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The cumulative effect of reporting and citation biases on the apparent efficacy of treatments: the case of depression
Y. A. de Vries, A. M. Roest, P. de Jonge, P. Cuijpers, M. R. Munafò, J. A. Bastiaansen
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 August 2018, pp. 2453-2455
Is self-guided internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) harmful? An individual participant data meta-analysis
Eirini Karyotaki, Lise Kemmeren, Heleen Riper, Jos Twisk, Adriaan Hoogendoorn, Annet Kleiboer, Adriana Mira, Andrew Mackinnon, Björn Meyer, Cristina Botella, Elizabeth Littlewood, Gerhard Andersson, Helen Christensen, Jan P. Klein, Johanna Schröder, Juana Bretón-López, Justine Scheider, Kathy Griffiths, Louise Farrer, Marcus J. H. Huibers, Rachel Phillips, Simon Gilbody, Steffen Moritz, Thomas Berger, Victor Pop, Viola Spek, Pim Cuijpers
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 March 2018, pp. 2456-2466
Little is known about potential harmful effects as a consequence of self-guided internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy (iCBT), such as symptom deterioration rates. Thus, safety concerns remain and hamper the implementation of self-guided iCBT into clinical practice. We aimed to conduct an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis to determine the prevalence of clinically significant deterioration (symptom worsening) in adults with depressive symptoms who received self-guided iCBT compared with control conditions. Several socio-demographic, clinical and study-level variables were tested as potential moderators of deterioration.
Randomised controlled trials that reported results of self-guided iCBT compared with control conditions in adults with symptoms of depression were selected. Mixed effects models with participants nested within studies were used to examine possible clinically significant deterioration rates.
Thirteen out of 16 eligible trials were included in the present IPD meta-analysis. Of the 3805 participants analysed, 7.2% showed clinically significant deterioration (5.8% and 9.1% of participants in the intervention and control groups, respectively). Participants in self-guided iCBT were less likely to deteriorate (OR 0.62, p < 0.001) compared with control conditions. None of the examined participant- and study-level moderators were significantly associated with deterioration rates.
Self-guided iCBT has a lower rate of negative outcomes on symptoms than control conditions and could be a first step treatment approach for adult depression as well as an alternative to watchful waiting in general practice.
Dissociation in victims of childhood abuse or neglect: a meta-analytic review
Ruben Vonderlin, Nikolaus Kleindienst, Georg W. Alpers, Martin Bohus, Lisa Lyssenko, Christian Schmahl
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 April 2018, pp. 2467-2476
Childhood abuse and neglect are associated with dissociative symptoms in adulthood. However, empirical studies show heterogeneous results depending on the type of childhood abuse or neglect and other maltreatment characteristics. In this meta-analysis, we systematically investigated the relationship between childhood interpersonal maltreatment and dissociation in 65 studies with 7352 abused or neglected individuals using the Dissociative Experience Scale (DES). We extracted DES-scores for abused and non-abused populations as well as information about type of abuse/neglect, age of onset, duration of abuse, and relationship to the perpetrator. Random-effects models were used for data synthesis, and meta-regression was used to predict DES-scores in abused populations from maltreatment characteristics. The results revealed higher dissociation in victims of childhood abuse and neglect compared with non-abused or neglected subsamples sharing relevant population features (MAbuse = 23.5, MNeglect = 18.8, MControl = 13.8) with highest scores for sexual and physical abuse. An earlier age of onset, a longer duration of abuse, and parental abuse significantly predicted higher dissociation scores. This meta-analysis underlines the importance of childhood abuse/neglect in the etiology of dissociation. The identified moderators may inform risk assessment and early intervention to prevent the development of dissociative symptoms.
Social anxiety in the eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Jess Kerr-Gaffney, Amy Harrison, Kate Tchanturia
Social anxiety disorder is one of the most common comorbid conditions in eating disorders (EDs). The aim of the current review and meta-analysis is to provide a qualitative summary of what is known about social anxiety (SA) in EDs, as well as to compare levels of SA in those with EDs and healthy controls. Electronic databases were systematically searched for studies using self-report measures of SA in ED populations. In total, 38 studies were identified, 12 of which were included in the meta-analyses. For both anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa, there were significant differences between ED groups and HCs, with medium to large effect sizes. Findings from the qualitative review indicate that levels of SA are similar across the ED diagnoses, and SA improves with treatment in AN. In addition, high levels of SA are associated with more severe ED psychopathology, but not body mass index. These findings add to the wider literature on socio-emotional functioning in EDs, and may have implications for treatment strategies.
Resting-state thalamic dysconnectivity in schizophrenia and relationships with symptoms
J. Ferri, J. M. Ford, B. J. Roach, J. A. Turner, T. G. van Erp, J. Voyvodic, A. Preda, A. Belger, J. Bustillo, D. O'Leary, B. A. Mueller, K. O. Lim, S. C. McEwen, V. D. Calhoun, M. Diaz, G. Glover, D. Greve, C. G. Wible, J. G. Vaidya, S. G. Potkin, D. H. Mathalon
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 February 2018, pp. 2492-2499
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder associated with disrupted connectivity within the thalamic-cortico-cerebellar network. Resting-state functional connectivity studies have reported thalamic hypoconnectivity with the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex as well as thalamic hyperconnectivity with sensory cortical regions in SZ patients compared with healthy comparison participants (HCs). However, fundamental questions remain regarding the clinical significance of these connectivity abnormalities.
Resting state seed-based functional connectivity was used to investigate thalamus to whole brain connectivity using multi-site data including 183 SZ patients and 178 matched HCs. Statistical significance was based on a voxel-level FWE-corrected height threshold of p < 0.001. The relationships between positive and negative symptoms of SZ and regions of the brain demonstrating group differences in thalamic connectivity were examined.
HC and SZ participants both demonstrated widespread positive connectivity between the thalamus and cortical regions. Compared with HCs, SZ patients had reduced thalamic connectivity with bilateral cerebellum and anterior cingulate cortex. In contrast, SZ patients had greater thalamic connectivity with multiple sensory-motor regions, including bilateral pre- and post-central gyrus, middle/inferior occipital gyrus, and middle/superior temporal gyrus. Thalamus to middle temporal gyrus connectivity was positively correlated with hallucinations and delusions, while thalamus to cerebellar connectivity was negatively correlated with delusions and bizarre behavior.
Thalamic hyperconnectivity with sensory regions and hypoconnectivity with cerebellar regions in combination with their relationship to clinical features of SZ suggest that thalamic dysconnectivity may be a core neurobiological feature of SZ that underpins positive symptoms.
The gene–environmental architecture of the development of adolescent substance use
Frank Vitaro, Daniel J. Dickson, Mara Brendgen, Brett Laursen, Ginette Dionne, Michel Boivin
Using a longitudinal twin design and a latent growth curve/autoregressive approach, this study examined the genetic–environmental architecture of substance use across adolescence.
Self-reports of substance use (i.e. alcohol, marijuana) were collected at ages 13, 14, 15, and 17 years from 476 twin pairs (475 boys, 477 girls) living in the Province of Quebec, Canada. Substance use increased linearly across the adolescent years.
ACE modeling revealed that genetic, as well as shared and non-shared environmental factors explained the overall level of substance use and that these same factors also partly accounted for growth in substance use from age 13 to 17. Additional genetic factors predicted the growth in substance use. Finally, autoregressive effects revealed age-specific non-shared environmental influences and, to a lesser degree, age-specific genetic influences, which together accounted for the stability of substance use across adolescence.
The results support and expand the notion that genetic and environmental influences on substance use during adolescence are both developmentally stable and developmentally dynamic.
Association between increased serum interleukin-6 levels and sustained attention deficits in patients with major depressive disorder
Gang Ye, Guang Zhong Yin, Zhen Tang, Jia Lin Fu, Jie Chen, Shan Shan Chen, Jia Li, Tian Fu, Xin Yu, Dong Wu Xu, Jeffrey K. Yao, Li Hui
The pathophysiology of cognitive impairment in patients with the major depressive disorder (MDD) may involve neuroinflammation mediated by cytokines.
The aim of this study was to examine the serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, sustained attention, and their association in patients with MDD.
Thirty patients with MDD and 30 healthy controls were enrolled in this case-control study. Sustained attention was measured using the Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP) task in the Cambridge Neuropsychological Tests Automated Battery. The serum IL-6 levels of all subjects were assessed by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
There were significant differences in the log10RVP total hits, log10RVP total misses, and log10RVP mean latency between patients with MDD and healthy controls (F = 6.04, p = 0.017; F = 19.77, p < 0.0001; F = 14.42, p < 0.0001, respectively). The serum levels of Log10IL-6 were significantly higher in patients with MDD than in healthy controls (F = 192.27, p < 0.0001). The log10IL-6 levels were also positively correlated with the log10RVP mean latency in patients with MDD (r = 0.45, p = 0.013). A further stepwise multivariate regression analysis indicated that the log10IL-6 levels were significantly associated with the log10RVP mean latency in patients with MDD (β = 0.31, t = 2.41, p = 0.025).
Our data suggested that increased IL-6 levels were associated with the psychopathology of MDD, and that abnormal IL-6 levels were implicated in the impairment of sustained attention in patients with MDD.
Children with ADHD symptoms show deficits in reactive but not proactive inhibition, irrespective of their formal diagnosis
Branko M. van Hulst, Patrick de Zeeuw, Chantal Vlaskamp, Yvonne Rijks, Bram B. Zandbelt, Sarah Durston
Attenuated inhibitory control is one of the most robust findings in the neuropsychology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, it is unclear whether this represents a deficit in outright stopping (reactive inhibition), whether it relates to a deficit in anticipatory response slowing (proactive inhibition), or both. In addition, children with other development disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), often have symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity similar to children with ADHD. These may relate to similar underlying changes in inhibitory processing.
In this study, we used a modified stop-signal task to dissociate reactive and proactive inhibition. We included not only children with ADHD, but also children primarily diagnosed with an ASD and high parent-rated levels of ADHD symptoms.
We replicated the well-documented finding of attenuated reactive inhibition in children with ADHD. In addition, we found a similar deficit in children with ASD and a similar level of ADHD symptoms. In contrast, we found no evidence for deficits in proactive inhibition in either clinical group.
These findings re-emphasize the role of reactive inhibition in children with ADHD and ADHD symptoms. Moreover, our findings stress the importance of a trans-diagnostic approach to the relationship between behavior and neuropsychology.
Day hospital mentalization-based treatment v. specialist treatment as usual in patients with borderline personality disorder: randomized controlled trial
Elisabeth M. P. Laurenssen, Patrick Luyten, Martijn J. Kikkert, Dieuwertje Westra, Jaap Peen, Mirjam B. J. Soons, Anne-Marie van Dam, Anna J. van Broekhuyzen, Matthijs Blankers, Jan J. V. Busschbach, Jack J. M. Dekker
Day hospital mentalization-based treatment (MBT-DH) is a promising treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD) but its evidence base is still limited. This multi-site randomized trial compared the efficacy of MBT-DH delivered by a newly set-up service v. specialist treatment as usual (S-TAU) tailored to the individual needs of patients, and offered by a well-established treatment service.
Two mental healthcare institutes in The Netherlands participated in the study. Patients who met DSM-IV criteria for BPD and had a score of ⩾20 on the borderline personality disorder severity index (BPDSI) were randomly allocated to MBT-DH (N = 54) or S-TAU (N = 41). The primary outcome variable was the total score on the BPDSI. Secondary outcome variables included symptom severity, quality of life, and interpersonal functioning. Data were collected at baseline and every 6 months until 18-month follow-up, and were analyzed using multilevel analyses based on intention-to-treat principles.
Both treatments were associated with significant improvements in all outcome variables. MBT-DH was not superior to S-TAU on any outcome variable. MBT-DH was associated with higher acceptability in BPD patients compared v. S-TAU, reflected in significantly higher early drop-out rates in S-TAU (34%) v. MBT-DH (9%).
MBT-DH delivered by a newly set-up service is as effective as specialist TAU in The Netherlands in the treatment of BPD at 18-month follow-up. Further research is needed to investigate treatment outcomes in the longer term and the cost-effectiveness of these treatments.
A haplotype of the dopamine transporter gene modulates regional homogeneity, gray matter volume, and visual memory in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
C. Y. Shang, H. Y. Lin, W. Y. Tseng, S. S. Gau
The dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) and visual memory deficits have been consistently reported to be associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study aimed to examine whether a DAT1 haplotype affected functional and structural brain alterations in children with ADHD and whether those alterations were associated with visual memory.
We recruited a total of 37 drug-naïve children with ADHD (17 with the DAT1 rs27048 (C)/rs429699 (T) haplotype and 20 without the CT haplotype) and 37 typically developing children (17 with the CT haplotype and 20 without the CT haplotype). Visual memory was assessed by the pattern recognition memory (PRM) and spatial recognition memory (SRM) tasks. We analyzed functional and structural brain architecture with regional homogeneity (ReHo) and gray matter volume (GMV).
The CT haplotype was associated with decreased ReHo in the left superior occipital gyrus, cuneus, and precuneus; and decreased GMV in the left superior occipital gyrus, cuneus, and precuneus, and in the right angular gyrus. Significant interactions of ADHD and the CT haplotype were found in the right postcentral gyrus for ReHo and in the right supplementary motor area for GMV. For the ADHD-CT group, we found negative correlations of total correct responses in PRM and SRM and positive correlations of mean latency of correct responses in PRM with the GMV in the left superior occipital gyrus, cuneus, and precuneus.
Our findings suggest that the DAT1-related GMV alterations in the posterior cortical regions may contribute to visual memory performance in children with ADHD.
Moderation of prior exposure to trauma on the inverse relationship between callous-unemotional traits and amygdala responses to fearful expressions: an exploratory study
Harma Meffert, Laura C. Thornton, Patrick M. Tyler, Mary L. Botkin, Anna K. Erway, Venkata Kolli, Kayla Pope, Stuart F. White, R. James R. Blair
Previous work has shown that amygdala responsiveness to fearful expressions is inversely related to level of callous-unemotional (CU) traits (i.e. reduced guilt and empathy) in youth with conduct problems. However, some research has suggested that the relationship between pathophysiology and CU traits may be different in those youth with significant prior trauma exposure.
In experiment 1, 72 youth with varying levels of disruptive behavior and trauma exposure performed a gender discrimination task while viewing morphed fear expressions (0, 50, 100, 150 fear) and Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent responses were recorded. In experiment 2, 66 of these youth performed the Social Goals Task, which measures self-reports of the importance of specific social goals to the participant in provoking social situations.
In experiment 1, a significant CU traits-by-trauma exposure interaction was observed within right amygdala; fear intensity-modulated amygdala responses negatively predicted CU traits for those youth with low levels of trauma but positively predicted CU traits for those with high levels of trauma. In experiment 2, a bootstrapped model revealed that the indirect effect of fear intensity amygdala response on social goal importance through CU traits is moderated by prior trauma exposure.
This study, while exploratory, indicates that the pathophysiology associated with CU traits differs in youth as a function of prior trauma exposure. These data suggest that prior trauma exposure should be considered when evaluating potential interventions for youth with high CU traits.
The role of sleep difficulties in the vasomotor menopausal symptoms and depressed mood relationships: an international pooled analysis of eight studies in the InterLACE consortium
Hsin-Fang Chung, Nirmala Pandeya, Annette J. Dobson, Diana Kuh, Eric J. Brunner, Sybil L. Crawford, Nancy E. Avis, Ellen B. Gold, Ellen S. Mitchell, Nancy F. Woods, Joyce T. Bromberger, Rebecca C. Thurston, Hadine Joffe, Toyoko Yoshizawa, Debra Anderson, Gita D. Mishra
Many women experience both vasomotor menopausal symptoms (VMS) and depressed mood at midlife, but little is known regarding the prospective bi-directional relationships between VMS and depressed mood and the role of sleep difficulties in both directions.
A pooled analysis was conducted using data from 21 312 women (median: 50 years, interquartile range 49−51) in eight studies from the InterLACE consortium. The degree of VMS, sleep difficulties, and depressed mood was self-reported and categorised as never, rarely, sometimes, and often (if reporting frequency) or never, mild, moderate, and severe (if reporting severity). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the bi-directional associations adjusted for within-study correlation.
At baseline, the prevalence of VMS (40%, range 13–62%) and depressed mood (26%, 8–41%) varied substantially across studies, and a strong dose-dependent association between VMS and likelihood of depressed mood was found. Over 3 years of follow-up, women with often/severe VMS at baseline were more likely to have subsequent depressed mood compared with those without VMS (odds ratios (OR) 1.56, 1.27–1.92). Women with often/severe depressed mood at baseline were also more likely to have subsequent VMS than those without depressed mood (OR 1.89, 1.47–2.44). With further adjustment for the degree of sleep difficulties at baseline, the OR of having a subsequent depressed mood associated with often/severe VMS was attenuated and no longer significant (OR 1.13, 0.90–1.40). Conversely, often/severe depressed mood remained significantly associated with subsequent VMS (OR 1.80, 1.38–2.34).
Difficulty in sleeping largely explained the relationship between VMS and subsequent depressed mood, but it had little impact on the relationship between depressed mood and subsequent VMS.
What life course theoretical models best explain the relationship between exposure to childhood adversity and psychopathology symptoms: recency, accumulation, or sensitive periods?
Erin C. Dunn, Thomas W. Soare, Miriam R. Raffeld, Daniel S. Busso, Katherine M. Crawford, Kathryn A. Davis, Virginia A. Fisher, Natalie Slopen, Andrew D.A.C. Smith, Henning Tiemeier, Ezra S. Susser
Although childhood adversity is a potent determinant of psychopathology, relatively little is known about how the characteristics of adversity exposure, including its developmental timing or duration, influence subsequent mental health outcomes. This study compared three models from life course theory (recency, accumulation, sensitive period) to determine which one(s) best explained this relationship.
Prospective data came from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (n = 7476). Four adversities commonly linked to psychopathology (caregiver physical/emotional abuse; sexual/physical abuse; financial stress; parent legal problems) were measured repeatedly from birth to age 8. Using a statistical modeling approach grounded in least angle regression, we determined the theoretical model(s) explaining the most variability (r2) in psychopathology symptoms measured at age 8 using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and evaluated the magnitude of each association.
Recency was the best fitting theoretical model for the effect of physical/sexual abuse (girls r2 = 2.35%; boys r2 = 1.68%). Both recency (girls r2 = 1.55%) and accumulation (boys r2 = 1.71%) were the best fitting models for caregiver physical/emotional abuse. Sensitive period models were chosen alone (parent legal problems in boys r2 = 0.29%) and with accumulation (financial stress in girls r2 = 3.08%) more rarely. Substantial effect sizes were observed (standardized mean differences = 0.22–1.18).
Child psychopathology symptoms are primarily explained by recency and accumulation models. Evidence for sensitive periods did not emerge strongly in these data. These findings underscore the need to measure the characteristics of adversity, which can aid in understanding disease mechanisms and determining how best to reduce the consequences of exposure to adversity.
Psychological treatments delivered by community health workers in low-resource government health systems: effectiveness of group interpersonal psychotherapy for caregivers of children affected by nodding syndrome in Uganda
Byamah B. Mutamba, Jeremy C. Kane, Joop T. V. M. de Jong, James Okello, Seggane Musisi, Brandon A. Kohrt
Despite increasing evidence for the benefits of psychological treatments (PTs) in low- and middle-income countries, few national health systems have adopted PTs as standard care. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a group interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT-G) intervention, when delivered by lay community health workers (LCHWs) in a low-resource government health system in Uganda. The intended outcome was reduction of depression among caregivers of children with nodding syndrome, a neuropsychiatric condition with high morbidity, mortality and social stigma.
A non-randomized trial design was used. Caregivers in six villages (n = 69) received treatment as usual (TAU), according to government guidelines. Caregivers in seven villages (n = 73) received TAU as well as 12 sessions of IPT-G delivered by LCHWs. Primary outcomes were caregiver and child depression assessed at 1 and 6 months post-intervention.
Caregivers who received IPT-G had a significantly greater reduction in the risk of depression from baseline to 1 month [risk ratio (RR) 0.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.10–0.62] and 6 months (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.11–0.95) post-intervention compared with caregivers who received TAU. Children of caregivers who received IPT-G had significantly greater reduction in depression scores than children of TAU caregivers at 1 month (Cohen's d = 0.57, p = 0.01) and 6 months (Cohen's d = 0.54, p = 0.03). Significant effects were also observed for psychological distress, stigma and social support among caregivers.
IPT-G delivered within a low-resource health system is an effective PT for common mental health problems in caregivers of children with a severe neuropsychiatric condition and has psychological benefits for the children as well. This supports national health policy initiatives to integrate PTs into primary health care services in Uganda.
Targeting habits in anorexia nervosa: a proof-of-concept randomized trial
Joanna E. Steinglass, Deborah R. Glasofer, Emily Walsh, Gabby Guzman, Carol B. Peterson, B. Timothy Walsh, Evelyn Attia, Stephen A. Wonderlich
Habits are behavioral routines that are automatic and frequent, relatively independent of any desired outcome, and have potent antecedent cues. Among individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN), behaviors that promote the starved state appear habitual, and this is the foundation of a recent neurobiological model of AN. In this proof-of-concept study, we tested the habit model of AN by examining the impact of an intervention focused on antecedent cues for eating disorder routines.
The primary intervention target was habit strength; we also measured clinical impact via eating disorder psychopathology and actual eating. Twenty-two hospitalized patients with AN were randomly assigned to 12 sessions of either Supportive Psychotherapy or a behavioral intervention aimed at cues for maladaptive behavioral routines, Regulating Emotions and Changing Habits (REaCH).
Covarying for baseline, REaCH was associated with a significantly lower Self-Report Habit Index (SRHI) score and significantly lower Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) global score at the end-of-treatment. The end-of-treatment effect size for SRHI was d = 1.28, for EDE-Q was d = 0.81, and for caloric intake was d = 1.16.
REaCH changed habit strength of maladaptive routines more than an active control therapy, and targeting habit strength yielded improvement in clinically meaningful measures. These findings support a habit-based model of AN, and suggest habit strength as a mechanism-based target for intervention.
Association between alcohol and substance use disorders and psychiatric service use in patients with severe mental illness: a nationwide Danish register-based cohort study
Kirstine Bro Jørgensen, Merete Nordentoft, Carsten Hjorthøj
Substance use disorder is highly prevalent in people with psychiatric disorders, and known to impede the psychiatric treatment. Some studies show increased rates of service use, while others show a decrease. These conflicting results are further hampered by a lack of large-scale studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between substance use disorder and psychiatric service use in psychiatric patients.
The study was a prospective registry-based cohort study including patients with severe mental illness. The primary outcome was the number of hospitalisations, bed days and the number of psychiatric emergency department contacts. The association was calculated with incidence rate ratio with 95% confidence intervals.
The study included all psychiatric patients born since 1955. In total, 21 558 patients with schizophrenia (47.54% with substance use disorder), 80 778 patients with depression (28.78% with substance use disorder), 10 560 patients with bipolar affective disorder (40.08% with substance use disorder) and 69 252 patients with a personality disorder (39.18% with substance use disorder) were included. Patients with comorbid substance use disorder had significantly increased rates of hospitalisations, bed days and psychiatric emergency department contacts (p < 0.001) for the majority of the included substances, compared with patients without such disorders.
Substance use disorder was associated with an increased number of hospitalisations, bed days and increased number of psychiatric emergency department contacts for the majority of the included substances.
Associations of anabolic-androgenic steroid use with other behavioral disorders: an analysis using directed acyclic graphs
Gen Kanayama, Harrison G. Pope, James I. Hudson
Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use is known to be associated with other psychiatric disorders, such as body image disorders, conduct disorder/sociopathy, and other substance use disorders (SUD) – but the causal pathways among these conditions remain poorly delineated.
We created a directed acyclic graph to diagram hypothesized relationships among AAS use and dependence, body image disorder (BID), conduct disorder/sociopathy, and other SUD. Using proportional hazards models, we then assessed potentially causal relationships among these variables, using a dataset of 233 male weightlifters, of whom 102 had used AAS.
BID and conduct disorder/sociopathy both strongly contributed to the development of AAS use, but did not appear to contribute further to the progression from AAS use to AAS dependence. Other SUD beginning prior to first AAS use – whether broadly defined or restricted only to opioids – failed to show an effect on AAS use or progression to AAS dependence. Conversely, AAS use contributed significantly to the subsequent first-time development of opioid use disorders but did not significantly increase the risk for first-time development of non-opioid SUD, taken as a whole.
Our analysis suggests that AAS use and other SUD are mutually attributable to underlying conduct disorder/sociopathy. SUD do not appear to represent a 'gateway' to subsequent AAS use. AAS use may represent a gateway to subsequent opioid use disorder, but probably not to other SUD.
Cognition, psychosis risk and metabolic measures in two adolescent birth cohorts
Hugh Ramsay, Jennifer H Barnett, Graham K Murray, Jouko Miettunen, Pirjo Mäki, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, George Davey Smith, Mika Ala-Korpela, Juha Veijola
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 July 2018, pp. 2609-2623
Psychoses, especially schizophrenia, are often preceded by cognitive deficits and psychosis risk states. Altered metabolic profiles have been found in schizophrenia. However, the associations between metabolic profiles and poorer cognitive performance and psychosis risk in the population remain to be determined.
Detailed molecular profiles were measured for up to 8976 individuals from two general population-based prospective birth cohorts: the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC 1986) and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). A high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy platform was used to quantify 70 metabolic measures at age 15–16 years in the NFBC 1986 and at ages 15 and 17 years in ALSPAC. Psychosis risk was assessed using the PROD-screen questionnaire at age 15–16 years in the NFBC 1986 or the psychotic-like symptoms assessment at age 17 years in ALSPAC. Cognitive measures included academic performance at age 16 years in both cohorts and general intelligence and executive function in ALSPAC. Logistic regression measured cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between metabolic measures and psychosis risk and cognitive performance, controlling for important covariates.
Seven metabolic measures, primarily fatty acid (FA) measures, showed cross-sectional associations with general cognitive performance, four across both cohorts (low density lipoprotein diameter, monounsaturated FA ratio, omega-3 ratio and docosahexaenoic acid ratio), even after controlling for important mental and physical health covariates. Psychosis risk showed minimal metabolic associations.
FA ratios may be important in marking risk for cognitive deficits in adolescence. Further research is needed to clarify whether these biomarkers could be causal and thereby possible targets for intervention.
Is chronic stress in childhood abuse victims linked to structural brain changes?
Shreya Asher, Vaishanjali Bhiman, Nishma Gokani, Kerrthana Jeyarayan, Ravina Bhanot, Archana Sasitharan
Selective role for the COMT polymorphism in a trans-diagnostic compulsivity phenotype
Samuel R. Chamberlain, Jon E. Grant
Impulsivity and compulsivity are central to understanding a range of psychiatric disorders but also to understanding the spectrum of normative human behavior. It was recently shown that separable latent phenotypes of impulsivity and compulsivity could be fractionated. The possible genetic contributions to these latent phenotypes have yet to be elicited. The catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism (rs4680) regulates cortical dopamine degradation and is a key area of interest in this context.
COMT Val158Met polymorphism status was obtained from a random subset (n = 258) of young adults from an established cohort, for whom latent phenotype scores were previously reported. Differences in latent phenotype scores were explored between COMT groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc t tests.
The Val-Val subgroup exhibited significantly elevated compulsivity scores compared to both other groups. Impulsivity scores did not differ significantly as a function of COMT Val158Met polymorphism status.
These results suggest that the COMT polymorphism, and by implication cortical dopamine degradation, influences the expression of a trans-diagnostic compulsivity phenotype, even accounting for possible confounding effects of impulsivity.


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Smith: Rumsfeld Resignation an Opportunity for a New Direction in Iraq
Today Donald Rumsfeld resigned his post as Secretary of Defense. Rumsfeld's ouster comes on the heels of a staggering repudiation of the President's Iraq policy by the American people on November 7, 2006.
"The President is absolutely correct to accept Secretary Rumsfeld's resignation," U.S. Rep. Adam Smith (WA-09) said. "It is unfortunate that it took a stunning loss at the polls, more than 2,800 American lives, tens of thousands of Iraqi lives, billions of taxpayer dollars and Abu Ghraib to convince the President to do so. Rumseld's resignation is an opportunity for a new direction in Iraq, and the President must seize it."
According to a November 4 editorial in the Army Times, Air Force Times, Navy Times and Marine Corps Times under the headline "Time for Rumsfeld to go":
"Rumsfeld has lost credibility with the uniformed leadership, with the troops, with Congress and with the public at large. His strategy has failed, and his ability to lead is compromised. And although the blame for our failures in Iraq rests with the secretary, it will be the troops who bear its brunt."
Smith first called for Rumsfeld's resignation following the Abu Ghraib scandal in 2004. He has also called for a new direction in Iraq beginning with a phased redeployment of our troops from the country.
Smith is also a key Democratic voice on the war in Iraq.
Smith is the only Democrat serving concurrently on the House Armed Services and the House International Relations Committees. This dual assignment provides him a unique perspective on the military and diplomatic issues in Iraq and around the world.
He's also the co-chair of the New Democrat Coalition, a large, moderate group of Democrats who fight for a strong national defense.
This dual assignment provides him a unique perspective on the military and diplomatic issues in Iraq and around the world.
Permalink: https://adamsmith.house.gov/2006/11/smith-rumsfeld-resignation-an-opportunity-for-a-new-direction-in-iraq

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: What does "dd:0<1" mean? I am running a shell script on a Android phone, filling the space up by create some files. Part of it as follows:
while ((i < count)); do
    dd if=/dev/zero bs=$file_size count=1 of=file.$i.bin
    ((i++))
done
sync

However, it prints dd: 0<1 in the shell. I could not find similar questions on the internet.
Any hint?Many thanks in advance.

A: [just to create a search result on the internet]
dd: 0<1 means that you give a value of 0 to a dd argument which expects something greater than or equal to 1. In your case, you have called dd with bs=0 which is not acceptable.
Most dd implementations have a friendlier error message for it, just as  android's/toybox's dd used to in the past.
That particular error message is produced by the atolx_range() as called by the toybox implementation of of dd.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Druksland Physical & Social, 15 January 1974, 11.30am
Druks, Michael, born 1940
Druks, Michael
Steendrukkerij de Jong & Co.
Prints & Drawings Study Room, level E
Great Britain (probably, made)
Artist/Maker:
Druks, Michael, born 1940 (artist)
Steendrukkerij de Jong & Co. (printer and publisher)
Materials and Techniques:
Offset lithography on paper
Purchased through the Julie and Robert Breckman Print Fund
E.3010-2007
Prints & Drawings Study Room, level E, case MP, shelf 182
Israeli-born conceptual artist Michael Druks has lived and worked in Britain since the 1970s. His self-portrait/map is part of a body of work in which he explored personal and political identity using the idiom of mapping as a universal vocabulary understood all over the world - 'an experiment to use international and visual language for individual purposes.' In 1974 Druks had been approached by Steendrukkerij de Jong & Co. - one of the largest printing houses in Europe which was leading progress from photo-mechanical to digital technologies in the printing industry. The company annually invited an artist to create a print to be given to clients as a promotional gift and this image was the result.
Image in oranges and greens, representing the portrait of the artist as a map with 'contour' lines and colour zones.
Materials and Techniques
Marks and inscriptions
51[degree sign]32"
centre in left and right margin
0[degree sign]3"
centre, top and bottom margin
[colour legend showing different measdurements in mm]
in box top right of image
Druksland / 15 January, 1974, 11.30 A.M. / Physical and Social / Scale:1:1.42 / [scale] 0 10 20 30 Stat Milimeters
[key] Boundaries / Lines of Age / Vegetation / Canals
in lower left margin
offsetdruk: steendrukkerij de jong & co, hilversum 1975
lower right margin
M. DRUKS
pencil signature lower left margin
RIGHT DRUKS
within face running vertically up left
OCCUPIED TERRITORY
within face around forehead
LEFT DRUKS
within face running diagonally down from nose area
Height: 47 cm mounted, Width: 37.8 cm mounted
Object history note
Historical significance: Quotation from Galia Bar Or. Michael Druks: Travels in Druksland. Museum of Art. Ein Harod, 2007. pp. 292-295.
'Druksland already in its title ... (which brings to mind ... the collocation "Holyland") interweaves the personal with the political and incorporates the biographical, the social and the historical. Indeed, the work's power is in its integration of these dimensions - the bodily, the spatial and the cartographic - where the bodily dimension is personal (a self-portrait) and not general (an idea pattern). In this work Druks's head turns into a topographic expanse made up of spaces that contain the landscapes of his life with the inner (psychological) and the outer (social) dynamic that shapes them on various levels of consciousness. The technique of topographic mapping makes Druks's face appear three-dimensional, like the surface of the earth with all its hills and valleys. This is not a flat plane: the egg-shaped form of the head is perceived as a spherical world that is anchored at the neck, perhaps a globe leaning on its axis ...'
'This is not a political map that displays borders; that is, as declared in the title, a "Physical and Social" map. It marks details such as mountains, vegetation and types of soil, but the political context is insinuated here because this kind of topographical map in particular is used to plan military campaigns and also as teaching material in youth movements and "knowledge of the land" expedition circles. As in any topographical map, the surface of Druksland is represented by contour lines indicating height that are graduated in different hues, while lakes are marked in blue, plains in green and mountains in brown. Translation of three-dimensional terrain into the two-dimensionality of the map is no simple task, and this difficulty is intrinsic to cartography. The solution that Druks found for this and the production technique that he chose are closely connected to cartography's technological and historical contexts, and these are therefore important for an understanding of the work.'
'In Druksland, as in pre-modern maps, or maps made in non-Western cultures, man himself becomes a significance-bearing expanse networked by means of cartography. The inner space (body or face), the microcosm, at once becomes a large-scale space (a landscape, a universe), a macrocosm. This fascinating and troubling combination, which transforms the magnitudes of body and space, was prevalent in ancient cosmographic maps, which sought to interpret the relations between man and the universe in magical and alchemical terms ... [T]he Surrealists, inspired by them, developed psychological maps of the subconscious. But the way in which Druks organizes chapters in his life story, gives them names and charts then in the spaces of Druksland, brings to mind another forgotten discipline, Mnemonics ... This technique heightens cognitive control by means of visual "maps" of image and text that assist one to keep in the memory intricate systems of reciprocal connections. Images and concepts are placed in spaces of an imagined but familiar expanse ... This visual-conceptual progress, using the method of imagined movement from one space to another, thus preserves a bodily sensation in the context of a conceptual order.
During the Renaissance, mnemonic mapping developed into a comprehensive world picture that sought to establish a correspondence between microcosm and macrocosm. The represented world was perceived as given to the gaze and hence also as given to control. This political/psychological level charges the "art of memory" with a special relevance for Druks's work.'
'... In the natural course of things, experiences a person has during his life become blurred with time; sediments remain, which act in the depth of the subconscious and have an influence on the personal and the collective planes. Druks situates these sediments in a synamic memory map: two pools of water function as a two-directional flow of absorption and emission, of sucking in and scattering out, as appears from the[ir] titles'
[Paraphrased from this point] Druksland contains designations of identity characteristics, eg Judaism, or forces or drives, such as status and money (Kessef in Hebrew).
'Occupied Territory' (occupied means conquered, taken, not-vacant, busy) Druks claims is the central place of his mother and father in the map of his personality. It may also have a distinctive political meaning.
Hanoch (Levine) line bisects the map vertically and horizontally creating some of its boudnaries.
Other references on the map are influential teachers, addresses of apartments, cities, names of members of his family, close friends, fellow artists (one as an observation point on a ridge- (Joshua) Neustein point), schools galleries and owners.
(Adam) Baruch point on the summit of the nose ridge has a double meaning: the private person (adam in Hebrew also means person) and the blessing (baruch means blessed, and is the opening word of all Hebrew benedictions implicit in his name).
Time, 'Lines of Age', may be understood as age in years and as an era.
'Right Druks' and 'Left Druks' may be understood as expressions of a social world view.
'Empty Plateau' above 'occupied Territory' is ambiguous: plateau is a high plain but is also stagnations and lack of progress.
Historical context note
Quotation from Galia Bar Or. Michael Druks: Travels in Druksland. Museum of Art. Ein Harod, 2007. p. 291.
[Paraphrase] Druks began planning in Israel in 1970 with the support of a gallery owner, but the project was not carried out. In 1974, now in London, he was approached by one of Europe's largest printing houses, which employed the most advanced technology in the field. The printing house used to annually print a work by an invited artist, to be given as gifts to clients.
'In the 1970s, when Druks was invited to work with this printing house, computerized pre-press methods had begun gradually replacing the photo-mechanical methods ... Druks chose to focus on the structural changes that took place in cartographic procedures behind the scenes of the transition from photo-mechanical to electronic technology ... To render his face in two dimensional form, Druks created his own projection: using a slide he projected a grid of stripes onto his face, and then photographed his profile from both sides. The combination ... created a frontal portrait marked by contour lines. The entire process - the photographing, and after that the copying of the image of the face onto transparent paper and the marking of the various areas in color - was done at St Martin's School in London.'
'With the material ready for production, Druks set off for Hilversum in Holland, where he worked for several days beside the printing workers. As he recounts, "Although the color separation was electronic and the techniques super-modern, what fascinated them was using the new techniques to produce a product constructed on the logic of the old techniques" - which included producing a plate webbed with dots as in the old offset process.'
"Druksland Physical & Social, 15 January 1974, 11.30am", by Michael Druks, offset lithograph; 1974
Bibliographic References (Citation, Note/Abstract, NAL no)
Galia Bar Or. Michael Druks: Travels in Druksland. Museum of Art. Ein Harod, 2007. ISBN 9789659027965, pp. 291-295 (English), 59-68 (Hebrew, illustrated), 58 (illus.).
Labels and date
This self-portrait in the form of a contour map by the Israeli-born artist Michael Druks explores issues of personal and political identity. In naming his facial features, he alludes to the politics of Israel and the contested ownership of land in the region, using terms such as 'Occupied Territory' and 'Right and Left Druks'. [11/09/2017]
Israeli-born conceptual artist Michael Druks has lived and worked in Britain since the 1970s. His self-portrait/map is part of a body of work in which he explored personal and political identity using the idiom of mapping as a universal vocabulary understood all over the world - 'an experiment to use international and visual language for individual purposes. [2007]
Ink; Paper
Subjects depicted
Prints; Portraits; Maps


WayMakers would like to commend this prayer guide, Hindu World Prayer Guide 2018 (which is published by worldchristian.com), and has made it easy to order from WayMakers online or by phone.
Join Christians around the world in prayer for our Hindu neighbors near and far. The new annual Hindu World Prayer Guide calls Christians and churches worldwide to take 15 days from October 28 – November 11, 2018, to learn about and pray for our world's more than one billion Hindu neighbors. This time period also encompasses the significant Hindu Festival of Light (Diwali).
Hindu peoples are precious to God and so let's be diligent in our desire that Christ be made known to them. As we inform ourselves about how to pray for Hindu people, we will be asking God that they come to faith in Christ and experience His gift of salvation.
Each day focuses on a specific issue or area of the Hindu world. As you read through it and pray, you'll gain a better understanding and a heart for Hindus, which transcends the news headlines.
Full-color, 32 page booklet. Click to enlarge a sample page: These sample pages are from the 2017 edition.
Please call for discounts on orders greater than 500 copies. Order soon. Limited quantities of these prayer guides are available from WayMakers.
For questions or to order by phone, please call WayMakers at (800)264-5214.


text:
<?php namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use App\OpsDay;
use App\Http\Requests;

class OpsDayController extends Controller {

    private $model;

    /**
     * Define object
     */
    public function __construct()
    {
        $this->model = new OpsDay();
    }

    /**
     * Show the OP Day for the current day.
     *
     * all date formats: yyyy-mm-dd
     *
     * GET modifications
     *  -start = OP start day to use
     *  -target = used to define what day to find the OP day for.  Used for a day other than the current day.
     *
     * Example:  http://url?start=2015-06-01&target=2015-07-22
     *
     * Note:  current day, or target day must follow the op start day
     *
     */
    public function showDay()
    {
        if (!empty($_ENV['OP_TZ'])) {
            $tz = $_ENV['OP_TZ']; // set to OP_TZ environmental variable.
        } else {
            $tz = 'UTC'; // set to UTC for mil use.
        }
        date_default_timezone_set($tz);

        /** Get COOKIE **/
        $cookie = $this->model->getCookie();

        if (empty($cookie)) {
            // what? No cookie found!
            $cookie = [
                'start' => null,
                'target' => null,
                'op' => "OPSDAY",
                'display' => null,
                'set' => null
            ];
        }

        /** Get TARGET **/
        if (!empty($_REQUEST['target'])) {
            // user has specified the target day
            $cookie['target'] = $_REQUEST['target'];
        //} elseif (empty($cookie['target'])) {
        } else {
            $cookie['target'] = date("Y-m-d");
        }

        /** Get START **/
        if (!empty($_REQUEST['start'])
            && preg_match('/^([0-9]{4})-([0-9]{2})-([0-9]{2})$/',$_REQUEST['start'])) {
            // start parameter found
            $cookie['start'] = $_REQUEST['start'];
        }

        /** Get OP **/
        if (!empty($_REQUEST['op'])){
            $cookie['op'] = $_REQUEST['op'];
        } elseif (isset($_REQUEST['op'])) {
            $cookie['op'] = $_REQUEST['op'];
        }

        /** Get DISPLAY **/
        if (!empty($_REQUEST['display'])) {
            $cookie['display'] = $_REQUEST['display'];
        }

        /** Get SET **/
        if (!empty($_REQUEST['set'])){
            $cookie['set'] = true;
        }

        // set cookie
        $this->model->setCookie($cookie);

        //check to see if cookie has start day
        if (!empty($cookie['start']) && !empty($cookie['target']) && !empty($cookie['set'])) {
            // get figure op day
            $result = $this->model->getOpsDay('web', strtotime($cookie['start']), strtotime($cookie['target']));

        }
        // ok, no op start date available.  go ask the user
        else {

            $this->model->setCookie($cookie);

            if (empty($cookie['start']) || empty($cookie['target']) || empty($cookie['set'])) {
                $opsday = [
                    'start' => $cookie['start'],
                    'target' => $cookie['target'],
                    'op' => (!empty($cookie['op']) ? $cookie['op'] : null),
                    'display' => (!empty($cookie['display']) ? $cookie['display'] : 'opsday')
                ];

                return view('opsday.calendar', $opsday);
            }
        }

        /** OUTPUT **/
        $output = json_decode($result, true);

        // add operation name
        $output['op'] = $cookie['op'];

        // mod rollover
        if (!empty($output['rollover']) && $output['rollover'] > 0) {
            $output['rollover'] = str_repeat('+', $output['rollover']);
        } elseif (!empty($output['rollover']) && $output['rollover'] < 0) {
            $output['rollover'] = str_repeat('-', abs($output['rollover'] + 1));
        }

        // add display
        if (!empty($cookie['display'])) {
            $output['display'] = $cookie['display'];
        } else {
            $output['display'] = "opsday";
        }

        return view('opsday.show', $output);
    }

    /**
     * Show the ADO table (not finished)
     *
     */
    public function showDayAPI()
    {
        /** INIT **/
        // set up default return
        $api_output = [
            "status" => "400",
            "message" => "Error Processing Request",
            "data" => ""
        ];

        /** Get START **/
        if (!empty($_REQUEST['start'])) {
            $start = $_REQUEST['start'];
        }

        /** Get TARGET **/
        if (!empty($_REQUEST['target'])) {
            $target = $_REQUEST['target'];
        } else  {
            $target = date("Y-m-d"); // date is assumed to be the current date.
        }

        if (!empty($start) && !empty($target)) {
            $opday_json = $this->model->getOpsDay('api', strtotime($start), strtotime($target));

            $opday_data = json_decode($opday_json, true);

            if (empty($opday_data['rollover'])) {
                unset($opday_data['rollover']); // dump empty rollover from data
            } elseif ($opday_data['rollover'] < 0) {
                $opday_data['rollover']++;
            }

            if (empty($opday_data['message'])) {
                unset($opday_data['message']); // dump empty message from data
                $api_output['status'] = "200";
                $api_output['message'] = "Success";
            } else {
                // move message to main api return
                $api_output['message'] = $opday_data['message'];
                unset($opday_data['message']);
            }

            $api_output['data'] = $opday_data; // add opday return to as api data return.

        } else {
            unset($api_output['data']);
        }

        header('Content-Type: application/json');
        echo json_encode($api_output);

    }

    /**
     * reset cookie so the user will be asked to redefine the op start day
     * Also, reset start day to the current day
     *
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function reset()
    {
        $cookie = $this->model->getCookie();

        $cookie['set'] = null;
        $cookie['display'] = 'opsday';
        $cookie['start'] = date("Y-m-d");

        $this->model->setCookie($cookie);

        return \Redirect::to('/');
    }

    /**
     * reset cookie so the user will be asked to redefine the op start day
     *
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function calendar()
    {
        $cookie = $this->model->getCookie();

        $cookie['set'] = null;

        $this->model->setCookie($cookie);

        return \Redirect::to('/');
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Known for his unique style and creativity, Gregg Hawn is a Washington D.C. based food and dining writer and editor whose work can be found in a number of local and national publications, including DC Magazine.
Gregg Hawn writes about food, drink, restaurants and dining and hospitality related topics.
Content: All posts are copyrighted and owned by Gregg Hawn. Republishing is possible, but only with prior express written permission.


text:
Posted by David Miller as Card Games, CCGs, Miniatures, Modern Board Games, RPGs, War Games
To support its fast-growing catalog, Renegade Game Studios seeks a Localization Coordinator (in Europe, to support European partners), a Marketing Coordinator (in North America, to support brand-building and social media), and a Game Producer (in San Diego, to push the development of new products).
In addition to a number of jobs related to its digital products and a few art-related positions (contract and in-house), Wizards of the Coast is recruiting for a Principal Product Designer. This job involves overseeing R&D design for Magic: The Gathering. Responsibilities include managing all aspect of a MtG block, contributing to strategic development and decision-making, and otherwise supporting the MtG brand.
Two positions are open at Paizo. One is for a Game Developer "to take responsibility for the creation, revision, and editing of content for… the Pathfinder Roleplaying Game, Starfinder, and associated product lines." The other is for a Customer Service Representative to answer inquiries and troubleshoot problems.
Pelgrane Press has an opening for an Administrative Assistant but it's no mere secretarial position. The job involves working with directly with customers, online and in-person, as well as managing supply-chain issues such as print buying and tracking warehouse inventories. Pelgrane is headquartered in the U.K. but remote work is OK. The work is estimated at 25 hours per week for a salary of US$1,500 per month (about $14/hr, no benefits).
Games for Change (G4C), the organization that promotes driving real-world change using games, has three openings: Senior Director (an executive leadership position), Community Manager (a part-time but front-line, point-of-contact between G4C and the whole range of its stakeholders), and Operations Manager (also part-time, and responsible for office and financial management, and maintaining institutional knowledge). All three are based out of New York City.
Ceaco (Gamewright) is looking for a Stock Room Assistant, part-time in Newton, Massachusetts.
At Lost Battalion Publishing in Upperco, Maryland there are openings for a full-time Graphic Designer and a part-time Game Manufacturing Technician.
Second Look—Dungeons & Dragons Waterdeep Dragon Heist


Leftists and Democrats — self-described "progressives" — claim to be the cool kids. The rational ones. The enlightened ones. The morally superior who know what's best, not just for you, but for all of humankind.
That's the image they convey. And with about half of the population, it appears to have worked.
But reality is another matter.
Leftists do not epitomize twenty-first century enlightenment and forward thinking. Quite the opposite. In at least three key respects, they are more like savages.
Way # 1: They are all about the village. Not the individual. "It takes a village" to build a society. YOU didn't build that, as Obama once said; the village did. That's how savages think — and operate. Go to any third world country. They're run by villages. In villages, everyone is considered equal. In practice, they're equally incompetent. In a meritocracy, which is the opposite of a village, people are free to think — to be crazy, to be brilliant, to be whatever their minds tell them to be. And (thanks to individual rights, including property rights, which savages do not respect) others are free to accept or reject them. In most cases, the crazy brilliant types are rejected at first — even persecuted. But eventually their valid knowledge becomes well-established truth. In villages, these persecuted geniuses never have a chance.
Way # 2: They believe in mystical, illogical associations. "Donald Trump causes hurricanes". They really believe this. Donald Trump pulled out of the Paris "climate change" accords. That makes him evil. No wonder we're having hurricanes. But didn't we have hurricanes before? Sure. But mystical and superstitious people who make loose, arbitrary associations don't care about that. All they know is, "Hurricane scary. Hurricane bad. Donald Trump made hurricane. Donald Trump bad." That's all the logic and reasoning they need. If you doubt me, read The Washington Post. They do it in an articulate style, for sure. They write out their loose associations like a twenty-first century, well-educated scholar. But it's every bit as crazy to the remotely critical, objective thinker.
Way # 3: They believe in force. You've probably seen the memes making fun of leftists. The memes say something like, "If I like something, government must pay for it; if I dislike something, government must outlaw it." It's literally true. Leftists want force. They want people to be forced to pay for — and even buy, as with Obamacare — things leftists consider valuable. And they want things they don't like outlawed. Guns, for example. Or speech they consider hateful, which means any speech they dislike. And the next step — any ideas they dislike. The Bill of Rights does not matter to leftism. All that matters is the use of force — eradicating things they dislike (by force), and subsidizing (through force) things they do like. In this key respect, leftists/Democrats are very much like primitive savages.
The village…erroneous logical associations…the indiscriminate use of force. These are all necessary components of leftism. These are what Democrats want, now more than ever. They are the elements of savages. They're also the elements of totalitarianism. And they're getting more consistent about it with each passing day.


text:
Chris Cornell Statue Commissioned For Seattle Museum
Tyler Sharp
Cindy Ord, Getty Images
A life-size statue of Chris Cornell will be going up in Seattle, Washington. The figure, which was commission by the late singer's wife, Vicky Cornell, will be raised in a public ceremony on Wednesday, Aug. 29. Sculpted by Nick Marras, the statue will feature Cornell is one of his "iconic poses with his signature boots, dog tag, layers and long locks." This news comes on what would have been the rocker's 54th birthday.
"Even though Chris' music touched the lives of millions around the world, there is no better place than Seattle to honor and celebrate both his contribution to music history, as well as Seattle's unique place in popular music, with an enduring symbol of a beloved artist, father, and husband," commented Vicky Cornell. "Our children and I are deeply moved by the continued outpouring of love, compassion, and support, and this is our gift to the Museum of Pop Culture and to Seattle - our gift back to the tight-knit community that gave him his start."
"MoPOP is honored to receive this gift from the Cornell family and pay tribute to one of the most powerful and important voices in popular music," says MoPOP Artistic Director, Jasen Emmons. "MoPOP serves to celebrate the Seattle music scene and the luminaries who have emerged from the Northwest and Chris was a key figure who has made a lasting impact on generations worldwide."
Cornell died by suicide on May 20, 2017. Altogether he sold over 30,000,000 albums worldwide and was nominated for 15 Grammy Awards, and winning two of them.
10 Unforgettable Chris Cornell Moments
20 Greatest Chris Cornell Lyrics
Source: Chris Cornell Statue Commissioned For Seattle Museum
Filed Under: Chris Cornell
Categories: Rock News


text:
« Memo to U.S. Congress: prima facie evidence that Bush, Cheney and Rumsfeld committed treason on 9/11 | Main | VIDEO: Lisa M. Harrison (Australia) interviews 1980-83 CIA jumproom experiencer William B. Stillings »
U.S. attorney or district attorney can prosecute Bush, Cheney, and Rumsfeld for murder on 9/11
AP: Bush receiving History Making Texan award on March 2, 2010
This article is the fourth of a multi-part series on secret technologies, their application to the events of September 11, 2001, and the consequent implications for our society.
Former U.S. President George W. Bush, Vice President Richard B. Cheney, and Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld can each be prosecuted for murder by a U.S. attorney, by a district attorney or by a non-U.S. state prosecutor whose citizens were killed at the World Trade Center or in any aspect of the false flag operation on September 11, 2001. The prima facie evidence for prosecuting Mr. Bush, Mr. Cheney and Mr. Rumsfeld for murder is contained in a Memorandum to the U.S. Congress, Parts IV – VII of which published in the Examiner.com article below.
In 2008, former Los Angeles assistant District Attorney and author Vincent Bugliosi presented the legal framework for the prosecution of former George W. Bush for murder in having intentionally misled the U.S. Congress in taking the U.S. to war in Iraq. This reporter, Alfred Lambremont Webre, has successfully presented the legal framework for the prosecution of Bush, Cheney and Rumsfeld for murder for having knowingly engaged in command and control operations in the false flag operation of 9/11 that intentionally led to the deaths of approximately 2830 innocent civilians and emergency responders at or around the World Trade Center.
In Memo to U.S. Congress: prima facie evidence that Bush, Cheney and Rumsfeld committed treason on 9/11, Examiner.com reported how a Memorandum to the U.S. Congress presented to then incoming Chairman of the U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary Committee, Rep. John Conyers, Jr. (D-Mich), following the November 2006 mid-term elections sets out prima facie evidence for the appointment of an independent prosecutor to prosecute then U.S. President George W. Bush, Vice President Richard B. Cheney, and Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld and numerous Jane and John Does for treason under Article III (3) of the U.S. Constitution for acts committed on September 11, 2001.
One source states, "In common law jurisdictions, prima facie denotes evidence which – unless rebutted – would be sufficient to prove a particular proposition or fact. For example, in a trial under Criminal law the prosecution has the burden of presenting prima facie evidence of each element of the crime charged against the defendant." The source continues: "Murder, as defined in common law countries, is the unlawful killing of another human being with intent (or malice aforethought), and generally this state of mind distinguishes murder from other forms of unlawful homicide (such as manslaughter). As the loss of a human being inflicts enormous grief upon the individuals close to the victim, as well as the fact that the commission of a murder deprives the victim of their existence, most societies both present and in antiquity have considered it a most serious crime worthy of the harshest of punishment. A person convicted of murder is typically given a life sentence or even the death penalty for such an act. A person who commits murder is called a murderer."
The Memorandum to the U.S. Congress is still on the desk of Rep. John Conyers, Jr. awaiting further action by the U.S. Judiciary Committee. However, as this Examiner.com article demonstrates, prima facie evidence exists for a U.S. attorney, a district attorney or a non-U.S. state prosecutor whose citizens were killed at the World Trade Center or in any aspect of the false flag operation on September 11, 2001 to prosecute Mr. Bush, Mr. Cheney, Mr. Rumsfeld for murder.
The false flag operation of 9/11 is not an academic issue. NATO heads of state, from U.S. President Barack H. Obama to Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper routinely still employ "9/11" as the political and symbolic pretext for a war in Afghanistan, and for the expansion of police state measures domestically and in the world's travel, banking and financial matrix. In a 2006 paper entitled, "False Flag Operations, 9/11, and the Exopolitical Perspective", Dr. Michael E. Salla writes: "According to an August 2006 Scripps Howard/Ohio University national survey, 36% of Americans believe 9-11 was an 'inside job' with government agencies complicit in what occurred. A Zogby poll in May 2006 found that 42% of Americans believed that official explanations and the 9-11 Commission were covering up the truth."
Memorandum to the U.S. Congress – parts IV – VII
The following are Parts IV – VII of the Memorandum, together with relevant evidentiary attachments.
For reasons of space, the excerpts from the Memorandum to the U.S. Congress in this Examiner.com article do not contain the footnotes and full references in the original Memorandum. Examiner.com readers are encouraged to download a copy of the original Memorandum to the U.S. Congress (PDF) here or here.
IV. Why Did the President and His Secret Service Agents Remain at the School?
"President George W. Bush reportedly believed, upon hearing that a plane had struck one of the Twin Towers, that it was an accident. It was not terribly strange, therefore, that he decided to go ahead with the photo-op at the school in Sarasota. Word of the second strike, however, should have indicated to him and his Secret Service agents---assuming the truth of official story, according to which these strikes were unexpected---that the country was undergoing an unprecedented terrorist attack. And yet the Secret Service allowed him to remain at the school for another half hour.
"This behavior was very strange. The president's location had been highly publicized. If the attacks were indeed unexpected, the Secret Service would have had no idea how many planes had been hijacked, and they would have had to assume that the president himself might be one of the targets: What could be more satisfying to foreign terrorists attacking high-value targets in the United States than to kill the president? For all the Secret Service would have known, a hijacked airliner might have been bearing down on the school at that very minute, ready to crash into it, killing the president and everyone else there---including the Secret Service agents themselves. It is, in any case, standard procedure for the Secret Service to rush the president to a safe location whenever there is any sign that he may be in danger. And yet these agents, besides allowing the president to remain in the classroom another 10 minutes, permitted him to speak on television, thereby announcing to the world that he was still at the school.
"Would not this behavior be explainable only if Bush and the head of the Secret Service detail knew that the planned attacks did not include an attack on the president? And how could this have been known for certain unless the attacks were being carried out by people within our own government? The 9/11 Commission, far from asking these questions, was content to report that '[t]he Secret Service told us they . . . did not think it imperative for [the president] to run out the door.' A serious inquiry into this matter, therefore, remains to be made."
AP: Cheney at National Press Club, June 1, 09
V. Why Did the 9/11 Commission Lie about Vice President Cheney?
"One sign of the complicity of Vice President Cheney is the fact that the 9/11 Commission evidently felt a need to lie about the time of two of his activities: his entry into the Presidential Emergency Operations Center (PEOC) under the White House and his giving the order to shoot down any unauthorized airplanes.
"It had been widely reported that Cheney had gone down to the PEOC shortly after the second strike on the WTC, hence about 9:15. The most compelling witness was Secretary of Transportation Norman Mineta, who testified to the 9/11 Commission that when he arrived at the PEOC at 9:20, Cheney was already there and fully in charge. "The 9/11 Commission Report, however, claimed that Cheney did not enter the PEOC until 'shortly before 10:00, perhaps at 9:58.' Mineta's testimony, given in an open hearing, was simply omitted from the Commission's final report. Why would the Commission go to such lengths to conceal the true time of Cheney's entry into the PEOC?
"One possible reason would involve the content of Mineta's testimony. He said: 'During the time that the airplane was coming in to the Pentagon, there was a young man who would come in and say to the Vice President, 'The plane is 50 miles out.' 'The plane is 30 miles out.' And when it got down to 'the plane is 10 miles out,' the young man also said to the Vice President, 'Do the orders still stand?' And the Vice President . . . said, 'Of course the orders still stand. Have you heard anything to the contrary?'
"Mineta said that this conversation---evidently meaning the final exchange---occurred at about 9:25 or 9:26.
"This testimony creates a problem for the official story. Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld's spokesman, in explaining why the Pentagon was not evacuated before it was struck, claimed that '[t]he Pentagon was simply not aware that this aircraft was coming our way.' The 9/11 Commission claimed that there was no warning about an unidentified aircraft heading towards Washington until 9:36 and hence only 'one or two minutes' before the Pentagon was struck at 9:38. Mineta's account, however, says that Cheney knew about an approaching aircraft more than 10 minutes earlier. There would have been over 12 minutes for the Pentagon to be evacuated.
"Mineta's account also seems to suggest that Cheney had issued stand-down orders. Mineta himself did not make this allegation, saying instead that he assumed that 'the orders' were to have the plane shot down. But besides the fact that that interpretation does not fit what actually happened--the aircraft was not shot down---it would make the story unintelligible: The question whether the orders still stood would not make sense unless they were orders to do something unexpected---not to shoot the aircraft down. By omitting Mineta's testimony and stating that Cheney did not enter the PEOC until almost 10:00, the 9/11 Commission implied that Cheney could not have given a stand-down order to allow an aircraft to strike the Pentagon.
"The lie about Cheney's entry into the PEOC was also important to the controversy over whether the US military shot down Flight 93. The 9/11 Commission, simply ignoring a vast amount of evidence that the military did so, supported the official claim that it did not. The Commission provided this support by claiming that Cheney, having not arrived at the PEOC until almost 10:00, did not issue the shoot-down order until after 10:10---which would have been seven or more minutes after Flight 93 had crashed (at 10:03). But in addition to the evidence that Cheney had been in the PEOC since about 9:15, we also have evidence---including statements from Richard Clarke and Colonel Robert Marr, the head of NORAD's northeast sector (NEADS) ---that Cheney's shoot-down order was issued well before 10:00.
"The 9/11 Commission's obvious lies about Cheney's activities give reason to suspect that it, under the leadership of Philip Zelikow, was trying to conceal Cheney's responsibility for the Pentagon strike and the downing of Flight 93."
VI. Did Members of the Bush-Cheney Administration Have Reasons to Desire the Attacks of 9/11?
"Besides having the means and opportunity to orchestrate the events of 9/11 and their subsequent cover-up, high officials in the Bush-Cheney administration would also have had motives.
"Afghanistan: Zbigniew Brzezinski's 1997 book, The Grand Chessboard, had said that establishing military bases in Central Asia would be crucial for maintaining 'American primacy,' partly because of the huge oil reserves around the Caspian Sea. But American democracy, he added, 'is inimical to imperial mobilization.' Brzezinski, explaining that the public had 'supported America's engagement in World War II largely because of the shock effect of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor,' suggested that Americans today would support the needed military operations in Central Asia only 'in the circumstance of a truly massive and widely perceived direct external threat.'
"Support for these operations was generated by 9/11 plus the claim by the Bush-Cheney administration that the attacks had been planned in Afghanistan by Osama bin Laden—-a claim for which it refused to provide any proof.
"A more specific motivation was provided by the 'pipeline war.' The Bush-Cheney administration supported--as had the Clinton-Gore administration until 1999--UNOCAL's plan to build an oil-and-gas pipeline through Afghanistan, but the Taliban, being unable to provide sufficient security, had become regarded as an obstacle. In a meeting in Berlin in July 2001, representatives of the Bush-Cheney administration, trying to get the Taliban to share power with other factions, reportedly gave them an ultimatum: 'Either you accept our offer of a carpet of gold, or we bury you under a carpet of bombs.' When the Taliban refused, the Americans reportedly said that 'military action against Afghanistan would go ahead . . . before the snows started falling in Afghanistan, by the middle of October at the latest.'
"Given the fact that the attacks on New York and Washington occurred on September 11, the U.S. military had time to get logistically ready to begin the attack on Afghanistan on October 7.
"Iraq: Some key members of the Bush-Cheney administration---including Paul Wolfowitz, Lewis 'Scooter' Libby, Donald Rumsfeld, and Dick Cheney himself---had in the late 1990s been active members of an organization, the Project for the New American Century (PNAC), that advocated attacking Iraq to remove Saddam Hussein, establish a strong military presence, and control the oil. PNAC's Rebuilding America's Defenses, released late in 2000, reiterated the idea of a permanent military presence in the Gulf region, saying that the 'unresolved conflict with Iraq provides the immediate justification' but 'the need for a substantial American force presence in the Gulf transcends the issue of the regime of Saddam Hussein.'
"Immediately upon taking office, the Bush administration---two former members have revealed--- was intent on attacking Iraq. Then in 2003, after its war in Afghanistan, the administration used 9/11 as a pretext for attacking Iraq, partly by suggesting that Saddam was involved in the attacks, partly by playing on the American people's sense, created by 9/11, of being vulnerable to a major attack from abroad.
"Increased Military Spending: A second possible motive was provided by PNAC's more general goal of further increasing America's military superiority to be able to achieve global domination. This goal had already been asserted in the draft of the 'Defense Planning Guidance' written in 1992 by Wolfowitz and Libby under the guidance of Cheney, who was completing his tenure as secretary of defense. (In an essay that was entered into the Congressional Record, this draft was portrayed as an early version of Cheney's 'Plan . . . to rule the world.')
"In 2000, Wolfowitz and Libby were listed as participants in the project to produce PNAC's Rebuilding America's Defenses, in which this goal showed up again. This document also contained an idea perhaps derived from Brzezinski's book: After saying that the desired Pax Americana 'must have a secure foundation on unquestioned U.S. military preeminence' and that such preeminence will require a technological transformation of the US military, it adds that this process of transformation will 'likely be a long one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing event--like a new Pearl Harbor.'
"When 9/11 came, it was immediately treated as 'the Pearl Harbor of the 21st century,' as President Bush reportedly called it that very night. It was also characterized as, in Bush's words, 'a great opportunity,' with Rumsfeld adding that 9/11 created 'the kind of opportunities that World War II offered, to refashion the world.' This idea then showed up in The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, issued by the Bush administration in September 2002, which brazenly said: 'The events of September 11, 2001 opened vast, new opportunities.'
"A central dimension of the desired technological transformation of the military is the weaponization of space, euphemistically called 'Missile Defense.' In January of 2001, the Commission to Assess U.S. National Security Space Management and Organization, which was chaired by Rumsfeld, published its report. Speaking of the need for massive funding for the U.S. Space Command, the Rumsfeld Commission asked whether such funding would occur only after a 'Space Pearl Harbor.'
"On the evening of 9/11, Rumsfeld held a press conference. In attendance was Senator Carl Levin, the chair of the Senate Armed Services Committee, who was asked this question: 'Senator Levin, you and other Democrats in Congress have voiced fear that you simply don't have enough money for the large increase in defense that the Pentagon is seeking, especially for missile defense. . . . Does this sort of thing convince you that an emergency exists in this country to increase defense spending. . . ?' Congress immediately appropriated an additional $40 billion for the Pentagon and much more later, with few questions asked.
Wiki: Rumsfeld, U.S. Secretary of Defense on September 11, 2001
VII. Summation: The 9/11 Attacks as Acts of Treason
"The facts recited above constitute prima facie evidence that the named individuals---U.S. President George W. Bush, U.S. Vice President Richard B. Cheney, U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld---and other John and Jane Does are independently and jointly guilty of Treason against these United States under Article III (3) of the U.S. Constitution, because:
"I. The attacks of 9/11, as portrayed in the official account, could not have succeeded if standard operating procedures between the FAA and NORAD had been followed. The Pentagon, under the leadership of Donald Rumsfeld, has provided three mutually inconsistent accounts of NORAD's response, which means that at least two of them are false. Moreover, the third account, articulated by the 9/11 Commission, is contradicted by a wide range of facts, including evidence that the FAA had notified NORAD in a timely fashion. There must have been stand-down orders, and these could have come only from the highest levels of the Pentagon and the White House.
"II. Overwhelming evidence exists that the collapses of the Twin Towers and Building 7 were instances of controlled demolition. But al-Qaeda operatives could not have obtained the needed access to the buildings to plant the explosives and would not have ensured that the buildings come straight down. The controlled demolition, therefore, had to be the work of insiders. That President Bush was one of those insiders is suggested by the fact that his brother and cousin were principals in the company in charge of WTC security. Complicity at the highest levels of the federal government is also indicated by the removal of evidence (the collapsed steel), which is normally a federal offense. Finally, if the airplane strikes could have occurred only with the consent of the president and the secretary of defense (as suggested in the previous point), the coordination of these strikes with the demolition of the buildings implies their involvement in the latter as well.
"III. Overwhelming evidence also exists for the conclusion that the attack on the Pentagon was an inside job. That the official story could not be true is evident from many facts: Hani Hanjour's incompetence; the choice of the west wing as the target; the impossibility of a commercial airliner's coming back to Washington undetected and hitting the Pentagon unless permitted; and the lack of physical evidence consistent with an attack by a Boeing 757. That the strike was an inside job is implied by the falsity of the official story, the evidence that the strike was made by a military aircraft, the removal of evidence, and the government's refusal to release videos of the strike. This operation could hardly have been planned without the involvement of Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld.
"IV. Complicity at the highest levels of the federal government is also indicated by President Bush's remaining at the school after it was evident---given the truth of the official account---that the United States was experiencing a surprise attack. This behavior makes sense only if Bush and his lead Secret Service agent knew that there would be no attack on the school.
"V. The complicity of Vice President Cheney in the attack on the Pentagon and the downing of Flight 93 is implied by the testimony of Secretary Mineta in conjunction with the false claims of the 9/11 Commission, under the guidance of administration insider Philip Zelikow, as to when Cheney went to the PEOC and when he issued the shoot-down authorization.
"VI. The conclusion from the evidence that members of the Bush administration orchestrated the attacks of 9/11 is reinforced by the fact that they had some huge projects---prosecuting wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and obtaining funding to accelerate the technological transformation of the military---that would likely be possible only in the event of "a new Pearl Harbor."
"On the basis of this and other evidence, the conclusion that the Bush-Cheney administration was complicit in the 9/11 attacks has been reached by many Americans, including intellectuals and former military officers. It is time for an independent official investigation into this evidence."
CAVEAT LECTOR: This memorandum is based upon the best public research resources presently available. It is presented not as a full treatment of the subject but as merely a brief summary pointing to the existence of sufficient prima facie evidence to warrant the appointment of an independent prosecutor.
My Observation of LAX Security Events on 9/11
By an Upper Management LAX Official
"I was employed in upper management at LAX involved with security in the APO (Air Port Operations---where the planes are, not the passengers). I will not otherwise identify myself in this statement, since I, for both personal and professional reasons, need to remain anonymous. But I will give as much detail as possible about security-related events in the APO that I overheard on September 11, 2001, and will also suggest ways in which my account could be corroborated.
"'Security' in the APO involves the CHP, LAWA PD, LAPD, and the FBI, herein referred to as 'Security' (but the CHP was not in proximity to me during the period my account covers).
"As on other days, there was 'chatter' on LAX Security walkie-talkies, so what Security was saying could easily be heard. On some of the walkie-talkies I could overhear both sides of the conversations, on others only one. I do not know who was at the other end of the walkie-talkies, but I can only assume that it was LAX dispatch or command.
"While there, I observed and heard the following:
"At first, LAX Security was very upset because at that time it seemed to Security that none of the Air Traffic Controllers (ATCs) tracking the hijacked airliners had notified NORAD as required. Security was well aware that LAX was a target and Emergency SOP were already in progress in that there was discussion of evacuating the airport.
"More chatter revealed that the ATCs had notified NORAD, but that NORAD had not responded because it had been 'ordered to stand down.' This report made Security even more upset, so they tried to find out who had issued that order. A short time later the word came down that the order had come 'from the highest level of the White House.' This seemed inappropriate, so Security made attempts for more details and clarification, which was not resolved in my presence.
"3 planes were grounded and swapped out in Atlanta, Georgia, simply because they did not pass the routine pre-flight inspection checklist. Those planes were found to be fully loaded with automatic weapons. LAX Security surmised that could only have been accomplished by Maintenance, the Caterers, but, in their view, most likely by 'House Keeping.'
"LAX Security believed that the terrorists did not board the planes through the passenger terminals, but rather by similar means, i.e. via House Keeping. Other airports were mentioned, but I was unable to get it all down. Therefore, I don't have an accurate accounting for the status and location of the other planes.
"Another piece of information that I overheard was that the Pentagon had been hit by a rocket.
"There was also a radio station identifying itself as LAX Radio, from which the following was heard:
"There were 11 planes and 11 targets. But at the time only 10 of the targets were mentioned: the WTC; the Pentagon; the White House; the Capitol; Camp David; the Sears Tower; the Space Needle; the Trans America Bldg.; LAX; and Air Force One—'if it could be found.'
"Two fighter jets had been scrambled and had successfully shot down a hijacked airliner over Pennsylvania. The point of deployment of the fighter jets was also mentioned, but I can't remember the name of the military base.
"Points of origin mentioned included Newark, Atlanta, and other locations, but it was confusing to me in that I couldn't determine if they were with respect to hijacked planes or fighter jets being scrambled. Unfortunately the names of these airports were not all familiar to me or it would have been easier for me to account for them.
"As I was leaving there was an order to evacuate the airport.
"In 2001 and 2002 I tried to notify the media of the events at LAX, but they made it clear they were not interested.
Possible Corroboration
"I can think of four ways in which my account of what I heard could be corroborated:
"1st LAWA PD, LAPD, and FBI records will reveal the names of the security officers on duty in the APO during the time of the attacks.
"2nd I believe the head of LAX Security in the APO at that time was Captain Gray. He should be able to confirm the fact that my account reflects what happened that morning.
"3rd The audio recordings of radio transmissions at LAX would reveal the comments of all the Security officers and LAX dispatch/command.
"4th The audio recording of the LAX Radio broadcast would reveal what was broadcast on 911.
"Note: Items 3 and 4 would reveal if I have inadvertently confused information attained from LAX Security with information received from LAX Radio. (For example, I believe I heard the comment about a rocket hitting the Pentagon during the walkie-talkie conversations, but it is possible that I heard it later on the radio.)"
End of Memorandum to the U.S. Congress
Recent evidence that has emerged pointing to the high-level involvement of operatives of Israel and the Israeli intelligence service, Mossad, in the false flag events of 9/11 does not alter the liability of Mr. Bush, Mr. Cheney and Mr. Rumsfeld for prosecution for treason and for murder.
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16 February 2012 | Permalink
THIS IS THE ONLY WAY WE WILL EVER GET OUR COUNTRY BACK IS IF WE FINALLY START PROSECUTING THESE CRIMINALS!
Posted by: KEVIN CANADA | 17 February 2012 at 09:28


Below is the Elevation map of Daliyat el Karmil,Israel, which displays range of elevation with different colours.
The elevation map of Daliyat el Karmil,Israel is generated using elevation data from NASA's 90m resolution SRTM data.
The maps also provides idea of topography and contour of Daliyat el Karmil,Israel.
Daliyat el Karmil,Israel Elevation Map is displayed at different zoom levels.
Note:Please note that Daliyat el Karmil,Israel Elevation Map is in beta.
This Daliyat el Karmil,Israel Elevation Map is licensed under CC BY-SA.
You have to give credit by linking to this Daliyat el Karmil,Israel Elevation Map page.


text:
Plaats in Indonesië (met tussen haakjes het onderdistrict)
 Tarunajaya (Darmaraja), een plaats in het bestuurlijke gebied Sumedang in de provincie West-Java
 Tarunajaya (Sukaraja), een plaats in het bestuurlijke gebied Tasikmalaya in de provincie West-Java

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


They're at risk while they depend on obsolete hardware and unsupported system software, databases, and middleware.
They maintain separate development tools for software development with a raft of side effects: separate licenses and less capable, less integrated and less productive tools than those available for mainstream languages.
They and their IT service partners find it difficult to recruit staff; legacy languages and platforms require niche skills that lack pulling power for new recruits.
For many managers, the straightforward solution to modernization is to rewrite applications in a trendy language on modern platform or to replace them with a packaged application. Rewriting or replacement are both valid but can be expensive and highly risky options. There are incremental alternatives. A typical stepping-stone to modernization involves wrapping existing core business systems in modern interfaces and treating the legacy systems as if they were a black box. You write an interface that transforms data and commands between new and old technologies. The black box modernization strategy is popular but has architectural limitations and negative side effects on IT processes.
The distribution of logic across front and back ends is not optimal; often business logic has to be duplicated. Once it is duplicated, you have duplicate maintenance and a new risk of errors when new and old logic mistakenly diverge.
The timing of back-end processes – many of which are batch – doesn't match the interactive nature of the modernized front-end. The black box implementation may appear awkward or incomplete.
Without extensive back-end changes, you are still largely limited to data catered for in your back-end data model.
It places extra burdens (which mean costs) on IT processes. You multiply the development and test environments, skillsets and tools required.
Although in theory you keep your core applications, often they still require modification. For example, if you add mobile access, you may need to extend your legacy system to cater for new locational data. All this adds complexity, effort and risk to coding, integration and testing.


Accept and love yourself with all your beauty and imperfections. Be kind to your body and your soul. Embrace your feelings; tend to your needs with care and compassion. Only by loving yourself will you be able to truly love others.


Avoid Stress during the Holidays...this isn't about food Prep.
'Tis the season to be with family.
A time filled with JOY, MEMORIES, AND HAPPY TIMES.
I don't know about you, but the Holidays can also bring up stuff that is neither joyous nor happy.
Too much time with family can be…well…TOO MUCH.
How do we enjoy our family, our roots? The people who share our DNA. The ones we love, despite our differences? How do we work through moments that make us want to bristle?
We have to stay present.
Let me share a story with you….
I am the youngest, not just with an older brother (in the picture, I am in his lap) and sister (she is front, right) but I am also the youngest of 9 grandchildren (3 of which are pictured here) on my Mother's side. Being the youngest I seemed to fall into a certain role* (scrappy and demanding).
*Disclaimer:oldest and middle children have their roles too and roles vary based on personality…. I am speaking from my own experience.
Just because we are with family doesn't mean we have to live in the past. I needed to change my behavior.
…. Right then and there I stopped going back to it.
Now don't get me wrong, your family members will, but you can stay the course and present to what is NOW.
I found this notion to be so freeing during the holidays.
Comment below and tell me, where do you fall in your family? Oldest? Middle? Youngest?
This week I had to stop, pause and notice how in life, flow is all around us.
in life we work to find the BALANCE in the flow.
My question for you is, do you go with the balance of flow or do you fight it?
Fighting the natural ebb and flow of life creates upset and discourse; you feel misaligned.
Think of that go, go, go hustle, and how pushing yourself too much leaves you drained and overwhelmed.
Conversely, can you be too lax, letting life pass you by? Think of the ever-present Netflix and chill syndrome. It too is a misalignment of the flow. Too much Netflix and chillin' leaves you lethargic and unfocused.
So, I want you to think of the natural flow right now in your life. Know that next week through the end of the year it will shift a bit. Make the adjustment. Make sure you are finding the balance for yourself, however that looks.
The trees are about to show us how lovely it is to let the dead things go.
I saw a Facebook post the other day that stated, "Chapter 11 begins".
It's true. We are about to close out 2018 in exactly 8 weeks.
My question for you is…do you need to let go of some things as this year comes to an end?
There may be some physical things that you are holding onto (just this weekend I did a serious clothing purge).
Perhaps, it's a role you use to have, but this year things have changed (hello to my empty nesters).
Whatever it is, it is on us and up to us to let go of the things that are no longer working FOR US in our life.
How do we do that you might ask?
It is if we allow it to be.