I've been rushing to consume the first season of Netflix's release of Marvel's Daredevil before someone comes along and spoils things for me. In part, this is a conceit. I've read quite a bit of the Daredevil plot-lines that seem to drive this production, so I have a pretty good idea what to expect. And I'm not here to discuss the looming plot beyond this first season of episodes, but rather to point out one of the main talking points about the show: Daredevil aka. Matt Murdock and his Catholicism. This post collects some of the writing that has emerged discussing the new series and its main character's religious identity.
Plenty has been said about Daredevil's Catholic history at Adherents.com where the religious affinities of comic book characters are explored in great detail. Their preference for genealogical details–the gritty line where serial plot holes and back stories are filled in by meticulous attention to decades of comic content–are extremely welcome. The new series, however, seems to assume that, on the whole, their viewers know next to nothing of Murdock or Daredevil.
If the character is a veritable blank slate, then what has been written by viewers now about Murdock's Catholicism?
Some writers have tried to link the TV series with its former incarnation as a feature film. There's this short piece over at the Christian TV and film review site, DecentFilms, for instance, that worries that the Netflix series, while a superior production to the 2003 Daredevil film starring Ben Affleck, hasn't clarified "the sacramental theology issue" the Murdock opens when he pre-emptively asks for forgiveness of sins he has yet to commit.
Other acute readings of the new series (rather than the comic book that were its inspiration) include the New Republic's (predictable) account of the show as a anti-gentrification hero. That this might go hand in hand with the Catholic ethnic communities embodied by the depiction of Hell's Kitchen is ignored in favor of other socio-economic angles. (For you academic-types, try John T. McGreevy's excellent Parish Boundaries.) Surely there is still much to be said of the way in which the ethnic community surrounding Daredevil is not represented by the other characters that immediately surround Murdock. Is his lawyer buddy Catholic? What about their secretary? What about the villains?
Salon pulls out the stops when writer Charles Moss declares that "Daredevil's Greatest Superpower is his Catholicism." The twist (as the inevitable click-bait and switch must have)? "It's also his greatest enemy." As Moss says, the Show "tries to reconcile the lawyer who defends the law with the Daredevil who breaks it. Murdock's brutal justice is more than his way of taking personal responsibility for the sins of others; it's his way of atoning for his own." Which sins are these, we might wonder. How many sins does the blind lawyer really have at this stage of the story?
If the debate is about whether Catholic viewers see Daredevil in Catholic ways, then the answer is a far more sympathetic yes. Though Catholic Vote identifies the inevitable weaknesses in production elements of the show's portrayal of Catholicism, the takeaway from their review is their appreciation that the series took the Church "seriously as a positive actor in a world, a voice of justice and conscience in a crime-ridden city and a light in a blind man's darkness." The CV seems to be taking whatever it can get. I wonder whether it shouldn't ask for more. Why haven't we seen the priest do more in the community? Is his only task to be the quiet, gentle conscience of the brutal justice Daredevil is handing out? Is his promise of redemption one Daredevil can take?
What do you say? Are you a Daredevil comic enthusiast who sees new religious layers to Murdock's character? Are you a Netflix series newbie who is being drawn into this world? What do you think of Marvel's Catholic superhero?
Promises to get back to blogging are easy to break. I've made them before only to find myself staring at months of silence. I'm not about to make another one now. This blog has been a home for many works-in-progress ideas. When I needed an outlet for exploration, this was an ideal forum. I struggled, as we all can, to maintain a steady volume of output. The ebb and flow of posts is essential for long-term readers. As a writer I am learning to be reliable, but it is a long process.
Part of the challenge–which I recently discussed with a colleague or two at the 2014 meeting of the American Academy of Religion in San Diego–is the paralysis that can come when writing a certain kind of blog post. I have preferred to write lengthier posts that do a bit of the initial free-writing on a topic I'd like to explore further (Demons in video games, for instance, or the viral qualities of cult formation seen in Twitch Plays Pokemon). This preference makes it much harder to be satisfied with your posts. When have I had my say on a topic that I'm just beginning to write about? Am I using my blog as an "open research notebook" for myself or should I consider my audience as I write?
For me the paralysis of writing often emerges when I fail to find a suitable way to balance the demands of audience and personal research notes. The first requires clarity and a willingness to explain context while avoiding jargon. The second makes more rapid progress while shutting out potential conversations. Rather than walk the line I have often chosen not to take a first step and my writing suffered.
Being out of the classroom (we knew we were moving mid-semester so I lost quite a bit of time when I could have been teaching) also diminished my desire to write. Speaking with folks on sabbatical reminded me how integral the conversations in the classroom have been to my own writing process. This blog has been most active when I have been working intensely with students who challenge me to present my ideas more succinctly and seek out points of reference for their frame of experience. Having begun teaching again this fall I feel my desire to write has been rejuvenated. I am also brimming with ideas, many of which are spurred by the work my students have done.
If this experiment has not been so lively lately, I am certainly to blame. But I have not been idle and I hope to be able to share the fruits of other orchards with visitors when they arrive. I still hope to transfer my digital life over to my self-hosted site; I still work on the details of my Spiritual Warfare Archive; I am moving forward in the development of multiple writing projects; and I have exciting partnerships with folks elsewhere on the web such as SacredAndSequential.org and SacredMatters. Perhaps I should shed more light on the shadowy development process, but, as many of us feel, it is often easier to *do* the things rather than discuss them. Self-reflection is a skill to be mastered just as much as blogging.
In the year 20, the village of Tinsel had a famine. Robust supplies of onions, potatoes, and berries dwindled to nothing. Hunger spread and in just a season or two, dozens of villagers perished from starvation. The impact was immediate–overall health improved among survivors while happiness plummeted. Then a labor crisis emerged as the villagers could no longer sustain themselves. Tinsel was soon abandoned as everyone perished. Welcome to Banished.
Banished is a city simulation game that has taken the Steam gaming community by force. At $20 the game's offers fans the kind of steep but rewarding challenge that recent a-list $60 titles such as SimCity failed to deliver upon. As NPR reporter Steve Mullis said, "Banished is like SimCity Without the City (but with Cholera)." Begin your village with a handful of people desperate for housing. Start a new game when your city has perished from fire, disease, labor crises, starvation, or simple mismanagement. In one game my blacksmith died and I failed to replace him quickly enough. Cue a tool shortage. Production plummeted; villagers died.
As a gamer, I must confess that Banished is both ridiculously enjoyable and terrifically frustrating. Even when your towns do succeed, there is a lack of end-game content to find new funny ways for them to fail. You can upgrade your houses from wood to stone, collect all the different produce seeds by trading, or push your population from 10 to over 1,000. These goals may take you dozens of hours, but at some point you'll find yourself weary of your town and ready to begin again.
As a scholar, I also think that Banishes is ridiculously enjoyable and terrifically frustrating. Religion plays two roles in Banished. First, the presence of a church creates a congregation whose formation increases the happiness and therefore the efficiency of your workers. Assigning the church a priest directly equates religious observance with the kind of obedience whose purpose is social control. The church's function is to manage sloppy, lazy peasants just enough so that they're sloppy, productive peasants. It's a minor but crucial shift for your game play, but it says little about the value of religion for the lives of Banished npcs.
Graveyards provide comfort and solace to grieving villagers. This increases the stability of their happiness, which again helps preserve production and render your population more efficient. But are they necessary?
No. Both graveyards and churches are ultimately only equal to the effectiveness of the brew of the gods. A brewery–distilling fruit or wheat into alcohol–actually provides several functional advantages to both churches and graveyards. Game-play-wise graveyards are semi-permanent structures. They increase productivity and require no specific laborers to operate, but the land they sit upon has now become useless to increase your population, food supplies, or anything else. The AI mechanics of npc character does direct villagers to visit and congregation in graveyards, particularly upon the passing of an elder, but otherwise the land is pretty useless. Churches are similar. They boost production, do require a worker, and don't offer much other benefit.
Brewers, on the other hand, are a way of consuming surplus food stocks and turning them into a tidy profit. The game's trading mechanic over-values alcohol as a trade commodity. Not only will it make your own population happy (a happiness at least equal to churches or graveyards) but you can trade alcohol for warm coats, new crop seeds, tools, or even food. The graveyard is only a reasonable choice if you haven't got extra convertible food, and there's literally no reason to use a church.
Game designers–and Banished is made by just one really devoted guy–often use religion as a means to preserve order, maintain productivity, or otherwise offer stability to city simulators. As I noted about Civilization 5, religion often emerges as an abstraction to cover game mechanics. Even when it does appear, the religious content itself is often abstracted.
In Banished, religion is assumed to be Christianity–and with churches operated by priests that's a safe bet–but there is also an underlying philosophy of death and dying that suggests the inextricable link between cultural memory of death and community health. Graveyards work because they offer relief for the grief that a villager's passing causes. The vacuum of labor a death causes in a small community could become a morass, but Banished argues that the grief can be offset by giving dying structure. Graveyard are stabilizers just as churches are. And yet if one turns to drink they may escape this cycle entirely.
It's always frustrating when video games get a hard wrap for being juvenile. After all, adults make them and adults play them. There's obviously a set of rewards to their creation and operation that exceed their form (just as for comic books.) At a party recently my spouse joked that I sit around playing video games. She was sincerely frivolous in her comment, but the other person quickly agreed that video games were so much nonsense. I steered the conversation elsewhere. I do play games, but more often I work on one computer while listening to video game let's plays in the background on another computer. Why? I simply don't have the time, money, or expertise to play every game that hits the market. I do recognize, however, that nearly all gaming content engages the basic cultural values in which it was produced. Some do so explicitly (Assassin's Creed, for instance), while others offer a commentary or critique on our own labor practices. Do you play Candy Crush all day? What kind of emotional rewards does that provide? Is there a way in which the addiction to gain another level might be analyzed religiously? Absolutely.
If you're intrigued you can follow along with a Let's Play or lay down $20 on Steam for a chance to find out what really happens when famine becomes a problem in your town. You don't have to have a graveyard, but maybe it'll make you and your villages feel better as you all starve to death because you expanded too quickly. Yup. It's just that kind of world.
A hearty hello to all! Expect regular posts again as I return to blogging form after travel, holidays, family visits, injury, sickness, distraction, non-blog-able work, tutoring, and, yes, a bit of procrastination. Today's post is a medley of thoughts, mostly inappropriate for a "content" post as I normally offer. Enjoy!
Is "independent scholar" a taboo designation?
I graduated in June. I'm self-employed part-time as a private tutor, but I'm also seeking at least a part-time academic appointment. Since I moved right in the middle of the academic year, it's been challenging to align my schedule with the hiring schedule of departments and schools nearby. At a recent conference I had to repeatedly explain what I meant by "independent scholar" to individuals I met. This is often an opportunity for interesting discussion, but there is a perception (given during conversations with pointed questions about my employment) that somehow I have failed or am a pariah. I don't want to sound chuffed, but why is it so hard to imagine someone who still conducts research may not have an academic affiliation? In this day and age of the perennially lousy job market, is it any surprise that some folks have to pay the bills in other ways but may still want to do the business that they were trained to do? If teaching and research is a vocation, as so many of us must think to spend so much money overcoming the barriers to entry, then why is it any surprise when we continue to attempt to research and teach without an alabaster academic appointment? The rise of the alt-academic should have quieted these discussions, but that hasn't happened yet.
There is little that is more rewarding than visible student progress.
One of my pupils is making leaps and bounds in his/her reading. Every session I can tell not just that confidence has been restored in the learning process, but that an enthusiasm and eagerness for progress has also emerged. Success has bred a hunger for more success. In the secondary school classroom–especially when teaching humanities subjects such as religious studies–this progress is often disguised. We plant seeds that may take time to grow. If we're not explicitly out to change the way our students view religion and religious topics, then we can at least expect their analyses and critical examinations to be much improved. Immediate recognition is less common. I've been following with glee the student blog posts from Mike Altman's "American Religion in America" course at Alabama. If you haven't had time to read them, you're missing out. This is the kind of a-ha work that religious studies should evoke in our students. Set that goal for yourself and find ways to make it apparent to both you and your students!
The guilt that arose when I didn't post was almost paralyzing. While I was productive in so many other ways, not posting here regularly in the last month or two made me feel less than up-to-snuff. I've tried various methods to ensure regular posting before (daily themes, weekly post quotas, binges of post-construction set to more evenly future auto-post). None of them seem to quite work for me. Part of the challenge is that I try to offer serious work in my content posts. That takes time. It's easy to get on with the work and not take a moment to share it in progress. It's also a legitimate concern that blogging detracts rather than adds to scholarly output. This post is nearly as long as an AAR proposal and that's just 1/10 or even less of the way to an article draft. Other times I find that the work I'm doing is hard to share. As I've dived into the back-end of the Omeka Spiritual Warfare Archive I'm creating, my ability to easily share what I'm doing (and have it be interesting) appears pretty limited. I'll see if I can't think my way past that and get on with the business of writing about religion!


Megan Brashear, CVT, VTS (ECC), demonstrates the proper technique for preparing an Insulin CRI for patient use.
Do you not cover your insulin CRI?
Nicole, we do not cover our insulin CRIs, but our ICU has no natural sunlight (which is the most dangerous for insulin breakdown) and we change out the CRI every 24 hours (which is usually the threshold for light sensitive drugs).
Hi, can you please tell me why you change the insulin CRI bag every 24 hours.
Kathleen, great question regarding changing of insulin CRI Bags after 24 hours. According to Plumbs Veterinary Drug Handbook, Eighth Edition, for immediate use, insulin products (except glargine) can be diluted with normal saline for injection, but the potency cannot be predicted after 24 hours. There is also concern because the antibacterial preservatives present in the insulin formulations may be lost if stored at room temperature (Trissel 2013). With this in mind, we have set the protocol that insulin CRIs expire 24 hours after the insulin has been added. As an interesting side note, our doctors actually formulate insulin CRIs with the goal of them lasting approximately 24 hours in most cases. The insulin "dose" we are calculating to put the CRI together is a unit/kg/day dose for the patient in question. I hope this answers your question, feel free to contact us if you have any other questions.
Would making a CRI with the same formula in a 60ml syringe be a good alternative to the 250ml bag os sodium chloride. We do no have access to this size anymore.
Hi Sinuhe. You can make a CRI in any size container (we are currently using 100ml Saline bags) but you do want to ensure that you make enough so that you are still able to run some through the line and allow the insulin to bind to the plastic. 60ml may not be large enough since you are using 50ml to bind the plastic. Great question.


The Andhra Pradesh Economic Development Board and MIGHT Technology Nurturing Sdn. Bhd (MTN) have signed a memorandum of understanding to collaborate on building the park.
There has been a 20-25% increase in applicants from IT and ecommerce companies, said Lohit Bhatia, business head, staffing solutions, IKYA Human Capital Solutions.
Reliability measures of electrical grid has risen to a new norm as it involves physical security and cybersecurity.
One 97 Communications is preparing to merge its wallet service with the payments bank. If you are a Paytm user, here's what you need to know.
Terming the digital payment infrastructure and service as rising industry, Union minister of electronics and information technology, Ravi Shankar Prasad said Haryana has lot of potential and possibilities for innovation in the field of digital payment, internet, artificial intelligence, digital education and cyber security.
On average, customers receive their packages in less than 10 minutes from the time of order. The company completed 77 autonomous drone deliveries to customer homes.
From supply-chain logistics to public transit, IoT solutions are being used to better business in many ways. By connecting shipping vehicles with sensors to monitor temperature, cos can help ensure goods, especially food, arrive in a safe condition.
These smart bins have an LED screen that generates an access code whenever someone throws something in it. In exchange, the person gets access to free WiFi for 15 minutes.
Optical spectral imaging offers a versatile way of sensing various objects and analysing material properties.
The Centre had fixed December 31 deadline for all electronic payments under NREGA to transition to an Aadhaar-based and authenticated payment system.


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The Good Catholic Life Boston's daily Catholic radio program
Program #0036 for Thursday, April 28, 2011: The Culture of Death and the Beatification of Pope John Paul II
Listen to the show:
Subscribe for free in iTunes
Today's host(s): Scot Landry and Susan Abbott
Today's guest(s): Fr. Roger Landry, executive editor of The Anchor, the official newspaper of the Fall River diocese; and Gregory Tracy, managing editor of The Pilot, the official newspaper of the Boston archdiocese
The Pilot
Today's topics: An offensive state-funded website; pro-euthanasia billboard; local and worldwide reaction to Pope John Paul's beatification
A summary of today's show: Scot and Susan discuss the news of the week with Gregory Tracy and Fr. Roger Landry, including an offensive, state-funded website telling teens abortion is no big deal; a new billboard in Boston advertising euthanasia; and local and worldwide reaction to the beatification of Pope John Paul II, including our hosts' and guests' personal recollections of the Pope.
1st segment: Scot catches up with Susan. She said her parish this week confirmed 70 teens and 2 adults, giving the whole parish a spiritual high. Bishop Allue celebrated the confirmation. Scot recalls that in 1979, Susan's pastor Msgr. Helmick was in charge of the papal visit of Pope John Paul II to Boston along with Fr. James McCune. Scot has been going through the archives of the archdiocese, looking for photos of the papal visit.
2nd segment: Scot and Susan welcome Gregory Tracy and Fr. Roger Landry to the show. On Wednesday, April 20, there was a story in the Boston Herald profiling a website called "Maria Talks" and then a column the next by Michael Graham about the site. The Pilot this week has a story on legislators who want to pull state-funding from the site. The site is partly funded by the state of Massachusetts and run by the AIDS Action Committee and is aimed to be sex education of teens. It includes graphic content on sexual activity and downplays the reality of abortion, saying it's easier than it sounds and that it's not a big deal. It also describes in great detail how to avoid telling parents about an abortion.
Susan said that as a mother and a grandmother she is outraged. Massachusetts Citizens for Life sounded the alarm on this site. She recalls that while you may need parental permission to have ears pierced, there is state-funded information on how to get an abortion without parents. Susan said the information they provide is itself factually flawed.
Scot said there is a bipartisan group of lawmakers asking Gov. Deval Patrick to take down the website. Fr. Landry said that while people are always telling pro-lifers not to force their morality on them, here they are forcing their immorality on us. Mis- and partial information is being peddled to young people. It's another sign for us to awaken from our slumber, They aren't just trying to force this immorality on our young people and they're trying to make us pay the bill for it. He hopes that we'll keep our vigilance up because this is just scratching the surface of the larger effort to advance the anti-life cause.
NARAL Pro-Choice America calls the site "terrific". Gregory said this is abortion distortion: The normal rules of life somehow don't seem to apply when abortion is involved. Children can't bring aspirin to school, but they can get abortions without parental involvement.
MariaTalks.com Warning: Graphic Content
"Legislators look to pull state funding from controversial website" (The Pilot, 4/29/11)
"Site: No stigma in abortion" (Boston Herald, 4/20/11)
"Mass. lawmakers say sex ed website 'disgusting'" (Boston Globe/AP, 4/26/11)
"Defunding solves a problem like Maria", Michael Graham (Boston Herald, 4/21/11)
Another local story is a Boston billboard outside the Callahan tunnel in East Boston advertising euthanasia. The billboard is paid for by the Final Exit Network. Kris Mineau of the Mass. Family Institute said that the group is looking for low-hanging fruit to drum up support for a pro-suicide bill. Fr. Landry said that when people get to the stage of suffering when they start to think they just want to die, that's when people need more help to live, not a message that they should die. They should be told that they still have much to offer, dying with real dignity. Fr. Tad Pacholczyk of National Catholic Bioethic Center said: "All of us will ourselves invariably die, with 100 percent certainty. Acknowledging the impending arrival of death, and seeking to pass from this life at home surrounded by loved ones can be a great grace."
Susan said you often hear people claim that there needs to be a quality of life, but that's the beginning of the slippery slope, if history teaches us anything. Also, she said, the last days of Pope John Paul II taught us much about suffering with dignity, teaching us to live with suffering and to die with dignity.
"Boston billboard promotes euthanasia" (The Pilot, 4/22/11)
3rd segment: Fr. Landry wrote an editorial in this week's Anchor on exactly why John Paul is being beatified. He framed it in terms of a conversation the pope had in 1995 with George Weigel as Weigel was about to write a biography of the pope. He said the only way to understand him was to understand him as first and foremost a follower of Jesus Christ, that all the fruit he had borne as pope came from the source. A beatification is not an exaltation of a papacy, but an acknowledgement that John Paul lived as a virtuous disciple and that God worked a miracle through the intercession of the pope to show that John Paul can be a model we can follow to grow in the Christian life.
Scot said George Weigel writes this week about the beatification and says he worries that we will lose sight of the Pope as a man. When a saint is made, he becomes removed from everyday life and untouchable, an ideal that we can't imagine being. But we are all called to holiness and sanctification. John Paul lived in a radical way, leaning on Christ for strength and guidance, and we're all capable of living this way.
Fr. Landry said the Holy Father clarified the standard by which we are to live our lives. John Paul had encountered an attitude in the world that people approach life as a pass-fail course, where we just hope to just get by and into heaven through purgatory. Instead we should strive to get that A+ and doing all the best. The odds that someone striving to get an A will instead fail is much less than someone who sets his sights low and just hopes to get by. God wouldn't call us to anything unless He was willing to give us all that we need to achieve it. John Paul said we need to take prayer seriously, we need to take Mass as the source and summit of existence, we need to be cleansed through confession, to listen to the Word of God and let it take on our flesh, to share the gift of the Word with others, and we need to reach out for God's grace that is extended to us. This is the lesson he preached and lived in his example.
Fr. Roger Landry's editorial in The Anchor on the beatification (to be posted later)
George Weigel, "Remembering Pope John Paul II" (The Pilot, 4/29/11)
"George Weigel slams critics of John Paul II's fast track to sainthood" (Catholic News Agency, 4/25/11)
4th segment: Both The Anchor and The Pilot have testimonies from local people on the life of Pope John Paul. Many people talk about meeting the Holy Father in Rome, sometimes encountering him in his private chapel for Mass. Fr. Roger had the privilege five times. He was always struck by the intensity of his prayer, how focused he was on Jesus when all other eyes were on him. He was a living sign that Jesus Christ is alive. The same Jesus who called Peter from fishing boat called Karol Wojtyla from his home in Wadowice, Poland. Fr. Landry had the experience of preaching the Gospel of Matthew 16:18 as he stood facing Pope John Paul in a private Mass from just four feet away.
On his first trip to the United States, Pope John Paul came to Boston in 1979. Susan was a member of the papal choir at the Mass. The choir was directed by then-Fr. Strahan, who composed some settings for the Mass. On the day of the Mass, it poured rain and her red robes stained her clothes underneath. In The Pilot this week, former Boston mayor and former US Ambassador Ray Flynn to the Vatican first met John paul in 1969 when he was Cardinal Wojtyla. Flynn said the result of that meeting was a changing in his outlook on life and a desire to help the poorest and the voiceless. He said that in 1979, when he was a city councilman, he and his wife helped with people who were handicapped attending the papal Mass in the rain on Boston Common.
The Pilot talked briefly with Cardinal Sean before he went to Rome for the beatification. He said, "His ministry has a huge impact on the Church and the world. He was always warm and gracious. He was interested in people and energized particularly by young people."
"Local Catholics reflect on Pope John Paul's legacy" (The Pilot, 4/29/11)
Both CatholicTV and EWTN will have extensive coverage, including the Vigil Mass on Saturday night at 8pm and then on Sunday morning. They will also have many other features on the life of Pope John Paul II. On Monday, the first memorial Mass using the prayers for John Paul led by the Vatican Secretariat of State, Cardinal Bertone.
On Saturday, April 30, at 8 pm, CatholicTV will air a special vigil from the Circus Maximus in Rome. Join pilgrims from around the world and see a video message from Pope Benedict XVI during this broadcast on the eve of the beatification.
On Monday, May 2 at noon & 8 p.m., CatholicTV will broadcast a special Mass of Thanksgiving for Blessed John Paul from Saint Peter's Square. This Mass will presided over by the Cardinal Secretary of State Tarcisio Bertone.
The beatification Mass will air live at 2:30 a.m. Eastern time and will be re-broadcast at noon. Scot said anyone who plans to get up at 1am to watch the royal wedding tomorrow better get up early on Sunday for the beatification Mass.
5th segment: The beatification will occur on Divine Mercy Sunday. He died six years ago on the eve of Divine Mercy Sunday. The Divine Mercy devotion was very important to him. When John Paul was in the clandestine seminary in Krakow during World War II, he worked a day job in a chemical factory. That was located across the street from the convent where St. Faustina received the messages of Divine Mercy from Jesus. As a young priest he also had a great dedication to hearing confessions, reportedly hearing each confession for up to an hour. He always said that in confession the whole Church is present for that one penitent sinner. When he was a young archbishop, he promoted the cause in the face of criticism. And as Pope he wrote an encyclical on Divine Mercy and then made St. Faustina the first saint canonized in the new millennium. At that Mass he declared the first Sunday after Easter will be known as the feast of Divine Mercy.
Fr. Roger told a story of being in St. Peter's Square on that day and being approached by a young man asking to hear his confession. More and more people lined up to the impromptu confessions and Fr. Roger heard confessions for more than 2 hours. From that time on, he has had a great devotion to the Divine Mercy.
Abbott, beatification, Divine Mercy, euthanasia, frrogerlandry, George Weigel, Landry, Pope John Paul II, sex education, tracy, website
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Error in Module Loader I am very new in SugarCRM. I created a module from:
ADMIN -> Developer Tools -> module builder

And created a package, auto downloaded the zip which contains manifiest.php and went to module loader and uploaded this and while installing it which through following:
Progress = 29% STOP!!!

click in link "Display Log"

**Message:** Installing Images

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Failed to copy cache/upgrades/temp/191D.tmp/icons custom/themes

How can I fix this error?
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    'author' => 'Admin',
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


GRUNDFOS ALPHA1 is a complete range of circulator pumps with integrated differential-pressure control enabling adjustment of pump performance to the actual system requirement.The pumps are energy-optimised and comply with the requirements of the EuP directive EuP 2015. Installing an ALPHA1 pump will reduce power consumption considerably, lower noise from thermostatic valves and similar fittings and improve the control of the system.
ALPHA2 is the best pump to withstand the tough conditions in a heating system, and with four newly added features, it just got even tougher: Robust start-up,Summer mode,Magnetite resistance,Dry-running protection.


Learn routines from Metta's new musical In The Willows, choreographed by Rhimes LeCointe (Zoo Nation, Boudicea). Led by one of the country's leading hip hop dance teachers Sheila Attah (Bird Gang) this is a dance class for everyone - beginners welcome! Also includes the opportunity to be a part of the community chorus, and perform with the cast on the Belgrade stage!
Please wear loose fitting clothing and bring water.
Please tick this box if you are between the ages of 18 and 25.
Please use this space to inform us of any access needs.


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by Judy Skatssoon December 1, 2020 December 2, 2020
Posted inResearch
Study finds missing link in HCP services
Older women could be helped to live at home for longer if small 'handyman' tasks were included in the suite of services offered under home care package program, a researcher says.
New research from Bolton Clarke, recently published in the journal Ageing and Society, investigated the factors preventing women from accessing the support that could help them remain independent.
The Melbourne-based study, the first of its kind, is part of the Older Women Living Alone project.
Marissa Dickins
More thirty per cent of Australian women live alone, yet their experience of growing older is poorly researched, says Bolton Clarke research fellow and Monash University adjunct lecturer Marissa Dickins.
"There are specific issues that face older women … that are less apparent for older men," she told Community Care Review.
Her study surveyed 37 women aged 55 and over from across Melbourne between May and August in 2017.
It concludes that barriers and enablers to assessing service, as well as their intersections with gender and living situations, need to be considered in service design and re-design.
Financial challenges
Financial challenges resulting from lack of super and retirement savings, lack of information, and difficulties navigating a complex and largely digitised system were among the main barriers to emerge from the research.
We usually think about the big things, like cleaning and nutrition and gardening, but finding a way to plug the gaps for small services will be a way to assist women to have confidence they can stay at home for longer.
But it also found that the failure of the current home care system to provide simple tasks is also acting as a barrier to independence.
Dr Dickins said it was often the small things that led to respondents' concerns about their ability to live at home, even if they were managing all the other aspects of living at home well.
"It's definitely one of the gaps that we identified," Dr Dickins said.
"A lot of the women said 'I just need someone to come over and change that light bulb that's blown, I need someone to come in and help me bring down the drapes so I can clean them, I need someone to change the battery in the fire alarm when it goes flat'.
"One of the suggestions that came out of our co-design was to have a handyman type person who could come in do all these little jobs."
Women in the survey also spoke about a lack of knowledge being a major barrier to accessing services, Dr Dickins said.
"There was a lot of feeling by older women that they didn't know what they didn't know, and they didn't necessarily know where to go to figure out what they didn't know," she said.
Access the paper here.
This story first ran on Community Care Review.
Tagged: access to services, bolton clarke, home care, independent-living, living situations, marissa dickins, monash university, older women living alone, service design
Val Fell says:
Couldn't agree more. There are lots of little things that need to be done around a house that a woman can no longer do by herself. I know as I am in my nineties and live alone. Someone to wash the windows / clean the fly screens/ sweep up the leaves after heavy winds/etc.
Shalla Thomas says:
There are a lot of small maintenance jobs we carry out for our elders and this does make a difference to remain living at home, we are a Commonwealth Home Support Program, Home Modification and Maintenance Service, and Home Care Package Providers do utilise our services often for both modification and maintenance.


HomeAll postsNewsletterWe have a winner of our BEE TRAIL competition!
We have a winner of our BEE TRAIL competition!
Today in our Achievement Assembly, we learnt who had been our successful winner of our 'BEE TRAIL' competition over the Summer Holidays. We set the target of finding as many bees as possible with your family and finding as many of the Bees across the city and there was one clear winner!
With two children in different year groups across the school the Ali family managed to have their photographs taken with almost every single bee! They traveled all over the city and collected many images from Manchester City Football Stadium all the way into South Manchester's, Wythenshawe Forum. You can see in their book of memories that the family made that they had so much fun spotting the bees. For such a phenomenal effort, their could only really be one winner in our competition. To receive their award we invited the family into school and presented them with their prize and certificate for being our winners. We celebrated with them by looking through all of the images that they had collected on our visualiser, which allowed all children in the assembly to have a look at their fantastic images. The staff at St Agnes' CE would like to congratulate the family on their win and thank them for putting so much effort into the challenge we set. We think you're amazing!
Thank you everyone at St Agnes it was lovely to reperesent the book which took a lot of effort and time to build.


A chance to see your new smile prior to the begining of treatment.
We take photos and video-fixations of your smile from different angles and in different emotional states in a specially equipped photo-room to understand the specifics of your face.
After that our doctor determines the ideal form, color and type of restoration.
You have the possibility to look at several variants of your smile and see what we changed in which sections of your smile. You can express your desires as to the form, size and tone of your teeth.
Over time you will come to measure a test model of your new future smile. We check how comfortable it is for you.
We confirm the design of your smile and put together a treatment plan.
We create a digital design of your smile by the original concept of Dr. Kochman (the creator of DSD).
We achieve absolute precision at the stage of diagnostics thanks to a check-up under a Carl Zeiss microscope.
Upon design of your smile our doctor analyzes 19 facial parameters.
We create a 3D prototype of your smile with the help of a Seges scan and a superimposition with a photograph.
We present you with a professional photo-session in several images with the participation of a stylist.


text:
بدخولك إلى هذا الموقع، فأنت توافق على استخدام التكنولوجيات المتاحة، مثل ملفات تعريف الارتباط والتحليلات، لتكييف المضمون والإعلانات وتوفير الأدوات اللازمة لوسائل التواصل الاجتماعي. وسوف يُستخدم ذلك لتحليل حركة ارتياد الموقع الشبكي، مما يتيح لنا فهم ميول الزوار وتحسين الخدمات التي نقدمها. لمعرفة المزيد لمعرفة المزيد
رحبًا بكم في قاعدة بيانات القانون الدولي الإنساني العرفي المتوفرة باللغات:
قاعدة بيانات القانون الدولي الإنساني القانون الدولي الإنساني العرفي
الاقتباس
جميع قواعد بيانات القانون الدولي الإنساني
قاعدة بيانات القانون الدولي الإنساني
1.القواعد
2. الممارسة
بالإنجليزية
حسب القاعدة
حسب الفصل
حسب البلد
الممارسة المتعلقة
المادة 65
Section G
Section H
Section J
أعلى الصفحة
2. الممارسة\Section E
الهدف
1. القواعد
2. الممارسة(current)
حسب القاعدة
حسب الفصل
حسب البلد (current)
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burma
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Congo
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Côte d'Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Czechoslovakia
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
German Democratic Republic
Germany
Germany, Federal Republic of
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Haiti
Holy See
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Islamic Republic of Iran
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kampuchea
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Monaco
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Republic of Korea
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
San Marino
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Serbia and Montenegro
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syrian Arab Republic
Tajikistan
Thailand
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Ukraine
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
United Republic of Tanzania
United States of America (current)
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Viet Nam
Yemen
Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of
Zaire
Zambia
Zimbabwe
القاعدة 1
المادة 2
المادة 10
المادة 65 (current)
استخدام الأسلحة المحظورة
الأسلحة النووية
حظر أنواع معينة من الألغام الأرضية
المادة 100
Section A
Section B
Section C
Section D
Section F
Section G
Section H
Section I
Section J
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القاعدة ذات الصلة
Practice Relating to Rule 65. Perfidy
Section E. Simulation of an intention to negotiate under the white flag of truce
The US Field Manual (1956) states: "It is … an abuse of a flag of truce to carry out operations under the protection accorded by the enemy to it and those accompanying it."
United States, Field Manual 27-10, The Law of Land Warfare, US Department of the Army, 18 July 1956, as modified by Change No. 1, 15 July 1976, § 467.
The US Air Force Pamphlet (1976) states:
The white flag has traditionally indicated a desire to communicate with the enemy … It raises expectations that the particular struggle is at an end or close to an end since the only proper use of the flag of truce or white flag in international law is to communicate to the enemy a desire to negotiate. Thus, the use of a flag of truce or white flag in order to deceive or mislead the enemy, or for any other purpose other than to negotiate … has long been recognized as an act of treachery … [This] expresses the customary and conventional law in this area.
United States, Air Force Pamphlet 110-31, International Law – The Conduct of Armed Conflict and Air Operations, US Department of the Air Force, 1976, § 8-6(a)(2); see also § 8-3(a).
The Pamphlet also states: "In addition to the grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 1949, the following acts are representative of situations involving individual criminal responsibility: … treacherous request for … truce."
United States, Air Force Pamphlet 110-31, International Law – The Conduct of Armed Conflict and Air Operations, US Department of the Air Force, 1976, § 15-3(c)(3).
The US Naval Handbook (1995) provides that it is unlawful to use the flag of truce to gain a military advantage over the enemy. It adds: "Misuse of protective signs, signals and symbols … in order to injure, kill, or capture the enemy constitutes an act of perfidy."
United States, The Commander's Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations, NWP 1-14M/MCWP 5-2.1/COMDTPUB P5800.7, issued by the Department of the Navy, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and Headquarters, US Marine Corps, and Department of Transportation, US Coast Guard, October 1995 (formerly NWP 9 (Rev. A)/FMFM 1-10, October 1989), § 12.2.
The US Manual for Military Commissions (2007), Part IV, Crimes and Elements, includes in the list of crimes triable by military commissions:
IMPROPERLY USING A FLAG OF TRUCE.
a. Text. "Any person subject to this chapter who uses a flag of truce to feign an intention to negotiate, surrender, or otherwise suspend hostilities when there is no such intention shall be punished as a military commission under this chapter may direct."
b. Elements.
(1) The accused used a flag of truce;
(2) The accused made such use of the flag in order to feign an intention to negotiate, surrender, or otherwise suspend hostilities;
(3) The accused had no intention to negotiate, surrender, or otherwise suspend hostilities; and
(4) The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with armed conflict.
c. Maximum punishment. Confinement for 20 years.
United States, Manual for Military Commissions, published in implementation of the Military Commissions Act of 2006, 10 U.S.C. §§ 948a, et seq., 18 January 2007, Part IV, § 6(18), p. IV-14.
The US Naval Handbook (2007) states that "use of the white flag to gain a military advantage over the enemy is unlawful".
United States, The Commander's Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations, NWP 1-14M/MCWP 5-12.1/COMDTPUB P5800.7, issued by the Department of the Navy, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and Headquarters, US Marine Corps, and Department of Homeland Security, US Coast Guard, July 2007, § 12.2.
(2) The accused made such use of the flag in order to feign an intention to negotiate, surrender, or other wise suspend hostilities;
(4) The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with hostilities.
United States, Manual for Military Commissions, published in implementation of Chapter 47A of Title 10, United States Code, as amended by the Military Commissions Act of 2009, 10 U.S.C, §§ 948a, et seq., 27 April 2010, § 5(18), p. IV-15.
The manual also states: "One may commit an act of treachery or perfidy by, for example, feigning an intent to negotiate under a flag of truce or a surrender".
United States, Manual for Military Commissions, published in implementation of Chapter 47A of Title 10, United States Code, as amended by the Military Commissions Act of 2009, 10 U.S.C, §§ 948a, et seq., 27 April 2010, § 5(17)(c)(4), p. IV-15.
The US Military Commissions Act (2006), passed by Congress following the Supreme Court's decision in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld in 2006, amends Title 10 of the United States Code as follows:
Ҥ 950v. Crimes triable by military commissions
"(b) OFFENSES.—The following offenses shall be triable by military commission under this chapter at any time without limitation:
"(18) IMPROPERLY USING A FLAG OF TRUCE.—Any person subject to this chapter who uses a flag of truce to feign an intention to negotiate, surrender, or otherwise suspend hostilities when there is no such intention shall be punished as a military commission under this chapter may direct.
United States, Military Commissions Act, 2006, Public Law 109-366, Chapter 47A of Title 10 of the United States Code, 17 October 2006, p. 120 Stat. 2629, § 950v(b)(18).
The US Military Commissions Act (2009) amends Chapter 47A of Title 10 of the United States Code as follows:
Ҥ 950t. Crimes triable by military commission
"The following offenses shall be triable by military commission under this chapter at any time without limitation:
"(18) IMPROPERLY USING A FLAG OF TRUCE.—Any person subject to this chapter who uses a flag of truce to feign an intention to negotiate, … or otherwise suspend hostilities when there is no such intention shall be punished as a military commission under this chapter may direct.
United States, Military Commissions Act, 2009, § 950t(18).
In 1992, in its final report to Congress on the conduct of the Gulf War, the US Department of Defense stated: "Perfidious acts include the feigning of an intent … to negotiate under a flag of truce."
United States, Department of Defense, Final Report to Congress on the Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, 10 April 1992, Appendix O, The Role of the Law of War, ILM, Vol. 31, 1992, p. 632.
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My good friend the hash, and specifically those created by the SHA-1 hashing algorithm (or SHA-512) can be used to identify unique files. If you hash a file using a hash function, the hash you generate will not change unless the contents of that file changes. Why this is useful for file distribution is that it normalizes the identifier of the file. After all, all we really want is the contents of a file; it doesn't really matter what it is called. Of course, you could argue that the file extension is useful, if not important, in which case you'd be glad to know these are not lost in the endgame.
The skeptical will be thinking, how do you prevent hash collisions? Well I can't. By definition it's part of a good hash design that the chances of collisions are minimized and so far SHA-1 has lived up to expectations. In the event that SHA-1 is compromised, the system could very well accommodate any new hashing algorithm that becomes the standard, or multiple hashing algorithms simultaneously. Update: Another practical idea to reduce the chance of collisions even further is to concatenate two hashes generated by two different hashing algorithms.
Owning up to prior art however, the aforementioned idea is not new to the world of file distribution. Magnet links, as they are called, is a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) scheme which does exactly what I described. Most popularly used for peer-to-peer distribution networks and notably eDonkey, it creates an "URL" that is identified by a hash.
For example, "magnet:?xt=urn:fakehash:123ABC&dn=file.txt" describes a file whose hash using the "fakehash" hash function is "123ABC" and is suggested to be named "file.txt".
Now with a method of identifying unique files via hashes, the next step is to figure out how the file transfer transaction actually occurs. If I may say so myself, this is where the idea really shines and in true Web 2.0 mashup-spirit too.
To answer the question with a question if you will, "what are the best methods to transfer files today?" And the answer to that question is that there is no best way. Notably different types of networks (server-client, peer-to-peer) and their respective protocols (HTTP, FTP, BitTorrent, etc) are all unique, and each has a set of advantages and disadvantages that complement each other. Using these in synergy would maximize the speed and redundancy the infrastructure has to offer.
What this web service will do is abstract the resources on different networks. To put this into practice, let's assume you are after a particular movie trailer video file; you come across a website which includes a magnet link to a high-definition 1080p version of the trailer. In this magnet link is among other things, the hash of the file and a suggested filename.
Now, using a client which associated itself with the magnet link, the application will launch and then send the hash to the web service. The web service will return you a set of claimed resources with the original content. This could be on Apple's HTTP server as "http://apple.com/trailers/movie_trailer.mp4", on a movie trailer website as "http://trailer.com/movies/19428.mp4", on a FTP server as "ftp://files.com/the_fantastic_movie.mp4", and available on a specific BitTorrent tracker as "awesome-trailer.mp4".
A particular client may only support a small subset of the file transfer protocols available so the web service will only send back a list of resources that is applicable. Assuming this client supports HTTP and BitTorrent, it will now begin to download the segments of the file concurrently. How each client handles the actual data transfer is ultimately up to the application developer, allowing room for continued competition and innovation.
You might be asking, "how does the web service know where the resources for a hash are located?" It will ultimately be up to the users of this system – either manually or systematically – contribute to the resource "pool".
Luckily, it just happens one part of the Magnet URI specification allows you to append an "alternative" resource link. In practice, it would mean different sites would append different alternate resources, which clients then send to the web service over time, taking advantage of existing infrastructures.
For example, the Apple site might have the magnet link "magnet:?xt=urn:fakehash:123ABC&dn=file.txt&as=http://apple.com/trailers/movie_trailer.mp4". The movie trailer website might have "magnet:?xt=urn:fakehash:123ABC&dn=file.txt&as=http://trailer.com/movies/19428.mp4". The BitTorrent site might have "magnet:?xt=urn:fakehash:123ABC&dn=file.txt&as=http://torrentsite.com/t/cool_movie_trailer.torrent".
The pool will not be empty to begin with since one person must intend a file to be shared for it to exist in the web service database. Therefore it will have at least one resource location available. Over time the distribution becomes decentralized as more resources become available.
Of course as we all know, people can be evil little buggers. How do we trust that all resources in the pool are for the same hash? How do we ensure the resources have not tampered with? Also, it's a reality that resources can disappear without warning, so what happens if they no longer exist?. In all of these cases, we treat the resource as an improper resource.
So how do you validate the proper resource from improper ones? By hashes of course! Granted, if the resource is a big download like a high-definition video file, it wouldn't be the best user experience to find out a resource was improper after hashing the complete file. This is why we need to segment the files in order to avoid the situation.
The size of these segments will be calculated algorithmically so that it is consistent across the system. Assuming a 1GB file is divided into 10MB pieces, we then hash the individual 10MB piece. It turns out BitTorrent does this too, to ensure integrity at the block level. However to deliver one step beyond BitTorrent, we can use a hash tree to ensure that not only is there integrity at the block level and at the whole-file level, but that we also ensure integrity between these levels. That is to say, we can verify the individual block hashes do in fact add up to the root hash. Update: These block-level hashes will be stored in the web service database that can be pulled if or when a client requests them.
The paranoid ones will probably ask, what happens if a client mistakenly or with malicious-intent claim a resource is improper when it is proper, or vice versa? In response to this, I propose a karma-based system which ranks the "quality" of unique user's claims in a specific time period. Other clients who verify a claim in turn boosts the karma, and others who disagree with a claim will reduces karma of that user.
I haven't worked out the specifics of this but I welcome suggestions.
So that's pretty much it for the technical implementation, but as we all know, technicalities is not all that matters. To implement such a system, transition is critical. Getting users and most importantly entities which distribute files to switch to such a system could admittedly be considered impossible without some sort of a bridge.
But as previously mentioned, since magnet links have native support for "alternate" links, links which work without any new clients or infrastructure, means that there is always a fallback option. A current HTTP download client could continue to support just HTTP and the same for BitTorrent. At this level, the clients can take advantage of multiple resources on the same protocol, sort of mirroring-on-steroids. And when the clients are ready to support multiple protocols, then they can simply take advantage of the new resources returned by the web service.
To conclude, I want to preemptively answer a few burning questions some people might have.
What you're suggesting would require figuratively a "centralized" web service which can handle the file distribution requests of a potentially mindblowing number of clients at any one time. Where would you find the resources?
It is true that this system will only work at maximum potential when there is a centralized database of the resources, but centralized does not necessarily mean one server either. DNS is a server-client system which depends on a centralized database, and technologies like distributed databases and scalable web services hosted on Windows Azure make it possible.
Would this mean that the web service could potentially log (and trace) every download?
Short answer, no. The web service only coordinates requests of resources; intent to seek potential resources of a specified hash is not proof of data transfer. However, this won't stop individual resources such as those hosted on a HTTP server to log every request a client may subsequently make, or a BitTorrent tracker which records the peers of a file.
Are there any other applications for this beyond file downloads?
Yes. If you think about it, downloads does not necessarily have to be a user clicking a link in a browser, it is whenever a file is transferred between two clients on the Internet. Of course the benefit of this system is exponentially decreased the smaller the file is. However, as content becomes higher in quality, it is a trend that files will continue to be larger and harder to distribute faster and more reliably.
Will this prevent malicious files from being distributed?
Unfortunately, no. Because the system only knows hashes, it has no idea about the original contents of the hashed file. However, this is not to say a third party cannot identify hashes which are known to be of malicious files and flag them as such (which I propose in my hashDB project), but this is outside the scope of this system.
I'll consult the Twitter guys. Just kidding :). Well because such a system would benefit both parties of a distribution, distributors and users, I'm sure there is some cost benefit somewhere that one can tap into to fund the system.
Of course if you're an investor and are interested in helping me realize this, shoot me an email at [email protected].
Ultimately if you're looking for something, you no longer have to care what it's called, where it's hosted, if all the resources are available and safe, or even how the bits are transferred to you. You just get what the other party intended you to have.
Regarding trust, try using public/private keypairs *as the client names* which are randomly generated on first run for each client. Clients somehow sharing the same public keys would be ignored since matching public keys would indicate one or both clients were maliciously compromised. The odds of a legitimate conflict in matching keypairs is slim and ignoring victims of said occurence is negligible collateral for this kind of implementation.
Also, your solution to our earlier collision discussion isn't exactly adequate. In fact, it causes problems.
Switching to a new hash down the road just because of a few collisions adds all sorts of things of which you need to keep track now that you'd need to accomodate two hash-sets. Granted, it shouldn't technically be an issue if the hashes themselves are of a different length and configuration, but if they're syntactically similar while varying only in how the hash itself is generated, you could see a spike in collisions. Among other things, you'd need to determine which hash is of which kind, possibly maintain two separate databases (one for each hashtype)… it'll turn into a mess.
In hindsight, your best bet would be to append a unique identifier to the ends of hashes which have collided before spitting out the fresh link to the user, which is similar to how sql servers of modern day handle it. That should make collision handling a bit easier.
(apologies for triple-commenting) It's somewhat a lie to say that hashes shouldn't collide. The nature of hashes is that they will collide, but that said collisions are to be minimized whenever possible. Think about it logically and you'll see what I mean: you're representing a 2GB file with a 160bit value. Having collisions with different files is impossible when it's the full filesizes being compared, but when it's an ubersmall digest… yeah, collisions are rare, but they will eventually happen.
Your best approach might actually be to avoid hashes as the identifier altogether but to instead follow a unique ID generated incrementally the same way it's done for URLs on URL shorteners.
@Bryant: No it has to be a hash, otherwise the whole system doesn't work because it reintroduces identifiers.
A SHA-1 hash has 2^160 possibilities, which is 1.46E+48. That's at least a 1 followed by 48 zeroes.
Yes, I did the math, but the fact that private SQL servers have workarounds for collisions means you should too, especially since you're considering playing with fire.
Also, just because that's the number of possibilities doesn't mean that's the number it takes before a collision happens. That's the number it'll take before a collision has a probability of 1 (certain).
You're likely to run into collisions at much smaller amounts. Your system has a noticeable chance of colliding somewhere after 1 billion files have been hashed.
@Bryant: We could move to SHA-512 I guess, which is 2^512 or 1.34E+154. I think that's more than the number of atoms in the universe.
@Bryant: Alright I'll look into how SQL deals with collisions, thanks.
Sounds cool!!! Keep us posted! Are you going to make a community project of it?
I'm sorry, I meant Gnutella2, the one with more metadata.
@Fowl: Thanks for the heads up. I had a quick look at Gnutella (and Gnutella2) and correct me if I'm wrong, but this sounds like a closed-loop system. That is, it only identifies locations of resources within the "Gnutella network" – among its peers and some sort of Gnutella server?
If that is the case, then I really think that's why it didn't take off, since transitioning from one distribution method to another is more difficult.
From what I can tell you are talking about having a centralized database of file hashes. Fine. Could be useful, especially if servers register the fact they have that file for download.
You are then talking about building a protocol and client/server to orchestrate this somehow? And allow people to use many protocol you like to transfer the files. Okay. But this sounds like a lot of work – I am unsure about the problem you are trying to solve. Can you give a use-case or two?
Also surely the Universal Hash Database could not be guaranteed to identify every file in the world uniquely – there is surely some chance (not sure how big) that two files could end up with the same hash…?
@Jack Ukleja: As people have previously stated, there is a chance, a very small chance but a chance nonetheless, that two files may end up with the same hash. But perhaps in the interest of simplicity, let's assume that's not happening.
I'll illustrate what I'm proposing with an example. Say you want to download an ISO of Ubuntu 10 for x86 PCs. Most people might start at the Ubuntu website, but since its freely distributed, they might go to other sources such as a file mirror or even BitTorrent.
Fortunately with something like an Ubuntu ISO its filename is more consistent, but lets say each of these locations rename the file slightly differently, enough so that you can't guarantee the file is the same file. On the other hand, one of these resources might even be corrupt.
To be able to treat all possible resources as one, you must first normalize the file. To do this, we can use a hashing algorithm that generates a hash based on the contents of the file. If hashes match, it is the same file. Furthermore, block-level hashes can allow us to download segments of the same file from different resources, whilst each resources integrity can be assured.
Resources gets contributed to a central database which maintains a list of possible resources for a particular hash. It does not need to orchestrate the transaction between the resources and the client.
A fundamental factor of my idea that I believe helps in adoption is that it utilities existing protocols. Clients, which anyone could develop, will ultimately decide which protocols it can support and "orchestrate" how they work in synergy. This is very possible as many protocols support segment-based downloads.
So effectively, it's a protocol-independent, mirror URLs service, with built-in file integrity and trust measures. As long as I have a file hash, all I need to do is hit up your service and I'll get a list of URLs for various protocols which the client could use to obtain the file.
In terms of transition, I don't think it will be that hard, and will necessarily require content creators/distributors to participate. Because you're leveraging their existing distribution methods anyway (unless they have some evil scheme of unique URLs or security) what you really need is enough users for it to contribute links and verify integrity, in order to gain critical mass. BT never really had the blessing of content creators, yet has taking off enormously.
It's interesting to see this problem being tackled from the other angle – rather than trying to distribute file requests all coming via a single protocol and URL to different servers so that they are all served efficiently and with integrity, you're using the existing distributed nature of the net itself to download the file and check integrity.
I'm not completely convinced it is worth it though – most user 'mirrors' are via BT, and BT already has this in-built. Mirroring over protocols such as FTP and HTTP is out of reach for most people; those that do often have already gained the blessing of the originating server so trust exists already (e.g. linux distro mirror sites).
Maybe I'm not thinking far into the future enough – will we all be running web servers over our connections, like the Opera Unite vision?
I second Jack, a use case would clear things up.
The way of the web is decentralisation, so architecturally what you are suggesting raises lots of hurdles that would take more than a bridge but require applications to change their behaviour.
Collisions will occur much more frequently than you assume, after all it is the real world. Have you also considered computational performance, eg. SHA 512, and taking into account storage sub-system bottlenecks, etc – it may not be as light weight as you think.
Keep us posted, best of luck!
I am still unsure of the problem to be solved.
If its download speeds (as alluded by the talk about file segments) then I do not personally have problems in this area these days. I either use Bittorrent which often maxes my pipe, or locate it on my ISP's mirrors and get as as fast as my pipe will allow.
If its file location+integrity, then I can see the hash database being useful. Really all we are talking about is moving to a system where instead of using imprecise file names to identify resources we use the hashes. Makes sense and a lot of the value here can be derived without any client software being used – a website/service alone would be useful, assuming you could live without the multi-origin file segments. Even a 'movement' to standardize/register the hashes that vendors often already provide would be useful.
The REALLY difficult bit with an idea like this is how to get the ball rolling – its one of those things that needs critical mass to be useful (surely?). Until I can a) Find out a file's hash b) Find where that file is hosted c) download it smoothly and everything wrapped up in a nice UX (even if thats just logos and convention) its going to be a hard sell.
The second your hash system is broken (and it will be broken) you have to be able to move to a new hash system while supporting older versions of the software. Be aware of this while designing the protocol you have in mind for it.
Trust based systems with karma systems are somewhat easy to zerg, as the case that even the most diligent social bookmarking sites getting spam on their front page can attest. However, by building the reporting system into the client, you can have a client that has downloaded a file (which would be difficult as your system has redundancy for the smaller pieces) which is wrong (or pieces of the file) automatically delete the file that was incorrect after submitting the hash to the system along side the hash that should have been entered. Getting so many reports of a bad server (like three to five), especially from established users, might work.
On this note, you should also be building on reliability of a website. So a website like Microsoft.com would be more likely to be serving the right files over a website like somebadsite.com (which you might want to get back, some domain name parker is using the link from your post from yesteryear), so take reporting accordingly.
Another way to help would be to have a comments page about the reliability of a file, and vs separate services, something most bit torrent trackers do. But I think you'll find certain websites will naturally be used as mirrors more based on their reliability and fame.
@Jack Ukleja: Let's take BitTorrent and your ISP mirror for example. Both of these have unique set of advantages and disadvantages.
The advantage of BitTorrent is that it is decentralized, so as long as one peer on the P2P network has it, you'll have no problems getting it. The disadvantage of this is that when seeds are low, it can be very troublesome to download the file at a reasonable speed.
BitTorrent has recently tried to overcome this problem by adding in support for web seeding in the .torrent file, which takes HTTP resources to help with the initial file distribution. This in a way is partially what my idea also does, but do it across all protocols and is self-sustaining.
On the other hand HTTP distribution has a much more reliable speed, but does not handle high volumes well. In addition, because it is a server-client network, if the server no longer hosts the resource, it introduces difficulties for the client to locate alternate sources.
To get the ball rolling I think is very possible since by using magnet links (which I support), you can specify alternate sources. That way, it takes very little effort for applications to get started on this system, a HTTP downloader can stay just as a HTTP downloader but with magnet link support. The same goes for distributors too, it can be a magnet link alongside their existing HTTP download link or .torrent link. As the whole system gains more momentum, applications can then add support for more features.
Anyways, this download method would only really take off if you made it so chunks of files could be downloaded from multiple sources. Otherwise you are just linking different mirrors and methods much like distros and popular browsers do, then verifying the file like any end user could. The only major breakthrough I really see here is if you could take bits from different sources and then snap it together.
Additionally, if you want this to take off, you'll built it on top off other technologies, not beside them. The reason the World Wide Web took off is because it built off of the Internet, much like a front end.
@Yert: I think you might have overlooked some of the details since what you're describing are essential components to the idea already.
The idea of a universal hash database is really interesting.
If you need some help, or want to go further with this idea … contact me. It should be great to work on this project.
I'm a bit dubious about hash collisions. In my experience they happen quite often with real-world data. What you can do is to try to hash all files in your PC and record any collision.
@Dario Solera: Thanks for the feedback. Here's an idea. Maybe we can concatenate two hashes together, generated by two different hashing algorithms? That way we can still keep the algorithmic quality of the hashes which are critical to the system.
How does the client split up pieces of the file that it wants to download and assign it to different protocols? and how does all these protocols be able to provide you such granularity of downloading that particular piece of the file? You seem to have let out this part of the details from your explanation. Is it that simple that you need not explain, am i missing something obvious?
I believe part of my concern is already brought up by @Yert and I still didnot get your answer to his question.
@VasiS: That is ultimately up to the design of the client, but one particular implementation might just equally distribute the file blocks (who's size will be calculated algorithmically) across all available protocols.
Most protocols, and in this case both HTTP and BitTorrent, support transfers that doesn't have to start at the first bit of the file and end at the last bit of the file.
If you look at a HTTP download application which uses multiple threads, you'd notice it can request transfers begin and end at any position in the file.
The same is for BitTorrent. A standard BitTorrent client can and will download any part of the file, smallest of which defined by a block size specified in the .torrent file.
Different clients may approach this problem differently. Some may attempt to download the first segments using HTTP with more probability of a minimum transfer speed, and BitTorrent to start at the other end. Others may mix and match protocols depending on what they "sense" if the fastest approach.
BTW, Long, how is the "query" going to give you a result of all matches found for the given hash?
And how large do you think a query database this'll take? Seems like a good idea but it seems like it'll take a heavy hit on the server in case someone tries to overload it with queries. I'm imagining a list of "hash list peers" to make the querying faster (like RAID) and then limit the number of queries per MAC/IP per second.
Isn't this what happens in serverless p2p overlay networks like Kademila or even Bittorrent's DHT? The entire list of files participating in the network is indexed by their hashes. As long as you operate within the confines of the protocol, you get all the benefits you are trying to achieve.
As I understand it, you are trying to make the index resolution process work in a protocol agnostic way? That would be easy for protocols that already have a distributed hash table-based indexing built in (Kademilla and BitTorrent DHT amongst others) if you can get them to agree on the hashing algorithms used and then use the Magnet link to inform the client of the hashes which will then choose the protocol based on the protocol(s) it supports. As for HTTP and FTP, you need the resolution service. But having a single service (may be its load balanaced and all, but its still one URL) doesn't seem a robust idea. May be going the DHT way here would be a better idea. Open up the DHT spec and prod the server manufacturers to support the DHT network by automatically keeping it updated.
Someone could you know… implement this for free with no expectation of a return.
@Brandon: It's possible. DNS is a massive-scale internet service that is maintained without cost to most users.
@LongZheng Have you read any of the posts on http://blogs.msdn.com/p2p/ regarding DHT's and DRT's ? Much food for thought.
I feel I have to comment on the hash collision probability discussion.
In short? The people arguing that because a hash *can* happen, it is likely to happen, haven't worked out the probabilities.
And remember, all that's for a probability of a collision of 10^-18. So in particular, the statement that "Your system has a noticeable chance of colliding somewhere after 1 billion files have been hashed" is nonsense.
The reason SQL servers have workarounds for collisions is because, AIUI, they use the first 20 bytes of the hash, not the whole thing. In which case of course collisions are likely.
In short, don't waste your time looking at how SQL servers handle collisions, because if you use the whole hash, the probability of a collision happening in the lifetime of this universe is negligible.
Of course, all this is the probability of random collisions; if the hash is broken, then someone working algorithmically might be able to generate two documents with the same hash. This is an orthogonal issue from strength to random document generation (e.g. A CRC-type "hash" is trivially vulnerable to the former, though with the same strength against the latter). MD5 is broken. SHA-1 is *also* broken — though not yet to the extent that anyone has yet found *any* two things with the same hash. But nevertheless, it is broken, so I suggest using a newer one, such as SHA-256 or -512.
@Simon: Thanks for the insight about hashes.
Since you sound like you know quite a bit about hashing, do you know from experience how much performance difference there is between the SHA-1 hash function and SHA-512?
@Long Zheng I think looking into the Birthday Problem (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_problem) may help you understand the collision problem referenced by @Bryant. Also, this sounds similar to many of the Distributed File Systems (DFS) that exist. Even if they are not quite what you had in mind their architecture may give some additional insight into the challenges of this problem.
The size of these segments will be calculated algorithmically so that it is consistent across the system. Assuming a 1GB file is divided into 10MB pieces, we then hash the individual 10MB piece. It turns out BitTorrent does this too, to ensure integrity at the block level. However to deliver one step beyond BitTorrent, we can use a hash tree to ensure that not only is there integrity at the block level and at the whole-file level, but that we also ensure integrity between these levels. That is to say, we can verify the individual block hashes do in fact add up to the root hash.
Doesn't this imply that this system would need not one hash but 1 + (FileSize/BlockSize)? More actually if you wanted a tree of hashes. How would the block hashes get into the system? If you plan to put them all in the url you probably run afoul of most servers max url limit on larger files.
File hash, File size and type of hashing algorithm should suffice to identify a file. Though, at sizes below 1024 bytes, generating files that match a certain criteria becomes very easy. Furthermore, since file sharing systems already do this kind of thing, they never really took off because of their inconvenient usage. Just for illegal file sharing they end up as a 'last resort' because the decentralized file distribution cannot be easily blocked. Legal files are very rare in file sharing networks, because direct HTTP downloads are faster and more convenient in most cases.
Well, I suppose it doesn't matter anyway. A quick look over Simon's link re: the birthday attack cleared up a lot, so feel free to proceed with SHA-1 without covering for collisions if you want.
Something similar has been around for years,.
@jmurphy: Interesting John. I've never heard of Bitzi. It definitely shares a lot of similarities with what I've described, but I think one major difference is that Bitzi is very much centric in P2P, and at the individual protocol level. It doesn't seem to allow for the abstraction of networks and protocols.
Regarding the issue of resource trust, rather than a karma-based system I'd propose something a little different.
For each resource that a file hash request returns, you could look at how many users report a resource as improper out of the total populous that requested the resources for that file hash. If you have a rolling time frame of say an hour, you could check the report percentage and if it reaches a certain threshold you could flag the resource as having a higher possibility of being improper. If the resource's improper risk (for want of a better word), becomes too high in any 24 hour period then the resource can be removed.
Since a high proportion of the total users requesting a resource must consistently flag it as improper throughout the day, the chances of mistaken or malicious claims would be greatly diminished. If a distributed attempt was made to flag the resource as improper was made, the process would still be exploitable however.
@Pete Smith: Thanks for the suggestion. The idea of a ratio-based (how many users report out of total pool of users) system did cross my mind before, but I think it might be more susceptible to gaming since someone with malicious intent could try and flood the network with as many "users" as he could that makes false reports.
I don't know if this is applicable in the real environment, but it seems possible to overwhelm the ratio easily.
> how much performance difference there is between the SHA-1 hash function and SHA-512?
I don't have much actual experience with hash functions, I just like reading about them ;-). But a quick unscientific test on a (highly random) 7MB file gives ~75ms for SHA-1, ~115ms for SHA-256, and ~280ms for SHA-512.
Personally, I'd go for SHA-256: significantly increased security over SHA-1, without that much performance difference.
@Simon: Thanks for the imprompt test. There seems to be a direct relations between the SHA hash function "size" and the processing time. SHA-256 seems to be a good compromise.
@Long Zheng: Building on the scenario I suggested – If you restricted each user so they could only report a resource once every 24 hours, a distributed attack would be pretty hard to achieve. For the malicious user to succeed they would not only need enough unique users to exceed the hourly ratio, but also enough unique users to consistently exceed the hourly ratio for the full 24 hours. Given that in a real world scenario, a malicious user is only going to be interested in attacking a file that a lot of people wish to download, you'd need a very co-ordinated group of users or some kind of botnet to realise the attack.
From what I can see, any system that involves the user in being able to report a resource as improper is going to be exploitable by a large scale distributed attack.
I don't see turning a simple URL into a complicated URL with obscure, random alphanumerics contained there in as ever becoming a usefull public facing method of communication.
I just can't see it myself. That said, if you do decide to develop the idea further, you should include a file size with the hash. 2 files of the same size should generate different hashes, but once you start dealing with different size files, hash collision goes up dramatically – adding the size will help with that.
@Xepol: Thanks for the comment, but I believe you're assuming the user-experience is the technicalities at its bare, without any sort of user-friendliness. Although it is true I haven't presented any practical examples of an ideal user-experience with this system, but it doesn't mean one can't exist.
For example, RSS is a very ugly technology. At the heart of it is an XML document which is not "pretty" at all. Then if you think about, it's all come together with a simple icon and beautiful software we know as "feed readers".
I don't really see the point of this centralisation. In terms of releasing free software, Isn't it better just to sign the files (i.e. like commercial software)? That way the verification is not subject to man-in-the-middle attacks, there is no central point of failure, and less database maintainence/hardware is required. I can't imagine any use cases for this technology where there isn't some form of public/private key provisioning model that wouldn't do a better job.
@alirobe: This isn't a code-signing or security idea. It would appear you stopped reading after the first couple of paragraphs when I was just discussing hashes.
I didn't stop reading, I'm really at a loss as to what else this could achieve that couldn't be achieved better with some sort of file certification scheme. OSes already have code-signing built in for applications, so extending that functionality to file transfers would probably just require a little thought and standardization (e.g. for things like block level hashes). With integrated file-signing, file naming wouldn't be an issue, the service would be more reliable/open because of decentralization, it would be more secure because it relies on private/public key infrastructure, and you'd be providing authentication as well as file integrity.
@alirobe: I'm sorry you've come to that conclusion, but none of this is about file certification or file signing. Nothing in this system checks the contents of a file. Its purpose is to make distribution more flexible.
The functions you're referring to wraps around content, and ultimately modifies the file. What I'm proposing does not change files at all. In fact every file on the internet today can be utilised.
@long – Gotcha. I guess this is what happens when you read technical proposals at 3 AM! Especially after seeing hashDB.
The concept strikes me as the insertion of another point of failure for reasons of rather pointless pedantry – but I'm not a mass content provider, so perhaps I'm not someone who'd see the benefits from this.
I think this is a really cool idea. I'm a C# dev (mostly desktop app stuff) with several years of experience, email me if you need any help developing it.
@Long Zheng – Actually, I have used a number of RSS readers and feeds. I find the experience to be ugly on all levels from the RSS feed all the way to the readers. The only good user experience I have run across is DelphiFeeds, and many would argue that it is frequently awash with off topic posts.
I suspect that part of the reason it is such an mess starts all the way from the bottom – the RSS feed standard – the design reflects its way all the way up the chain.
Torrents do a great job of avoiding the end UI issues, but it would be the exception not the rule and there are a fair share of bad torrent UIs from the early days – in fact, the only thing that really saved it was how easy it was for third parties to enter the market and improve on it.
This is a really interesting idea. While it's not good to just create new protocols and such haphazardly, I think this is fundamentally different and useful enough to be worth pursuing. Are you familiar with the Git version management system? It uses the SHA hashes as the identifier for each revision. Instead of an arbitrary identifier (or filename in your case), the identifier is effectively intrinsic in the content. If someone wants to pull a specific revision, they just type enough of the identifier to make it unique within the given project. I think it'd be a good idea to look into how Git handles things.
Why on earth would I want to report where I obtained some illegal mp3/movie? So my sources can be easily traced and cut off sooner??
In other words, I see very little practical use for the concept of global hashes. I see much more use for hashing files on all decentralized (or quasi-decentralized) networks (bittorrent, emule, etc) a la Bitzi that was mentioned, for the purpose of finding clean (commented) illegal content easily.
Bitzi is a more powerful and practical idea than global hashing. If taken seriously, then you will know problems/tips about what you are downloading right as you are downloading it (if web servers start giving hashes out before full download), or just after you finished downloading (if you have to do the hashing yourself). In my example above, just after you finished downloading the file, you'll get a message from the devs telling you "file you just downloaded (who knows from where) is an old vers with known bugs. Trust this msg, it is digitally signed by us, the makers of the original file you've downloaded".


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Bank Family History
Bank Name Meaning
German, Dutch, and Jewish (Ashkenazic): from Middle High German or Middle Low German banc, or Yiddish bank 'bench', 'table', 'counter', in any of various senses, e.g. a metonymic occupational name for anyone whose work required a bench or counter, for example a butcher, baker, court official, or money changer. Danish and Swedish: topographic name from bank '(sand)bank' or a habitational name from a farm named with this word. Danish and Swedish: from bank 'noise', hence a nickname for a loud or noisy person. Compare Bang. Danish: habitational name from the German place name Bänkau. English: probably a variant of Banks. Americanized spelling of Polish Bak, literally 'horsefly'; perhaps a nickname for an irritating person. Hungarian (Bánk): from a pet form of the old secular personal name Bán.
Source: Dictionary of American Family Names ©2013, Oxford University Press
Similar surnames: Bang, Rank, Back, Banz, Band, Bann, Ban, Blank, Bark, Pan
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If you're looking to improve your health and add a nutrient-dense addition to your diet, then beef bone broth may be what the doctor ordered. Around for hundreds, or even thousands, of years – these concoctions have been used to remove the trace minerals and vitamins from bones in various cultures throughout the world.
What is Beef Bone Broth?
Beef bone broth is simply boiling bones of cows for 24-48 hours until the meaty, collagen-filled insides seep into the water. Once this happens, the broth turns into an incredibly healthy drink with a unique flavor.
If you're going to make a bone broth, then you must include beef bone marrow. These are some of the best bones to add in your mixture. This is because these types of beef bones are considered meaty and will be filled with extra nutrients not found anywhere else.
You can also cook beef bone marrow in dishes outside the broth. Many love to bake these bones and add them to salads or other dishes. You can add some flavor by buttering the bones and adding a bit of flour.
Try to fit as many bones into the pot as you can. The more, the merrier.
Add purified water until all the bones are covered.
Add two tablespoons of vinegar.
Turn the crockpot on and let the mixture simmer for 24 hours.
After 24 hours, turn the pot off and let it cool down for a few hours.
Pour the broth through a sieve and into a big container for storage.
Enjoy! Just make sure to drink all the broth within a week.
If you're looking to make the perfect beef bone broth, then you'll need to find the best place to get bones. Organic, grass-fed beef bones and marrow are the absolute best and what you should be searching for.
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Next, you can check out your local farmers' market. Buying organic beef bones at these places is common, but you'll have to do some searching – as this isn't that popular of a product.
Amazon has a decent selection of bones, but pay attention to the cost. Chasing down organic bones locally can be time consuming and just as pricey as some of the online options. The best organic beef bone option that is reasonably priced is through Greensbury Market.
If you prepare a big batch of beef bone broth, then you may want to can it. Canning the broth will allow you to store and freeze it for a later date. For most of us, making a batch of broth for one or two days of drinking isn't worth it. We want to make a week or two of beef bone broth, and then store it.
P.S: You will need a pressure canner to properly store and save your bone broth. Do NOT skip this step if you plan to save your broth for over 5-7 days!
Get a pressure canner and a number of Mason jars.
Pour the broth into each pint-sized Mason jar.
Place the jars in the pressure canner.
Follow the manufacturer's instruction regarding canning.
Typically, you'll want to can the pint-sized jars for 20 minutes at 10 pounds of pressure.
Remove the canned jars after the machine has cooled down for 15-20 minutes.
The information above is tailor-made to have you making, drinking, and storing beef bone broth rapidly. If you're looking to improve your health, then look no further. Bone broth is one of the easiest and tastiest ways to do just that!