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Benson J. Lossing, Pictorial Field Book of the Civil War. Volume 1.
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Chapter 1 : the political Conventions in 1860 . Chapter 2 : preliminary rebellious movements. Chapter 3 : assembling of Congress.--the President 's Message. Chapter 4 : seditious movements in Congress.--Secession in South Carolina , and its effects. Chapter 5 : events in Charleston and Charleston harbor in December , 1860 .--the conspirators encouraged by the Government policy. Chapter 6 : Affairs at the National Capital .--War commenced in Charleston harbor . Chapter 7 : Secession Conventions in six States. Chapter 8 : attitude of the Border Slave-labor States, and of the Free-labor States. Chapter 9 : proceedings in Congress.--departure of conspirators. Chapter 10 : Peace movements.--Convention of conspirators at Montgomery . Chapter 11 : the Montgomery Convention .--treason of General Twiggs .-- Lincoln and Buchanan at the Capital . Chapter 12 : the inauguration of President Lincoln , and the Ideas and policy of the Government . Chapter 13 : the siege and evacuation of Fort Sumter . Chapter 14 : the great Uprising of the people. Chapter 15 : siege of Fort Pickens .--Declaration of War.--the Virginia conspirators and, the proposed capture of Washington City . Chapter 16 : Secession of Virginia and North Carolina declared.--seizure of Harper's Ferry and Gosport Navy Yard .--the first troops in Washington for its defense. Chapter 17 : events in and near the National Capital . Chapter 18 : the Capital secured.-- Maryland secessionists Subdued.--contributions by the people. Chapter 19 : events in the Mississippi Valley .--the Indians . Chapter 20 : commencement of civil War. Chapter 21 : beginning of the War in Southeastern Virginia . Chapter 22 : the War on the Potomac and in Western Virginia . Chapter 23 : the War in Missouri .-doings of the Confederate Congress . --Affairs in Baltimore .--Piracies. Chapter 24 : the called session of Congress.--foreign relations.--benevolent organizations.--the opposing armies. Chapter 25 : the battle of Bull's Run ,
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Chapter 1 : the political Conventions in 1860 .
Chapter 2 : preliminary rebellious movements.
Chapter 3 : assembling of Congress.--the President 's Message.
Chapter 4 : seditious movements in Congress.--Secession in South Carolina , and its effects.
Chapter 5 : events in Charleston and Charleston harbor in December , 1860 .--the conspirators encouraged by the Government policy.
Chapter 6 : Affairs at the National Capital .--War commenced in Charleston harbor .
Chapter 7 : Secession Conventions in six States.
Chapter 8 : attitude of the Border Slave-labor States, and of the Free-labor States.
Chapter 9 : proceedings in Congress.--departure of conspirators.
Chapter 10 : Peace movements.--Convention of conspirators at Montgomery .
Chapter 11 : the Montgomery Convention .--treason of General Twiggs .-- Lincoln and Buchanan at the Capital .
Chapter 12 : the inauguration of President Lincoln , and the Ideas and policy of the Government .
Chapter 13 : the siege and evacuation of Fort Sumter .
Chapter 14 : the great Uprising of the people.
Chapter 15 : siege of Fort Pickens .--Declaration of War.--the Virginia conspirators and, the proposed capture of Washington City .
Chapter 16 : Secession of Virginia and North Carolina declared.--seizure of Harper's Ferry and Gosport Navy Yard .--the first troops in Washington for its defense.
Chapter 17 : events in and near the National Capital .
Chapter 18 : the Capital secured.-- Maryland secessionists Subdued.--contributions by the people.
Chapter 19 : events in the Mississippi Valley .--the Indians .
Chapter 20 : commencement of civil War.
Chapter 21 : beginning of the War in Southeastern Virginia .
Chapter 22 : the War on the Potomac and in Western Virginia .
Chapter 23 : the War in Missouri .-doings of the Confederate Congress . --Affairs in Baltimore .--Piracies.
Chapter 24 : the called session of Congress.--foreign relations.--benevolent organizations.--the opposing armies.
Chapter 25 : the battle of Bull's Run ,
Current location in this text. Enter a Perseus citation to go to another section or work. Full search options are on the right side and top of the page.
Chapter 21: beginning of the War in Southeastern Virginia.
General Butler at Fortress Monroe, 498.
-- movements of troops near Fortress Monroe, 500. -- slaves pronounced contraband of War -- Newport -- Newce fortified, 501. -- attack on Pig Point Battery -- the troops at Camp Hamilton, 502. -- the insurgents on the Peninsula, 503. -- expedition to Big and little Bethel, 504. -- the insurgent post at Big Bethel, 506. -- battle at Big Bethel, 507. -- death of Major Winthrop, 508. -- death of Lieutenant Greble, 509. -- effect of the battle of Big Bethel -- officers censured, 510. -- a censured officer justified, 511. -- the desolation of Hampton, 512. -- Big Bethel battle-ground visited, 513. -- Hampton and vicinity, 514. -- incidents at Hampton, 515. -- the Eleventh Indiana Regiment, 516. -- expedition to Romney planned, 517. -- skirmish at Romney Bridge, 518.
Whilst the campaign in Northwestern Virginia was opening with vigor, important events were occurring at and near Fortress Monroe, on the southeastern borders of that State, where General Benjamin F. Butler was in chief command. He had been sent thither, as we have observed, after he incurred the displeasure of the General-in-chief by the seizure of Baltimore, without orders to do so, and in a manner contrary to a proposed plan.1 The President was not offended by the act, and he gave Butler the commission of a Major-General of Volunteers, on the 16th of May, the first of the kind that was issued from his hand.2 With this he sent him to Fortress Monroe, to take command of the rapidly-gathering forces there, and to conduct military affairs in that part of Virginia.
Butler arrived at Fortress Monroe on the morning of the 22d of May, and was cordially received by Colonel Justin Dimick, of the regular Army, who was commander of the post. From the beginning of the rebellious movements in Virginia, that faithful officer, with only a small garrison--"three hundred men to guard a mile and a half of ramparts--three hundred to protect some sixty-five broad acres within the walls" 3--had kept the insurgents [499] at bay. He had quietly but significantly turned the muzzles of some of his great guns landward; and, unheeding the mad cry of the politicians, that it was an act of war, and the threats of rebellious men in arms, of punishment for his insolence, he defied the enemies of his country. Those guns taught Letcher prudence, and Wise caution, and Lee circumspection, and Jefferson Davis respectful consideration. The immense importance of the post was
Fortress Monroe in 1861.4
apprehended by them all, and its possession was coveted by them all; but there was Dimick, late in May, with the great fortress and its almost four hundred cannon — the massive key to the waters of Maryland, Virginia, and Upper North Carolina--firmly in his possession--"a fine old Leonidas at the [500] head of the three hundred," when General Butler arrived and took the chief command, with troops sufficient to insure its safety against the attacks of any force at the disposal of the conspirators.
General Butler's first care was, after making Fortress Monroe secure from capture, to ascertain the condition of affairs in his department. He knew that it was the desire of the Government and the people to seize and hold Richmond, which the conspirators had chosen for their future and permanent Headquarters. The troops then in and around Washington City were barely sufficient to keep the hourly increasing host of the insurgents at Manassas in check; and the easiest and most expeditious route to Richmond seemed to be by way of the York and James Peninsula, and the James River, from Fortress Monroe. With the capture of Richmond in view, Butler shaped all of his movements.
On the day after his arrival, the Commanding General sent out Colonel Phelps, at the head of some Vermont troops, to reconnoiter the vicinity of Hampton. They were confronted at the bridge over Hampton Creek by the blazing timbers of that structure, which the insurgents had fired. The Vermonters soon extinguished the flames, crossed the stream, entered Hampton, and drove what few armed opponents they found there out upon the roads leading toward Yorktown and Newport-Newce.5 They found the white inhabitants in sullen mood, but the negroes were jubilant, for they regarded the troops as their expected deliverers. Colonel Phelps did not linger long in Hampton, but recrossed the bridge, and on the Segar farm he selected a place for an encampment, which was at once occupied by the Vermont regiment and another from Troy (the Second New York), under Colonel Carr, and named Camp Hamilton. On the same day a small redoubt for two guns was cast up at the Fortress Monroe end of Hampton Bridge, so as to command that passage. This was the first military work made by Union troops on the soil of Virginia.
On the evening of the 24th,
May, 1861.
a circumstance occurred at Fortress Monroe which had a very important bearing upon the contest then opening. In the confusion caused by Colonel Phelps's dash into Hampton, three negroes, claimed as the property of Colonel Mallory of that. village, escaped to the Union lines, and declared that many of their race and class were employed by the insurgents in building fortifications, [501] and that they themselves were about to be sent to North Carolina for the same purpose. They were taken before General Butler. He needed laborers on field-works, which he expected to erect immediately. Regarding these slaves, according to the laws of Virginia, as much the property of Colonel Mallory as his horses or his pistols, and as properly seizable as they, as aids in warfare, and which might be used against the National troops, Butler said:--"These men are contraband of war; set them at work." This order was scarcely pronounced before Major Carey, of the "Virginia Volunteers," sought an interview with the General respecting the fugitives, representing himself as the agent of Colonel Mallory in "charge of his property." The interview was granted, when the Major wished to know what the General intended to do with the runaways. "I shall detain them as contraband of war," was the reply; and they were held as such.
Other slaves speedily followed those of Colonel Mallory, and General Butler wrote to the Secretary of War concerning them, relating what he had done, on the assumption that they were the property of an enemy used in warfare, and asking for instructions. The General's action was approved by his Government; and thenceforward all fugitive slaves were considered as "contraband of war," and treated as such. On the spot where the first African who was sold as a slave in America first inhaled the fresh air of the New World, the destruction of the system of slavery, which had prevailed in Virginia two hundred and forty years, was thus commenced.6 That master-stroke of policy was one of the most effective blows aimed at the heart of the rebellion; and throughout the war the fugitive slave was known as a contraband. "An epigram," prophetically wrote the brilliant Major Winthrop, of Butler's staff, who fell in battle a few days later--"an epigram abolished slavery in the United States."
Theodore Winthrop.
Thoroughly convinced that Fortress Monroe was the proper base for operations against Richmond; for the severance of Virginia from the other Southern States; and for the seizure of the great railway centers of that Commonwealth, Butler made his plans and dispositions accordingly. On the 27th of May he sent Colonel Phelps in the steamer Catiline, with a detachment, to occupy and fortify the promontory of Newport-Newce, where the United States steamer Harriet Lane lay to protect them. He was accompanied by Lieutenant John T. Greble, of the Second Regiment of Artillery, an accomplished young officer, educated at West Point, whom he appointed Master of Ordnance, to superintend the construction of the works. Greble had under his command two subalterns and twenty men of the regular Army. Camp Butler was at [502] once established; and in the course of a few days a battery was planted at Newport-Newce that commanded the ship-channel of the James River and the mouth of the Nansemond, on one side of which, on Pig Point, the insurgents had constructed a strong redoubt, and armed it well with cannon from the Gosport Navy Yard. It was a part of Butler's plan of campaign to
Newport-Newce landing.
capture or turn that redoubt, pass up the Nansemond, and seize Suffolk; and, taking possession of the railway connections between that town and Petersburg and Norfolk, menace the Weldon Road — the great highway between Virginia and the Carolinas. To do this required more troops and munitions of war, and especially of means for transportation, than General Butler had then at his command; and he was enabled only to take possession of and hold the important strategic point of Newport-Newce at that time. In order to ascertain the strength of the Pig Point Battery, he sent Captain John Faunce, with the United States armed steamer Harriet Lane, to attack it.
June 5, 1861.
The water was so shallow that Faunce was compelled to open fire at the distance of eighteen hundred yards. In the course of forty-five minutes he threw thirty shot and shell at the redoubt, most of which fell short. With guns of longer range, and more effective, the commander of the battery returned the fire. The Harriet Lane was struck twice, and five of her men were wounded. Satisfied that the battery was a dangerous one, her commander withdrew.7
On the day after Colonel Phelps's departure, Colonel Abraham Duryee, commander of a well-disciplined regiment of Zouaves, composing the Fifth New York Volunteers, arrived at Fortress Monroe, and was at once assigned to the command of Camp Hamilton, as acting brigadier-general. His regiment had preceded him a few days. He at once issued a proclamation to the inhabitants of that portion of Virginia, friendly in tone, and assuring them that the rights and property of all peaceable citizens should be respected. The troops in his charge consisted of the First, Second, Third, Fifth, Tenth, and Twentieth New York Volunteers, and the Pennsylvania Seventy-first, known as the California Regiment, under Colonel Baker, a member of the United States Senate.8 Duryee was succeeded a few days afterward by Brigadier-General E. W. Peirce, of Massachusetts, Butler's senior in rank in the militia of that State, who had generously yielded his claims to higher position for the sake of his country. He was a brave and [503] patriotic man, and was willing to serve the cause in any capacity. He came from the command of the principal rendezvous for Massachusetts troops, at Fort Warren, and entered upon his duties, as the leader of the forces at Camp Hamilton, on the 4th of June.
The forced inaction of the troops at Fortress Monroe, and the threatening aspect of affairs at Newport-Newce, which Greble was rendering impregnable, made the armed insurgents on the Peninsula, who were commanded by Colonel J. Bankhead Magruder9 (who had abandoned his flag), bold, active, and vigilant. Their principal rendezvous was Yorktown, which they were fortifying, and from which they came down the Peninsula, to impress the slaves of men who had fled from their farms into service on the military works, to force Union residents into their ranks, and on some occasions to attack the Union pickets.
J. Bankhead Magruder.
Major Winthrop, Butler's aid and military secretary, whose whole soul was alive with zeal in the cause he had espoused, was continually on the alert, and he soon learned from a "contraband," named George Scott, that the insurgents had fortified outposts at Great and Little Bethel (the names of two churches), on the road between Yorktown and Hampton, and only a few miles from the latter place. With Scott as guide, Winthrop reconnoitered these positions, and was satisfied that Magruder was preparing to attempt the seizure of Newport-Newce and Hampton, and confine Butler to Fortress Monroe. The latter resolved upon a countervailing movement, by an attack upon these outposts by troops moving at midnight in two columns, one from Fortress Monroe and the other from Newport-Newce. Among Major Winthrop's papers was found a rough draft of the details of the plan, in his own handwriting, which the biographer of Butler says was "the joint production of the General and his Secretary," and which "was substantially adopted, and orders in accordance therewith were issued." 10
At noon on Sunday, the 9th of June, General Peirce received a note from General Butler, written with a pencil on the back of an address card, summoning him to Fortress Monroe. Peirce was too ill to ride on horseback, and was taken by water in a small boat. There he found a plan minutely arranged for an attack upon the insurgents at the two Bethels, on the Yorktown [504] Road, and received orders to command the expedition. He was directed to lead Duryee's Fifth and Townsend's Third New York Volunteers from Camp Hamilton to a point near Little Bethel, where he was to be joined by a detachment from Colonel Phelps's command at Newport-Newce. These latter consisted of a battalion of Vermont and Massachusetts troops (the latter of Wardrop's Third Regiment), under Lieutenant-Colonel Washburne;
Ebenezer W. Peirce.
Colonel Bendix's Germans (the Seventh New York), known as the Steuben Rifle Regiment, and a battery of two light field-pieces (6-pounders), in charge of Lieutenant Greble, who was accompanied by eleven artillery-men of his little band of regulars. As the expedition was to be undertaken in the night, and there was to be a junction of troops converging from two points, General Butler ordered the watchword, "Boston," to be given to each party, and that they should wear on their left arms a white rag or handkerchief, so as to be known to each other. The column at Camp Hamilton was to start at midnight, and that at Newport-Newce a little later, as its line of march would be shorter. The troops at Camp Hamilton were ordered to shout "Boston," when they should charge the insurgents; and other precautions were taken to prevent blunders, into which inexperienced soldiers were liable to fall.
Duryee and his Zouaves left Camp Hamilton at near midnight,
preceded by two companies of skirmishers, under Captains Bartlett and Kilpatrick. Hampton Bridge had been so much injured by the fire that it might not be safely crossed in darkness, so the troops were ferried over the creek in surf-boats, after considerable delay. Colonel Townsend's Albany Regiment, with two mountain howitzers, marched an hour later to support Duryee. The latter was directed to take a by-road, after crossing New Market Bridge, over the southwest branch of Back River, and, getting between the insurgent forces at Big and Little Bethel, fall upon those at the latter place, and, if successful there, push on and attack those at the former.
Bartlett and Kilpatrick reached New Market Bridge at one o'clock in the morning,
June 10.
where they awaited the arrival of the Zouaves three o'clock. They then pushed on toward the new County Bridge at Big Bethel, and at a little before daylight captured an insurgent picket-guard near there. In the mean time Lieutenant-Colonel Washburne had advanced from Newport-Newce, followed by Bendix with his Germans, and Greble with his battery and artillerymen, as supports. Butler had directed the march of both columns to be so timed as to make a simultaneous attack at Little Bethel just at dawn; and to prevent mistakes he ordered the troops that might first attack to shout "Boston." Every thing was working admirably, according to instructions, when an unfortunate circumstance ruined the expedition.
Duryee, as we have observed, was pressing on to get in the rear of Little [505] Bethel, followed by Townsend. Washburne, at the same time, was pushing on toward the same point, followed by Bendix and the artillery. Townsend and Bendix approached the point of junction, in front of Little Bethel, in a thick wood, at the same moment. Townsend's men, dressed similar to the insurgents, wore their white badges, and were ready to shout the watchword. Bendix's men had no badges, and were ignorant of the watchword. Butler's aid, who was sent to Newport-Newce with orders for the advance, had neglected to give the watchword or order the wearing of the badges. Bendix knew that the insurgents, with proper precaution, had worn white bands on their hats. Seeing, in the dim starlight and a slight mist, just before the
Duryee's Zouaves.11
dawn, similar badges on the arms of an approaching column of men, clad something like the enemy, he mistook them for his foe,12 and ordered an attack. The Germans at once opened upon Townsend's column with musketry and one cannon. The other cannon was with Lieutenant Greble, who had pushed eagerly forward a mile or more in advance.13 Townsend's men shouted "Boston" lustily, while Bendix's men shouted "Saratoga." The shots of the Germans were returned irregularly, when the assailed party, [506] supposing they had fallen into an ambush of insurgents, retreated to the fork of the road, when the dreadful mistake was discovered. Townsend lost two men killed and several wounded in the affair. Captain Haggerty, the officer who forgot to give the order for the badges and the watchword, was greatly distressed by the consequences of his remissness, and exclaimed, "How can I go back and look General Butler in the face!" 14
Hearing the firing in their rear, both Duryee (who had just surprised and captured an outlying guard of thirty men) and Washburne, and also Lieutenant Greble, thinking the insurgents had fallen upon the supporting columns, immediately reversed their march and joined the sadly confused regiments of Townsend and Bendix. In the mean time, General Peirce, who knew that the insurgents at Great Bethel had been warned of the presence of National troops by this firing, had sent back for re-enforcements. The First New York, Colonel William H. Allen, and the Second New York, Colonel Carr, were immediately sent forward from Camp Hamilton, the former with directions to proceed to the front, and the latter to halt for further orders at New Market Bridge. The insurgents at Little Bethel, not more than fifty in number, had fled to the stronger post at Big Bethel, four or five miles distant, and the National troops speedily followed, after destroying the abandoned camp of the fugitives.15
From Pig Point to Big Bethel.
The insurgents at Big Bethel, about twelve miles from Hampton Bridge, were on the alert. Their position was a strong one, on the bank of the northwest branch of Back River, with that stream directly in front, which was there narrow and shallow, and spanned by a bridge, but widening on each flank into a morass, much of the time impassable, according to the testimony of George Scott, the negro guide. They had erected a strong earthwork on each side of the road, which commanded the bridge, and a line of intrenchments along the bank of the wooded swamp on their right. Immediately in the rear of their works was a wooden structure known as Big Bethel Church. Behind these works, which were masked by green boughs, and partly concealed by a wood, were about eighteen hundred insurgents16 (many of them cavalry), under Colonel Magruder, composed of Virginians and a North Carolina regiment under Colonel D. H. Hill. They were reported to be four thousand strong, with twenty pieces of heavy cannon; and such was Kilpatrick's estimate, after a reconnoissance.17 [507]
Notwithstanding this reputed strength of the insurgents, and thee weariness of his troops, who had been up all night, and had marched many miles in the hot sunbeams, General Peirce, after consultation with his officers, resolved to attack them. The whole force under his command pressed forward, and by half-past 9 o'clock in the morning they reached a point within a mile of the foe, where disposition was made for battle.
To Duryee's Zouaves was assigned the duty of leading in the attack. Skirmishers, under Captains Kilpatrick, Bartlett, and Winslow, and all under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel G. K. Warren, of the Zouaves (who was acquainted with the ground), were thrown out on each side of the road leading to the bridge, closely followed by Duryee, and three pieces of artillery under Lieutenant Greble.18 On the right of the advancing force was a wood that extended almost to the stream, and on the front and left were an orchard and corn-field. Into the orchard and corn-field Duryee advanced obliquely, with Townsend as a support on his right and rear. Greble, with his battery, continued to advance along the road, with Bendix as a support, whose regiment deployed on the right of the highway, in the wood, toward the left flank of the insurgents, with three companies of Massachusetts and Vermont troops of Washburne's command.
The battle was opened by a Parrott rifled cannon fired from the insurgent battery to the right of the bridge, by Major Randolph, commander of the Richmond Howitzer Battalion. This was answered by cheers from the Union troops, who steadily advanced in the face of a heavy fire, intending to dash across the stream and storm the works. Most of the shot passed over their heads at first. Very soon the firing became more accurate; men began to fall here and there; and at length the storm of shot and shell was intolerable. The skirmishers and Zouaves withdrew from the open fields to the shelter of the wood on the right of the road, whilst Greble, still advancing, poured a rapid and effective shower of grape and canister shot from his battery upon the works of the insurgents, at a distance, finally, of not more than two hundred yards. That position he held for almost two hours, while the remainder of the army was resting and preparing for a general assault. He had only an ordinary force of gunners at first, but Warren managed to send him relief, and by a skillful use of his guns, and limited supply of ammunition, he kept the insurgents within their works.
All things being in readiness, at about noon a charge was sounded, and the troops moved rapidly forward, with instructions to dash across the morass, flank the works of the insurgents, and drive out the occupants at the point of the bayonet. Duryee's Zouaves moved to attack them on their left, and Townsend's New York Third started for like duty on their right, while Bendix, with the New York Seventh and the rest of the Newport-Newce detachment, should assail them on their left flank and rear. Greble, in the mean time, kept his position in the road on their front.
Kilpatrick, Bartlett, and Winslow charged boldly on the front of the foe, while Captain Denike and Lieutenant Duryee (son of the Colonel) and some of Townsend's regiment as boldly fell upon their right. The insurgents were driven out of their battery nearest the bridge, and a speedy victory for the [508] Union soldiers seemed inevitable. The Zouaves were then advancing through the wood to the morass, but, believing it to be impassable, their commander
<*>Attle at Big Bethel.
ordered them to retire. Townsend was pressing vigorously on toward the right of the foe, but was suddenly checked by a fatal blunder. In the haste of starting, two companies of his regiment had marched unobserved on the side of a thickly hedged ditch opposite the main body, and, pushing rapidly forward, came up a gentle slope at some distance in the front, where the smoke was thick, to join their companions. Their dress, as we have observed, was similar to that worn by the insurgents, and they were mistaken for a party of Magruder's men out-flanking the New Yorkers. Townsend immediately halted, and then fell back to the point of departure. At that moment, General Peirce had placed himself at the head of the Zouaves, to lead them to an attack, and Bendix and the rest of the Newport-Newce detachment were pressing forward, in obedience to orders. Some of them crossed the morass, and felt sure of victory,. when they were driven back by a murderous fire. The insurgents, having been relieved on their right by the withdrawal of Townsend, had concentrated their forces at the battery in front of this assaulting party. Major Winthrop was with the Newport-Newce troops at this time, and had pressed eagerly forward, with private Jones of the Vermont regiment, to a point within thirty or forty yards of the battery. He sprang upon a log to get a view of the position, when the bullet of a North Carolina drummer-boy penetrated his brain, and he fell dead.
Townsend's retirement, the repulse on the right, and the assurance of Colonel Duryee, that his ammunition was exhausted, caused General Peirce,. with the concurrence of his colonels, to order a retreat. Greble was still at work, but with only one gun, for he had only five men left. On receiving the order, he directed Corporal Peoples to limber up the piece and take it away. At that moment a shot from the insurgents struck a glancing blow upon his right temple, and he fell dead, with the exclamation, "Oh! My God!" Thus perished, at the very opening of the civil war, one of the most promising of the young officers who had hastened to the field in obedience to the call of the President. He was the first officer of the regular Army [509] who gave his life to his country in the great struggle; and was one of a class of graduates of the West Point Military Academy, which furnished several distinguished general officers for the war that ensued.19 Generous, brave, and good, he was greatly beloved by all who knew him, and was sincerely mourned by the nation. His name will forever be associated, in the minds and hearts of his countrymen, with all the brave men who fought in that struggle for Nationality and Right, as the beloved young martyr.20 So, too, will the memory of Winthrop, the gentle, the brilliant, and the brave, be cherished by a grateful people.
John Trout Greble.
General Butler, as we have observed, had sent Colonel Allen with the First, and Colonel Carr with the Second New York Regiment, [510] as re-enforcements. These arrived while the battle was going on. Peirce ordered them to the front, as if to renew the conflict, and they served as a cover to the wearied troops in their retreat. That retreat was in good order. The dead and wounded, and arms and munitions were all borne away. Lieutenant-Colonel Warren carried off the body of Lieutenant Greble, but that of Winthrop remained for a time with the insurgents.21 Kilpatrick, who was badly wounded by a shot through his thigh, was rescued and borne away by Captain Winslow.22 The insurgent cavalry pursued about six miles, when they returned; and on the same day Magruder and his whole party withdrew to Yorktown. The loss of the National troops was reported at sixteen killed, thirty-four wounded, and five missing. That of the insurgents was trifling. The number of the National force at Great Bethel was about twenty-five hundred, and that of the insurgents eighteen hundred.
As soon as General Butler was informed of the action he proceeded to Hampton, for the purpose of sending forward wagons and ambulances for the sick and wounded, and to join the expedition in person. His horse swam Hampton Creek, while he crossed in a boat. Tidings soon came that the battle Was over, and he remained at Hampton to receive the disabled, who were sent by water to the hospital at Fortress Monroe.23
The battle at Bethel, with its disastrous results, surprised and mortified the nation, and the assurance of the Department Commander, that "we have gained more than we have lost," was not accepted at the time as a fair conclusion. "Our troops," he said, in support of his inference, "have learned to have confidence in themselves under fire; the enemy have shown that they will not meet us in the open field, and our officers have learned wherein their organization and drill are inefficient." But the people were not satisfied. Their chagrin must be appeased. It was felt that somebody was to blame, and the offender on whom to lay the responsibility was earnestly sought. The Department Commander, the chief leader on the field, and the heads of regiments, were all in turn censured, while the bravery of the troops was properly extolled. So thoroughly were Butler's services at Annapolis and Baltimore overshadowed and obscured by this cloud of disaster, that the confirmation of his appointment to a major-generalship was secured in the Senate by only two votes, and these through the exertions of Senator Baker, who was soon to fall a sacrifice to incompetency or something worse. The heaviest weight of responsibility finally rested, in the public comprehension of the affair, on General Peirce; but, we are satisfied, after careful investigation, [511] without justice. During the remainder of his three months service, when he held command at Hampton, he bore the load of odium with suffering that almost dethroned his reason, but with the dignity of conscious innocence. Then he entered the service for three years as a private soldier. He arose quickly to the position of a commander of a regiment, and performed signal service in Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi. In one of the severe battles fought on the Virginia Peninsula, which we shall consider hereafter, he was chosen by General Richardson to perform most perilous duty in front of a heavy battery of the foe, then hurling a hundred shot a minute. Whilst waving his sword, and shouting to his regiment, "At the double-quick! Follow me!" his right arm was torn from his shoulder by a 32-pound ball, that cut a man in two just behind him. Peirce was a gallant and faithful soldier during the whole war, and deserves the grateful thanks of his countrymen.
In contemplating the battle at Bethel in the light of contemporary and subsequent events, the historian is constrained to believe that the disaster on that day was chargeable more to a general eagerness to do, without experience in doing, than to any special shortcomings of individuals.
View in the main Street of Hampton in 1864.24
The writer visited the battle-ground at Great Bethel early in December, 1864, in company with the father of Lieutenant Greble and his friend (F. J. Dreer), who was with him when he bore home the lifeless body of his son. We arrived at Fortress Monroe on Sunday morning,
and after breakfasting at the Hygeian Restaurant, near the Baltimore wharf, we called on General Butler, who was then the commander of the Department of Virginia and North Carolina. He was at his quarters in the fortress, and was preparing to sail on the memorable expedition against the forts at the mouth of the Cape Fear River, and the town of Wilmington, so famous as the chief port for blockade-runners. We were invited by General Butler to accompany him, and gladly embraced the opportunity to become spectators of some of the most stirring scenes of the war. Whilst waiting two or three days for the expedition to sail, we visited the battle-ground at Big Bethel, the site of Hampton, and the hospitals and schools in the vicinity of Fortress Monroe. [512]
Sixteen years before,
the writer, while gathering up materials for his Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution, visited Hampton and the fortress, and traveled over the road from Yorktown to the coast, on which the battle at Great Bethel occurred. The aspect of every thing was now changed. The country, then thickly settled and well cultivated, was now desolated and depopulated. The beautiful village of Hampton, which contained a resident population of about fourteen hundred souls when the war broke out, had been devoured by fire; and the venerable St. John's Church, built in far-back colonial times, and presenting a picturesque and well-preserved relic of the past, was now a blackened and mutilated ruin, with the ancient brick wall around the yard serving as a part of the line of fortifications cast up there by the National troops. The site of the town
Ruins of St. John's Church.25
was covered with rude cabins, all occupied by negroes freed from bondage; and the chimney of many a stately mansion that was occupied in summer by some of the wealthiest families of Virginia, who sought comfort near the seaside, now served the same purpose for a cabin only a few feet square. Only the Court House and seven or eight other buildings of the five hundred that comprised the village escaped the conflagration lighted by General Magruder just after midnight on the 7th of August, 1861, when the National troops had withdrawn to the opposite side of Hampton Creek. In that Court House, which had been partly destroyed, we found two young women from Vermont earnestly engaged in teaching the children of the freedmen. In the main street of the village, where we remembered having seen fine stores and dwellings of brick, nothing was now to be seen but miserable huts, their chimneys composed of the bricks of the ruined buildings. It was a very sad sight. The sketches on this and the preceding page, made by the writer at the time, give an idea of the desolate appearance of the once flourishing town, over which the chariot of war rolled fearfully at the beginning of the struggle.
Cabin and chimney.
On Monday, the 12th of December, a cold, blustering day, we visited the Bethel battle-field, in company with Doctor Ely McClellan, of Philadelphia, then the surgeon in charge of the hospitals at Fortress Monroe, and Assistant Medical Director of the post. In a light wagon, drawn by two lively horses belonging to the doctor, we made a journey of about twenty-five miles during the short afternoon, attended by two armed outriders to keep off the "bushwhackers" or prowling secessionists with which the desolated country was infested. The road was fine, and passed over an [513] almost level country, gradually rising from the coast. Doctor McClellan was well acquainted with that region, and pointed out every locality of interest on the way. A few miles out from Hampton we passed a small freedmen's village. Then we came to the place, in a wood, where the collision between Bendix and Townsend occurred; and a mile or so onward we came to the site of Little Bethel and the ruins of Whiting's mansion.26 A few miles farther brought us to the spot where the Union troops formed the line of battle for the final attack on the insurgents at Great Bethel. Near there was a brick house, used by General McClellan for Headquarters for a day or two in 1862; and by the road-side was a more humble dwelling, occupied by some colored women, one of whom was over eighty years of age. They lived near there at the time of the battle. "Law sakes alive!" said the old woman, "we was mighty skeered, but we reckoned all de time dat it was de Lord come to help us."
Big Bethel battle-field.27
Half a mile farther on we came to the County Bridge at Great Bethel, where the stream, widening into a morass on each side, is only a few feet in width. We visited the remains of Magruder's redoubts and intrenchments, and of Big Bethel Church; and from the embankments of the principal redoubt, westward of the bridge, made the accompanying sketch of the battlefield. Returning we took the Back River road, which passed through a [514] pleasant country, with fine-looking houses and cultivated fields, that seemed to have suffered but little from the effects of war. The twilight had passed when we reached the Southwest Branch, and the remainder of the journey we traveled in the light of an unclouded moon.
We spent Tuesday among the ruins at Hampton and vicinity, and in visiting the schools and hospitals, and making sketches. Among these was
Remains of the redoubt at Hampton Bridge.28
a drawing of the two-gun redoubt (erected, as we have observed, by order of General Butler, at the eastern end of Hampton Bridge), including a view of the desolated town. Near the bridge, on that side of the creek, were the summer residences of several wealthy men, then occupied for public uses. That in which Doctor McClellan resided belonged to Mallory, the so-called "Confederate Secretary of the Navy." A little below it was the house of Ex-President Tyler; and near it the spacious and more ancient looking mansion of Doctor Woods, who was then with the enemies of the Government, in which several Quaker women, from Philadelphia, had established an Orphan's Home for colored children. Tyler's residence was the home of several of the teachers of the children of freedmen, and others engaged in benevolent work.
John Tyler's summer residence.
On our return to Fortress Monroe in the evening, we received orders to go on board the Ben, Deford, a stanch ocean steamer which was to be General Butler's Headquarters in the expedition about to depart. At. near noon the following day we left the wharf, passed out to sea with a large fleet of transports, and at sunset were far down the coast of North Carolina, and in full view of its shores. Our military company consisted of Generals Butler, Weitzel, and Graham, and their respective staff officers, and Colonel (afterward General) Comstock, General Grant's representative. We were the only civilians, excepting Mr. Clarke, editor of a newspaper at Norfolk. A record of the events of that expedition will be found in another volume of this work. [515]
After the battle at Big Bethel, nothing of great importance occurred at Fortress Monroe and its vicinity during the remainder of General Butler's administration of the affairs of that department, which ended on the 18th of August,
excepting the burning of Hampton on the 7th of that month. It was now plainly perceived that the insurgents were terribly in earnest, and that a fierce struggle was at hand. It was evident that their strength and resources had been underrated. Before any advance toward Richmond, or, indeed, in any other direction from Fortress Monroe might be undertaken, a great increase in the number of the troops and in the quantity of munitions of war would be necessary; and all that General Butler was enabled to do, in the absence of these, was to hold his position at Newport-Newce and the village of Hampton. On the 1st of July that village was formally taken possession of, and General Peirce was placed in command of the camp established there. Under his direction a line of intrenchments was thrown up, extending from Hampton Creek across to the marshes of Back River, a part of which, as we have observed, included the old church-yard walls. On these intrenchments the large number of fugitive slaves who had fled to the Union lines were employed. Troops from the North continued to arrive in small numbers, and the spacious building of the "Chesapeake Female Seminary," standing on the edge of the water, and overlooking Hampton Roads, was taken possession of and used as a hospital.
"Chesapeake Female Seminary."
Butler began to have hopes of sufficient strength to make some aggressive movements, when the disastrous battle at Bull's Run
occurred, and blasted them. The General-in-chief drew upon him for so many troops for the defense of Washington that he was compelled to reduce the garrison at Newport-Newce, and to abandon Hampton. The latter movement greatly alarmed the "contrabands" there, under the protection of the Union flag; and when the regiments moved over Hampton Bridge, during a bright moonlit evening,
these fugitives followed — men women, and children — carrying with them all of their earthly effects. "It was a most interesting sight," General Butler wrote to the Secretary of War, "to see these poor creatures, who trusted to the protection of the arms of the United States, and who aided the troops of the United States in their enterprise, thus obliged to flee from their homes, and the homes of their masters who had deserted them, and become fugitives from fear of the return of the rebel soldiery, who had threatened to shoot the men who had wrought for us, and to carry off the women who had served us to a worse than Egyptian bondage." It was in this letter
that General Butler asked the important questions, "First, What shall be done with these fugitives? and, second, What is their state [516] and condition?" Then followed the consent of the Government to have them considered "contraband of war," already noticed.29
We have observed that the loyal people of the country were greatly disappointed and mortified by the affair at Great Bethel. That disappointment and chagrin were somewhat relieved by a victory obtained over insurgent troops at Romney, in Hampshire County, Northwestern Virginia, achieved on the following day by a detachment of the Eleventh Indiana (Zouaves),
Eleventh Indiana Regiment.
commanded by Colonel Wallace, whose speedy organization of the first volunteer regiments of that State we have already observed.30 That regiment, in material, deportment, drill, and discipline, was considered one of the best in the State. Its colors had been presented by the women of Indiana with imposing ceremonies,31 and anticipations concerning its services had been raised which were never disappointed.32 It expected to accompany the Indiana and Ohio troops whom General McClellan sent to Western Virginia, but was ordered instead to Evansville, on the Ohio, in Southern Indiana, to act as a police force in preventing supplies and munitions of war being sent to the South, and to protect that region from threatened invasion. The regiment chafed in its comparatively inactive service, with an earnest desire for duty in the field, and it was delighted by an order issued on the 6th of June, by the General-in-chief, to "proceed by rail to Cumberland, Maryland, and report to Major-General Patterson," then moving from Pennsylvania toward Harper's Ferry, where the insurgents were in strong force under General Joseph E. Johnston. This order was the result of the urgent importunities of Colonel Wallace and his friends, to allow his fine regiment an opportunity for active duties. During the few weeks it had encamped at Evansville, it had been thoroughly drilled by the most severe discipline.
On the day after the receipt of the order, Wallace and his regiment were passing rapidly through Indiana and Ohio by railway, and were everywhere greeted by the most hearty demonstrations of good-will. At Grafton, it received ammunition; and on the night of the 9th, it reached the vicinity of [517] Cumberland,
June, 1860.
where it remained, near the banks of the Potomac, until the next day. Its advent astonished all, and gave pleasure to the Unionists, for there was an insurgent force at Romney, only a day's march south from Cumberland, said to be twelve hundred strong; while at Winchester there was a much heavier one. General Morris, at Grafton, had warned Wallace of the proximity of these insurgents, and directed him to be watchful. Wallace believed that the best security for his troops and the safety of the railway was to place his foes on the defensive, and he resolved to attack those at Romney at once. He procured two trusty guides at Piedmont, from whom he learned that there was a rude and perilous mountain road, but little traveled, and probably unguarded, leading from New Creek Station, westward of Cumberland, to Romney, a distance of twenty-three miles. That road he resolved to traverse at night, and surprise the insurgents, before he should pitch a tent anywhere.
Lewis Wallace.
For the purpose of deceiving the secessionists of Cumberland, Wallace went about on the 10th with his staff, pretending to seek for a good place to encamp, but found none, and he told the citizens that he would be compelled to go back a few miles on the railway to a suitable spot. All that day his men rested, and at evening the train took them to New Creek, where Wallace
Romney battle-ground.33
and eight hundred of his command left the cars, and pushed on toward Romney in the darkness, following their guides, one of whom was afterward caught and hanged for his "treason to the Confederacy." It was a perilous and most fatiguing march, and they did not get near Romney until about [518] eight o'clock in the morning.
In a narrow pass, half a mile from the bridge which there spans the south branch of the Potomac, the advance-guard was fired upon by mounted pickets, who then dashed ahead and alarmed the camp of the insurgents, on a bluff near the village, where they had planted a battery of field-pieces. The guard followed, crossed the bridge on a run, and drew several shots from a large brick dwelling-house near the bank of the stream, which was used as a sort of citadel. Wallace immediately led a second company across, drove the foe from the house to the shelter of the mountains, and then pushed four companies, in skirmish order, directly up the hill, to capture the battery. This was unexpected to the insurgents, who supposed the assailants would follow the winding road, and they fled in terror to the forest, accompanied by all the women and children of the village, excepting negroes, who seemed to have no fear of the invaders. Having no cavalry with which to pursue the fugitives, and knowing that at a hundred points on the road between Romney and New Creek a small force might ruin or rout his regiment, Wallace at once retraced his steps, and returned to Cumberland. In the space of twenty-four hours he and his men had traveled eighty-seven miles without rest (forty-six of them on foot), engaged in a brisk skirmish, and, "what is more," said the gallant Colonel in his report, "my men are ready to repeat it to-morrow." 34
This dash on the insurgents at Romney had a salutary effect. It inspirited the loyal people in that region, thrilled the whole country with joy, and, according to the Richmond newspapers, so alarmed Johnston by its boldness, and its menaces of his line of communication with Richmond, and Manassas (for he believed these troops to be the advance of a much larger force), that he forthwith evacuated Harper's Ferry, and moved up the Valley to a point nearer Winchester.
Tail-piece — Knapsack.
1 See page 448.
2 The commissions of McClellan and Fremont were issued later, but antedated. Theirs are dated May 14. Those of Dix and Banks, bearing the same date as Butler's, were issued later, and antedated.
The following is the form of a Major-General's commission, with a representation of the seal of the War Department, which is attached to each:--
the President of the United States.
To all who shall see these presents, Greeting: Know ye that, reposing special trust and confidence in the patriotism, valor, fidelity, and abilities of--------, I have nominated, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, do appoint him Major-General of Volunteers, in the service of the United States, to rank as such from the — day of----, eighteen hundred and sixty-one. He is therefore carefully and diligently to discharge the duty of Major-General, by doing and performing all manner of things thereunto belonging. And I do strictly charge and require all officers and soldiers under his command to be obedient to his orders as Major-General. And he is to observe and follow such orders and directions, from time to time, as he shall receive from me, or the future President of the United States for the time being. Given under my hand, at the city of Washington, this — day of----, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, and in the eighty----year of the Independence of the United States.
By the President,
Abraham Lincoln. Simon Cameron, Secretary of War.
Seal of the War Department.
At the top of this commission is a large engraving of a spread eagle, and the words, "E Pluribus Unum;" and at the bottom a trophy group, composed of flags and implements of war. The seal is an inch and seven-eighths in diameter, and impressed on colored paper.
3 Major Theodore Winthrop, in the Atlantic Monthly.
4 this was the most extensive military work in the country. It was commenced in 1819, and was completed at a cost of two millions five hundred thousand dollars. It was named in honor of President Monroe. Its walls, faced with heavy blocks of granite, are thirty-five feet in thickness, and casemated below. It is entirely surrounded by a deep moat filled with water; and the peninsula, known as old Point Comfort, on which it is constructed, is connected with the main by a narrow isthmus of sand, and by a Bridge in the direction of the village of Hampton. The picture is a bird's-eye view of the fort and its surroundings in 1861. beginning at the top of the picture, we see, on the extreme left, the Chesapeake Female Seminary, and toward the right, Camp Hamilton. Over and beyond us is the village of Hampton. Beginning at the isthmus, on the right, we see the grand water-battery. Next to it is the light-house, and the old wharf. Next are seen buildings, with trees in front, for the accommodation of the Government officers. There is seen the Quartermaster's, or Baltimore wharf, near which are several buildings for Government use. Near there a railway commences which extends across the Bridge to the main, to near Hampton Bridge. Farther to the left is seen the United States Hospital building, with wharves in front; and near by, the main entrance to the fort, across a drawbridge. Farther to the left are a church and the Ordnance Department. Within the fort, at the right of the flag, is seen the commanding General's quarters, and not far from it, crossed by the perpendicular flag-staff, is the chapel across the parade from the church, are the barracks — a long building. The aspect of the place, outside of the fort, was much changed during the war.
5 There has been some discussion and considerable research concerning the true orthography of this locality and the origin of its name. The commonly received explanation is that, at one time, when the English colony at Jamestown was in a starving condition, the supply ships of Captain Newport were first seen off this point, and gave the beholders the good news of food at hand; hence the place was called Newport's News. History does not seem to warrant the acceptance of this theory, but furnishes a better. In 1619 Governor Yeardley established a representative government in Virginia, with simple machinery, and laid the political foundations of that State. This government was strengthened by his successor, Governor Wyatt, under whom were proper civil officers. In instructions to Wyatt occurs the following sentence:--"George Sandis is appointed Treasurer, and he is to put into execution all orders of Court about staple commodities; to the Marshal, Sir William Newce, the same." This settles the point that there was a leading man in Virginia at that time named Newce--"Captain Nuse," as Captain Smith wrote the name. A writer in the Historical Magazine (iii. 347) says, that on earlier maps of Virginia, which he has seen, he finds the point called Newport Neuse, which, he argues, is only another way of spelling Newce, and that the name given is a compound of the name of the celebrated navigator and the Virginia marshal, namely, Newport-Newce. This compounding of words in naming places was then common in England, and became so in this country, as Randolph-Macon, Hampton-Sidney, and Wilkes-Barre. In Captain Smith's map of Virginia, the place is called Point Hope. That map was made after the alleged discovery of Newport with his-supplies. Believing that the name was originally a compound of those of Captain Newport and Marshal Newce, the author of this work adopts the orthography given in the text-Newport — Newce.
6 The peninsula on which Fortress Monroe stands was the first resting-place of the early emigrants to Virginia, after their long and perilous voyage, and was named by them Point Comfort. There the crew of a Dutch vessel, with negroes from Africa, landed in August, 1620, and a few days afterward sold twenty of their human cargo to the settlers at Jamestown. So negro Slavery was begun on the domain of the United States.
7 Report of Captain Faunce to flag-officer J. G. Pendergrast, in command of the Cumberland, June 5, 1861.
8 See pages 227 and 856.
9 Magruder, who became a "Confederate general," was an infamous character. He was a lieutenant-colonel of the artillery in the National Army, and, according to a late writer, professed loyalty until he was ready to abandon his flag. "Mr. Lincoln," he said to the President, at the White House, at the.middle of April, "every one else may desert you, but I never will." The President thanked him, and two days afterward, having done all in his power to corrupt the troops in Washington City, he fled and joined the insurgents. See Greeley's American Conflict, i. 506.
10 Parton's Butler in New Orleans, page 142. In that plan Winthrop put down, among other items, the following:--"George Scott to have a shooting-iron." --"So," says Parton, "the first suggestion of arming a black man in this war came from Theodore Winthrop. George Scott had a shooting-iron." In one of his last letters to a friend, Winthrop wrote:--"If I come back safe, I will send you my notes of the plan of attack, J)art made up from the General's hints, part my own fancies."
11 the costume of Duryee's corps was that of the Second Regiment of the French Zouaves, composed of a blue jacket trimmed with red, and blue shirt trimmed with the same; full scarlet trowsers with leather leg gins, and scarlet cap with blue tassel, partly arranged in turban form.
12 It is said that Bendix was also deceived by the fact that General Peirce and Colonel Townsend, with their respective staff officers, who were riding in front of the column, were mistaken for cavalry, and as there was none with the expedition, it was supposed to be that of the insurgents.
13 For want of horses, one hundred men had drawn one of Greble's cannon from Newport-Newce, and two mules the other. With the latter, he was pressing on toward Duryee's column.
14 Statement of General Peirce to the author.
15 Near Little Bethel, a wealthy insurgent, named Whiting, came out of his mansion and deliberately fired on the Union troops. Retaliation immediately followed. His large house, filled with elegant furniture and a fine library, was laid in ashes.
16 Pollard's First Year of the War, page 77.
17 Kilpatrick's Report.
18 One of Townsend's mountain howitzers had been added to Greble's battery of two guns.
19 There were forty-six graduates of his class of one hundred, of whom twenty-three remained true to the Union, and fourteen joined the insurgents when the war broke out. At that time, seven of them were known to be dead. Ten of the fourteen disloyal ones became generals in the "Confederate" army, namely, G. W. C. Lee, Jas. Deshler, John P. Pegram, J. E. B. Stuart, Archibald Gracie, S. D. Lee, W. D. Pender, J. B. Villepigue, J. T. Mercer, and A. B. Chapman. Only four of the loyal graduates were raised to the rank of general, namely, Henry L. Abbot, Thomas E. Ruger, 0. 0. Howard, and S. H. Weed. Of the forty-six graduates, it is known that twelve were killed in battle, and, up to this time (December, 1865), eight have died.
20 Lieutenant Greble's body was borne to Fortress Monroe by the sorrowing Zouaves. in the chapel of which it was laid, and received the administration of funeral rites before it was conveyed to his native city of Philadelphia. His father, accompanied by an intimate friend, had just arrived at Fortress Monroe, on a visit to his son, taking with him delicacies from home and tokens of affection from his young wife, when news of the battle, and the death of the hero, was communicated to him. Sadly they returned, bearing with the body the following touching letter to his wife, daughter of the Rev. J. W. French, his senior Professor at West Point:--"May God bless you, my darling, and grant you a happy and peaceful life. May the good Father protect you and me, and grant that we may live happily together long lives. God give me strength, wisdom, and courage. If I die, let me die as a brave and honorable man; let no stain of dishonor hang over me or you. Devotedly, and with my whole heart, your husband." This was written with a pencil, and evidently after arriving on the field. He seemed to have had a presentiment that he should not survive the expected battle. To a brother officer he said, on starting, "This is an ill-advised and badly arranged movement. I am afraid no good will come of it; and as for myself, I do not think I shall come off the field alive."
Lieutenant Greble's body received military honors in Philadelphia. It lay in state in Independence Hall, at
Greble's Monument.
the request of the City Councils, on the 14th of June, where it was visited by thousands of citizens. It was then borne in solemn procession to his father's residence, escorted by Captain Starr's company of militia, and followed by officers of the Army and Navy, the city authorities, and a large body of military and citizens. From there it was conveyed to Woodland Cemetery, in the vicinity of Philadelphia, when his father-in-law read the final funeral service, and he was buried with military honors. Over his remains his family erected a beautiful and unique monument of white marble, bearing the following inscriptions:--On the concave side, "John T. Greble, First Lieutenant, U. S. A. Born January 12, 1834; killed at Great Bethel, June 10, 1861." On the convex side, seen in the engraving, "John T. Greble, First Lieutenant, U. S. A. Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God."
The City Councils of Philadelphia adopted a series of resolutions relative to his death; and a portrait of the martyr, painted by Marchant, was presented to the corporation. The officers at Fortress Monroe had already, by resolution, on the 11th of June, borne testimony of their appreciation of their companion-in-arms; and Lieutenant-Colonel (afterward Major-General) Warren said: "His efficiency alone prevented our loss from being thrice what it was, by preventing the opposing batteries from sweeping the road along which we marched; and the impression which he made on the enemy deterred them from pursuing our retreating forces, hours after he had ceased to live."
21 The bravery of Winthrop was extolled by the foe. They gave his body a respectful burial at Bethel, and it was disinterred a few days afterward and taken to New York. "On the 19th of April," says his friend George W. Curtis, in a beautiful sketch of his life, "he left the armory-door of the Seventh, with his hand upon a howitzer — on the 21st of June, his body lay upon the same howitzer, at the same door, wrapped in the flag for which he gladly died, as the symbol of human freedom." --The Fallen Brave: edited by J. G. Shea, Ll. D., page 41.
22 In his report, Kilpatrick said, after speaking of the engagement, and of a number of men being killed:--"Having received a grape-shot through my thigh, which tore off a portion of the rectangle on Colonel Duryee's left shoulder, and killed a soldier in the rear, I withdrew my men to the skirts of the wood. . . . I shall ever be grateful to Captain Winslow, who rescued me after our forces had left."
23 This account of the battle at, Bethel is prepared from a written statement of General Peirce to the author, in February, 1865; Report of General Butler to the General-in-chief, June 10, 1861; Reports of Colonels Duryee and Allen, and Captain Kilpatrick, June 11, 1861; Orders of General Peirce, June 9, 1861, and letter of the same to the editor of the Boston Journal, August 3, 1861; Report of Colonel D. H. Hill to Governor Ellis, of North Carolina, June 11, 1861; and Report of Colonel Magruder, June 12, and correspondence of the Richmond Despatch, June 11, 1861.
24 this is a view from the main Street, looking northwest toward the old church, whose ruins are seen toward the left of the picture, in the back-ground. The three huts in front occupy the sites of the stores of Adler, Peake, and Armistead, merchants of Hampton. The one with the wood-sawyer in front was a barber's shop
25 this is a view from the Yorktown road, and shows the front entrance to the Church. Close by that entrance we observed a monument erected to the memory of a daughter of the Rev. John McCabe, the rector of the parish when the writer visited Hampton in 1853.
26 See note 2, page 506.
27 in this view is seen the place of the County Bridge, occupied by a rude temporary structure. In the fore. Ground are seen the remains of the redoubt, and on the right a wooded morass. In the road, to the right of the tall tree, near the center of the picture, was the place of Greble's battery, and to the left is seen the wood in which the Union troops took shelter. In the middle of the sketch the open battle-field is seen, on which Townsend was checked by a misapprehension; and in the distance, the chimney of a house destroyed by a shell sent from the battery from which this view was taken.
28 in this view the new Hampton Bridge and the remains of the old one are seen, with the ruined village beyond. It was sketched from the gallery of a summer boarding-house near the Bridge.
29 See page 501.
31 The presentation of colors took place in front of the State House at Indianapolis. The ladies of Terre Haute presented the National flag, and those of Indianapolis the regimental flag. Each presentation was accompanied by an address, to which Colonel Wallace responded. He then turned to his men, reminded them of the unmerited stain which Jefferson Davis had cast upon the military fame of Indianians in connection with the battle of Buena Vista, and exhorted them to remember that vile slander, and dedicate themselves specially to its revenge. He then bade them kneel, and, with uncovered heads and uplifted hands, swear "To stand by their flag, and remember Buena Vista!" They did so, as one man. It was a most impressive scene. The whole affair was spontaneous and without preconcert. The huzzas of the vast multitude of spectators filled the air when they arose from their knees; and "Remember Buena Vista!" became the motto of the regiment.
32 A large majority of the members of this regiment became officers in the war that ensued; and every member of the Montgomery Guards-Wallace's original Zouave Company, who accompanied him on this tour of duty-received a commission. These commissions ranged from that of second lieutenant to major-general.
33 in this view are seen Romney Bridge and the brick house of Mr. Gibson, between which and the Bridge the skirmish occurred. Nearly over the center of the Bridge, at a point indicated by a small figure, was the battery of the insurgents, and on the brow of the hill beyond is seen the village of Romney.
34 Colonel Wallace's Report to General Patterson, June 11, 1861.
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As simple as flyers may seem, they are quite effective at promoting businesses, products, services, and even events. Almost everything about flyers speaks of simplicity, from the design process down to how they are being used, you don't need special skills to make impressive flyers for yourself which you can use for gathering prospects. You may also see flyer designs.
When we mentioned that you can use flyer templates for promoting business and services, that already includes medical clinics and their healthcare-related services which are rendered by licensed professionals only. Among these services include health consultations, dental checkups, and diagnostic and medical procedures.
For professionals in the medical field, you might want to check out the collection of templates below if you're looking for tools that you can use to promote your clinic and the services that you are offering. In this article, we have various clinic flyer designs and templates which are ready to download and edit for your convenience, feel free to check them out below.
People always say to take good care of your teeth because once you lose them, they will never grow back, which is somewhat true. But why take care of only the teeth when you can actually take care of your entire oral cavity which includes the tongue, gums, the soft and hard palates, and even the palatopharyngeal area. You may also see modern flyer templates.
According to experts, the mouth can only become 99.9% clean after you brush, floss, and gargle with an antiseptic mouthwash. Then again, people will still need to get their teeth checked and cleaned with a dental prophylaxis, which is the reason why they should see their dentists regularly. You may also see free flyers.
To promote your dental clinic as well as the importance of oral health, feel free to download and use the dental clinic flyer template above.
They say dogs are man's best friend, we say that any pet—whether these are in the form of cats, birds, or fishes—are man's best friend. But then again, they are not just "pets" for us, we should also treat them as actual members of the family, and we should love them as much as they love us.
One of the best thing about having pets is that they will always remain loyal to us no matter what happens. Going back to the flyer, we have here a pet flyer template that you can use to make yourself advertisement flyers to promote your pet clinic.
In the promotion of health and prevention of illness, both pharmacists and healthcare providers should work hand-in-hand since they have a specific role in the service of their clients. Pharmacists provide clients with their needed medications while at the same time, instructing them how to administer those properly. You may also see 3D flyer templates.
Healthcare providers, on the other hand, provide hands-on care to the client, making sure that they have taken their medications, and monitoring their conditions. If this is the kind of clinic you are managing, then download and use the flyer layout template above to promote your healthcare and pharmacy services.
A flyer is defined as a sheet of paper or paper stock—either with a glossy or matte surface—which contains information regarding a simple business, their products or services, an event, or any form of information that the general public should know about. Flyers are commonly used by businesses as an advertisement tool, and they are either distributed by hand to passersby or attached to walls and other flat surfaces for the public to see.
Medicine has many different specializations, and one of which is family medicine. This specialization handles general cases and illnesses of not only the family, but the general population, and these cases range from a simple cough and colds to more serious ones. If this is the type of clinic that you are managing, then the health flyer template above may be perfect for promoting both your clinic and yourself.
Of course, when it comes to the services related to your health and wellness, you would always want to go for the best, one that can provide you with the everything you need for a sound fee. And when it comes to businesses and the use of advertisement tools to make your business known, you should also go for the best one.
If you are indeed looking for the best template that you can use to make your clinic flyers, then why not download and use the medical flyer template above? After doing so, you will only need to edit the content according to what's appropriate for your clinic.
1. Flyers are both easy to produce and inexpensive, you don't need to be an expert graphic artist to be able to design flyers. Likewise, you don't need to spend a lot to make them. But if you want, you may still be able to invest in your flyers and hire a professional graphic artist to design it for you.
2. Flyers can help you determine whether you were successful in your marketing campaign or not. This can be measured by determining how much actual copies of the flyer were distributed to how many people actually availed of the services indicated on the flyer.
3. A flyer is not only easy to read but also both entertaining and engaging. While this is a guarantee for many, it will still depend on how well you designed your flyers. The functionality and the creativity of the flyer should be balanced to allow the people to gain information while enjoying its content. You may also see pharmacy flyer templates.
There are always people who are very self-conscious about their physical features that they will invest money in keeping it as healthy-looking as possible. For some, they would also go as far as undergoing invasive procedures to enhance or reconstruct some of their features.
People actually pay for these services, and these don't come in cheap rates, the procedures itself are expensive and people also need to pay for the professional fee. To those running a cosmetic surgery clinic, the cosmetic flyer template above may be what you need to promote your business. For as low as $11, you will be getting up to three different designs.
After talking about the clinic which specializes in plastic surgery and other reconstructive procedures, we also have a flyer template here for promoting a different type of clinic.
While the other clinics featured in this article focus on physical health and attributes, this clinic aims to promote a healthy psychological well being while also trying to relieve the body from the physical stresses that it has endured.
What kind of clinic are we talking about here? We are referring to spa clinics which are meant to promote rest and relaxation.
Speaking of promoting, check out the spa flyer template above which you can download and use to promote your spa clinic. While spa clinics are not entirely needed by the body, it is very beneficial to the soul.
Why stick to the usual portrait or vertically-oriented flyers when you can do it horizontally? This way, even with the very subtle change you applied to your flyers, it will be able to stand out simply because of its unconventional style.
One of the advantages when going for a horizontal orientation is that it allows you to use a landscape photo at full size, no need to crop or shrink it.
As you can see from the horizontal flyer template above, space is divided into three columns with the left and right divisions used for high-quality images, and the middle division is used to indicate the different services being offered by the clinic.
The field in medicine which specializes in not only the skin but also the other layers underneath it is referred to as dermatologic medicine, and this field handles various skin-related cases ranging from simple warts to skin cancers. In addition, the procedures performed by dermatologists range from curative to cosmetic, the latter of which is usually optional.
If you wish to promote your dermatologic clinic and the different services you are offering in a traditional and most formal way possible, then do it through flyer distribution, and you can even use the multipurpose flyer template above to make your own clinic flyers.
So what do you think of the huge collection of clinic flyer templates that you have just seen? Do you think you would be able to use any one of those to promote your clinic? One thing's for sure, you won't be able to find flyer templates as stunning and inexpensive as these anywhere else since these were actually gathered from multiple trustworthy sources and were designed by impressively creative graphic artists. You may also see half page flyer designs.
With regards to the quality of these clinic flyer templates, the designs are more than enough to capture the attention of prospects and to motivate them to avail of the services being offered. But aside from that, these templates are also exceptionally high in terms of resolution, which means you don't have to worry about ending up with blurry or pixelated flyers. You may also see green flyer templates.
But there is still more to these flyer templates, and that includes their full editable nature which allows you to edit them as much as you want without damaging its overall quality. And in terms of costs, these templates are reasonably priced considering the quality that you will be getting. If you think that information sounded mind-blowing, then scroll back up and start downloading your own business flyer template.


A new patch means new cosmetic leaks that will make their way into the store. Check out what you'll be spending your V-Bucks on in the coming weeks.
Of course, a list of newly leaked cosmetics always accompanies a new patch. There aren't a ton of new skins with this one, but there are still a few items you'll probably want to get your hands on.
It looks like we're getting a new starter pack in the store, which will include a skin, pickaxe wrap, and new book of challenges - probably rewarding us V-Bucks.
We saw this skin leaked during the last patch, but this leak gives us the whole set.
We already got a teaser of the Ruin skin from the official Fortnite account, so we know that this is the skin we'll receive for completing enough challenges.
What remains to be seen is whether or not players will be able to unlock different versions of the skin as we did with the Prisoner.
Unfortunately, this was the only skin that was leaked in the 8.30 patch. We'll have to wait and see if the data miners find any more.
This one isn't really a leak as much as it is a release, but those who have the NVIDIA Geforce will receive a few cosmetic items when they load up Fortnite post-patch.
We got more pickaxes than anything with this batch of leaks. According to @Hypex on Twitter, the pink pickaxe will be free to players who have Save the World.
There are a few emotes with this patch as well, but they're nearly impossible to distinguish based on their images alone. One of them invloves opening a treasure chest, but that's all we can see right now.
Follow @FortniteTracker on Twitter for more leaks, news, and updates.


text:
Android M to overhaul the way app permissions work
By Derek Walter
Greenbot |
With Android M you'll no longer have a long list of permissions to approve when installing an app.
Google announced at its I/O conference Thursday that instead you'll approve specific permissions when you go to use that feature inside the app. For example, if you try an action that wants to use the microphone, location, or the camera, you'll get a popup asking you to approve that particular function. The permissions are also designed to be simpler for you to understand exactly what you're saying, "yes" to.
Android M is a developer preview, so we're not likely to see a formal release until later this year.
This story, "Android M to overhaul the way app permissions work" was originally published by Greenbot.
Android Marshmallow
Derek Walter is a freelance technology writer based in Northern California. He is the author of Learning MIT App Inventor, a hands-on guide to building your own Android apps.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Zachary Scott
Zachary Thomson Scott, Jr., actor, the son of Sallie Lee (Masterson) and Zachary Thomson Scott, was born in Austin, Texas, on February 21, 1914. His acting career began at Austin High School. From 1932 to 1934 he attended the University of Texas, where he performed leading roles and served as president for the Curtain Club; he was also on the track team. He interrupted his schooling at the age of nineteen to work his way to England on a freighter. There he joined a repertory company and for the next three years gained acting experience.
He returned to the United States and married Elaine Anderson on February 21, 1935. They had two daughters. The couple lived in New York for a short time but soon returned to the University of Texas, where Scott earned a B.A. in 1939. During this period he worked as director of the Little Theater in Austin and taught dramatics at St. Mary's Academy. He then gave up dramatic pursuits and worked at various jobs, including that of an oilfield worker, but the lure of the stage eventually caused him to move his family to New York.
He was soon acting in various Broadway productions. In 1943 Warner Brothers Studio discovered Scott while he was appearing in Those Endearing Young Charms. With the starring role in The Mask of Dimitrios in 1944, he began a film career that extended through thirty motion pictures. Scott is best remembered for his work in such popular films as Mildred Pierce (1945), The Southerner (1945), Hollywood Canteen (1944), Danger Signal (1945), and Cass Timberlane (1947). He received an Academy Award nomination for his portrayal in The Southerner. During the 1940s Scott's roles, with the exception of The Southerner, were those of a suave, debonair sophisticate, but after 1950 his career broadened. He sang the lead role in a production of The King and I (1956) and appeared on the London stage in such productions as Subway in the Sky (1957). He played numerous television roles and continued to make movies.
In 1950 Scott and his wife were divorced. He later married actress Ruth Ford. In 1959 they appeared together on Broadway in Requiem for a Nun, a play that novelist William Faulkner had written for Mrs. Scott. Scott and his wife were performing readings from Faulkner's works at the University of Mississippi in early 1965 when Scott grew ill; he died on October 3, 1965, and was buried at Memorial Park in Austin. In 1972 the Zachary Scott Theatre opened in Austin, and in 1988 a chair in drama was established at the University of Texas honoring the Scott family. Source
30° 19.836
-097° 44.969
Austin Memorial Park Cemetery
Posted by John Edward Stark at 12:00 AM No comments: Links to this post
Labels: Film and Theater


text:
Founders and Trustees
Founding Trustees
Garry Prior, Tessa Roynon, Michael Peach, Griselda Garner, Richard Morris
Elizabeth Garner
Alan Garner, Patsy Roynon
at the foundation of
The Blackden Trust - 3rd December 2004
Alan Garner has lived and worked in Toad Hall all his adult life. He is best known for his novels. (Links to his websites: the 'unofficial' site, Curtis Brown, HarperCollins.)
Alan recalls:
... the line of the roof appeared ...
There was a torn piece of hardboard lodged in the hedge. On it was daubed in whitewash: 17th. CENTURY COTTAGE FOR SALE. I opened the wicket gate and pushed my bicycle down the overgrown path, across the brook and up the field.
The line of the roof appeared and, with each step, the house stood up from the land. I began to shake. This was no seventeenth century cottage. I was looking at a timber-frame medieval hall. I lifted the doorknocker at 7.20. p.m., 19th. April 1957. Good Friday.
The price was £510, and I had 8s. 3d. and no prospects. I rode back to Alderley.
"And what's up with you, then'" said my father.
"I've seen the only place I can ever live."
"And where's that'"
"Blackden."
Patsy Roynon is the daughter of the architect, John Stanley Beard, and has inherited his interest in buildings, and in particular, timber-frame houses. Now retired, she has been a teacher, a Brown Owl and a Justice of the Peace. In 1983 she safeguarded Alan Garner's occupation of Toad Hall, by becoming a joint owner of the whole property, and in 2007 she donated The Old Medicine House to The Blackden Trust.
Patsy recalls:
It was August 1981; we were visiting Griselda and Alan at Blackden. Griselda and I were sitting at her kitchen table late at night when she mentioned that she was hoping to get someone to buy into the Medicine House project, and that if she couldn't they would have to sell the whole site. I decided on impulse that I wanted to contribute, although I didn't say anything straight away. I rationalised the decision later on, and wrote a letter afterwards to offer help.
The Medicine House had bowled me over as a building - the chimney and the spiral staircase. Walking and smelling and feeling the house had got me hooked before Griselda and I ever held that conversation. This house had something different. Something coming through every pore of my skin. It was something about the smell of the Medicine House and the way the sun came in through those old mullioned windows.
I was aware that Alan could only write at Blackden. If he'd had to write in a little house on the edge of Macclesfield, he couldn't have written the books that he wanted to write. His was special and different writing - and it needed to be done in a special and a different place.
Professor Richard Morris (Chairman) is Professor of Conflict and Culture at the University of Huddersfield. During the 1990s he was Director of the Council for British Archaeology, having earlier worked as a university teacher and archaeological excavator. His interests in aerial reconnaissance, aviation, settlement, religious and cultural history are reflected in publications that include his seminal book Churches in the Landscape. From 2003-2010 he directed the Institute for Medieval Studies at the University of Leeds.
A former Trustee of the National Coal Mining Museum for England, he is today a Trustee of the York Archaeological Trust, the Landscape Research Centre, and the National Heritage Memorial Fund. He is working on a new biography of Barnes Wallis, and a social history of 20th century Britain from the air. (Link to his website)
Elizabeth Garner has worked in the film industry, initially as a reader, script editor and then as Head of Development for Gorgeous Enterprises. Her first novel, Nightdancing, won a Betty Trask Award in 2004; her second, The Ingenious Edgar Jones, was published in 2007. (Link to her website)
Griselda Garner has spent most of her professional life in the classroom, teaching English and running school libraries. She devises and develops learning resources to encourage independent research. Since 2004, Griselda has been organising activities and developing educational programmes for The Blackden Trust.
Tessa Roynon has a PhD in American Literature from the University of Warwick. She is a stipendiary lecturer in English at St Peter's College, University of Oxford, where she primarily teaches American literature. She has also worked as both a secondary-level English teacher and a youth worker. While volunteering for a London settlement she gained experience in voluntary sector fundraising and management.
Malcolm Brown worked for seven years at Esso Petroleum before starting an eighteen year career with IBM as a manager in sales. He then formed his own consultancy in management and training for commercial companies which he ran for sixteen years and has recently taken retirement. In the Arts world, Malcolm has spent sixteen years working with various arts organisations including M6 Theatre, of which he was Chair, the Arts Council, and the Cheshire and Warrington Cultural Consortium, as Chair. He won several awards for his work including National Consultant of the Year for his work with M6.
Retired trustees
Michael Peach and Garry Prior have retired as Trustees.
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A 24-year-old male nursing home worker is facing serious charges. Residents in Tennessee who have family members in nursing homes may be interested in reading about the alleged incident that occurred in another state. The man was charged withnursing home abuse following the incident.
The man was working as a certified nursing assistant when he allegedly assaulted an elderly resident at a nursing home. According to reports, the man and another employee refused to let the patient exit her room and even kept the door closed so she could not leave. In addition, the woman was left with a number of bruises after she was allegedly pulled along by her wrists and arms. A fellow certified nursing assistant stated that he saw the incident and heard the woman demand that the man refrain from putting his hands on her.
From the defense's standpoint, the man was simply attempting to assist a patient who was agitated at the time. There is a video that allegedly reveals what happened at the time of the incident and, apparently, the woman was shown swinging at the man. Since the incident, the patient has been moved to another facility.
Sadly, a significant amount of patient injuries that occur at Tennessee nursing homes are caused by nursing home abuse. The woman undoubtedly suffered a great deal of pain and suffering due to the incident and may have suffered emotionally as well. In cases like this one, if evidence demonstrates that a nursing home employee abused a patient then that patient may be awarded compensation if he or she or his or her family decides to take legal action.


The portuguese alphabet consists of 26 letters. Although the original latin alphabet counted with 23. The lettes as K, W and Y were used only in a few foreign non-portuguese words. Since the year 1990 it has changed with the new agreement applied to all the portuguese speaking countries, except Angola.
* K, W, Y – are mainly used in words of foreign origin.


Have you ever watched a stonecutter at work? He will hammer away at a rock for perhaps a 100 times without a crack showing in it. Then, on the 101st blow, it will split in two. It is not that blow alone which accomplished the result, but the 100 others that went before as well.
God gave us two ends – one to sit on and one to think with. Success depends on which one you use. Head you win, tail you lose.


See our Facebook Event page, https://www.facebook.com/events/353231895260180/" target="_blank">HERE!
Live Music from 9pm - 1am!
- 1:00 AM The New Stadium, Wichita KS - No Cover!
Join us at The New Stadium in Wichita, KS - located at 620 W, Maple, Wichita, Kansas 67213!
Live Music (No Cover!) from 10p - 1a!
Fri. 6/7 9:00 PM Dead End Biker Rally, Peru KS, 9p-1a!
for their "Session at the Hill" featuring Piper Leigh & The Smokin' Section from 7-9pm!
Check out their Facebook page, https://www.facebook.com/The-Music-Sessions-At-Chapel-Hill-761121120658391/" target="_blank">HERE!
Fri. 6/21 7:00 PM Summer Solstice Party in Wilson Park, Arkcity KS, 7-10p!
Sat. 6/29 9:00 PM The Shamrock, Wichita KS, 9p-1a!
Sat. 7/27 8:00 PM DiVall Liquor 50th Anniversary Party in Wilson Park, Arkcity KS, 8-11p!
Sat. 8/24 10:00 PM The New Stadium, Wichita KS, 10p-1a!
Fri. 8/30 8:00 PM Boot Hill Casino, The Longhorn, Dodge City KS, 8-11p!
Sat. 9/28 6:30 PM Newton Blues, Brews & BBQ, 6:30-8p!
In Newton's Athletic Park. We play from 6:30 - 8 p.m.
Thu. 10/24 7:00 PM The Burford Theatre, Arkcity KS, 7-11p!
Sat. 11/9 10:00 PM The New Stadium, Wichita KS, 10p-1a!


Thank you everyone for your kind comments!
A big thank you to the collector from Buckley,Wa, for purchasing this image!
Congratulation on your sale, David!
David~~CONGRATULATIONS on the sale of this magnificent b&w image!!! F&V!
David congrats on your sale!
I love it David. Very nice!
Thank you Jeff...your comments a much appreciated!


Convert all popular video formats to Apple iPhone playable video. It can convert from XVid, DivX, FLV, MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, WMV, AVI, RM, RMVB, MOV, and more other formats. to Adobe Flash FLV format for playing by websites or software that supports Flash FLV formats. Do you want to play your video on websites? Do you want to upload your Movie to YouTube? Download and use this software.


text:
John Bernard, Count of Lippe (18 October 1613 - 10 June 1652) was a ruling Count of Lippe-Detmold from 1650 until his death.

He was the second eldest son of Count Simon VII of Lippe and his wife Anne Catherine of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein (1590-1622).  After the death of his nephew Simon Philip in 1650, he inherited Lippe-Detmold.

He died childless in 1652.  His younger brother Herman Adolph inherited Lippe-Detmold.

Counts of Lippe
House of Lippe
1613 births
1652 deaths
17th-century German people

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Photographer & Photojournalist @ Freelance based in Madrid /Spain Hanna Jarzabek portfolio on Visura - a professional network to connect with photo editors and art buyers, and build photography portfolio websites. Visura members, like Hanna, share photojournalism, art photography, landscape, travel photography, portraits and more. Hanna has 23 projects, community news posts, and 3 images shared in the photo stream.
By Hanna Jarzabek — "If someone does not accept me, I advise them to follow his path. This is my life, no one will live it for me and nobody has the right to ask..