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Sokollu Mehmed Pasha
Sokollu Mehmed
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
28 June 1565 – 11 October 1579
Suleiman I
Selim II
Murad III
Semiz Ali Pasha
Şemsi Pasha
(possibly) Bajica
Rudo, Bosnia Eyalet, Ottoman Empire
11 October 1579 (aged 72–73)
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Ismihan Sultan
Sultanzade Ibrahim
Enderun School
Sea captain
Islam (prev. Eastern Orthodoxy)
Serb
Service/branch
Ottoman Navy
Commander of the Imperial Guard (1543–1546)
Kapudan Pasha (grand admiral; 1546–1551)
Governor-General of Rumelia (1551–1555)
Third Vizier (1555–1561)
Second Vizier (1561–1565)
Grand Vizier (1565–1579)
Battles/wars
Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–73)
Ottoman–Hungarian Wars
Russo-Crimean War (1571)
Croatian-Ottoman Wars
Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–55)
Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–90)[1]
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: سوکلو محمد پاشا, Sokollu Mehmed Paşa in modern Turkish; Serbian: Мехмед-паша Соколовић, Latin script: Mehmed-paša Sokolović, Arebica: مەحمەد-پاشا سۉقۉلۉوٖىݘ, pronounced [měxmet pâʃa sokǒːloʋit͡ɕ];[2] 1506 – 11 October 1579) was an Ottoman statesman. Born in Ottoman Bosnia into a Serbian Orthodox family, Mehmed was taken away at an early age as part of the Ottoman devşirme system of collection of Christian boys to be raised to serve as a janissary. These boys were forcefully converted into Islam, raised and educated, but in turn were offered great opportunities to excel and to rise within the Ottoman imperial system; Sokollu Mehmed Pasha is one of many that made the best of their careers (reaching Grand Vizier rank).
He rose through the ranks of the Ottoman imperial system, eventually holding positions as commander of the imperial guard (1543–1546), High Admiral of the Fleet (1546–1551), Governor-General of Rumelia (1551–1555), Third Vizier (1555–1561), Second Vizier (1561–1565), and as Grand Vizier (1565–1579, for a total of 14 years, three months, 17 days) under three sultans: Suleiman the Magnificent, Selim II, and Murad III.[3] He was assassinated in 1579, ending his near 15-year rule as de facto ruler of the Ottoman Empire.[3]
Sokollu's birth name was probably Bajica,[4][5] and he was of ethnic Serb origin.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] He was said to be born into a modest shepherd family,[5] adherent to the Serbian Orthodox Church,[17] in or near Sokolovići (tr. Sokol) in the vicinity of modern-day Rudo.[3] "Sokollu" is a demonym, derived from his place of birth (Turkish -lu indicates from a place).[3] His father was named Dimitrije.[3] He had two brothers and a sister, who married the older brother of Hüseyin Pasha Boljanić, as well as at least one uncle.[3] However, details about his family and relations are disputed on two major counts. One is his relationship to Makarije Sokolović. Traditionally identified as his brother, today some historians consider him to have been either a nephew or distant relative.[4][3] The second is the matter of Mehmed's uncle. By some accounts, his uncle was a monk at the Mileševa monastery who had his two nephews, Bajica and Makarije (taken to be brothers according to this view), educated there.[4] Other sources suggest that his uncle converted to Islam early.[3]
In 1516, an Ottoman expedition gathering up boys as part of the devşirme system reached Sokol. According to folklore, Bajica was either simply taken from his father's home or, due to a reputation as a gifted child, specifically chosen by the commanding Yeşilce Mehmed Bey. The story further holds that his uncle unsuccessfully appealed to the authorities, even offering gold for the child's return.[4]
Janissary education
He was imposed on the name of Mehmed and, first in Edirne and then in Constantinople, received a thorough Ottoman education as a recruit, first as an apprentice Janissary (in Turkish Acemi Oğlan); then in the Enderun or palace school in Topkapı Palace.
As proclaimed in Baghdad on 13 March 1535, Mehmed was sent to be one of the seven retainers of the Imperial Treasurer Iskender Çelebi. Upon Iskender's death, Mehmed returned to Constantinople. In addition to Turkish, he spoke Serbian (Serbian), Persian, Arabic, Venetian-Italian and Latin language.
Mehmed in 1541 first became an Imperial Chamberlain and then the head of the Sultan's squires. In these positions he became very close to Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and learned from him.
As a soldier, Mehmed excelled at the Battle of Mohács and the first Siege of Vienna. In 1546 the Kapudan Pasha Hayreddin Barbarossa died and Mehmed was appointed his successor. In this capacity he was present at the naval expedition against Trablus (present-day Tripoli in Libya). During his five years in this position, Mehmed Pasha greatly strengthened the arsenal of the naval fleet.
Mehmed became Beylerbey (Governor-General) of Rumelia in 1551, headquartered in Sofia. While he was visiting the area of his birth, his mother recognized him by the birthmark on his face and embraced her child for the first time in more than thirty years.
After the death of John Zápolya, king of Hungary as an Ottoman vassal, in 1540, Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor looked to annex Zápolya's lands (the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom). The Hungarian diet had elected infant John Sigismund Zápolya, the son of Zápolya and Isabella Jagiellon, as King of Hungary, which broke the Treaty of Nagyvárad, and Ferdinand I invaded Hungary. Isabella struggled to rule Hungary as Queen dowager for her son. Frater George Martinuzzi, appointed by John as regent, opposed her (he would later be created a Cardinal as reward for his accomplishments in this conflict). Ferdinand I sent mercenary leader (condottiero) Bartolomeo Castoldo with more than 7,000 mercenaries who beat a contingent led by Péter Petrovics, killing more than 2,500 of them, near Csanád. The Sultan immediately ordered Sokollu Mehmed Pasha to move into Hungary, so he assembled an army of 90,000 soldiers and fifty-four cannons and also summoned the pashas of Smederevo, Vidin and Nicopolis. When his forces reached Slankamen in Syrmia, George Martinuzzi begged Mehmed not to attack Transylvania, arguing that it had remained in the possession of the Sultan. Mehmed rejected negotiation proposals, led Ottoman forces into Transylvania and soon captured 16 cities, including Bečej, Becskerek, Csanád and Lippa. In this campaign, Sokollu won over to his side local Serb-manned garrisons by pointing out to his common ethnicity with them.[12] Martinuzzi responded by raising a rebellion in Transylvania, mustering one soldier from every household. Mehmed had to fall back and once again laid siege to Temesvár on 14 October with the main part of his army and 50 cannons. Mehmed demanded surrender, but the city's commander, István Losonci, replied with a recommendation for Mehmed's return to Rumelia.
Mehmed besieged the city until 28 October but could not seize it. Retreating to Belgrade, he initiated peace negotiations with the Monk-Viceroy. Martinuzzi was assassinated on 17 December 1551, and peace talks ended. Sokollu Mehmed renewed his military campaign in 1552, seizing Temesvár (see Siege of Temesvár (1552)), Hollókő, Buják, Rétság, Balassagyarmat, the whole of Banat and Szolnok. Sokollu Mehmed's forces then joined with those of Ahmet Pasha advancing towards Eger. Mehmed's army assembled on the Hill of Egid but could not take the city itself.
In 1532, Sultan Suleiman had declared war on Safavid Persia following two decades of peace after the climactic Battle of Chaldiran, when the Persian Shah Tahmasp wanted to take advantage of the Sultan's preoccupation with Hungary and started making armed incursions into Ottoman territory. Sokollu Mehmed was dispatched to spend the winter of 1553/1554 in Tokat to take charge of the final stages of the war against Persia. In June 1554, Mehmed Pasha and the Rumelian troops joined the Sultan's army and took part in the Safavid Campaign (1554–55).
Vizier
Third Vizier
Impressed by Sokollu Mehmed's skills, the Sultan made him the Third Vizier in 1555 and he was given a place in the Imperial Council (Divan). His position as Governor-General of Rumelia was given to a Herzegovinian Janissary agha, Pertev Pasha, an old companion of Mehmed's from when they had both served under Iskender Çelebi.
Almost immediately Sokollu Mehmed had to quell a rebellion around Salonica, led by Mustafa Bey, who pretended to be the Sultan's late son Mustafa. Sokollu Mehmed took 4,000 horsemen and 3,000 janissaries and quelled the rebellion. Mustafa Bey was hanged.
Mehmed's brother, Topuzli-Makarije, became a monk of the Serb Chilandar Monastery on Mount Athos. Makarije Sokolović paid a visit to his brother's palace in Constantinople in 1557, where the two brothers discussed the possibility of re-establishing the autocephaly of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Later that same year, Sokollu Mehmed issued an edict (firman) declaring the restoration of the Serbian Patriarchate, with Makarije Sokolović as Serbian Patriarch Makarije I. The edict also guaranteed the rights and religious freedom of all inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire.
When the former Grand Vizier Ahmet Pasha was deposed and hanged, he was replaced by Rüstem Pasha, who had numerous enemies. One of them was Lala Mustafa, who instigated the Sultan's third son, Bayezid, then Beylerbey of Karaman, to raise a rebellion against his brother and heir-apparent Selim. Sokollu Mehmed mustered an army and went to Konya, where he decisively defeated Bayezid's forces in May 1559. Bayezid fled to Persia. Sokollu Mehmed remained in Asia and spent the winter negotiating with the Persian Shah regarding Bayezid's extradition. After long negotiations, the Shah handed over Bayezid and his four sons, who were subsequently executed.
Second Vizier
Grand Vizier Rüstem Pasha died in 1561 and was succeeded by the Second Vizier, Semiz Ali Pasha. Sokollu Mehmed Pasha in turn became Second Vizier, while Pertev Pasha became Third Vizier.
On 17 August 1562, Sokollu Mehmed married Sultan Suleiman's granddaughter – Prince Selim's daughter – Ismihan Sultan (some sources read her name as Esma Han Sultan) . Mehmed spent the following years in peace, governing and administrating the realm.
In 1564, Mehmed's nephew, Sokollu Mustafa Bey, became Viceroy of the Eyalet of Bosnia.
Grand Vizier
In June 1565, Grand Vizier Semiz Ali Pasha died. Sultan Suleiman had much confidence in Sokollu Mehmed Pasha and promoted him to this position.
War with the Habsburgs
Fountain of Mehmed Pasha Sokolović in Belgrade from 1578.
In late 1565 and early 1566, tensions between the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II and Sultan Suleiman grew. Maximilian wanted the cities previously taken by the Bosniak commander Hasan Predojević restored to him. When negotiations failed, Maximilian declared war and Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha ordered his nephew, Sokollu Mustafa Bey of Bosnia, to advance against Maximilian. Mustafa managed to capture the cities of Krupa and Dvor na Uni. The Sultan immediately declared war against the Holy Roman Empire, and Sokollu Mehmed began the preparations for the army's advance. The Grand Vizier went ahead, preparing for the arrival of the Sultan, who was leading the main part of the Ottoman forces. After 50 days, they arrived in Belgrade.
Passing through Zemun, one part of the army crossed Varaždin and struck Egar before proceeding towards Vienna. The Croatian nobleman and general in service of Habsburg Monarchy Nikola Šubić Zrinski (Miklós Zrínyi), a member of the Zrinski noble family, had defeated the sanjakbey Tirhal Mohammed, executing him and his son, and capturing 17,000 ducats. This incurred the Sultan's wrath, and he dispatched Sokollu Mehmed's forces to besiege Szigetvár, while Suleiman remained in Harsang. The commander of Budin, Arslan Pasha, lost the cities of Várpalota, Veszprém and Tata. The Sultan sent a platoon of fifteen troopers to bring him Arslan Pasha's head, but Arslan had already left his forces three days earlier and was on his way to the Sultan. The Sultan showed Sokollu Mehmed a letter in which Arslan had insulted him, and on 3 August, when Arslan reported to Mehmed's tent with 15 heavily armed horsemen, Sokollu Mehmed criticized Arslan for his conduct, accused him of treason and stripped him of his post, giving it instead to his nephew Sokollu Mustafa Bey.
The Sultan arrived with Sokollu Mehmed's sons, Kurt Bey and Hasan Bey, at Pécs. Finally, the large Ottoman force, which numbered between 100,000[18] and 300,000 soldiers and 300 cannons, laid siege to Szigetvár. The Battle of Szigetvár was an Ottoman victory, with heavy losses on both sides. Both commanders died during the battle: while Zrinsky was killed in the final charge, Suleiman the Magnificent died in his tent from natural causes, before the Turks achieved victory.[19] According to Robert William Fraser, more than 10,000 large cannonballs where shot into the fortress during the siege.
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha had all witnesses to the Sultan's death executed, and announced that Suleiman was too sick to perform his duties and that he would be healing in Szigetvár, while he would be acting on the Sultan's behalf. Sokollu Mehmed rewarded those involved in the capture of Szigetvár and increased the soldiers' wages. He sent a part of the army to capture Babócsa. The Tartars, however, spread the news of the Sultan's death, and Sokollu Mustafa Bey wrote to Prince Selim about his father's death. Selim marched immediately towards Srem. Upon his arrival in Vukovar, Sokollu Mehmed wrote him that it would be best if he went to Belgrade to greet his army for a more formal and effective take-over of the Empire. Selim returned to Belgrade, and Mehmed ordered the army to march towards the town. Forty days after the Sultan's death, in October 1566, the army set out for Belgrade. At the fourth stop on the way to Belgrade, forty-eight days after Suleiman's death, Sokollu Mehmed announced the Sultan's death ceremonially, during the traditional reading of the Koran. Sokollu Mehmed had Suleiman's body embalmed and ordered the army to proceed to meet the new Sultan in Belgrade. After three marches, the army arrived in Sremska Mitrovica. Mehmed reminded Selim to send gifts to the viziers, pashas and the army, but Selim's advisors convinced the new Sultan not to do so. Sokollu Mehmed went to Belgrade and swore allegiance to Selim II as his Sultan, and Selim confirmed him as his Grand Vizier.
Expecting a mutiny among the military in the capital, Sokollu Mehmed had Suleiman's body sent to Constantinople to restore order amongst the janissaries and other officials, who now demanded more compensation for their past efforts. In Belgrade, Sultan Selim II called a council, as even some of his closest officials were openly mocking him. Sokollu Mehmed assured him that he would manage everything effectively, and distributed gifts to the troops, rewarding them handsomely to regain their loyalty.
On the fifth day of their stay in Belgrade, the Sultan, Sokollu Mehmed and the army departed for Constantinople. Before they managed to return to the Empire's capital, a mutiny broke out and the road to the city was blocked, and Sokollu Mehmed and Ahmed Pasha had to bribe their way into the city. Order was restored after Sokollu Mehmed convinced the Sultan to promise to send handsome gifts and higher wages to the janissaries. The next morning, each janissary was given standard pay of 40 ducats and an additional 20 ducats as an accession bonus. Soon, the other branches of the military, the spahis and mercenaries, demanded higher wages as well. Mehmed arrested and replaced their aghas at once, finally stopping all dissent.
Two years after Selim's accession, on 17 February 1568, Sokollu Mehmed succeeded in concluding at Edirne a peace treaty with Emperor Maximilian II, whereby the Emperor agreed to pay an annual "honary present" of 30,000 ducats.
Wars with Russia, Venice and the Holy League
Mehmed Pasha had little success against Russia, and the first encounter between the Ottoman Empire and her future northern rival presaged the disaster to come. A plan had been devised at Constantinople for connecting the Volga and Don by a canal, and in the summer of 1569 a large force of janissaries and cavalry was sent to lay siege to Astrakhan and begin the canal works, while an Ottoman fleet besieged Azov. However, a sortie of the garrison of Astrakhan drove back the besiegers. A Russian army of 15,000 men attacked and scattered the workmen and the Tatar force sent for their protection, and the Ottoman fleet was destroyed by a storm . Early in 1570 the ambassadors of Ivan the Terrible concluded at Constantinople a treaty which restored friendly relations between the Sultan and the Tsar.
Selim II was a very weak ruler, and as Grand Vizier, Sokollu Mehmed held the real power in the administration, thanks to the reforms of Selim's predecessor, Suleiman the Magnificent. Although the government was weakening, Sokollu Mehmed Paşa managed to expand the borders of the Ottoman Empire greatly. In 1570 he dispatched Sinan Pasha to conquer Arabia. Sinan Pasha solemnly declared the reign of Sultan Selim II in Mecca upon finishing his military campaign in Hejaz and Yemen.
In 1571-1572, on the order Mehmed's wife Ismihan Sultan (or Esma Han Sultan), the famous architect Mimar Sinan built the Sokollu Mehmed Paşa Mosque, which an authoritative guide to Constantinople states to be "The most beautiful of the smaller mosques in Istanbul, a minor masterpiece by Sinan".[20][21]
During the rule of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha as Grand Vizier, the Ottoman navy and army took Cyprus in 1571 from Venice. The administration of Cyprus was given to Mehmed's old friend, the Arab Ahmed Pasha. The invasion of Cyprus led to the formation of a so-called Holy League, comprising the Pope, Spain with Naples and Sicily, the Republic of Venice, Genoa, Tuscany, and the Knights of Malta. On 7 October 1571, the coalition's fleet under the command of Don Juan of Austria decisively defeated the Ottoman fleet under Müezzinzade Ali Pasha in the Battle of Lepanto.
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha immediately ensured that Piyale Pasha and Uluç Ali Reis, the new Grand Admiral, were provided with all the necessary means and resources to rebuild the Empire's shattered fleet. By July 1572 the Ottoman fleet already numbered 250 fully equipped warships "including eight of the largest capital ships ever seen in the Mediterranean".[22] It is reported in Turkish chronicles that Sokollu Mehmed Pasha had said to the Venetian Ambassador "By conquering Cyprus we have cut off one of your arms; at Lepanto by defeating our navy you have only shaved off our beard. However, you know that a cut-off arm cannot be replaced but shaved-off beard grows thicker." Indeed, the Holy League ships had to retire to ports and Ottoman naval supremacy in the Mediterranean was restored. The new Ottoman Navy that started a naval expedition in summer of 1573 under Uluç Ali Reis found no rivals in the Mediterranean and ravaged the coasts of Sicily and southern Italy and in 1574 it captured Tunis from the Hafsids, who for some time had been supported by Spanish troops, thus restoring Ottoman domination of Western Mediterranean.
On 3 March 1573, Venetian Republic signed a new peace treaty with the Ottomans under Mehmed Pasha, thereby bringing the Holy League to an end, accepting the loss of Cyprus and increasing the tribute payments. He also extended for eight more years the peace treaty with the Holy Roman Empire and maintained good relations with France, Poland-Lithuania and Russia. He was preparing for a fresh attack on Venice when the Sultan's death on 12 December 1574 cut short his plans.
Final years
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha's wealth reached its peak around 1573, when the value of his personal property (cash, goods, accounts, objects) amounted to 18 million ducats. Mehmed received the standard Grand Vizier's wage of 20 ducats every day. His wealth increased greatly through gifts and taxes of Ottoman officials: anyone who became a vizier had to pay Mehmed Pasha 50,000-60,000 ducats, and every Governor-General had to pay 15,000-20,000 or even sometimes 30,000-40,000 ducats upon ascending to the office. The provincial governor of Egypt at Cairo alone dispatched 100,000 ducats to the Grand Vizier every year.
On 30 August 1574, Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha installed his nephew Antonije Sokolović, then the Metropolitan of Hum, as the new Eastern Orthodox Archbishop of Ohrid. On 23 October the same year, upon the death of Patriarch Makarije's death, Antonije became the new Serbian Patriarch. Antonije died soon, in 1575, and was replaced by yet another one of Mehmed's nephews, Gerasim Sokolović.
When Sultan Selim II died, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha again kept this secret until Selim's oldest son Murad arrived from his governor's post in Manisa. Sokollu Mehmed Pasha acknowledged the new Sultan, Murad III, and remained Grand Vizier, but now he had to cope with the rising political influence of the palace women, first with Sultan's mother Nurbanu Sultan and then his wife, of Venetian origin, Safiye Sultan. Murad III gradually soured on Sokollu Mehmed's overwhelming power within the Empire, and the Grand Vizier's influence declined.
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha was involved in the succession disputes of the Polish Crown in 1576 and 1577, but this did not reach greater measures.
Sokollu Mehmed signed numerous treaties of friendship with Venice, Florence, Spain, England and Switzerland. He also managed to force a number of European states to pay tribute: Austria paid 9,000 ducats; Transylvania 3,000; Wallachia 7,000; Moldavia 3,000. Eventually, even Venice had to pay him 4,000 ducats annually. This altogether gave him an annual income of 31,000 gold ducats.
Mehmed was initially known to be opposed to the war with Persia, which began in 1578, but was overruled upon eventually, amongst one of the reasons being the constant urgings by Sokollu Mehmed to take advantage of the Ottomans neighboring rival.[1] Sultan Murad III time afterwards, began to limit his Grand Vizier's powers by slowly removing his allies from high offices. The state secretary Feridun, an old companion of Sokollu mehmed's since the siege of Szigetvár, was sent to Belgrade, away from Constantinople. Mehmed's faithful Arab friend, the Governor-General of Cyprus, was lynched by mutinous soldiers. Mehmed's greatest rivals, Hamid Efendi and Piyale Pasha, arranged the execution of the Grand Vizier's Greek protege, Michael Kantakouzenos. On 10 October 1578, Sokollu Mustafa Bey, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha's nephew and Governor-General of Budin, was assassinated. On the anniversary of this day, on 10 October 1579, Sokollu Mehmed had his servant Hasan Bey read to him about the Battle of Kosovo.
The next day, on 11 October, a mentally unstable dervish demanded to see the Grand Vizier. Sokollu Mehmed Pasha allowed the dervish to enter his quarters, whereupon the latter took out a knife and stabbed the Grand Vizier. After three hours, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha died. This ended his near 15-year rule as de facto ruler of the Ottoman Empire. There are some who claim that the assassin was a janissary in disguise in employment of Safiye Sultan, the wife of Murad III. Also, some sources claim that Sokollu Mehmed was a target of Hashshashin agent, as he was opposed to war with Persia where this order was stationed, which was not in their interest, although this is a very controversial claim as this order was destroyed by Mongols long time before.
He is buried at his complex, Sokollu Mehmed Paşa Külliyesi at the back of Eyüp Mosque, in Istanbul, at the Sokollu Mehmed Paşa Türbe built by famous architect Mimar Sinan for him c. 1572. His wife Ismihan (or Esma Han) is buried near him and in the little garden of the Türbe are buried the family and descendants of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha.
Heritage and legacy
Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge in Višegrad, Mehmed's most famous endowment from 1577.
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha has left numerous architecturally well known buildings in Constantinople and throughout Ottoman territories. Foundations of his buildings are spread over Edirne, Halep, Medina, Bečkerek, Belgrade and alongside Bosnia, where he is especially remembered for his bridges. Mecca and Constantinople alone contained a number of his mosques.
The Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque and the complex built at Kadirga district of İstanbul by architect Mimar Sinan is considered to be the most beautiful of the smaller mosques in İstanbul.[20] It is known for its unusually fine ordering of medrese over the entry stairs, its lofty elegant interior, the first hooded fountain, ogival arches of the arcades, and especially, the fine and well preserved Iznik tiles.
His most renowned endowment is the eleven-arched Višegrad bridge in his hometown of Višegrad. The construction and history of the bridge is the topic of the novel The Bridge on the Drina (Serbian: Na Drini ćuprija - На Дрини ћуприја), written by Nobel laureate Ivo Andrić, a Yugoslav novelist[23] His life also interested the Yugoslav writer Meša Selimović. There were numerous Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian legends about the bridge's construction. According to one, Mehmed Paşa built the bridge in his son's name. Another is the tale of its architect Rade, which is described in "Bridge on the Drina".
Other elements of his architectural legacy include:
The Azapkapi Mosque, built by Sinan in 1577-1578 in the Azapkapi district of İstanbul, is considered most important Ottoman monument in Galata.[20]
The Sokollu Mehmed Paşa Kulliyesi, built by Sinan in ca. 1572 in the Eyub district of İstanbul, is a complex including a medrese, a school and his tomb
The Sokollu Mehmed Paşa Complex built in 1549 and extended at 1569, both times by Sinan. Located on the main highway between the two Ottoman capitals of İstanbul and Edirne, at Luleburgaz, it is a complex of caravanserai, bathhouse, mosque, madrasah, a school, market streets and later, private apartments for Sultan's use.
Complexes built at Havsa, a city on the Istanbul-Edirne highway and in Payas, in southern Turkey near Antakya.
Bridges at Alpullu, Luleburgaz and Corlu, built by Sinan
The bridge at Arslanagića Most in Trebinje
Vizier's bridge in Podgorica
The bridge on Žepa and the Goat's Bridge (Kozija ćuprija) in Sarajevo
Public bathhouses in Havsa, Yesildirek (İstanbul), Edirne and Luleburgaz public bathhouses, built by Sinan
The Black Mosque in Sofia, built by Mimar Sinan during the years when Sokollu Mehmed Pasha was governor of Rumelia and later converted into a church in the 19th century
A Road of four paces and a castle between Višegrad and Sarajevo, on Glasinac. Of the castle, only a drinking-fountain remains, which is known as the Mehmed Sokolović's han.
A mosque, maktab and musafirhana (guest house) in his native village of Sokolovići
Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque
List of Ottoman Grand Viziers
1 2 Sicker 1986, pp. 2-3.
↑ Mehmed/Мехмед in isolation: [měxmed].
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Imamović, Mustafa (1996). Historija Bošnjaka. Sarajevo: BZK Preporod. ISBN 9958-815-00-1
1 2 3 4 Kočan, Ismet (21 December 2005). Mit i stvarnost - Mehmed-paša Sokolović, Večernje Novosti Online.
1 2 Samarčić, Radovan (2004). Sokollu Mehmet Paşa (3rd ed.) Istanbul: Aralik. ISBN 975-8823-62-0
↑ Banac 1984, p. 64.
↑ Malcolm 1994, p. 46.
↑ Hastings 1997, p. 132.
↑ Tanner 2001, p. 41.
↑ Judah 2000, p. 45.
1 2 Gilles Veinstein (1997). "Sokollu Mehmed Pasha". In Clifford Edmund Bosworth. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. 9 (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 706–7. ISBN 9789004104228.
↑ Ana S. Trbovich (2008). A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 9780195333435.
↑ Emine Fetvacı (2013). "Sokollu Mehmed Pasha's Career". Picturing History at the Ottoman Court. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 102. ISBN 9780253006783.
↑ İlber Ortaylı (2006). Osmanlı'yı Yeniden Keşfetmek [Rediscovering the Ottoman Empire] (in Turkish). Istanbul: Timaş Yayınları. p. 119. Sokullu Mehmet Paşa ... Sırp asıllı bir ruhban ailesinden gelir.
↑ Peter Bartl (1985). Grundzüge der jugoslawischen Geschichte [Basics of the Yugoslav History] (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. p. 38. ISBN 9783534080823. des serbischstämmigen Großvezirs Mehmed Pascha Sokolli
↑ Dvornik, Francis (1962). The Slavs in European History and Civilization. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 356. ISBN 0-8135-0799-5.
↑ Shelton, Edward (1867). The book of battles: or, Daring deeds by land and sea. London: Houlston and Wright. pp. 82–83.
↑ Turnbull, Stephen R (2003). The Ottoman Empire, 1326–1699. New York (USA): Osprey Publishing Ltd. p. 57. ISBN 0-415-96913-1.
1 2 3 J.Freely (1998) Istanbul: The Imperial City, Penguin
↑ Sokollu Mehmet Pasa Mosque 1572 photos
↑ S.J.Shaw, [1976] History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, pp.178
↑ Andricećeva prijateljstva, Radovan Popović, p. 240
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Malcolm, Noel (1994). Bosnia: A Short History. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-5520-4.
Sicker, Martin (2001). The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 027596891X.
Tanner, Marcus (2001). Croatia: A Nation Forged in War. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09125-7.
R. Samardžić, Mehmed Sokolović, t. 1-2, Łódź 1982
Ismet Kočan. "Myth and Reality – Mehmed Pasha Sokolović". Večernje Novosti.
Bosniak Mehmed Pasha Sokolovic - Article by Prof. Muhamed Filipovic (historian) examining history of Bosniak hero Mehmed-pasa Sokolovic
Photos of Sokollu Mehmet Pasa Mosque at Kadirga, Constantinople
Semiz Ali Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
28 June 1565 – 11 October 1579 Succeeded by
Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Rise (1299–1453)
Hacıkemaleddinoğlu Alaeddin Pasha (1320–1331)
Mahmudoğlu Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha (1331–1348)
Hacı Pasha (1348–1349)
Sinanüddin Fakih Yusuf Pasha (1349–1364)
Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Elder (1364–1387)
Çandarlı Ali Pasha (1387–1406)
Osmancıklı Imamzade Halil Pasha (1406–1413)
Amasyalı Bayezid Pasha (1413–1421)
Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Elder (1421–1429)
Osmancıklı Koca Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha (1429–1439)
Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger (1439–1453)
Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Classical Age (1453–1550)
Zagan Pasha (1453–1456)
Veli Mahmud Pasha (1456–1466)
Rum Mehmed Pasha (1466–1469)
Ishak Pasha (1469–1472)
Gedik Ahmed Pasha (1474–1477)
Karamani Mehmed Pasha (1477–1481)
Koca Davud Pasha (1482–1497)
Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1497–1498)
Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Younger (1498–1499)
Mesih Pasha (1499–1501)
Hadim Ali Pasha (1501–1503)
Koca Mustafa Pasha (1511–1512)
Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha (1512–1515)
Hadım Sinan Pasha (1516–1517)
Yunus Pasha (1517)
Piri Mehmed Pasha (1517–1523)
Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha (1523–1536)
Ayas Mehmed Pasha (1536–1539)
Lütfi Pasha (1539–1541)
Hadım Suleiman Pasha (1541–1544)
Rüstem Pasha (1544–1553)
Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Transformation (1550–1700)
Kara Ahmed Pasha (1553–1555)
Semiz Ali Pasha (1561–1565)
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (1565–1579)
Şemsi Pasha (1579–1580)
Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha (1580)
Koca Sinan Pasha (1580–1582)
Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (1582–1584)
Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha (1584–1585)
Hadim Mesih Pasha (1585–1586)
Serdar Ferhad Pasha (1591–1592)
Serdar Ferhad Pasha (1595)
Lala Mehmed Pasha (1595)
Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1596)
Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha (1596)
Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1596–1597)
Hadım Hasan Pasha (1597–1598)
Cerrah Mehmed Pasha (1598–1599)
Yemişçi Hasan Pasha (1601–1603)
Yavuz Ali Pasha (1603–1604)
Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha (1604–1606)
Boşnak Dervish Mehmed Pasha (1606)
Kuyucu Murad Pasha (1606–1611)
Nasuh Pasha (1611–1614)
Öküz Mehmed Pasha (1614–1616)
Damat Halil Pasha (1616–1619)
Güzelce Ali Pasha (1619–1621)
Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha (1621)
Dilaver Pasha (1621–1622)
Kara Davud Pasha (1622)
Mere Hüseyin Pasha (1622)
Lefkeli Mustafa Pasha (1622)
Gürcü Hadım Mehmed Pasha (1622–1623)
Kemankeş Kara Ali Pasha (1623–1624)
Çerkes Mehmed Pasha (1624–1625)
Filibeli Hafız Ahmed Pasha (1625–1626)
Gazi Ekrem Hüsrev Pasha (1628–1631)
Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (1631–1632)
Topal Recep Pasha (1632)
Tabanıyassı Mehmed Pasha (1632–1637)
Bayram Pasha (1637–1638)
Tayyar Mehmed Pasha (1638)
Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha (1638–1644)
Civankapıcıbaşı Sultanzade Semiz Mehmed Pasha (1644–1645)
Nevesinli Salih Pasha (1645–1647)
Kara Musa Pasha (1647)
Hezarpare Ahmed Pasha (1647–1648)
Sofu Mehmed Pasha (1648–1649)
Kara Murat Pasha (1649–1650)
Melek Ahmed Pasha (1650–1651)
Abaza Siyavuş Pasha I (1651)
Gürcü Mehmed Pasha (1651–1652)
Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha (1652–1653)
Bıyıklı Koca Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1653–1654)
Ibşir Mustafa Pasha (1654–1655)
Kara Dev Murad Pasha (1655)
Ermeni Süleyman Pasha (1655)
Gazi Hüseyin Pasha (1656)
Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha (1656)
Boynuyaralı Mehmed Pasha (1656)
Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (1656–1661)
Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (1661–1676)
Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha (1676–1683)
Bayburtlu Kara Ibrahim Pasha (1683–1685)
Sarı Süleyman Pasha (1685–1687)
Abaza Siyavuş Pasha II (1687–1688)
Ayaşlı Ismail Pasha (1688)
Tekirdağlı Bekri Mustafa Pasha (1688–1689)
Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha (1689–1691)
Bahadırzade Arabacı Ali Pasha (1691–1692)
Merzifonlu Çalık Hacı Ali Pasha (1692–1693)
Bozoklu (Bıyıklı) Mustafa Pasha (1694)
Sürmeli Ali Pasha (1694–1695)
Elmas Mehmed Pasha (1695–1697)
Köprülü Amcazade Hacı Hüseyin Pasha (1697–1702)
Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Old Regime (1700–1789)
Daltaban Mustafa Pasha (1702–1703)
Rami Mehmed Pasha (1703)
Sührablı Kavanoz Nişancı Ahmed Pasha (1703)
Damat Hasan Pasha (1703–1704)
Kalaylıkoz Hacı Ahmed Pasha (1704)
Baltacı Mehmet Pasha (1704–1706)
Çorlulu Ali Pasha (1706–1710)
Köprülü Numan Pasha (1710)
Gürcü Ağa Yusuf Pasha (1711–1712)
Silahdar Süleyman Pasha (1712–1713)
Kel Hoca Ibrahim Pasha (1713)
Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha (1713–1716)
Hacı Halil Pasha (1716–1717)
Tevkii Nişancı Mehmed Pasha (1717–1718)
Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1718–1730)
Silahdar Damat Mehmet Pasha (1730–1731)
Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha (1731)
Topal Osman Pasha (1731–1732)
Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1732–1735)
Gürcü Ismail Pasha (1735–1736)
Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (1736–1737)
Muhsinzade Abdullah Pasha (1737)
Yeğen Mehmed Pasha (1737–1739)
Ivaz Mehmed Pasha (1739–1740)
Nişancı Ahmed Pasha (1740–1742)
Seyyid Hasan Pasha (1743–1746)
Tiryaki Hacı Mehmed Pasha (1746–1747)
Seyyid Abdullah Pasha (1747–1750)
Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha (1750–1752)
Çorlulu Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1752–1755)
Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1755)
Naili Abdullah Pasha (1755)
Silahdar Bıyıklı Ali Pasha (1755)
Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha (1755–1756)
Koca Ragıp Pasha (1757–1763)
Tevkii Hamza Hamid Pasha (1763)
Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1765–1768)
Silahdar Hamza Mahir Pasha (1768)
Yağlıkçızade Nişancı Hacı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1768–1769)
Moldovancı Ali Pasha (1769)
Ivazzade Halil Pasha (1769–1770)
Silahdar Mehmed Pasha (1770–1771)
Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1774–1775)
Moralı Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1775–1777)
Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha (1777–1778)
Kalafat Mehmed Pasha (1778–1779)
Silahdar Karavezir Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (1779–1781)
Yeğen Hacı Mehmed Pasha (1782)
Halil Hamid Pasha (1782–1785)
Hazinedar Şahin Ali Pasha (1785–1786)
Koca Yusuf Pasha (1786–1789)
Kethüda Meyyit Hasan Pasha (1789)
Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Decline and Modernization (1789–1922)
Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha (1789–1790)
Çelebizade Şerif Hasan Pasha (1790–1791)
Melek Mehmed Pasha (1792–1794)
Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha (1794–1798)
Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (1798–1805)
Hafiz Ismail Pasha (1805–1806)
Ibrahim Hilmi Pasha (1806–1807)
Çelebi Mustafa Pasha (1807–1808)
Alemdar Mustafa Pasha (1808)
Çavuşbaşı Memiş Pasha (1808–1809)
Laz Aziz Ahmed Pasha (1811–1812)
Hurshid Pasha (1812–1815)
Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1815–1818)
Dervish Mehmed Pasha (1818–1820)
Seyyid Ali Pasha (1820–1821)
Benderli Ali Pasha (1821)
Hacı Salih Pasha (1821–1822)
Deli Abdullah Pasha (1822–1823)
Silahdar Ali Pasha (1823)
Mehmed Said Galip Pasha (1823–1824)
Mehmed Selim Pasha (1824–1828)
Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1828–1829)
Reşid Mehmed Pasha (1829–1833)
Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha (1839–1840)
Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1846–1848)
Ibrahim Sarim Pasha (1848)
Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1852)
Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1852)
Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha (1852)
Damat Mehmed Ali Pasha (1852–1853)
Mustafa Naili Pasha (1853–1854)
Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1854)
Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha (1855–1856)
Mustafa Naili Pasha (1857)
Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1859–1860)
Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1860–1861)
Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1861–1866)
Yusuf Kamil Pasha (1863)
Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1871–1872)
Midhat Pasha (1872)
Ahmed Esad Pasha (1873)
Şirvanlızade Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1873–1874)
Hüseyin Avni Pasha (1874–1875)
Midhat Pasha (1876–1877)
Ibrahim Edhem Pasha (1877–1878)
Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (1878)
Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1878)
Mehmed Sadık Pasha (1878)
Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1878)
Saffet Pasha (1878)
Hayreddin Pasha (1878–1879)
Ahmed Arifi Pasha (1879)
Mehmed Said Pasha (1879–1880)
Kadri Pasha (1880)
Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha (1882)
Mehmed Said Pasha (1882)
Kâmil Pasha (1885–1891)
Ahmed Cevad Pasha (1891–1895)
Kâmil Pasha (1895)
Halil Rifat Pasha (1895–1901)
Mehmed Ferid Pasha (1903–1908)
Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1909)
Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (1909)
Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1909–1910)
Ibrahim Hakki Pasha (1910–1911)
Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (1912)
Mahmud Shevket Pasha (1913)
Said Halim Pasha (1913–1917)
Mehmed Talat Pasha (1917–1918)
Ahmed Izzet Pasha (1918)
Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (1918–1919)
Damat Ferid Pasha (1919)
Ali Rıza Pasha (1919–1920)
Salih Hulusi Pasha (1920)
Seamen of the Ottoman Empire
Kapudan Pashas
Zagan Pasha
Mahmud Pasha
Gedik Ahmed Pasha
Mesih Pasha
Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha
Süleyman Pasha
Hayreddin Barbarossa
Sinan Pasha
Piyale Pasha
Müezzinzade Ali Pasha
Kılıç Ali Pasha
Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha
Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha
Gazi Hüseyin Pasha
Kara Musa Pasha
Koca Musa Pasha
Canım Hoca Mehmed Pasha
Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha
Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha
Baltacı Mehmet Pasha
Koca Bekir Pasha
Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha
Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha
Other important seamen
Kemal Reis
Piri Reis
Aydın Reis
Turgut Reis
Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis
Salih Reis
Seydi Ali Reis
Murat Reis
Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis
BNF: cb12499245p (data)
NKC: js2010590240


Upon arrival at Cochin International Airport, proceed to Thrissur Ayurveda Resort. Choose your treatment program and start with the 21 days long Ayurveda Treatment to tone your body and rejuvenate your mind. After the Obesity treatment and rejuvenation, return home with fresh energy and determination to live your life in wellness ever after.
A therapy which includes pouring of medicinal liquid over different body parts. Dhanyamla Dhara therapy continues for 45 to 60 minutes a day and lasts for 7 to 12 days. Luke warm medicinal liquid is let fall over the body on a rhythmic fashion from a hung vessel.
It is used for a variety of conditions like spinal disorders, rheumatism, arthritis, asthma, neurological disorders, spondylosis.
Udwarthanam is one of the most sought after Ayurvedic treatments for weight loss. It is a special deep tissue massage using herbal powders.In this procedure, the body may be coated with herbal oils and then herbal powders called Choornams are rubbed forcibly on the body in the upwarddirection. Udwarthanam is an excellent therapy for weight loss but the results of such massage heavily vary from person to person. Helpful in calming the Kapha dosha. Reduces the excess fat accumulated in the skin. Strengthens the muscles by toning them and exfoliates the dead cells in the skin.Improves blood circulation which leads to reduction in cholesterol and helps in achieving a good rate of metabolism.
The sweda or sudation given by using a bolus which is prepared by the different combination of medicated powders is called as Churna panda sweda (podhi kizhi).


text:
Pay TV outshines piracy in MENA
By TBI reporter
9th March 2015 @ 13:04
Piracy remains a major problem in the Middle East and North Africa, despite the many efforts to eradicate it. Digital TV Research principal analyst Simon Murray showcases the latest data and forecasts relating to piracy and the wider pay TV market in the MENA region.
According to the latest Digital TV Middle East & North Africa report, there are 34.3 million Arabic-speaking free-to-air satellite TV homes in the region. Digital TV Research estimates that at least 10% of these homes also receive pirated premium satellite TV signals. This represents considerable revenue loss to the genuine players.
The legitimate side of the Arab-speaking pay TV business is becoming a two-horse race between beIN Sports/Al Jazeera and OSN, the latter of which has begun carrying premium channels of former rivals channels. Both operators are primarily delivered via satellite, although several cable and IPTV operators carry one or both of these packages.
Given that there are 725 free-to-air channels, premium pay TV operations in the Arabic countries were traditionally mostly confined to the expatriate populations. However, things are changing, with more Arabic content attracting local subscribers.
Digital TV Research estimates that beIN Sports had 819,000 residential satellite TV subscribers by 2015. This figure excludes non-satellite subscribers and non-residential satellite subscribers. Mostly delivered via satellite, the channels are also available on several cable and IPTV platforms such as Ooredoo in Qatar, Mobily in Saudi Arabia, and Etisalat and Du in the UAE.
beIN Sports offers 18 pay TV channels: the first 10 are in Arabic, and the next six form the Global package, which has two in English, three in French and one in Spanish. NBA and Fox Sports are available a la carte or as part of the Global package. There are also two FTA channels: beIN Sports and beIN Sports News.
beIN Sports Arabia, formerly called Al Jazeera Sport, has been aggressively signing up rights, including regional exclusivity for the European Champions League for three seasons until 2017/18 for a reported US$300 million and the 2014, 2018 and 2022 World Cups, the last of which Qatar will host.
In July 2013, the company acquired the exclusive Middle East and North Africa rights, covering 23 countries, to the English Premier League for the three seasons until mid-2016. beIN also holds the rights to Italy's Serie A, France's Ligue 1, Germany's Bundesliga, Spain's La Liga and the AFC [Asian] Champions League as well as NBA, US and French Open tennis and the Tour de France.
Pan-Arab satellite broadcaster Al Jazeera is owned by the Qatari government, with 20 channels on offer. Its Arabic channel is available in 50 million homes worldwide. Al Jazeera English is available in 220 million households in more than 110 countries.
beIN Sports was reported in the local press to have acquired a 53% stake in Turkey's Digiturk for $820 million in December 2014. However, these reports await official confirmation from either party. This stake was a result of the Savings Deposit Insurance Fund of Turkey acquiring the assets of the Cukurova Group.
The loss of the English Premier League rights to beIN Sports was a major blow to Abu Dhabi Sports. The company had struggled to gain subscribers, reaching about 600,000 across its 20 channels in the previous deal. However, Abu Dhabi Sports regained some ground in December 2013 when it won the rights to UEFA's qualifiers for Euro 2016 and the 2018 World Cup. The company also holds the rights to the Arab Gulf League; screening three matches a week.
Since September 2014, Abu Dhabi Media's premium channels, including sports and new channel Abu Dhabi Drama+, have been exclusively available on OSN.
Digital TV Research estimates that OSN had 1.16 million residential satellite subscribers by 2015. This figure excludes non-residential subscribers and subs to the non-satellite platforms. This indicates strong growth as parent KIPCO stated that OSN had 858,000 subscribers at September 2013, and 734,000 by 2015.
Carrying 146 channels, including 38 in HD, OSN was formed from the merger of Kuwaiti-owned Showtime Arabia and Orbit Communications in July 2009 to create the largest pay TV platform in the Middle East.
OSN has appealed mostly to the expatriate community in the past. In August 2013, OSN acquired Pehla, which targets the 800,000 South Asian homes in the region and has rights to top cricket.
However, the company is now putting greater emphasis on attracting local subscribers. For instance, OSN has started carrying channels from former rival ART as well as premium channels from Abu Dhabi Media.
OSN is owned by Panther Media Group, which, in turn, is 60.5% controlled by KIPCO (Kuwait Projects Company) and Saudi Arabia's Mawarid Group. KIPCO announced in June 2013 that it was planning an IPO for OSN, but these plans were postponed in November after the company secured a US$200 million loan.
In August 2014, KIPCO rejected a US$3.2 billion bid from US private equity firm Hellman and Friedman for its stake in OSN, whose revenues were about US$500 million in 2013.
The number of pay TV homes across 20 countries in the Middle East and North Africa region will double between 2010 and 2020 to 21.3 million, with Turkey accounting for 37% of the total. According to the Digital TV Middle East & North Africa report, from the 6.84 million pay TV homes to be added between 2014 and 2020, 2.15 million will come from Turkey and 1.03 million from Egypt.
About 18% of TV households, analogue and digital, legitimately paid for TV signals by 2015. This proportion will climb to 24% by 2020. Qatar will record 72% pay TV penetration by 2020, with Georgia at 50%, Israel 71% and the UAE 52% also high. However, pay TV penetration will remain below 10% of TV households in Algeria, Jordan, Morocco, Syria and Tunisia.
Legitimate pay TV revenues for the 20 countries covered in the Digital TV Middle East & North Africa report will grow by 75% between 2010 and 2020 to US$5.63 billion. Turkey and Israel are expected to contribute 51% of the region's pay TV revenues in 2020; down from 65% in 2010. This leaves only US$2.77 billion for the remaining 18 countries in 2020, or an average of US$154 million each.
From the US$1.37 billion pay TV revenues to be added between 2014 and 2020, Turkey will supply US$362 million, Egypt US$227 million and Saudi Arabia US$367 million. Revenues in Israel will fall by US$108 million over this period due to greater competition and the conversion of subscribers to bundles, which means lower TV revenues per subscriber.
Satellite TV will continue to dominate pay TV revenues, taking two-thirds of the 2020 total, similar to the 2014 proportion. Satellite TV revenues will be $3.8 billion in 2020, up by US$800 million on 2014 and $1.7 billion on the 2010 total.
Turkey will account for US$1.57 billion of the 2020 satellite TV revenues, followed by Saudi Arabia with US$674 million. Saudi Arabia will take second place from Israel in 2015. Satellite TV revenues in Israel will start falling in 2016 as competition forces down ARPU.
Pay satellite TV penetration will climb from 6.9% in 2010 to 11.8% in 2020, with subscriber numbers doubling from 5.01 million to 10.32 million. Penetration in 2020 will reach 27% in Bahrain, 26% in Israel, 23% in Kuwait, 37% in Qatar and 26% in Turkey, but will be less than 5% in a further 10 countries.
About 55% of TV households, 43.35 million, watched free-to-air satellite TV signals by 2015. This proportion is not expected to change too much in coming years, although the number of FTA satellite TV homes will increase to 48.27 million. FTA satellite TV penetration varies considerably among the 20 countries: from 87% in Algeria to 3% in Israel in 2020.
Homes paying for IPTV will overtake cable subscriptions, analogue and digital together, in 2015. There will be 6.16 million IPTV subs in the region by 2020; triple the 2014 total. Turkey will have 1.63 million subscribers, five times as many as 2014, and will be the IPTV subscriber leader in 2020; ahead of Saudi Arabia with 709,000 subs, Kazakhstan 623,000 and Egypt 737,000. However, Qatar will lead in penetration terms, with 35%, by 2020, followed by the UAE with 33% and Georgia 24%.
IPTV revenues will grow tenfold between 2010 and 2020 – to $1.07 billion. The UAE will contribute US$233 million of the 2020 total, followed by Saudi Arabia with US$226 million and Turkey US$183 million.
Source: Digital TV Research Ltd
Note: North Africa = Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia. Gulf States = Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE. Levant = Jordan, Lebanon, Syria. Eurasia = Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
Tags: Abu Dhabi Sports, Al Jazeera, beIN Sports, beIN Sports News, Cukurova Group, Digital TV Europe, Digiturk, Etisalat, Fox Sports, Hellman and Friedman, Kuwait Projects Company, Mawarid Group, NBA, OSN, Panther Media Group, Pehla
TBI Weekly: The decade ahead
TBI has spoken to an array of leading execs from around the world to get their take on how the TV business is changing and what their businesses are doing about it. From streaming and short-form to distribution and development, we delve into the major trends affecting the content business right now and explore how […]
TBI's forward thinkers: Synchronicity Films' Claire Mundell & Submarine's Femke Wolting
Claire Mundell, Creative director, Synchronicity Films What aspect of the drama business gives you most cause for concern as you look ahead to 2020? I'm most concerned by the battle for writers. With so much opportunity it is a veritable gold rush for good writers, but with the increasing market consolidation there is a lot […]
TBI's forward thinkers: Fremantle's Vasha Wallace
Vasha Wallace, EVP of global acquisitions & development, Fremantle Streamers started dipping their toes into the format business last year, how do you think this will change in 2020? We are going to see the streamers continue to grow and go from being US-based platforms to becoming more local platforms with a focus on local […]
Why Indian drama is set to boom in 2020
India's huge population is attracting plenty of interest from global streamers and the country's scripted sector is positioning itself to capitalise domestically and internationally, writes Endemol Shine India CEO Abhishek Rege As the demand for original and fresh stories continues to grow, global platforms and international broadcasters and producers are turning their sights to India. […]
The case for TV and TikTok
ATF 2019: Five key takeaways from this year's Asia TV Forum
For all of Fleabag's success, nuanced roles for women are still in short supply (Column)
How US consolidation is shaking up APAC

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Industrial Grade Rack Mount 8 Port USB RS-232, RS-422, RS485 Octal Serial Adapter with Metal Case and Built-In 100-240Volt Power Supply utilizing a FTDI chipset.
USB-8COMi-RM USB to Octal RS-232/422/485 Adapter Metal case with DIN-Rail - Designed to make serial port expansion quick and simple using plug & play installation. It is installed as a standard COM port with full modem control signals & data signals supported. The adapter is self-powered, and has built-in switching power supply of 100V/240V (input) inside the chassis. The adapter is designed with eight external 4-pin dip switches to set RS-232, RS-422 or RS-485 mode conveniently, without the need to open the metal chassis. Each port can be independently set to RS-232, RS-422, or RS-485, depending on your requirement in application.
The USB-8COMi-RM supports serial port speeds up to 230,400 bps or 921,600 bps depending on the model with 384 byte receive / 128 byte transmit buffering. A USB cable included for connecting to a USB port on your computer or USB hub, the USB Serial Adapter instantly adds eight RS-232, or RS-422, or RS-485 serial communication ports to your system by taking advantage of the USB bus.
The adapter is automatically detected and installed with no IRQ & COM port conflicts, since the ports don t require any additional IRQ, DMA, memory as resources on the system. The USB-8COMi-RM USB to Industrial I/O provides industrial solution requiring single node or multi-drop communications over short and long distance. Complete drivers support Windows XP, 2003, 2000, ME and 9x.
The adapter is with DIN Rail Bracket for industrial environment and can be also mounted to a 19" rack, the rack mount kits are included with the adapter. Termination and biasing option are available for data transmission lines.
The USB-to-Octal RS-232/422/485 Adapter provides instant connectivity to RS-232, RS-422, RS-485 communication devices for POS, factory automation equipment, multi-drop data collection devices, bar code scanners, time clocks, scales, data entry terminals, PC to PC long distance communications, ATMs and serial communication in harsh environments.
Drivers for the Windows operating systems are included on a CD-ROM disc.
OS Support Windows XP, 2003, 2000, ME and 9x. Linux 2.4.0 and later, OpenBSD 2.9 and later & FreeBSD 4.7 and later.


July 2015 Update: Changes nobody asked for.
D.O.E.S Update 2 is now live! This is titled July 2015 because it was the version that was finished at the end of July.
- Less interface, more grid. The grid has been enlarged from 15x13 to 21x13.
- The dungeon is now made out of wood, for some reason.
- Most of the fun things have been re-written for balance. More balancing may be needed. Some best results will be inaccessible without enough luck. However, I ended up adding more instant win best results which are accessible from a luck stat of only 1.
- One of the stats on the top bar will give you a bonus depending on the time of day it is after noon.
- Enemies will get tougher if the attack stat is higher than 6.
- Luck can now decrease below 0.
- Enemy arena has bigger playing area.
Lord willing, this game will eventually see a release on Steam sometime next year. In the mean time you will be able to see the work in progress on albinoblacksheep.com. Of course, the Steam version will have features that won't be available in the browser version. Once the browser version is finished it should make an appearance on Newgrounds. I am hoping to make the game more difficult but satisfyingly challenging. I would also like to add features that are dependent on the time of day and the month.
This month, I am working on a new and improved interface for the fun things. The new interface will have more interactivity and animation.


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Article Words : Anna Dubuis | 18 July
Short break in Nairobi, Kenya
Boasting hip dining, wild safaris within sight of the city and stunning hikes nearby, Kenya's capital doesn't live up to its bad reputation, as Anna Dubuis discovers
Nairobi's reputation for crime, often dubbed 'Nairobbery', sadly precedes it. Consequently, many visitors opt to skip Kenya's capital. But common sense prevails here: take taxis at night, don't flash your cash around and you will be fine.
Behind the lurid headlines, Nairobi is a city of warm hospitality, with phenomenal wildlife attractions and emerald forests all within its limits. On its doorstep also lies the Great Rift Valley, where treks up dormant volcanoes and along lush green mountain ridges reward tenacious hikers.
At its centre, the capital is a rich melting pot and a meeting point for many of Kenya's ethnic groups, making it a likeable blend of old and new. Explore traditions and rustic eateries alongside a new wave of hip neighbourhoods and restaurants that have grown out of the country's recent economic boom.
Alas tourism took a nosedive here in the wake of the 2013 Westgate shopping mall tragedy, but it is turning around. British Airways is increasing its capacity by 784 seats a week between London and Nairobi this summer, as a new wave of visitors prepare to rediscover the Green City in the Sun.
Fruit and vegetable market in Nairobi, Kenya (Shutterstock)
Jomo Kenyatta Airport lies 15km south-east of the city centre, adjacent to Nairobi National Park. Direct flights from the UK take around 8.5 hours, while one-stop flights take 12 hours.
British citizens will require a visa. Avoid the queues in Nairobi by applying online in advance or from the Kenya High Commission in the UK. You will also need to fill in immigration forms on arrival.
The airport is open 24/7, but there are only a few cafés and shops. Outside of the arrivals hall, you'll find a couple of ATMs, a bureau de change, tour operators and a branch of mobile phone network Safaricom – to buy a SIM card.
Getting into town
Scores of taxi drivers wait at the arrivals hall. If possible, try to arrange a pick-up in advance to avoid the scrum.
A cheaper way to get into town is by matatu (minibus) No. 34, which runs daily until 9pm – but be wary of your luggage. Traffic along the main road into Nairobi is very congested during weekday mornings and evening rush hours but dies down at the weekend.
Mount Longonot (Dreamstime)
Other ways to arrive
There is a train that goes between Nairobi and Mombasa, but it is notorious for its tardiness, often arriving at its destination a whole day late. If arriving from elsewhere in Kenya, taking public buses or internal flights are faster options.
Population: 3.363 million
Language: Swahili and English are the two official languages
Timezone: GMT+2 (Mar-Nov GMT+3)
International dialling code: +254
Visas: Visas are available on arrival or in advance online.
Currency: Kenyan shilling (KSH), currently around KSH147 to the UK£.
Highest viewpoint: The Kenyatta International Conference Center offers a 360° view of the city from its central location.
Health issues: Thanks to Nairobi's high altitude, malaria is not a concern, but antimalarials will be needed elsewhere in Kenya. Check immunisations (diphtheria, hepatitis A, polio, tetanus and typhoid) are up to date. Do not drink the tap water; wash fruit and vegetables before eating.
Recommended guidebook: Kenya (Lonely Planet, 2015); Nairobi & Rift Valley (Footprint, 2012); Kenya (Rough Guides, 2016).
Web resources: A guide to local activities can be found at jambonairobi.co.ke, while kenyabuzz.com hosts a calendar of events. Visit magicalkenya.com for Kenya's official tourism board website. A number of unofficial city guide apps are also available to download.
Climate: Nairobi generally has a pleasant climate year-round. From December to March, temperatures hit the high 20s (ºC) before the rainy season hits in April. From June, it is slightly cooler through the year with another short rainy season in November.
Giraffe Centre, Nairobi, Kenya (Shutterstock)
First Day's Tour
Fuel a packed day with a hearty brunch and a mug of Kenyan coffee in the pretty gardens of Tin Roof Café (30 Dagoretti Road) in Karen, Nairobi's affluent, largely expat neighbourhood. Then take a taxi to non-profit conservation area Giraffe Centre (giraffecenter.org) mid-morning – to avoid crowds – where, from an elevated platform, you can get up close with its long-necked residents.
If you want to see more wildlife, pay a visit to the David Sheldrick Elephant Orphanage to watch baby elephants being fed and playing in the sprinklers. A short taxi ride away is also the Karen Blixen Museum (Karen Road), set in the farmhouse where the author lived and wrote Out of Africa.
In the afternoon, take a taxi to Karura Forest, a vast sweep of woodland in the north of the city. A 2.5km walk leads to a dazzling waterfall; stop for a sundowner on the veranda of its River Café on the way back. For dinner, head to Le Palanka restaurant for high-end Kenyan food on James Gichuru Road.
Finish the evening off with some local sounds at Alchemist Bar, a hip outdoor venue in Westlands with a diverse roster of Kenyan bands.
Taxis home are easy to find and Uber drivers are everywhere. During the day, an easy and cheap way to get around are matatu minibuses, but make sure you know your route.
Top end: Hemingways (Mgathi Ridge) is a boutique hotel set in leafy grounds that look out across the Ngong Hills. Harking back to colonial days, it ably blends African arts and crafts with a plush modern look.
Deluxe Suite at Hemingways, Nairobi (Hemingways)
Mid-range: Situated in Westlands, Nairobi's lively hub for restaurants and nightlife, Bidwood Suites Hotel (Lower Kabete Road) offers stylish, comfortable rooms for a decent price and has both a pool and spa for chilling away from all the commotion.
Budget: Manyatta Backpackers (Milimani Road) lies in Kilimani, a residential neighbourhood on the outskirts of the city centre. It's a good base for exploring Nairobi in any direction, with welcoming staff and double rooms that are basic but clean.
Stay or Go?
Be sure to stay a few days in the capital to get a sense of the real Nairobi. But nearby are a wealth of sights. The Ngong Hills frame the south-west of the city, just 30km from the centre, and offer a hard four-hour trek across a rolling green canvas.
Further afield, visit Mount Longonot, a stratovolcano 80km north-west of the capital. Inside its crater sits a lush forest, and while its a tough hike, fine views across Lake Naivasha and the Great Rift Valley are your reward.
Next to Mount Longonot, and adjacent to Lake Naivasha, is Hell's Gate National Park. Here you can cycle through plains filled with zebra before ditching the bikes to hike its impressive gorge on foot.
If you don't want to go too far, just south of the capital is Nairobi National Park. This is remarkable for its abundant wildlife, which roams against a backdrop of the city. This is great for getting a taste of safari life on short notice, or if you don't have time to see Kenya's bigger parks.
Main Image: Nairobi, Kenya (Shutterstock)


If only friends of Israel were so lucky!
'A Labour activist has been dismissed by the GMB union after claims that he accused Israel of "inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust".
Pete Gregson, a union official at NHS Lothian, says that blog posts attacking "Israeli apartheid" and activities including signing a petition stating "Israel is a racist endeavour" were not antisemitic.
Mr Gregson says that he will fight the dismissal in court and challenge the accepted International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) definition of antisemitism.
Jeremy Corbyn, the Labour leader, resisted calls to accept the IHRA definition for months because it could suppress legitimate criticism of Israel, but it was adopted as party policy in September.
The following month Labour started an investigation into Mr Gregson's activities.
GMB Scotland said that it would never seek to suppress legitimate debate but said that Mr Gregson "did not adhere to the standards we would expect in taking forward any point for debate".
Mr Gregson was also rebuked for ignoring decisions and policies of GMB authorities, and circulating internal documents to the media.
Mr Gregson has had his union benefits withdrawn and been suspended from holding office or taking part in any union business. The committee will urge the central executive council to permanently exclude Mr Gregson from the union.
Mr Gregson said: "I will appeal to the general secretary, but of course that will fail. Therefore it looks like to beat this it needs to go to court for a judicial review . . . The IHRA has never been tested properly in the courts.
'More than 120 Jewish leaders from around the world attended the Conference on Countering Antisemitism and the Boycott of Israel held last week by the World Zionist Organization in collaboration with the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland.
The conference took place between December 14–16, 2018 and was held in central London for the second year in a row. Among the many participants were prominent community leaders, representatives of federations, community activists and students from 16 different countries.
The conference began with remarks by Vice Chairman of the World Zionist Organization Yaakov Hagoel and Chairman of the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland Paul Charney. They discussed various challenges facing Diaspora Jewry and how to combat Antisemitism.
Mr. Hagoel explained the need for Jewish education, the importance of studying the Hebrew language, and Israel's relationship with the Diaspora. He stressed the obligation of reporting Antisemitic incidents to the proper authorities and heads of Jewish communities as part of the struggle against the phenomenon.
The conference unveiled the publication of an extensive survey conducted by the European Union's Fundamental Rights Agency which shows a growing trend of Antisemitism. "The most disconcerting to me," said Hagoel, "is the continued failure to report incidents, whether verbal or physical Antisemitism or hatred of Israel. Almost 80% of respondents who said they were affected by Antisemitic attacks did not report the incidents to law enforcement authorities, local rabbis, communal leaders or family members. This alarming figure is a slippery slope as Antisemitism continues to rise and Jews continue to feel a lack of security," he stated.
"We are witnessing a situation in which Mezuzahs on doorposts are being removed, not by Antisemites, but by the Jewish homeowners themselves for fear of identified as Jews. This is equally as concerning because it leads to loss of Jewish identity. Let us not bury our heads in the sand...."
President Trump should urgently enjoin the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) to condemn Hizballah and the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) following Israel's discovery of four tunnels dug from Lebanon into Israel.
Trump signed the Sanctioning the Use of Civilians as Defenseless Shields Act ("HR 3342") into law on 21 December demanding sanctions against Hamas and Hizballah personnel – foreign terrorist organizations proscribed under 8 U.S.C. 1189.
will be prepared to change their morally-reprehensible decisions.
Hizballah and UNIFIL have to be made accountable for creating the current dangerous threat to peace and security on the Israel-Lebanese border in flagrant breach of international law and international humanitarian law.
(1) Human shields are civilians, prisoners of war, and other non-combatants whose presence is designed to protect combatants and military objects from attack, and the use of human shields violates international law.
UNIFIL has been clearly negligent – if not actually complicit – in allowing this simmering crisis to reach its boiling point.
"Based on UNIFIL's independent assessment, UNIFIL has so far confirmed the existence of all the four tunnels close to the Blue Line in northern Israel.
Hizballah's occupation of Lebanese sovereign territory and its build-up of 150000 weapons of mass destruction have incontrovertibly imperilled the civilian populations of both Israel and Lebanon.
UNIFIL's failure to carry out its mandate calls for a special UN investigation.
Hamas must be expelled from Lebanon and those 150000 missiles neutralised to prevent a Jewish-Arab humanitarian crisis of massive proportions.
United Nations member-states must stand up and be counted.
"The Problems of the Middle East are Numerous, and Yet ..."
"...we spend a vastly disproportionate amount of time on one of them," Nikki Haley tells the UN Security Council in her final, superb address to it regarding Israel and the Palestinian Arabs and prospects for a peace in which both sides prosper.
On 21 December, until Sandra Watfa's stand-in begins to screech ear-assaulting invective against Israel, the Israel-haters from the Inminds seem to be doing a reasonable trade in handing out propaganda flyers against Israel to well-heeled shoppers outside De Beers in London's Bond Street.
But at least one passer-by gives the haters a dressing down. At the start of this video (thanks, Alex Seymour, for keeping the footage in) a man who clearly supports Israel (could he be an Israeli himself?) tells the demonisers exactly what he thinks of them.
21 Nations that received almost $14 billion in US foreign aid in 2017 could become the key to unlocking the White House confrontation between President Trump and Democrat leaders Nancy Pelosi and Chuck Schumer over their refusal to commit the Democrats to authorizing Congress to commit $5 billion immediately towards the construction of Trump's border wall to prevent illegal immigration into America.
Trump's threatened Government shutdown by 21 December has been withdrawn as he seeks alternative sources of funding.
These 21 states were major players in humiliating Trump — when an American-sponsored resolution in the United Nations General Assembly seeking to condemn Hamas and other militant groups for indiscriminately targeting Israel's predominantly Jewish civilian population since 2007 failed to secure the required two-third's majority earlier determined as necessary for its passage.
Trump has warned on many occasions that those who receive money from America — yet do not support America diplomatically — stand to lose financially as a result.
Trump has already ominously warned those countries that humiliated him on the Hamas Resolution that they could be in the firing line for reductions in their annual foreign aid as a result of not voting with America.
This threat becomes increasingly more likely as the Democrats dig in their heels and refuse to give the President the $5 billion he needs to build the border wall — one of the president's cardinal promises made in the 2016 election campaign that has been frustrated by the Democrats from the day Trump became president.
Trump should be readily able to determine how $5 billion of this $14 billion funding to these recalcitrant states can be redirected to building the border wall.
Jordan and Egypt — in addition to not voting with America — apparently continue to resist Trump's efforts to replace the Palestine Liberation Organisation in negotiations with Israel on Trump's peace proposals. Their aid could be substantially reduced by a clearly-piqued and very angered Trump.
The ball is now well and truly in the Democrats' hands.
If the president does not secure the border wall funding from Congress — then those countries that humiliated Trump could well see their foreign aid in 2019 slashed from their 2017 levels.
Trump is determined to protect America against illegal immigration — and no one will be allowed to stand in his way of making America great again.
Today's British Sunday Times reports that having approached Jeremy Corbyn with "a dossier" of antisemitic posts on social media by the Labour Party's senior organiser in the English West Midlands, a key swing area at general elections, Mohammed Yasin (pictured, with Jezza, at the party's national conference in September), Mr Yasin has been suspended from his position and an investigation launched.
"For more than two years Yasin, not to be confused with the Labour MP with a similar name, shared anti-semitic posts and 9/11 conspiracy theories, praised a homophobic preacher and described his former leader Tony Blair as a "child-killer".
His Twitter feed, now removed, suggests he was working for Labour when he made most of the posts.
Labour has been riven by allegations of anti-semitism among members and activists, but Yasin is believed to be the first paid member of staff to be implicated."
"US imperialism needs Israel to keep the masses permanently at war", accusing the Jewish state of "genocide".
"shared a cartoon showing the BBC and CNN ignoring butchered Palestinians while training their cameras on a crying baby with a Star of David round its neck."
The Resolution served as a barometer to measure whether 134 of the 193 UN members comprising the Group of 77 would be prepared to support one pro-Israel humanitarian resolution being passed to break the cycle of over 700 UNGA anti-Israel resolutions their voting bloc had always guaranteed.
Only 35 possessed the moral integrity to break ranks and support the Resolution, 32 abstained and 15 did not vote.
Outside the London offices of CNN, with placards and recitation of "From the river, etc" reps of the anti-Israel Inminds organisation display their displeasure at CNN's sacking of political commentator Marc Lamont Hill at "the behest of the Israel Lobby" and demand his reinstatement.
In the absence of Inminds' public face Sandra Watfa and her usual sidekicks several Israel-haters take turns at the mike reading the prepared script, including (between 4:21 and 6:12) the woman of avowed Jewish background familiar to us owing to her frequent presence at demos demanding Israel's expulsion of FIFA, and a white-haired chap with the hint of a Scottish accent.
But the "star" speaker is a woman with a rant so raucous that it's no wonder that most folk pass swiftly by with hardly a glance at her and her buddies.
An own goal, our Israel-hating FIFA demo friend might term it.
December 6, 2018, marks the day the United Nations General Assembly ("UNGA") infamously sold its soul to evil by failing to agree on whether a resolution condemning Hamas and other militant groups in Gaza required two-thirds – or simple – majority vote.
December 6, 2018 also happened to be the first anniversary of President Trump's announcement of America's recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital and the intended relocation of America's Embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.
December 6, 2018 was also the fourth day of the eight-day Jewish festival of Hanukkah marking the rededication during the second century B.C. of the Second Temple in Jerusalem following the Jews uprising against their Greek-Syrian oppressors.
"The representative of Kuwait, speaking on behalf of the Arab Group, said the situation in the Middle East is directly linked to international peace and security. He condemned Israeli policies that violate international humanitarian law and the Charter of the United Nations and requested a vote to apply the two‑thirds majority rule for the adoption of draft "L.42".
The representative of the United States said a simple majority is required for adoption of the resolution. She called for fairness in the United Nations and said action on the draft was about "doing what is right". "The General Assembly has never uttered a word in any resolution about Hamas," she said. The decision to adopt the text by a two‑thirds majority is based on a desire to have the resolution fail. She urged all States to vote against the motion.
The Assembly then voted to apply the two‑thirds majority requirement by a very narrow simple majority margin of 75 in favour, 72 against, with 26 abstentions.
Those favouring a two-thirds majority vote included 44 out of 56 Islamic States – whilst one (Albania) voted against, 5 abstained and 6 did not vote.
Non-Islamic States supporting the Islamic States bloc included: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, China, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Japan, Nicaragua, Russia, South Africa, Thailand, Venezuela, and Vietnam.
Others backing America included: Australia, Bosnia, Canada, Colombia, Estonia, Ghana, Honduras, India, Israel, Latvia, Lithuania, Malawi, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, South Korea, Singapore, Slovakia, Ukraine and Uruguay.
L 42 was then passed by the UNGA by 87 votes for, 57 against and 33 abstentions – but was declared lost because it had not secured the two-thirds majority required.
The Islamic States had secured a three-vote procedural victory – setting a precedent that is bound to be attempted again.
Hamas and other militant groups remain free to engage in heinous conduct found worthy of UN condemnation by a majority of UN member states.
The foundational basis of the UN – maintaining international peace and security – has been flagrantly circumvented by the UNGA failing to agree on how to run its own meetings.
Such is the depth of total irrelevance to which the UN has sunk.
Supporters of sacked CNN commentator Marc Lamont Hill, a Temple University media studies academic, inveigh against Israel and its supporters.
'About 100 people -- the majority there to champion the professor -- faced off under Temple's Bell Tower as the sun began to set and a chill set in.
"And the Zionists got hurt," the opening speaker on thevideo rants, while her followers repeat her pronouncements like kindergarten kids, including her"I'm hoping that this will be the beginning of a real fight against antisemitic, white supremacist Zionists."
'On December 1, 2018, a pro-Palestine, anti-Zionist, and anti-CNN protest was held in New York City following CNN's firing of Marc Lamont Hill over comments about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict at the United Nations.
Nancy Mansour, who is the founder of the pro-Palestinian organization "Existence is Resistance," said that the Zionists pressured CNN to fire Hill, and that she hopes this will be the beginning of a real fight against "anti-Semitic, white supremacist Zionists."
Regarding the "river to the sea" comments, Hill denied that it was a call for Israel's destruction.
The United Nations General Assembly has yet again shown its total ignorance of this long-established international law with its latest resolution on Jerusalem on 30 November misleadingly declaring Israel's actions in Jerusalem "illegal and therefore null and void".
The United Nations - in discarding these inconvenient truths – has done the cause of world peace a grave disservice whilst the groundwork for a humanitarian disaster affecting both Arabs and Jews is being plotted by the PLO, Hamas, Hezbollah and Iran.
"Countries That Import the Third World Will Become The Third World"
Not much political correctness here, just a whole lot of commonsense regarding "the anti-democratic globalists" and the road to population replacement and the end of nationhood wrought by forced mass immigration.
Pretty good stuff from the estimable UN Watch guy, eh?
To readers of this blog, and more generally, Sandra Watfa is probably the best-known public face of the anti-Israel Inminds group.
On 30 November Inminds projected a slide show onto the walls of the BBC's Broadcasting House in London, protesting the holding of the 2019 Eurovision Song Contest in Israel.


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Sports / Others / Ronn Russel Mitra delivers silver for Team PH in Asian Youth Para Games
Ronn Russel Mitra delivers silver for Team PH in Asian Youth Para Games
Published December 4, 2021, 12:05 PM
by Kristel Satumbaga-Villar
Ronn Russel Mitra
Ronn Russel Mitra delivered the country's second medal at the Asian Youth Para Games in Bahrain Friday after clinching the silver medal in athletics.
Mitra, a 19-year-old student of Aplaya Integrated National High School, timed 54.65 seconds in the 400-meter T20 class for boys under-20 years old to settle behind gold medalist Natapon Kaewmanee of Thailand (54.10sec).
Mitra's feat came after swimmer Ariel Alegarbes splashed his way to the gold medal in the 100m butterfly S14 multiclass for boys 17-18 years old.
And it could be the first of many for the proud Negrense, whose trip was being sponsored by the Philippine Sports Commission (PSC), as he plunges back into action in the 100m backstroke, 200m individual medley and 100m breaststroke in the coming days.
"He's our future in Philippine para sports," said national swim team coach Tony Ong referring to Alegarbes.
Alegarbes, who has intellectual impairment, wasn't unfamiliar with winning on a big stage as he was also a silver medalist when the Palarong Pambansa was last staged in Davao City two years ago.
The country is also pinning its hopes to Angel Mae Otom, who was scheduled to compete in the girls' 50m butterfly, 50m and 100m freestyle and 50m back with hopes of also striking gold.
It has already been a successful campaign for Team Philippines in the ongoing event as it eclipsed the country's performance in the 2017 edition held in Dubai where it bagged one bronze medal.
asian para youth games


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Toronto is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,731,571 in 2016, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe, an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario, while the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) proper had a 2016 population of 6,417,516. Toronto is an international centre of business, finance, arts, and culture, and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world.
Visit Wikipedia to learn more about Toronto, Ontario.
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Grant number: TR-259353-18
TR-259353-18
WNET (New York, NY 10019-7416)
Michael Kantor (Project Director: August 2017 to present)
American Masters—Mae West: I'm No Angel
Production of a documentary film about the writer and actress Mae West (1893–1980).
WNET is seeking a production grant from the NEH for a multi-platform project about the writer and actress Mae West, her extraordinary career and her untold impact on American entertainment and culture. The centerpiece of the project is a documentary biography of Mae West titled Mae West: I'm No Angel that will be broadcast in late 2019 or early 2020 as part of WNET's American Masters series. Among the many entertainers who defined 20th century American show business, Mae West occupied a unique place. Over the course of an 80-year career that saw great acclaim in every major popular entertainment medium, West constantly challenged social norms with her unconventional female characters. Taking the full measure of her life and career reveals a singular artist who served as a kind of fever chart of changing social mores in 20th century America. Mae West: I'm No Angel will explore the life and legacy of this complex cultural figure who left an indelible imprint on American entertainment.
Media Projects Production


One of the most popular and well-known customs of Rosh Hashanah is dipping apple slices into honey. This sweet combination stems from an age-old Jewish tradition of eating sweet foods to express our hope for a sweet new year.
Why not take it one step further and offer your guests an apple dipping bar! After dipping their apple, add a variety of toppings to sprinkle onto the sticky honey.
but the sky's the limit!
What will you be sprinkling on top of your honey this year?
Yummm! What a fun idea. This could keep the kids at the table a bit longer while the first courses are served! Thanks for the inspiration. I would love to also serve peanut butter, granola, marshmallow fluff, and chopped dried fruits. Thanks so much.
Great ideas!! So glad you found this helpful.


This is the most common "Parent Fail," but it is gets little attention. Many parents think they are the only person who's ever forgotten. In reality, the Tooth Fairy forgets to visit 35% of homes at some point.
When it comes to the Tooth Fairy, the odds are stack against you. It's not like Santa Claus and the Easter Bunny, who visit on holidays that are clearly marked on the calendar. No parent is forgetting those visits. You've prepared for those. You have the receipts to prove it.
But, your child will lose a tooth on a random Tuesday. The same night that your kids have dance and basketball practice. Then you have to help with homework. And you still have to do the dishes. Trying to remember something at 10 PM. Who can even do that?
Each of your kids will lose 20 teeth. Visits from the Tooth Fairy will outnumber visits from Santa Claus and the Easter Bunny combined. The odds are stacked against you.
Stop making excuses for why the Tooth Fairy didn't visit. Get the app that reminds parents of their Tooth Fairy duties.
It's simple: you and your child report a lost tooth to the Tooth Fairy. In the background, this app sets up a reminder on your phone. There is a fun Bedtime Checklist that you can run through with your child, to prepare for the Tooth Fairy's visit.
The default reminder is for 9:30 pm, but you can adjust it to any time that works for you. You'll be able to hit snooze if needed (i.e. your child hasn't fallen asleep yet).
When a child losses their next tooth, they often say, "We need to tell the Tooth Fairy!" By wanting to use this app, your child unknowingly plays a role in setting up a reminder for you.
This app covers every scenario, such as when your child loses a tooth and then can't find it or swallows it. It introduces kids to different traditions around the world. They can select an alternative place to leave their tooth based on another country's tradition.
This app includes a Toothbrush Timer to get your kids to brush for two minutes every time. Why is this important?
A portion of the profits are donated to programs that provide dental care to underserved children. So, you are not only helping yourself, and your kids, but we are helping less fortunate kids. Win-Win-Win. The amount donated increases with every upgrade to the full version.
Report all of your children's lost teeth and use the toothbrush timer for a one-time fee of $99 (U.S.). No in-app purchases.
Launched Jul 09, 2015 (almost 4 years ago).


Glasgow's Buried Sleeper returned in April this year with their second album, Obsidian, after what felt like a goddamn eternity (it was actually six years, fact fans) since the release of their very promising debut Colosseum. That intervening time saw the doom rock quartet securing regular support slots, playing with the likes of Yob and Pallbearer, and building a solid reputation within the scene.
Developing ideas and sounds that they utilised well on Colosseum, Buried Sleeper thankfully haven't changed drastically on Obsidian, retaining their absorbing mix of retro doom, sludge and prog for the four lengthy songs. Building upon a foundation laid by bassist Tommy Wigman, who is always doing something stimulating when laying down a central groove and riding it out, and drummer Dominic Hardy's metronomic but interesting playing, Bryce Sutherland adds harmonious vocals, and alongside Harry Clapham, some tasty fuzzy riffs.
The centrepiece and highlight of Obsidian is undoubtedly the Tool-esque third track, 'Pangaea'. This monumental thirteen minute composition can be broken down into two main sections, the first being ten minutes of soft guitars, Wigman's rolling basslines and Sutherland's layered vocal harmonies. Within this, there are brief heavier moments that offer a build in tension and the occasional tease of the climax that's bound to happen. These elements do all blend and build ominously up to the second section when 'Pangaea' eventually explodes into a three minute riff-filled, dark apex. This powerful, climactic finale is the most impactful moment on the whole of Obsidian and has been a favourite of mine when seeing Buried Sleeper live.
Elsewhere on Obsidian, the combination of the two guitarists' droney tones alongside Bryce Sutherland's airy, melodious vocals and Wigman's groove-laden bass on 'Perimeter' creates a floating, cosmic aura that seamlessly merges into the slowly chanted vocals and brooding, elongated riffs of the closing section. Closing track 'Zero' is the longest on Obsidian at nearly eighteen minutes, contains some marvellous, melancholic singing and guitar work, and again displays Buried Sleeper's knack for mixing the mellow and the heavy elements of prog and doom into an epic piece of music.
If there's one minor fault with Obsidian, it's that throughout the near 50 minute runtime it lacks a few moments with serious bite and is maybe just a bit too nice; this isn't an album that urges you into headbanging, but its grooves should definitely have you absorbed, tapping your foot and nodding along appreciatively. This is but a little quibble, as Obsidian is very much an engrossing and enjoyable listen that flows excellently, and it does still have interesting dynamics over the course of its heavy trip. A definite recommendation for fans of the likes of Mars Red Sky and the aforementioned Pallbearer.


Speculating about the potential release date appears to be useless at this point with Affleck saying that he is not worried about meeting a predetermined date. Instead, he seems more than okay with taking his time to get the movie right. This could mean a long production and post-production, but what it will hopefully mean when everything is said and done is a Batman movie hitting theaters sometime in 2018.
Depending on when The Flash begins filming, The Batman could be the next DCEU film to enter production. WB had previously hoped to release three DC films in 2018, so it will be interesting to see how both films fit into the 2018 calendar – as only Aquaman has a confirmed 2018 release right now. Regardless of when it comes out, Affleck does not seem worried about the process so far, so neither should fans. If he can make a 2018 release work, that'd be welcomed by all; but if not, it'll be better to wait a little while longer for a great solo Batman film instead of rushing to make a mediocre-to-poor version.


You might be suprised why we talk about webhost4life again since it has been approved bad nowadays. But please be patient, we're going to introduce the OLD webhost4life team in this article and let you know what they're doing now. I'm sure you'll be interested in.
What're the old webhost4life team doing?
Are they migrated to new platform along with their business? No, they got into a new hosting business named webweb which is showing in the left pic. Surprised me, they're serving over 20,000 clients now in China and still growing rapidly among other competitors. After a quick test, they're managing a completely new hosting platform which is a big improvement comparing to their old system.
Why webhost4life team operates Business in China?
Simple, because 90% of their support people are Chinese! If you're old webhost4life customer you might know that they provide Chinese Language support if needed, their ticket & Live chat support are 100% Chinese based. Before their business sold to endurance, they managed 3 support centers on the globe, one in USA, one in Hongkong and one in China Mainland.
Their Live chat support are completely operated by China mainland staff and ticket is managed in Hongkong, the US department is mainly for sales and phone support. China is a hot place for many global companies and most of them are trying to start business there, since the old webhost4life team is Chinese based, China is the best choice for their new business market with the valuable experience in this industry.
Why They don't continue with US Hosting?
You might ask why not the old webhost4life team open a new business directly in US but transfer to China. Well, there does have some kind of restrictions if they want to continue US business. The most important point is they have contract with EIG not to touch the US market within 3 years. It's important for EIG to keep the old webhost4life business. However, webhost4life team keeps all data center service to power their new business. What more is they actually expanded, they have HongKong data center service while we're writing. Because of this, it's pretty clear they'll go back USA after 3 years and develop new business.
Are old webhost4life team ready to go back US?
Their website address is www.webweb.com and it's completely Chinese based. Unlike their old website, the webweb.com is optimized perfectly by SEO team. From either the website structure or hosting control panel settings, you would feel it's more professional than old ones.
Like many other people, I liked the old webhost4life team and will do business with them again if it's possible. they're honest and friendly to customer. They always patient to listen to your complaints and fix problem directly on live support. It's quite rare in the industry. We have very close relationship with them before and worked with them for a long time, that's why we know so many about this company side by side. you can contact me directly if you would like to know more about the old webhost4life team.