(University Hills is home to Los Angeles's longest public stairway — the 234 step "Heidleman Stairway").
University Hills is a small neighborhood in Los Angeles's Eastside. University Hills is, like Hillside Village, often (perhaps even usually) considered to be a district of the greater El Sereno neighborhood by some and a separate entity by others. To its west is Hillside Village, to its south are East Los Angeles and City Terrace, to the southeast is Monterey Park, and to the east is Alhambra.
The earliest known inhabitants of the area that's now University Hills arrived there some 13,000 years ago. About 10,000 years later the ancestors of the Tongva arrived from the Sonoran Desert, ultimately establishing the village ofOtsungna, meaning "The Place of Roses," near the banks of a stream later namedArroyo Rosa de Castilla.
The Tongva's reign ended shortly after SpaniardGaspar de Portolà's overland expedition passed through the area in 1769, an event which set the stage for Spanish conquest. In 1771, the conquerors constructedMission San Gabriel Arcángel — first in Whittier Narrows. In 1776 the mission was moved to its present location in San Gabriel, seven kilometers to the northeast of what's now University Hills. A few years later, in 1781, El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles was founded eight kilometers to the west.
The area that now comprises University Hills was located in lands owned and controlled by the mission until Mexico gained independence in 1821 and the missions' holdings were later subsequently secularized. In 1831, the land containing what's now University Hills was granted to Juan Ballesteros by Governor Manuel Victoria. Ballesteros named his ranch "Rancho Rosa de Castilla." Mexico's rule would prove even shorter than Spain's and ended in 1848 when California was conquered by the US. In 1850, California entered the union and Los Angeles incorporated as a city.
In 1850 the rancho was acquired by Anacleto Lestrade. In 1852, the title passed to a Basque couple, Jean-Baptiste Batz and his wife, Catalina Hegui. The family patriarch passed away in 1859 but it wasn't until 1876 that Catalina acquired the title to the land and purchased surrounding areas. After her death in 1882, the land was inherited by six of the eight Batz children. Their adobe, built in 1776 and gradually expanded upon over the years, was destroyed by a fire in 1908.
The northwestern border of the University Hills is generally formed by a Union Pacific freight train line, acquired from Southern Pacific in 1996. Southern Pacific was the first transcontinental railway to reach Los Angeles, back in 1876. I don't believe (but I'm not sure) that this section of the rail was part of the original route connecting the city to San Francisco (since it seems to be heading in the wrong direction) although I believe that I read somewhere that it was installed no later than the 1880s. Back then the train also carried passengers to Los Angeles and in 1885, when the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad broke their rival's monopoly, a rate war saw trips from Kansas City, Missouri temporarily drop to just $1 per passenger.
By 1888, the San Gabriel Rapid Transit Railroad passed through the area, linking Monrovia with Los Angeles. The local stop was listed simply as "Batz." Portions of the railway were incorporated into the Pacific Electric Railway, which traveled along the route of the modern Metrolink line to San Bernardino. The train carried passengers from 1914 until 1941 and ceased to run freight in 1950. The tracks continued to be used by Southern Pacific and Amtrak until 1990, when the line was sold to LACTC (the Los Angeles County Transportation Commission), which established Metrolink in 1992. Cal State LA Station opened in 1994.
By 1906 or so, a small part of the area that's now University Hills was subdivided as Grider & Hamilton's Floral Park, who promoted their tract in the Los Angeles Herald with an ad that read, "Acres and Half-acres. Whole acres for the price of town lots just beyond beautiful Eastlake park. Close In. Wait for it. It will pay you to do so." Grider was Leroy M. Grider, a real estate developer who'd moved to Los Angeles in 1857 and started his first company, L. M. Grider & Co., in 1886.
Grider was described by some as being the first developer to sell neighborhood's via the "excursion method," which saw him ferry potential homeowners via streetcar to then-new "toonervilles" where they would additionally be plied with free BBQ. Grider also served on City Council but after retiring from both politics and real estate, opened a pet store called Birdland.
Turn of the century Pacific Electric Railway Railway maps show the neighborhood stop no longer listed as "Batz" and then simply listed as Floral Park. The surrounding area was annexed in 1915 as the Bairdstown Addition — taking its name from a nearby community to the north. In 1917 the area was officially re-named El Sereno.
Development of the area took off in the 1920s. In the 1930s and '40s, much of Los Angeles's population ofItalian-Americans moved east from Little Italy (much of which became Chinatown), settling in the Eastside and the neighboring western-most communities of the San Gabriel Valley. After that, the demographic became increasingly Latino. Today the population today is roughly 65% Latino, 14% Asian, 14% white, and 5% blackbutmost of the neighborhood is dominated by the campus and transient population of California State University, Los Angeles.
Groundbreaking for the Los Angeles State College of Applied Arts and Sciences' new campus took place in 1955. Around the same time, Arroyo Rosa de Castilla began to be covered and diverted into culverts until it was almost entirely covered by the 1960s. (Readers: Is Arroyo Rosa de Castilla the same thing as Luguna Channel?) In 1964 the school name changed to California State College at, Los Angeles.
At some point the area apparently came to be known colloquially as Metropolitan Hills or Metro Hills. At least by the 1970s there was a local gang, Metro 13, who still claim the area as their turf. Along Eastern Avenue (technically within East Los Angeles but thanks to the 10 Freeway more perhaps more aligned with University Hills), there are a couple of businesses — Metro Barber Shop and Metropolitan Market — that reflect the pre-University Hills identity. From 1951 until 1964, Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authorityexisted, having taken over some of the old Red Car and Yellow Car lines. Perhaps Metro Hills is a reference to that old agency (sometimes referred to as Metro I to differentiate from the modern Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority aka LACMTA aka MTA aka Metro II).
Whatever the case may be, around 1995 the University Hills Community Association formed in the neighborhood. Back in 1972, California State College was awarded university status and was renamedCalifornia State University, Los Angeles so the "university" in "University Hills" almost certainly referred to that. In 2004, the LA DOT installed the now familiar blue neighborhood signs. Presumably the impetus to create a new neighborhood identity is usually founded in the desire to disassociate with the perceived negative connotations of the neighborhood that one has historically been part of. There are several things about these efforts that I find rather amusing. Namely, changing the name of where one lives doesn't actually change where one lives. Also, in most cases no one has many concrete associations with the old neighborhood name that the new neighborhood is trying to disassociate itself from. In other words, tell people that you live in University Hills because you don't want to be painted with the same brush as folks in El Sereno and most people in Los Angeles will have no idea what El Sereno is — much less a negative opinion of it. On the other hand — it's been designated University Hills now for more than a decade so fighting against its autonomy seems like an equally silly waste of time. Best perhaps just to accept that it is what it is and move on… unlike the 710.
Construction of what is today known as the 710 began in the 1930s and was envisioned as a highway designed to connect Long Beach to Pasadena. For decades it crept north, in the process expanding from a highway into an interstate as well as displacing many residents and dividing communities. By the 1960s it terminated at the edge of El Sereno/Metro Hills at Valley Boulevard. In the 1990s, a group of activists (including The Mothers of East Los Angeles, the El Sereno Neighborhood Action Committee, the El Sereno Organizing Committee, and theNAACP) mobilized to prevent the 710 from progressing further north and since 1997 it was terminated at the northeast corner of University Hills on the edge of Alhambra.
The southern edge of the neighborhood is roughly formed by the 10 Freeway (again, as referenced earlier, Cal State LA's Diagnostic Center/Forensic Science Center and everything west of that and south of Drucker and Worth Streets are located within East Los Angeles). The 10 includes the El Monte Busway, used by Metro's Silver Line and Foothill Transit's Silver Streak.
Cal State LA Station is a fairly major transit hub that in addition to being served by the aforementioned lines is also utilized by Metrolink's San Bernardino Line, Alhambra Community Transit, East LA Sol, and Monterey Park Spirit Bus. The neighborhood is also served by Metro's 71, 76, 256, and 487/489 lines.
MUSIC OF UNIVERSITY HILLSI heard and saw signs of music throughout University Hills as Dooley and I explored the neighborhood. As we walked through the campus, one scowling man in a taqiyah "bumped" smooth jazz from a boom box. An elderly couple pushing a stroller played traditional Chinese music from an unseen source — and the baby in the stroller waved at us (well, probably just Dooley). As we walked by student housing I could hear what sounded like a shower running and reggae. A flyer on Valley advertised an upcoming banda concert. I saw one young guy wearing an S.O.D. T-shirt and another one for Metallica's "Creeping Death." However, although I'm sure that there are musicians from University Hills, but I'm not aware of them — so if you are one or know one, let me know in the comments, please.
The most recognized hub for music performance in University Hills is The Luckman Fine Arts Complex, which opened in 1994 and provides a nice balance to the smaller, more-locally focused arts spaces and backyard parties found in the Eastside by brining in the sort of international talents you might not otherwise expect to see perform an in-store at Amoeba or at Royce Hall in Westwood. The venerable venue has hosted the likes of Barbara Morrison, CocoRosie, the Idan Raichel Project, India.Arie, Jane Birkin, Lila Downs, Rodriguez, Sinéad O'Connor, Tinariwen, RokiaTraoré, Yemeni Blues and many more. On the local tip, Luckman is also home to home of the Luckman Jazz-Orchestra.
There's also a recital hall on the Cal State LA campus. When I was in college, I used to regularly enjoy attending free recitals and I imagine that if I lived closer to Cal State, I'd do the same there. It's really a quite pleasant, free diversion!
University Hills boasts quite a bit of art in the form of murals, commercial art, public art, graffiti, and arts spaces. For one, there's a public art piece, José Antonio Aguirre's A Luminaries Journey, located around Valley Boulevard Bridge honoring significant figures in Chicano history which extends into El Sereno and Hillside Village.
All around the railroad there's predictably, quite a lot of graffiti, much of it more far impressive than mere tags — although if anyone thinks that those are art, they're there too. Los Angeles County High School for the Arts (aka Arts High aka LACHSA) is a tuition-free, public, visual and performing arts high school founded in 1984 on the Cal State LA Campus but now located just north of it. There's a documentary about LACHSA called Fame High.
Cal State's Street of the Arts has a statue of Confucius that was a gift from the government of Taiwan.Guillermo "Bill" Granizo's Olympic Fantasy mural is the most visible piece of art on campus and supposedly the largest tile mural ever created by a single artist.
Additionally, the University's Fine Arts Gallery in the Fine Arts Building showcases works by students and faculty from the Department of Art. The Luckman Gallery exhibits works by both international and local artists. To read more about the campus art scene, click here.
There are only a handful of eateries and markets in University Hills: Augie's Fiesta Market, Chris's Pit Stop, Dolcini Caffe Espresso, the Jonathan Gold–touted El Super Numero Uno, Fiesta Market,Garfono's Pizza, Hong Kong Kitchen, Johny's Kitchen, Rice Garden, The Original Taco Room, Tacos el Paisa, University Club, and Valley Foods Liquor.
There are currently no public parks in University Hills. Across the railroad tracks there's a small, new park —El Sereno Arroyo Playground. There are also larger parks nearby in Alhambra, City Terrace, El Sereno, and Monterey Park. I suppose the small triangle at the intersection of Valley Boulevard and Marianna Avenue and adjacent area could be thought of as a cluster of very tiny parks although there's barely enough space to lay down within them. There are also two, large open spaces in University Hills that seem like ideal, potential locations for parks. One is the open space north of the 710 Freeway. The other is a large space next to Marianna Avenue that affords a nice view of Downtown Los Angeles and is apparently used for little beyond furniture dumping and gravel piling.
I'm not sure exactly what the rules are concerning public use but on Cal State LA's campus there's the Jesse Owens Stadium (or Jesse Owens Track and Field). The football and track stadium opened in 1958. The sports ground also includes a soccer/football field, a baseball diamond, tennis courts, swimming pools and probably more. Also on campus is the Batz Rose Garden, dedicated in 1982 and named in honor of the aforementioned Batz family who formerly lived in the area.
Throughout the Eastside there are small art/community/cultural spaces, most of which draw primarily from within their communities for talent. In El Sereno, for example, there's Summercamp's ProjectProjectand EastSide Café Echospace. In the University Hills section there's Off the Tracks Theater & Gallery. Below is a video showing a preview of their performance, Pato, muerte y tulipán.
There's also Caroline's LOFT(named after LACHSA founder and arts benefactor, Caroline Ahmanson), the main performance space for LACHSA. Cal State LA is home to the Luckman Theatre, and the Luckman Intimate Theatre.
Bibliophiles in University Hills will find books for sale at the University Book Store and books for loaning out at the University Library.


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A closing (sometimes called a settlement) refers to the date on which the transaction is to be completed and the purchase money exchanged for the deed, and involves many technical legal issues that generally must be handled by a lawyer.
During the closing process, the parties must make sure that all of the terms of the sale and purchase contracts have been met, such as terms related to repairs, warranties, and financing. The parties must also review the loan and financing documents to make sure they have been properly prepared, as well as the deed to ensure that it has been properly executed by all of the parties, that its form is proper, and that it has been properly registered with the county where the property is located. At Austin Law Firm, we have the experience and knowledge to assist our clients with both residential and commercial real estate closings, ensuring that their interests in the property are protected and their transactions close smoothly.
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Whatever your reason for wanting to refinance, there are a number of important legal and financial considerations to take into account before making the decision to move forward with the process of refinancing. We have experience advising clients regarding a wide range of mortgage refinancing issues to make sure the legal aspects are properly handled and that the terms of the refinancing are carefully designed to accomplish our clients' goals.
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D'azzurro, all'elefante d'oro, difeso, posto su campagna al naturale. Ornamenti esteriori da Comune.
The arms were officially granted on September 22, 1963.
If you have any information on these arms di Borrello mail us !
This page was last edited on 22 September 2018, at 11:36.


text:
Housing rules need more compassion
Rules are rules, and they usually exist for a reason.
That aside, we can't understand why the Aspen-Pitkin County Housing Authority won't bend its rules a little in the name of common decency to give a local woman more time to find a job so that she can keep her Truscott Place studio apartment.
On Wednesday, Susan C. Johnson, a woman who has been unemployed for 22 months, asked the housing authority's board for leniency so that she can remain in the apartment she's rented for three years while she looks for a job. In a 2-1 vote, with two abstentions, the board decided that she must leave her home at the end of this month unless she is able to secure a position that will employ her for at least 1,500 hours per year.
The board majority was following the rules – we get that. The city-county program was designed to assist working families and individuals with the high cost of living in one of the nation's most expensive communities. If not for certain guidelines, affordable-housing units might be filled with retirees and people of independent means looking to save a buck, and more city and county worker bees would have to commute from midvalley and downvalley locales.
An affordable-housing tenant must "be a full-time employee working in Pitkin County for an employer whose business address is located within Aspen or Pitkin County (and) whose business license is in Aspen or Pitkin County," the housing authority's guidelines state. Johnson is drawing unemployment benefits – she was laid off from her job with the Aspen Homeless Shelter in April 2010 – but the rules state that she must meet the 1,500-hour-per-year work requirement.
Still, given the serious nature of the Great Recession and the slow recovery that has followed, it seems that some compassion is in order for those who have lost their jobs and cannot find gainful employment but continue to follow all other renters' rules and make their lease payments on time. Rules can be rewritten; perhaps a six-month probationary period from the point of discovery and verification of the lack-of-employment violation would be fair.
Johnson's situation reeks of selective enforcement. How many public-housing homeowners are fudging on their applications, saying that their children live with them so that they can obtain larger units? How many are exceeding the allowable maximum income levels through spouses whose wages are understated? How many tenants at Truscott are keeping pets without permission? If the housing authority wants to start investigating under every rock, there's plenty to turn up.
We also would like to use this forum to point out an instance in which the housing authority evicted a woman from a Truscott Place apartment in May. The woman, Lianne Beasley, said she was working on a seasonal basis for Aspen Skiing Co., has a son with Down syndrome and planned to stay home last summer in order to care for him while he was not in school and return to work in the fall.
But the rules state that she was violating the terms of her lease, and so an eviction notice ended up on Beasley's door. She and her son are now living in Basalt and are being cared for. But the action to evict them still seems cruel.
Johnson, who has lived in the Roaring Fork Valley for more than 30 years, faces a daunting task. She has to secure employment over the next 27 days to keep her living arrangement, and that's tough for someone who's under the gun and faces eviction. She's been homeless before, and so in essence, the housing authority's decision would turn a former homeless person who had overcome her plight back over to homelessness. It doesn't make sense.
Should Johnson fail in her quest for a 29-hour-per-week job, the housing authority staff and the board should revisit the decision to kick her out of her home. And, in light of her situation and similar ones others have faced in the recent past, it wouldn't be a bad idea for the housing authority to reconfigure its rules to make temporary allowances for people facing difficult financial or personal circumstances while still giving those employed in the county first choice for vacant properties.
Some sort of compromise policy seems appropriate.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Slain Senator Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. fell in love with the late Corazon Cojuangco three times. He fell in love with her for the first time when she was in her teenage years. The second time when she bore their child. And the third time when she morally, courageously and patriotically supporting Ninoy who was fighting for Filipino's freedom against the Marcos suppressive government for 20 years.
"So it was in those eighteen years and a day.
she is God's lovely maid."
this is a sweet poem. A real product of love.


Remodeled kitchen, love it. Wanted a double oven. This oven is very nice.
This oven replaces a GE 27 in double convection oven installed in 2001. It fit in the same space as the previous oven but has an interior volume 10% larger which accommodates larger cooking utensils. It also has porcelain covered oven grates which slide better and are easier to clean. We have used it only about 2 months and are pleased with the cooking and the appearance.
Love all of the additional features such as Proof, Warm, & Steam Clean. This appliance makes meal preparation enjoyable.


Will Rebecca be joining him?
Ross and Rebecca's plans to leave the village with Seb and Moses are thrown into jeopardy when Robert and Charity discover what they're up to. As Charity tells Ross there's no way he's taking their son, the pair find themselves up against not only her, but also a raging Robert and Aaron.
The ugly confrontation makes Bex have second thoughts about bolting, so she tells Ross she's staying until everyone can come to an agreement on what to do. Upset but undeterred, Ross decides he will have to go it alone and says emotional goodbyes to friends and family. Can Rebecca stand by and let him leave by himself, or will she decide to follow Ross?
Daniel's world collapses after Sinead is rushed to hospital and Ken is forced to reveal she's suffering from cervical cancer. But his anguish soon turns to anger when he realises not only has his dad been keeping the truth from him, Sinead's also been refusing treatment for the sake of their unborn baby.
Desperate to prevent another war within his family, Peter steps in to talk some sense into his brother, and it seems to do the trick as Daniel softens towards Ken and vows to stand by Sinead. After receiving advice from the doctors, Sinead agrees to start mild chemo treatment. But one round in, the mum-to-be goes behind Daniel's back and refuses a second go. Will he realise she's halted her treatment?
Terrified that the truth about Alfie being her baby daddy is on the verge of exposure, Hayley makes another attempt to flee Walford, only to be stopped in her tracks when her waters break. Jumping in the cab, Hayley drives in the direction of Walford General, but as her contractions intensify, the vehicle ends up breaking down.
Trapped, and with Keanu not answering her calls for help, petrified Hayley is forced to take refuge and deliver her bubba all by herself. As Keanu finally picks up his friend's frantic voicemails, he and Kat search for Hayley. It's not long before they find her abandoned cab and hear a newborn's cries. Following the sound, the pair discover Hayley lying unconscious next to her child. Will she be alright?
After learning from Ollie that Buster has decided to plead not guilty against the charges laid against him, Damon decides to pay the pervert a visit in prison to extract a confession. Will he be successful?
Meanwhile, Ollie tells Mandy that he's decided he wants to go to Buster's plea hearing so he can look his abuser in the eye. Damon manages to convince Brody to attend the hearing as well, but has Buster got a final trick up his sleeve to ensure his release from jail?
Knowing he could hold the key to getting Buster locked away for a really long time, Sienna convinces Brody to testify against the football coach, and he bravely makes a statement to the police. Will this be enough to seal Buster's fate?
Fake Dee's evil mum Alice puts the next phase of her plan to destroy Toadie and Sonya's family in action. The scheming nanny strikes it lucky when she cleans Dipi's home and comes across information relating to Sonya's recent relapse.
As the Rebecchis head out trick or treating on Halloween, Alice spies her opportunity to create havoc and persuades little Nell to go and hide from her parents. It has the desired effect as fragile Sonya is in a terrible state trying to find her missing girl.
There's tearful relief as Nell is found safe, but just as Sonya is telling her daughter off for disappearing, a representative from DHS (who has been anonymously tipped off by Alice) arrives to witness the drama. What devious trick does Alice have up her sleeve next?
Ali is on edge when the police come calling and confirm that Michelle's car wasn't the cause of the accident that claimed Ronan's life. The anxious medic is put under the microscope when his victim's mum Patti asks him about her son's final moments. How well will he manage to mask his guilt?
Not brilliantly it would seem, as Michelle's troubled lad turns to drink to drown his sorrows and ends up confessing to Robert that he killed Ronan. Instead of turning him to the cops, Robert tells Ali he needs to forget the past and focus on his GP training. Taking his advice on board, Ali thanks Robert and Michelle for their support. But can he really carry on as if nothing ever happened?
Trying to mask his growing guilt over what he did to Joe, Cain tries to dissuade Debbie from searching for her missing man, insisting that her and the kids should go on the run. Confused by her hubby's erratic behaviour, Moira demands the truth from Cain and is left speechless as he confesses that he killed Joe.
After listening to Cain's version of events, Moira goes to Graham for reassurance that they can trust him never to tell Debbie. Will Moira live to regret confiding in the enemy?
Keegan is disgusted when he discovers that Shakil's poster has been disrespectfully defaced and vows to take revenge. Locating the vandal on social media, Keegan joins the rest of the Taylors as they head out trick or treating and sends messages to his nemesis, goading him to meet up. After thinking he's spotted the boy responsible, Keegan menacingly stalks his prey. But the teen is soon overcome with fear as he realises that he's targeted the wrong person.
After re-establishing contact with the real culprit, Keegan's plan is back on. Carmel figures out the teen's intent and rushes to the scene, but she's terrified to see Keegan embroiled in a violent scuffle. Will this fight end in tragedy too?
After getting her paws on Sylver's phone and discovering a string of text messages revealing her half-brother's one-night stand with Mercy, Goldie uses the evidence to her own advantage. The scheming minx spills the beans to Russ about the affair. Will Russ confront Sylver with what he knows, and drop Goldie in it? And where does this leave his wedding to Mercedes?
Later on, Goldie finds herself alone with Russ and makes her move, making no bones about the fact that she wants him. Unable to resist her charms, Mercedes's man goes in for a kiss. Will the pair stop at first base, or end up going the whole way?
Following Tori's advice to be open with Robbo about her feelings for him, Jasmine takes the plunge and reveals her hopes they can properly be together. Surprised by her confession, and worried that the timing coincides with Tori kick starting IVF, Robbo takes a moment to think things through.
Later, with his decision made, Robbo dashes Jasmine's hopes of a romantic future together. He tells her that while he's crazy about her, he needs to make Tori and their treatment his number one priority right now. How will heartbroken Jasmine deal with Robbo's rejection?


Nov 3, 2015 Nashville, Tenn.
Bridgestone Commercial, a division of Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations, today introduced the new Bandag TR4.1 trailer retread. The durable TR4.1 retread provides affordable and dependable wear life performance for small to medium truckload, less-than-truckload (LTL) and pick-up and delivery (P&D) fleets.
"When shopping for trailer tread options, fleets often have to choose between low cost and functionality," said Ben Rosenblum, director of Bandag Marketing, Bridgestone Commercial. "The TR4.1 retread rounds out the Bandag portfolio line for trailer applications, offering a balance of price and performance."
Bandag's proven compound: contributes to long wear.
Diagonal tread block edges: promote traction on wet and dry surfaces.
The Bandag product offerings from Bridgestone range from advanced designs and compounds that contribute to traction, long life and fuel efficiency to lower-cost options that deliver solid performance, all focused on driving bottom line savings.
The TR4.1 retread from Bandag accommodates most casing sizes used in small to medium truckload, LTL and P&D service. It is not available through Bandag dealers in the U.S. and Canada. To learn more, visitwww.bandag.com.


text:
Reliance Jio asks Trai to take action against incumbent telcos
Reliance Industries has written another letter to the telecom watchdog requesting directives to the existing service providers (telcos) to immediately provide inter-connection to its Jio 4G network with their own, in the spirit of the licencing agreements.ET Bureau | Updated: August 17, 2016, 09:49 IST
NEW DELHI: Indian telecom wars saw a broadside being fired by Reliance Jio Infocomm, which urged the regulator to take legal action against the country's top phone companies for violating licence terms by not providing enough interconnection points to allow calls originating from the Mukesh Ambani-owned operator's network to go through.
"The continued denial and delay in the provisioning of points of interconnect (PoIs) by dominant in cumbent telecom service providers is unlawful, and actionable for appropriate legal action, as prescribed in the licence agreementapplicable regulations," Jio said in an August 12 letter to RS Sharma, chairman, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (Trai).
A copy of the letter, which went public on Tuesday , was sent to Telecom Secretary JS Deepak.
Jio cited licence terms that mandate telcos to provide sufficient PoIs unrelated to issues such as traffic imbalance or whether a carrier is offering commercial services. "RJIL has been complying with the relevant IUC (interconnect charges) payment terms with all operators per the relevant interconnection agreement and applicable Trai regulations with respect to all of the test users," Jio said. IUC is paid to the company running the network where a call is received.
Jio's note is the latest salvo in an exchange that started last week. The Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI), which includes incumbents Bharti Airtel, Vodafone India and Idea Cellular, had complained to the Department of Te lecommunications (DoT) that Jio was allegedly running full-fledged commercial operations with 1.5 million users in the guise of a trial.
COAI said Jio's offer of free voice calls to those users was leading to the clogging of networks and that the resultant "traffic imbalance" was hurting services to the incumbents' paying customers. Also, the IUC that Jio was paying them was inadequate, COAI said.
The telcos said PoIs provided to Jio were sufficient for traffic from 20 million users and that they wouldn't increase this until Jio launches commercial services. Jio hit back last Wednesday , writing to DoT and Trai that the top telcos were sabotaging its entry by not providing enough PoIs, thereby forcing it to delay a commercial launch.
The spat has also seen the incumbent operators accuse Trai of being biased against them, a characterisation the regulator has rejected. The upcoming launch of 4G commercial services by Jio is expected to trigger a rate war that will hurt the financials of the top carriers.
CALL FAILURE
In its latest letter, Jio said its users are experiencing a 65% call failure rate. "Without expediting the requisite points of interconnect augmentation, this situation will only get worse," it said. "Therefore, Reliance Jio's demand for additional points of interconnect is critical for its continued test trial and launch of commercial operations."
Jio pointed out that the regulator was required to ensure compliance of licence conditions, effective interconnection and quality of service besides setting interconnectivity terms.
Reliance Jio: Here are some high-profile exits
Tags : Industry, Reliance Industries, Vodafone, Reliance Jio, Bharti Airtel


After you have removed the door card, then this plastic membrane is revealed it seals around the door edge using some sort of high build filler/adhesive. It can be peeled off to gain access to the glass/regulator etc and then reused.
Question is what is the adhesive and does it have a brand name?
It's this plastic sheet that keeps your carpets dry when it chucks it down by the way.
Mr Teddy Bear wrote: After you have removed the door card, then this plastic membrane is revealed it seals around the door edge using some sort of high build filler/adhesive. It can be peeled off to gain access to the glass/regulator etc and then reused.
Yes, that yellow adhesive stuff. (or grey on some cars I have worked on).
I don't know what it is called, but last time I needed to repair one, I used some mastic/putty stuff to stick the membrane back on.
It's called Butyl tape. In the old days we used to get a roll of it in every sunroof box.
Look up "GT Pro" (or GTPro) double sided tape on Ebay - there's a seller selling it. Get some of the 6 or 9mm wide stuff. Exceptionally high tack as long as the surfaces are clean and dry. Sticks to paintwork, bare metal, plastics, the door liner, internal trim, glass and fabrics like there's no tomorrow. Waterproof acrylic adhesive. It really is excellent stuff. It's about £2.50 to £3.00 for a thin reel and a bit more for widths up to 50mm. Get enough as it's good to have some in for all sorts of jobs. You can put up shelves and coat hooks on wooden plaques with the 50mm wide stuff (onto painted plaster for example).
Also sold as "Ultratape" through Rapid Electronics - they tend to sell longer rolls from memory. It's the stuff with the dark green carrier.
It's about 0.8mm thick, neoprene rubber like substance. If you want "high build" just do another run over the top of the first one. I've built up 5mm thick stacks of the 50mm stuff before now so I could try out a chromed number plate plinth on the curved front bumper. You'll tear the tape along its centre before it comes unstuck, so use sparingly. If you do have to remove residue after tearing it off a surface, it will "roll off" using your thumb - but it's harder work than anything I know and you'll probably give yourself blisters if you've a lot to remove. Better than anything I've tried for badges, trim, number plates, etc. Can't recommend this stuff enough.
Scissors will gum up eventually if you're cutting it, so you need a drop of white spirit, acetone, isopropanol, etc. to clean the blades.
Last edited by Johnny 216GSi on Wed May 24, 2017 7:31 pm, edited 2 times in total.
Just search butyl tape on ebay and the stuff turns up in bucket loads. Pay about £10 for 15m roll but there are bargains.
Over time the stuff goes very brittle and will come off with a wooden wedge - homemade from plywood to similar sizes of a cold chisel - much less damage to paint on door.
Reapply the tape to the door and try to do it in one piece with the join at the top edge where it goes round the door operation wire.
The stuff goes in the groove embossed on the door but you can use it to fix tears where people have broken the plastic film before. Being rather silly about such things I have found that one of my doors was missing this item and so of course to get it back to standard I have replaced with a spare - sad but I have a stock or found one in a yard last year.
I bought two rolls of tape last year cheap as a job lot after previously using one 15m reel and already I am half way through one of the new rolls so do not be worried about buying 15m. its amazing how you use it. Plus the next time you are in the door area it does actually peel off and reapply as it is still pliable rather than the hard stuff after nearly 30 years of time for the original. If you car fussy you can even try to fine the right colour but I have only had white and black and not yet found the fawn - perhaps this is what white goes to after time?


text:
Introduction to C Programming Language
The Linux programming environment
Compiling & Debugging C
Introduction to Git
The C programming language
Integer types in C
Floating-point types
Operator precedence in C
Statements and control structures
Structured data types
Type aliases using typedef
Data structures and programming techniques
Asymptotic notation
Dynamic Arrays
Deques and doubly-linked lists
Circular linked lists
Abstract data types
Hash tables
Generic containers
Heaps
Binary Search Trees
Augmented trees
Balanced trees
Treaps
AVL trees
2–3 trees
Red-black trees
B trees
String processing
Unit testing C programs
C Language Limitations and How It Compares to Other Languages
C Language Primer for Java Developers
TypeScript for Java Developers by CodeAhoy
Ruby for Beginners
The Little ASP.NET Core Book
Think OS
Books / Introduction to C Programming Language / Chapter 7
Basic integer types
Overflow and the C standards
C99 fixed-width types
size_t and ptrdiff_t
Integer constants
Naming constants
Integer operators
Arithmetic operators
Bitwise operators
Converting to and from strings
Most variables in C programs tend to hold integer values, and indeed most variables in C programs tend to be the default-width integer type int. Declaring a variable to have a particular integer type controls how much space is used to store the variable (any values too big to fit will be truncated) and specifies that the arithmetic on the variable is done using integer operations.
The standard C integer types are:
Signed by default?
char 8 bits unspecified
short 16 bits signed
int 32 bits signed
long 32 bits signed
long long 64 bits signed
The typical size is for architectures like the Intel x86, which is the architecture used in most desktop and server machines. Some 64-bit machines might have 64-bit ints and longs, and some microcontrollers have 16-bit ints. Particularly bizarre architectures might have even wilder sizes, but you are not likely to see this unless you program vintage 1970s supercomputers. The general convention is that int is the most convenient size for whatever computer you are using and should be used by default.
Many compilers also support a long long type that is usually twice the length of a long (making it 64 bits on x86 machines). This type was not officially added to the C standard prior to C99, so it may or may not be available if you insist on following the ANSI specification strictly.
If you need to know the exact size of each type, you can use the sizeof operator, which returns the number of chars in a type. For example, on a typical machine, sizeof(int) will evaluate to 4, and sizeof(long long) will evaluate to 8. You can multiply by the constant CHAR_BIT, usually defined in /usr/include/limits.h, to translate these number to bits. However, if you are looking for a type that holds a particular number of bits, you are better off using a C99 fixed-width type like int32_t.
Each of these types comes in signed and unsigned variants.
This controls the interpretation of some operations (mostly comparisons and shifts) and determines the range of the type: for example, an unsigned char holds values in the range 0 through 255 while a signed char holds values in the range -128 through 127, and in general an unsigned n-bit type runs from 0 through 2n − 1 while the signed version runs from − 2n − 1 through 2n − 1 − 1. The representation of signed integers uses two's-complement notation, which means that a positive value x is represented as the unsigned value x while a negative value − x is represented as the unsigned value 2n − x. For example, if we had a peculiar implementation of C that used 3-bit ints, the binary values and their interpretation as int or unsigned int would look like this:
as unsigned int
as int
100 4 -4
The reason we get one extra negative value for a signed integer type is this allows us to interpret the first bit as the sign, which makes life a little easier for whoever is implementing our CPU. Two useful features of this representation are:
We can convert freely between signed and unsigned values as long as we are in the common range of both, and
Addition and subtraction work exactly the same we for both signed and unsigned values. For example, on our hypothetical 3-bit machine, 1 + 5 represented as 001 + 101 = 110 gives the same answer as 1 + ( − 3) = 001 + 101 = 110. In the first case we interpret 110 as 6, while in the second we interpret it as − 2, but both answers are right in their respective contexts.
Note that in order to make this work, we can't detect overflow: when the CPU adds two 3-bit integers, it doesn't know if we are adding 7 + 6 = 111 + 110 = 1101 = 13 or ( − 1) + ( − 2) = 111 + 110 = 101 = ( − 3). In both cases the result is truncated to 101, which gives the incorrect answer 5 when we are adding unsigned values.
This can often lead to surprising uncaught errors in C programs, although using more than 3 bits will make overflow less likely. It is usually a good idea to pick a size for a variable that is substantially larger than the largest value you expect the variable to hold (although most people just default to int), unless you are very short on space or time (larger values take longer to read and write to memory, and may make some arithmetic operations take longer).
Taking into account signed and unsigned versions, the full collection of integer types looks like this:
char signed char unsigned char
short unsigned short
int unsigned int
long unsigned long
long long unsigned long long
So these are all examples of declarations of integer variables:
signed char temperature; /* degrees Celsius, only valid for Earth's surface */
long netWorthInPennies;
long long billGatesNetWorthInPennies;
unsigned short shaveAndAHaircutTwoBytes;
For chars, whether the character is signed ( − 128…127) or unsigned (0…255) is at the whim of the compiler. If it matters, declare your variables as signed char or unsigned char. For storing actual 8-bit characters that you aren't doing arithmetic on, it shouldn't matter.
There is a slight gotcha with character processing with the input functions getchar and getc. These return the special value EOF (defined in stdio.h to be − 1) to indicate end of file. But 255, which represents 'ÿ' in the ISO Latin-1 alphabet and in Unicode, and which may also appear quite often in binary files, will map to − 1 if you put it in a char. So you should store the output of these functions in an int if you need to test for end of file. After you have done this test, it's safe to store a non-end-of-file character in a char.
/* right */
while((c = getchar()) != EOF) {
putchar(c);
/* WRONG */
while((c = getchar()) != EOF) {  /* <- DON'T DO THIS! */
So far we have been assuming that overflow implicitly applies a (mod 2b) operation, where b is the number of bits in our integer data type. This works on many machines, but as of the C11 standard, this is defined behavior only for unsigned integer types. For signed integer types, the effect of overflow is undefined. This means that the result of adding two very large signed ints could be arbitrary, and not only might depend on what CPU, compiler, and compiler options you are using, but might even vary from one execution of your program to another. In many cases this is not an issue, but undefined behavior is often exploited by compilers to speed up compiled code by omitting otherwise necessary instructions to force a particular outcome. This is especially true if you turn on the optimizer using the -O flag.
This means that you should not depend on reasonable behavior for overflow of signed types. Usually this is not a problem, because signed computations often represent real-world values where overflow will produce bad results anyway. For unsigned computations, the implicit modulo operation applied to overflow can be useful for some applications.
C99 provides a stdint.h header file that defines integer types with known size independent of the machine architecture. So in C99, you can use int8_t instead of signed char to guarantee a signed type that holds exactly 8 bits, or uint64_t instead of unsigned long long to get a 64-bit unsigned integer type. The full set of types typically defined are int8_t, int16_t, int32_t, and int64_t for signed integers and uint8_t, uint16_t, uint32_t, and uint64_t for unsigned integers. There are also types for integers that contain the fewest number of bits greater than some minimum (e.g., int_least16_t is a signed type with at least 16 bits, chosen to minimize space) or that are the fastest type with at least the given number of bits (e.g., int_fast16_t is a signed type with at least 16 bits, chosen to minimize time). The stdint.h file also defines constants giving the minimum and maximum values of these and standard integer types; for example, INT_MIN and INT_MAX give the smallest and largest values that can be stored in an int.
All of these types are defined as aliases for standard integer types using typedef; the main advantage of using stdint.h over defining them yourself is that if somebody ports your code to a new architecture, stdint.h should take care of choosing the right types automatically. The main disadvantage is that, like many C99 features, stdint.h is not universally available on all C compilers. Also, because these fixed-width types are a late addition to the language, the built-in routines for printing and parsing integers, as well as the mechanisms for specifying the size of an integer constant, are not adapted to deal with them.
If you do need to print or parse types defined in stdint.h, the larger inttypes.h header defines macros that give the corresponding format strings for printf and scanf. The inttypes.h file includes stdint.h, so you do not need to include both. Below is an example of a program that uses the various features provided by inttypes.h and stdint.h.
/* example of using fixed-width types */
/* largest value we can apply 3x+1 to without overflow */
#define MAX_VALUE ((UINT64_MAX - 1) / 3)
main(int argc, char **argv)
uint64_t big;
if(argc != 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s number\n", argv[0]);
/* parse argv[1] as a uint64_t */
/* SCNu64 expands to the format string for scanning uint64_t (without the %) */
/* We then rely on C concatenating adjacent string constants. */
sscanf(argv[1], "%" SCNu64, &big);
/* do some arithmetic on big */
while(big != 1) {
/* PRIu64 expands to the format string for printing uint64_t */
printf("%" PRIu64 "\n", big);
if(big % 2 == 0) {
big /= 2;
} else if(big <= MAX_VALUE) {
big = 3*big + 1;
/* overflow! */
puts("overflow");
puts("Reached 1");
examples/integerTypes/fixedWidth.c
The type aliases size_t and ptrdiff_t are provided in stddef.h to represent the return types of the sizeof operator and pointer subtraction. On a 32-bit architecture, size_t will be equivalent to the unsigned 32-bit integer type uint32_t (or just unsigned int) and ptrdiff_t will be equivalent to the signed 32-bit integer type int32_t (int). On a 64-bit architecture, size_t will be equivalent to uint64_t and ptrdiff_t will be equivalent to int64_t.
The place where you will most often see size_t is as an argument to malloc, where it gives the number of bytes to allocate.
Because stdlib.h includes stddef.h, it is often not necessary to include stddef.h explicitly.
Constant integer values in C can be written in any of four different ways:
In the usual decimal notation, e.g. 0, 1, -127, 9919291, 97.
In octal or base 8, when the leading digit is 0, e.g. 01 for 1, 010 for 8, 0777 for 511, 0141 for 97. Octal is not used much any more, but it is still conventional for representing Unix file permissions.
In hexadecimal or base 16, when prefixed with 0x. The letters a through f are used for the digits 10 through 15. For example, 0x61 is another way to write 97.
Using a character constant, which is a single ASCII character or an escape sequence inside single quotes. The value is the ASCII value of the character: 'a' is 97. Unlike languages with separate character types, C characters are identical to integers; you can (but shouldn't) calculate 972 by writing 'a'*'a'. You can also store a character in a location with any integer type.
Except for character constants, you can insist that an integer constant is unsigned or long by putting a u or l after it. So 1ul is an unsigned long version of 1. By default integer constants are (signed) ints. For long long constants, use ll, e.g., the unsigned long long constant 0xdeadbeef01234567ull. It is also permitted to write the l as L, which can be less confusing if the l looks too much like a 1.
'a' int
97u unsigned int
0xbea00d1ful unsigned long, written in hexadecimal
0777s short, written in octal
A curious omission is that there is no way to write a binary integer directly in C. So if you want to write the bit pattern 00101101, you will need to encode it in hexadecimal as 0x2d (or octal as 055). Another potential trap is that leading zeros matter: 012 is an octal value representing the number most people call 10.
Having a lot of numeric constants in your program—particularly if the same constant shows up in more than one place—is usually a sign of bad programming. There are a few constants, like 0 and 1, that make sense on their own, but many constant values are either mostly arbitrary, or might change if the needs of the program change. It's helpful to assign these constants names that explain their meaning, instead of requiring the user to guess why there is a 37 here or an 0x1badd00d there. This is particularly important if the constants might change in later versions of the program, since even though you could change every 37 in your program into a 38, this might catch other 37 values that have different intended meanings.
For example, suppose that you have a function (call it getchar) that needs to signal that sometimes it didn't work. The usual way is to return a value that the function won't normally return. Now, you could just tell the user what value that is:
/* get a character (as an `int` ASCII code) from `stdin` */
/* return -1 on end of file */
int getchar(void);
and now the user can write
while((c = getchar()) != -1) {
But then somebody reading the code has to remember that -1 means "end of file" and not "signed version of 0xff" or "computer room on fire, evacuate immediately." It's much better to define a constant EOF that happens to equal -1, because among other things if you change the special return value from getchar later then this code will still work (assuming you fixed the definition of EOF):
So how do you declare a constant in C? The traditional approach is to use the C preprocessor, the same tool that gets run before the compiler to expand out #include directives. To define EOF, the file /usr/include/stdio.h includes the text
#define EOF (-1)
What this means is that whenever the characters EOF appear in a C program as a separate word (e.g. in 1+EOF*3 but not in appurtenancesTherEOF), then the preprocessor will replace them with the characters (-1). The parentheses around the -1 are customary to ensure that the -1 gets treated as a separate constant and not as part of some larger expression. So from the compiler's perspective, EOF really is -1, but from the programmer's perspective, it's end-of-file. This is a special case of the C preprocessor's macro mechanism.
In general, any time you have a non-trivial constant in a program, it should be #defined. Examples are things like array dimensions, special tags or return values from functions, maximum or minimum values for some quantity, or standard mathematical constants (for example, /usr/include/math.h defines M_PI as the mathematical constant pi to umpteen digits). This allows you to write
char buffer[MAX_FILENAME_LENGTH+1];
area = M_PI*r*r;
if(status == COMPUTER_ROOM_ON_FIRE) {
evacuate();
char buffer[513];
area = 3.141592319*r*r;   /* not the correct value of pi */
if(status == 136) {
which is just an invitation to errors (including the one in the area computation).
Like typedefs, #defines that are intended to be globally visible are best done in header files; in large programs you will want to #include them in many source files. The usual convention is to write #defined names in all-caps to remind the user that they are macros and not real variables.
The usual + (addition), - (negation or subtraction), and * (multiplication) operators work on integers pretty much the way you'd expect. The only caveat is that if the result lies outside of the range of whatever variable you are storing it in, it will be truncated instead of causing an error:
unsigned char c;
c = -1;             /* sets c = 255 */
c = 255 + 255;      /* sets c = 254 */
c = 256 * 1772717;  /* sets c = 0 */
This can be a source of subtle bugs if you aren't careful. The usual giveaway is that values you thought should be large positive integers come back as random-looking negative integers.
Division (/) of two integers also truncates: 2/3 is 0, 5/3 is 1, etc. For positive integers it will always round down.
Prior to C99, if either the numerator or denominator was negative, the behavior was unpredictable and depended on what your processor chose to do. In practice this meant you should never use / if one or both arguments might be negative. The C99 standard specified that integer division always removes the fractional part, effectively rounding toward 0; so (-3)/2 is -1, 3/-2 is -1, and (-3)/-2 is 1.
There is also a remainder operator % with e.g. 2%3 = 2, 5%3 = 2, 27 % 2 = 1, etc. The sign of the modulus is ignored, so 2%-3 is also 2. The sign of the dividend carries over to the remainder: (-3)%2 and (-3)%(-2) are both -1. The reason for this rule is that it guarantees that y == x*(y/x) + y%x is always true.
In addition to the arithmetic operators, integer types support bitwise logical operators that apply some Boolean operation to all the bits of their arguments in parallel. What this means is that the i-th bit of the output is equal to some operation applied to the i-th bit(s) of the input(s). The bitwise logical operators are ~ (bitwise negation: used with one argument as in ~0 for the all-1's binary value), & (bitwise AND), ' ' (bitwise OR), and '^' (bitwise XOR, i.e. sum mod 2). These are mostly used for manipulating individual bits or small groups of bits inside larger words, as in the expression x & 0x0f, which strips off the bottom four bits stored in x.
0011 0101 x&y 0001
0011 0101 x|y 0111
0011 0101 x^y 0110
0011 0101 ~x 1100
The shift operators << and >> shift the bit sequence left or right: x << y produces the value x ⋅ 2y (ignoring overflow); this is equivalent to shifting every bit in x y positions to the left and filling in y zeros for the missing positions. In the other direction, x >> y produces the value ⌊x ⋅ 2−y⌋ by shifting x y positions to the right. The behavior of the right shift operator depends on whether x is unsigned or signed; for unsigned values, it shifts in zeros from the left end always; for signed values, it shifts in additional copies of the leftmost bit (the sign bit). This makes x >> y have the same sign as x if x is signed.
If y is negative, the behavior of the shift operators is undefined.
Examples (unsigned char x):
x << y
x >> y
00000001 1 00000010 00000000
Examples (signed char x):
Shift operators are often used with bitwise logical operators to set or extract individual bits in an integer value. The trick is that (1 << i) contains a 1 in the i-th least significant bit and zeros everywhere else. So x & (1<<i) is nonzero if and only if x has a 1 in the i-th place. This can be used to print out an integer in binary format (which standard printf won't do).
The following program gives an example of this technique. For example, when called as ./testPrintBinary 123, it will print 111010 followed by a newline.
/* print out all bits of n */
print_binary(unsigned int n)
unsigned int mask = 0;
/* this grotesque hack creates a bit pattern 1000... */
/* regardless of the size of an unsigned int */
mask = ~mask ^ (~mask >> 1);
for(; mask != 0; mask >>= 1) {
putchar((n & mask) ? '1' : '0');
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s n\n", argv[0]);
print_binary(atoi(argv[1]));
putchar('\n');
examples/integerTypes/testPrintBinary.c
In the other direction, we can set the i-th bit of x to 1 by doing x | (1 << i) or to 0 by doing x & ~(1 << i). See the chapter on bit manipulation. for applications of this to build arbitrarily-large bit vectors.
To add to the confusion, there are also three logical operators that work on the truth-values of integers, where 0 is defined to be false and anything else is defined by be true. These are && (logical AND), ||, (logical OR), and ! (logical NOT). The result of any of these operators is always 0 or 1 (so !!x, for example, is 0 if x is 0 and 1 if x is anything else). The && and || operators evaluate their arguments left-to-right and ignore the second argument if the first determines the answer (this is the only place in C where argument evaluation order is specified); so
0 && executeProgrammer();
1 || executeProgrammer();
is in a very weak sense perfectly safe code to run.
Watch out for confusing & with &&. The expression 1 & 2 evaluates to 0, but 1 && 2 evaluates to 1. The statement 0 & executeProgrammer(); is also unlikely to do what you want.
Yet another logical operator is the ternary operator ?:, where x ? y : z equals the value of y if x is nonzero and z if x is zero. Like && and ||, it only evaluates the arguments it needs to:
fileExists(badFile) ? deleteFile(badFile) : createFile(badFile);
Most uses of ?: are better done using an if-then-else statement.
The convention that Boolean values in C are represented by integers means that C traditionally did not have an explicit Boolean type. If you want to use explicit Boolean types, you can include the stdbool.h header file (added in C99) with #include <stdbool.h>. This doesn't give you much: it makes bool an integer type that can hold Boolean values, and defines false and true to be constants 0 and 1. Since bool is just another integer type, nothing prevents you from writing x = 12 / true or similar insults to the type system. But having explicit bool, false, and true keywords might make the intent of your code more explicit than the older int/0/1 approach.
Logical operators usually operate on the results of relational operators or comparisons: these are == (equality), != (inequality), < (less than), > (greater than), <= (less than or equal to) and >= (greater than or equal to). So, for example,
if(size >= MIN_SIZE && size <= MAX_SIZE) {
puts("just right");
tests if size is in the (inclusive) range [MIN_SIZE..MAX_SIZE].
Beware of confusing == with =. The code
/* DANGER! DANGER! DANGER! */
if(x = 5) {
is perfectly legal C, and will set x to 5 rather than testing if it's equal to 5. Because 5 happens to be nonzero, the body of the if statement will always be executed. This error is so common and so dangerous that gcc will warn you about any tests that look like this if you use the -Wall option. Some programmers will go so far as to write the test as 5 == x just so that if their finger slips, they will get a syntax error on 5 = x even without special compiler support.
To input or output integer values, you will need to convert them from or to strings. Converting from a string is easy using the atoi or atol functions declared in stdlib.h; these take a string as an argument and return an int or long, respectively. C99 also provides atoll for converting to long long. These routines have no ability to signal an error other than returning 0, so if you do atoi("Sweden"), 0 is what you will get.
Output is usually done using printf (or sprintf if you want to write to a string without producing output). Use the %d format specifier for ints, shorts, and chars that you want the numeric value of, %ld for longs, and %lld for long longs.
A contrived program that uses all of these features is given below:
/* This program can be used to show how atoi etc. handle overflow. */
/* For example, try "overflow 1000000000000". */
long l;
long long ll;
c = atoi(argv[1]);
i = atoi(argv[1]);
l = atol(argv[1]);
ll = atoll(argv[1]);
printf("char: %d  int: %d  long: %ld  long long: %lld", c, i, l, ll);
examples/integerTypes/overflow.c
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JP rudder in brass with threaded plastic fitting and tiller. This is a really nice rudder that fits a wide variety of applications in both plastic and wooden hulls. Blade size 45 x 30mm. Overall height 95mm (can be cut down).


text:
Homeless say drugs, alcohol pose bigger threat than violence
August 3, 2015 at 10:46 PM EDT - Updated July 31 at 3:25 PM
COLUMBUS, GA (WTVM) - Two men are set to face a judge Tuesday for the murder of a local homeless man, William "Billy" Edwards.
People who live in make-shift homes in abandoned building around town said of all the things they fear, some major challenges besides violence come to mind first.
"Life is short, and it's best to try and get it right," said Isaac, a former homeless man we met at the Homeless Resource Network who asked that we only use his first name.
"I lived a complete good life and then I got in my late thirties and my life went down hill," Isaac said.
Isaac tells us his drug and alcohol use took over, forcing him to live off the streets.
The harsh realities of homelessness were highlighted month when a homeless man was murdered. Police say two men attacked Edwards in a part of town known to be a hub for those living on the streets.
"Somebody could come creeping up on you, you never know," said Sally, one local homeless woman who tells us she isn't afraid of a similar attack.
Sally says that's because she lives in her van away from groups, "I pretty much try to keep to myself."
While violence is part of the rugged life style on the streets, Isaac tells us drugs and alcohol are the biggest dangers to his friends still without a roof over their heads; quietly claim the lives of far more people than violent attacks he says.
"I'm drug free of everything, and I still don't have much... but I thank God for what I do have," said Isaac.
Three years sober, Issac says every day presents challenges, as well as motivators to stay as clean and safe as possible.
" After paying all my bills, I don't have enough food for the month, so I still go to shelters and it reminds me where I come from," said Isaac.
Both suspects in the Edwards murder case are schedules appear in Recorder's Court Tuesday morning.
Copyright WTVM 2015. All rights reserved.
Arrest made in 17-year-old Columbus cold case investigation
Authorities say physical evidence in the case connected 47-year-old Alvin Shane Barfield to Albert Woolfolk's murder.
UPDATE: Shooting on Sandfort Rd. in Phenix City leaves two people dead
Two people are dead following a shooting on Sandfort Road in Phenix City Thursday.
Olivia Gunn
Oriental Food and Gift store in Columbus opens new location on Armour Rd.
Hundreds turn out for Slutty Vegan tour stop in Columbus
WATCH: Columbus police make arrest in 2003 murder of Albert Woolfolk
Auburn man, arrested during riots said he went to D.C. to 'support the patriots'
WBRC Staff and Associated Press


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text:
Argonne's pivotal research discovers practices, technologies key to sustainable farming
Anna Marie Tomczyk
Argonne researchers quantify how to reduce emissions by farms changing their practices and adopting novel technologies.
Farmers who switch to sustainable methods might help lower greenhouse gas emissions, according to a new Argonne-led study. (Image by Shutterstock / Smileus.)
Currently, the agriculture sector contributes significantly to the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the United States, accounting for nine percent of the nation's overall GHG emissions. The practices that grain farmers use to produce their crops — managing fertility, tillage practice and crop rotations — influence the overall carbon footprint of U.S. agriculture. By using sustainable practices, farmers could substantially reduce their carbon footprint and become a vital partner to the biofuel industry in its efforts to produce the lowest carbon fuels possible.
"This work is unique since we provide a complete quantification of carbon intensity (CI) for the cradle-to-farm-gate activities by conducting scenario-based analysis for selected farming practices that uses regionalized life cycle inventory data and a spatially explicit soil organic carbon modeling tool." — Xinyu Liu, postdoctoral appointee
A recent study by researchers in the Energy Systems division at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory quantified how much farms might reduce emissions by changing their practices and adopting novel technologies. Xinyu Liu, a postdoctoral appointee, wrote about the pivotal research in Environmental Research Letters, published on July 20. She collaborated with Hoyoung Kwon, principal environmental scientist, and Michael Wang, manager of systems assessments, all of Argonne; and Daniel Northrup, a former contractor to DOE's Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E), now with Benson Hill, a crop improvement company in St. Louis.
"This work is unique since we have quantified how the carbon intensity (CI) of corn feedstock would change with a wide range of farming practices and different farming regions. Besides the GHG emissions from manufacturing and applying farming inputs, we have also considered the impacts from soil organic carbon," said Liu.
The research focused on the corn belt of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Ohio, Michigan, South Dakota and Wisconsin and showed how different farming practices affect feedstock CI. Sustainable farming professionals could implement lower CI practices, such as adopting conservation tillage, reducing nitrogen fertilizer use, and implementing cover crops, to reduce their carbon footprint, which could improve farm efficiency and help the environment.
The Argonne team's research has historically focused on the CI of biofuels, which is determined via the life-cycle analysis technique to account for the energy/material uses and emissions as feedstock is produced and converted to fuel. The technique is used by California Air Resources Board's Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) program to calculate biofuel CI. Farms that reduce biofuel CI can generate LCFS credit, which has monetary value for biofuel producers and potentially for farmers supplying the lower carbon feedstocks. Biofuel producers can improve their overall CI score by rewarding feedstocks with lower CI, thereby further reducing the total CI of biofuels.
Currently, LCFS allows applications from individual biofuel conversion facilities, which resulted in significant investment and innovation in production processes to reduce CI. However, the board scores the CI for feedstocks based on a national average, regardless of the significant field-level variations in CI based on production practice. The Argonne work determines the source of the variation and suggests that a change in farming practice would lead to major emission reductions if implemented broadly.
"We conducted scenario-based CI analysis of corn ethanol, coupled with regionalized inventory data, for various farming practices to manage corn fields and identified key parameters affecting cradle-to-farm-gate GHG emissions," said Liu. "The results demonstrate large spatial variations in CI for corn, and eventually for ethanol, due to farm input uses and land management practices."
This work shows the importance of different sustainable farming practices to reduce CIs of feedstocks such as corn, which can eventually benefit biofuels.
"Large CI variations in feedstock can result from different farming practices and chemical uses," said Liu. "Therefore, a field-level analysis is needed to better inform farmers to increase crop yields with reduced farming inputs, thus resulting in CI reductions."
This research was supported by ARPA-E.
Tags: Energy Systems, Environmental and Earth Science, Ecology, Land Management, Land Preservation and Mitigation, Soil Science, Soil Remediation, Ecological Science and Environmental Risk, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Ohio, Michigan
Xinyu Liu
Energy Systems Analyst
Hoyoung Kwon
Principal Environmental Scientist
Manager, Systems Assessments
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She said Jorge violates his release on bail. "While I have to be away from my children and grandchildren and my house, my husband mocks justice by traveling around the world."
She added that she cannot remain silent against what she considers an injustice. "The only thing I have is my voice. Even if they keep trampling me I'll continue denouncing."


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Men's health news (current)
First Nations People advocate Thomas Mayo headlines Fatherhood Symposium
January 19, 2023 by Kim Trengove
Torres Strait Islander man Thomas Mayo is a keynote speaker at the 2023 Australian Fatherhood Research Symposium, running from May 4-5 in Melbourne.
Mayo, born on Larrakia country in Darwin, is a signatory to the Uluru Statement from the Heart and a tireless advocate for the rights of First Nations People. He has also authored several books including Finding The Heart of The Nation and Dear Son, which includes letters and reflections from First Nations fathers and sons.
Also featuring at the symposium, which brings together researchers and practitioners interested in fathers, fathering or fatherhood, is Natasha Cabrera from the University of Maryland, whose current research topics include father–child and mother–child relationships, predictors of adaptive and maladaptive parenting, children's social and emotional development in different types of families and cultural /ethnic groups, and, the mechanisms that link early experience to children's later cognitive and social development.
The full program for this year's Symposium has not been released, however registrations are open and the organisers are accepting abstract submissions until March 3, 2023.
The event is co-hosted by the Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, The University of Newcastle, and the Institute for Health Transformation. A range of disciplines are represented.
Learn more about the full program as it is released.
Fathers Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Men
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Private Blend is first and exclusive collection by Tom Ford, which includes twelve eau de parfums, each of them can be used solely or in combination with other fragrances from the collection. Private Blend Collection was launched in 2007. The fragrances are available in 50ml and 250ml bottles.The fragrances are Saffron, Black truffle, Rose, Patchouli, Tree moss, Oud wood and Vanilla.


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Date: Saturday, 2nd March 1968.
Venue: Wembley Stadium, London.
Competition: League Cup Final.
Score: Leeds United 1 Arsenal 0
Scorers: Leeds United: Cooper. Arsenal: Nil.
Attendance: 97,887 (Receipts £95,000).
Leeds United: Sprake; Reaney, Cooper; Bremner, Charlton, Hunter; Greenhoff, Lorimer, Madeley, Giles, Gray (Belfitt).
Arsenal: Furnell; Storey, McNab; McLintock, Ure, Simpson; Radford, Jenkins (Neill), Graham, Sammels, Armstrong.
Referee: Mr L.J. Hamer (Horwich, Nr Bolton, Lancashire).
At last, a dream came true for Leeds United, and in the case of Terry Cooper, literally true. For three successive nights before the League Cup Final against Arsenal at Wembley the left-back dreamed he would score the winning goal. After seventeen minutes of a hard fought game, he did just that. The goal, like the game, was subject to some argument but to United and their fans that was immaterial as victory heralded that long-awaited silverware.
Eddie Gray curled in a wicked corner which Arsenal centre-forward George Graham headed away from under the crossbar to the edge of the penalty area where Cooper moved up to smash a terrific knee-high volley high in the Arsenal net. Arsenal were furious, claiming that Jack Charlton and Paul Madeley had baulked their goalkeeper Jim Furnell as he went for the corner. The ill-feeling over the goal appeared to set the tone for the rest of the bruising battle, which was punctuated by fouls and stoppages. United seemed to have grounds for complaint when Jack Charlton appeared to be brought down by Jim Furnell but no penalty was given. Half-time arrived with a free-for-all in the United goalmouth involving several players after Gary Sprake had been fouled and things did not improve much after the interval.
Having snatched a precious lead, United concentrated on the art of defence and Arsenal simply did not have the know-how to find a way past the likes of Paul Reaney, Norman Hunter and Jack Charlton. Gary Sprake's only serious save of the match came when he turned a John Radford shot round the post late in the game. United, who had 'play-anywhere' star Paul Madeley at centre-forward in place of the Cup-tied attacker Mick Jones, found goal chances scarce and were content to play a game of containment. The Gunners lacked the fire power to trouble United's water-tight defence and Sprake was left with little else to do than field crosses. Although the match was disappointing as a spectacle, and was roundly criticized by the National Press, United had conquered a psychological barrier to win the first major trophy in the club's history and also brought a trophy back to Yorkshire for the first time since Sheffield Wednesday won the FA Cup in 1935..
Thousands of United supporters welcomed home their heroes as the League Cup was displayed on the steps of the Town Hall. So often had United failed at the final hurdle because their play had been riddled with anxiety, but now they had cast off the mantle of also-rans and were ready to make more room available for the trophies in the Elland Road board-room.
Leeds fans before the game:
Bremner, Charlton and Madeley watch Terry Cooper's shot enter the net.
Terry Cooper and the United players start to celebrate his goal
Arsenal keeper Jim Furnell saves from Billy Bremner. Billy Bremner in heading duel with Jon Sammels
Jim Furnell catches a high ball as Jack Charlton kneels and Billy Bremner appeals
United celebrate their first trophy:
Terry Cooper scored United's winner George Graham headed the ball to Cooper