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Home Anime Psycho-Pass, Madoka Magica, and Boogiepop may be more Similar than you Think
AnimeFEATURED
Could this notorious Phantom be a Magical Girl?
Boogiepop Doesn't Laugh
The Boogiepop Phantom
shadowgraph
Subtle Tears
Savior Swims In
KISS & COMBAT
Boogiepop
Episode 1 of Boogiepop and Others (or Boogiepop wa Warawanai / "Boogiepop Doesn't Laugh") split the anime community in half.
Some fans were intrigued by the show's immediate sense of mystery, while others found the narrative structure to be strange and confusing.
Most people probably felt a mixture of both.
Boogiepop and Others is an episodic series told from multiple points of view.
With each episode, new characters are introduced, meaning new villains and antagonists to drive the story forward.
In fact, one of the only unchanging elements in the story is the presence of Boogiepop, who shows up just in time to fight off sinister supernatural entities.
Another element that hasn't changed (so far) are the series's opening and ending songs.
The opening song, "shadowgraph," is performed by Japanese pop rock band MYTH & ROID.
The group is no newcomer to anime soundtracks. The performed the first ending and second opening for the immensely popular anime Re:Zero kara Hajimeru Isekai Seikatsu, or Re:ZERO -Starting Life in Another World-.
The ending song is titled "Whiteout" and is performed by Japanese singer-songwriter Riko Azuna.
Coincidentally, Azuna is also involved in the Re:Zero series, with her music being used for the OVA Re:Zero kara Hajimeru Isekai Seikatsu: Memory Snow.
In this article, we will be comparing Boogiepop's opening to the openings of two distinctly different anime.
If you haven't guessed from the title, those anime are Puella Magi Madoka Magica and Psycho-Pass.
The majority of the Boogiepop and Others opening takes place during a daydream.
The very beginning scene is cut so that it shows Touka Miyashita entering her daydream, then snapping out of it at the sight of Boogiepop.
(Don't worry, this will be explained later.)
Towards the middle of the Madoka Magica opening, we see Madoka Kaname also enter a dream.
She rolls around in her bed for bit before snuggling with Kyubey and falling asleep.
This "dream world" is where both Touka and Madoka interact with their inner/other selves.
Immediately after entering her dream, Madoka's inner self embraces her.
This startles Madoka, and we see that a teardrop has formed in the corner of her right eye.
In the Boogiepop and Others opening, it's Touka's left eye that houses tears.
Our Interpretation: The tears represent the troubles these two bring with them into their dreams, which quickly float away as they interact with their other selves.
After Touka Miyashita finds herself submerged in the pink-purple dream world, she isn't immediately embraced by her "other self," as Madoka Kaname is.
Rather, Touka's other self approaches in a manner similar to the way Akane Tsunemori swims towards Shinya Kogami in the opening of Psycho-Pass.
Initially, we thought this was just a one-off similarity, and we weren't going to include Psycho-Pass in this analysis.
However, there's another element to the Psycho-Pass opening that draws a clear link to the other two…
The most overt connection between the Boogiepop and Madoka Magica openings are the kiss scenes.
Both Madoka and Touka are embraced by their other selves, and sent off into the real world with a kiss.
The final connection to the Psycho-Pass opening is the fight scene between Shinya Kogami and himself.
Our Interpretation: While the kiss represents self acceptance, Shinya Kogami fighting with himself is a direct representation of the self-conflict he faces during the series.
For those who haven't checked out the series, or are interested in learning more, Boogiepop began as a light novel in 1998, and is said to have started the light novel trend in Japan.
The light novel features an interesting cast of characters, and an intriguing story by Kouhei Kadono, all complemented by Kouji Ogata's striking art.
Since the publishing of the first light novel, fourteen light novels, two manga, a live action film, and two anime (including the one airing now) have been released.
The Boogiepop and Others 2019 anime began on January 4th and will consist of 18 episodes.
Here's a synopsis of the anime series, provided by Seven Seas Entertainment:
"There is an urban legend that tells of a shinigami that can release people from the pain they are suffering. This "Angel of Death" has a name—Boogiepop.
And the legends are true. Boogiepop is real.
When a rash of disappearances involving female students breaks out at Shinyo Academy, the police and faculty assume they just have a bunch of runaways on their hands. Yet some students know better.
Something mysterious and foul is afoot. Is it Boogiepop or something even more sinister…?"
Puella Magi Madoka Magica, (or Mahou Shoujo Madoka Magica / "Magical Girl Madoka Magica") began as an original anime in 2011.
The anime was written by Gen Urobuchi, and has lead to multiple spin-off manga, a novel, two video games, three movies, a smartphone game, and its own magazine, Manga Time Kirara Magica.
There will also be a new Madoka Magica anime coming this year, titled Puella Magi Madoka Magica Side Story: Magia Record (Magia Record: Mahou Jouja Madoka Magica Gaiden).
The anime will be an adaptation of the mobile game's story.
Psycho-Pass began as an original anime in 2012, and was also written by Gen Urobuchi.
The anime has had two seasons, and has resulted in the creation of a movie, severalmanga and novels, and both iOS and console/PC visual novels.
A new film trilogy titled Psycho-Pass: Sinners of the System recently aired in Japan, and a third anime season has been announced, featuring new protagonists Shindou Arata and Mikhail Ignatov.
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Q: PHP Rand but dont allow specific numbers above or below Good day,
Iam trying to use the PHP Rand function, works great but I want to specify it more. Current code that works:
$min=100;
$max=500;
$random=rand($min,$max);
echo $random;

What I want it todo is that each number generated must have more than 10 difference with any other generated number.
For example it generates the following:

*

*110 (1st generated)

*116 (No)

*101 (No)

*90 (Yes)

*100 (No)

*120 (Yes)

*103 (No)

And so forth
Does rand allow itself to be manipulated?

A: You can round the numbers to multiples of 11, like so:
$random = floor(rand($min, $max) / 11) * 11;

And keep track of the generated numbers in an array so that you don't get the same one twice.
Any two different multiples of 11 have at least 11 difference.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Warner Bros. Looking To Reboot 'Gremlins'
Warner Bros. Looking To Reboot 'Gremlins'
Kevin Jagernauth
Oh please, let's not pretend be shocked anymore. Yet another beloved childhood movie that many grew up with and was near and dear to our hearts is being tossed into the possible reboot/remake mill. Just don't feed it after midnight.
Vulture reports that Warner Bros. is currently in negotiations with Steven Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment to reboot "Gremlins." Yes, seriously. The Spielberg produced, Joe Dante directed classic, which spawned one sequel and many rumors of a "Gremlins 3" that never came to pass, has apparently been eyed for years as remake material, but proved to be too expensive. However, according to the sources who tipped off the news, it may be closer to a reality this time around. So for now, just file it under: maybe.
And lest you think Spielberg would never sully the name of a cherised movie or franchise he was involved with, here's our rebuttal: that "E.T." edit where the cops had CGI walkies talkies replace their guns; "Jurassic Park IV" and "Indiana Jones & The Kingdom Of The Crystal Skull." There's always a financial reason to do something.
The big question of course is whether or not Dante will be involved. Back in 2010 he played down the notion of a sequel, but at the time seemed to think some kind of reboot was inevitable. "I'm sure it'll happen. It's too valuable a title to not get the remake treatment. I think it will be a remake rather than a sequel. I think they'll start over and do a remake or a sequel," he said. And indeed, that does seem to be the case. But if you're not going to involve him, why do it at all?
So while you ponder this notion be sure to check out our feature from last summer, in case you missed it: 5 Things You Might Not Know About Joe Dante's 'Gremlins'
This Article is related to: News and tagged Gremlins, Steven Spielberg, Warner Bros.

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The Middle East NATO: From Fiction to Fact
In light of increased regional tensions, the idea of a Middle East NATO is becoming more and more realistic, this time with the possibility of Israeli-Arab cooperation.
Mohamed Chtatou
The Return of Liberals to Power in the Moroccan General Elections
With influential billionaire Aziz Akhannouch announced as the new head of government, the former Moroccan prime minister and his party—the PJD—are grappling with a significant loss of power.
The Delta Variant Surge in Morocco and its Dire Consequences
Despite vaccination campaigns, the spiking caseloads present severe threats to Moroccans' health and the country's economy.
Could Morocco Help Negotiate between Israel and Hamas?
After the signing of the Abraham Accords, Morocco stands uniquely positioned to help with any negotiations between Hamas and Israel.
Understanding Moroccan "Normalization" with Israel
The recent rapproachement between Morocco and Israel can be partly understood through Morocco's long history of relations with its Jewish minority.
Coronavirus in Morocco: Economic and Social Implications
Countries around the world are addressing the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic based on their unique needs and abilities to confront it. Morocco's position as a north African country with extensive ties to Europe, which has been a key feature of the Moroccan economy, is now presenting numerous economic and
Algeria's Political Change Offers Hope for Peace with Morocco and North African Prosperity
Since the beginning of the year, Algerians have repeatedly come to the streets to challenge their political system. Some have used these ongoing protests, also known as Smile Revolution or Hirak, to celebrate their current victories while others have used the occasion to call for a complete change in the
Co-Opting Politics in Morocco
Morocco was one of the few countries in the Arab World partially spared by the upheaval of the Arab Spring. However, recent regime changes in Algeria and Sudan, along with continued domestic discontent, suggest that Morocco should reexamine its prior response to its domestic version of the Arab Spring—the 20
What Arab Monarchies Should Take Away from their Neighbors' Instability
In the wake of the multiple Arab uprisings since the Tunisian fruit seller Muhammad Bouazizi's heroic act of self-immolation, few instances of democracy have actually emerged. Since 2011, many Arabs have looked back nostalgically at the 'good old days' of pre-Arab Spring dictatorships, when daily bread, safety, and stability seemed
The Amazigh Cultural Renaissance
Indigenous to North Africa, the Amazigh people, sometimes known as Berbers, have spent decades fighting for cultural recognition in the predominantly-Arab region. For years, Amazigh activists have been engaged in a battle against oppressive policies while also trying to promote measures that would help preserve Amazigh identity. Central to past
Moroccan Millennials and the Quiet Cultural Revolution
Political observers are struggling to measure the full impacts of the internet on political change—an issue that initially came to the attention of the Arab world during the Arab Spring. The digital revolution has brought the dream of democracy and personal freedom to the Arab world, but it is also
Cyber Democracy Slowly but Surely Arrives to Morocco
At the height of the Arab Spring, King Mohammad VI revamped the constitution under indirect duress, giving up some of his extensive powers to the head of government. Moroccan people greeted this move with delight and saw in it a probable initiation of a real devolution of power and the
Reflections on the Radicalization of Young Moroccans
November 15, 2017 Following the attacks in Barcelona and Cambrils, the magazine Jeune Afrique devoted the cover of its August 27, 2017 paper edition to the involvement of Moroccans in acts of terrorism, with the title: "Terrorism: Born in Morocco." This provoked a great deal of criticism and anger in
Has Mohammed VI Succeeded in Reining in the Islamists?
May 25th, 2017 On his return from an extended African trip in March, Mohammed VI removed and replaced Prime Minister Abdelilah Benkirane with Saadeddine Othmani as head of government-designate. The Islamist party, realizing the seriousness of the situation, reviewed their political position and instructed Othmani to opt for malleability and
The African Economic Safari of Mohammed VI
March 27, 2017 In one of his inspiring and insightful speeches, the late king Hassan II described Morocco as a big tree with its roots deeply buried in Africa, its trunk in the Arab-Muslim world, and its branches in Europe. The country is, therefore, the gate of Europe unto Africa
Why Has the Arab Spring Become the Arab Mirage?
After so much hope, what happened?
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The City Council will be hosting a presentation on Monday, April 30, 2018 at 7:00 p.m. in the City Council Chambers, Mount Vernon, New York for the purpose of receiving the report of the draft nomination for the Canal Village Revitalization Brownfield Opportunity Area (BOA) and Local Waterfront Revitalization Program (LWRP).
All are invited to attend the presentation.
A regular meeting of the Real Estate Committee will be held on Friday, April 27, 2018 at 10:00 a.m. in the Memorial Room located on the Second Floor of Mount Vernon City Hall.
The City of Mount Vernon will host a Final Presentation to unveil the draft nomination for the Canal Village Revitalization Brownfield Opportunity Area (BOA) and Local Waterfront Revitalization Program (LWRP) on April 30, 2018 from 6:30PM – 7:30PM in the City Council Chambers Room.
A regular meeting of the Architectural Review Board will be held on Tuesday, April 24, 2018 at 6:30PM in the Mayor's Conference Room- 1st Floor, City Hall, Mount Vernon, New York.
All are invited to join the City Council as they recognize these esteemed individuals/organizations.
A regular meeting of the Zoning Board of Appeals will be held on Tuesday, April 17, 2018 at 6:30 PM in the City Council Chambers – 2nd Floor, City Hall, Mount Vernon, New York.


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By Peter Stamm
Illustration by Victo Ngai
The corkscrew was shaped like a girl in a pleated frock, of the sort that Lara knew from childhood photographs of her mother, a short, light-green summer dress. Only the red collar didn't really fit; it should have been embroidered tulle, and white. Lara could see the pictures—big family get-togethers in a garden in the north of Italy, full of people she didn't know. Even her mother didn't know all their names. "That man was a neighbor—what was his name again? And aren't those my mother's cousin Alberto's children? Graziella, Alfina, and what was the little one called? Antonio? Tonino?" The colors were faded, which made them somehow more garish. It was as though the photographs had captured the sun, the sun of childhood, pale and ever-present. Thereafter the family had fallen apart, and people had gone their separate ways. When Lara had visited Italy with her parents, there hadn't been any more big reunions, only afternoons spent in darkened homes with old people who smelled funny and served dry cookies and big plastic bottles of lukewarm Fanta.
The grip on the corkscrew was the girl's head. She had a pageboy cut and a fixed smile. Lara looked at the price tag. She and Simon already had a corkscrew, and they hardly ever drank wine. She hesitated for a long time, while the shop woman eyed her doubtfully, then she pulled herself together and took the corkscrew to the register. "Is it a gift?" the woman asked, unpicking the price tag and dabbing it on the back of her hand. "No." Lara shook her head. "No need to wrap it—I'll take it like that." She looked at her watch. The bus wouldn't leave for another half hour.
Lara worked at the Raiffeisen Bank, and she got off work before Simon, but she liked to wait for him so that they could travel home together. Usually, she'd sit in the bus shelter, smoke a cigarette, and browse through the free paper. Suddenly she'd become aware of Simon standing in front of her, smiling. She'd jump up and kiss him on the lips, and he'd make a remark about her awful habit. Sometimes he meant it; sometimes he was just being flippant. The last few days it had been so cold that she'd skipped her cherished after-work cigarette and got straight on the bus, which was usually waiting there when she got to the station. Simon worked in a hi-fi store. After it closed, he needed to tidy things away and, when the boss wasn't there, shut down the register. The bus drivers knew him and they waited when they saw him running around the corner.
"I had to stay and do the till," he said breathlessly, dropping onto the seat beside Lara and kissing her on the lips. "Have you been smoking again?" They were sitting right at the back; the row with three seats together was their favorite. It wasn't too bright there, and the noise of the engine muffled their whispering.
Lara hadn't taken off her coat, but still she could feel Simon's shoulder against hers. He told her about his day—picky customers and new equipment, an argument with the owner. Lara loved these rides with him, especially in winter, when it was already dark outside—the half hour up and over the ridge, through little villages, past meadows with old apple orchards and plowland. The bus radio was playing a country-music song. "That was 'Sweet Dreams,' " the presenter said, "by Reba McEntire, to whom we are devoting the entire show today." Lara kissed Simon and rested her head on his shoulder.
They had been living together for just over four months, in a little one-bedroom apartment above the train-station restaurant, not far from the lake. It wasn't ideal, but Simon had wanted to stay in the village where he grew up, and even though there wasn't much going on there, it had proved difficult to find any place at all. The building was old and run down; the staircase was a mess, with an old freezer unit partially blocking the way, and stacks of white plastic chairs for the beer garden, empty cardboard boxes, and other junk stored on the landing. On the second floor, there were a couple of rooms for guests, which were rarely occupied, and up on the third was their apartment and two studios. One of these was empty; in the other lived Danica, a young Serbian woman who waited tables in the restaurant.
When Lara and Simon had first gone to look at the apartment, she hadn't been able to envisage them living there at all. But after they'd been to look at a few other places, all much more expensive, they'd gone back to it. Before they moved in, they repainted the walls: the landlady chipped in with paint and brushes and gave them a free hand with the decoration. They spent whole evenings talking about color schemes, but in the end they just painted everything white. The rooms looked cozier right away, and Lara was happy. It was a good time to leave home, even though she got on well with her parents. She was ready to take control of her life, to buy things, to move out.
Lara was twenty-one, Simon three years older. He'd had one girlfriend before Lara, but they hadn't lived together. "It wasn't anything serious," he'd say if Lara asked. He had also lived with his parents before moving in with Lara, and still needed to get used to the fact that clothes didn't wash themselves and the fridge didn't automatically refill itself. But he, too, seemed to get a kick out of going shopping together on the weekends and deciding what they would cook today and tomorrow and the next day. "Do we need milk?" "You know, the coffee's almost gone." "We're out of garbage bags." Sentences like that had an unexpected charm, and a full shopping cart was like an emblem of the fulfilled life that lay before them. When Simon wheeled it into the underground parking garage, with Lara at his side, she felt a deep pride and a curious satisfaction at being grown up and independent.
They had been to IKEA a couple of times, and bought a mattress and a box spring and various bits and pieces for the bathroom and the kitchen—lamps and tablecloths and silverware. Simon's parents had given them an old table and four chairs. For a wardrobe, they had a set of cheap shelves, for which Lara had sewed a red curtain. She loved these little tasks, making cushion covers, installing a new toilet seat and a showerhead, putting up posters. Simon would watch her and enjoy it with her. The electrical things were his department.
Every week, there was something new, a barely used coffee machine that Lara had found on eBay, a wooden crate for their shoes, a whole stack of yellow bath towels that were on sale. Simon rarely got involved. At most, he would say, "Do we really need this?" Or, "How much did you pay for that?" "It's a mistake to economize on quality—these towels will last us forever," Lara told him. "Forever is a long time," Simon answered.
He hadn't brought much into their household; the rented van they'd driven first to his parents' house, then to hers, was barely a quarter full of his boxes of clothes, CDs, and old schoolbooks. Most of the space was taken up by his stereo equipment, his gigantic loudspeakers, and his computer. They bought a TV on an installment plan, a showroom model that Simon's boss gave them a good price on.
"How do you like this?" Lara asked, producing the corkscrew from her bag on the empty seat next to her. Simon took it and played with it, saying nothing. He furrowed his brow and pulled on the screw, and the girl raised her arms. "A ballet dancer," he said. "No," Lara said. "Just a girl. Do we even have any wine?" "That bottle from your parents," Simon said. He was still playing with the thing, pulling the handles up and down, causing the girl to wave her hands, as if cheering or calling for help. "Was it expensive?" "We drank that when Hanni and Martin came over," Lara said. "Don't you remember?"
The restaurant below their apartment was a bit seedy. Lara and Simon never went there, even though their landlady was the manager. If they ate out anywhere, it was at a place a hundred yards up the road, which did stuffed chicken breasts. They rarely went to the lakeside disco where they'd met. During the week, they went to bed early, and if they felt like going out dancing on the weekend they went into the city, where there were better clubs and not everyone knew them.
The bus stopped outside the station, and the driver wished everyone a nice evening over the P.A. The passengers got off, said a word or two in parting, and went their separate ways. Lara knew most of them, if only by sight. But there was one man she hadn't seen before. He had turned around once or twice during the trip and looked at her. When the driver announced the last stop, he had got up right away and gone to the door, even though the bus was stopping anyway. While the bus took its last few turns, the man stood in front of Lara. He looked about forty, and with his long black coat he didn't really fit in. As she was studying him, their eyes met. The man seemed quiet, almost indifferent, but in his eyes Lara saw an attentiveness and a kind of hunger that she found a little disagreeable, but at the same time provocative. She turned to Simon, kissed him, and asked, "Will you come to the market with me tomorrow during your lunch break?" She could tell that her voice sounded artificial and even a bit loud, but she felt she had to say something. The man in the black coat was the first to get off the bus. Lara saw him walk back in the direction of the main street. After a few steps, he turned around quickly, as though to see whether she was following him, and their eyes met once again. "Do you know him?" Simon asked. Lara shook her head. "His face looks familiar to me, for some reason."
Lara locked the door behind her and read, as she did every evening, the handwritten sign that hung in the foyer. "PLEASE DON'T THROW BREAD AWAY." Beside the door was an old cardboard box filled to the top with stale bread. Lara wondered what her landlady planned to do with it. From the restaurant came the sounds of music and loud laughter. When folk bands played there on Fridays, Lara and Simon could hear the racket up in their apartment. Even worse were the toilet smells in the hallway and the smoke that wended its way up the stairs. Simon had been down to complain a couple of times, but the landlady just said that if they were so bothered by the smell they should open a few windows.
"Do you think it would help if all the voices in my head came together and formed their own light-opera company?"
"Are you hungry?" Lara asked. "I wouldn't mind a hot bath before dinner. I'm chilled to the bone." The half hour in the bus hadn't been enough to warm her up. "I bought some fresh ravioli—they take only three minutes," she added. "I had a late lunch," Simon said. "I'm not hungry yet." They were standing together in the kitchen, and Lara was putting the groceries away. She held up the corkscrew. "Do you like the color?" "Green," Simon said, and Lara thought about the faded colors of the Italian photos again. "It was forty-five francs," she said. "Do you think that's too much?" Simon shrugged. "You could always get a bottle of wine from the restaurant while I'm in the bath," Lara said, "and then we can initiate the corkscrew."
She went to the bathroom, ran the tub, and got undressed. The mirror misted over with condensation, and the smell of pine needles filled the air. She turned off the water, and the apartment seemed suddenly very quiet. Then she heard footsteps and Simon's voice through the half-open door. He said, "I'm just going downstairs for the bottle of wine." "I thought you'd gone already," Lara said, and she poked her head around the door, and he kissed her and tried to push the door open, but she held it steady. They kissed again. "See you in a minute," Lara said. It was odd—she still felt a little embarrassed in front of him. When they went to bed, she would change in the bathroom and slip under the sheet next to him in her nightie. She'd wait impatiently for him to slide across to her, but she never dreamed of taking the initiative.
Before they'd moved in together, it had all been pretty complicated. She'd introduced Simon to her parents fairly early on, and they'd liked him, but he had never spent the night under their roof. Lara would have felt ashamed of sleeping with him in her childhood bedroom, and she would have been scared of her parents walking in on them or hearing them, even though they weren't noisy in bed. When they had slept together, it was at Simon's parents' house. Lara had always felt tense, and had started at the smallest sound. In the summer, they'd done it in the forest a couple of times, but that was uncomfortable, and Lara had been just as nervous. She had yet to get used to their new freedom; even now, she was scared that someone would see them or hear them. Sometimes, when Simon was on top of her, she pulled the covers up over his head. When he tried to push them down, she held on to them and said, "I'll get cold."
She basked in the warm water, and thought about what still had to be done in the apartment, what they were still missing. She would have liked a bedside table, but it wouldn't make much sense to buy one, since they didn't even have a bed frame. They had seen a colonial-style bed in a furniture store, a sort of fourposter in poplar, with white tulle curtains. "A dream," a salesman, who had approached them and was looking at them expectantly, said. That bed came with fitted tables, and a wardrobe as well. But for the moment it was more than they could afford, and Lara wasn't sure if Simon liked it, or if it wasn't a bit girlie for him. When they'd gone to see the beds at IKEA, Simon's only question each time had been "Is it strong? Will it hold up?" He probably hadn't meant it like that, but Lara had still felt embarrassed in front of the salesman. "We don't need to buy everything at once," she'd said. So now they had a mattress and a box spring on the floor.
After twenty minutes, she got out of the bath and pulled the plug. She dried herself on one of the big yellow bath towels. It wasn't actually a color she liked, that slightly off, mustardy yellow. But you couldn't argue about the quality—the quality was excellent. She had put the towels through the wash a couple of times, and they still felt brand new. Lara remembered what Simon had said: "Forever is a long time." Presumably, the towels would outlast their relationship, she thought, and that gave her a shock. She loved Simon, and he loved her, but was there any guarantee that he would still love her in five or ten years' time? Her notions of the future were both very precise and very vague. She wanted children and a home, and she wanted to go on working part time once the children were there. In a few years, she would get her promotion, and maybe one day she would become branch manager. But all that seemed very far off, a different life.
Sometimes she asked herself if Simon had the same sort of dreams that she had. It made her suspicious when he said, "Let's just wait and see—que sera sera. We're still young." In fact, he still felt as strange to her as this apartment, which was only slowly turning into home. She never knew exactly what he wanted; he didn't talk about himself much. It was only when he was with his friends that he seemed perfectly natural and relaxed.
She wrapped the towel around her, rinsed her hair in the sink, and put it up. Suddenly she felt a longing for Simon; she wanted to throw her arms around him, lie in bed with him, and press herself against him. She went to the kitchen, but he wasn't there. "Simon," she called, and went into the living room and then the bedroom. "Simon?"
He was still down in the restaurant, she told herself. He was sure to be back any moment. She sat at the table and leafed through the free paper she had picked up at the bus station. An ex-Miss Switzerland wanted to climb Kilimanjaro to raise money for a children's cancer hospital; Prince William had worn a toupee for a portrait photographer, or so, at least, the newspaper claimed; an American had been put to death for a murder he had committed twenty-five years ago. Under the headline "GRUESOME FIND ON LAKE," there was a story about a trout fisherman who had stumbled upon a dead body in the water just offshore. The policemen who had pulled the body in were quoted as saying that the dead man had been missing for a couple of months. Presumably it was suicide, though accidental death was also a possibility. The water temperature was less than forty degrees: if you fell in you wouldn't last more than a few minutes.
Water dripped from Lara's hair onto the picture of the marina where the body had been found. With a shudder, she pushed the newspaper away. She thought about that man being in the lake only a few hundred yards away, while she and Simon were moving in, or eating their supper, or making love. She felt cold in her towel. There was only a gas heater in the apartment, and the windows were not exactly insulated. Lara went into the kitchen and put on the water for the ravioli. She took two plates from the cupboard and a couple of forks off the draining board, and scrubbed at a stain on one of the counters, but it wouldn't budge. The kitchen was from the seventies, and you could scrub away at it as much as you liked, but it never got completely clean. Lara went to the bathroom, blow-dried her hair, and put on some clothes.
She crept down the creaking staircase. She didn't turn on the landing light—she didn't want to be seen. The music had stopped, and the voices had quieted down, too.
She had almost reached the bottom when the door to the bar opened, and she saw the backlit silhouette of an enormous man. At the same moment, the light turned on in the hallway. The man had a flushed complexion. He pulled the door shut behind him and passed her without a word, on his way to the men's room, as if he hadn't seen her. The landlady's voice was loud and distinct. "He didn't recognize him right away," she was saying, "because the man was face down. In summer he probably would have bobbed up sooner." Lara pushed open the door to the bar and stepped inside.
There were half a dozen men at the bar and the tables, and Lara was alarmed because they all seemed to be looking at her, but then she realized that their attention was on the landlady, behind the bar. She was talking about something else now. "They ought to poison that son of a bitch," she said, "to teach him what it feels like. Those poor dogs." Lara had seen the tabloid headline: "ANIMAL HATER STRIKES AGAIN." Simon was standing on one of the benches along the wall, his head obscured by an enormous TV mounted on the ceiling. Right behind him and looking up at him stood Danica, the waitress. Even though they were neighbors, Lara had run into her only once or twice on the stairs. Sometimes she heard her footsteps on the landing late at night, but there was never any sound from her studio. Danica had come to Switzerland from Serbia with her parents when she was little, she'd told Lara and Simon the first time they met. She hadn't managed to find an apprenticeship, even though she had good grades. "Do you think she's attractive?" Lara had asked Simon later. "Other women don't interest me," he'd replied. "But surely you've got an opinion?" "I don't know," he said. "I think she's got bedroom eyes," Lara said, and Simon laughed and kissed her.
Simon seemed to be trying to fix the TV. After a while, he jumped off the bench and said something to Danica. She smiled and switched the TV on, and together they looked at the screen, which was showing a grainy picture of a downhill skier. Simon spotted Lara and went over to her. "A faulty connection," he said, and, when she looked at him in confusion, "The TV's on the blink." He turned to the landlady and said that the antenna wire was bent, but he could bring her a new one tomorrow. "Isn't it practical having a workman in the house?" the landlady said. "What will you have to drink? A glass of red?" "I was going to buy a bottle of wine," Simon said. "It's on the house," the landlady said. "And the young lady?" Simon looked at Lara, and then he said, "I'd rather have a beer," and, to Lara, "Are you hungry?" "Sit down, the pair of you," the landlady said, dunking a glass in murky dishwater and pouring a large beer.
There wasn't a free table, so Simon sat down opposite an old man who seemed to have had a few already. Lara slid onto the bench next to Simon. "She asked me if I'd take a look at the TV," he said half apologetically. "A faulty connection." "I thought you weren't coming back," Lara said. She sounded reproachful, which she didn't mean to be. She had promised herself that she wouldn't be clingy with Simon. He had just wanted to help out. She was sorry she'd come down. If she'd stayed upstairs, he surely wouldn't have accepted the landlady's offer, and would have come back up. Danica stepped over to the table, bringing Simon's beer and a glass of wine for Lara. The landlady and the men were still talking about the poisoned dogs, and what the authorities should do to the guilty party if they caught him. The drunk at their table said under his breath that he could think of a couple of dogs he wouldn't mind poisoning. Lara wasn't sure if the remark was intended for them, and she didn't reply. She felt her hair, which was still a little damp.
"Are you seeing this?"
For no obvious reason, the drunk started talking about a cruise he'd gone on almost twenty years ago, on the Black Sea. It had been dull—those cruises were pretty uneventful. "I've been to the Crimea, to Sevastopol, where the Russians have a navy base and submarines. That was an experience—that was worth it," he said. Simon didn't seem to be listening; he drank his beer and looked up at the TV, where a different skier was now on the slope. From the speaker came the sound of cowbells and the rhythmic shouts of supporters. Lara wasn't sure where the Black Sea was.
Danica appeared at their table, and filled up Lara's glass before she was able to say no, thank you. Now she was sitting there foolishly with her hand over the full glass. She hadn't had anything to eat since lunchtime, and she could feel the alcohol going to her head. "Will you have another beer?" Danica asked. Simon glanced quickly over at Lara, as though he needed her permission. Then he said, "Yes, sure," and half got up. "Will you excuse me? I'll be back in a minute." Lara let him out. No sooner had she sat down again than the drunk asked if she was from the area—he hadn't seen her before. She felt ill at ease in the bar, threatened by the loud landlady and the drunken men who were ogling her. "I grew up in Kreuzlingen," she said. The man held out his hand and said that his name was Manfred. She shook his hand and said, "Lara." " 'Dr. Zhivago,' " he said. "That was a nice film. With Omar Sharif, and . . . who was she again?" "Julie Christie," Lara said. "In the streetcar." The drunk smiled. "I have a sister in Kreuzlingen. Have you ever been to Russia?" "No," Lara said.
She wanted to say something else—she would feel safer if she were talking—but she couldn't think of anything. "Where is the Black Sea again?" she asked finally. "If you're coming from the Mediterranean, you pass Istanbul and go through the Bosphorus, then you're in the Black Sea. The south shore is Turkey, and in the north are Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, and Russia." "Have you been to all those places?" Lara asked. "I went on that cruise," Manfred said. "That's where I met my wife. She's Ukrainian. She was working on the ship. But that didn't work out." Danica came back and asked if they wanted anything. Both shook their heads. When she was gone, Manfred said in a whisper, "I tell you, those women from the East," and then he laid his finger across his lips.
Lara was relieved when Simon finally returned. He was holding a dirty white cable in one hand. He had a quick word with the landlady, and then he climbed up on the bench again and switched the cables. For a moment, there was just a streaky gray on the screen, then the picture suddenly came clear, and the sound seemed even louder than before to Lara. Simon punched through a few channels on the remote, probably to check that the reception was uniformly good. There was a brief glimpse of two men sitting facing each other. Lara was almost sure that one of them was the man in the black coat, from the bus. But the scene disappeared immediately, to be replaced by a woman arguing with a little girl, and then a group of soldiers sneaking through a forest, and then back to the skiing. Simon returned to the table. "I just remembered I had an old cable lying around," he said, and smiled in satisfaction. "Shall we go?" Lara said, getting to her feet.
The landlady didn't want any money for the bottle of wine. "It's in return for the cable," she said, giving Lara and Simon her hand, which felt soft and a bit soapy from the washing up. "Don't do anything I wouldn't do," one of the men called after them as they left the bar, and everyone laughed.
The water was boiling violently; half of it had evaporated already, leaving a white chalky line at the top of the saucepan. Lara quickly turned off the gas. "Never, ever, leave the stove on when you go out, not even for a second," Simon said. As if Lara didn't know that. "It's not my fault," she said. "I thought you'd be back right away." She felt like crying. "I didn't mean it like that," Simon said, and kissed her. "Nothing happened." Lara turned away and picked up the corkscrew. Simon watched alertly as she took the plastic seal off the bottle. She had to overcome her own resistance to place her thumb over the girl's face and apply enough strength to insert the screw into the cork. She looked Simon in the eye, let him see how furious she was. "I'm sorry," he said. "I know, it's my fault." She set down the bottle and said, as if in conciliation, "You do it." Simon put on a rather ceremonious expression, as though God knows what surprise was in store, and slowly pushed down on the girl's arms. With a bright popping sound, the cork came out of the bottle.
Simon looked at Lara with a grin. She threw her arms around him and started to kiss him, went on repeatedly kissing him, and tried to undo the buttons on his shirt.
Simon, not looking where he was putting it, set the corkscrew down, and with their mouths glued together they undressed each other and let their clothes drop to the floor. Simon almost fell over as he wriggled out of his tight jeans—he was only just able to catch himself on Lara, who was impatiently tugging at the hooks on her bra. When they were both naked, Lara lay down on the coconut matting they had bought at IKEA, and Simon knelt between her legs. He tried to enter her, but couldn't. "Wouldn't you rather go to the bed?" he asked. "Wait," Lara said, and she disappeared into the living room and came back with one of the sofa cushions. She lay down again and pushed the cushion under her. The matting was rough, and she could feel it scratching her back, but she didn't care. Soon Simon rolled off her and lay next to her, and she understood that he had come.
She was still aroused, and stroked him until he was hard again. This time she sat on top of him. Simon didn't seem very focussed, but she didn't care. She rode him till she could no longer feel the burning in her knees, and sensed the blood rushing to her face. She shut her eyes and moved more and more vigorously. It was as though it were all happening inside her head, as though all her sensations were combining to form one overwhelming feeling. Then she heard herself shout, and she dropped panting onto Simon, her head beside his, not daring to look him in the eye. She lay like that until her breathing came more evenly and she could feel her body again, the pain in her knees and the chill on her back. She sat up. Simon looked at her in astonishment, and asked with a smile, "Did the earth move for you, then?" She laid a finger across his mouth. Her face grew very earnest, and she said, "If you ever stop loving me, I want you to promise to tell me." "But I do love you," Simon protested. "I mean, because you never know what will happen," Lara said. "And now I have to put something on, or I'll catch cold."
In the bathroom, she saw that the pattern of the coconut matting was imprinted across her back, and that her knees were scraped open. She thought of taking a shower, but for now she just put on a fresh pair of panties and pulled on her dressing gown. When she went back to the kitchen, Simon had got dressed, put fresh water on to boil, and laid the table. He poured two glasses of wine and passed her one, and they toasted each other. "Here's to us." The wine was awful.
Lara didn't sit facing Simon as she usually did but beside him, and she kept touching him during the meal, grazing his arm or stroking his neck and back. After they'd finished eating, they sat for a long time talking. Lara was bubbly; she spoke faster and more volubly than usual. "I think I must be a bit drunk," she said. "I'd better look out then, hadn't I?" Simon said with a smile. "Shall we go to bed?"
He went to the bathroom and came back in pajamas. Lara didn't feel like brushing her teeth. She just took off her dressing gown and slid into bed with Simon. He lay on his back and she pressed herself against him, slipping her hand under his pajama top and stroking his chest. "Are you tired?" she asked. "Yes," Simon said, and with that he turned onto his side and soon his breathing was calm and even. Lara didn't feel at all tired. After lying there awake for a while, she got up and made herself a cup of tea in the kitchen. Then she went to the living room and turned on the TV. She flipped her way through the programs. It was mostly films and talk shows. Lara stopped for a moment at one station with phone-sex ads, and watched the women rubbing their breasts and moaning "Call me, call me." For once, she didn't feel disgusted; on the contrary, she felt a kind of sympathy or solidarity for the women, which surprised her. She clicked onward, and suddenly there was the man from the bus again. It was the local channel, which recycled its programs every hour. The studio was in the old town, not far away. Lara knew the host by sight. He had been a teacher at Simon's school.
She listened for a while before it dawned on her that the guest on the show was a writer. She'd never heard his name before. The host's questions were often longer than the man's short, factual replies. Again, Lara was aware of his alert look, which had caught her attention on the bus. Asked where he got the ideas for his stories, he said that he found them on the street. Only today, on the bus to the studio, he added, he'd seen this young couple, two perfectly ordinary young people, sitting together and talking terribly earnestly. "They reminded me of my youth, of a woman I wanted to marry and have kids with," he said. "Then something got in the way. But I've never felt so sure of anything as I did then, before I really knew the first thing about living."
He imagined that the couple had only just moved in together; they were still furnishing their apartment and buying things for it and maybe, with slight astonishment, contemplating the years that lay ahead of them, asking themselves whether their relationship would last. "It was that blissful but slightly anxious moment of starting out that interested me," the writer said. "Maybe I'll write a story about it." "And how will the story end?" the host asked. The writer shrugged. "I won't know that until I've finished it," he said.
He talked about how young couples sometimes resembled very old couples, perhaps because both had to deal with uncertainty. The host asked if it wasn't tricky to write from life. The writer shook his head. He wouldn't be painting a portrait of these two individuals. They had given him an idea for something, but they had nothing to do with the people he'd write about in his story. In actual fact, they weren't a couple at all, he said. They'd got off at two different stops and kissed goodbye on the cheek. Lara heard the last train pull in. Quarter to one. She went up to the window and saw the train standing there, with no one getting on or off. After a while, it silently pulled away. The writer would have gone home long ago, even as he continued to speak on the TV. For a month, the channel would keep replaying this conversation with him, in an endless loop, until he himself had become just as imaginary a figure as Lara or Simon. ♦
(Translated, from the German, by Michael Hofmann.)
Published in the print edition of the May 14, 2012, issue.
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to Spain to spend a week vacation with his family on their sail boat.
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Q: How do I add a separator in a grid in wxPython? I've been trying to add separator lines between rows in my grid. I tried using wx.Menu() with the AppendSeparator() method, however the wx grid can't add objects of type Menu. Is there any other way?

A: This is not supported by the grid widget. You could size a column or row such that it is skinnier than usual and change all the cells in that row or column to have a different background color. You might also be able to utilize a custom label renderer or cell renderer. See the wxPython demo for examples.


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Chapter: 10 A Research Agenda
« Previous: 9 Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes
Suggested Citation:"10 A Research Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
A Research Agenda
The Panel on Antioxidants and Related Compounds and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI Committee) and its subcommittees were charged with developing a research agenda to provide a basis for public policy decisions related to recommended intakes of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and β-carotene and other carotenoids, and ways to achieve them. This chapter describes the approach used to develop the research agenda, briefly summarizes gaps in knowledge, and presents a prioritized research agenda. A section at the end of each nutrient chapter ( Chapter 5, Chapter 6, Chapter 7 through Chapter 8) presents a prioritized list of research topics for each nutrient.
The following approach resulted in the research agenda identified in this chapter:
Identify gaps in knowledge;
Examine data to identify any major discrepancies between intake and the Estimated Average Requirements (EARs); consider possible reasons for such discrepancies;
Consider the need to protect individuals with extreme or distinct vulnerabilities due to genetic predisposition or disease conditions; and
Weigh alternatives and set priorities based on expert judgment.
As a result of this approach, the following four areas were identified:
nutrient requirements,
methodological problems related to the assessment of intake of these nutrients and to the assessment of adequacy of intake,
relationships of nutrient intake to public health, and
adverse effects of nutrients.
MAJOR KNOWLEDGE GAPS
To derive an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), the criterion must be known for a particular status indicator or combination of indicators that is consistent with impaired status as defined by some clinical consequence. For the nutrients considered in this report, there is a dearth of information on the biochemical values that reflect abnormal function. A priority should be the determination of the relationship of existing status indicators to clinical end-points in the same subjects to determine if a correlation exists. For some nutrients, either new clinical endpoints or intermediate end-points of impaired function have to be identified and related to status indicators.
The depletion-repletion research paradigms that are often used in studies of requirements, although not ideal, are still probably the best approach to determining nutrient requirements. However, these studies should be designed to meet three important criteria:
An indicator of nutrient status is needed for which a cutoff point has been identified, below which nutrient status is documented to be impaired. (In the case of vitamin E, values are based on induced vitamin E deficiency and the correlation with hydrogen peroxide-induced hemolysis and plasma α-tocopherol concentrations, because there is little information relating levels of status indicators to functional sufficiency or insufficiency. Also with vitamin C, there is little information relating levels of status indicators to functional sufficiency or insufficiency, because dose-dependent absorption and renal regulation of ascorbate allow body conservation during low intakes and limitation of plasma levels at high intakes.)
The depletion and repletion periods should be sufficiently long to allow a new steady state to be reached. This can be very problematic for vitamin C because biological half-life ranges from
8 to 40 days and is inversely related to ascorbate body pool. For β-carotene and other carotenoids, no long-term depletion-repletion studies with validated intermediate endpoints exist. Study design should allow examination of the effects of initial status on response to maintenance or depletion-repletion.
Repletion regimen intakes should bracket the expected EAR intake to assess the EAR more accurately and to allow for a measure of variance. In addition, an accurate assessment of variance requires a sufficient number of subjects.
A relatively new and increasingly popular approach to determining requirements is kinetic modeling of body pools, using steadystate compartmental analyses. Although this approach is unlikely to supplant depletion-repletion studies, it may be the only technique available to obtain this type of information, despite a number of drawbacks. A number of assumptions that cannot be tested experimentally are often needed, and the estimates obtained for body pool sizes are inherently imprecise. Even if accurate assessments of body pools were possible and were obtained, such information would be useful in setting a requirement only if one could establish the body pool size at which functional deficiency occurs. The amount needed for restoration of biochemical status indicators to baseline values is not necessarily equivalent to the requirement for the nutrient.
For vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and β-carotene and other carotenoids, useful data are seriously lacking for setting requirements for infants, children, adolescents, pregnant and lactating women, and the elderly. Studies should use graded levels of nutrient intake and a combination of response indices, and should consider other points raised above. For some of these nutrients, studies should examine whether or not the requirement varies substantially by trimester of pregnancy. In addition, more information is needed for groups at increased risk for oxidative stress, especially those who smoke or who are subjected to second-hand smoke, athletes, and individuals living at high altitudes.
Data are lacking about gender issues with respect to metabolism and requirements of these nutrients. For example, women and children with low intakes of selenium are at higher risk of Keshan disease than are men with similar intakes. Women are at higher risk of macular degeneration even at similar plasma concentrations of carotenoids.
The understanding of the health effects of carotenoids is rudimentary compared with that of the other nutrients in this report.
Little information is available on bioavailability, toxicity, and effects of these compounds, apart from β-carotene. Although the only known validated function for carotenoids in humans is to act as a source of vitamin A in the diet, little is known about the relative contribution of dietary provitamin A carotenoids to vitamin A status.
Research to date has indicated little cause for concern about the adequacy of vitamin E intake for apparently healthy people; deficiency states can be produced only as a result of genetic abnormalities in α-tocopherol transfer protein, as a result of various fat malabsorption syndromes, or as a result of protein-energy malnutrition. However, the prevalence of these genetic abnormalities is unknown.
A growing number of studies suggest that there are complex interrelationships among nutrients, particularly those involved in protecting against oxidation (e.g., vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium), but these are not well understood in relation to the maintenance of normal nutritional status and to the prevention of chronic degenerative disease. These interactions may affect the intake level for one or more of the nutrients.
For some nutrients, serious limitations exist in the methods available to analyze laboratory values indicative of nutrient status, to determine the nutrient content of foods, or both. These limitations have slowed progress in conducting or interpreting studies of nutrient requirements. Although the analytical methodology for serum carotenoid status is becoming more routine, methods for the analysis of the major dietary carotenoids remain as a limiting methodological factor. A related gap, which is not strictly methodological, is the bioavailability of the various isomers of vitamin E. Major needs include: (1) a comparison of the biological potencies of the various forms of food vitamin E from mixed diets; (2) validation of dietary intake instruments to assess intake of vitamin E and of the major carotenoids in food; and (3) an examination of the mechanisms by which bioavailability is altered by food matrices.
Relationships of Intake to Public Health
Although interest is high and numerous studies have been conducted, serious gaps still exist in knowledge of the relationship of intakes of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and β-carotene and other carotenoids to the risk of coronary heart disease, cancer, and other
chronic degenerative diseases. An imbalance in oxidant stress and defenses can lead to the formation and excretion of oxidized products of nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, which may play a role in chronic disease.
Many of these studies have been conducted with supplemental intakes that are far above those that can be obtained from food, and some questions and controversy remain regarding the linkage of these antioxidant nutrients with increased risk of chronic disease. For example, some clinical intervention trials have shown that in male long-term smokers, high doses of β-carotene supplements did not decrease and may have increased their risk of lung cancer.
Multiple factors are probably involved in disease, but in some cases, one particular nutrient may contribute significantly. For example, vitamin E is known to protect ex vivo low-density lipoprotein oxidation, whereas β-carotene offers no protection. Questions that have to be answered include the following: (1) what are the tissue uptake and subcellular distributions of these nutrients in humans; (2) what is the mechanism by which these nutrients are taken up and regulated by the cells; (3) what is the turnover of these nutrients in the various tissues; (4) in which tissues are they degraded and how rapidly; and (5) what are the major metabolic intermediates during degradation and do they have biological function?
Additional randomized clinical trials are needed to test whether or not supplementation with vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and/or β-carotene and other carotenoids can reduce the risk of chronic disease. A number of clinical intervention trials involving more than 100,000 people are in progress. However, whether the results are positive or negative, additional studies will be necessary. For example, if the results are negative, the question will arise as to whether treatment was instituted early enough and whether even longer trials starting at an earlier age are needed to test the hypothesis properly. If the results are positive, the relative importance of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and β-carotene will have to be sorted out, because they are being used in combination in several of the studies. Also, the issue of dose will arise. Most of these studies are using doses that may be unnecessarily high. The questions of who should be treated, at what dosage, and at what age will have to be addressed, along with the impact of treatment on various subgroups (older adults, those who smoke, those with other chronic diseases such as diabetes, etc.). Again, if the results are positive, indicating that antioxidants do indeed offer protection, it will be important to determine if combinations of antioxidants in various doses can further increase the beneficial effect.
Considering these nutrients as a group, only a few studies have been conducted that were explicitly designed to address adverse effects of chronically high intake. Thus, information on which to base Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) is extremely limited. Although an unexpected result of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study was a non-prespecified 50 percent increase in mortality from hemorrhagic stroke in Finnish men who smoked and were supplemented with 50 mg/day of vitamin E, additional randomized trial evidence is needed for confirmation or refutation of this result. Because data on the potential for β-carotene to produce increased lung cancer rates in smokers are conflicting, ongoing studies are needed to help resolve this issue.
THE RESEARCH AGENDA
Reporting Data
Because the various forms of vitamin E are not interconvertible and because plasma concentrations of vitamin E depend on the affinity of hepatic α-tocopherol transfer protein for the various forms, it is recommended that the relative biological potencies of the different forms of vitamin E be reevaluated. Until this is done, the actual concentrations of each of the various vitamin E forms in food and biological samples should be reported separately whenever possible.
Five major types of information gaps were noted: (1) a dearth of studies designed specifically to estimate average requirements in presumably healthy humans; (2) a nearly complete lack of usable data on the nutrient needs of infants, children, adolescents, and pregnant women; (3) a lack of definitive studies to determine the role of these nutrients in reducing the risk of certain chronic diseases; (4) a lack of validated biomarkers to evaluate oxidative stress and the relationship between antioxidant intake and health and disease; and (5) a lack of studies designed to detect adverse effects of chronic high intakes of these nutrients.
Highest priority is thus given to research that has the potential to prevent or retard human disease processes and to prevent deficiencies with functional consequences. The following six areas for re-
search were assigned the highest priority (other research recommendations are found at the end of Chapter 5, Chapter 6, Chapter 7 through Chapter 8):
Studies to provide the basic data for constructing risk curves and benefit curves across the exposures to dietary and supplemental intakes of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, β-carotene and other carotenoids. Studies should be designed to determine the relationship of nutrient intakes to validated biomarkers of oxidative stress. These studies should be followed by nested case-control studies to determine the relationship of the biomarkers of oxidative stress to chronic disease. Finally, full-scale intervention trials should be done to establish the preventive potential of a nutrient for chronic disease.
Investigations of the gender specificity of the metabolism and requirements for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and β-carotene and the other carotenoids.
Studies to validate methods and possible models for determining Dietary Reference Intakes in the absence of data for some life stage groups, such as children, pregnant and lactating women, and older adults.
Research to determine the interactions and possible synergisms of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and β-carotene with each other, with other nutrients and other food components, and with endogenous antioxidants. Multifactorial studies are needed to demonstrate in vivo actions as well as synergisms that have been shown in vitro.
Studies to develop economical, sensitive, and specific methods to assess the associations of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and β -carotene and the other carotenoids with the causation, prevalence, prevention, and treatment of specific viral or other infections.
Investigations of the magnitude and role of genetic polymorphisms in the mechanisms of actions of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and β-carotene and the other carotenoids.
Because of inconsistent data, a Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) could not be established for β-carotene, and due to a lack of sufficient data, ULs could not be set for other carotenoids from food. Thus, research is needed concerning the ULs for the carotenoids. In addition, research would be helpful relative to the adverse effects of vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium. However, it was concluded that higher priority should be given to the areas listed above because of the possibility of adverse effects at intakes consumed from food and supplements in the United States and Canada.
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Next: A Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes »


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Postabortivní syndrom (PAS) je souhrnný název pro psychické příznaky a obtíže, které se mohou dostavit po prodělaném potratu u části žen, ať už po potratu samovolném či uměle vyvolaném (v druhém případě se používá též pojem postinterrupční syndrom, PIS). Podle Mezinárodní klasifikace nemocí není postabortivní syndrom uznán jako samostatná diagnóza. Někteří psychologové však soudí, že se jedná o specifickou formu posttraumatické stresové poruchy.

Vznik teorie
Myšlenka, že by potraty měly mít negativní psychologický dopad, byla široce podporována v 70. letech Centry pro krizové těhotenství (Crisis Pregnancy Centers, CPCs) a termín postabortivní syndrom, používán odpůrci potratů, zahrnoval jakékoli negativní emoční reakce přisouzené potratu.

PAS a interrupce
Pojem postabortivní (postinterrupční) syndrom je značně kontroverzní a hraje významnou roli ve sporu o interrupce. Zatímco odpůrci interrupcí z řad pro-life hnutí mají tendenci klást na něj velký důraz a s poukazy na něj odrazovat ženy od podstoupení tohoto zákroku, zastánci práva na interrupci v souvislosti s pojmem PAS většinou popírají, že by existoval (či existoval ve významné míře), či se jej snaží vysvětlit čistě jako pocit viny vnucený ženě k interrupci nepřátelským okolím.

Je značně obtížné zkoumat existenci postinterrupčního syndromu (resp. podíl žen podstoupivších interrupci, které jím byly zasaženy), neboť jeho příznaky jsou z velké části shodné s příznaky ostatních PTSP a stejně jako u nich si dotčená osoba nemusí být vědoma původu svých obtíží. Navíc podle psychologů pracujících s ženami trpícími po potratech problémy nemusí ženy vůbec přijít bezprostředně, ale mnohem později (např. po mnoha letech po potratu).

Studií zabývajících se touto problematikou zatím není mnoho, nejsou příliš průkazné, empirické a docházejí k protichůdným výsledkům. Studie tvrdící, že PAS existuje jsou kritizovány pro mnohé chyby. Mnohé studie a články také popisují PAS jako mýtus vymyšlený americkým pro-life hnutím, jako prostředek pro boj s právem žen na interrupci. Podle studie pracovníků Univerzity Johnse Hopkinse z Baltimoru není PAS (či přesněji PIS) významným problémem.
Naproti tomu k opačnému výsledku došla Anne Nordal Broen,, jejíž práce navíc ukazuje na určité zásadní rozdíly mezi klasickým PAS a PIS (např. v opožděnosti příchodu potíží v případě PIS).

Zdá se, že ve významné míře se syndromy spojené s PAS projevují pouze u malé části žen podstoupivších interrupci. Mohou však u nich nabývat velmi drastických podob a dovést postiženou až k myšlence na sebevraždu.

Existence postabortivního syndromu
Z analýzy publikovaných studií pokoušejících se systematicky analyzovat výskyt postabortivního syndromu vyplývá, že postabortivní syndrom v takové podobě, v jaké je popisován, neexistuje. Z toho důvodu tuto jednotku neuznávají jako existující nemoc četné významné odborné organizace. Postabortivní syndrom není uveden v klasifikačních seznamech DSM IV ani MKN 10. Naopak v mainstreamové medicínské komunitě, a také mezi pro-choice aktivisty, panuje přesvědčení, že tvrzení o existenci postabortivního syndromu je především taktický nástroj protipotratových aktivistů.

Systematický přehled publikovaný v roce 2008 konstatuje, že v dlouhodobém měřítku není rozdíl v duševním zdraví žen, které podstoupily umělý potrat, a žen z adekvátní kontrolní skupiny, tedy žen, které neplánované těhotenství neukončily indukovaným potratem.
Některé studie skutečně poukazovaly na korelaci mezi potratem a psychickými problémy, ale tyto studie byly obvykle metodologicky špatně provedené a selhávaly v podchycení významných zavádějících faktorů. Kvalitnější studie naproti tomu konzistentně dochází k závěrům, že samotná interrupce nemá žádný přímý vztah s možnými postabortivními psychickými problémy. Ty mohou být podle těchto studií vyvolány již dříve existujícími duševními potížemi a sociálními okolnostmi. Riziko vzniku těchto problémů můžou zvyšovat mnohé vnější faktory jako je například emocionální fixace na těhotenství, chybějící podpora, konzervativní postoje vedoucí k pochybnostem o správnosti interrupce a další.

I významné odborné skupiny konzistentně tvrdí, že potrat nepůsobí negativně na duševní zdraví. Americká psychologická asociace v roce 2008 po kritickém přehledu vědeckých publikací zabývajících se vztahem potratů a duševního zdraví konstatovala, že riziko problému s duševním zdravím u dospělé ženy po jediném indukovaném potratu v prvním trimestru není větší než riziko duševních problémů po donošení nechtěného těhotenství. Potrat může současně vyvolávat stres i vést ke zmírnění stresu, Americká psychologická asociace proto odmítá myšlenku, že by byl potrat "inherentně traumatický". Pokud došlo k manifestaci duševní poruchy v souvislosti s potratem, jde podle Americké psychologické asociace pravděpodobně o projev již před potratem existujících rizikových faktorů. Protože tyto i jiné rizikové faktory mohou predisponovat i k rozvoji závažnější psychopatologie po porodu, vyšší podíl duševních problémů u rodiček s potratem v anamnéze je vysvětlitelné spíše působením faktorů na potratu nezávislých. Co se týče mnohočetných potratů, panel expertů Americké psychologické asociace konstatoval nekonzistentnost publikovaných výsledků. Navíc je zřejmé, že faktory predisponující ženu k opakovaným nechtěným těhotenstvím mohou predisponovat i k rozvoji duševních poruch a onemocnění. Proto v případě opakovaných potratů nebyl stanoven jasný závěr.

Systematický přehled britské Royal College of Psychiastrists zveřejněný v roce 2011 konstatuje, že nechtěné těhotenství může zvyšovat riziko psychických obtíží, ale riziko není ovlivněno tím, zda se žena rozhodne pro potrat, nebo pro donošení.

Některé ženy skutečně prožívají po indukovaném potratu (interrupci) negativní emoce. Podíl takových žen je ale stejný jako u žen, které potratily přirozeně, nechtěně.

Symptomy podle zastánkyň teorie
Salazarová a Freedová považují PAS za specifickou formu posttraumatické stresové poruchy (PTSP). Ve své knize Čas k uzdravení PAS popisují jednak běžnými obecnými symptomy PTSP, jako jsou např. deprese, zvýšená konzumace alkoholu a drog, návaly úzkosti a zlosti, noční můry, psychotické stavy, poruchy sociálního chování a podobně, jednak má i specifičtější projevy. Mezi ty patří např. "výroční syndrom", strach z neplodnosti či nadměrná touha znovu otěhotnět, vyhýbání se specifickým situacím a podnětům a úzkost z nich (těhotné ženy, malé děti, gynekologická vyšetření), poruchy příjmu potravy, problémy ve vztahu k vlastním dětem, psychosexuální poruchy či náhlé nekontrolované výbuchy pláče.

Rizikové skupiny
Psychologové pracující s ženami postiženými PAS charakterizují určité skupiny žen, u nichž lze očekávat výskyt postinterrupčního syndromu s vyšší pravděpodobnostní. Jde především o ženy, které:
 podstoupily interrupci ve velmi mladém věku,
 podstoupily interrupci v pozdní fázi těhotenství,
 v době podstoupení interrupce už měly děti,
 byly k interrupci dotlačeny svým okolím
 nebo ženy, jejichž výchova, osobní postoje či postoje okolí vedou k pochybnostem o správnosti interrupce.

Odkazy

Reference

Literatura
 Lucy Freedová, Penny Y. Salazarová: Čas k uzdravení (Naděje a pomoc při překonávání postabortivního syndromu), Praha 2008,

Související články
 Laktační psychóza

Externí odkazy
 Eva Jelenová: Péče o ženu po potratu - bakalářská práce, jejíž část je věnována problému PAS a péči o ženy po interrupci ve Spojeném království a České republice
 PAS na stránkách Hnutí Pro život
 Při interrupci vás muž nepodrží, říká psycholožka - tematický článek na iDnes.cz
 Kamarádka byla na interrupci. Poznala, co je postinterrupční syndrom... - tematický článek na Žena-in

Úzkostné poruchy
Interrupce

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Robinson, Sharon Porter
Sharon Porter Robinson, the daughter of Harriett Bibb Porter and Woodford R. Porter, Sr., was born in Louisville, KY and became the president and CEO of the American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education (AACTE) 2005-2010. She is the first African American woman to serve as the organization's chief executive officer.
Robinson has also served as senior vice president and COO of the Educational Testing Service (ETS). She was Assistant Secretary of Education with the U.S. Department of Education, served as director of several different departments in the National Education Association (NEA), and in 1993, was appointed by then President Clinton as Assistant Secretary for Education over the Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI). It was the first time an African American had been selected for the post. [In 2002, OERI was replaced when President Bush signed into law the Education Sciences Reform Act, which resulted in a new organization, the Institute of Educational Sciences.]
Robinson earned three bachelor's degrees, a master's degree, and her Ph.D. from the University of Kentucky College of Education. She was named to the College's Hall of Fame in 1991.
For more information see Sharon Porter Robinson at the Kentucky Department of Education website; S. P. Robinson, "Preparing teachers for the classroom," CQ Congressional Testimony, Capitol Hill Hearing Testimony section, 5/17/2007, House Education and Labor Committee; and Who's Who Among African Americans (2008).
Appointments by U.S. Presidents/Services for U.S. Presidents
External Digital Object Link
See photograph and biography of Sharon Porter at the Kentucky Department of Education website.
NKAA Entry: Porter, Woodford Roy, Sr.
NKAA Source: CQ Congressional Testimony (CNGTST) (online publication)
NKAA Source: Who's who among African Americans
"Robinson, Sharon Porter," Notable Kentucky African Americans Database, accessed January 17, 2021, https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/1813.


Kingfish Lodges' and The Venice Palms private rental homes are conveniently located on Highway 23 between Mile Markers # 3 and # 4 in Venice, Louisiana - home to the world's best fishing! Our locations provide ample parking for boats and trailers and are the perfect fit for large groups and extended stays. Our private rentals are simply superior - they include all of the luxuries and comforts of home to maximize our guests' enjoyment and pleasure.
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Each rental has satellite television, attached wood decks with exterior tables & chairs and a barbeque pit for you to grill.
For larger groups, our private rentals are perfect! Some of our private units are designed and set up for groups with as many as 24 guests. These units are adjoined by a 16' x 35' wood decks & walkways, which allow large parties to stay together, grill out, and hang out together while enjoying their stay with us in Venice.
The Lodge and Private Rentals are located less than a 1/2 mile from Yellow Cotton Marina, and approximately 4 miles from Cypress Cove Marina and The Venice Marina. The Lodge and Private Rentals do not have a fish cleaning or duck cleaning facility.
Our rental units are 3 bedroom/2 full bathroom modular homes with approximately 1300 square feet of living space. Our lodges are nicely appointed and fully furnished. They include fully equipped kitchens, satellite television, outside decks, and barb-b-que pits.
Each unit sleeps up to 8 guests comfortably with each person having his own bed. The bedroom layout includes a queen bed & single bed in the master bedroom; a bunk bed with a single mattress up top and a full mattress on the bottom in the 2nd bedroom; and 2 bunk beds, with single mattresses up top and full mattresses on the bottom in the 3rd bedroom. We have quality mattresses and linens for a good night's sleep.
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That Americans in general have reached a crisis point of obesity and poor physical fitness.
That North Carolinians, and Columbus Countians in particular, are leaders in obesity, type II diabetes, smoking and other indicators of poor health.
That rural people everywhere live under conditions that discourage integrating exercise and fitness in their lifestyles. For example, with little public transportation, we drive everywhere and seldom walk. We also have fewer resources, such as public pools, gyms, bicycle paths and parks where exercise is encouraged.
That rural people receive little encouragement from their governments to work toward better health, in the way of, for example, exercise facilities and programs.
That Columbus County has few natural resources that encourage vigorous outdoor activities, such as bicycle riding, hiking, mountain climbing, surfing or white water rafting.
That Americans in general, and Columbus Countians in particular, now recognize the benefits of healthful lifestyles and are ready to change theirs for the better.


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Cities, places and the people who make them
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Lars Coenen has been appointed chair of Resilient Cities at the University of Melbourne.
Lars Coenen appointed chair of Resilient Cities
A world-renowned academic in the field of innovation studies will chair a new initiative aimed at boosting Melbourne's ability to be resilient through environmental and economic changes.
Foreground News
Lars Coenen, a former professor at the Centre for Innovation, Research and Competence in the Learning Economy (CIRCLE) at Sweden's Lund University, was in August appointed inaugural chair of the Resilient Cities initiative.
A joint initiative of the City of Melbourne and University of Melbourne, Resilient Cities will see Coenen based at the university's Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning from early 2017.
As part of the role he will work closely with the Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute (MSSI) and seek out new partnerships and enhance student opportunities to build world-class teaching and research programs, institute director Brendan Gleeson said.
'His particular expertise is the sustainability innovations needed to future-proof cities and contribute to their safety and liveability in the face of environmental changes and the many economic and social challenges these raise,' Gleeson said.
The role will also see Professor Coenen work with City of Melbourne's chief resilience officer.
Melbourne's Lord Mayor Robert Doyle said the City was looking forward to Professor Coenen's insights and that his appointment would boost Melbourne's credentials as a 'knowledge city'.
Endangered bandicoots survive and thrive in urban sprawl
By Lucy Smith — January 9, 2020
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Sherlock Hohm can be used in various applications with a Battery Management System. These are rated by Indonesia Chemistry at 3116mAh capacity, with a CDR of 30.7A, an 80°C | 2.8V cut-off of 40.6A, and a pulse/peak rating of 47.1A. All ratings are subject to meet and/or exceed strict limitation policies set forth for DLr1, TID2, PVDL3, CLR4, mΩR5, and Temperature (°C). Sherlock2 is most closely related to the popular Hohm Work2 18650 cell, but has chemistry stimulated and melded at different Hz. Results are incredibly high amperage delivery, with an assurance of consistent coalition within the Li-ion family.
DO NOT USE A LOWER RESISTANCE (Ω) # (the lowest acceptable resistance is listed on every cell, its retail packaging, and in brochure).
DO NOT USE IN A DEVICE THAT EXCEEDS MAX CELL WATTAGE. Otherwise if device fails and does not stop power, the cell can get too hot and EXPLODE. (The MAX wattage is listed on every cell, its retail packaging, and brochure).
ALWAYS USE MATCHING CELLS in MULTI-CELL DEVICES. Differences in cell capacity can lead to overcharging or over-discharging cell. This can lead to catastrophic failure of one or more cells and can EXPLODE.
IF USING A MULTI-CELL DEVICE, IT MUST BE EQUIPPED WITH A NON-CONDUCTIVE BARRIER (typically plastic) to PREVENT CELLS FROM TOUCHING METAL except for the very center of top and bottom of cell. Otherwise cell(s) could short-circuit and EXPLODE.
ALWAYS use, connect, charge, and OPERATE CELL(s) WITHIN THEIR CAPABILITIES as identified on each battery and in the brochure, while adhering to the device's user manual.
SEARCH www.YouTube.com for "HOW TO REWRAP 20700 BATTERY" and "20700 BATTERY EXPLOSIONS" to understand and know the importance of using and maintaining lithium ion cells properly.


Academic dissertation to be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Science of the University of Oulu, for public discussion in the Auditorium L10, Linnanmaa, on June 5th, 2009, at 12 o'clock noon.
Xenon atoms and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) molecules can be dissolved in liquids and liquid crystals or adsorbed in porous materials. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of 129Xe or 19F nuclei reveal information about their surroundings. This means that xenon atoms and SF6 molecules can be used as probes to indirectly study materials by NMR spectroscopy. The change in the spectra arises from a NMR interaction called shielding. Especially in the case of xenon, shielding reveals even the slightest changes, for example, in the density of a liquid it is dissolved in. Because a change in temperature leads to a change in the density of the liquid as well, temperature change is observed as a shift of the resonance line in the 129Xe NMR spectrum. This property can be utilized in the accurate determination of the sample temperature. Self-diffusion measurements of the gases provide additional information on a larger scale rather than just the immediate surroundings of atoms or molecules. Various liquid crystals were studied using xenon and SF6 as probes proving their applicability.
It is often considered that the signal observed in NMR experiments is very weak and limits the full potential of the method. This is true especially with the samples in gaseous form. The Spin-Exchange Optical Pumping (SEOP) hyperpolarization method solves this problem in the case of xenon. A 129Xe NMR signal can be enhanced by a factor of 104–105 by SEOP and this opens access to techniques that are not otherwise possible. The remote detection technique, which separates the encoding and detection steps of the typical NMR experiment both temporally and spatially, is one of these techniques. The potential of the combination of SEOP and remote detection techniques was shown in studies of thermally modified Pinus Sylvestris.


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Navigate Capital Developments
The University of Worcester will be seeking planning permission for important infrastructure required ahead of its future phased development of the remaining areas of its Severn Campus.
Situated behind Hylton Road, between the University's St John's and City Campuses, the Severn Campus already includes University Arena and the Riverside, as well as The Garage studio. In addition, the Health and Wellbeing Centre will see the University's reuse of the former Berrows House newspaper printing and publishing building to provide a new University medical, health and wellbeing facility.
The University has identified its Severn Campus as its Health, Wellbeing and Inclusive Sport Campus, building on its existing provision here, and these infrastructure works will facilitate its future phased redevelopment coming forward without delay.
Artist impression of the approach to the IICEC
The proposals will facilitate the University's phased development of the remaining areas of its Severn Campus, with the next anticipated development phase comprising an International Inclusive Cricket and Education Centre (IICEC) which will be the subject of a separate planning application to follow shortly after the application for infrastructure works. The aim of the infrastructure application is to include all necessary infrastructure, including formalising parking (including electric vehicle and cycle parking) provision, improved access into and through the Campus (including to improve flood emergency procedures), and additional green infrastructure, for the whole of the Severn Campus.
Full and detailed information will be submitted with each application to address a number of technical planning matters. This will include, in particular, information to demonstrate that the proposals have had special regard in respect of design and access in and around the Campus; as well as with regard to flood risk, lighting, ecology and archaeology, in addition to matters associated with transport and travel. In so doing, the application submissions will ensure that the developments address planning requirements fully.
Within the Development Plan, part (0.99ha) of the application site, to the rear of the University Arena, is allocated for 'University-related development with use class D1 and D2' under Allocation SWDP43/29 ('Chequers Lane / Henwick Road). The entire site is located in the Worcester City Centre and in a sustainable location between the University's St John's Campus (to the west) and City Campus (to the east).
Ahead of the planning application submissions, the University would like to hear your thoughts on its proposals and kindly request that you complete the questionnaire provided on the capital developments feedback pages by Wednesday 23 June 2021.
Following these consultations, all comments received will be considered ahead of the submissions for full planning permission to the council for further detailed consideration. The University intend to submit the planning application for the Infrastructure Works as soon as possible, with its application for the IICEC to follow that.
The council will then undertake a formal consultation period for each application in accordance with statutory planning procedures, which will include consulting with near neighbours and posting a notice on the site. Access to the final submitted scheme and supporting reports will be made available to the public where you will have the opportunity to provide the council with further comments at the planning application stage.
Proposed Severn Campus infrastructure


2019 will see a new phase in the life of our Community garden as existing volunteers lay down the responsibility!! People connected to the 'Open Kitchen' are exploring how to bring working bees and a vision for a new stage this year. To begin with a 'lazy no dig garden' has been added to the fence line hoping for produce in time for the 'Open Kitchen' 4th Friday night in February!! The Garden will change shape, there's a dream for labelling, signage and a public book borrowing library on the fence!! Pending approval, just dreaming out loud!!


On October 1, 2005, Dr. Maggie Werner-Washburne was presented the Distinguished Scientist Award at the national meeting of the Society for the Advancement of Chicanos/Latinos and Native Americans in the Sciences (SACNAS). This award is given each year at the national meeting to recognize members who have dedicated themselves to science, education, and mentoring. It is for senior researchers with distinguished research careers and who have worked to help diversify the sciences.


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#ifndef QPLATFORMDEFS_H
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#include "../common/aix/qplatformdefs.h"

#endif // QPLATFORMDEFS_H

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