Steam power was a product of Georgian England and was first used to operate pumps – an application which was to prove a continued incentive to its development. The massive atmospheric beam engine of Thomas Newcomen appeared in the second decade of the 18th century and both it and its improved successors were ideally suited for driving reciprocating pumps for the draining of mines, land drainage, public water supply, and sewage disposal. After many improvements the beam engine and subsequently the directacting compound and triple-expansion steam engines were increasingly used in pumping installations up to the early part of this century. These large machines had to be protected from the weather, and the beam engine, in particular, led to the building of the distinctively tall engine house, which often achieved a unique integration of the structure and machinery where the engines were 'house-built' and relied on the walls for support as well as enclosure.
The disused pumping stations of today are largely a legacy of the Victorian period, reflecting urban growth in the 19th century and the public health problems which this posed. Rapidly growing populations and disastrous epidemics of cholera and other diseases forced local authorities to face the development of water supply and of the treatment and disposal of sewage. This led to considerable civil engineering work and architectural opportunities, involving the construction of reservoirs, pipe-lines, treatment works and pumping stations. These pumping stations, although functional, purpose-built structures, are often splendid examples of the civic pride which the Victorians lavished on their municipal buildings. Typical buildings make elaborate use of multicoloured brickwork, carved stone, decorative cast and wrought iron, glazed tiling, stained glass, oak handrails and brass door furniture. The beam engines were also architectural in character with the sculptural quality of fluted cast iron columns, foliate capitals, panelled plinths and en tablatures which perfectly matched their setting. In addition the buildings are often placed in well-kept gardens which are a source of continuing pride.
With the growth of electric power distribution in this century many pumping stations had steam plant removed, to be replaced by the ubiquitous vertical-spindle electrically driven pump. Others remain in steam, although many have been closed during the last 20 years. There are two main reasons for this, the first of which is the question of boiler insurance while the second, related to it, is the desire to rationalise the network of small municipal undertakings. Another problem is the labour-intensive nature of steam plant and the increasing difficulty of finding men with the necessary skills and experience for its maintenance. Faced with expenditure on the boilers the authorities often decide to electrify, although there may be years of life left in the engines. At this stage an alternative exists; either to put electric pumps in the existing building and remove the steam engines (for scrap or preservation), or to build a new pumping station on another site. In the first case we are often left with a building of architectural interest, but, with its modern plant continuing as a working station: the question of a new use for the building obviously does not arise. In the second case the steam plant is merely shut down, and both the machinery and its building become redundant; if there is no pressure for site redevelopment they could remain in position for many years. Once the steam is shut off, however, the buildings become cold and damp and machinery, which was lovingly cared for during a lifetime of service, rapidly deteriorates. It is a melancholy experience to revisit a pumping station and find a cold, dark building with broken windows, and the only sound that of disturbed pigeons above the rusting machinery.
What should be done with these buildings? Are they worth preserving? Should the tax-payer's money be spent on them? These and other questions are often asked in connection with disused pumping stations with widely differing answers in particular cases. In recent years there has been a growing interest in industrial archaeology and, in order to find out what does remain in the field, a nation-wide survey was inaugurated with information steadily accumulating in the National Record of Industrial Monuments at Bath University. There is, however, no national preservation policy at the moment, and what is done is largely left to local initiative and enthusiasm. Nevertheless at the end of last year the Standing Commission on Museums and Galleries published its report The Preservation of Technological Material (HMSO 1971 , 36 1/2p) and this is being considered by the Government. Among its main recommendations is one suggesting an annual grant-in-aid of £200 000. Another says of the in-situ preservation of industrial monuments that 'while continuing to be the responsibility of the Secretary of State for the Environment, it should be the subject of considerably increased expenditure by this Department, both in grants and on staff'. This is an encouraging report and, if implemented, could help in the preservation and creative re-use of industrial buildings and machinery, although it makes clear the need for local preservation trusts and appeal committees to continue their work in order to match money received from central grant fundsif these are forthcoming.
The Green Lanes pumping hall in Hackney (architect, Chadwell Mylne) was built in 1854 as a castle to disguise its industrial function on what was then a semi-rural site overlooking a private lake (now reservoirs). It is now threatened with demolition by its present owners, the Metropolitan Water Board. Ever since the beam engines were removed in 1942 (to be replaced by electric pumps in another building), the exceptionally solid structure has been kept in good repair and the interior heated. Nicholas Ray and David Prichard, until recently students at the School of Environmental Studies (University College, London), in their outline plans shown below, have suggested community use with facilities for meetings, sports and drama. Others who have expressed an interest in the building are the Greater London Arts Association and the local comprehensive school, Woodberry Down, which is short of play space. Meanwhile, listing by the DOE would help, for Hackney can't afford to loose such a grand folly.
The building in Wharf Road, London, is one of the few successful conversions of a pumping station, though regrettably Marico who are responsible have only been granted a short lease because the area is scheduled for redevelopment. For a mere £1500, spent on industrial gas heaters, power points, emulsion paint, fibreglass sheer fabric to cover the enormous windows and a plain haircord carpet, they get 2500 sq ft of space and an exhilarating environment in which to design, make and display their furniture.
Abbey pumping station at Leicester-a sewage lift station–is being converted into a new museum of technology for the East Midlands. Red brick buildings of 1891 on a 7-acre riverside site form the nucleus. Four Leicester-built beam engines are preserved in the engine house, 6, and one of the Lancashire boilers remains in the otherwise empty boiler house which is being converted into a road transport gallery opening this year. In an adjacent asbestos-clad shed a restored collection of road vehicles, awaits transfer to the new gallery.
In the grounds there is a steady growing collection including a locomotive, stationary steam engines, a railway bridge, and other items awaiting restoration. The perspective shows the phase building programme which will extend over a period of 15 years. The first phase, which will cost £70,000, includes the conversion of the existing buildings, the preservation of the beam engines, the building of an entmnce hall, reception areas and three new galleries. The City of Leicester has promised £35 000 providing the rest is raised by donations and grants. The city has indicated that it will underwrite the running costs once the museum has been established. In the meantime it has provided a small qualified staff under Brian Walters, curator of technology, who hopes to have the first special exhibition open this month. This scheme, one of the most advanced at the moment, is expected to become a living museum with the beam engines eventually understeam and facilities for apprentice education and technical research.
Ryhope pumping station just south of Sunderland on the east coast. The tall beam engine house contains two engines built in the 1860's which worked until the station closed in July 1967. A great deal of work has been done on the site, which is administered by a trust and run by a keen group of volunteers helped by the Sunderland and South Shields Water Co. The project was one of the first to receive assistance from the English Tourist Board, and facilities at the site include ample car parking, a cafe, a souvenir shop, lavatories, and a museum showing the history of pumping and water supply. The station is open from April to September every weekend, from 10 am to 6 pm.
The Borough of Haringey, under its parks chief superintendent A. Egan and landscape architect Mary Mitchell, has transformed a 6 1/2 -acre sewage works into a children's playground. Bold ground modelling and generous planting screen the concrete bays from the recreation ground to the south, and the playground itself from the adjacent railway lines and industrial estates. The fine beam engine, which belongs to the Lea Valley Regional Park Authority, is being restored to form the nucleus of a future museum. The cost of landscape works and hard surfacing was £26000, and minor repairs to the building amounted to £1500. The scheme was financed by Government loans, part of which will rank for Grant Aid under Section 9 of the Local Government Act 1966, 'Reclamation of Derelict Land'.


text:
using System;
using System.Web;

namespace Tarantino.RulesEngine.Mvc
{
	public interface IWebContext
	{
		string GetRequestItem(string key);
	}

	public class WebContext : IWebContext
	{
		public string GetRequestItem(string key)
		{
			var value = HttpContext.Current.Request[key];
			return value;
		}
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Somali Civil War (Somali: Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya, Arabic: الحرب الأهلية الصومالية) is an ongoing civil war taking place in Somalia. It grew out of resistance to the military junta led by Siad Barre during the 1980s. By 1988–90, the Somali Armed Forces began engaging various armed rebel groups, including the Somali Salvation Democratic Front in the northeast, the Somali National Movement in the northwest, and the United Somali Congress in the south. The clan-based armed opposition groups eventually managed to overthrow the Barre government in 1991.
Various armed factions began competing for influence in the power vacuum and turmoil that followed, particularly in the south. In 1990–92 customary law temporarily collapsed due to the fighting. This precipitated the arrival of UNOSOM I UN military observers in July 1992, followed by larger peacekeeping forces. Factional fighting continued in the south. In the absence of a central government, Somalia became a "failed state". The UN withdrew in 1995, having incurred significant casualties, but no central authority had yet been reestablished. After the collapse of the central government, there was some return to customary and religious law in most regions. In 1991 and 1998, two autonomous regional governments were also established in the northern part of the country. This led to a relative decrease in the intensity of the fighting, with SIPRI removing Somalia from its list of major armed conflicts for the years 1997 and 1998.
In 2000, the Transitional National Government was established, followed by the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in 2004. The trend towards reduced conflict halted in 2005, and sustained and destructive conflict took place in the south in 2005–07. However, the fighting was of a much lower scale and intensity than in the early 1990s. In 2006, Ethiopian troops seized most of the south from the newly formed Islamic Courts Union (ICU). The ICU then splintered into more radical groups, notably Al-Shabaab, which have since been fighting the Somali government and the AU-mandated AMISOM peacekeeping force for control of the country. Somalia topped the annual Fragile States Index for six years between 2008 and 2013.
In October 2011, following preparatory meetings, Kenyan troops entered southern Somalia ("Operation Linda Nchi") to fight Al-Shabaab, and to establish a buffer zone inside Somalia. Kenyan troops were formally integrated into the multinational force in February 2012. The Federal Government of Somalia was later established in August 2012, constituting the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war. International stakeholders and analysts have subsequently begun to describe Somalia as a "fragile state", which is making some progress towards stability.
Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, Chairman of the Supreme Revolutionary Council and President of Somalia.
In May 1986, Mohamed Siad Barre suffered serious injuries in an automobile accident near Mogadishu, when the car that was transporting him smashed into the back of a bus during a heavy rainstorm. He was treated in a hospital in Saudi Arabia for head injuries, broken ribs and shock over a period of a month. Lieutenant General Mohamed Ali Samatar, then Vice President, subsequently served as de facto head of state for the next several months. Although Barre managed to recover enough to present himself as the sole presidential candidate for re-election over a term of seven years on December 23, 1986, his poor health and advanced age led to speculation about who would succeed him in power. Possible contenders included his son-in-law General Ahmed Suleiman Abdille, who was at the time the Minister of the Interior, in addition to Samatar.
In an effort to hold on to power, Barre's ruling Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) became increasingly totalitarian and arbitrary. This caused opposition to his government to grow. Barre in turn tried to quell the unrest by abandoning appeals to nationalism, relying more and more on his own inner circle, and exploiting historical clan animosities. By the mid-1980s, more resistance movements supported by Ethiopia's communist Derg administration had sprung up across the country. Barre responded by ordering punitive measures against those he perceived as locally supporting the guerrillas, especially in the northern regions. The clampdown included bombing of cities, with the northwestern administrative center of Hargeisa, a Somali National Movement (SNM) stronghold, among the targeted areas in 1988.
In 1990, as fighting intensified, Somalia's first President Aden Abdullah Osman Daar and about 100 other Somali politicians signed a manifesto advocating reconciliation. A number of the signatories were subsequently arrested. Barre's heavy-handed tactics further strengthened the appeal of the various rebel movements, although these groups' only common goal was the overthrow of his government. It also played a major role in developing piracy in Somalia.
By mid 1990, United Somali Congress (USC) rebels had captured most towns and villages surrounding Mogadishu, which prompted some to give Barre the ironic title 'Mayor of Mogadishu.' In December the USC entered Mogadishu. Four weeks of battle between Barre's remaining troops and the USC ensued, over the course of which the USC brought more forces into the city. By January 1991, USC rebels had managed to defeat the Red Berets, in the process toppling Barre's government. The remainder of the government's forces then finally collapsed. Some became irregular regional forces and clan militias. After the USC's victory over Barre's troops, the other rebel groups declined to cooperate with it, as each instead drew primary support from their own constituencies. Among these other opposition movements were the Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM) and Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA), a Gadabuursi group which had been formed in the northwest to counter the Somali National Movement Isaaq militia. For its part, the SNM initially refused to accept the legitimacy of the provisional government that the USC had established. However, the SNM's former leader Ahmed Mohamed Silanyo later proposed a power-sharing framework in March 1991 between the SNM and USC under a new transitional government.
Many of the opposition groups subsequently began competing for influence in the power vacuum that followed the ouster of Barre's government. In the south, armed factions led by USC commanders General Mohamed Farah Aidid and Ali Mahdi Mohamed, in particular, clashed as each sought to exert authority over the capital. In the northwest, at the Burao conference of April–May 1991, SNM secessionists proclaimed independence for the region under the name Somaliland. They concurrently selected the SNM's leader Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur as president.
In 1992, after four months of heavy fighting for control of Mogadishu, a ceasefire was agreed between Ali Mahdi Mohamed and Mohamed Farah Aideed. Neither leader had seized control of the capital, and as a result, a 'greenline' was established between north and south that divided their areas of control.
UN Security Council Resolution 733 and UN Security Council Resolution 746 led to the creation of the United Nations Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I), to provide humanitarian relief and help restore order in Somalia after the dissolution of its central government.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 794 was unanimously passed on December 3, 1992, which approved a coalition of United Nations peacekeepers led by the United States. Forming the Unified Task Force (UNITAF), the alliance was tasked with assuring security until humanitarian efforts aimed at stabilizing the situation were transferred to the UN. Landing in 1993, the UN peacekeeping coalition started the two-year United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II) primarily in the south. UNITAF's original mandate was to use "all necessary means" to guarantee the delivery of humanitarian aid in accordance to Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter.
During negotiations from 1993 to 1995, Somali principals had some success in reconciliation and establishment of public authorities. Among these initiatives was the Mudug peace agreement of June 1993 between Aidid's forces and the SSDF, which established a ceasefire between the Haber Gedir and the Majeerteen clans, opened the trade routes, and formalized the withdrawal of militants from Galkayo; the UNOSOM-mediated Hirab reconciliation of January 1994 in Mogadishu between elders of the rival Abgal and Haber Gedir clans, which was backed by politicians from these constituencies and concluded with a pact to end hostilities, dismantle the green line partitioning the city, and remove road blocks; the UNOSOM-mediated Kismayo initiative of 1994 between the SNA, SPM, SSDF, and representatives of nineteen clans from the southern Lower Juba and Middle Juba regions; the 1994 Bardhere conference between the Marehan and Rahanweyn (Digil and Mirifle), which resolved conflicts over local resources; and the short-lived Digil-Mirifle Governing Council for the southern Bay and Bakool regions, which was established in March 1995.
Some of the militias that were then competing for power saw UNOSOM's presence as a threat to their hegemony. Consequently, gun battles took place in Mogadishu between local gunmen and peacekeepers. Among these was the Battle of Mogadishu in October 1993, an unsuccessful attempt by U.S. troops to apprehend faction leader Aidid. UN soldiers eventually withdrew altogether from the country on March 3, 1995, having incurred more significant casualties.
According to Interpeace, after UNOSOM's departure in March 1995, military clashes between local factions became shorter, generally less intense, and more localized. This was in part due to the large-scale UN military intervention that had helped to curb the intense fighting between the major factions, who then began to focus on consolidating gains that they had made. The local peace and reconciliation initiatives that had been undertaken in the south-central part of the country between 1993 and 1995 also generally had a positive impact.
Aidid subsequently declared himself President of Somalia on June 15, 1995. However, his declaration received no recognition, as his rival Ali Mahdi Muhammad had already been elected interim President at a conference in Djibouti and recognized as such by the international community.
Consequently, Aidid's faction continued its quest for hegemony in the south. In September 1995, militia forces loyal to him attacked and occupied the city of Baidoa. Aidid's forces remained in control of Baidoa from September 1995 to at least January 1996, while the local Rahanweyn Resistance Army militia continued to engage his forces in the town's environs.
Fighting continued in the later half of 1995 in southern Kismayo and the Juba Valley, as well as southwestern and central Somalia. However, despite these pockets of conflict, the Gedo and Middle Shabelle regions, in addition to both the northeastern and northwestern parts of the country remained relatively peaceful. A number of the regional and district administrations that had been locally established in the preceding few years continued to operate in these areas.
In March 1996, Ali Mahdi was elected chairman of the United Somali Congress/Somali Salvation Alliance (USC/SSA), based in northern Mogadishu. In the southern part of city, Aidid's forces battled those of Osman Atto for control of the port of Merca as well as strategic areas in Mogadishu. Fighting in Merca eventually ended after elders intervened, but continued in Mogadishu. In August 1996, Aidid died from wounds incurred during combat in the Medina area.
In 1998, a homegrown constitutional conference was held in the northeastern town of Garowe over a period of three months. Attended by the area's political elite, traditional elders (Issims), members of the business community, intellectuals and other civil society representatives, the autonomous Puntland State of Somalia was subsequently officially established so as to deliver services to the population, offer security, facilitate trade, and interact with both domestic and international partners.
In 1999, Eritrea was alleged to be supporting Somali National Alliance forces led by the late Aidid's son Hussein Farrah Aidid. Aidid Jr. denied the claims, saying that the Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi had requested that he mediate between Ethiopia and Eritrea in their separate conflict. However the International Institute for Strategic Studies separately reported that Hussein Aideed himself had acknowledged support from both Eritrea and Uganda. Aideed's forces occupied Baidoa in May 1999. However they were driven out by the Rahanweyn Resistance Army in June 1999, backed by an Ethiopian force of up to 3,000 using tanks and artillery. The IISS said that the attack was part of a strategy to prevent Eritrea opening up a new front. By the end of the year, the Rahanweyn Resistance Army had taken control of the southern Bay and Bakool provinces. The RRA's leader Hasan Muhammad Nur Shatigadud subsequently established the Southwestern State of Somalia regional administration.
In 2000, Ali Mahdi participated in another conference in Djibouti. He lost a re-election bid there to Barre's former Interior Minister Abdiqasim Salad Hassan.
A battle for Mogadishu followed in the first half of 2006 in which the ARPCT, a coalition of U.S.-backed militia leaders, confronted the ascendant Islamic Courts Union (ICU). However, the ICU won a decisive victory in June of that year. It then rapidly expanded and consolidated its power throughout southern Somalia. By August 2006, the TFG was confined to Baidoa under Ethiopian protection. (Interpeace, 104) Hardline Islamists subsequently gained power within the ICU, prompting fears of a Talibanization of the movement.
In December 2006, Ethiopian troops entered Somalia to assist the TFG against the advancing Islamic Courts Union, initially winning the Battle of Baidoa. With their support, Somali government forces recaptured the capital from the ICU. The offensive helped the TFG solidify its rule. On January 8, 2007, as the Battle of Ras Kamboni raged, TFG President and founder Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed entered Mogadishu for the first time since being elected to office. But as Meckhaus writes, the TFG was seen "by most of the Mogadishu population as a puppet of Ethiopia, and uncontrolled TFG security forces became the principal sources of insecurity for the local population, engaging in kidnapping, assaults, and worse." Within weeks, an armed insurgency subsequently arose in the capital against the TFG and its Ethiopian allies. The government then relocated to the capital from its interim location in Baidoa.
The arms embargo on Somalia was amended in February 2007 to allow states to supply weapons to the TFG's security forces, provided that they received prior approval from the UN's Somalia Sanctions Committee. After long discussions, the African Union approved the initial deployment of the African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM) in March 2007. It established a 'small triangle of protection' around Mogadishu's airport, seaport, and the Villa Somalia, and began to adopt a low-key negotiating profile with key actors. In November 2008, following repeated violations of the weapons blockade, the Security Council decided that an arms embargo could be imposed on entities involved in such breaches. After a two-year consultation process, the TFG was formed in 2004 by Somali politicians in Nairobi under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD). The process also led to the establishment of the Transitional Federal Institutions (TFIs), and concluded in October 2004 with the election of Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed as president. The TFG thereafter became Somalia's internationally recognized government.
Following their defeat, the Islamic Courts Union splintered into several different factions. Some of the more radical[according to whom?] elements, including Al-Shabaab, regrouped to continue their insurgency against the TFG and oppose the Ethiopian military's presence in Somalia. Throughout 2007 and 2008, Al-Shabaab scored military victories, seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia. At the end of 2008, the group had captured Baidoa but not Mogadishu. On May 1, 2008, the U.S. made an airstrike on Dhusamareb, and followed on 3 May with another airstrike on the border town of Dobley. According to the International Crisis Group, Ethiopia's leaders were surprised by the insurgency's persistence and strength and frustrated at the TFG's chronic internal problems. By January 2009, Al-Shabaab and other militias had forced the Ethiopian troops to retreat, leaving behind an understaffed African Union peacekeeping force.
On December 29, 2008, Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed announced before a united parliament in Baidoa his resignation as President of Somalia. In his speech, which was broadcast on national radio, Yusuf expressed regret at failing to end the country's seventeen-year conflict as his government had mandated to do. He also blamed the international community for its failure to support the government, and said that the speaker of parliament would succeed him in office per the charter of the Transitional Federal Government.
Between May 31 and June 9, 2008, representatives of Somalia's federal government and the moderate Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS) group of Islamist rebels participated in peace talks in Djibouti brokered by the former United Nations Special Envoy to Somalia, Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah. The conference ended with a signed agreement calling for the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops in exchange for the cessation of armed confrontation. Parliament was subsequently expanded to 550 seats to accommodate ARS members, which then elected Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, the former ARS chairman, to office. President Sharif shortly afterwards appointed Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, the son of slain former President Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, as the nation's new Prime Minister.
With the help of AMISOM, the coalition government also began a counteroffensive in February 2009 to assume full control of the southern half of the country. To solidify its rule, the TFG formed an alliance with the Islamic Courts Union, other members of the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, and Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a, a moderate Sufi militia. Furthermore, Al-Shabaab and Hizbul Islam, the two main Islamist groups in opposition, began to fight amongst themselves in mid-2009.
As a truce, in March 2009, Somalia's coalition government announced that it would re-implement shari'a as the nation's official judicial system. However, conflict continued in the southern and central parts of the country. Within months, the coalition government had gone from holding about 70% of south-central Somalia's conflict zones, territory which it had inherited from the previous Yusuf administration, to losing control of over 80% of the disputed territory to the Islamist insurgents.
In November 2010, a new technocratic government was elected to office, which enacted numerous reforms. Among these, in its first 50 days in office, the new administration completed its first monthly payment of stipends to government soldiers.
On August 6, 2011, Al-Shabaab was forced to withdraw from most areas of Mogadishu. Somali government forces and their AMISOM allies subsequently launched offensives in January 2012 on the insurgent group's last foothold on the northern outskirts of the city. An ideological rift within Al-Shabaab's leadership also emerged after the 2011 drought and the assassination of top officials in the organization.
In October 2011, following a weekend preparatory meeting between Somali and Kenyan military officials in the town of Dhobley, Operation Linda Nchi, involving the Kenya Defence Forces and Somali Armed Forces, began against the Al-Shabaab group of insurgents in southern Somalia. The cross-border incursion had reportedly taken nearly two years of planning, during which Kenyan officials had sought U.S. support. In early June 2012, Kenyan troops were formally integrated into AMISOM.
In late September and early October 2012, Kenya Army AMISOM troops, and the allied Raskamboni militia captured the strategic town of Kismayo from Al-Shabaab. The southern city was a key source of revenue for the insurgent group and constituted its last major stronghold.
The Federal Government of Somalia was established in September 2012 (Bryden, Somalia Redux).
In January 2013, AMISOM's mandate was extended for another year following the adoption of UNSC Resolution 2093. The Security Council therein also unanimously voted to suspend Somalia's arms embargo on light weapons for a one-year period. Additionally, the Security Council welcomed the Federal Government's development of a new national security strategy, urging the central authorities to accelerate the plan's implementation, further define the Somali national security forces' composition, and identify capability gaps to assist their international partners in better addressing them. While many urban areas had been seized, Al-Shabaab still controlled many rural areas, where a number of their operatives disappeared into local communities in order to more effectively exploit any mistakes by the central authorities.
In October 2013, the U.S. Africa Command began establishing the Mogadishu Coordinating Cell in the Somali capital, which became fully operational in late December. The unit was formed at the request of the Somali government and AMISOM, who had approached U.S. Department of Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel in September about the possibility. It consists of a small team of fewer than five advisers, including planners and communicators between the Somali authorities and AMISOM. The cell is intended to provide consultative and planning support to the allied forces in order to enhance their capacity and to promote peace and security throughout the country and wider region. In November 2013, a senior Ethiopian government official announced that Ethiopia's troops deployed in Somalia would soon join AMISOM, having already forwarded a request to do so. At the time, an estimated 8,000 Ethiopian soldiers were stationed in the country. The Somali Foreign Ministry welcomed the decision, asserting that the move would galvanize AMISOM's campaign against Al-Shabaab.
Following the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 2124, which authorized the deployment of 4,000 additional troops to augment AMISOM's 22,126 strong force, Ethiopian troops formally joined the mission in January 2014. They are mandated to work alongside the Somali National Army, with responsibility for the allied forces' operations in the southern Gedo, Bakool and Bay regions. The Ethiopian troops represent AMISOM's sixth contingent after the Djibouti, Burundi, Sierra Leone, Kenya and Uganda units.
In January 2014, at an African Union Summit in Addis Ababa, President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud requested an extension of the UN Security Council's weapons purchasing mandate for Somalia after its March expiration. He indicated that the Somali defence forces required better military equipment and arms to more effectively combat militants. The following month, the UN Somalia and Eritrea Monitoring Group reported that systematic abuses by officials within the Somali government had allowed weapons to be diverted away from Somalia's security forces and into the hands of faction leaders and Al-Shabaab militants. The panel had observed various issues and concerns surrounding the management of weapons and ammunition stockpiles, including difficulties by monitors in accessing local weapons stockpiles and in obtaining information about the arms. The monitors also suggested that one key adviser to the president was involved in planning arms deliveries to Al-Shabaab and that shipments of weapons from Djibouti and Uganda could not be accounted for. Somali Chief of Army Dahir Adan Elmi made a pro forma denial of the allegations. He also indicated that a UN monitoring team had twice visited the government's weapons and ammunition storage facilities in Mogadishu, where it was shown the arms stockpiles for inspection and had reportedly expressed satisfaction. Elmi stated that the government had twice purchased weapons since the arms embargo on Somalia was partially lifted. Elmi also asserted that Al-Shabaab already possessed an adequate supply of weapons and mainly utilized explosive devices and sophisticated bombs.
In February 2014, a delegation led by Prime Minister of Somalia Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed met in Addis Ababa with Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn to discuss strengthening relations between the two countries. Ahmed commended Ethiopia's role in the ongoing peace and stabilization process in Somalia as well as its support against Al-Shabaab, and welcomed the Ethiopian military's decision to join AMISOM. Hailemariam Desalegn in turn pledged his administration's continued support for the peace and stabilization efforts in Somalia, as well as its preparedness to assist in initiatives aiming to build up the Somali security forces through experience-sharing and training. The meeting concluded with a tripartite Memorandum of Understanding agreeing to promote partnership and cooperation, including a cooperative agreement to develop the police force.
On 5 March 2014, the UN Security Council unanimously voted to extend the partial easing of the arms embargo on Somalia until 25 October of the year. The resolution permits the Somali government to purchase light weapons, with the stipulation that all member states must take steps to prevent the direct or indirect supply, transfer or sale of arms and military equipment to individuals or entities outside of the Somali security forces. The Somali government is also required to routinely report on the structural status of the military, as well as provide information on the extant infrastructure and protocols designed to ensure the military equipment's safe delivery, storage and maintenance.
In early March 2014, AMISOM, supported by Somali militias, launched another operation to remove Al-Shabaab from its remaining areas of control in southern Somalia. According to Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed, the government subsequently launched stabilization efforts in the newly liberated areas, which included Rab Dhuure, Hudur, Wajid and Burdhubo. The Ministry of Defense was providing ongoing reassurance and security to the local residents, and supplying logistical and security support. Additionally, the Ministry of Interior was prepared to support and put into place programs to assist local administration and security. A Deputy Minister and several religious scholars were also dispatched to all four towns to coordinate and supervise the federal government's stabilization initiatives. By March 26, the allied forces had liberated ten towns within the month, including Qoryoley and El Buur. UN Special Representative for Somalia Nicholas Kay described the military advance as the most significant and geographically extensive offensive since AU troops began operations in 2007.
In August 2014, the Somali government-led Operation Indian Ocean was launched, which aimed to clean up the remaining insurgent-held pockets in the countryside. On 1 September 2014, a U.S. drone strike carried out as part of the broader mission killed Al-Shabaab leader Moktar Ali Zubeyr. U.S. authorities hailed the raid as a major symbolic and operational loss for Al-Shabaab, and the Somali government offered a 45-day amnesty to all moderate members of the militant group.
On 15 December 2018 there were demonstrations in the city of Baidoa in Somalia by supporters of Mukhtar Rowbow, a presidency candidate, who was arrested two days before by government forces and transferred to Mogadishu. Rowbow is a senior member of al-Shabab.African Union mission Somalia (AMISOM) announced in a statement that its forces did not assist in Rowbow's arrest and his transfer to Mogadishu.
According to Necrometrics, around 500,000 people are estimated to have been killed in Somalia since the start of the civil war in 1991. The Armed Conflict Location & Event Dataset estimates that 3,300 people were killed during the conflict in 2012, with the number of fatalities dropping slightly in 2013 to 3,150.
^ Various start dates have been offered for when the civil war in Somalia began. The Central Bank of Somalia, the United Nations, the US Office of the Secretary of Defense, and Necrometrics all assert that the conflict started in 1991, after the ouster of the Siad Barre administration. Political scientist James Fearon argues that the start of the conflict could be dated to 1981, when armed Isaaq clan militias began to launch small-scale attacks against the Barre regime and its Isaaq members, to the razing of the Isaaq majority town of Hargeisa in 1988 by state forces, or to 1991, following the collapse of the Barre administration and the commencement of interclan warfare. For analytical purposes, he settles on 1991 for the start date of a new civil war, on the grounds that the fighting had begun previously, but that a major party to the conflict was defeated. Robinson writes that the "civil war had effectively begun by 1987", referring to Compagnon.
^ Copson, Raymond W. (1994-01-01). Africa's Wars and Prospects for Peace. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 9781563243004.
^ "ISIL's First East African Affiliate Conducts Attacks in Somalia, Kenya". DefenseNews. December 29, 2015.
^ "Somalia: Pro-ISIL militants, Al Shabaab clash in deadly Puntland infighting". Garowe Online. December 24, 2015.
^ "Board of Directors". Central Bank of Somalia. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
^ "UN senior official calls for widespread support for Somali Government reform efforts" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
^ "Somalia - UNOSOM II: Background". United Nations. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
^ "Richard B. Cheney - George H.W. Bush Administration". US Office of the Secretary of Defense. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
^ a b c "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls and Casualty Statistics for Wars, Dictatorships and Genocides". Users.erols.com. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
^ Fearon, James D. (2004). "Why Do Some Civil Wars Last So Much Longer Than Others?". Journal of Peace Research. 41 (3): 275–301. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.19.3818. doi:10.1177/0022343304043770.
^ c.f. UCDP datasets Archived June 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine for SNA, SRRC, USC, SNM, ARS/UIC and Al-Shabaab tolls.
^ "UNHCR report: More displaced now than after WWII".
^ Legum, Colin (1989). Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents, Volume 20. Africa Research Limited. p. B-394.
^ Bongartz, Maria (1991). The civil war in Somalia: its genesis and dynamics. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. p. 24.
^ a b c d Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Somalia". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
^ a b c Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Somalia - Government - Judicial branch". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
^ Jamal, Ahmad Rashid. "Identifying Causes of State failure: The Case of Somalia". Universität Konstanz Politik- und Verwaltungswissenschaften. Archived from the original on May 22, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015. ; Fergusson, James (13 January 2013). "Somalia: A failed state is back from the dead". The Independent. Retrieved 18 May 2015. ; Anderson, Jon Lee (14 December 2009). "The Most Failed State". The New Yorker. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
^ Central Intelligence Agency (2003). "Somalia - Government - Judicial branch". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
^ a b In 2007, Menkhaus wrote that '..armed conflict in Somalia has generally subsided since the early 1990s. Armed clashes continue to break out, but are nowhere near the scale and intensity of the fighting that destroyed Hargeisa in 1988–89 or Mogadishu in 1991–92. Menkhaus, FSIP, 2007, 75.
^ Messner, J.J. (24 June 2014). "Failed States Index 2014: Somalia Displaced as Most-Fragile State". The Fund for Peace. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
^ "Kenya launches offensive in Somalia". Reuters. 16 October 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
^ "Kenya – KDF". AMIS. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
^ "Communiqué on Secretary-General's Mini-Summit on Somalia". United Nations. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
^ a b c d e "Somalia — Government". Library of Congress. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
^ Bloomfield, Steve (June 11, 2007). "Aden Abdulle Osman — First President of Somalia". The Independent. Archived from the original on December 21, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ Horn of Africa Bulletin, Volumes 3–4. Life & Peace Institute. 1991. p. 14.
^ Adam, Hussein (1998). Somalia: Personal Rule, Military Rule and Militarism (in) Hutchful and Bathily, The Military and Militarism in Africa. Dakar: Council for the Development of Economic and Social Research in Africa (CODESRIA). p. 389. ISBN 978-2-86978-069-9.
^ Ciisa-Salwe, Cabdisalaam M. (1996). The collapse of the Somali state: the impact of the colonial legacy. HAAN Publishing. p. 104. ISBN 978-1874209911.
^ Silanyo, Ahmed M. "A Proposal to the Somali National Movement: On a Framework for a Transitional Government in Somalia" (PDF). Wardheernews. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
^ Clancy, Tom; Tony Zinni; Tony Koltz (2005). Battle Ready:Study in Command Commander Series. Penguin. pp. 234–236. ISBN 978-0-425-19892-6.
^ "United Nations Operation In Somalia I – (Unosom I)". United Nations. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
^ For further details on UNOSOM-sponsored local-level community-based reconciliation conferences, see Menkhaus, 'International Peacebuilding and the Dynamics of Local and National Reconciliation in Somalia,' International Peacekeeping, Vol. 3, No. 1, Spring 1996, 52.
^ See also Report of the Secretary-General on Somalia, S/1995/231 (March 28, 1995).
^ "Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation in Somalia (S/1996/42)" (PDF). January 19, 1996. Retrieved February 14, 2014. , page 2, paragraph 7.
^ Associated Press (September 19, 1995). "Aidid troops kill Somalis, capture city". The Register-Guard. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
^ Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation in Somalia, S/1997/135, February 17, 1997, paragraphs 6,7, and 9. For later occurrences 1997 to 2000, see S/1997/715, S/1999/882, and S/2000/1211 (December 19, 2000).
^ "Somalia: IRIN interview with Hussein Aideed, 5/4/99". IRIN. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
^ "August 2000 – Somalia". Rulers. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
^ Interpeace, May 2009, 60-61.
^ a b "Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia". Globalpolicy.org. 2007-08-14. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
^ Ken Menkhaus, "Local Security Systems in Somali East Africa Archived February 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine", in Andersen/Moller/Stepputat (eds.), Fragile States and Insecure People, Palgrave, 2007, 67.
^ a b "Profile: Somali's newly resigned President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed". News.xinhuanet.com. 29 December 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
^ a b Wezeman, Pieter D. "Arms flows and conflict in Somalia" (PDF). SIPRI. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 2, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
^ "Background and Political Developments". AMISOM. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
^ International Crisis Group, Somalia: To Move Beyond the Failed State, Africa Report N°147 – December 23, 2008, 25.
^ "USCIRF Annual Report 2009 – The Commission's Watch List: Somalia". USCIRF. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
^ "Somalia: Guide to Puntland Election 2009". Garoweonline.com. December 25, 2008. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
^ "Opening Annual General Assembly Debate, Secretary-General Urges Member States to Press in Tackling Poverty, Terrorism, Human Rights Abuses, Conflicts". Unis.unvienna.org. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
^ "Somalia's president quits office", BBC News, December 29, 2008.
^ "Somali President Yusuf resigns", Reuters (FT.com), December 29, 2008.
^ Kamaal says: (May 22, 2010). "UN boss urges support for Somalia ahead of Istanbul summit". Horseedmedia.net. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2010.
^ "Islamists break Somali port truce". BBC News. October 21, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2010.
^ Online, Garowe (January 12, 2011). "Somalia President, Parliament Speaker dispute over TFG term". Garoweonline.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
^ "Security Council Meeting on Somalia". Somaliweyn.org. Archived from the original on January 5, 2014.
^ "Al-Shabaab Evicted from Mogadishu". Somalia Report. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
^ Chothia, Farouk (August 9, 2011). "Could Somali famine deal a fatal blow to al-Shabab?". BBC.
^ Reuters (October 16, 2011). "Kenya launches offensive in Somalia". National Post.
^ "Joint Communique – Operation Linda Nchi". Kenya High Commission, Tanzania. Retrieved September 25, 2013.
^ "Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission". Standardmedia.co.ke. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012.
^ Azikiwe, Abayomi (January 4, 2012). "Leaked cables confirm U.S. role in Somalia war". Pan-African News Wire. Retrieved February 16, 2014.
^ Chonghaile, Clar Ni (September 28, 2012). "Kenyan troops launch beach assault on Somali city of Kismayo". The Guardian. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
^ Hammond, Laura (2013). "Somalia rising: things are starting to change for the world's longest failed state". Journal of Eastern African Studies. 7 (1): 183–193. doi:10.1080/17531055.2012.755316.
^ "U.S. military advisers deployed to Somalia to help African forces". Reuters. 10 January 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
^ Martinez, Luis (January 10, 2014). "U.S. Military Advisers Deployed to Somalia: First Time Since Blackhawk Down". ABC News. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
^ Tekle, Tesfa-Alem (November 12, 2013). "Somalia: Ethiopia Decides to Join Amisom Force in Somalia". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
^ Ali, Hassan (November 12, 2013). "Somali government welcomes Ethiopia AMISOM integration". Dalsan Radio. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2014.
^ "Comment on Ethiopian troops formally join AMISOM peacekeepers in Somalia". Foreign Affairs. February 14, 2014. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 16, 2014.
^ "Ethiopian Forces formally integrated into AMISOM". AMISOM. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
^ "Mohamud wants UN to extend weapons purchasing mandate". Sabahi. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
^ "Somalia diverting arms to al-Shabab, UN report claims". BBC News. February 14, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
^ a b "Somali Government official denies U.N arms diversion allegations". Horseed Media. 15 February 2014. Archived from the original on February 16, 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
^ a b "Federal government of Somalia denies the report issued by UN monitoring group". Goobjoog. February 15, 2014. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
^ "SOMALIA: Military chief says UN Monitoring Group wants Al Shabab to become an endless project". Raxanreeb. February 17, 2014. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
^ "Ethiopia: The Prime Minister of Somalia On a Visit to Ethiopia". Government of Ethiopia. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
^ a b "UN Security Council Extends Arms Embargo lift on Somalia to eight months". Horseed Media. 6 March 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
^ a b Charbonneau, Louis (6 March 2014). "U.N. extends partial easing of Somalia arms embargo to October". Reuters. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
^ "Somalia: Federal Govt, AMISOM troops clash with Al Shabaab". Garowe Online. 11 March 2014. Archived from the original on March 11, 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
^ "SOMALIA: PM hosts meeting with International Community diplomats on stabilisation efforts". Raxanreeb. March 12, 2014. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
^ "SOMALIA: The capture of Qoryooley is critical for the operations to liberate Barawe, Amisom head says". Raxanreeb. March 22, 2014. Archived from the original on March 22, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
^ "SOMALIA: Elbur town falls for Somali Army and Amisom". Raxanreeb. March 26, 2014. Archived from the original on March 26, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
^ "Somalia, AU troops close in on key Shebab base". AFP. March 22, 2014. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
^ a b "Conflict Trends (No. 23) Real-time Analysis of African Political Violence, February 2014" (PDF). ACLED. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Somali Civil War.
"Preserving American Security Ties to Somalia," by Michael Johns, The Heritage Foundation, December 26, 1989.


The admin interface makes use of various template tags that are opaque, and make customization difficult.
The attached patch pulls the template code from change_list_results.html into change_list.html, and updates the latter's context with the extra context variables from the former. I intend to start yanking out similar uses of one-off template tags as I come across them in the admin, so I'll be dropping updated patches on this ticket as I go along.
The rearranging of the functions result_headers, etc., is to avoid some circular import nastiness; I dropped them after ChangeList, which seems to make the most sense.
ticket_6396.patch (18.3 KB) - added by korpios 11 years ago.
better_patch-6396.diff (2.3 KB) - added by Martin Diers <martin@…> 11 years ago.
Much less intrusive patch to address this problem.
admin_changelist-6396.diff (2.4 KB) - added by Martin Diers <martin@…> 11 years ago.
Updated the patch to fix a circular import.
the patch seems to be outdated? django/contrib/admin/options.py doesn't seem to exist (revision 7135).
i have a model with DateField and TimeField, if i use the provided patch the 'Today | <little calendar pic>' and 'Now | <little clock pic>' are not present, while they seem to be present with not patched newforms-admin. am i overlooking something obvious?
i have another issue, when i try to submit an edited model (either using 'save' or 'save and add another' buttons) from admin interface i get an error, while if i use 'save and continue editing' it edits the model correctly without any errors.
The requested admin page does not exist.
i found that the 404 error is not specific to this patch, i encounter it everytime i 'by hand' enter the url in in my browser, for example if i access http://my_django_project/admin/todo/task the urls will be missing 'task/' and cause a 404 when clicking on any of my object instances.
I recently ran into this problem, when I needed to customize the rows in a change-list.
There is a much more elegant solution that will require very few changes to the (now trunk) newforms-admin code: Define your own tag, which inserts your own version of change_list_results.html.
Attached is a patch which changes the admin.templatetags.admin_list.items_for_result function to return a dictionary, rather than a complete row with embedded html. With it is a patched version of change_list_results.html which uses the dictionary fields to move all tag rendering into the template. In all, only about 5 lines of code are changed.
The result is that it is now possible to create your own tag, and override change_list.html to use it.
Noted. Thanks for the pointer.
In the course of using this, I found that it is almost a requirement to include a reference to the result object in the dictionary which the custom tag is using to render the rows. Otherwise, there's no real way to access the data upon which one is working in a custom tag, if, for instance, you need to make a decision based upon the value of a field in a row.
Sorry for the rapid update, but I have included that patch, replacing my previous one.
FWIW, this result_list templatetag is the biggest pain in batchadmin's side. These really do make customization more difficult.
I would argue that the template tag is not the problem. The real problem is that the row results themselves are not being rendered in a template at all - meaning that there is no way to tweak the result list row items. Moving the code out of the template tag, as the first patch does, does not solve the problem. It only moves it to a new location.
It is easy to see why a custom tag was chosen here: Because the change_list template becomes especially cumbersome without it. Using the tag has encapsulated a chunk of code.
By doing nothing other than moving the row rendering into the admin_list template tag itself, the problem is solved. It is trivial to create your own version of the admin_list template tag, and use it in your own overridden change_list template.
This is still the one and only patch I apply to my Django installations. It is also backward-compatible. I hope it gets some attention soon.
I absolutely support the patch by Martin Diers and would like to see it included. Still I also agree with korpios, that a [app_label]/[object_name]/template.html behaviore of all admin templates, thus eliminating the need for an custom template tag here, would be very desirable. Just wanted to bring up the topic again.
Seconded. I too would like to see this added as it would make adding items (i.e. searchbar) to custom admin views much easier.
Yea, it definitely would. It would be great to have such a feature implemented. And i think it would make more sense, at least from my point of view.
I think the situation has improved recently, much code has been split off into utility functions, as a meta-point cleaning up code like this is always of value.
Needs a rebase to master.


text:
Nigerian Police Force To Dismiss 37 Former SARS Officers, Prosecute 24 For Misconduct
No fewer than 37 former members of the disbanded SARS have been listed for dismissal, while 24 other will be prosecuted for professional misconduct.
by Tobias Sylvester October 17, 2020, 1:58 am
The Police Service Commission (PSC) is set to dismiss 37 former members of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) and the prosecution of 24 others for professional misconduct.
This comes following a recommendation by the Presidential Panel on Reform of SARS which was set up by Federal Government in 2018 to investigate human right abuse in the police unit.
The PSC met with the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) on Friday, October 16, 2020, and promised to speed up action on the implementation of the Report of the Presidential Panel on Reform of the SARS.
The presidential panel had, among other things, investigated allegations of human rights violations and abuse of office against SARS and recommended reform or restructuring of the outfit.
Some 113 complaints on alleged human rights violations were sent in to the panel, alongside 22 memos suggesting how to reform and restructure SARS and the police in general.
Innoson Motors Reaches Out To Young Nigerian Boy Who Re-Designed IVM Logo [Photos]
The panel also directed the Inspector-General of Police to unravel the identity of 22 officers.involved in the violation of the human rights of innocent citizens.
Executive Secretary of the NHRC, Tony Ojukwu, called for a speedy implementation of the panel recommendations, as he presented the report to the Police Service Commission.
"We have come to see a PSC determined to play a leading role in the reform of the Nigeria Police Force," Ojukwu was quoted to have said in a statement.
PSC chairman Musiliu Smith, in Abuja on Friday, who received the report, said that the PSC will collaborate and support the Human Rights Commission in the promotion of good governance.
Notorious Criminal, Gana Escapes Arrest As Nigerian Soldiers Raid His Shrine In Benue [Photos]
He, however, said that for an effective reform of SARS, there must be a deliberate effort to select capable, professional and credible people to replace the disbanded outfit.
"There must also be training and close supervision of the newly-selected officers so that the nation will not experience the rot that became the fate of the disbanded unit. Any misconduct, he noted, should be severely and promptly handled," Smith said.
The former police boss said that the government should show more concern to the funding of its vital agencies as these agencies need funds to do their job.
The statement said Smith has urged the government to provide a standard and proper living accommodation for the officers of the Nigeria Police Force for the officers to put in their best.
KanyiDaily recalls that the Nigerian Police Force had come out with five important facts about the newly-created Special Weapons and Tactical (SWAT) that would replace the disbanded SARS.
"I Raped My Two Daughters To Test If My Manhood Is Still Functioning Well" – Father Confesses
EndSARSFSARSMusiliu SmithNewspoliceSarsTony Ojukwu
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Dolapo Badmus, Yomi Shogunle Part Of 37 Officers Penalized By Nigeria Police Force
#EndSARS: "We Are Sorry" – Osinbajo Apologizes To Nigerians, Admits Government's Fault
EDO: Governor Obaseki Reacts To Attacks And Killing Of #EndSARS Protesters In Benin
#EndSARS: Imam Of Peace Reveals Why President Buhari Cannot Protect Nigerians From SARS
Hacktivist, Anonymous Hacks Twitter Account Of Nigeria's National Broadcasting Commission
Twitter CEO, Jack Dorsey Creates #EndSARS Emoji For Nigerian Youths' Protesting Against Police Brutality
"85 In Lagos, 72 In Oyo" – Nigeria Confirms 212 New Cases Of Coronavirus As Total Hits 61,194
#EndSARS Protesters Hold Candlelight Procession For All Victims Of Police Brutality In Nigeria [Video]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


21/05/2014 · You will need to get a CDMA Straight Talk phone. The CDMA section will be permanently locked to Straight Talk, and won't work on any other CDMA network including the parent Verizon. The CDMA section will be permanently locked to Straight Talk, and won't work on any other CDMA network including the parent Verizon.... There are also no data overages, so in reality, the 2GB limit is not limited at all, it'l throttled down like Straight Talk would do. In our example of 4 lines, the first 2 lines would be unlimited talk, text, and web for $100, then each additional line is $5 plus $10 for 2GB of data and unlimited texting on all lines.
Straight Talk's Customer Phone Number All Straight Talk Contact Information How to Fix Common Straight Talk Issues GetHuman helps customers contact companies faster and solve their customer service issues more effectively by providing free tools and info to all.... If your existing phone has a SIM card, you can remove it and put it in an unlocked phone of the same technology. Some straight talk phones are CDMA/LTE and you would need to get a Verizon compatible phone.
The Straight Talk My Account App lets you manage most aspects of your wireless service right from your phone. Here is how it works: -Once downloaded, open the app and after agreeing with the End User License agreement, you will have the option to log in (if you already have a Straight Talk Account) or you can create an account by selecting Create an Account.... †† Based on a comparison of the average cost of the $45 Straight Talk Service Plan plus average sales tax and fees and the average total monthly cost on an individual 2-year service contract plan with unlimited talk, text and comparable high speed data on the top two carriers. Plan costs include all taxes, fees and overage charges. Source: Nationwide survey conducted September 2016.
On October 30th, 2017, GetHuman-jccaben reported to GetHuman that they were having an issue with Straight Talk and needed to get in touch. The issue was classified by GetHuman-jccaben at the time as a Cancel service problem, and was later reported to be fixed on November 11th, 2017.
About This Plan. The Straight Talk Unlimited Plan is an individual prepaid cell phone plan that offers unlimited anytime minutes for nationwide calling, unlimited nationwide text or picture messages, and unlimited data.
The Nokia Lumia 610 is an excellent Windows phone for the Straight Talk plan for three reasons. The first, it is a European only model so most of the phones you will find in the US are carrier unlocked and not terribly expensive.
As of April, 2011, the lowest plan is $30 for 1,000 minutes, 1,000 texts, 30MB of data and unlimited 411 calls. The most expensive plan is one year of unlimited talk, text, MMS and Web service for $540.
So, for example, if user used his/her phone on T-Mobile prepaid and used T-Mobile APN settings, if he/she brings the phone to Straight Talk that operates with AT&T SIM card, the phone data will not work until user changes APN setting for Straight Talk.


If you wish to demonstrate your Club credentials with confidence,even brio, this 100% silk cummerbund,crafted in England will suit just perfectly. Of course, thie fresh look may make your current bowtie look a little jaded,so pick up one of these too – and don't forget the socks.
Our new stock is made in England of 100% silk, including 2% mulberry silk, is yarn dyed and non-crease. This is the style all should now have.


The Loophead Summer Hedge School was set up in 2012-2013 by professional artist, author and naturalist Carmel Madigan. Carmel was born and grew up at Loophead in the Atlantic swept Bridges of Ross area. She has develop the school based on the close study of its wild coastal and hedgerow environment over a period of ten years. This also culminated in the publication of two books on the region by Carmel. The school is run during the summer period from early July to mid-August approximately, and comprises a broad range of leisure learning modules. Each year a programme is produced and is normally available both in print and to download from early February. The modules include a range of Art courses, Art and nature mixed courses, courses on seaweed, sealife and botany, all developed around the rich natural environment at Loophead. Modules are normally run over a period of a couple of days to a full week and participants can pick and choose one course or a range of courses. There are a small number of family run Bed and breakfasts nearby and Carmel encourages participants to stay local, as it is best for the participants to become as immersed as possible in the natural environment on location while attending the school.
Since its inception, the school has gone from strength to strength and has developed an approved DES summer course for teachers which is run in early July. In 2017, we ran two DES approved Teachers Summer Courses, which were very popular and fully booked. The school has also been successful in 2016 in winning a contract to deliver the Explorers Education Programme to primary schools throughout counties Clare and Limerick on behalf of the Marine Institute.
Each year a new module or two is introduced, and the 2016 brochure is available to download on the homepage as a taster of what's on offer.
We hope that a summer course at the Loophead Summer Hedge School will appeal to you in the forthcoming year, and it is always advised to book early for courses as participant numbers are kept low for most courses. Booking can be done through this website when the programme is live.
To Book a Course - copy the link under the graphic to your browser and proceed.


TITAN INCREASING INVESTMENT IN ONLINE POKER TOURNEYS Online poker site ups its guaranteed prize-pool treasury to $16 million a month Online poker visitors to the Playtech-powered Titan Poker.com website will have more and bigger tournaments in the future following the annoucement this week that the company is to up its investment in tournaments to $16 million a month. The boost comes less than a year since Titan introduced the $10 million a month guranteed prize pool system, and only two months after increasing this incentive to the present $12.5 million a month, showing remarkable confidence in the prospects of the online poker business. That confidence has been vindicated by a steadily increasing entry field in the company's tournaments, drawn to the events by significant prize pools, diverse games and related promotions that include sponsored seats to major land competitions. "We are constantly seeking new ways to offer our players more chances to play and even bigger prizes to win," said a spokesman for Titan.


After circling the globe, then reaching the moon, we have headed off towards worlds unknown – MARS!
We haven't shared much how big this goal actually happens to be – honestly we were afraid to freak you out or discourage you. As Jennifer shared in a blog post last year, Imagine what we are doing – and it may help you understand the thinking behind such a bold move.
So – here is the scoop… We need approximately 80 Billion Steps to get to Mars and this is why we've set a time frame of ten years to accomplish this. Even with ten years, or approximately 2024 (well ahead of the projected time frame proposed by NASA of 2030) it is a stretch. Here are some calculations to help show you what we need to do to make this possible.
For every 1000 people we can go 500,000,000 steps in 2 months or a half a Billion steps.
If we expand the walk next year to 4000 people walking (up from approximately 1300 this year) then we could expect to go 2 Billion Steps next year so how do we get to 80 Billion steps you ask?
We need 20,000 people participating each year.
The image shows that we haven't made the first rung of the ladder we're climbing… or walking!
Place your bets – go ahead and doubt us. We've got amazing people who are dedicated to do this and I have no doubt in my mind it can happen with hard work, perseverance, and a little bit of luck!
Have we discouraged you or pumped you up for our future walks? Please let us know what you think! Remember, if your dreams don't scare you, they aren't big enough! We need something epic to garner the world's attention – perhaps this is it!


Anaheim is found in California's Orange County. The 2010 U.S. Census reported a 336,265 population in Anaheim, which means that it is Orange County's most populous city, and the 10th most populous in the state. It is also Orange County's second largest city after Irvine in terms of land area, and it is famous for its convention center, sports teams, and theme parks. Founded in 1857 by 50 German families, it was incorporated in 1876. Since then, the city has built on its extensive industry, as well as tourism. In 1955, the Disneyland Resort opened, shooting the city to global fame.
Anaheim Office Buildings for Sale & Lease – Should You Buy or Lease?
If you are interested in office space, whether it is an investment or for running a business, you have two broad options available to you: buying or leasing. There are pros and cons to both of these options.
Not having much flexibility, which means that if your business contracts or grows, you may have to sell the property sooner than expected.
The average office property asking price, sales trends, in dollars per square foot for the county was $311.66, which is a three month decrease of 0.2%, but year-on-year increase of 11.3%. This is lower than the metro area ($317.28), but higher than the state ($226.32).
The index of total available office spaces for sale in the metro area that includes Anaheim is 34, which is a 6% increase over the past three months, but a 3.7% decrease year-on-year.
The index of total number of listings of office properties for sale in the metro area that includes Anaheim is 35, which is a 5.5% increase over the past three months, but an 8.4% decrease year-on-year.
The profile view index for office properties for sale in the metro area that includes Anaheim is 138, which is a 19% increase over the past three months, and a 14.5% increase year-on-year.
The index of total square feet of available office properties for sale in the metro area that includes Anaheim is 36, which is a 1.8% increase over the past three months, but a 19.5% decrease year-on-year.
The average asking rent for office space for lease in Anaheim expressed in dollars per square foot per year is $20.55, which is a 2.4% increase over the past three months, but a 3.3% decrease year-on-year. This is lower than the county ($24.3), metro ($25.41), and state ($23.08).
The index of total number of office spaces for lease in the metro area that includes Anaheim is 61, which is a 1% increase over the past three months, and a 3.1% increase year-on-year.
The profile view index for office spaces for lease in the metro area that includes Anaheim is 115, which is a 49.7% decrease over the past three months, and a 28.4% decrease year-on-year.
The index of total square feet available for office spaces for lease in the metro area that includes Anaheim is 58, which is a 3.7% decrease over the past three months, and a 12.4% decrease year-on-year.
Learn more about commercial Real Estate.


Easy to apply with a roller or a brush, STARWOOD varnish enhances wood beauty and creates a barrier against atmospheric conditions thanks to UV absorber technology.Recommended for natural wood, this 1-component varnish will give to your boat a long-lasting natural finish and very good wooden protection.
With Nautix VA2 2-component polyurethane varnish, you will get a perfect shine and protection on wood or on two-pot polyurethane paints (Nautix L2). VA2 formulation provides very high quality and hardness, exceptional resistance to impacts, to abrasion and to ultraviolet degradation.
Caution : For a refit job, apply VA2 only top of a 2-comp polyurethane finishing paint (varnish or topcoat).
The choice between a single-pot and a two-pack varnish is determined by the surface to be painted, the environment, and surface preparation quality.


text:
Bothell-based BioLife Solutions names interim chief financial officer
Bothell-based BioLife Solutions, Inc. has announced that Roderick de Greef has joined the Company as interim Chief Financial Officer and Secretary.
Monday, March 7, 2016 5:54pm
BioLife Solutions
Bothell-based BioLife Solutions, Inc. has announced that Roderick de Greef has joined the Company as interim Chief Financial Officer and Secretary. He previously served on BioLife's board of directors for over a decade through 2013.
BioLife is a developer, manufacturer and marketer of proprietary clinical grade cell and tissue hypothermic storage and cryopreservation freeze media and a related cloud hosted biologistics cold chain management app for smart shippers.
During the last 30 years, de Greef has held a number of senior executive financial positions and served on the boards of several public companies including Endologix, Cambridge Heart, Cardiac Science, Elephant Talk Communications, and BioLife Solutions. de Greef has been involved in numerous domestic and international M&A and financing transactions. He currently serves as the Chairman of the Audit Committee for publicly traded Elephant Talk Communications.
"Roderick brings tremendous professional experience and familiarity with BioLife and I look forward to working closely with him again," said BioLife President and CEO Mike Rice. "I am confident he will make significant contributions in finance, strategy, and execution for growth."
de Greef commented on joining BioLife by stating, "BioLife is very well positioned for growth. Our core biopreservation media business is strong and has great potential as the cell therapy market matures over the next few years. Our new biologistex cold chain management service is a potentially disruptive and a very complementary offering that also supports our customers in their quest to bring novel time and temperature sensitive cell based therapies to market. I'm looking forward to working with Mike, the board, and our finance team to meet our objectives for 2016."
de Greef received a Bachelor of Arts in Economics and International Relations from San Francisco State University and a Masters of Business Administration from the University of Oregon.
Social Grounds in Bothell strives for a better world — a cup at a time
Bothell Ivars celebrates founders birthday with menu deals
New Bothell Friday Market opens
Bothell Friday Market will run every Friday through Sept. 27
Kiddie Academy locations on the Eastside win national recognition
Six locally owned educational child care centers received an award for brand excellence and customer service.
Selection and steady sales characterize local market
Buyers can enjoy additional selection this summer as they look for the home of their choice.
Little Bit in Redmond goes solar
Northwest Electric and Solar (NWES) of Kenmore donates a solar energy system to the therapeutic riding center.
Microsoft reveals project criteria for $500 million affordable housing funds
The company will soon accept applications for projects related to affordable housing on the Eastside.
Local real estate market brings more opportunities for buyers
Homebuyers are also benefiting from lower interest rates, which are currently are less than four percent.
Bothell Kenmore Chamber honors Country Village
The chamber awarded Country Village owner, Leeann Tesorieri, as member of the month.
Twin Pines Animal Hospital offers new vet services in Bothell
The animal hospital had been operating in the community for years before opening a new location.
Eastside rental market could balance out with the region
Eastside rent medians increased by 2.8 in the past year, a decrease in growth from previous years.
Country Village announces some shops will remain open until June
The well-loved village announced the two-month extension for certain businesses two days after its supposed closure.
Kenmore's newest downtown development breaks ground
The Flyway broke ground last week and aims to complete construction by February 2020.
Country Village closed after hosting local shops since 1985
The Country Village hosted about 40 local shops and restaurants before closing on March 31.


When you look for a cut in expenses and gain more productivity, the marketing automation with CRM software system integration can be a great help. There are things that go beyond human capacity to manage while technology does it with all its comfort and accuracy. Whether it is to manage leads, interacts with customers or keeping sales teams interconnected, marketing automation with CRM integration should be the first choice.
In this article, we will be talking about what CRM and marketing automation stands for and how they are useful for your business. Let's take a look right here.
Marketing automation stands for technology or software which automates marketing activities such as campaign management, lead generation, lead scoring, lead nurturing, an engaging customer with interactive content, social media management and much more of your business. Marketing automation, on the other hand, stands for operational efficiency and helping gain better ROI. Therefore you can look at the marketing automation CRM providing by BPMonline for an affordable solution.
True. CRM takes care of all-in-one marketing strategy which begins right from managing your sales teams, campaign management, and lead generation to social media management.
Whereas, CRM integration with marketing automation can be cherry on the cake. Importantly, you need to consider CRM and marketing automation integration –do not let them perform separately as you will have to look into if they are performing proper customer interaction.
If you are having two different software such as CRM (Customer Relationship Management) and Marketing automation separately, then it's going to create a lengthy process to follow while if you have integrated marketing automation with CRM, then it is likely to manage your data excellently. That means the data management issue can be perfectly curbed.
Maintaining the right customer relationship is crucial for your business and depending entirely on the sales team can make things bad to worse. So, CRM integration with marketing automation is the solution. The software is qualified enough to interact with your new and old customers and establish a better relationship. But, you can't expect the same result when you have two separate software to perform.
Sales and service teamwork on a parallel goal and that is to earn more leads by gaining more customer support. But that does not end here only. The teams –the all three –marketing, sales and service team need to keep interacting with customer and help them purchase the desired service and products.
Marketing automation combining with CRM provides an intact platform to your teams to follow right accurate marketing strategy. Get the marketing automation CRM for your business right away.
Software integration keeps your clients satisfied by providing the right information when needed. It keeps your presence felt 24/7 and that brings your business a new height.
When the world has accepted the marketing automation with CRM and earning maximum profit, then why don't you? Let's equip your business with right CRM and stay unbeatable in the market.


text:
The No. 1 Source For Breaking Music, Film, and TV Headlines
BJ the Chicago Kid returns with The Opening Ceremony: Stream
A three-song sampler of the Grammy-nominated crooner's upcoming album, due out later this year
on May 11, 2018, 1:09pm
BJ The Chicago Kid is expected to release a new album later this year through Motown Records. As something of a sampler or preview, the soul/hip-hop artist has returned today with The Opening Ceremony, a collection of three songs that will later appear on his In My Mind follow-up.
(Read: A Homecoming Conversation with BJ The Chicago Kid)
The three songs are titled "Going Once, Going Twice", "Nothing Into Something", and "Rather Be With You". All are fairly mellow in a longing, slow-burner kind of way, and (smartly) allow for BJ The Chicago Kid's silky, Grammy-nominated vocals to be the focal point.
Hear them for yourself below via Apple Music or Spotify.
The Opening Ceremony Artwork:
In My Mind, his Motown debut, dropped back in 2016. Last year, he paid tribute to Usher with a mixtape called BJTCK. Next week, he launches his US "R&B" tour with Ro James.
BJ the Chicago Kid 2018 Tour Dates:
05/15 – Atlanta, GA @ The Loft
05/16 – Washington, DC @ Ustreet Music Hall
05/17 – Baltimore, MD @ Soundstage
05/18 – Boston, MA @ Middle East Downstairs
05/20 – New York, NY @ Bowery Ballroom
05/21 – Philadelphia, PA @ Underground Arts
05/23 – Indianapolis, IN @ Hi-fi
05/24 – Chicago, IL @ Lincoln Hall
05/27 – Los Angeles, CA @ Troubadour
2018 US Tour Dates
Album Update
Rap Music News
Even Rock Stars and Iconic Singers Sometimes Need a Little Help
Breaking Down Atlanta: Season Two


Competitive Cleaning Appliances products from all over asia such as China Cleaning Appliances, are provided. Please view them and select the most helpful for you.
Beijing Lierpu Electric Appliance Co., Ltd.


Oak Cliff bar Barbara's Pavillion will host the 4th annual potluck reunion on Sunday, June 25 from 6 p.m. to 2 a.m. Double Dee Karaoke starts at 7 p.m. Come to eat, sing, drink, and visit with friends from the past and make new friends.
Bring your favorite dish to share. The potluck always provides plenty of food. Leave a message on the Facebook event to post what you are bringing. Let's prevent 12 different potato salads, though, Dan behind the bar loves potato salad.
If you like to cook, great! If you want to pick up a delicious dish from a restaurant or grocery store, that will be great, too.
The reunion provides a sea of Crockpots, a crowd of new and old friends, and more memories for the making.
This Oak Cliff bar opened in 1968, and like Elizabeth Taylor, Barbara's has changed names a few times, too. To honor the bar's long history and share memories to talk about at the reunion, post your photos on Instagram and tag @barbaraspavillion #latergram.
The wildest and oldest photos will win prizes at the reunion!


Women's Barbour Melilot Knit. This light and lofty, alpaca blend knit, with a relaxed body fit, has side vents and a wide stand rib collar with a gentle rolled top edge. The chunky rope cable sleeves add a country flavour.


Dublin based Lugosi formed in 2016 consisting of JM Burr and Jimmy Rooney (of the band the Reverend JM's panic worship ), film maker and former Hungry Souls guitarist Alan Morton, and Neal Wright , formerly of Belfast's Memento Mori.
With influences ranging from the Misfits, Black Sabbath, Fu Manchu and Clutch and a love of the macabre, Lugosi's songs range in subject matter from alien vampires, American Indian legends, horror and witchcraft. A sonic Ed Wood movie, delivered through rock and roll .
Rise From The Grave is now released and I absolutely love it! Any album that has a track called 'Ash Vs The Evil Dead' just can't be bad in any reality!
The lads have taken all their Horror influences and their excellent musical ability creating one of the most original Irish releases of 2019 in regards to heavier music.
An album I'll return to time and time again. It's excellent musically and I love the lyrical content.
Easily one of my favorite albums this year!


text:
Halifax woman 'shocked' and 'grateful' after winning 50/50 draw
CTV Atlantic Published Thursday, November 26, 2015 8:57AM AST Last Updated Thursday, November 26, 2015 11:39AM AST
A young woman who has been through some tough times is counting her blessings after winning close to $9,000 through a 50/50 draw at a Halifax hockey game.
Claudia Covalciuc was born in an Austrian refugee camp in 1990 and moved to Canada with her mother, but the pair eventually returned to Europe in the hopes of securing child support from Covalcuic's father – support they would never receive.
"It was just me and my mother. We ended up being homeless for the next five years on the streets of Romania," said Covalciuc. "I started selling school supplies on the streets and at the flea markets. I earned enough money to be able to buy a one-way ticket back to Canada."
Life hasn't always been easy for Covalciuc, who arrived in Canada in 2006. It was just a few months ago that she was able to rent her own apartment, instead of staying with friends.
"I'm going through a different set of challenges now," she said. "I'm starting to realize as I get older, life doesn't necessarily get easier."
After paying the last of this month's bills, she had just $20 in her wallet, and a little over $7 in her bank account.
To cheer her up, Covalciuc's friend treated her to dinner and a hockey game in Halifax.
"I felt like I needed to buy a 50/50 ticket. Somehow there was a part of me inside that felt the need to buy this, but I never thought I would win."
Covalciuc says she was shocked when the winning number on the big screen matched the number on her own ticket.
"I went to open my purse and I could see the very last number on the ticket was the same number. My heart jumped out of my chest," she said.
"There was a row of people behind us and I told them, 'can you please check my ticket?' I'm crying at this point. They all checked my ticket, they said, 'go up dear, go get your money.'"
Days later, she says she still can't believe she won $8,700.
"More shock than anything. Just feel grateful," she said, wiping away tears.
After putting some of the $8,700 aside to pay her bills, Covalciuc spent $500 on gift cards for local food banks in the hopes of making a small difference in someone else's life.
She plans to save the rest for law school.
With files from CTV Atlantic's Matt Woodman
Claudia Covalcuic says winning close to $9,000 in a 50/50 draw has changed her life.
Concerns linger from Sobeys IT issues
Mobile clinics relieve pressure on N.S. ERs
CTV News Atlantic at Six for Monday, November 14, 2022
Christmas parade controversy in Cape Breton
N.B. women frustrated over ER wait times
Local fisherman startled by strange fish with teeth
What are the odds of winning the lottery twice? Mathematician weighs in
Three accidental house fires in Annapolis Valley prompt N.S. fire officials to caution homeowners
N.S. RCMP charge 23 people in southwest N.S. lobster conflict
Complaints mount over snow-covered sidewalks in Halifax


text:
Q: Reading dangerously large protocol message Caffe warning I am trying to fine tune the fully convolutional nets for my problem. I am getting the following warning.
Why I am getting this warning?
     [libprotobuf WARNING google/protobuf/io/coded_stream.cc:505] Reading dangerously
     large protocol message.  If the message turns out to be larger than 2147483647 bytes,
     parsing will be halted for security reasons.  To increase the limit (or to disable
     these warnings), see CodedInputStream::SetTotalBytesLimit() in google/protobuf/io/coded_stream.h.

A: 2147483647 is the max value that you can store in an integer data type in C++.
Caffe reads the .prototxt file into a buffer and then reads the parameters from the buffer. This buffer is defined internally to be of a maximum size of 2147483647 bytes. So if the .prototxt file is too large, it may not fit into this buffer. So Caffe gives this warning to increase the limit.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
/*
 Local Storage support for the JS Bindings for iOS.
 Works on cocos2d-iphone and cocos2d-x.
 */

#include "cocos2d.h"

#if (CC_TARGET_PLATFORM == CC_PLATFORM_ANDROID)

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <string>
#include "jni.h"
#include "jni/JniHelper.h"

USING_NS_CC;
static int _initialized = 0;

static void splitFilename (std::string& str)
{
	size_t found = 0;
	found=str.find_last_of("/\\");
	if (found != std::string::npos)
	{
		str = str.substr(found+1);
	}
}

void localStorageInit( const char *fullpath)
{
	if (fullpath == NULL || strlen(fullpath) == 0) return;

	if( ! _initialized ) {
			JniMethodInfo t;

	        if (JniHelper::getStaticMethodInfo(t, "org/cocos2dx/lib/Cocos2dxLocalStorage", "init", "(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;)Z")) {
	        	std::string strDBFilename = fullpath;
	        	splitFilename(strDBFilename);
	        	jstring jdbName = t.env->NewStringUTF(strDBFilename.c_str());
	        	jstring jtableName = t.env->NewStringUTF("data");
	            jboolean ret = t.env->CallStaticBooleanMethod(t.classID, t.methodID, jdbName, jtableName);
	            t.env->DeleteLocalRef(jdbName);
	            t.env->DeleteLocalRef(jtableName);
	            t.env->DeleteLocalRef(t.classID);
                if (ret) {
                    _initialized = 1;
                }
	        }

	}
}

void localStorageFree()
{
	if( _initialized ) {

		JniMethodInfo t;

        if (JniHelper::getStaticMethodInfo(t, "org/cocos2dx/lib/Cocos2dxLocalStorage", "destory", "()V"))
        {
            t.env->CallStaticVoidMethod(t.classID, t.methodID);
        	t.env->DeleteLocalRef(t.classID);
        }

		_initialized = 0;
	}
}

/** sets an item in the LS */
void localStorageSetItem( const char *key, const char *value)
{
	assert( _initialized );

    JniMethodInfo t;

    if (JniHelper::getStaticMethodInfo(t, "org/cocos2dx/lib/Cocos2dxLocalStorage", "setItem", "(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;)V")) {
        jstring jkey = t.env->NewStringUTF(key);
        jstring jvalue = t.env->NewStringUTF(value);
        t.env->CallStaticVoidMethod(t.classID, t.methodID, jkey, jvalue);
        t.env->DeleteLocalRef(jkey);
        t.env->DeleteLocalRef(jvalue);
        t.env->DeleteLocalRef(t.classID);
    }
}

/** gets an item from the LS */
const char* localStorageGetItem( const char *key )
{
	assert( _initialized );
    JniMethodInfo t;
    CCString* pStr = NULL;
    if (JniHelper::getStaticMethodInfo(t, "org/cocos2dx/lib/Cocos2dxLocalStorage", "getItem", "(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;")) {
        jstring jkey = t.env->NewStringUTF(key);
        jstring ret = (jstring)t.env->CallStaticObjectMethod(t.classID, t.methodID, jkey);
        pStr = CCString::create(JniHelper::jstring2string(ret));
        t.env->DeleteLocalRef(ret);
        t.env->DeleteLocalRef(jkey);
        t.env->DeleteLocalRef(t.classID);
    }
    return pStr ? pStr->getCString() : NULL;
}

/** removes an item from the LS */
void localStorageRemoveItem( const char *key )
{
	assert( _initialized );
    JniMethodInfo t;

    if (JniHelper::getStaticMethodInfo(t, "org/cocos2dx/lib/Cocos2dxLocalStorage", "removeItem", "(Ljava/lang/String;)V")) {
        jstring jkey = t.env->NewStringUTF(key);
        t.env->CallStaticVoidMethod(t.classID, t.methodID, jkey);
        t.env->DeleteLocalRef(jkey);
        t.env->DeleteLocalRef(t.classID);
    }

}

#endif // #if (CC_TARGET_PLATFORM == CC_PLATFORM_ANDROID)


text:
US coronavirus death toll tops 2,000
The death toll from the new coronavirus in the U.S. pushed past the 2,000 mark Saturday, according to data by Johns Hopkins University, APA reports citing Anadolu.
At least 2,185 people have died and the number of infections rose to 124,217 as 1,095 have recovered.
Most deaths were reported in New York state that had 725, with New York City the epicenter where 672 deaths have been recorded.
The first U.S. death was Feb. 29 in Washington state. A total of 136 people have died there, followed by New Jersey with 86.
Earlier in the day, officials in the state of Illinois reported the first death of an infant from the pandemic. The younger than one-year-old baby in Chicago tested positive for virus known as COVID-19.
Also, U.S. President Donald Trump signed a gargantuan $2.2 trillion stimulus package into law meant to blunt the economic fallout of the outbreak, saying it is "the single biggest economic relief package in American History – twice as large as any relief bill ever enacted."
"This bill will deliver urgently-needed relief for our nation's families, workers, and businesses," Trump said on Twitter shortly after signing the bipartisan legislation.
Although the U.S. has more coronavirus cases than any other country, Italy has the most deaths with 10,023.
The Maryland-based university's data showed worldwide infections neared the 665,000 mark with more than 30,000 deaths. Greater than 138,000 have recovered from infections.
After first appearing in Wuhan, China in December, the virus known as COVID-19, has spread to 177 countries and regions.