which spent more than $13 million on lobbying in 2013-14.
It gets even stickier. As the East Bay Express reported, special interest groups poured almost $22 million into supporting a 2014 Brown-backed water bond, Proposition 1, a $25 billion project which exports Sacramento River water to agribusiness and oil companies engaged in fracking, endangering central valley chinook and delta smelt. According to the Express, "The contributors are a who's who of Big Money interests in California, including corporate agribusiness groups, billionaires, timber barons, Big Oil, the tobacco industry, and the California Chamber of Commerce."13 The proposition, which outspent its opposition exponentially, passed easily.
Challenging the grip of corporate lobbyists on California hasn't been easy under Brown's governorship. His reputation has served him like a Teflon shield. Public awareness campaigns about Brown's support of hydraulic fracking proved informative, but failed to provoke any sort of mass outrage. Ditto Brown's abrupt reversal of a campaign promise not to use Proposition 1 money to pay for habitat migration of marine species impacted by the construction of two underwater tunnels. But there are signs of a widening crack in Brown's façade as a green guru.
Breaking Point for Environmentalists
Two recent lawsuits charging government collusion with oil and gas interests represent a break point for the environmental movement. Like much of the criticism against Brown's administration in regards to the environment, they have to do with hydraulic fracking.
The fuel-extraction process of fracking has been linked to toxic hazards and science suggests that fracking can actually trigger earthquakes. In fracking states like Texas and Oklahoma, 7.9 million people are in danger from man-made earthquakes, according to CNN14—a prospect made more dangerous in the seismic fault-saturated California.
Both lawsuits originate out of Kern County, which accounts for approximately 99 percent of the fracking in California and one-tenth of all US oil production. Almost a quarter of the county residents—49 percent of whom are Hispanic or Latino, mostly of Mexican descent—exist below the poverty line, and more than two-thirds live within one mile of an oil well. The solidly Republican-leaning county holds the dubious distinction of having the most deaths by police shooting per capita in the US with 13 police shootings in 2015.
Kern is also a big agricultural producer, responsible for almost 50 percent of California's fruits, vegetables and nuts. Agribusiness and fracking both require copious amounts of water and the expansion of fracking raises serious concerns about the contamination of groundwater with benzene and other hazardous chemicals; fracking has also been linked to respiratory problems, skin rashes, nosebleeds, and coccidioidomycosis, also known as "valley fever."
The first lawsuit,15 filed in 2015 on behalf of Kern County farmers, alleges that the Brown administration colluded with the oil industry to avoid groundwater contamination laws. Specifically, it16 alleges that government officials entered into a criminal conspiracy with oil companies to subvert the Safe Drinking Water Act "to achieve through illegal means the goal of increasing oil production and maximizing profits and tax revenue by allowing the Oil companies to inject salt water into fresh water." It also notes that permits approved by the State Oil and Gas Supervisor Tim Kustic rose from 50 to 1,575 in 2012 alone, after Kustic promised oil companies a "flexible" approach to permitting. Injecting contaminated water into aquifers increased sodium chloride levels in underground water to the extent that some orchards were damaged, threatening the livelihoods of farmers. To avoid public scrutiny, Brown and his co-defendants "suppressed research, destroyed documents, and refused to provide all information requested under the California Public Records Act," said lead attorney R. Rex Parris in a statement.
The Kern county lawsuit was followed by a similar suit17 filed by Earthjustice on behalf of the Sierra Club and Center for Biological Diversity (CBD), challenging injections of leftover fracking waste into protected aquifers. According to the CBD, "California regulators allowed oil companies to drill more than 2,400 illegal injection wells for waste disposal or oil production into protected aquifers."18
CBD's Kretzmann says Brown "can't be counted on" and that he, "hasn't been an ally" of environmentalists concerned about the contamination of aquifers. The pervasive influence of the oil and gas industry, Kretzmann claims, has led Kern officials to sidestep comprehensive environmental impact report (EIR) requirements by changing them to allow for "one [environmental impact] review for all oil and gas projects for the next 25 years", thus evading CEQA guidelines. Additionally, exclusionary tactics, such as not providing public materials about the proceedings in Spanish, negatively impacted Kern's monolingual population of rural farmers, he says.
Then there is the fact that California is in a drought. Expanding fracking operations during a time of water conservation "is a remarkable obscenity,"19 said a Los Angeles Times op-ed. "Trucks line up on rural roads in Kern County, not to deliver water to those communities where wells have run dry, but to deliver it to drillers who inject it underground. What they bring back up is polluted wastewater."
Silence on Oakland Coal Train
Brown was also strangely mum about a controversial plan to run coal trains to an Oakland port terminal. In addition to climate change concerns, the coal shipments would have exacerbated existing health risks in the area around the terminal, which has some of the worst air pollution and highest concentration of asthma in the state. The plan was strongly opposed by environmentalists and on June 28, 2016 the Oakland City Council finally gave in to public opinion and public health experts, voting 7-0 to block the shipments. Other opponents of the plan included state EPA employees and numerous elected officials, including State Senator Loni Hancock, Congresswoman Barbara Lee, Assemblymen Tony Thurmond and Rob Bonta, and Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf, a former Brown aide.
"For [Brown] to be quiet on this coal issue is stunning,"20 San Francisco State University professor and political commentator Joe Tuman told the San Francisco Chronicle.
Brown's public silence may have been evidence of a personal conflict: the project's developer is his good friend, Phil Tagami. Their relationship is well-documented. As mayor of Oakland, Brown appointed Tagami to the Port Commission, and as governor, appointed him to the state's Lottery Commission. Tagami also contributed $11,000 to Brown's campaign for Attorney General, and Brown's nuptials took place in the Tagami-owned Rotunda Building in Oakland.
As Oakland Magazine reported,21 Brown has financial ties to Tagami's California Capital and Investment Group (CCIG) through a stake in the Edgewater Park Plaza business park in East Oakland. Though representatives of the governor have denied a conflict of interest, Brown declined to meet with opponents of the coal plan and hasn't responded to their emails and letters, although Tagami himself acknowledged he talked about the issue with Brown.22
But Brown may not have the option to maintain his silence forever. State Senator Loni Hancock's Senate Bill 1279 would prohibit the use of public funds to build or operate any port that exports coal from California. It also applies to any port near disadvantaged communities. It passed its initial policy committee vote in late June and is awaiting fiscal review. If that bill and several others Hancock has introduced make it through the legislature, Brown will be presented with a clear choice—sign or veto—and may finally reveal his position on the dirtiest of fossil fuels.
According to Kretzmann, Brown's overall environmental record has been "very disappointing… The reality is, California has a lot of problems: air quality, water contamination in the midst of a drought… Brown has a lot to be accountable for."
Some advocates, however, have a more balanced view of the governor. Alvaro Sanchez, environmental equity director for the Greenlining Institute, concedes that Brown's stance on fracking and water has hurt his legacy in some capacity. But he emphasizes that Brown has been a global leader in forwarding environmental policy models. Perhaps more importantly, he adds, Brown has not stood in the way of environmental equity bills advanced by elected officials, such as Kevin De Leon. And the fact that there is robust funding for AB32 goals speaks for itself, he adds.
While Brown's overall status with the media remains high, California journalists on an environmental beat are less likely to dole out untempered praise. Robert Gammon, Oakland Magazine senior editor and former editor of the East Bay Express, finds Brown's stance on GHG reduction commendable, but "most environmental groups believe [Brown's plan for water tunnels] will destroy the Delta," he says. "If you look at his past record, and public rhetoric, he hasn't really lived up to it."
Eric K. Arnold is a contributing editor to Race, Poverty & the Environment and the founder of the oakculture.com blog.
1. www.latimes.com/politics/la-me-pol-ca-climate-jerry-brown-doomsayer-20151210-story.html
2. www.gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18938
3. www.desmogblog.com/2015/12/11/california-governor-jerry-brown-s-climate-credentials-question-massive-methane-leak-threatens-health
4. www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/11/28/governor-big-oil-brown-jets-off-paris-climate-summit/
5. www.nytimes.com/gwire/2010/10/08/08greenwire-jerry-browns-environmental-record-runs-deep-44334.html?pagewanted=all
6. www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/jerry-browns-tough-love-miracle-20130829
7. www.buzzfeed.com/jimdalrympleii/jerry-browns-environmental-record-questioned-as-he-takes-cli#.mpN163k7q
8. www.thenation.com/article/if-jerry-brown-so-green-why-he-allowing-fracking-california/
9. www.alternet.org/environment/governor-jerry-browns-10-worst-environmental-policies
10. www.dailykos.com/story/2016/3/25/1506146/-Govenor-Jerry-Brown-Celebrates-World-Water-Day-As-He-Promotes-Salmon-Killing-Delta-Tunnels
11. ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/01/28/jerry-browns-complicated-relationship-with-environmentalists/
12. www.redgreenandblue.org/2015/12/19/jerry-browns-big-bad-ties-to-oil-and-gas-industry/
13. www.eastbayexpress.com/SevenDays/archives/2015/04/29/why-governor-brown-broke-his-prop-1-promise-big-money-interests-dumped-218-million-into-the-prop-1-campaign
14. money.cnn.com/2016/03/29/investing/earthquakes-fracking-usgs-oil-gas/
15. https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/06/03/741916/10137097/en/Kern-County-Group-Files-RICO-Lawsuit-Against-Governor-and-Oil-Companies.html
16. http://rrexparris.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Complaint-FILED.pdf
17. http://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/Kern%20121015%20EndorsedPetition.pdf
18. www.biologicaldiversity.org/publications/maps/highlighted_maps/enhanced_oil_recovery_wells.html
19. www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-0505-mckibben-california-fracking-20150502-story.html
20. www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Developer-planning-Oakland-coal-shipment-an-ally-7116423.php
21. www.oaklandmagazine.com/Governor-Jerry-Brown-Has-Financial-Link-to-Oakland-Coal/#
22 www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Developer-planning-Oakland-coal-shipment-an-ally-7116423.php
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We offer classes to help parents raise their children in the Catholic Faith and for each youth to encounter Christ. We use the curriculum "Be My Disciples" for grade school and middle school. Classes take place at Sacred Heart School on Wednesday evenings throughout the school year.
We offer classes to help parents raise their children in the Catholic Faith and for each youth to encounter Christ. We use the curriculum "Be My Disciples" for grade school and middle school. Families can choose between a three hour session (AM or PM) during the first two weeks of summer. Classes take place at Sacred Heart School.


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gold bearing ore, which is recovered by means of selective mining. Of the 1.7 million tons of ore, 1.2 million tons are directed to the two Heap Leach (HL) plants at an average grade of 1.3 g/t, and 485 000 tons are directed to the Carbon in Leach (CIL) plant at about 1.6 g/t, for gold recovery.
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minerals found in ore veins included chalcopyrite, bornite, and covellite (Aber et al. 2010). The district was the most productive site of lead and zinc mining in the United States from the mid 1800s to about 1970 (Andrews et al. 2009). The estimated total mine ore tonnage for the district is 498,000,000 (Assoc. of MO Geologists 1986).


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Photo Credit: Claudio Contreras Koob
Photo Credit: Robin Moore
Photo Credit: Miguel Landestoy
Our mission is to study and conserve the diversity of life.
The Center for Biodiversity at Temple University is involved in research, education, and conservation. Nearly two million species have been cataloged by scientists and many more remain to be discovered. At the same time, our species continues to impact the global environment, including the oceans, climate, and forests, and these changes are affecting biodiversity. Some countries are close to losing all forest habitats, and extinctions are occurring globally. Research in the Center for Biodiversity seeks to understand how species evolved (the tree of life), what currently exists (systematics and taxonomy), how species interact with each other and the environment (ecology), and how we can save species from extinction (conservation). The Center for Biodiversity also hosts workshops and meetings that facilitate biodiversity and conservation science.
Photo Credits: Claudio Contreras Koob, Miguel Landestoy, Robin Moore
All Rights Reserved © Center for BiodiversityScience Education and Research Center at Temple University1925 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122


text:
Save the Blue Heart of Europe - A campaign for the protection of Balkan Rivers
Scientists for Balkan Rivers
Balkan rivers are unique and largely untouched ecosystems, but little is known about them. Alarmingly, they are threatened by 3,500 hydropower projects. Scientific data are needed to better understand these pristine ecosystems and to provide evidence for legal fights to preserve these valuable rivers. In order to address the current data deficiencies across Balkan rivers, we are building a network of scientists who actively focus their research on the Balkan region with the aim to collect scientific data. The scientists in the network not only lend their own data but also use their independent voices to advocate for the protection of rivers. Together, we are in search of senior partners and young motivated scientists, ready to contribute scientific expertise, tools, work-power, and data collection methods – all to keep the Balkan rivers wild and free.
By participating, you have the benefit of meeting fellow scientists with shared values, who work in related study fields. This can lead to valuable collaborations and knowledge exchange, as well as to innovative research ideas that focus on a larger geographical scale. For early-career scientists, such collaboration can be a true career boost.
On this page, you find more information on the network, which you can also find in this PDF. You are welcome to share this within your own networks!
Not registered to the network yet? Please do so by filling in the form below (or link).
Next online network meet-up: January 31st, 2023, 6pm CET. If you're signed up, you'll automatically get the links for the 2-monthly network meet-ups! This time the meet-up is public and informs a wider audience on the results and impacts of the Neretva Science Week.
Questions, ideas? E-Mail: scientists@balkanrivers.net
Origin of the Network
The will to unite scientists who support the fight for Balkan Rivers has been growing over the years. Researchers combined their efforts around the Vjosa River in Albania, advocating for a Vjosa Wild River National Park. Contemporarily, many others conducted valuable studies that showed the uniqueness of the Balkan River systems. Students gather yearly during the Students for Rivers Camps from the River Collective and simultaneously, researchers have been pitching new ways to collaborate on the Balkan scale, naming it grassroots ecology.
All these experiences now come together in this network within the framework of the Save the Blue Heart of Europe campaign. It becomes an important pillar in this campaign that has been running for over 10 years. Other important pillars are a network of Lawyers for Balkan Rivers and a network of Artists for Balkan Rivers.
Grassroots Ecology: Check out this poster to read about the collaborative network pitched during the SEFS meeting in Zagreb 2019.
Save the Blue Heart of Europe: Learn more about this campaign, through which this network is now gaining momentum.
The River Collective: Check out the River Collective to learn how students turn their knowledge into action.
Press Conference on the Vjosa River © jens-steingaesser
Vjosa Model
A big motivation for the initiation of the Scientists for Balkan Rivers Network is the proven success of the "Scientists for Vjosa" group. The Vjosa model consists of four pillars: 1) Dedication and stamina: A group of dedicated scientists from Albania and abroad research and advocate for the Vjosa and its tributaries jointly for a long period of time. 2) Science weeks: In 2017 and 2021a large group of scientists from many disciplines spent a week in the field to collect data. The results were summarized in reports During these weeks, the scientists were accompanied by international and national media representatives and film teams. 3) Research Center: A Vjosa Research Center was established in Tepelena right next to the Vjosa. This house functions as a science hub in the region and offers accommodation and working facilities for students and senior scientists. 4) Advocacy: The scientists for the Vjosa not only collect data, but also raise their voice so that their position is heard. They promote their findings and recommendations to the public and political decision-makers.
Scientists for Vjosa have been instrumental in successfully fending off planned hydropower projects on the main river, paving the way for Europe's first wild river national park.
Check out this video for a summary of the 2021 Science Week:
With a growing network of scientists across the Balkans, we believe it is possible to produce high-quality science with minimum means by collaboratively gathering data at an unparalleled, sub-continental scale. We welcome campaigns collecting data based on protocols that can be executed by fellow scientists. Network participants can also contribute by analyzing data, potentially resulting in a collaborative paper. With such work, senior scientists can take societal responsibility by pinpointing destructive impact and promoting conservation, while meaningfully fostering careers of young engaged colleagues. The figure below graphically explains the possible collaboration structure:
We keep an overview of all ongoing research by network participants, which you find here. Feel free to scroll through and get excited!
Call for Lead Scientists
Are you planning on doing research focused on, or related to, Balkan Rivers? We would love to hear from you! Whether you are a senior scientist leading a large project, a PhD student planning for their dissertation, or a Master or Bachelor student planning their thesis – we consider you a lead scientist.
We encourage you to think about the benefits of collaborating with a regional network that could help with data collection even when you are not in the field. No matter which stage of planning you are in, let us know what you are thinking of, so we can share it with others in the network, and connections can be initiated.
You can do so by filling in this google form. Your research will then be added to this overview.
The network is currently structured around two main activities: the online network meet-ups and the Neretva Science Week. The Neretva Science Week is limited in capacity, but we invite everyone to connect during online meet-ups! We also encouraged joint fieldwork and are excited to see such campaigns take shape.
Online Meet-ups: Every two months, we gather online to brainstorm, discuss research, and update each other on network activities and news. The meet-ups may focus on a theme to help participants with their research, or host several lead scientists that briefly present their work, after which there is time to give input and discuss their ideas. You will receive an invitation for each of these meet-ups once you have registered for the network.
Neretva Science Week: From June 28 to July 3 2022 several scientists from the Scientists for Balkan Rivers Network met at the Neretva River in Bosnia and Herzegovina to collect ecological data (e.g. biodiversity and hydromorphology). You find the preliminary results here. A new science week will be planned for 2023.
The Neretva River © Amel Emrić
To grow as a network, it is essential that we can connect with each other to exchange ideas, brainstorm about new research projects, and find new potential collaborators. To make such connections possible, we have established a communication platform on slack as well as a research overview on padlet. You will receive information on these once you register for the network.
Rivers at Risk
With 3.500 planned hydropower dams in the Balkan region, scientific research could be beneficial everywhere. We, therefore, provide you with a list of rivers and river stretches where your work would be needed the most in the Balkans, in order to collect data for the fight against dam projects. This list is based on the rivers that the Lawyers for Balkan Rivers network are currently trying to defend legally. You find an updated list here.
Thank you for your interest in the Scientists for Balkan Rivers Network. We hope you are excited to start collaborating with other network participants and look forward to welcoming you into the network soon. If you haven't signed up yet, please do so here! If you have any questions or suggestions, feel free to get in touch through the slack workspace or by sending an email to scientists@balkanrivers.net.
DOWNLOAD the SBR Network Guide as PDF
Neretva Science Week
Stories of dam-affected people
Vjosa National Park NOW
Artists for Balkan Rivers
Fish Info
Our group of allies is increasing! Scientists in our network not only lend their own data but also use their independent voices to advocate for the protection of rivers.
The interactive map to explore the region in detail based on different criteria.
The Eco-Masterplan for Balkan Rivers is a comprehensive study which, for the first time, combines knowledge about biodiversity (fish, mussels, caddisflies), integrity of rivers and floodplains (hydromorphology), as well as the location of protected areas.
We are a coalition of NGOs who have launched the campaign "Save the Blue Heart of Europe" in order to raise awareness about the imminent dam craze on the Balkan peninsula and to spare the most valuable rivers and river stretches from destruction.
info@balkanrivers.net
© Save the Blue Heart of Europe. All rights reserved.
Help now Newsletter


BD sells a 31-gauge needled syringe with half unit marks. And Walmart sells a similar syringe under the Relion name. The following link is from www.hocks.com, a good source for diabetes-related supplies.
These syringes only come in a short needle (not sure why). But we used them with out 60 pound dog and loved them.
Here are the labels on the full unit marks for the BD Ultrafine II syringes, 0.3cc holding 30 units with 31 gauge short needles. the half unit marks are lines on the other side (currently rolled under in this image).
This particular syringe is from BD.
In this case, each hash mark is 1 unit. Filling to "5" gives 5 units.
Unfortunately, you can't see the half unit marks and the labeling of the marks in one image.
Here's a view of the half unit marks.


text:
Askaboutmoney.com - the Irish consumer forum
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General Financial Issues
Bitcoin in a hyperbolic bubble
Thread starter Duke of Marmalade
Start date 30 Dec 2020
WolfeTone
Dublinbay12 said:
Correct me if I am mistaken but it was you and Tecate who introduced a 51% attack in recent posts?
Ok, I will correct you. The discussion about a 51% attack was introduced way back in thread. It was in the context of a 51% that tecate made his comment about attacks on miners, at least that is how I interpreted it. You appear to have interpreted it that s/he was talking about any sort of attack at all.
You confirm it here
51% attack of the Network is entirely different to what the Chinese government are doing
So can the Chinese shutdown mining operations, yes of course. Same way they could shutdown their airports and disrupt international airline traffic network.
Reactions: tecate
DublinHead54
WolfeTone said:
Why would the Chinese government be interested in carrying out a 51% attack when they can just shut the miners down lol?
It is pretty clear to anybody that follows the market, China's interference was never ever about mounting a 51% attack. Do you have evidence suggesting the opposite? So you are basically trying to argue that the sky isn't blue.
I guess you've no interest in discussing the impact, but good to see you've hedged your bets for future by saying it'll cause network distruption without offering anything else up.
The discussion about a 51% attack was introduced way back in thread.
tecate said:
Chinese Miners Do Not Provide a Credible Threat to Bitcoin's Decentralised Peer to Peer Network
There is no realistic and credible threat to the bitcoin network from any Chinese entity - be that a corporation or the Chinese government. On mining pools, participants can move from one mining pool to another dynamically - they're not locked in. If the controller of a mining pool worked against their interest they wouldn't be long in doing that.
If it cost X billion to carry out an attack on the network and the potential upside was much less than the cost of the attack, what participant in a mining pool is going to be down with that?
On the government threat - firstly, they would need a motivation. Who would they be attacking in going to all that effort? But for all intents and purposes, lets assume that the Chinese government have one. Mining farms are cast all over China - often in remote inaccessible locations. The Chinese can't move against these miners without letting the cat out of the bag that something is afoot. Counter measures would be taken. The attack would fail. At worst it would cause temporary network disruption. As with all other attacks, such an eventuality would only serve to make the network stronger in the longer term.
Would greater geographical distribution of mining facilities be optimal? Sure. Notwithstanding that, any reasonable appraisal of the current threat potential that I've come across doesn't suggest that such an eventuality would destroy bitcoin. Beyond that, I do see greater distribution of such facilities in other regions as we move forward. We've already seen increased growth in that regard in regions such as North America. Of course for the Roubini's of this world that have a hatred for bitcoin, such individuals will latch on to any old rubbish without even handed assessment simply because its useful to them in casting fear, uncertainty and doubt.
Asking miners to leave a territory is not an attack on the network. A 51% attack would involve much more than asking miners to leave a territory within a timeframe.
Last edited: 25 Jun 2021
I've no idea, lol!
It is pretty clear to anybody that follows the market, China's interference was never ever about mounting a 51% attack.
Yes, that is what is being said to you. Perhaps you can elaborate and explain what China's interference is about?
So you are basically trying to argue that the sky isn't blue.
Well, technically speaking it isn't.... lol! Let's no go there!
I guess you've no interest in discussing the impact
I am interested in discussing the impact. I'm interested in learning what is the impact.
As @Duke of Marmalade points out, it is probably a positive for bitcoin.
As did I.......
For other readers of this thread, I actually think the China crackdown is good as it decreases centralization of mining and reduces the chance of a 51% attack which is bringing the network back towards the original plan.
Think about this Wolfie. If it was never about an attack, then why was it being dredged up as a criticism of btc repeatedly? So apparently then it was about a ban rather than an attack? Well, the ban is being implemented right now and nobody seems to think that this is a bad thing!
Ergo, all of this criticism was Fear / Uncertainty / Doubt -> FUD.
Reactions: WolfeTone
Duke of Marmalade
There is one very unlikely scenario where a fall in the hashrate could be fatal. The hashrate has fallen by 50% they say. The 10 minutes is maintained by halving the difficulty. No problem. And this can continue almost ad infinitum as the difficulty level is currently over 10trillion times its starting level.
But if the hashrate fell so suddenly that the protocol had not yet recalculated the difficulty then until that new difficulty is reset the average time to solve the hash puzzle would increase. So whilst a 1,000 fold reduction in hashrate is easily accomodated if it happens over a reasonable time period, if it happened all at once it would take 10,000 minutes (1 week) to add the next block Just a theoretical musing dear cultists, it is as likely to happen as everybody winning the lottery next week.
Reactions: WolfeTone, DazedInPontoon and tecate
Ok so any reporting that dares criticise or present a negative opinion is FUD? What a load of rubbish. If that were true then it seems some people on here have authoritarian views when it comes to bitcoin. It's such a weak defence to just call a news story FUD, especially when said reporting comes from respected crypto news outlets.
I guess I should just come to this forum for the truth*.
*Truth according to Tecate
Ok so any reporting that dares criticise or present a negative opinion is FUD?
No, just the criticism that has been levelled here.
You are dealing with a cult. Imagine you are discussing the meaning of life with, say, Muslims, you are on eggshells when the subject of the Prophet comes up. I have spent a long time in these parts mocking the cult until it suddenly dawned on me, I am effectively insulting these guys' religion, something which we all accept is quite non PC.
Reactions: DublinHead54
Duke of Marmalade said:
You are dealing with a cult.
And the 'cult' labeling is being applied to a group of people who's ideas you are ideologically opposed to. So a difference of ideas is being debated but the establishment set decide to label the upstarts with the 'cult' tar and feathering. Tell me, Marmalady, what gives your ideas on the subject a free pass whilst those you oppose get the 'cult' tar and feathering?
I mean, people can decide to 'mock', to label & tar and feather, to be all about demonstrating how 'wrong' someone is/was - OR - we could just stick to the nuts and bolts of the subject area and consider it.
I have spent a long time in these parts mocking the cult
Yes, I think it started at a point when bitcoin was less than a $1,000?....it's been a blast!
Actually, I stand to be ejected here, I think it started in late 2018 when it soared to $20k. It has grown 50% since then but relative to its volatility that is not actually a good Sharpe Ratio. Admittedly I would have been predicting something closer to -100%
That's inaccurate, Marmalady. You first stated on 13 Feb 2015 that Bitcoin was 'a load of baloney'. The price on that day was $230/bitcoin. Between then and now, we've seen a price increase of 13,421% ( or 27,726% by comparison with the ATH price from earlier this year). Nouriel has outdone you though - he's been criticising the hell out of bitcoin since it was at $13.
Over its 12 years, bitcoin has averaged a 213% increase per annum. The charge that bitcoin has a poor Sharpe Ratio is inaccurate.
Over its 12 years, bitcoin has averaged a 213% increase per annum.
Ok. I'm ejected , though my serious engagement did begin in late 2018.
I am certainly not claiming that there is any price at which I would have been singing a different tune. It would always have been BOHA to me.
Ok. I'm ejected
Don't fret Marmalady, it's the weekend so here's a gift from the other side of the pond.
Reactions: Duke of Marmalade and Brendan Burgess
The rhetoric on this thread is that Bitcoin is going on a journey of adoption. As such there have been claims that volatility is expected as part of the adoption cycle and it will reduce over time as the asset matures.
What's evident in the last 3 months that BTC is as volatile as ever despite the network growth. Examples being PayPal adoption, Coinbase IPO, Tesla, El Salvador to name a few. These are examples that have been posted by those on this forum as evidence of Bitcoins growth, legitimacy and adoption. However, volatility remains high.
I've seen the argument presented that it took hundreds of years for gold to become stable. But today is a different world. We live in a connected global economy where technology adoption is rapid. For example, it took less than a decade for Smartphones to become dominant. So I'm not sure the 'it takes time' argument holds much weight. Now BTC adoption is difficult given its in competition against governments, but the will of the people is powerful.
But I'd like to hear from @WolfeTone on his views on what will need to happen for BTC to become less volatile?
A good example of how the Bitcoin network does use 'trusted' third parties (exchanges) and the security issues with it. Not your keys, not your coins....
Founders of South African Crypto Investment Firm – and $3.6B in Bitcoin – Are Missing
Africrypt investors were told not to inform police of the purported hack because it could slow the recovery of their funds.
www.coindesk.com
The rhetoric on this thread
Is also about the Chinese crackdown on bitcoin mining and how, in the end, we all agreed it was most likely a positive for bitcoin.
What's evident in the last 3 months that BTC is as volatile as ever despite the network growth.
And I would suggest it will remain so for sometime. Bitcoin, in the grand scheme of global finance and money is tiny.
For example, it took less than a decade for Smartphones to become dominant.
Smartphones operate on a massive infrastructure that is financed, regulated and co-ordinated by private tech companies and telecommunications regulators employing tens of thousands of people in roll-out, support and maintenance etc.
Bitcoin is an 8 page posting on a fringe tech site.
There is simply no comparison.
Much more wider adoption. Cannot say definitively, but a ten-fold increase in adoption seems like a good starting point.
Reactions: tecate and DazedInPontoon
Agreed, the Central Banks have told us as much. They aim to reduce its value by 2% p.a. which eventually will be as close to zero as makes no difference. So long as it can reasonably be trusted to buy a Big Mac at near enough current prices for the next year or so, that is all that is required of a medium of exchange.
Crypto will quickly go to its intrinsic value - zero
Duke of Marmalade, 21st Century
Duke of Marmalade.jpg
Reactions: DazedInPontoon


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Take a peek into the new 'Buccoo Reef' ferry
Australian shipbuilder INCAT Tasmania has launched a new ferry at its shipyard in Hobart, Australia destined for Trinidad and Tobago.
INCAT began construction on Buccoo Reef in 2019 and has since installed all major machinery and equipment onboard the vessel. The ship will be retrofitted with state of the art electronic systems, which are being commissioned and tested in preparation for sea trials in November.
The Buccoo Reef, which is named after Tobago's largest and most popular coral reef, will have capacity for 1,000 passengers in three lounges, which will include a range of bars and food service areas. The vehicle deck will have 175 truck lane metres and capacity for 182 cars, or 239 cars if trucks are not carried.
This new addition will increase the existing seabridge's capacity, creating greater access between the sister isles and boost local tourism. Citizens will be able to enjoy comfortable coach style travel.
The ship will have an operating speed of over 40 knots, which reduces the sailing time with an increased number of crossings per day. This will allow for same day travel, which will be a big benefit to our citizens improving inter-island access.
The new 100 meter high speed ferry is scheduled to be delivered later this year for service on the seabridge between Port of Spain, Trinidad and Scarborough, Tobago, in time for the peak holiday travel period.
View video via the Facebook page of the Office of the Prime Minister – Communications Division:
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Tekken 7 World Arcade Championship EU Qualifiers
Get ready for the next battle! Bandai Namco announced the Tekken 7 World Arcade Championship EU Qualifiers that will take place on October 29 at Paris Games Week (the French video game convention that will be held at Paris Expo - Porte de Versailles from October 28th to November 1st). There will be a €1500 cash prize to share among winners as well as tickets for the Tekken World Tournament in Japan in December! Best Tekken players will compete to try to win 10 million Yen and the World Champion title. Qualifications will take place at the ESL Arena stand, there are 4 entries left, 12 finalists are already qualified. Those are the 5 European top players and 7 players qualified through several European tournaments (Tekken World in Spain, Ultimate Tournament in France, Red Fight District in the Netherlands and Poznan Arena in Poland). The tournament will be played on the arcade verison of Tekken 7 with the ability to use MadCatz fightsticks. The finals will be broadcast live on Twitch.


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Lives of the Twelve Caesars
Written by Roman historian Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, Lives of the Twelve Caesars is a set of twelve biographies of Julius Caesar and the first 11 emperors of the Roman Empire.
The work, written in AD 121 during the reign of the emperor Hadrian, was the most popular work of Suetonius, at that time Hadrian's personal secretary, and is the largest among his surviving writings.
Lives of the Twelve Caesars is considered very significant in antiquity and remains a primary source on Roman history. This work includes one of the earliest secular historical references to Christ.
In addition to Lives of the Twelve Caesars this module contains Lives of Eminent Grammarians, Lives of Eminent Rhetoricians, and Lives of the Poets (Terence, Juvenal, Persius, Horace and Pliny).
• Author: Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus
• Translator: Alexander Thomson, M.D.
• Revised/Corrected by: T. Forester, Esq., A.M.
Lives of the Twelve Caesars is included with the following packages:
CL2-8
Classic II Group
Coll13-EngExpert1119
English Expert Collection (Accordance 13) (November 2019)
Coll13-EngPro
English Pro Collection (Accordance 13)


text:
STPL Blogs
Stplbloggersouthslidell
View all cards in History & Geography
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Halloween Spotlight: The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
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Kaboom! The Mt. Vesuvius Volcanic Eruption
by stplbloggersouthslidell August 21, 2019
Mount Vesuvius is a volcano located in southern Italy, near the city of Naples. The volcano is renown for the eruption that occurred there nearly two millennia ago.
In 79 AD, Mount Vesuvius surprised Italy with a terrifying eruption that left a mark on history. The exact date of the eruption is unknown, but scientists believe the event occurred over a two-day period around August 24, according to records left by the only survivor to have written about it, Pliny the Younger. Confusion of the dating stems from other references relating to the event, modern attempts at properly correlating the given date with modern calendars, and archeological evidence that suggests the eruption took place in autumn during the harvest. For now however, official recognition is still on August 24.
In 79 AD, Italy was the core realm of the Roman Empire. Mount Vesuvius had several nearby towns and cities, Herculaneum and Pompeii of note. For months leading up to August, there were several noticable earthquakes. Then, as now, seismic activity occurred very often and did not overly alarm anyone. At the time, no one knew the relation between earthquakes and volcanic activity, and while earthquakes were fairly common, volcanic eruptions were relatively few.
And so, few people heeded the warning of the volcano coming alive. Evidence shows that some people fled, typically the wealthy and powerful, as well as ordinary citizens who were able to move. The majority of people remained in the area where they lived or worked.
The volcanic eruption is remembered for its particular ferocity and magnificence. Historical writers including Pliny comment on the extreme dark of the clouds, the heat of the volcano and the thickness of the ash. Much of the artwork produced in the centuries since then convey similar themes of awe and destruction, as have modern films.
The cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii were quite literally buried under pyroclastic flows of heat, magma and ash. Some experts have deduced that many of the people perished as a result of the extreme temperatures, which even as far as six miles from the vent, were in excess of 250 degrees Fahrenheit. Many people died instantly. These poor victims were then buried in ash, many as much twenty five meters deep. Both towns were rendered uninhabitable and Pompeii's location was forgotten for the better part of fifteen centuries.
The initial rediscovery occurred in 1592 when a local canal architect accidentally unearthed part of Pompeii, before covering it and redirecting his canal around the supposed remains of the city. Pompeii was rediscovered again in 1738 when workers under the employ of Charles of Bourbon, King of Naples, discovered the town. King Charles was quite pleased to learn of the historic site and its ties to the cultural heritage of Naples.
Others conducted excavations of Pompeii over the years, including Karl Weber, Francisco la Vega and Giuseppe Fiorelli. Fiorelli's dig was the largest yet and eventually uncovered voids in the ash. He realised these curiously shaped voids, roughly the shape of a person in fetal position, were the resting spots of victims who had been buried in ash. Fiorelli pioneered the method of plaster injection that filled these voids, a method still used today with resin. Many of these molds are still found at Pompeii, and can be viewed on tours.
Excavations of the cities gradually revealed the ruins, much of which was preserved rather well. Over the centuries, much of Ancient Rome's architecture had been torn down or renovated to suit more modern tastes. The unearthing of Pompeii gave modern scholars an interesting view into what ancient Pompeii had been like, both in terms of art, as well as what people wore and did in their daily routines. Several buildings were found and identified, including a large market, a mill, amphitheaters, gymnasiums, restaurants, and even a hotel with geothermal hot springs for visitors to enjoy. Archeologists also found clay pots filled with staples of the day, such as grain, olive oil, wine and many other food items.
However destructive and magnificent, the eruption of Mount Vesuvius was not an isolated event. Since the rediscovery, scientists have catalogued a number of dates the volcano has become active and erupted since its birth in 25,000 BC. Although the 79 AD eruption is the largest on record for the volcano, there were also eruptions every few thousand years leading up to 217 BC, when the earliest record of an event appears by Plutarch. Further eruptions occurred in 203 AD, 472, 512, 787, 978, 991, 1007 and 1036. Another huge eruption occurred in 1631, and another twenty two eruptions between then and World War II.
Today, Mount Vesuvius is still considered the most threatening volcano on the planet, largely due to the large amount of inhabitants around the volcano. An estimated 3,000,000 people live near Naples.
Want to learn about Mount Vesuvius and the towns of Pompeii and Heculaneum? Feel free to check out one of the items below or view our catalog, opens a new window for more on this and other topics.
The Pompeii Disaster
I Survived the Destruction of Pompeii, AD 79
What Was Pompeii?
You Wouldn't Want to Live in Pompeii!
Ancient Rome and Pompeii
The Fires of Vesuvius
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Die Operation Oboe war ein komplexes Unternehmen der Alliierten der Vereinigten Staaten, Australien und dem Vereinigten Königreich während des Pazifikkrieges im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Ziel war die Rückeroberung des japanisch besetzten Borneo. Sie umfasste den Einsatz von luft-, land- und seegestützten Verbänden und begann mit der Landung auf Tarakan am 1. Mai 1945.

Vorgeschichte
Japanische Truppen landeten ab dem 16. Dezember 1941 auf Borneo (→ Japanische Invasion Borneos) und besetzten im darauf folgenden Jahr große Teile der Insel. Borneo war zu dieser Zeit Teil Niederländisch-Ostindiens und der Nordteil war britisches Territorium. Viele der damals dort stationierten Soldaten gerieten in japanische Gefangenschaft und wurden in Lagern auf der Insel verbracht. Australische Spezialeinheiten des Services Reconnaissance Department, bekannt als Z-Force, wurden nach Borneo entsandt, um Einheimische zu Guerillakämpfern gegen die japanischen Besatzer auszubilden. Diese Kämpfe kosteten rund 2.000 Japanern das Leben.

Alliierte Planung
Der Plan zur Rückeroberung Borneos war in erster Linie eine politische Entscheidung. 1945 spielten Überlegungen zum Eingreifen in die von Japan besetzten Gebiete Niederländisch-Ostindiens eine untergeordnete Rolle. Vorrangig war die Taktik des Island Hopping, um Rabaul zu umgehen und möglichst nah an die japanischen Hauptinseln heranzukommen. Australische Truppen waren an den Einsätzen auf den Philippinen nicht beteiligt und es machte sich eine unbefriedigte Stimmung breit, die vor allem die Inaktivität der erfahrenen australischen Soldaten der Australian Imperial Force (AIF) betraf. Die Niederländer waren besonders verstimmt, da ihre betroffenen Gebiete keine Berücksichtigung in den vorhandenen Plänen fanden.

General Douglas MacArthur, seinerzeit Oberkommandierender (Supreme Allied Commander) des South-West Pacific Area, plante gegen Ende 1944 eine Operationsserie unter dem Decknamen Montclair. Dazu gehörten die OBOE-Operationen. Im Einzelnen waren dies Operationen auf Tarakan (OBOE 1), Balikpapan (OBOE 2), Banjarmasin (OBOE 3), Surabaya (OBOE 4), Ost-NEI (OBOE 5) und Nord-Borneo (OBOE 6). Dazu waren die 7. und 9. Division der AIF vorgesehen. Ausgeführt wurden letztlich nur die OBOE-Operationen 1, 2 und 6.

Japanische Besatzer
Im Nordwesten Borneos stand die 37. Armee unter dem Befehl von Generalleutnant Baba Masao. Der südliche und östliche Teil der Insel unterstand Vizeadmiral Michiaki Kamada, der sowohl die maritimen als auch die Heereseinheiten an Land befehligte.

Die Besatzer standen von Beginn an im Kampf gegen einheimische Guerillagruppen, darunter die sogenannten Kinabalu Guerillas, die im Norden von Tun Mustapha und im Westen von Albert Kwok geführt wurden. Ihr Widerstand wurde erst mit einem von den Japanern an den Guerillas verübten Blutbad in Petagas am 21. Januar 1944 beendet.

Die Bedeutung Borneos, insbesondere Tarakans, als Rohöllieferant für die Japaner nahm im Verlauf des Jahres 1944 deutlich ab, da die Alliierten in ihrem weiteren Vordringen die Zufuhrlinien zu den japanischen Hauptinseln immer weiter blockierten. So verließ der letzte Öltanker Tarakan im Juli 1944. Danach legten heftige Bombardierungen die Ölförderung lahm und die Seewege nach Tarakan wurden mit Seeminen abgeriegelt.

Im Zuge der Bedeutungslosigkeit wurden die japanischen Einheiten im Frühjahr 1945 dort deutlich reduziert. So wurde eines der beiden dort stationierten Bataillone nach Balikpapan abbeordert.

Die Schlachten
Die Insel Morotai diente den Alliierten als Stützpunkt zur Sammlung ihrer Einheiten, die auch dort auf die bevorstehenden Landungen vorbereitet wurden.

Tarakan

Drei alliierte Kreuzer und sechs Zerstörer unter dem Befehl von Konteradmiral Berkey begannen am 27. April 1945 mit ihrer Schiffsartillerie den südlichen Inselteil von Tarakan, der als Landungsbereich vorgesehen war, zu beschießen. Der Beschuss wurde drei Tage lang fortgesetzt. Nachdem am 30. April die Insel Sadan von einem Bataillon eingenommen wurde, begannen am 1. Mai die Landungen der Haupteinheiten mit 18.000 Soldaten unter Brigadekommandant Whitehead auf Tarakan.

Zwar hatte der Küstenbeschuss viele japanische Stellungen zerstört oder erheblich beschädigt, doch wurden zur Sicherung der Hauptlandungseinheiten Pioniere vorgeschickt, um Schneisen durch die Küstenbefestigungen zu schneiden. Die Landungseinheiten bestanden aus der 26. Infanteriebrigade der 9. Division, die von etwa 140 KNIL-Soldaten begleitet wurde, die als Scouts und Übersetzer dienten. Des Weiteren gingen auch einige NEFIS-Mitarbeiter an Land. Die folgenden Kämpfe zur Eroberung von Tarakan dauerten weitere sechs Wochen. Mehr als 200 australische Soldaten fielen, bis am 20. Juni die Insel eingenommen war.

Eines der wichtigsten Ziele bei der Einnahme der Insel war der Bau von Flugfeldern, um weitergehende Operationen zu unterstützen. Jedoch hatten die Japaner die Flugfelder zerstört oder sie waren während der Kämpfe schwer beschädigt worden. Die zur Wiederherstellung eingeflogenen RAAF-Einheiten standen vor einer sehr schwierigen Aufgabe, da auch der sehr morastige Boden der Insel eine Neuanlage von Flugfeldern unmöglich machte. Ende Juni konnten einige Flugfelder zumindest für kleinere Jagdflugzeuge freigegeben werden, jedoch wurden sie nie in dem Maße genutzt wie es einmal vorgesehen war.

Nordborneo

Oboe 6 wurde als zweite Operation ab dem 10. Juni 1945 ausgeführt. Sie umfasste die Landung in der Bucht von Brunei im Nordwesten Borneos sowie die Einnahme der vorgelagerten Insel Labuan. Die dazu vorgesehene 9. Division hatte die Aufgabe die Bucht von Brunei zu einem vorgeschobenen alliierten Stützpunkt auszubauen und in zweiter Linie die Ölfelder, Gummiplantagen und die dazugehörigen Produktionsstätten einzunehmen. Küstenbeschuss durch die anlaufenden Schiffe und Luftangriffe unterstützten die Landungen bei Brunei und der Insel Muara. Auf Labuan wehrten sich hunderte japanische Besatzer der 37. Armee, die unter dem Befehl von Generalleutnant Baba Masao standen und sich in ein Sumpfgebiet zurückgezogen hatten, gegen die vorrückenden Australier. Doch auch hier setzten Luftangriffe und Schiffsartillerie der Gegenwehr ein Ende. Brunei fiel am 13. Juni an die Australier, die eine zweite Landungswelle am 16. Juni bei Weston an Land brachten. Weitere kleinere Landungen fanden am 19. Juni bei Mempakul sowie am 23. Juni bei Sipitang statt. Nachdem die Aufklärung japanische Einheiten in Beaufort lokalisiert hatte, begannen das 2/32th und 2/43th Battalion am 27. Juni mit dem Angriff auf das 386th Independent Infantry Battalion unter Major Kimura Jiro. Die Innenstadt von Beaufort fiel gegen Einbruch der Nacht an die Australier. Die endgültige Einnahme von Beaufort war dem Soldaten Tom Starcevich zu verdanken, der am Morgen des 28. Juni mit zwei Gegenangriffen vier Maschinengewehrstellungen zerstörte und dafür mit dem letzten im Zweiten Weltkrieg vergebenen Victoria Cross geehrt wurde. Die japanischen Truppen zogen sich am Nachmittag des 29. Juni endgültig aus der Region Beaufort zurück.

Vereinzelte Kämpfe auf Labuan und in Nordwestborneo dauerten jedoch bis Kriegsende. Bis dahin beklagten die Australier mehr als 100 Tote und die Japaner rund 1.400 Tote.

Balikpapan

Die abschließende Operation Oboe 2 ab dem 1. Juli 1945 galt der Einnahme von Balikpapan im Südosten Borneos. Es war die größte von australischen Land-, Luft- und Seeeinheiten durchgeführte amphibische Landeoperation während des Pazifikkriegs mit insgesamt mehr als 30.000 Soldaten. Wie auch schon bei den zuvor durchgeführten Landungen führten die Australier Panzer zur Bekämpfung der japanischen Verteidigungsanlagen mit. Pioniere räumten Minenfelder und zerstörten von den Japanern installierte Sprengfallen. Obwohl die Japaner vereinzelt australische Stellungen angriffen, war der Ausgang der Operation Oboe 2 nie gefährdet.

Der japanische Widerstand während der Landeoperation war relativ gering. Die Australier brachten mit der ersten Welle 10.500 Soldaten, 700 Fahrzeuge und rund 1.960 Tonnen an Material an Land. Zwar nahmen die japanischen Verteidigungsanstrengungen zu, als die Australier weiter ins Inland vorstießen, doch konnte das Flugfeld von Sepinggang am zweiten und Balikpapan am dritten Tag eingenommen werden. Das Flugfeld von Manggar fiel am 5. Juli in die Hände der Australier. Der folgende Vormarsch auf Samarinda wurde unter äußerster Vorsicht vorgenommen, da die australischen Kommandeure den Befehl erhalten hatten, ihre Verluste so gering wie nur möglich zu halten. Das Gebiet um Samarinda konnte daher erst am Ende des Monats als feindfrei erklärt werden. Die verbliebenen japanischen Einheiten hatten sich in Richtung Banjarmasin und Kuching abgesetzt. Im Verlauf der Kämpfe verloren die Australier 229 und die Japaner etwa 1.800 Soldaten.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 National Archives and Records Administration – ARC 39073, LI 208-UN-166 – ALLIES INVADE BALIKPAPAN auf YOUTUBE (englisch)
 National Archives and Records Administration – ARC 39071, LI 208-UN-164 – FINAL VICTORY ON OKINAWA--ALLIES INVADE BORNEO auf YOUTUBE (englisch)

Oboe
Indonesische Militärgeschichte
Malaysische Geschichte
Geschichte (Sabah)
Konflikt 1945
Oboe
Australische Militärgeschichte
Militärgeschichte der Vereinigten Staaten (Zweiter Weltkrieg)
Niederländisch-Indien im Zweiten Weltkrieg
Geschichte (Borneo)
Endphase des Zweiten Weltkriegs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Delaware, Ohio: Gas Station Birthplace of Rutherford B. Hayes
A granite block and bronze plaque at a gas station marked the spot where President Hayes was born. Unveiled in 1926, the same year that the birthplace home was demolished. In 2020, the monument was missing, a historical marker remains... and there's a Hayes statue in town, dedicated in 2019.
17 E. William St., Delaware, OH
Downtown, on US 36/William St. a half-block east of Sandusky St. The plaque is on the north side, directly in front of the BP station.
Visitor Tips and News About Gas Station Birthplace of Rutherford B. Hayes
Gas Station Birthplace of Rutherford B. Hayes
The granite monument with the old plaque is no longer there [-- the historical marker remains]. Seems like a sad state...
[Stephen Francia, 07/24/2020]
Uplifting news for Delaware -- we heard that a Rutherford B. Hayes bronze statue was dedicated at his birthplace in 2019.
Historical marker is at the site where President Hayes was born in Delaware, Ohio.
[Tim Bash, 03/24/2014]
Rutherford B. Hayes Memorial BP Station
How do we Delawareans celebrate our own president? By knocking down his house in historic downtown Delaware and putting a gas station there! A British one at that! There is a rock in front that commemorates it. Interestingly, his wife's house is still standing in southern Ohio.
[Doug Linn, 12/24/2001]
Rutherford B. Hayes Statue, Delaware, OH - < 1 mi.
Olentangy Indian Caverns, Delaware, OH - 7 mi.
Smiling Face Barn, Delaware, OH - 8 mi.
Bloody Hand Nailed to Cross, Mount Vernon, OH - 30 mi.
Save Cool Vacation Destinations! ...Try My Sights
Ohio Latest Tips and Stories
Horses at the Starting Gate, Grove City, Ohio
Grave of Muggs, the Dog that Bit People, Columbus, Ohio
Circle of Vases, Zanesville, Ohio
Secret Chamber House of Oddities and Artwork, Fairborn, Ohio
Egghead Bust of Taft, Columbus, Ohio
Cincinnati Attractions
Cleveland Attractions
Columbus Attractions
Dayton Attractions


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Tak Bolagh Angut (, also Romanized as Tak Bolāgh Angūt; also known as Tak Bolāgh) is a village in Angut-e Sharqi Rural District, Anguti District, Germi County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 229, in 44 families.

References

Towns and villages in Germi County