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"If You Don't Do It Right, You Can Make A Mess Of It": Pathfinder Operations In The Tropic Lightning
Jim Hill
Jim Hill grew up in Fairfax, Virginia, and attended the University of Richmond, where he majored in business administration. He participated in ROTC, and by the time he was a senior, he was the Cadet Corps Commander of a battalion with four companies and a band. He was the distinguished military graduate, and commissioned into the Infantry. His first assignment was to Ft. Knox, Kentucky, where a friend gave him the opportunity to familiarize on different tanks and armored personnel carriers, which would come in handy when he was deployed to Vietnam. After Airborne and Ranger school, he joined the 25th Infantry Division in Cu Chi, Vietnam, in January 1966. While assigned to the 25th, he served as a Rifle Platoon Leader, a Weapons Platoon Leader, and a Company Executive Officer in the 1st Battalion, 27th Infantry Regiment, "Wolfhounds," and a Pathfinder in the 25th Pathfinder Detachment in the 25th Aviation Battalion. One of his memorable operations was Operation Attleboro from September 14 to November 25, 1966 in Dau Tieng, South Vietnam. As a Rifle Platoon leader, he found that his unit was always the point platoon in company movements, and he added specialized equipment to increase their lethality. He believes that his Ranger training and the discipline he instilled in his troops kept him alive. As a Pathfinder, he emphasized forming relationships with the different aviation units that supported the 25th Infantry Division. Returning to the United States in early 1967, he recalls being spat upon in the San Francisco Airport. In this interview, he talks about his experiences at the University of Richmond, his service in Vietnam, and remaining involved with Vietnam Veterans organizations and the National Pathfinder Association. He describes several of the operations he participated in in Vietnam, including Operation Attleboro, and other memorable missions, including an ambush. Finally, he reflects on what his service means to him.
topics Leadership Pathfinder Courage Life After Military Wartime Decisions
name Jim Hill
institution University of Richmond
graduation year 1964
unit 2nd Platoon, B Company, 1st Battalion, 27th Infantry, 25th Infantry Division 25th Pathfinder Detachment, 25th Aviation Battalion, 25th Infantry Division
specialty Pathfinder
Dean Nelson
"Stick With Me, I'll Show You What It Means To Be A Pathfinder": Learning The Ropes With The 101st In Vietnam
Channing M. Greene
To Teach And Preach: From Vietnam And Special Forces To The Pulpit
"My Ass Was Not Worth More Than Theirs": Combat Leadership in Vietnam


The period drama tops the ratings despite losing more than 1 million viewers.
Poldark topped the ratings on Easter Sunday (April 5), according to overnight data.
Aidan Turner's period drama brought in 5.23m (22.9%) at 9pm on BBC One, but the latest episode was down more than one million viewers from last week.
Earlier in the evening, Antiques Roadshow interested 4.58m (25.6%) at 7pm, while Michael McIntyre's Easter Night at the Coliseum amused 4.25m (20.0%) at 8pm.
On BBC Two, Springwatch was seen by 940k (5.3%) at 7pm, before Caribbean with Simon Reeve transfixed 1.99m (9.3%) at 8pm, and Louis Theroux: Transgender Kids averaged 1.68m (7.3%) at 9pm.
ITV's celebrity series of The Chase continued with 2.79m (16.8%) at 6.30pm (117k/0.6% on +1), while Off Their Rockers followed with 2.50m (13.4%) at 7.30pm (145k/0.7%). Vera brought in 4.29m (19.3%) between 8pm and 10pm (436k/2.2%).
Over on Channel 4, Three in a Bed continued with 610k (3.4%) at 7pm (85k/0.4%), and Great Canal Journeys interested 1.58m (7.4%) at 8pm (226k/1.0%). The latest episode of Indian Summers dipped to 860k (3.6%) at 9pm (293k/1.8%).
Kelly's Heroes and Hummingbird were Channel 5's Easter Sunday evening film selections, with the former bringing in 558k (3.0%) at 6.30pm and the latter entertaining 852k (4.4%) at 9pm.
On ITVBe, TOWIE's latest episode brought in 520k (3.0%) at 10pm.


Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 Release Candidate–now available.
by markparris.In Active Directory, Microsoft, Security, Windows, Windows Server.1 Comment on Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 Release Candidate–now available.
Microsoft have today delivered the first release candidate (RC) for Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2. Service Pack 1 is slated for release in early 2011 but there is no confirmed date. The Service Pack can be downloaded here and the associated documentation can be downloaded here.
The document "Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 Release Candidate Notable Changes" has changed since the initial beta release but is now dated June instead of February 2010; the document "Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows 7 Service Pack 1 Test Focus Guide" has moved to version 1.3 and is dated October 2010 and the final document "Hotfixes and Security Updates included in Windows 7 and Windows 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 Release Candidate" is dated October 2010 too.
The Service pack now consists of: 78 Non-Security GDR updates, 27 Security updates and 520 Hotfix updates.
For a technical overview of Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 RC release, click here.
Next Next post: The IT professionals deployment planning guide for Microsoft Office 2010.


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Type 316 and 316L Stainless Steels
Macro Topics
Futures and Options
Soft Commodities
Becoming a Broker
All Commodities
Commodities Metals
Compare the two types of stainless steel
Image by James Bascara. © The Balance 2019
By Terence Bell
Alloys often are added to steel to increase desired properties. Marine grade stainless steel, called type 316, is resistant to certain types of interactions. There is a variety of different types of 316 stainless steels, including 316 L, F, N, H, and several others. Each is slightly different, and each is used for different purposes. The "L" designation means 316L steel has less carbon than 316 steel.
Qualities Shared By 316 and 316L
While similar to Type 304, which is common in the food industry, both type 316 and 316L exhibit better corrosion resistance and are stronger at elevated temperatures. They also are both non-hardenable by heat treatment and can be readily formed and drawn.
Annealing 316 and 316L stainless steels requires heating to between 1,900 and 2,100 degrees Fahrenheit (1,038 to 1,149 degrees Celsius) before rapidly quenching.
Differences Between 316 and 316L
316 stainless steel has more carbon in it than 316L. This is easy to remember, as the L stands for "low." But even though it has less carbon, 316L is very similar to 316 in almost every way. Cost is very similar, and both are durable, corrosion-resistant, and a good choice for high-stress situations.
316L, however, is a better choice for a project that requires a lot of welding because 316 is more liable than 316L to weld decay, though 316 can be annealed to resist weld decay. 316L also is a great stainless steel for high-temperature, high-corrosion uses, which is why it's so popular for use in construction and marine projects.
Neither 316 nor 316L is the cheapest options. 304 and 304L are similar but lower-priced. And neither are as durable as 317 and 317L, which have higher molybdenum content and are better for overall corrosion resistance.
Qualities of Type 316 Steel
Type 316 steel is an austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steel that contains between two and three percent molybdenum. The molybdenum content increases corrosion-resistance, improves resistance to pitting in chloride ion solutions, and increases strength at high temperatures.
Type 316 grade stainless steel is particularly effective in acidic environments. This grade of steel is effective in protecting against corrosion caused by sulfuric, hydrochloric, acetic, formic, and tartaric acids, as well as acid sulfates and alkaline chlorides.
How Type 316 Steel Is Used
Common uses for type 316 stainless steel include in the construction of exhaust manifolds, furnace parts, heat exchangers, jet engine parts, pharmaceutical and photographic equipment, valve and pump parts, chemical processing equipment, tanks, and evaporators. It also is used in pulp, paper, and textile processing equipment and any parts exposed to marine environments.
Qualities of Type 316L Steel
Type 316L stainless steel is an extra-low carbon version of the 316 steel alloy. The lower carbon content in 316L minimizes deleterious carbide precipitation as a result of welding. Consequently, 316L is used when welding is required in order to ensure maximum corrosion resistance.
Properties and Composition of 316 and 316L Steels
Physical Properties of type 316 and 316L steels:
Density: 0.799g/cm3
Electrical resistivity: 74 microhm-cm (20 degrees Celsius)
Specific Heat: 0.50 kJ/kg-K (0–100 degrees Celsius)
Thermal conductivity: 16.2 W/m-k (100 degrees Celsius)
Modulus of Elasticity (MPa): 193 x 103 in tension
Melting Range: 2,500–2,550 degrees Fahrenheit (1,371–1,399 degrees Celsius)
A breakdown of the percentages of various elements used to create type 316 and 316L steels:
Element Type 316 (%) Type 316L (%)
Carbon 0.08 max. 0.03 max.
Manganese 2.00 max. 2.00 max.
Phosphorus 0.045 max. 0.045 max.
Sulfur 0.03 max. 0.03 max.
Silicon 0.75 max. 0.75 max.
Chromium 16.00-18.00 16.00-18.00
Nickel 10.00-14.00 10.00-14.00
Molybdenum 2.00-3.00 2.00-3.00
Nitrogen 0.10 max. 0.10 max.
Iron Balance Balance
Source: AK Steel Product Data Sheet. 316/316L Stainless Steel
Characteristics of and Uses for Austenitic Stainless Steel
Properties of Monel 400, a Nickel-Copper Alloy That Resists Corrosion
Learn About the Difference Between Types 304 and 304L Stainless Steel
Different Steel Alloys Have Different Properties and Uses
What Is Chrome-Manganese Stainless Steel?
Steel's Properties, History, and Multiple Applications
Compare 20 Grades of Knife Steel
The Properties and Applications of Ferritic Stainless Steel
What Are the Different Types of Steel?
Key Properties and Effects of Common Steel Alloying Agents
A Look at Nickel Metal: It's Properties, History, Production & Uses
What Is Iron?
The Five Sectors for Steel Applications
What Is Type 201 Stainless Steel?
Metal Profile: Boron
How Is Metallurgical Coal—Coking Coal—Used?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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What Controller does ZeRo use? (Answered!)
Many smash players out there might go around thinking that what they need to level up their game is a new, better controller. Some go out and buy expensive controllers with "no input delay" or "extra sensible analogs", but the thing is, you don't really need all that.
When you go and check some other fighting games you'll quickly notice that most of the professionals, if not all, use what's called a fighting stick. It's one of those big controllers that look just as if you're holding a smaller version of an arcade machine controller. But Super Smash Brothers is not like most other fighting games, it needs some very specific controllers input, you can look at anyone playing smash and you'll realize in no time that none of them use those fighting sticks
In this article, we are going to be talking about what controllers a professional Super Smash Player such as ZeRo uses. But if you want to cut to the chase…
What controller does ZeRo use? The professional Super Smash Brothers player Zero uses a classic GameCube controller. He recommends it for all of the Smash games regardless of what console they're on.
Classic GameCube controllers are hard to come by new. You can check them out here on Amazon (if they're in stock) or search around for used controllers at game stores.
We'll talk more about why ZerO uses this controller later, but first let's talk a little about who ZeRo is.
ZeRo, one of the greatest Smash Players of All Time
Gonzalo Barrios, better known as ZeRo, is a professional Smasher. He was born in Chile in 1995. He started playing Super Smash Bros Melee back in 2006, and in the following years he started competing in local smash tournaments as well as traveling around Chile, Argentina and the United States in order to compete in several regional and international Smash tournaments.
In 2011-2012 he got sponsored by vVv Gaming, a company based in Los Angeles, and since then he began participating in professional eSport events. His rising was so accelerated that by early 2014, he was estimated to be earning around $40,000 a year. He kept rising and rising in fame and popularity even though in 2016 he had to go on a forced hiatus due to a medical issue that prevented him from playing for a few months.
He is considered to be the best Super Smash Bros. Wii U player in the world. He then retired in early 2018, however in November he announced his return to the competitive smash scene, joining competitive tournaments for Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. He is now a part of the Tempo Storm eSports team.
In 2016 he was featured in the Gamer's Edition of the Guinness Book of World Records for having 56 consecutive Smash tournament victories. He is also the only player in the world to earn more than $100,000 playing Super Smash Bros. Wii U.
Being Great at Smash is More than a Controller
Well, as we mentioned in the beginning, it's not only about the controller, but it's mostly in the player. He explains that, for Super Smash Bros. Ultimate there is only one controller type you should never use: The Joy-cons.
Why not use the joy-con?
He explains that the main reason is the lack of buttons for command-input. Using an individual Joy-con sideways is the worst way possible to play Smash he says. There is no C-stick and only two triggers, also it is incredibly small. He also explains that the analogs and the controller itself doesn't feel sturdy enough, as if they are going to break if he tries to play seriously.
Apparently the joy-cons should only be used when playing for fun or maybe sometimes with friends, but expecting to use them for competitive gameplay is a no-go.
What you should use
The Nintendo Switch Pro-Controller (see on Amazon) is a nice choice since it has all the buttons you might ever need for playing smash. It has nice and sturdy analog, excellent feedback when pressing the buttons and it is even said to have the least latency or delay amongst all the controllers.
The shape and button location is very comfortable and it is wireless, which can be a pro for many gamers out there. Also you already probably have one, and you connect it directly to your Switch, without the need of a special adapter or anything like that. Some of the pros really just go for this as a first option, and of course, it is a much better option than the Joy-cons. But now we are going to be talking about the controller the pros really use
What the Pros Use – The GameCube controller
This is the controller the biggest Smash players of them all use, the big one. The original GameCube controller has been used by the majority of smash players ever since it came out. Starting on Super Smash Bros. Melee, the GameCube controller just has something special about it.
ZeRo, like many other professional Smash players, recommends using the GameCube controller for pretty much any of the Smash games. The button-placement of the controller did strike as a little bit odd when it first released, however once you get used to it you just cannot leave it. The C-stick is rather small but its location directly below the giant A button allows quick shifts, and the conveniently placed X and Y buttons are placed very near the thumb so it's incredibly comfortable.
Even Nintendo knows that this controller is the player's choice when it comes to Smash, and you can see that by the way they just keep releasing the same controller over and over again. Even though neither the Wii U nor the Switch natively have the ports for the controllers, they just went ahead and made and made an adapter and released "new version" of the classic GameCube controller labeled as the Smash Controller.
In case you are out there trying to find which controller you should get to "get better" at Smash, well then just go ahead and pick up the good ol' GameCube Controller. And adjust the settings to your liking. You don't need to go out and buy a super expensive controller in order to get better at Smash, you just need to truly dedicate yourself to get better at it.
In case you are not really sure about a nice way to set up your controller, there's actually a video of ZeRo himself walking you through the way he sets his controller for a pro-gaming experience


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The magical world of Madame Métier : a novel
The work The magical world of Madame Métier : a novel represents a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in Reuben Hoar Library (Littleton). This resource is a combination of several types including: Work, Language Material, Books.
The Resource The magical world of Madame Métier : a novel
Daphne Rose Kingma
Kingma, Daphne Rose
FICTION -- Visionary & Metaphysical
Self-actualization (Psychology) in women
Self-actualization (Psychology) in women -- Fiction
Self-realization in women
Self-realization in women -- Fiction
FICTION -- Fairy Tales, Folk Tales, Legends & Mythology
"Reminiscent of the enchanted realism of Alice Hoffman's bestselling novels, Madame Metier and Her Friends weaves together magic, romance, and a powerful bond of friendship in celebration of the female spirit. Facing destitution after the untimely death of her husband, Madame Metier revisits a long-forgotten talent-the creation of healing botanical creams and lotions. Her rediscovery of this sacred practice marks the beginning of her spiritual odyssey of self-actualization and empowerment. Meanwhile, two eccentric friends of hers begin a passionate affair that ends their respective marriages. Invigorated by their relationship, Monsieur Sorbonne searches for his life's passion while Mademoiselle Objet helps Madame Metier with her new business. While the couple explores the nuances of their romance, Madame Metier finds herself in a relationship with a mysterious being who redefines her understanding of human love. Just as things are looking up, Mme. Metier's creams result in a customer's death, and the three friends face an ordeal of profound doubt, spiritual crisis, and persecution that threatens to tear them apart. Daphne Rose Kingma brings insights from her self-help books to a modern fairy tale that is both enlightening and entertaining. This is an extraordinary debut about the nature of love and relationships"--
PS3611.I6
M34 2017
Context of The magical world of Madame Métier : a novel
The magical world of Madame Métier : a novel, Daphne Rose Kingma

 Data from The magical world of Madame Métier : a novel - Reuben Hoar Library (Littleton)

Data Citation of the Work The magical world of Madame Métier : a novel


The ibis Vesoul hotel is located 5 minutes' drive away from the train station and the city center. It is close to several of the region's main companies, such as PSA Peugeot Citroën. The ibis team will welcome you at any time of the day or night in a friendly atmosphere and will ensure your stay goes smoothly. In the surrounding area you can explore La Motte hill or the Sabot de Frotey nature reserve, or relax beside the Lac de Vaivre. Leisure activities are available less than 5 minutes' walk away.
The hotel has 42 rooms, 2 of which are suitable for people with reduced mobility, a restaurant, a terrace, a bar and a 24-hour snack service.


Last week, I attended ArtistTrust's Grant Writing workshop, presented by Miguel Guillén. I think it's going to take some practice before all the advice sinks in. In the meantime, I thought I'd share my notes on writing Artist Statements, which seems to be the most difficult thing, at least for me (for the full presentation, you can go here).
An Artist Statement is a short document (one paragraph to a page), written in the first person, that provides context for your work.
a concise and an accurate reflection your work- its themes, motives, and influences . What does your work continually return to? Why do you do what you do? Where do you fit into your field? This will show you know the landscape and help focus panelists. If your influences are obvious, but you don't mention them, panelists will wonder.
in a tone expressive of your work (reserved, analytic, humorous, etc.)- BUT – above all, be SIMPLE, CLEAR, and DIRECT. Ask a friend who is not an artist to read your statement and ask if they get what you do.
Guillén also advised attendees to keep more than one version of the Artist Statement and update it as the work changes, as it inevitably will. Language should be consistent within the statement, but also consistent with any other supporting documents (for example, work samples and work descriptions). Also, and this one's important: don't be afraid. Write what you really think is going on in your work, what most compels you to create something.


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Lily James' beauty 101
By Alice Howarth
When Cinderella's Lily James came to GLAMOUR HQ to be a colleague for the day, we sat the leading lady down to talk all things beauty. From the products she loves to the best industry tips she's picked up, here's Lily James' beauty 101...
Sandra Waibl
GLAMOUR: What are your three skincare essentials?
Lily James: I basically love to cleanse, tone, moisturise. I love the Liz Earle's cleanser polish with the towel. At the moment I'm using a Natura Bissé toner, I think they're really good, and the moisturiser would be the Sisley Rose Oil.
Who is your beauty icon?
Keira Knightley, I think she's beautiful, I love her.
What does your daily beauty regime consist of?
Well I've actually recently changed it, because I was cleansing and moisturising morning and night, but I think it's too much for your skin, and you want to keep the natural oils. So now I do it in the evening, and in the morning I just use this Diamond Mist moisturiser, which is Natura Bissé as well, or there's a Dior Maximiser Glow Beauty Balm, just to give you a bit of moisture.
And how do you put on your make-up?
Haphazardly (laughs). I'll wear a really light tinted moisturiser, I use a Clinique one, and then I just put on mascara and blusher.
Why does the world sl*t-shame women like Lily James, while the men who break their marriage vows get to walk free?
As James herself says, we all make mistakes all the time, and that's what life's about.
So the next question was, do you stick to one brand? Obviously not!
Well I really don't, and I think it's really good to keep changing, because your skin gets used to stuff.
What are five staple products you always have in your make-up bag?
Lancome mascara, they've got lots of different brushes so you can do lots of different looks. A really nice lip balm, Burt's Bees always seems to work. Then I'll have my Charlotte Tilbury compact, it's in a little gold compact, and it's got the gold shimmer and the pink, and you can use it on your cheeks, on your lips, on your eyes, and you're good to go. I love a Dior blusher that comes with a sponge, you dab it on, it's like soft, liquidy and for lips, the Le Rouge Coco Shine.
Netflix's adaptation of 'Rebecca', starring Lily James and Armie Hammer, just dropped
Daphne du Maurier's beloved novel brought to life again (with a seriously stellar cast).
Do you do stuff with your brows?
I don't do anything with my brows.
You've got really good brows!
Yeah (laughs), they used to be really thin and then I grew them out and I was like "wow!", my face isn't so round anymore.
If you could only select skincare product and one make-up item that you couldn't live without what would they be?
Lily James on the importance of making a feminist period drama and getting to wear Cate Blanchett's trousers
Girl power.
Oh gosh, I can't choose one (laughs)! Okay, the skincare would definitely be Beauty Balm Flash, I like the Clarins one, I also like the Charlotte Tilbury one. And then make-up, I'd take a mascara.
What is the best piece of beauty advice you've ever been given?
Ooh, that's good. Keep everything fresh and young. Nothing too heavy.
If you're going for a night-time look, what feature do you like to play up most?
I love putting on a red lip. I don't do it so much for events, somehow I don't seem to get it right, but when I just go to the pub or to a restaurant or something, I just put a red lip on. [I love that] you can wear the same outfit and then you're suddenly [ready for the evening].
Are Lily James and Matt Smith engaged? Actress steps out with a HUGE diamond ring on BAFTAs red carpet
Are congrats in order?
What is your favourite colour of nail polish?
Probably a dark, blacky colour, like a dark purple - plum.
And dark colours make your nails look bigger.
Yeah, and nude is harder to do yourself, you can't see all the streaks.
Do you ever sleep with your make-up on?
Prepare to be obsessed with the Baby Driver soundtrack
Are you ready for the movie soundtrack of the summer?
Never! Ever, ever. I don't even wear that much make-up, but I like the feeling of my skin breathing.
Are there any make-up trends that you think really need to die out?
Although I kind of love the fake tanning, I remember when I was at boarding school, there were some girls, and when they turned their trackie bottoms over, you'd just see orange all over it, and their crop tops, the white tops, you'd just see orange tinge. I want to play that character though. Also because I had very thin eyebrows, I don't like them, I've liked getting thicker.
Has anyone ever done your make-up for an event or premiere and you've just looked in the mirror and gone, "Oh my God, I hate it"?
It's usually my own fault when that happens. [For example I went to] Italy and they tend to put heavier make-up on there, when I'm getting it, I'm like "yeah, get it on" (laughs) but then I realise in hindsight it's maybe too much. But that's what I think make-up artists always say, that it's good to keep it bright and fresh and focus on either the eye or the lip.
Cinderella is released on 3 April
Lizzo has a message for the people commenting on her body and her decision to detox
'I'm beautiful and I'm still fat.'
Skinundated with baffling beauty jargon, ingredients and claims? Decode your product labels with our glow-ssary
Beauty terminology has reached peak confusing.
From skinimalism to digital drugs, these are the major beauty and wellness trends that will dominate 2021
From digital drugs to homegirl beauty.


text:
Home >> U.K. Parliamentary Papers
U.K. Parliamentary Papers
Database Permalink: http://lib.fsu.edu/get/hcpp
U.K. Parliamentary Papers are vital to the historical record of Britain, its former colonies, and the wider world. The records are among the richest and most detailed primary sources for history of the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. The collection currently includes:
Bills and Acts 1695-1900 ("House of Commons drafts of legislation, to be reviewed through various parliamentary stages.")
Command Papers 1833-1900 ("House of Commons government papers conveying information or decisions the Government wishes to draw to attention of the House, presented 'by Command of Her Majesty'.")
House of Commons Papers 1715-1900 ("Documents resulting from the work of the House of Commons.")
House of Commons Hansard, 1803-2005 (Transcription of debates)
House of Lords Hansard, 1803-2005 (Transcription of debates)
http://parlipapers.proquest.com/parlipapers/search/advanced/hcppadvanced
hcpp
History, International Affairs, Law, Political Science
Government Publications, Historical / Primary Sources


The Laurens Henry Cohn, Sr. Memorial Plant Arboretum is a beautifully landscaped 16-acre tract of heavily wooded land used for the preservation and study of native plants and flora from other areas. It's the perfect place to relax and unwind. The Arboretum features more than 300 species of native and adaptable trees and shrubs, a fruit orchard, butterfly garden and bamboo collection.
The property that became the Cohn Arboretum previously served as the family's home. It was originally acquired by the Cohns from Maggie's father in 1924 shortly after her marriage to Laurens.
Laurens Henry Cohn, Sr., a World War I veteran and former LSU tiger, was a devoted lover of nature and had a passion for cultivating both native and exotic plants. The land for the arboretum was donated to BREC in 1965 Maggie deBretton Cohn with the purpose of honoring her husband Laurens Henry Cohn Sr. after his death in 1965. The arboretum was converted into the sanctuary for plants and animals, and opened to the public in 1980. The original Cohn home still stands on the site as a museum.
The arboretum is a great place for anyone with an interest in plants and nature or just an appreciation of the tranquility and beauty the arboretum provides.
The arboretum also offers excellent bird watching viewpoints as well as painting and drawing opportunities.
The arboretum offers guided tours and presentations by request (limited to groups with a maximum of 14 people).
Professional photography is permitted at the arboretum under the Professional Photography Guidelines. Commercial use of this space requires obtaining a permit from the arboretum management. For questions concerning this, please contact them at 225-775-1006 or info@brec.org.


We are thrilled to announce that New England Music Camp has chosen Stage Music Center, to hold an informational Open House and Live Auditions! Join us to meet NEMC faculty and staff, current camp families, and alumni. Live auditions for program acceptance and performance awards will be held during this event!
For more information or to schedule audition please contact Bethany! Auditions will begin at 12pm.


Locksmith Moorpark will come to you any time anywhere in our service area.
Locksmith Moorpark is one of the very few honest locksmiths still around, and we take great pride in this. Some other locksmiths will quote you a price and then when the job is done come up with reasons to charge you more. We don't EVER allow our technicians to do this. We service everywhere in LA County and some of Ventura County as well. Locksmith Moorpark makes is always ready to handle any Locksmith Moorpark emergency you may have. We are fully mobile and our professional technicians can provide service to your House, Apartment, Vehicle, or place of business we are there for you any day any time. We will respond to your location any where in the Los Angeles County, California, with every tool and part needed to perform the job with top quality and finish the job quickly.
Locked out In Moorpark? Lost car keys in Moorpark? Automotive Locksmith Moorpark will safely and quickly pick the lock or make a new key for your vehicle, we even do boats!. We can also make extra car keys for you so you have a spare in case it happens again.


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When Gore says he wants to ban "soft money" what he's really trying to do is divert attention from his role in the biggest fund-raising scandal in history.
By David Horowitz
Published March 14, 2000 5:00PM (EST)
Much of the news about Vice President Al Gore these days has the pungent odor of chickens coming home to roost:
Maria Hsia, agent of the Chinese dictatorship, "a friend and political supporter" to Gore, is convicted on five felony counts for breaking U.S. election laws, including illegally raising funds from foreign nationals to put in Gore's campaign pocket at the infamous Buddhist Temple event.
Charlie Trie, gangster, Chinese agent and old President Clinton crony from Arkansas, is convicted of having raised hundreds of thousands of illegal dollars for the DNC from friends with ties to the Indonesian military and Chinese intelligence. (Chief fund-raiser for the DNC in these transactions was John Huang, personal fund-raiser for Clinton, Chinese intelligence asset and agent for the Riady empire -- a billion-dollar Chinese syndicate with ties to Chinese military and intelligence agencies.) Trie is also the genius who came up with the idea to use the Buddhist Temple as a front for Chinese money headed for the Clinton-Gore campaign coffers.
Testimony is heard from White House employees about a possible case of obstruction of justice wherein 100,000 e-mails about funny campaign finance practices were withheld from investigators.
A memo is leaked from former Justice Department official Charles La Bella, establishing that Attorney General Janet Reno refused the pleas of her senior advisors and the head of the FBI to appoint independent counsels to investigate possible criminal activities of the Clintons and Gore in connection with the China campaign-finance scandal.
And, most chilling of all, China threatens war over Taiwan, and threatens Taiwan's protector, the United States. Here is the way the Chinese Liberation Army Daily described its government's threat: "China ... is a country that has certain abilities of launching strategic counter-attack and the capacity of launching a long-distance strike."
That's just the front-page news of the past two weeks. Is there a connection between these stories? You bet. The biggest cover-up in American political history is, in fact, designed to conceal the connection between the biggest fund-raising scandal and the biggest national security disaster in American political history.
Without the active help of the Clinton-Gore administration, and its reversal of established security policies protecting nuclear secrets and sensitive military technologies, the Chinese today would not be able to issue a credible threat against Taiwan and the United States.
That's because without the catastrophic transfer of nuclear, missile, satellite and computer technologies that has occurred during the Clinton-Gore administration, the United States would have been able to forestall any Chinese attack on Taiwan by threatening China with large-scale destruction. American military officials previously were secure in the knowledge that China could not retaliate in kind. But now, thanks to the activities of Clinton, Gore and probably Hsia, Huang and Trie, China can retaliate.
In seven years of Clinton-Gore rule, therefore, the United States has gone from being an invulnerable superpower to a nation that no longer has a shield against Chinese nuclear missile attacks. This is a direct consequence of (1) the violation of U.S. security laws by Clinton-Gore campaign funders like the Loral Corporation, which provided key restricted satellite and missile technologies to China; (2) the removal of security controls and the lax attitude towards security by Clinton-Gore cabinet members like Hazel O'Leary; and (3) the Clinton-Gore team's systematic removal of security controls on commercial transfers, particularly for supercomputers, essential for the Chinese to develop their nuclear and missile technologies.
Were these policy changes the price Clinton-Gore paid for the illegal monies they received? We can't say this with certainty, since the Clinton-Gore machine and its surrogates have successfully obstructed every effort to investigate these matters by the Justice Department and by congressional committees. More than 100 witnesses have taken the Fifth Amendment or fled the country with the explicit or tacit support of the Clinton-Gore Administration. In some cases, we now know, the Clinton-Gore White House has intimidated other witnesses into not cooperating with duly authorized investigations.
There was yet another related item in the news last week. It was Gore's announcement that he is going to make campaign-finance reform a focus of his presidential run. In a pre-emptive move, he also acknowledged that his collusion in the Buddhist Temple scam to funnel illegal Chinese money into his electoral pocket was a "mistake." Actually it was a crime, as Hsia's five felony convictions indicate. Gore says he wants to ban soft money, which is still perfectly legal and an expression of free-speech rights. Even if one thinks soft money is a problem, it is a fly in the ointment compared to the abuses of which Gore is accused.
Why does Gore suddenly want to talk about perfectly legal soft money that American citizens give to the party of their choice? Maybe because he doesn't want to talk about the Chinese money and what it bought.
David Horowitz is a conservative writer and activist.
MORE FROM David Horowitz
Al Gore Bill Clinton Campaign Finance Democratic Party


text:
Carson's to close in Southlake Mall, Hammond and Michigan City
contributed urgent
From the Recap: A look at businesses that closed in Northwest Indiana in 2018 series
Carson's at Southlake Mall.
John J. Watkins, The Times
Carson's will close its department stores in Southlake Mall in Hobart, the Marquette Mall in Michigan City and in Hammond, where the three-story store is all that remains of the once-thriving but now largely demolished Woodmar Mall.
The retailer, previously known as Carson Pirie Scott, had been a popular shopping destination in Northwest Indiana since at least 1954, when it opened in Woodmar at Indianapolis Boulevard and 165th Street in South Hammond.
Parent company The Bon Ton Stores, which operates about 260 department stores across the country, filed for bankruptcy in February and sold its assets to liquidators during a bankruptcy court-supervised auction Tuesday.
Second Lien Note Holders, Great American Group LLC and Tiger Capital Group look to wind down the retailer and liquidate all its inventory. Judge Mary Walrath previously rejected a due diligence payment to mall operators that had wanted to keep the department store chain open as a going concern.
Now more than 20,000 people will lose their jobs, including hundreds in Northwest Indiana.
"While we are disappointed by this outcome and tried very hard to identify bidders interested in operating the business as a going concern, we are committed to working constructively with the winning bidder to ensure an orderly wind-down of operations that minimizes the impact of this development on our associates, customers, vendors and the communities we serve," Bon Ton Stores Inc. President and Chief Executive Officer Bill Tracy said. "We are incredibly grateful to all of our associates for their dedicated service to Bon-Ton and to our millions of loyal customers who we have had the pleasure to serve as their hometown store for more than 160 years."
The Bon Ton Stores already filed Workers Adjustment and Retraining Act, or WARN, Notices in Indiana and other states that let it shut down its stores and lay off all its employees within 60 days. Carson's employs 137 workers at Southlake and fewer at its stores in Hammond and Michigan City.
The troubled retailer closed the Carson's department store at River Oaks Center in Calumet City several years ago, and shuttered the replacement Carson's Clearance Outlet in Lansing last year.
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More in Recap: A look at businesses that closed in Northwest Indiana in 2018 (19 of 24)
Toys 'R' Us, Babies 'R' Us stores to close in Northwest Indiana
LaPorte County News
Contracts approved for Michigan City courthouse
LaPORTE — Contracts have been approved for renovation and expansion of the historic courthouse in Michigan City.
Region Riot Criterium races back to Hammond
Ladies and gentlemen, start your peddling May 12 when European-style closed-circuit bike racing returns to Hammond.
River Oaks Theaters being demolished
The last reel of film played more than a decade ago, but now it's really curtains for the River Oaks Theaters in Calumet City.
Hammond Carson's building may be demolished to make way for redevelopment
The Carson's department store chain, a staple of Region life for decades, is winding down in bankruptcy court and will shutter all locations i…
Safe manufacturer to create 28 jobs in former Hammond book warehouse
A safe manufacturer plans to open a fulfillment and call center at a former book warehouse in Hammond, where it will hire 28 workers.
All Region Carson's to close forever on Wednesday
After more than six decades, Region residents will no longer be able to head to Carson's, formerly Carson Pirie Scott, to buy gifts for Christ…
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Sears to close the last anchor store left at Michigan City's Marquette Mall
Many thought it was only a matter of time, but now it's officially the end of an era in Michigan City.
Recap: A look at businesses that closed in Northwest Indiana in 2018
Some have been called 2017 the "retailpocalypse" because of the stunning number of brick-and-mortar stores that have been closing across the country.
River Oaks mall adopts teen supervision policy on weekend evenings
River Oaks Center in Calumet City is implementing a youth chaperone policy on weekend evenings.
Mass layoffs way down in Indiana so far this year
The number of mass layoffs in Indiana has shrunk so far in 2019 to fewer than a fifth of what it was at the same point last year.
Mass layoffs surge across Indiana in May
Mass layoffs surged across Indiana in May after months and months in which such bloodletting was rare in the Hoosier state.
Malls' futures marked down: Carson's liquidation, proposed outlet shops compound problems throughout Region, U.S.
Carson's — a popular shopping destination in Northwest Indiana since at least the 1950s — plans to shutter all its remaining stores in the nex…
Bid to save Carson's from liquidation faces setback
Creditors of Carson's parent company The Bon-Ton Stores are looking to buy and liquidate the regional department store chain, which employs 20…
Buyer potentially could save Carson's at Southlake Mall
An investor group has stepped forward and sent Carson's parent company The Bon-Ton Stores a letter it intends to buy it out of bankruptcy, a d…
Carson's department store to possibly close at Southlake Mall if no deal reached
Carson's warned the state of Indiana it plans to close its department store in the Southlake Mall in Hobart, much to the chagrin of many Regio…
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More than 7,000 retail stores closed nationwide in 2017, as a sector many analysts say was already overbuilt adjusted to the growing popularit…
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Vacant Hammond Carson's being torn down to make way for redevelopment
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In his last few minutes of life, Alton Sterling seemed completely immobile. Two Baton Rouge, Louisiana, police officers had pinned him to the floor, flat on his back. But even as Sterling seemed completely unable to move, one of the police officers yelled, "He's got a gun!" Within seconds, an officer shot Sterling, who was still pinned to the ground by the police. Sterling died of multiple gunshot wounds, according to an autopsy.
After a bystander released video of the shooting, people quickly protested in the area and voiced their anger on social media.
Several people went to the convenience store where Sterling was shot, holding up "Black Lives Matter" and "hands up, don't shoot" signs, Maya Lau and Bryn Stole reported for the Advocate.
Sterling's death is the latest in a long string of police shootings leading to outrage, particularly from the Black Lives Matter and racial justice movements against racial disparities in the criminal justice system.
To many critics, it is just another example of an issue that quickly rose to the national spotlight after the police shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, in August 2014.


Rico Delgado Is unveiling a statue of himself in the town square. During the ceremony, he will pull the cover off of the statue, it sure would be a shame if something went wrong. During this story, you will disguise yourself as a band member and round up the rest of the gang to begin the opening ceremony for Delgado's big day.
Once you spawn at the bus stop, take a left down the road and head towards Martinez's house. Just before her house, you'll see a red brick building. Go left around the building and you'll see some steps that you need to go up.
There will be a guard walking along the balcony that you need to kill. Wait until he leans up against the ledge and looks down on the street. Sneak inside the building behind him and you will be able to kill him. Take his disguise and hide his body in that house. You will probably have to kill the guy that is already inside the house too.
Head back down the steps and straight across the street from you, you'll see a poster that you can investigate to start the story.
After that, walk over to Martinez's house and on the left side of the house, there will be a man working on a motorcycle. There should be a wrench next to him that you can pick up.
Now that you have the wrench, go back to where the poster was and take a left. Walk past the stage and you'll see some stairs on your right.
Go up the stairs and you'll see some guard on your right. Walk past them and go to the statue of Delgado. Loosen the screws on it using the wrench.
Head back down the steps and instead of taking a left back to the stage, go right towards the bar. Just before you go through the rocks that lead into the bar, you'll be able to take a left. You should see a man sitting on the ground against a generator.
Turn on the generator to wake him up. This is the first of three band members that you need to find.
After waking him up, face the water and take a left towards Martinez's house. Just before you arrive at her house, you'll see a blue building with a red door.
You'll need to go inside, so if you face the house, on the right side there is a fuse box. Turn off the fuses and go back to the door. Wait on the man inside to come outside and investigate the fuse box. Slip into the house before the door closes.
In the back of the house, there is a dead band member in the bed whose disguise you can take. This is the second band member that you need to find.
Go out of the bedroom door and take a left, then a right. Walk until you get to Martinez's house and then take another left. Keep walking until you see a green house on your right. Just past the house, you will be able to take a right, and then a left around the other house.
You will see a man passed out on the ground next to a faucet. Turn on the faucet to wake him up. This is the final band member that you need to find.
Head back to the town plaza where the statue is and blend in on stage as the drummer. Wait for the rest of the band to arrive and begin playing when you are prompted to do so.
Martinez will eventually take the stage to introduce Delgado. Wait on Delgado to arrive, and once he does, the Heart of Stone story will be complete.
Wait for Delgado to begin his speech, and when he unveils the statue it will fall on him and kill him. Hop off of the stage and you'll be able to walk away unnoticed.


[S14] Ancestral File (R) Scogings, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, (Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998).
[S7] Utah Death Certificates 1904 to 1950, State of Utah, Utah Department of Health, Bureau of Vital Statistics, (Death Certificate in Possession of Don Jaggi), Garfield County; Reel 122 (Reliability: 3).
[S16] Utah, Piute, Thompsonville - Cemetery, Davenport, Dortha B (Main Author), (Salt Lake City: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1998), Page 4, #13 (Reliability: 3).


text:
Houston police officer was part of mob that stormed the Capitol, HPD Chief Acevedo says
The unidentified officer is on administrative leave and will likely face federal charges, the police chief said.
Author: Michelle Homer
Updated: 12:50 PM EST January 14, 2021
HOUSTON — A Houston police officer could face federal charges after allegedly taking part in the U.S. Capitol riot, HPD Chief Art Acevedo said Wednesday.
The unidentified officer has been placed on administrative leave Wednesday and faces a disciplinary hearing with the chief on Friday.
"He has a date with me," Acevedo said. "There's a high probability this person will be charged with federal charges."
The chief said he received a tip Sunday that one of his officers stormed the Capitol.
After checking his Facebook page, Acevedo confirmed the officer attended the rally, which is his constitutional right.
But a joint investigation with the FBI later found the officer was part of the mob that stormed the Capitol.
HPD Chief Acevedo said there will be heavy police presence in Houston leading up to inauguration
Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton doesn't sign bi-partisan letter from 50 attorneys general condemning riot at US Capitol
Man wearing 'Camp Auschwitz' hoodie at US Capitol riot, others arrested in Hampton Roads area
"There's no excuse for criminal activity – especially from a police officer," Acevedo said. "I can't tell you the anger I feel at the thought of a police officer or other police officers thinking they get to go storm the Capitol; or any member of the military or members of the Secret Service."
The suspect is a patrol officer and 18-year veteran and it appears he traveled alone to Washington, D.C.
"As an American, when I saw the confederate flag in the Capitol -- in the rotunda -- that angered me. And the thought of off-duty police officers particpating in that, I can't tell you what that does to me."
MORE VIDEOS: Capitol riot coverage
PHOTOS: US Capitol stormed by pro-Trump mob
Police with guns drawn watch as protesters try to break into the House Chamber at the U.S. Capitol on Wednesday, Jan. 6, 2021, in Washington. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)
People shelter in the House gallery as protesters try to break into the House Chamber at the U.S. Capitol on Wednesday, Jan. 6, 2021, in Washington. (AP Photo/Andrew Harnik)
Trump supporters try to break through a police barrier, Wednesday, Jan. 6, 2021, at the Capitol in Washington. (AP Photo/Julio Cortez)
Supporters of President Donald Trump climb the west wall of the the U.S. Capitol on Wednesday, Jan. 6, 2021, in Washington. (AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana)
Trump supporters try to break through a police barrier, Wednesday, Jan. 6, 2021, at the Capitol in Washington. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)
A woman is helped up by police during a rally Wednesday, Jan. 6, 2021, at the Capitol in Washington. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)
AFP via Getty Images
TOPSHOT - A supporter of US President Donald Trump sits inside the office of US Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi as he protest inside the US Capitol in Washington, DC, January 6, 2021. - Demonstrators breeched security and entered the Capitol as Congress debated the a 2020 presidential election Electoral Vote Certification. (Photo by SAUL LOEB / AFP) (Photo by SAUL LOEB/AFP via Getty Images)
Trump supporters gesture to U.S. Capitol Police in the hallway outside of the Senate chamber at the Capitol in Washington, Wednesday, Jan. 6, 2021. (AP Photo/Manuel Balce Ceneta)
Lawmakers evacuate the floor as protesters try to break into the House Chamber at the U.S. Capitol on Wednesday, Jan. 6, 2021, in Washington. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)
Police keep a watch on demonstrators who tried to break through a police barrier, Wednesday, Jan. 6, 2021, at the Capitol in Washington. As Congress prepares to affirm President-elect Joe Biden's victory, thousands of people have gathered to show their support for President Donald Trump and his claims of election fraud.(AP Photo/John Minchillo)
Trump supporters gather outside the Capitol, Wednesday, Jan. 6, 2021, in Washington. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)
With the U.S. Capitol in the background, supporters of President Donald Trump hold flags as lights from police vehicles illuminate Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, Wednesday, Jan. 6, 2021. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster)
Authorities stand guard outside the U.S. Capitol after supporters of President Donald Trump gathered Wednesday, Jan. 6, 2021, in Washington. (AP Photo/Jacquelyn Martin)
Authorities remove protesters from the U.S. Capitol, Wednesday, Jan. 6, 2021, in Washington. (AP Photo/Jacquelyn Martin)
Police stand outside the Capitol after a day of rioting protesters, Wednesday, Jan. 6, 2021, at the Capitol in Washington. (AP Photo/Julio Cortez)
Supporters of President Donald Trump gather outside the U.S. Capitol, Wednesday, Jan. 6, 2021, in Washington. (AP Photo/Shafkat Anowar)
Supporters of President Donald Trump embrace while people gather on the stairs outside the U.S. Capitol, Wednesday, Jan. 6, 2021, in Washington. (AP Photo/Shafkat Anowar)
Supporters of President Donald Trump block police cars near the U.S. Capitol, Wednesday, Jan. 6, 2021, in Washington. AP Photo/Shafkat Anowar)
A screen shot from from Twitter shows side-by-side shots of the U.S. Capitol. One is from President Trump's inauguration on Jan. 20, 2017. The other is from a riot of Trump supporters on Jan. 6, 2021.
Rep. Andy Kim, D-N.J., cleans up debris and trash strewn across the floor in the early morning hours of Thursday, Jan. 7, 2021, after protesters stormed the Capitol in Washington, on Wednesday. (AP Photo/Andrew Harnik)
An ATF police officer cleans up debris and personal belongings strewn across the floor of the Rotunda in the early morning hours of Thursday, Jan. 7, 2021, after protesters stormed the Capitol in Washington, on Wednesday. (AP Photo/Andrew Harnik)
Rep. Andy Kim, D-N.J., cleans up debris and personal belongings strewn across the floor of the Rotunda in the early morning hours of Thursday, Jan. 7, 2021, after protesters stormed the Capitol in Washington, on Wednesday. (AP Photo/Andrew Harnik)
Sen. Tim Scott, R-S.C., stops to look at damage in the early morning hours of Thursday, Jan. 7, 2021, after protesters stormed the Capitol in Washington, on Wednesday. (AP Photo/Andrew Harnik)
A flag that reads "Treason" is visible on the ground in the early morning hours of Thursday, Jan. 7, 2021, after protesters stormed the Capitol in Washington, on Wednesday. (AP Photo/Andrew Harnik)
Rep. Andy Kim, D-N.J., helps ATF police officers clean up debris and personal belongings strewn across the floor of the Rotunda in the early morning hours of Thursday, Jan. 7, 2021, after protesters stormed the Capitol in Washington, on Wednesday. (AP Photo/Andrew Harnik)
The chief also said they are beefing up police presence citywide in advance of the inauguration but there are no known threats to the Houston area.
Earlier this week, an FBI bulletin warned all capital cities in the U.S. to be on the alert.
The National Guard is sending 15,000 troops to Washington, D.C. this week.
Trump impeached over Capitol riot, becoming first president impeached twice
Large gas leak, 'strong odor' causes evacuation at Katy shopping center


text:
Colonna est l'un des 22 rioni de Rome. Il est désigné dans la nomenclature administrative par le code R.III.

Historique
Son nom provient de la Colonne de Marc-Aurèle qui se trouve sur le Piazza Colonna.

Monuments
Églises
 Basilique Sant'Andrea delle Fratte
 Basilique San Silvestro in Capite
 Basilique San Lorenzo in Lucina
 Église Santa Maria in Aquiro
 Église Santa Maria Maddalena
 Église San Macuto
 Église Santi Bartolomeo e Alessandro dei Bergamaschi
 Église San Giuseppe a Capo le Case
 Église Santi Ildefonso e Tommaso da Villanova
 Église Santa Maria d'Itria
 Chapelle des Rois Mages
 Église della Santissima Trinità della Missione (déconsacrée)

Divers
 Collège des Bergamasques

Article connexe
 Subdivisions administratives de Rome

 00
Municipio Rome I

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Last month, we brought you the news of what appeared to be the first Xbox One X hard bundle (i.e. where the game is bundled in the console itself). Featuring Forza Motorsport 7 alongside Microsoft's flagship console, the bundle was unusual in that there was very little fanfare around the launch. The box was also unusual; while most hard bundles feature the game's artwork prominently, the Forza bundle had just a small circular logo detailing the game included.
However, it appears that both the quiet launch and the box style is here to stay for the One X. This morning, we bring you news of not one but two new One X bundles. As far as we're aware, these bundles come with just a console, a controller and the game; neither appears to be packaged with a subscription to Xbox Live or the new Game Pass service.
It's no great surprise that Sea of Thieves has received its own One X bundle. The title, developed by famed UK developer Rare, is one of the Xbox's major releases of 2018 and is, crucially, exclusive to the system. The game's graphics, which have received a good deal of praise, are also sure to benefit from the One X treatment.
This is much less expected. Far Cry 5 is set to be one of the year's big games, and is cross platform. However, it hasn't had any sort of Xbox One S bundle like Sea of Thieves has. In fact, before this bundle emerged, it wasn't even clear who (if anyone) had secured the marketing rights to the game that enabled them to create bundles like this.
Far Cry 5 is set in an expansive open world with enough going on to put the capabilities of the entry level systems to the test. The One X is a natural home for it, capable of showing off just what incredible detail has gone into designing the world.


text:
Joselyn Espinales (Pedro Carbo, Guayas, Ecuador, 10 de enero de 1999) es una futbolista ecuatoriana que juega como centrocampista y su actual equipo es el club Liga de Quito de la Superliga femenina de Ecuador.

Trayectoria

Unión Española
Se inició en el año 2015 en Unión Española, club en el cual fue campeona, en los años 2015 y 2016.

Alianza Petrolera
En el 2018 fichó por el club Alianza Petrolera de Colombia, gracias a que un grupo de empresarios la observó en el Torneo femenino de fútbol en los Juegos Bolivarianos de 2017 en el cual ella participó representando a la Selección ecuatoriana Sub-20 y se destacó como la mejor jugadora de aquel torneo, permaneció en dicho club por una temporada.

Club Deportivo El Nacional
En el 2019 fichó por el Club Deportivo El Nacional, en el año 2020 se coronó campeona de la Superliga Femenina con el cuadro criollo, y allí militó hasta la primera fase de la Superliga Femenina 2021.

Independiente del Valle
A finales del 2021, Josselyn llegó a préstamo a Independiente del Valle, para reforzar la plantilla que disputó los play offs de la Superliga Femenina.

Liga de Quito
Para el año 2022, ficho por el club Liga de Quito Femenino.

Selección nacional
Ha sido internacional con la Selección femenina de fútbol de Ecuador tanto en la categoría mayor como en juveniles.

Clubes

Actualizado al 10 de septiembre del 2021.

Palmarés

Títulos nacionales

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Perfil en la FEF

Futbolistas femeninas de Ecuador
Futbolistas de la selección femenina de fútbol de Ecuador
Futbolistas de la Unión Española (Ecuador)
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo El Nacional Femenino
Futbolistas de la Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito Femenino


Lillian was born on March 6, 1924 to March 6, 1924 to Mathew and Isabel Frago in Atwater, CA. She passed away peacefully on January 8, 2019.
After graduating from Atwater High School, she attended St. Joseph's School of Nursing in San Francisco. As a student nurse during WWII, she was recruited for the United States Cadet Nurse Corp. as a civilian and served until the end of the ward.
She married the love of her life, Albert in 1949. They raised three children on a dairy and cotton farm in Dos Palos, CA. Lillian continued to work as a nurse in Merced and Dos Palos Hospitals. She retired from the Dos Palos Hospital in 1986 after 44 years.
She and Al went on many wonderful trips over the years with their best friends, Joe and Emily Vincent. They traveled to Europe, Canada and extensively throughout the United States. As well as, many gambling trips to Lake Tahoe, Reno and Las Vegas.
Lilian was an avid sports fan. She spent many Friday nights rooting for the Dos Palos Broncos. She loved her San Francisco Giants and was a diehard fan during good and bad times. She attended many games.
Lillian was a devout catholic attending the Sacred Heart Church in Dos Palos. She was a lifetime member of the Young Ladies Institute (YLI).
Lillian was preceded in death by her husband, Al, her parents, her brothers Bill, Joe and Matt and her sisters, Mary and Belle.
She is survived by her son Rod Maumoynier and his wife Cindy, daughters, Janet Maumoynier and Diane Worrell, five grandchildren and eight great-grandchildren.
The family would like to thank the nuns and staff of New Bethany Residential Care and Skilled Nursing for taking such a good care of Lillian for the last 2 1/2 years. They would also like to thank the doctors, nurses and staff at Memorial Hospital Los Banos for their care and comfort.
In lieu of flowers, donations be made to New Bethany Skilled Nursing, 1441 Berkeley Dr., Los Banos, CA 93635.


text:
£3m retail redevelopment begins in Burnley
Work has begun on the redevelopment of Burnley's Charter Walk Shopping Centre. Contractors are on site and the new units will be ready from the Spring of 2014.
Charter Walk is enjoying huge success, with only 2% of the shops empty compared with the national average of 12.5% (National Retail Consortium April 2013).
This new investment of about £3m follows further expansion in 2012 when JD Sports increased its floorspace from 3,000 sq ft to 8,000 sq ft and fashion chain Next relocated to a much bigger unit, quadrupling its floorspace to around 20,000 sq ft, signing a 15-year lease.
The current scheme will concentrate on upgrading the Market Square area of the shopping centre. Once work is complete, fashion store River Island will double in size and other nationally-known retailers will move in. It's estimated around 50 new jobs will be created.
The redevelopment will focus on reconfiguring the eastern side of the Market Square which has seen WH Smith and Superdrug relocate in recent months to make way for the upgrade. The works will involve removing the outdated first floor walkways in their entirety, recladding the elevation and creating 3 new double height retail units suitable for modern retailer requirements.
Alex Wagstaff, a partner at Addington Capital LLP, said: "The new stores will be available from the Spring of 2014 and we are in advanced negotiations with national multiple retailers for the remaining units." Burnley council chief executive Steve Rumbelow added: "This is another vote of confidence in Burnley and shows businesses understand that this is a great place to invest. That's not a coincidence. These major fashion chains know that our two new university campuses, soon to be three when the University Technical College opens in September, mean that Burnley is getting younger".
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The health of your African Grey Parrot is obviously of paramount importance to everyone in the "flock". As owners, we must be in tune with our African Greys and aware of how they act on a day-to-day basis so we know when things aren't normal.
We should familiarise ourselves with information and guidelines on things to look for that show that African Greys is healthy and signs of a potential / possible illness in the African Greys. A first aid kit will also be helpful.
If there is any question, don't wait, contact the avian veterinarian. You should know your African Grey better than anyone and know what is normal for your own bird. Don't ever hesitate to call the avian veterinarian if in doubt.
African Grey Parrot should be taken to an avian veterinarian for a "well bird check-up" when we first bring them in, and every year for a routine check-up. This helps to ensure that not we not only have a healthy African Grey but your Grey is established with an avian veterinarian before you have an emergency. Your vet will already have a chart of your African Grey and thus will be more prepared to evaluate the situation.
Below is a list of vets and experts we consult with for the care of our African Greys and also during emergencies.
Brief Background: Bird & Exotic Animal Specialist (used to work for 28 years as a veterinarian for Zoo Negara and is a member of the Commonwealth Veterinary Association). He is currently retired He has seen all our birds and has been to our Tsem Ladrang Aviary for inspection. He has treated many types of exotic animals like elephants, tigers, monkeys and all sorts of exotic animals as well.
The powdered multivitamins & mineral supplement we are using for our birds are a special concoction from Dr. Vellayan.
NOTE: House call can be arranged and to call in advance to book him. His charges are RM150 per visit and you must pick him up and send him back.
Brief Background: Specialist in exotic birds and teaches in University Putra Malaysia. She has seen all our birds including Aki and recommended Dr. Vellayan to us. She is helpful. However, she is not available beyond the University's opening hours.
Brief Background: Has experience with birds. Because Dr. Wong travels between Mid Valley, and Ampang Pets Wonderland, it is recommended to call him in advance. He does post-mortem for all our dead birds and gives quick reports when necessary within 1 day. He is also the nearest to us.
Brief Background: When we first started the aviary back in Bandar Utama Ladrang, Bird Uncle (we nicknamed him) was the first bird supplier from whom we bought our Cockatoos, Drolkar and Dechog. He helped us tremendously in advising us on how to care for the birds and set up our first aviary. He has also helped to advised on taking care of Aki in the past. We consult him on our bird license renewal and opinions on new birds from time to time. He has also been to our current Tsem Ladrang Aviary to check on our birds.


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Home/News/Real Housewives of Orange County (RHOC): Meghan King Looks Back On Her 2-Month Marriage To US President Joe Biden's Nephew Cuffe Owens-'Learned Some Big Lessons From That Mistake'
Real Housewives of Orange County (RHOC): Meghan King Looks Back On Her 2-Month Marriage To US President Joe Biden's Nephew Cuffe Owens-'Learned Some Big Lessons From That Mistake'
Alley EinsteinJuly 15, 2022
Megan King looked back on her disastrous relationship with the President of the United States Joe Bidens Nephew Cuff Owens.
The Real Housewives of Orange County: Meghan King reflects on her two-month marriage to US President Joe Biden's nephew Cuffe Owens – 'learned some great lessons from that mistake'
The former star of 'The real housewives of Orange County' decided to tie the knot after only dating him for about 2 months. The news came as a shock, to say the least, so it came as no surprise that the couple split soon after, with the marriage annulled.
And now that the dust has settled, Meghan admitted it wasn't her happiest moment. In an interview on the Divorced Not Dead Podcast.She said: "We got into it. As I said before, I am a lover and I want everyone to be happy.
"I learned some important lessons from that mistake. I'm sure he did too." And it looks like things were doomed from the start for the following reasons. First of all, the short time clearly showed that they had not yet gotten to know each other sufficiently.
And by rushing into things, it quickly became clear that they had different priorities. Second, when it came to priorities, Meghan admitted she didn't want to get married again.
So the fact that she was walking down the aisle was a clear sign that she wasn't thinking straight. she added: "[I] never wanted to marry again, but it was important to him." However, things are looking a lot better for Meghan.
reports specify with whom she moved on Trevor Calhoun, who happens to be the CEO of Trusted Provider Network. Although it's still very early days, Meghan has managed to outpace Cuffe, which can only be a good thing.
Time will tell if Meghan settles down with Trevor in the future, but based on how bad her relationship with Cuffe ended up being, it certainly can't get any worse than that experience.
So there you have it folks. What did you think? Do let us know your thoughts in the comment section below. If you enjoyed this article, check out our other features on the Daily soap dish. Please also visit The over timer for all the latest exciting news about your favorite daytime TV.
https://dailysoapdish.com/2022/07/real-housewives-of-orange-county-rhoc-meghan-king-looks-back-on-her-2-month-marriage-to-us-president-joe-bidens-nephew-cuffe-owens-learned-some-big-lessons-from-that-mistake/ Real Housewives of Orange County (RHOC): Meghan King Looks Back On Her 2-Month Marriage To US President Joe Biden's Nephew Cuffe Owens-'Learned Some Big Lessons From That Mistake'
Deputies' pursuit of underage driver ends in fatality in L.A.
USSF president Parlow Cone Equal pay breakthrough lifts 'dark cloud' over U.S. soccer
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O.C. officials violated constitution in jail informant scandal, feds say
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Orange County bus service suspended Monday due to bus mechanic strike


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Digital Utilities
Tughlakabad, New Delhi, Delhi
Film Type Sulphur Burner
Hydrogen Sulphide Removal System
Electric Melting System for Sulphur
Biogas Analyzer
Automatic Sulphur Burner
Sulphur Burner
Sulfur Burner for Sugar Plant
Sulfur Burner for Fertilizer
Sulfur Burner for Pharmaceuticals
Biogas To Power
Low Pressure Steam Generators- Electrically Driven
FRP Diaphragmme Valve
Waste processing plant
Clients / Customers
Our Joint Ventures
Events & Participation
Established in the year 1997, we, Digital Utilities are counted as one of the leading manufacturers, exporters and suppliers of a wide range of industrial machines and plants. Incorporated by a group of professionals 13 years back in the era where everyone was still using outdated methods of sugar making, we ventured into the sugar industry by developing film type sulphur burner, under the leadership of the Sugar Technology Mission set up by the Govt. of India to promote technology in the sugar industry. Our range includes Sulphur Burners, FRP Pipes And Fittings, Power From Bio-Gas, Electric Melting Of Sulphur.
We introduced film type sulphur burner in 1998 that resulted in efficient burning of sulphur for manufacturing of sulphur dioxide needed for sulphitation, and thus helped in considerable savings to the mill owners. Soon, its advantages were realized and our film type sulphur burner became a big success in the Indian sugar industry. Due to this, we were awarded National Award for Outstanding Research and Development for the year 2002 by FICCI and DSIR. Over the years, our business has grown leaps & bounds and we command a market share of over 95% for film type sulphur burner in India. Further, we have established a huge network of marketing and after-sales service, which earned us a reliable reputation in the market. In a span of 8 years, we have supplied over 350 units of this equipment all over India and are exporting to our clients based in Uganda, Philippines, Ethiopia and China.
Led under the able guidance of our mentor Mr. Pawan Agarwal, we have carved a niche for ourselves in the national as well as international market. With his sharp business insight and rich acumen, our organization has acquired a large client base in Indian Subcontinent.
Company Factsheet
Additional Business
Pawan Agarwal
ISGEC
Bajaj Hindustan Limited, All over India
Balrampur Chini Mill, All over India
F-58, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase 1, New Delhi - 110 020,Delhi, India, New Delhi- 110 020, Delhi, India
Industrial Machines and Plants FOR Sugar and Allied industries
Total Number of Employees
51 to 100 People
Legal Status of Firm
Partnership Firm Registered under Indian Partnership Act 1932
Proprietor Name
Mr. Pawan Agarwal
2010-11 Rs. 10 - 25 Crore Approx.
Size of Premises
Location Photo 1
Team and Staff
No. of Research / QC Staff
No. of Semi-skilled Staff
Company USP
Primary Competitive Advantage
Good Financial Position & TQM
Large Product Line
Quality Measures / Testing Facilities
Statutory Profile
DGFT / IE Code
Tan No.
DELD0*****
ICICI BANK LTD
GST No.
07AAAFD5984G1ZC
Packaging/Payment and Shipment Details
Customized Packaging
Shipment Mode
By Cargo
We are counted as a distinguished manufacturer, supplier and exporter of a wide range of industrial machines and plants to the sugar and allied industries. Our range includes Film Type Sulphur Burner, Electric Melting Of Sulphur, FRP Pipes and valves, etc. This is achieved by biological scrubbing of H2S from the bio gas produced from bio-methenation of effluents from distillery waste, and effluents from many other industries such as food processing, effluent treatment plants etc. Entire range is designed in compliance with the international quality standards and manufactured using duly tested components that ensure durability and longer functional life.
To suit the specific requirements of our clients, we offer these machines and plants in various customized sizes and specifications.
Long functional life
Easy operations
Precision engineered
We have set up a state-of-the-art infrastructure unit to to offer our clients with a quality range of products and services. Our manufacturing facilities are located in a 2000 sq yards plot in Suroorpur Industrial Area, Faridabad.
The following facilities are available in this factory:
Mild steel / Carbon steel fabrication facility
Facility for pressure vessels and E-Boilers (E-Melt systems)- IBR
The facility for manufacturing and testing of CFRP products is located in an adjacent plot. All these facilities will help us in efficiently meeting the clients bulk requirements and attaining utmost client satisfaction.
We have a developed a strategic and a well established Quality Control System that enables us in manufacturing a quality range of our equipment. It follows norms and guidelines that are in compliance with the international standards.All our endeavors are focused at improving our industrial machines and plants as per the latest market trends.
We have the registration under Indian Boiler Regulation- IBR.
Some of the parameters on which we conduct tests are:
MOC, Welding Quality.
In order to manufacture products or undertake services that completely reduces the overall production expanses and to bring products at a cheaper market price, our organization entered into the joint ventures with renowned names. By acquiring technology from other sources that in-house design unit and then offering it to the sugar industry, our associates help us in meeting the clients' specific requirements.
Some of our joint ventures includes:-
JV with M/s Biogasclean, Denmark: In the year 2009, our organization entered in a technical collaboration with M/s Biogasclean of Denmark for designing, manufacturing and supplying of biological scrubbing of H2S from bio gas that results in emittance of "clean" bio gas, that can then be used in gas engines for generating (green) power. Introduced for the first time in India, this technology is of great help in generation of clean & green power from bio gas. In order to produce electricity from waste bio gas from fruit preservation industry in Uttrakhand, we are in a process of negotiating an order from Kirloskar Integrated Technology Ltd. Further, various distilleries, chemical and sugar industry and starch unit all over the world are now majorly using this product.
We are backed by the support of expert professionals who are well qualified and experienced in the domain of manufacturing industrial machines and plants. Our organization is planning to expand its turnover from 2007-08 till 2010-11, from Rs. 650 Lacs to Rs. 1000 Lacs in-spite of the downturn in the industry, we have emerged as professional entity. We have hired topmost professionals, who have immense expertise in the domain of sugar technologies, manufacturing, quality and accounting practices. This has enabled us in gaining trust and appreciation from clients.
Some of our highly competent professionals are mentioned below:
Pawan Agarwal: A first generation entrepreneur, Pawan Agarwal promoted Digital Utilities in 1996. He was instrumental in the development of the Film type Sulphur Burner in 1998 and its trials at a sugar mill in North India. A qualified professional, he has acquired an in depth knowledge of sugar technology by continual interaction with the sugar industry during the development of various equipment for them.
A.Krishna, Director (Technical): Technical and design support in the field of Chemical Engineering and Technology is provided to the company by Mr. A.Krishna, a Chemical Engineer with over 40 years experience in the Sugar and Chemicals industry.
A.K. Mathur, Chief Executive Officer: A Mechanical Engineering graduate from A.M.U. Aligarh, Cdr. A.K. Mathur has served in the Indian Navy for about 23 years, and subsequently in an engineering manufacturing company, for about 10 years in senior positions. After having worked as a Management consultant, he has been with Digital Utilities since early 2005 and guides its day to day operations.
Tony David, General Manager (Biogas Systems): Tony has over 20 years experience in the field of biogas and in design and manufacturing of biodigesters. He currently heads the Pune office of DU, and looks after the biogas-to-power business of the company.
Bablu Upadhyay, Sr. Manager (Biogas Systems): Bablu is a Post graduate in Environment Sciences, and hass over 15 years experience in the field of Effluent Treatment. He looks after the the biogas-to-power business of the company in the North India.
Chanchal Roy, Senior Manager (Marketing): One of the oldest hands at Digital Utilities, Chanchal has also been with the company since its very inception, and has been closely associated with the development of the Film type Sulphur Burner and E-Melt systems. An Electrical & Electronics engineer by profession, he looks after the marketing and customer support service activities in South India.
Indrajeet Bhattacharya, Senior Manager (Marketing): An old hand, IB (as he is popularly known) has been with Digital Utilities since its inception and has been very closely associated with the company's field activities. An electrical engineer by profession, he is looking after the marketing and customer support services activities in the North and Western India.
We are one of the leading manufacturers, exporters and suppliers of a wide range of industrial machines and plants.
This has been possible due to the following attributes:
Expert professionals
State-of-the-art infrastructure
High end research activities
Wide distribution network
Digital Utilities was awarded the "National Award for Outstanding Effort in R&D" in 2002 by Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce - FICCI & Deptt of Scientific & Industrial Research - DSIR (the Govt of India, Ministry of Science & Technology)-for the development of the Film type Sulphur Burner for the Sugar Industry.
Digital Utilities was awarded the National Award by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry and Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (Government of India) in 2002. This award was conferred in recognition of development of the Film type Sulphur Burner for the sugar industry developed under the aegis of the Sugar Technology Mission.
Various events are:
Event Name- Digital Utilities has commissioned first purely biological H2S scrubber in India.
Event Description- Digital Utilities has commissioned 2 purely biological H2S scrubbers. The 1st one is a 1.4 mw (650m3/hr) system in a distillery at NSL Sugars Koppa.
Event Name- Digital Utilities commissioned 2nd biological scrubber.
Event Description- DU successfully commissions its 2nd biological scrubber at an STP- at Perungudi- Chennai.
Event Name- Digital Utilities commissions systems for melting of Sulphur without steam in sugar factories.
Event Description- In a major breakthrough, DU has been able to avoid the use of 7kg steam in the boiling house in sugar factories. This has been achieved at Shivshakti, Krishna SSK,ICPL, Ponni, Bannari Amman, EID Parry group etc in South India and Balrampur,DSM-Dhampur etc in North India. As on date this system has been used by over 50 sugar mills in India.
Event Name- Digital Utilities bags its 7th Order for Biogas-to-Power project
Event Description- In a major breakthrough, Digital Utilities has been awarded a Turnkey project by Satia Industries, Punjab for setting up a 370KW power project by utilizing the biogas produced by their paper mill waste. DU has selected an MTU Gas engine of 370KW capacity and will be commissioning its 7th Biogas scrubbing system at Muktsar (Punjab) by December 2013.
Event Name - DU Sulphur Burner goes to USA.
Event Description- Digital Utilities has been awarded a turnkey project for setting up a complete plant for the manufacture of Sulphur chemicals by a company in Washington State (U.S.A). DU's famous Film type Sulphur Burner will be utilized in this plant to produce SO2 gs, which will be further processed to produce the desired chemicals in the plant. This plant is expected to be commissionedby February 2014.
National Awards for R&D efforts by ministry of science and technology Govt. of India
Emelt - Certificate
We are enjoying appreciation from clients ranging from small-scale companies to large companies spread across the globe. Due to our ethical business practices and transparent dealings, we have acquired a large client base. Our range of industrial plants and machines are the outcome of latest manufacturing techniques. Based on the relentless efforts of our experts, we have been able to carve a niche for ourselves in the sugar industry.
Some of our clients are based in the following countries:
Our major Indian Clients are:
North India:
Balrampur Group.
Bajaj Hindusthan Group.
Triveni Group.
DSCL Group.
Dalmia Group.
Mawana Group. Etc
South India:
Bannari Amman Group
Shakthi Sugars Group
Thitoo Arooran Group
EID Parry Group
Ugar ,Renuka etc
Maharashtra & Gujrat:
Shree Pandurang SSK
Shree Vitthalrao Shinde
Shree Vighnahar SSK
Shree Gurudatta
Shree Chalthan
Shree Khedut SSK-Bardoli
OEM's:
NHEC
Pawan Agarwal (Director)
F-58, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase 1
Tughlakabad, New Delhi- 110020, Delhi, India
©Digital Utilities. All Rights Reserved (Terms of Use)


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Хлебные раздачи в Древнем Риме — государственная политика обеспечения населения города Рима хлебом — как с помощью его продажи римским гражданам по сниженным ценам, так и путём бесплатных раздач. Данную политику регулировала совокупность древнеримских законов под условным названием  (фрументация) или  (букв. «хлебные законы»)

Смысл хлебных раздач менялся с течением времени. Если в эпоху республики раздачи воспринимались как реализация права каждого римского гражданина на государственное имущество, то в эпоху императоров они превратились в знак личной милости и зависимости народа от подачек императоров. С этим связано и резкое уменьшение числа получателей хлебных раздач, однако из-за боязни народных волнений они не были полностью отменены.

История распространения
Хотя имеются указания на раннее появление практики хлебных раздач в Риме (например, известен рассказ о раздававшем хлеб патроне римского плебса Сервии Туллии и богаче Спурии Мелии), первый хлебный закон о регулярных раздачах относится к деятельности народного трибуна Гая Семпрония Гракха и датируется 123 годом до н. э. По этому закону каждый римский гражданин мог ежемесячно получать некоторое количество зерна из государственных хранилищ по сравнительно низкой цене в 6⅓ ассов за каждый модий (8,7 литров), что составляло чуть больше половины рыночной цены в 12 ассов за 1 модий. По закону Гракха достоверно неизвестно ни возможное ограничение на объём покупаемого по сниженным ценам хлеба в одни руки ни круг лиц, имевших право на хлебные раздачи. В это время в Риме были построены крупные амбары, которые заполнялись зерном, купленным вскоре после сбора урожая по невысоким ценам. Марк Туллий Цицерон обвиняет Гая Гракха в том, что он опустошил казну раздачами, хотя он «на словах всегда был защитником казны». Цицерон также сохранил историю о том, что однажды Гракх заметил в толпе получателей дешёвого хлеба бывшего консула Луция Кальпурния Пизона Фруги, активно выступавшего против раздач; на вопрос о том, почему он изменил своё мнение и пришёл за хлебом, тот ответил: «Я вовсе не хочу, Гракх, чтобы ты делил моё добро между всеми; но раз уж ты за это взялся, то и я хочу получить мою долю».

Аппиан упоминает, что после гибели братьев Гракхов «уменьшились и раздачи». Около 101 года до н. э. Луций Аппулей Сатурнин, несмотря на предупреждения о том, что после Югуртинской войны и войны с кимврами и тевтонами казна не сможет вынести нагрузки, предложил новый хлебный закон. Хотя подробности закона неизвестны, считается, что он был принят и фактически восстановил действие хлебного закона Гая Гракха в полном объёме. Тит Ливий упоминает также о проведении десятью годами позднее хлебного закона Марком Ливием Друзом, подробности которого неизвестны.

Луций Корнелий Сулла после установления своей диктатуры в 82 году до н. э. отменил хлебные раздачи. После смерти Суллы в 78 году до н. э. поднявший мятеж и потерпевший затем поражение консул Марк Эмилий Лепид сделал восстановление хлебных раздач одним из центральных пунктов своей программы. В 73 году до н. э. законом Теренция-Кассия хлебные раздачи были восстановлены в полном объёме, а число получателей выросло до 40 тысяч человек, которые имели право покупать по 5 модиев пшеницы в месяц за 6⅓ асса. Гай Саллюстий Крисп сохранил относящуюся к 70-м годам речь народного трибуна Гая Лициния Макра к народу (считается, однако, что она не аутентична), в которой он требует борьбы за увеличение объёма хлебных раздач и сравнивает 5 модиев — норму того времени — с тюремным пайком. В 62 году до н. э. Марк Порций Катон Утический снижает цену на предоставляемый по законам хлеб, но его объём по-прежнему составляет 5 модиев. В 58 году до н. э. народный трибун Публий Клодий Пульхр отменил плату за хлеб для законных получателей.

Гай Юлий Цезарь сделал прежние раздачи от имени государства раздачами от своего имени, что впоследствии переняли императоры. При этом раздачи вместо права граждан стали носить характер милости, которую добрый правитель оказывает хорошим гражданам, попавшим в списки. Во время гражданских войн в Риме для получения бесплатного хлеба обосновалось много беженцев из провинции, поэтому Цезарь провёл тщательную проверку получателей раздач. После вычёркивания не имеющих гражданства Рима в 46 году до н. э. число получателей хлеба было снижено с 320 тысяч до 150 тысяч. Впервые появились списки людей на бронзовых досках, имеющих право на хлебные раздачи (incisi frumento publico). Одновременно Цезарь издал закон, что число получателей раздач не может быть увеличено, а образовавшиеся в результате смертей свободные места должны распределяться по результатам жеребьёвки.

Преемник Цезаря Октавиан Август после 44 года до н. э. увеличил число получателей до 250 тысяч человек, а в 5 году до н. э. вернул прежнюю цифру в 320 тысяч человек, но потом сократил число получателей раздач до 200 тысяч. Право на раздачи имели только римские граждане, которые проживали в Риме, но всё равно многим жителям Рима приходилось покупать хлеб на открытом рынке.

В эпоху Империи хлебные раздачи долгое время сохранялись в полном объёме. Известно, что в I—II веках н. э. около 200 тысяч человек получали бесплатный хлеб. Право на получение бесплатного хлеба имели все римские граждане мужского пола старше 10 лет кроме сенаторского и всаднического сословия, которые родились и постоянно проживали в Риме. Раздаваемых ежемесячно 5 модиев (около 33 кг) зерна хватало в лучшем случае на питание двух взрослых людей, поэтому хлебные раздачи обеспечивали продовольствием не больше 400 тысяч человек или 40 % от миллионного населения Рима. При числе получателей раздач в 320 тысяч с учётом членов их семейств бесплатным снабжением зерном было охвачено 600 тысяч человек.

Нерон вводит в число получателей бесплатного хлеба 40 тысяч преторианцев, но при этом оставляет неизменным общее число получателей в 200 тысяч человек. При Траяне в число получателей вводят воспитывающихся за счёт государства мальчиков, а при Антонинах и девочек. Позднее право на раздачи получили пожарные Рима после определённой выслуги лет и возможно городская полиция. Эпизодически бесплатный хлеб получали и другие группы населения, например государственные музыканты.

Изначально раздачи касались только зерна, однако с правления Септимия Севера стали раздавать масло, с правления Аврелиана свиное мясо, а само зерно заменили печёным хлебом.

Зависимость римского плебса от раздачи хлеба широко известна по крылатому выражению  — «хлеба и зрелищ».

Изначально действие хлебных законов распространялось только на Рим, но впоследствии фрументарные законы были скопированы и в Константинополе как новой столице империи. При переносе столицы император Константин для стимулирования строительства и иммиграции даровал право на бесплатные хлебные раздачи всем домовладельцам Константинополя.

Управление раздачами
Реализация фрументарных законов состояла из двух этапов: подготовительного (заготовка, перевозка и хранение хлеба под названием ) и основного (распределение и выдача хлеба). При этом долгое время за эти этапы отвечали разные должностные лица.

В эпоху республики хлебными раздачами заведовали то преторы, то эдилы. В трудные времена управление переходило на более высокие инстанции власти, например, прямое управление Помпеем действовало в 57 году до н. э. Во время правления императора Августа для управления хлебными раздачами дважды назначались  (экстраординарные quasi-магистраты) из сенаторов, но затем после голода 5-7 года полномочия были переданы специально назначенному . Данная должность считалась очень важной и уступала только префектуре Египта, города и претории. Изначально  не отвечал за непосредственную раздачу зерна, которая была в ведении особых  или . Неравномерность работы побудила императора Клавдия передать распределение зерна в ведение . При Траяне в качестве уступки сенату были восстановлены должности . При Септимии Севере раздача зерна снова перешла в ведение . После основания Константинополя и перенаправления туда всего хлеба Египта роль римского  резко падает, он попадает в подчинение к городскому префекту, а его внегородская деятельность переходит в ведение префекту претория. Одновременно вводятся независимые от римского префекта особые префекты Африки, Египта и Востока. В Константинополе раздачами ведал префект города вместо особого префекта, как в Риме.

Заготовка, транспортировка, хранение и распределение зерна требовала большого количества людей. Общее управление процессом осуществлял префект анноны (), в обязанности которого входил общий контроль за процессом ссыпки, сохранность зерна при хранении, а также контроль количества и качества зерна при выдаче. В его подчинении находились префекты по выдаче зерна, которые контролировали сам процесс распределения и выдачи. В подчинении префекта находилось отдельное ведомство, своя канцелярия, отдельная казна и многочисленный штат служащих: весовщики, смотрители хлебных складов, писцы и «бухгалтеры». Расходы на бесплатную раздачу зерна составляли пятую часть бюджета государства.

Зерно закупалось у частных лиц и местных провинциальных властей. Транспортировка зерна осуществлялась частными судовладельцами, но префект анноны назначал цены для перевозки и продажи хлеба.

В 58-45 годах до н. э. в Рим привозилось примерно 1,5 миллиона гектолитров зерна ежегодно. Из этого количества 40 миллионов модиев завозилось из Африки, а 20 миллионов из Египта. Снабжение Рима зерном часто оказывалось под угрозой из-за кораблекрушений: например Тацит пишет, что уже в гавани Остии в бурю утонуло 200 кораблей, а 100 кораблей сгорели при подъёме вверх по Тибру.

Способы раздачи
В эпоху республики раздачи совершались один раз в месяц, а место их проведения могло меняться. При Августе римляне стали получать раздачи у самих хлебных амбаров. При Клавдии раздача стала проходить ежедневно на Мицуевом портике, но в каждый день работало только одно отделение портика. Управление персоналом портика осуществляли заведующие отдельными бюро , которые заодно и вели списки . Когда к хлебу было добавлено масло раздачи были перенесены на огороженные трибуны у маслохранилищ и хлебопекарен.

Право человека на раздачи подтверждалось «хлебной тессерой», которая имела характер постоянного документа, а также контрольной маркой, которую было необходимо отдать за месячную порцию хлеба. Впервые контрольные марки () в виде бронзовой монеты ввёл Август в подражание Афинам. При Клавдии появились постоянные документы (), подтверждающие право на раздачи. Эти документы уже были собственностью граждан и могли быть проданы или завещаны. Контрольные марки при этом сохранились, но для экономии денег их стали делать из свинца. На поздних этапах хлеб стал раздаваться по постоянным документам, а не контрольным маркам. Эта система перешла и в Константинополь.

Примечания

Источники и литература

Источники

Литература

Общественное питание
Римские законы
Социальная политика
Экономика Древнего Рима
Хлеб


Durum Gastro is a tasty light sandwich. A versatile product that can be served in many different ways. Gastro is pre-sliced to make life easier for you. We bake with great care and wheat, durum and wholemeal flours to produce great flavor- Pre-sliced and easy to serve.