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La Symmachie Hellénique ou "Ligue Hellénique" fut créée sous l'hégémon d'Antigone III Dôsôn roi de Macédoine et tuteur de Philippe V de Macédoine. Cette symmachie rassemble les principaux peuples de la péninsule Balkanique et contient une grande partie des États de la Grèce continentale exceptée les Etoliens, les Athéniens, les Messéniens, et la cité d'Elis et la cité de Phigalie. La ligue hellénique était composée d'États sous domination Antigonide et des États autonomes mais allié à la Macédoine. Cette alliance est défensive et offensive et avait pour but officiel de lutter contre Sparte.

Définition de la symmachie: La symmachie est utilisée dans divers sens que ce soit de la coopération informelle dans une guerre, un traité d'alliance ou une confédération d'alliés. Elle peut être défensive ou offensive et inclut généralement une clause pour que les membres de la symmachie aient les mêmes alliés et les mêmes ennemis. Dans de nombreux cas, les alliés sont égaux entre eux mais le cas inverse est aussi vrai ou l'un des alliés peut subordonner les autres. La symmachie a donc également un sens particulier, il s'agit d'une confédération d'alliés sous l'hégémonie d'un seul État dont la ligue d'Antigone Dôsôn est un exemple probant.

L'hégémon a donc le commandement militaire mais souvent il possède aussi la présidence de l'assemblée qui rassemble tous les alliés. Beaucoup de symmachies ne sont pas des États fédéraux et reconnaissent la liberté de leurs membres.

Principes généraux et « connus » de la ligue
La ligue hellénique est créée afin de rassembler les principaux peuples de la péninsule Balkanique, la plupart des États de la Grande Grèce continentale. La ligue hellénique était composée d'état sous domination Antigonide et des états autonomes mais alliés à la Macédoine. Cette alliance est défensive et offensive et avait pour but de lutter contre Sparte. L'une des règles de la ligue hellénique est que l'un de ses membres, ou l'hégémon de celle-ci, puisse demander une aide militaire. Chaque état décidait lui-même de l'aide qu'il comptait apporter et les « conventions » de la ligue précisaient aussi la durée du délai d'intervention. Selon Sylvie le Bohec, il semble que c'est celui qui demande de l'aide qui s'occupe et nourrit les soldats envoyés en secours. Des délégués sont envoyés pour délibérer au conseil fédéral de la ligue et ils reviennent soumettre les propositions, du conseil fédéral de la ligue, à leur conseil intérieur qu'il la rejette ou l'accepte. Pour entrer au sein de la ligue, il faut promettre son dévouement. Cela s'accompagne d'interdits notamment de ne pas rentrer dans une symmachie opposée à la ligue.

Le problème des sources
Comme le rappelle Sylvie le Bohec les connaissances des principes fondateurs et des règles de la ligue sont peu nombreuses. Cette connaissance parcellaire est liée au fait que l'on n'a pas retrouvé le texte fondateur gravé, ainsi que ses règles. Celles que nous connaissons et l'existence même de cette ligue nous sont rapportées par des auteurs antiques, le plus souvent non contemporain, et ne parle de celle-ci que brièvement. Car, selon Sylvie Le Bohec, les textes devaient être connus à l'époque et ne nécessitaient donc pas une explication plus en profondeur. La principale source qui nous renseigne sur la symmachie hellénique est Polybe et sa composition exacte n'est connue que sous Philippe V.

Le contexte de création de la symmachie hellénique de 229 à 222

Les relations diplomatiques de 229 à 224 et politiques en Grèce sous Antigone Dôsôn
Après avoir repoussé les Dardaniens, Antigone Dôsôn se voit également visé par un mouvement antimacédonien dont la Thessalie , les Etoliens et la Grèce centrale ont fait partie. Après la guerre démétriaque entre les Achaïens et les Etoliens qui se déroule de 239 à 235 et sur laquelle nous avons peu d'informations, les relations entre la Macédoine et les Etoliens à la mort de Démétrios II sont inconnus, ce qui est sûr et que ce décès relança les hostilités. La Thessalie, de tradition irrédentiste, se révolta elle aussi malgré sa longue appartenance au royaume macédonien. C'est également un moment où Athènes cherche à recouvrir sa liberté. Ainsi, l'un des athéniens les plus influents du moment, Eurykleidès négocia la retraite de la garnison macédonienne du Pirée, y compris à Salamine aussi, chose qu'il obtint pour la somme de 150 talents. Une somme d'argent tel pour l'époque qu'il fallut du temps pour qu'Athènes puisse réunir cette somme par des souscriptions auprès de l'étranger, notamment auprès d'Aratos de Sicyone, hégémon de la ligue achéenne qui leur souscrit 20 talents. Aratos fut donc déçu de ne pas voir les athéniens rejoindre sa confédération. La fidélité des Béotiens envers les Macédoniens est également assez fragile. La Macédoine paraît donc à ce moment dans une situation critique, en effet elle paraît prête à perdre toutes se possessions en Grèce à l'exception de l'Eubée. La fin du péril dardanien dès 229 permit à Antigone Dôsôn aussi de faire à cette menace, ainsi dès 228 il reprend les trois provinces thessaliennes. La crise était ainsi temporairement jugulée.

De nouveaux progrès du mouvement antimacédonien ont lieu également en Grèce avec des progrès de la Confédération achaïenne. Des cités tel que Mégare ou Egine ont rejoint la ligue achaïenne, mais une des grandes affaires restait Argos. Ainsi le tyran de la ville, Aristomachos avait une situation compromise par la chute des positions macédoniennes. Le tyran dut donc se retirer et se laissa convaincre de déposer son pouvoir pour que sa cité puisse entrer dans la Confédération achaïenne. Cette conduite suivie par d'autres tyrans tel que ceux de Philionte et d'Hermionè supprime les dernières tyrannies du Péloponnèse.  Cette conversion d'Aristomachos ou n'était pas sincère et renforça les sentiments antilacédémoniens au sein de la ligue achaïenne au moment où Cléomène III entame une période d'extension. Un autre tyran, Lydiadas de Mégapolis qui lui aussi à déposer sa tyrannie pour rejoindre la ligue achaïenne alimente lui aussi le ressentiment anti-spartiate au sein de la Confédération. Les progrès territoriaux de la Ligue achaïenne reste cependant important, elle devient ainsi d'une taille similaire à la ligue étolienne et la dépasse même sûrement en population. Encore une fois, l'expansion de Ligue achaïenne montre également la faiblesse de la Macédoine dans ces régions. De plus, la Ligue étolienne voyant les progrès de sa voisine prêtant alors main-forte à l'expansion spartiate en donnant à Cléomène quatre cités arcadiennes de cette alliance : Tégée, Mantinée, Orchomène et Kaphyai. Après une expédition mystérieuse d'Antigone Dôsôn en Carie, en Asie Mineure, vers 227 semble montrer que la situation semblait stable à ce moment pour lui, en effet les trois principaux États grecs entretenaient des conflits le favorisant, en effet alors que l'hostilité montait entre les Achaïens et les Spartiates, il y avait un rapprochement entre les Etoliens et Sparte qui semble équilibrer la situation. Pour autant, la politique de cette région va être dominer par l'action d'un des deux rois de Sparte, Cléomène III. C'est un roi réformateur qui face aux problèmes économiques et sociaux de sa cité va vouloir la réformer comme Agis IV auparavant qui a été mis en échec par l'oligarchie possédante. Agis IV était le collègue et rival du père de Cléomène III, Léonidas qui cède sa place à son fils en 235. Comme on vient de le dire, Cléomène III ne continua la politique réactionnaire de son père et décida de réaliser une réforme foncière radicale pour reformer le corps civique spartiate. La tradition raconte même que c'est la femme d'Agis IV que Cléomène III a épousé avant son exécution qui l'a converti à la révolution sociale. En réalité, on voit surtout chez Cléomène III une volonté de rétablir la puissance de Sparte qui passe donc par le rétablissement des corps des Egaux (donc par une réforme foncière, la propriété foncière, définissant à Sparte le statut civique) et un éclat à l'international assuré par une politique extérieure hostile à l'expansion achaïenne. Ainsi, l'honnêteté de la révolution sociale voulue par Cléomène III peut être remise en cause, elle s'inscrit en effet plus dans son programme politique qu'autre chose. Cependant, son action intérieure souleva contre lui les ploutocrates lacédémoniens et les autres cités étaient défavorable à une expansion spartiate. Cléomène III mena notamment des actions militaires contre la Ligue achaïenne. Ces premières années de règne semblent ainsi conforter Cléomène dans l'idée que seule une transformation drastique de l'État et de la société spartiate pourrait leur donner la force de contrer l'envahissement achaïen du Péloponnèse. Du côté achaïen, la menace spartiate et étolienne mais de manière indirecte qui s'explique par le caractère stratégique de la cession des cités de Tégée, Mantinée, Orchomène et Kaphyai qui donne notamment accès à Cléomène à l'Arcadie et qui isolait Mégalopolis donne lieu à une attitude défensive de la ligue votée par le conseil fédéral. Cette décision est faite car Ptolémée III, roi du royaume lagide, qui se trouve en Afrique du Nord, est en bon terme avec les Achaïens et les Spartiates, il est donc compréhensible que les Achaïens ne veuillent pas être vu comme ceux qui ont rompu la diplomatie avec Sparte pour garder de bonnes relations avec Ptolémée III qui devra donc choisir son camp. Cependant, il ne semble plus y avoir d'hésitation à avoir en 229 avec la prise de Mégalopolis par les Spartiates, il s'agit du début de la guerre cléoménique. Les opérations militaires eurent donc lieu en 228-227 où l'on peut voir Cléomène victorieux en 227 à Ladokeia où Lydiadas un des chefs de file militaire des Achaïens meurt. Il s'agit aussi d'un moment où Cléomène III arrive à faire sa révolution par un coup de force, un coup d'État politique. Ainsi Clèomène III fit supprimer les éphores aussi bien que cette fonction et exila quatre-vingts opposants politiques. Le roi, ainsi débarrassé de ses opposants mena sa révolution sociale en déclara vouloir en retourner à la « constitution de Lycurgue », un important législateur dans l'histoire de Sparte, probablement légendaire. Polybe décrivit le pouvoir de Cléomène après cet événement de tyrannique ce qu'Edouard Will corrobore dans son ouvrage Histoire du monde hellénistique 323-30 (p.374). D'anciennes méthodes d'éducation spartiate sont remises au goût du jour comme l'agôgè ou les repas en commun nommés syssitia pour renforcer la puissance militaire spartiate. On cherche à amoindrir le problème de l'infériorité numérique spartiate en portant le corps des hoplites à quatre mille hommes et en enseignant l'usage de la sarisse cent dix ans après Chéronée. C'est dans ces circonstances qu'Antigone Dôsôn intervint dans le conflit entre les Achaîens et les Spartiates.

De plus, la situation d'Aratos dans la Ligue achaïenne était problématique, on lui reprocha de ne pas avoir soutenu Lydiadas à Ladokeia, ce qui fit que le conseil arrêta de financer ses entreprises. Loin d'abandonner la stratégie pour autant, Aratos se dirigea près d'Orchomène où Cléomène y avait laissé des Spartiates. Cependant, on voit par son isolement diplomatique, l'alliance lagide relevant plus de la théorie qu'autre chose, qu'Aratos est contraint à l'alliance avec les Macédoniens qu'il avait lui-même chassé du Péloponnèse. En effet, cet isolement deviendrait d'autant plus problématique, si une alliance entre les Etoliens et les Spartiates venaient à se faire. Ainsi se pose la question des enjeux macédoniens dans la région et qu'elle serait l'intérêt d'Antigone Dôsôn à intervenir. Cela apparaît à travers l'Accrocorinthe que les Macédoniens veulent récupérer. Pour cela, une alliance avec les Spartiates aussi bien qu'avec les Achaïens est possible. Cependant, Aratos prit l'initiative et entama des négociations secrètes avec Antigone dès l'hiver 227/226 par le biais d'une ambassade mégalopolitaine, cité qui avait de vieilles relations avec la cour macédonienne. Assuré ainsi du soutien macédonien, Aratos de Sicyone tenta tout de même de combattre seul les Macédoniens.

La trève fut de courte durée car dès la fin de sa révolution, Cléomène reprit le conflit et menaça assez Corinthe et Argos pour engager une conférence entre Spartiates et Achaïens. Cependant le report de celle-ci dû à une maladie de Cléomène permit à Aratos de reprendre les discussions avec Antigone Dôsôn. Ces accords entre Macédoniens et Achaîens devenant officiels, Ptolémée III envoya des fonds à Cléomène, le plus à même dans cette situation d'entraver le pouvoir macédonien et son expansion, principal objectif de la politique lagide dans les affaires gréco-macédoniennes. Mais ces donations sont en réalité peu de choses, l'antagonisme égypto-macédonien est réelle mais on ne peut en voir que peu de manifestations. Le projet de conférence fit repris à l'été 225 mais cela n'aboutit pas et Cléomène déclara la guerre à Aratos. Cette guerre fut dans un premier temps favorable à Cléomène, il s'empare tout d'abord de Kaphyai, de Phénée et de Pellène, il coupe le territoire achaïen en deux puis se rabat sur l'Argolide et la Corinthie. Cette campagne montre la fragilité de la Confédération achaïenne ; On voit en effet dans ce territoire de nombreuses complicités à Cléomène à cause d'une méfiance des gouvernants locaux de la politique jugée trop personnelle d'Aratos, une volonté de s'opposer à une nouvelle domination macédonienne mais aussi une influence populaire convaincue que le ralliement à Cléomène apporterait l'abrogation des dettes et le redécoupage des terres. Tout cela entama donc fortement la cohésion achaïenne. Cependant les victoires vont aussi apporter leur lot de problèmes à Cléomène. En effet, Corinthe est tel un fruit empoisonné à cause des revendications macédoniennes sur la cité, il devait éviter que sa prise n'accélère l'alliance achaio-macédonienne et il ne devait donc pas retirer la garnison achaïenne de l'Acrocorinthe, la forteresse de Corinthe dans ce même objectif. Une solution qui apparaît est la négociation amiable. Les tensions sociales dont il avait profité pour établir son pouvoir pouvait également jouer contre lui. Plutarque nous informe notamment d'un épisode, après le début du combat entre les Spartiates et les Macédoniens où les argiens se plaignent de Cléomène et de la tromperie qu'il a effectué sur l'abolition des dettes. Pourtant, Cléomène aurait eu les moyens de mener cette révolution, au-delà du désir de ne pas revigorer les autres cités comme il semblerait que ce fut le cas avec la révolution à Sparte, il s'agit aussi d'un parti pris stratégique qui montre les limites de la pensée révolutionnaire de Cléomène. Il préféra en effet décevoir les petits et ménager les gros en espérant que ceux qui se détourne d'Aratos se joindront à lui. Par la suite, Aratos se fit proclamer stratègos autokratôr : toute décision ne dépendrait donc à partir de maintenant que de lui, rendant vaine les tentatives de rachat de l'Acrocorinthe aux Achaïens. Cléomène fit une autre proposition d'unification du Péloponnèse avec une formule très prudente, mais le pouvoir unique d'Aratos fit de nouveau échouer cette nouvelle tentative. La politique diplomatique de Cléomène au sein de la ligue achéenne est donc un fulgurant échec, conscient de cette réalité, Cléomène assiégea Sicyone. Ainsi, Aratos appela à l'aide les Macédoniens car les appels faits aux Etoliens et aux Athéniens restèrent sans réponse. Le second appel aux Macédoniens d'Aratos qui a donc lieu vers 225/224 est dû à un péril imminent pour éviter la dislocation de la Ligue achaïenne. Le choix des Macédoniens plutôt que des lacédémoniens pour tutelle est lié au personnage d'Aratos, en tant que créateur de la ligue achaïenne, il lui semble impossible de l'abandonner aux lacédémoniens. La ligue achaïenne facturée avant tout par des dissensions internes révélées par le conflit, l'alliance avec les Macédoniens permet au moins sauver l'essentiel : l'existence même de la Confédération.

Contexte général de création de la symmachie hellénique
La création de cette ligue s'explique par le fait qu'Antigone voulait reconstruire comme on l'a vu le prestige et la puissance de la Macédoine et il cherchait un prétexte pour entrer dans les affaires de la Grèce du Péloponnèse et de la ligue achaïenne. Ce prétexte lui est fourni par les ambassadeurs mégalopolitains en 227 qui lui apportent donc déjà le prétexte honorable, la guerre cléoménique qu'il recherchait tout en affirmant à la ligue achaïenne qui si elle lui demandait de l'aide il y répondrait favorablement. Cependant Aratos persuade la ligue de se passer de son aide tant qu'ils le pourront. Vers l'été 225, Antigone reçoit une nouvelle ambassade conduite par le propre fils d'Aratos. Du fait de la perte de cités et d'une grosse défaite, les délégués viennent interroger le roi sur les conditions de son assistance. Antigone Dôsôn est alors très clair pour prix de son intervention il veut des otages, Corinthe et l'Accrocorinthe qui serviront de base d'opération. Ces exigences sont d'abord jugées inacceptables par les délégués achaïens cependant quelques mois plus tard la confédération accepte ses exigences et demande de l'aide. Antigone s'y était préparé et il reçoit des otages et il obtient la promesse d'obtenir Corinthe et l'Accrocorinthe. Aratos de Sicyone justifie dans ses mémoires ce revirement car la « nécessité » qui voyait la confédération en grande difficulté au niveau territoriale du fait des victoires et des prises de Cléomène.

Suite à l'assemblée d'Aigion qui est en réalité une caution à des négociations secrètes qui durent depuis plusieurs mois et ce qui va permettre aux Macédoniens de remettre la main sur Corinthe qui forme avec Chalcis, Démétrias et Le Pirée les entraves de la Grèce : des places fortes qui ont permis aux Macédoniens de tenir la Grèce. La question sociale préoccupante en Grèce du fait de la révolution sociale qui apporte de l'inquiétude dans la région et l'aide égyptienne aux Spartiates donnent d'autant plus de raisons aux Macédoniens d'intervenir contre les Spartiates. L'intervention macédonienne marqua également les premières défaites militaires de Cléomène qui se voit de se retrancher à Sparte à l'été 224 chassé notamment de Corinthe et d'Argos. En effet, du fait du problème social interne à Argos, Cléomène est obligé d'abandonner ses positions à Corinthe pour garder Argos ce qui permet à Antigone de récupérer la ville et sa place forte qui était perdue depuis 243. Antigone Dôsôn pousse son avantage en faisant route vers Argos où Cléomène avait réussi à rejoindre ses troupes assiégées mais se retire à Mantinée à la vue des soldats macédoniens qui arrivent. Aratos et la confédération se rendent bien compte qu'Antigone en profite et se comporte plus en dominateur, selon Polybe, qu'en invité.

Après avoir été en Arcadie, Dôsôn retourne à Aigion où se trouve le conseil fédéral achaïen et accomplit l'élément le plus important de son règne, il « rendit compte de ce qu'il avait fait et prit des dispositions pour l'avenir. Il fut alors proclamé hégémon de tous les alliés » selon Polybe. Il s'agit ici du plus grand acte politique d'Antigone Dôsôn ici qui fonde une ligue d'États grecs sous hégémonie macédonienne. Cette ligue est principalement connue par des passages de Polybe et surtout sous Philippe V dont on est cependant obligé de faire appel ici. Ainsi cette Confédération comprenait les Achaïens, les Epirotes, les Phocidiens, les Béotiens, les arcananiens, les Locriens et ceux qui étaient sous domination macédonienne les Eubéens et les Thessaliens. Cette ligue qui renforce incommensurablement la puissance d'Antigone Dôsôn a également ses particularités : elle est une union de ligues et fédérations et non pas seulement de cités. Chaque état fédéral de l'alliance conservait son autonomie et envoer des députés à un conseil fédéral où étaient faits des propositions destinées à être ratifiées en interne par les différents États. Cette organisation souple fut également peu durable à cause de ces institutions peu contraignantes, l'autonomie des membres diminue également d'autant plus l'autorité de l'hégémon. Cette ligue est une nouvelle expérience au sein des États grecs qui essaient de tirer parti du passé et cherche à concilier la volonté d'autonomie des états fédéraux et les intérêts de la monarchie macédonienne dans l'espace grec. Cette alliance dans les faits semble ainsi être tourné contre Cléomène et donc l'intérêt de la Confédération achaïenne était le rétablissement de ses frontières et comme on l'a déjà dit sa propre survie et les Macédoniens pouvaient récupérer l'Acrocorinthe. Les négociations ont donc dues avoir lieu pour résoudre la question étolienne, en effet l'expansionnisme étolien, bien que sur le recul faisait aussi à Aratos. On voit ainsi que la nouvelle ligue formée avec l'aide d'Antigone Dôsôn a aussi mon objectif d'encercler les étoliens, chose très visible quand on regarde une carte de cette nouvelle ligue. Quant à la question romaine, elle semble avoir peu d'influence sur la création de la ligue. En tout cas, l'intervention romaine en Illyrie pour lutter contre les pirates qui sévissaient dans la mer Adriatique, bien qu'elle se situe dans la sphère d'influence macédonienne ne semble pas suffire à expliquer la création de ligue d'Antigon Dôsôn ; De plus que les romains ne sont pas spécifiquement intervenu dans l'intérêt des grecs mais dans leur propre intérêt car les pirates illyriens gênaient le commerce romain en mer adriatique. Cette Confédération a donc été créée en fonction des problèmes grecs et non ceux des romains. Le premier but de cette Ligue : lutter contre les Spatiates est accompli, il faut par la suite assurer la tranquillité du Péloponnèse en restaurant l'influence de la Confédération achaïenne et de la Macédoine. Se sachant gravement malade, on peut également se demander si la création de cette ligue ne serait pas un moyen de stabiliser un royaume pour un successeur qu'il sait encore adolescent.

En 223, les opérations militaires reprennent. Tandis que Cléomène échoua à Mégalopolis, Antigone Dôsôn quant à lui arriva en Arcadie, reprenant des cités tel que Tégée, Orchomène, Mantinée, Héraia, Telphousa. Dôsôn rasa Mantinée qui avait trahi les Achaïens en 226 et garda pour lui Orchomène et Héraia comme places au sein du Péloponnèse.  En mauvaise situation, Cléomène chercha un nouveau moyen de renforcer ses armées et renflouer son trésor, ils vendirent leur liberté aux hilotes (une population originaire de Laconie et de Messénie qui est au service des Spartiates). Clèomène gagna ainsi 6000 hoplites. Comme Dôsôn se rendit en septembre au conseil fédéral, Cléomène en profita pour reprendre Mégalopolis et la détruisit. Il se rend à la fin de l'hiver 223-222 en Argolide qu'il dévasta également et il se retira en Laconie avant l'arrivée de son ennemi. Antigone Dôsôn arriva pour affronter Cléomène qui était malgré ses efforts en infériorité numérique ( contre ). Ptolémée III, quant à lui avait déjà arrêté son aide financière à Cléomène et lui demanda de faire la paix. Cléomène tenta tout de même de jouer ses derniers atouts et affronta Antigone Dôsôn en rase campagne. Bien que le champ de bataille fut du choix de Cléomène qui tentait par là de compenser son infériorité numérique, la bataille de Sellasie tourna à l'avantage du macédonien et Cléomène s'enfuit chez son ancien protecteur en . Sparte n'offrit aucune résistance à Dôsôn qui la traita plutôt bien puisqu'il ne la détruisit pas. Les réformes de Cléomène furent cependant abrogées mais la dyarchie de Sparte avait aussi disparu. Antigone Dôsôn chercha sûrement à s'assurer qu'aucun autre roi de Sparte ne deviendrait un tyran et la cité devient sujette. Sparte fut également rattaché diplomatiquement à la Macédoine, peut-être par incorporation à la ligue hellénique. La Confédération achaïenne quant à elle avait elle aussi perdu en autonomie dans le Péloponnèse du fait de la présence de quatre garnisons royales. L'opération fut ainsi doublement bénéfique au pouvoir et à l'influence d'Antigone Dôsôn dans la zone.

La Symmachie Hellénique après la mort de son fondateur
Après la mort d'Antigone III Dôsôn vers 221 av J.C son « protégé » (Philippe V de Macédoine) prend le titre de basileus. Philippe V devient hégémon de la ligue sans problème car Antigone Dôsôn avait préparé la succession méticuleusement. Cette préparation a permis au royaume de Macédoine de ne pas tomber dans les travers d'autrefois (instabilité politique, réaffirmation du nouveau roi, perte de territoire et d'influence). Philippe V en devenant hégémon bénéficie des actes réalisé par Antigone Dôsôn ainsi que de ses amis comme Aratos de Sicyone.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Dictionnaire
  Hammond N.G.L. et Scullard H.H, The Oxford Classical Dictionnary, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1970

Manuels
  Will Edouard, Histoire politique du monde hellénistique 323-30 av. J.C., Seuil, Paris, 2003
  Granjean Catherine, Hoffmann Geneviève, Capdetrey Laurent, Carrez-Maratray Jean-Yves, Le Monde Hellénistique, Armand Colin, Paris, 2017

Ouvrage spécialisé
  Le Bohec Sylvie, Antigone Dôsôn roi de Macédoine, Presse universitaire de Nancy, Nancy, 1993

Article spécialisé en ligne
 Denis Knoepfler, « Épigraphie et histoire des cités grecques », L'annuaire du Collège de France [En ligne], 109 | 2010, mis en ligne le , consulté le . URL  ;

Sources Antiques
  Polybe (dir. Denis Roussel), Histoire, Gallimard, Paris, 2003
  Plutarque, (traduit et établi par Marcel Cuvigny)Tome XI Agis-Cléomène, Les Gracques, Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 1976

Époque hellénistique

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Freshmen lead No. 16 UNC past College of Charleston 79-60
Posted: Nov 26, 2020 / 12:22 AM EST / Updated: Nov 26, 2020 / 12:22 AM EST
North Carolina forward Day'Ron Sharpe (11) shoots over College of Charleston center Osinachi Smart (33) during the first half of an NCAA college basketball game in Chapel Hill, N.C., Wednesday, Nov. 25, 2020. (AP Photo/Gerry Broome)
CHAPEL HILL, N.C. — — North Carolina's top freshmen provided an opening-night boost for the 16th-ranked Tar Heels after a rough year, even while playing in row after row of empty blue seats at their home arena.
Freshman guard Caleb Love scored 17 points and UNC ran off 17 straight second-half points to beat College of Charleston 79-60 in Wednesday night's opener for both teams, a game played in a nearly empty arena due to the coronavirus pandemic.
Fellow rookie Day'Ron Sharpe added 13 points and 10 rebounds for the Tar Heels, who won at home amid an unusual backdrop. There were only a handful of family members and staffers scattered throughout a few sections in the 21,750-seat Smith Center, which pumped in background crowd noise.
"I think that took something away from the game, but I think this is the world that we're in right now," said Tar Heels coach Roy Williams, who wore a mask on the sideline.
"I think we've got to do these kinds of things to get those numbers going in the proper direction. And if we do that perhaps maybe by the end of the year, we'll have some fans in the stands. But it was hard."
The Tar Heels are coming off a 14-19 season, marking the first losing record of Williams' Hall of Fame career. They're hoping for a quick turnaround with a deep frontcourt and a roster boosted by the arrival of 247sports' No. 2-ranked recruiting class.
Those freshmen played a key role, with Love, Sharpe and RJ Davis scoring the first 12 points of the 17-0 run that turned a one-point deficit into a 59-43 lead on Armando Bacot's three-point play with about 10 minutes to go.
Brevin Galloway scored 15 points to lead College of Charleston, which overcame an 0-for-11 shooting start that left the Cougars down 14 in the first half. But they got within 39-32 by halftime, then took a 43-42 lead on Dontavius King's corner 3-pointer at the 15-minute mark before UNC made its move.
"We had that three-minute stretch where we turned it over and kind of fed their offense," Cougars coach Earl Grant said. "They got some transition baskets, which, that's the last thing you want to give a team with that much size."
College of Charleston: Grant's Cougars enter the season picked to finish sixth in the 10-team Colonial Athletic Association, where they won at least 11 games in each of the past four seasons. Aside from the early shooting trouble, they didn't help themselves with 15 turnovers — some in the backcourt as UNC showed some extended-pressure looks — that the Tar Heels converted into 21 points.
UNC: The Tar Heels return senior Garrison Brooks inside as the preseason Atlantic Coast Conference player of the year, but it was the youngsters who took a leading role on opening night. Love and Davis gave the Tar Heels two starting freshmen guards for the first time since the 2007 NCAA Elite Eight loss to Georgetown (with eventual NBA players Ty Lawson and Wayne Ellington). Meanwhile, the 6-foot-10, 265-pound Sharpe was an immediate interior presence.
TRADING OFF
The Tar Heels brought in Love and Davis with both able to play the point or off the ball. Love was 4 for 11 from the floor but made all eight of his free throws while adding four assists. Davis had 11 points and four rebounds.
"Obviously with me and Caleb both being point guards, I think we complement each other well, with him at the 1 and me at the 2, and vice versa," Davis said.
Bacot had 12 points and Brooks grabbed 11 rebounds for UNC. … The teams were tied in rebounding at halftime but the Tar Heels nearly doubled the Cougars on the glass (31-16) from there. … Payton Willis scored 13 points for College of Charleston, which shot 40%. … UNC freshmen Walker Kessler and Puff Johnson played only sparingly, with Williams saying they had missed several practices due to coronavirus protocols.
College of Charleston: The Cougars host Limestone on Saturday.
UNC: The Tar Heels face UNLV on Monday as they open play in the Maui Invitational, which was relocated from its traditional Hawaii location to Asheville in the North Carolina mountains due to the coronavirus pandemic.
More UNC Stories
CHAPEL HILL, N.C. (WNCN) - UNC used a 13-0 run in the second half on its way to an 81-75 win over Syracuse on Tuesday.
Joseph Girard III hit a 3-pointer to put the visiting Orange ahead, 56-51, with 11L17 left to play. The Tar Heels answered quickly when Garrison Brooks found R.J. Davis for a triple of his own. That kickstarted the run that put UNC in control.
by CBS 17 Digital Desk / Jan 8, 2021
CHAPEL HILL, N.C. (WNCN) -- A chance for Clemson to win for the second time ever in Chapel Hill will have to go on at a later date as COVID-19 has forced the postponement of the game.
UNC was set to take on the Tigers on Jan. 9, but due to positive tests, subsequent quarantining, and contact tracing within the Clemson men's basketball team, the Atlantic Coast Conference has postponed the contest.
CORAL GABLES, Fla. (WNCN) - A pair of late 3-pointers from a sharpshooting North Carolina team set the table for Andrew Platek's game-winning basket with 3 seconds left as the Tar Heels upended Miami 67-65 Tuesday night.
UNC took a 32-30 lead into halftime but Miami's Nysier Brooks made a statement early in the second half with three dunks in less than two minutes. A flurry from Harlond Beverly then helped the Hurricanes take a 41-37 lead with 16:23 left in the half.
Shooting reported in Wake County near Wake Forest
COVID-19 impacting babies with 6,000+ cases reported in NC so far
NC changes vaccine plan to focus on simplicity and speed
NC teen missing a month has contacts in Orange, Chatham counties; reward offered
Sports / 28 mins ago
Carolina Hurricanes / 23 hours ago
Tennessee man gets $14M bond after daring judge to raise his bond

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Board index ‹ Peak Oil Forums ‹ Conservation & Efficiency
High Speed Rail: Pros and Cons
How to save energy through both societal and individual actions.
First unread post • 152 posts • Page 6 of 8 • 1 ... 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Re: High Speed Rail: Pros and Cons
by evilgenius » Thu 28 Feb 2019, 12:28:13
vtsnowedin wrote: The cost of a charging station being much less then the EV itself I see no problem matching the number of charging stations to the number of EVs sold. There are already multiple installed at interstate rest areas most sitting unused at present.
Urban parking problems will remain as always difficult, but there is no reason charging stations can't become as ubiquitous as parking meters are now and technologies like self driving Uber cars (EV of course) may dramatically reduce demand for urban parking of all types.
That's not going to be the case when every car is an electric car, and they take hours to charge. There won't be any gas station like solution, unless the solid state lithium ion battery that is coming can charge far faster. As it stands now, without faster charging technology. Every car will need to charge almost every day. People with shorter traditional commutes won't need to, but they will still need to park somewhere. Simple parking will contend with metered charging spaces also, as the dynamic of risk/return on investing in those accelerates. When you don't need to charge you won't be able to simply park at a charging spot without paying something because they could be selling electricity.
What we are facing is the adoption of class centric ideas along with a new technology. In this case, it is the ideal of the rich middle class, probably white, person who has a big house and lots of space. We expect electric cars to recharge at the back of a spacious two or three car garage. But electric cars will have to be widely adopted. That means they will be driven by people who live in crowded places. Is every over subscribed house going to have cables running out to the street, one set for each car? Fancy mowing the lawn and getting around those. Apartment buildings already charge for parking, now they can for electricity, but most are too cheap to build that out. There will be demand for places to live where parking spots have charging, but there will also for bargain living places, where people find some other way to charge their cars. People will wind up paying a premium to charge where they live, if they live in an apartment. There will be incentives to view charging spots as somebody else's problem.
There will be a huge incentive to adopt the fleet model, over that of individual ownership. Perhaps we shouldn't care one way or the other, but if we want to preserve individual ownership, the involvement of rail would make sense. We could go for building lots near enough to where people live with charging capacity, to which self-driving cars could go when they are low on charge because they were near enough. The problem with that is I can't think of whose house we should sacrifice in order to have those. You know that people will rise up over the eradication of parks and green belts. Rail could take your car outside the city to get charged. You wouldn't have to think about which lot your car went to, just that it went into the system.
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by KaiserJeep » Thu 28 Feb 2019, 12:40:43
1/2 mile was the figure they proposed and also the width of ROW that was "eminent domained" for the initial HSR project phase. Note that sabotage is a real concern in California, and the Greenies are opposed to HSR. Heck, the Greenies are opposed to CALTRAIN - a few months ago somebody waited until the train was less than a half mile away, traveling at speed, and then placed a large tractor tire on the tracks. This resulted in an outage that lasted 18 hours, as CALTRAIN chose to use the second track to run 1/4 of the scheduled trains in both directions. In the wee hours of the next morning they brought in a crane on the second track and removed the disabled train.
The Greenies beef: CALTRAIN was supposed to electrify the commuter train and eliminate the diesel locomotives. That upgrade no longer has a schedule. CALTRAIN ROW is already mixed passenger and heavy frieght service, the frieght trains in the wee hours of the morning.
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by jedrider » Thu 28 Feb 2019, 13:47:33
KaiserJeep wrote:
lpetrich wrote: -snip-
I fully concede that much of the US is not very well-suited for HSR development, like most of the area west of I-35. But much of it is, especially the Acela Corridor (Northeast Megalopolis, Bos-Wash Corridor), after the US's closest approximation to the high-speed trains of elsewhere in the world. Of the area west of I-35, California and the Pacific Northwest are also good for HSR development.
What exacly do you mean by "good for HSR development"? The California HSR system was taking a half-mile wide swath of California's Central Valley and turning this valuable farmland into scrub brush behind a fence. Doesn't sound like much, and I appreciate the need for security as much as anyone. But then think about a piece of land a half mile wide and 800 miles long. That is 400 square miles of farmland which ought to be used for growing food for people. That is a huge and ongoing cost nobody is putting a price on.
Last I looked, even though they grow vegetables right next to the I-99 interstate, that there was actually plenty of land to do the same. I think most of the land is water limited rather than square-footage limited.
by vtsnowedin » Thu 28 Feb 2019, 14:13:22
evilgenius wrote:
That's not going to be the case when every car is an electric car, and they take hours to charge. .
The average USA commute distance is 16 miles each way so most of the available models will only need to charge once a week. Also commuters spend more then ten hours a day at home eating and sleeping and the car can top off every night. Of course commuters with short commutes and garages or car ports at home will be the first adopters but there are about fifty million of those to build cars for before you start on the harder half. As I said there are already factory parking lots with solar panels over the parking spaces with some charging stations provided.
In total it is a big project and expensive but well within American industries abilities to provide as and when needed.
At present there is not the cost incentive to switch but let gas get above $6.00/gallon from carbon taxes or oil becoming scarcer and just a few years might make American highways majority EV.
vtsnowedin
by Zarquon » Thu 28 Feb 2019, 16:03:29
vtsnowedin wrote: They might need 200 feet for fencing and service roads etc. but certainly not 500 feet or a half mile. Whoever put that figure out there is trying to poison pill the project.
Or... cough, cough... has a second cousin with buy options on a few thousand acres of scrub land. It makes public projects much more palatable. Just sayin'.
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Zarquon wrote:
Well one hand washes the other you know. How was cousin Vinny to know the future when he took that useless old farm land off the hands of those little old ladies.
by Newfie » Thu 28 Feb 2019, 17:56:04
You might find these ROW across sections interesting. Nothing indicating the vast ROW noted earlier. But it also doesn't show security fencing and access, so maybe.
http://www.hsr.ca.gov/docs/programs/sta ... 4_8_10.pdf
And another Technical Memo
http://www.hsr.ca.gov/docs/programs/eir ... _21R00.pdf
ROW also must include service roads and security fencing. Those documents reflect only the HSR trackage and auxiliary equipment.
KaiserJeep wrote: ROW also must include service roads and security fencing. Those documents reflect only the HSR trackage and auxiliary equipment.
Actually the at grade cross sections show the fencing one foot inside the right of way.
Elevated and tunnel configurations of course don't need a fence.
by Cog » Fri 01 Mar 2019, 04:58:00
How long before homeless encampments are built inside the ROW fence and a judge in Hawaii says they have the right to be there?
by Newfie » Fri 01 Mar 2019, 09:11:30
vtsnowedin wrote:
Elevated require an egress walkway, someway to get off the ROW. So you have a walkway with handrailing to a stairway. Then the stairway will frequently lead to an exit only door of some type, but I've also seen an enclosed compound. Didn't like that.
Cog wrote: How long before homeless encampments are built inside the ROW fence and a judge in Hawaii says they have the right to be there?
4 years 57 days 7 hours 2 minutes 12 seconds, from ..... NOW!
Silly post Cog. You bored again?
by vtsnowedin » Fri 01 Mar 2019, 09:37:58
Newfie wrote:
The walkways are shown in the cross sections and the escape stairwells would all fit inside the 152'-6" TCE limit shown. Some of the elevated sections do show five foot fence beside the walkways where others show the retaining wall being higher and acting as the fall protection. There is nothing in those standard sheets that show a need for 500 ft ROW and certainly not a half mile. Stations and parking lots are not a standard section but consume minimal acreage compared to the ROW between them.
All a Moot point of course because the project is canceled.
VT,
Lighter but far faster and the cargo is sensitive to shocks and impacts, kinda delicate.
Not moot because they are going to build a HSR to carry the hoarss of commuters from Bakersfield to Somewhere Important.
If it was cancelled the Feds would need to get their money back.
Frigging boondoggle. Maybe they are just hanging on to get some GND Greenbacks.
Newfie wrote: VT,
This is all proven technology as in the Japanese bullet trains and instead of reinventing the wheels they should just buy some train sets from Japan and build the tracks to their proven standard. Those trains are already built to American standard gauge (4'-8.5") so what's the hold up and excuse for over runs?
Its a just a logical extension of the argument that homeless people can camp out on public sidewalks and you can't remove them. San Francisco and Portland comes to mind.
Probably stuck with Buy America clauses. But we see the talking about the train sets, we were discussing the track system.
https://www.hsr.ca.gov/Programs/trainsets/index.html
Apparently they haven't picked a vendor yet. That strikes me as VERY odd. There are a lot of reasons you want the trainset vendor on early. Freight is different.
From Wiki.
. In January 2015 the California High Speed Rail Authority issued a request for proposal (RFP) for complete trainsets. The proposals received will be reviewed so that acceptable bidders can be selected, and then requests for bids will be sent out. The winning bidder was projected to be selected in 2016, but plans have not yet been finalized.[citation needed]
It is estimated that for the entire Phase 1 system up to 95 trainsets might be required.[60] Initially only 16 trainsets are anticipated to be purchased.[61] Trainset expenses, according to the 2014 Business Plan, are planned at $889 million for the IOS (Initial Operating Segment) in 2022, $984 million for the Bay to Basin in 2027, and $1.4 billion for the completed Phase 1 in 2029, for a total of $3.276 billion.[62]
In February 2015 nine companies formally expressed interest in producing trainsets for the system: Alstom, AnsaldoBreda (now Hitachi Rail Italy), Bombardier Transportation, CSR, Hyundai Rotem, Kawasaki Rail Car, Siemens, Sun Group U.S.A. partnered with CNR Tangshan, and Talgo.[63]
Note I don't see Shinkansen. But ALSTOM, TGV builder is listed. Talgo, Spanish? Has some experience. Bombardier is way out of its league here. From the little I know Hyundai Rotem and Kawasaki are both Street car providers, might be wrong. I think there are really only 3, maybe 4 real contenders in the group.
Writing a RFP so that only your preferred lobbyist and campaign contributor is a contender is an art that is highly refined in Washington DC and I presume Sacramento.
Too bad as it costs the taxpayers /users of the system billions and outright prevents good projects from being built.
While what you say is true Buy America is simply Federal Law. Street car and light rail companies set up assembly shops in the USA to meet goals. I've known people who have lost their jobs over shaving the rules.
https://m.chron.com/news/houston-texas/ ... 706675.php
Newfie wrote: While what you say is true Buy America is simply Federal Law. Street car and light rail companies set up assembly shops in the USA to meet goals. I've known people who have lost their jobs over shaving the rules.
Understand that buy America rules and other clauses included in federal funding legislation are a corruption of the system and serve no one other then the lobbyist and their clients that "helped" write the legislation. Get rid of all of this crap and you could have better roads bridges, airports etc. for a half to a quarter of what we are spending now.
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const mapDispatchToProps = {
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export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(Chart);

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New FVPs are added to the portfolio regularly. Check the Fixed Virtual Platforms page for the latest updates.
Support for importing profiling data from Arm SoC Designer, allowing the user to use the same profiling solution through all stages of system design and bring up.
µVision project settings affecting debugging of the target are not migrated to Arm Development Studio IDE debug configurations; only build settings are migrated.
µVision projects can have multiple project targets with variations in the Run Time Environment (RTE) setting. In Arm Development Studio IDE, each project is limited to exactly one RTE configuration and Eclipse's C/C++ Development Tooling (CDT) concept of Build Configurations is not supported. Therefore, each µVision project target is imported as an individual Arm Development Studio IDE project with its own copy of the project files.
The conversion and import of µVision projects always results in a copy of the project files.
µVision Multi-Project-Workspaces files (*.uvmpw) are not supported. Instead, the projects included in the workspace need to be imported individually and project inter-dependencies setup manually.
µVision project targets which have a fixed version of the compiler configured cannot be imported if the specified version is not installed. You must install the required compiler first.
User commands in µVision projects are not converted into the corresponding Arm Development Studio IDE Build Steps located in the project's Properties > C/C++ Build > Settings > Build Steps. These have to be added manually.
µVision Key Sequences need to be translated to corresponding variables in Arm Development Studio IDE (see µVision Key Sequence for Tool Parameters).
µVision Signature Creator for NXP Cortex-M Devices (elfdwt) needs to be manually setup as an Arm Development Studio IDE Post-build step in the project's Properties > C/C++ Build > Settings > Build Steps. The elfdwt utility is not included in the Arm Development Studio IDE installation (see Signature Creator for NXP Cortex-M Devices) and is only available on Windows host platforms as part of Keil MDK.
µVision Image File Processing configuration needs to be manually setup as an Arm Development Studio IDE Pre-build step (see Using FCARM with µVision). The fcarm utility is not included in the Arm Development Studio installation and is only available on Windows host platforms as part of Keil MDK.
The conversion and import of µVision projects requires that all files and include folders specified in the project are in the same folder as the project file or in a subdirectory structure. Files outside of the project folder are required to be copied into the project folder and relative dependencies need to be manually resolved.
In µVision source groups, software components and individual files can have specific assignments to memory regions which are evaluated when the linker script is generated by the tools. Since this feature is not available in Arm Development Studio IDE, you need to manually edit the linker script file.
A report is generated at the end of the import process, listing the encountered issues, if any.
When importing a DS-5 C++ project containing *.c files, compiler settings for Arm C Compiler - that is used to compile *.c files - are reset to their default values. This is because DS-5 C++ projects had a unique set of compiler settings for *.cpp/*.cxx/*.c files whereas Arm Development Studio IDE allows these settings to be different for *.cpp/*.cxx versus *.c files.
From the project's Properties > C/C++ Build > Settings > Tools Settings, review and manually copy the relevant settings from the Arm C++ Compiler tool to the Arm C Compiler tool.
From the project's Properties > C/C++ Build > Tool Chain Editor, push the Select Tools button. In the Select Tools dialog, tick the Allow all changes checkbox and remove the Arm C Compiler tool from the Used tools column on the right-hand side. With this change, *.c files will be compiled with the Arm C++ Compiler, as they were in DS-5.
This end user license agreement ("License") is a legal agreement between you (a single individual), or the company or organisation (a single legal entity) that you represent and have the legal authority to bind, and Arm relating to use of the Arm Tools. Arm is only willing to license the Arm Tools on condition that you accept all of the terms of this License. By clicking "I Agree" or by installing or otherwise using the Arm Tools and/or any Update thereto (as permitted by this License) you indicate that you agree to be bound by all of the terms and conditions of this License. If you do not agree to the terms of this License, Arm will NOT license the Arm Tools to you, you may not install or use the Arm Tools or any part thereof, and you shall promptly return the Arm Tools to Arm or to your supplier (if not Arm) and ask for a refund of the license fee paid (if any).
(A) The terms and conditions set out in this License shall apply to the supply by Arm of Arm Tools for both commercial and non-commercial use. If you are in receipt of a Non-Commercial Use License for the Arm Tools (each capitalised term as defined below), or the Arm Tools or any component thereof are identified or classified as such, then notwithstanding any of the other terms and conditions of this License, your use of the Arm Tools shall be limited by the restrictions of use set out in clause 2.2 of this License.
(B) PLEASE NOTE any terms and conditions of use set out in the order documentation provided to you by Arm and the Software Information File(s) (as defined below) applicable to the Arm Tools provided to you with (or included within) either (i) the Arm Tools, and/or (ii) any Updates to the Arm Tools, which limit, extend or otherwise vary the permitted uses and restrictions applicable to the Arm Tools ("Special Conditions"). The Special Conditions form part of and are incorporated into this License. In the event of any conflict or inconsistency between the provisions set out in the main body of this License and any of the Special Conditions, the provisions set out in the Special Conditions shall prevail (in the order in which they are listed in this paragraph).
(C) This License (and any documents incorporated by reference herein) is the sole and exclusive agreement between you and Arm for the Arm Tools, and (except as agreed in writing to the contrary) no other document, including (but not limited to) your purchase order or any other document supplied by you, will form part of this License.
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"Redistributables" means the example code, library files, configuration files, header files, and any other Arm Tools or components thereof owned by Arm (or licensed by Arm and provided to you under Arm's terms and conditions) which you are permitted to include within Your Software and redistribute or sub-license within Your Software to third parties, the details of which (if applicable) are set out in a file or folder (the "Redistributables File") typically named 'redistributables' located within an Arm Tool (or components thereof).
"Seat" means a written or electronic authorisation to run a software component subject to the terms and restrictions specified in that authorisation.
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"Special Conditions" is as defined above in Recital (B) of this License.
"Specified Project" means a single design and development activity undertaken by you or your Permitted Users relating to Your Software or Your Hardware, the details of which will be set out in the order documentation provided to you by Arm.
"Supplementary Terms File" means a software file or folder typically named 'supplementary_terms' located within an Arm Tool (or components thereof) which (if applicable) details any component-specific extensions, limitations or other variations to the terms of this License.
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"Update" means an update, patch, hotfix, bug fix, support release, modification or limited functional enhancement (as applicable) to an Arm Tool or component thereof, including but not limited to error corrections to any program or associated documentation developed by or for Arm comprised in the Arm Tools, which (i) Arm makes generally available to the market, and (ii) does not, in Arm's opinion, constitute an Upgrade or a new product.
"Upgrade" means a new release of an existing Arm Tool which Arm makes generally available to the market and which usually contains major functional improvements.
"Your Hardware" means hardware manufactured or developed by you or on your behalf, or hardware owned or licensed by you, which is supported by the Arm Tools.
"Your Reports" means any written reports or other information relating to the behavior or performance of Your Software or Your Hardware, in html, binary, text or any other format (excluding for the avoidance of doubt, Arm Tools Performance Data), generated by you from or using the Arm Tools and any modifications thereto.
"Your Software" means any software owned or licensed by you (including, but not limited to, applications, libraries and Arm API compliant plug-ins, but excluding Arm Software) which is supported by (or developed by you using) the Arm Tools.
1.1 Subject to your compliance with the terms and conditions of this License, and payment by you of the Fees (if any), Arm hereby grants to you and your Permitted Users during the License Term a non-exclusive, non-transferable license to receive and use the Arm Tools, certain components thereof, or optional functionality, in the Territory only on the Licensed Seats or for a Specified Project (as applicable) for the permitted uses set out in this clause 1 and subject to the restrictions set out in clause 2 (as limited, extended or otherwise varied by any terms, including product-specific permitted uses and restrictions, set out in the Special Conditions). Except as expressly permitted by this License, you and your Permitted Users shall NOT copy, modify, sub-license, redistribute or otherwise use any component of the Arm Tools.
(c) only as expressly provided in the relevant Redistributables File: (i) incorporating, compiling and/or linking the files listed in that Redistributables File into Your Software, provided that Your Software contains substantial additional functionality; and (ii) subject to clause 2.1 below, reproducing and redistributing the files (and permitting your customers and/or your authorised distributors to reproduce and redistribute the files), only in object code form (unless otherwise specified in the relevant Redistributables Files), and only as part of Your Software. You agree that, except as expressly provided to the contrary in the relevant Redistributables File, you may only copy the Arm Tools (or any component thereof) to the extent that such copying is incidental to the permitted uses set out in this clause 1.2, including installation, backup and execution.
(e) Except as otherwise agreed by Arm (including for the avoidance of doubt by inclusion of the relevant permission in a Supplementary Terms File), you may not disclose or otherwise distribute any Arm Tools Performance Data. For the avoidance of doubt, nothing in this sub-clause 2.1 (e) shall prevent you from disclosing or otherwise distributing Your Reports.
(ii) you are not permitted to distribute or sub-license (A) any part of the Arm Tools, or (B) Your Software, Your Hardware, or Your Reports developed under this License using the Arm Tools. The Arm Tools shall be used only by you and your Permitted Users, and you shall not (except as otherwise authorised in writing by Arm) allow any other third party whatsoever to use the Arm Tools.
(b) use for a Specified Project.
2.4 PERMITTED USERS: You hereby agree to be responsible for the acts and omissions of any and all Permitted Users, and shall ensure that such Permitted Users (i) are contractually obliged to comply with the terms of this License, including those relating to confidentiality; and (ii) do not supply the Arm Tools or any components thereof to any third party whatsoever. Except as expressly provided in this License or as agreed in writing by Arm on a case by case basis, you shall not sub-license, redistribute, lease, rent or otherwise allow any third party to use the Arm Tools or License Keys.
2.5 REVERSE ENGINEERING: Your use of the Arm Tools shall specifically exclude the reverse engineering, decompiling, disassembly, translation, adaptation, arrangement or other alteration of any part of the Arm Tools (except to the extent that applicable law overrides this provision or any part hereof).
2.6 COPYRIGHT AND RESERVATION OF RIGHTS: The Arm Tools are owned by Arm and/or its licensors and are protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, laws and international treaties. The Arm Tools are licensed not sold. Except as expressly provided by this License, you acquire no rights to the Arm Tools or any element thereof, or to any other Arm products or services. You shall not remove from the Arm Tools any copyright notice or other notice and shall ensure that any such notice is reproduced in any permitted reproduction of the whole or any part of the Arm Tools.
2.7 TECHNICAL RESTRICTIONS IN THE ARM TOOLS: You must comply with any technical restrictions in the Arm Tools and License Keys, including any restrictions that restrict use to certain components of the Arm Tools or use only for certain purposes. You shall not work around any such technical restrictions.
2.8 ARM DOCUMENTATION: You may use the Arm Documentation (if any) internally only in conjunction with your use of the Arm Software to which it relates.
3.1 You may at your discretion deliver any suggestions, comments, feedback, ideas, or know-how (whether in oral or written form) to Arm relating to or connected with your use of the Arm Tools ("Feedback"). Notwithstanding the foregoing, you shall not knowingly give to Arm any Feedback that you are aware (or should reasonably be aware) is subject to any patent, copyright or other intellectual property claim or right of any third party.
3.2 Except as expressly notified by you to Arm (in writing which may include email) to the contrary, you hereby grant to Arm under your and your affiliates (as applicable) intellectual property, a perpetual, irrevocable, royalty free, non-exclusive, worldwide license to: (i) use, copy, modify, and create derivative works of the Feedback; (ii) sell, supply or otherwise distribute the whole or any part of the Feedback (and derivative works thereof) as part of any Arm owned or licensed product(s) without obligation or restriction of any kind; and (iii) sub-license to third parties the foregoing rights, including the right to sub-license to further third parties. No right is granted by you to Arm to sub-license your and your affiliates (as applicable) intellectual property except to the extent that it is provided to Arm as Feedback and is embodied in any Arm owned or licensed product(s). For the avoidance of doubt, if, during the License Term, you provide notice to Arm revoking the license granted under this clause 3.2, you acknowledge and agree that such revocation shall not apply to Feedback delivered to Arm prior to the date of receipt of the revocation notice, and that (notwithstanding the foregoing) Arm shall continue to be permitted to use Feedback received after the date of receipt of the revocation notice for internal purposes.
3.3 Except as expressly licensed to Arm in clause 3.2, you retain all right, title and interest in and to the Feedback provided by you under this License.
4.1 The Arm Software may include features that enable it to transmit certain computer information over the internet to Arm's and/or its service providers' computer systems, for example your computer's internet protocol address, computer hardware and operating system details, or the serial numbers of the Arm Tools you have licensed. This information will not be shared with any third parties, and shall be used by Arm only for the purpose of Arm protecting its legitimate interests, which may include Arm verifying your right to use the Arm Tools and monitoring your compliance with the permitted uses and restrictions set out in this License.
4.2 Arm may also collect anonymous data, which, for the avoidance of doubt, cannot be used to identify individual users of the Arm Tools. This information may be used by Arm to help us understand and analyse what components or features in the Arm Tools our end users are using in order to (i) maintain and improve the quality of the Arm Tools and the end user experience, (ii) inform end users of relevant new and improved products and services, and (iii) assist end users to maximise the performance of, or solve user experience issues with, the Arm Tools.
5.1 Provision of reasonable support and maintenance is subject to payment by you of all applicable Fees.
5.2 Any support provided by Arm in accordance with the above clause 5.1 shall (i) be provided by telephone, email or such other format as is designated by Arm, (ii) be prioritised at Arm's discretion, and (iii) not be used as a substitute for training or as additional resource for your projects.
5.3 Maintenance will generally be provided in the form of Updates to the Arm Tools. Arm shall be under no obligation to provide such maintenance in respect of any modifications made by you (where permitted) to the Arm Tools. Updates do not constitute additional Licensed Seats and may only be used by you if you have an active Licensed Seat to run and use such Updates. Updates will generally be provided to you as soon as reasonably practicable following the date of general public release of the Update by Arm.
5.4 In cases where the Arm Tools were provided to you free of charge, you are not entitled to any support or maintenance for the Arm Tools from Arm, but Arm may, in its sole discretion, provide support to you. If you obtained the Arm Tools from an Arm authorised distributor, reseller or other third party, support and maintenance may be provided by either Arm or the third party as per the terms of your contract for supply. Arm shall not be responsible for any delay or failure in connection with any third party supplier providing support or maintenance that it is obligated to provide to you. Please refer to the 'Support' area of https://www.arm.com for details of Arm's support services, relevant contact details, and (if applicable) details of other authorised support channels.
5.5 Arm's obligations under this clause 5 are limited to the provision of support and maintenance to you, and Arm is under no obligation to provide any support and maintenance to any third parties. You agree to provide all front line support services to all third parties to whom you distribute any Arm Tools, Your Reports, Your Software or Your Hardware, pursuant to and in accordance with the terms of this License.
5.6 This License does not grant you any entitlement to receive (i) Upgrades, (ii) Arm products other than those specified in your product documentation, or (iii) any new products developed or introduced by Arm from time to time, nor to receive any support or maintenance in respect of the same.
6.1 You acknowledge that the Arm Tools, License Keys, Arm Tools Performance Data, and any and all other software, documentation or other information licensed to you by Arm, or provided to you during discussions about or in connection with the Arm Tools (including during the provision by Arm of any support), contain trade secrets and confidential information of Arm ("Confidential Information").
6.2 You agree to maintain all such Confidential Information in confidence and apply security measures (such measures to be no less stringent than the measures which you apply (or should reasonably apply) to protect your own like information, but not less than a reasonable degree of care) to prevent their unauthorised disclosure and use.
6.3 Subject to any restrictions imposed by applicable law, the period of confidentiality shall be five (5) years from the date of disclosure of the Confidential Information. You agree that you shall not use any such information other than in your normal use of the Arm Tools as permitted by this License.
7.1 Subject to the restrictions in clause 2, for the period of ninety (90) days from the date of receipt by you of the Arm Tools, Arm warrants to you that (i) the media on which any Arm Software is provided shall be free from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use; and (ii) the Arm Software will perform substantially in accordance with the accompanying Arm Documentation (if any). Arm's total liability and your exclusive remedy for breach of these warranties shall be limited to Arm, at Arm's option (a) replacing the defective Arm Software; or (b) using reasonable efforts to correct material, documented, reproducible defects in the Arm Software and delivering such corrected Arm Software to you; or (c) if you licensed the Arm Software directly from Arm, refunding the price paid by you to Arm for that Arm Software. Any replacement Arm Software will be warranted for the remainder of the original warranty period or thirty (30) days from the date of replacement, whichever is longer.
7.2 The Arm Software described in any Arm Documentation is subject to continuous development and improvement. All particulars of the Arm Software and its use as described in the Arm Documentation are given by Arm in good faith. Consequently, the information contained in the Arm Documentation is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error free. If you discover any errors in the Arm Documentation please report them to Arm in writing. Any Arm Documentation provided to you that relates to specific industry quality and functional safety standard compliance may assist you in applying to a competent auditor for certification of Your Software or Your Hardware, but you acknowledge and agree that on its own such Arm Documentation may not provide sufficient evidence of, or be compatible with, the required safety compliance standards.
7.3 Except as provided in clause 7.1 above, you agree that the Arm Tools are licensed "as is", and that Arm expressly disclaims all representations, warranties, conditions or other terms, express or implied or statutory, including without limitation the implied warranties of non-infringement, satisfactory quality, and fitness for a particular purpose. You acknowledge that it is your responsibility to satisfy yourself that the Arm Tools are fit for the intended purpose and satisfy your requirements, including compatibility with Your Hardware, and you expressly assume all liabilities and risks relating to (i) any use of an Arm Tool which is inconsistent with its design or any guidance provided to you in the applicable Arm Documentation, and/or (ii) any use of an Arm Tool with Your Software or Your Hardware where such software or hardware (as applicable) is not supported by or compatible with the relevant Arm Tool.
7.4 You expressly assume all liabilities and risks relating to your use or operation of Your Software and Your Hardware designed or modified using the Arm Tools, including without limitation, Your software or Your Hardware designed or intended for safety-critical or mission-critical applications, such as pacemakers, weaponry, aircraft navigation, automotive systems, medical applications, factory control systems, etc. Should Your Software or Your Hardware prove defective, you assume the entire cost of all necessary servicing, repair or correction.
8.1 To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, in no event shall Arm be liable for any indirect, special, incidental or consequential damages (including loss of profits) arising out of the use of, or inability to use, the Arm Tools, whether based on a claim under contract, tort or otherwise, even if Arm was advised of the possibility of such damages.
8.2 Arm does not seek to limit or exclude liability for death or personal injury arising from Arm's negligence or Arm's fraud. Arm acknowledges that certain jurisdictions do not permit the exclusion or limitation of liability for consequential or incidental damages, and in such cases the above limitation relating to liability for consequential damages may not apply to you.
8.3 Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this License, the maximum liability of Arm to you in aggregate (in contract, tort or otherwise) in relation to or in connection with the subject matter of this License shall not exceed the greater of (i) the total sums paid by you to Arm (if any) for this License, and (ii) $10.00 USD. The existence of more than one claim will not enlarge or extend the limit.
9.1 The Arm Tools may contain material owned or developed by third parties, including but not limited to open source software, freeware and commercial software ("Third Party Material"). Any Third Party Material is subject to the terms and conditions of the applicable Third Party Material license(s) and is not covered under the terms of this License. Details relating to such Third Party Material shall either be presented to you at the time of installation or shall be detailed in the Third Party Licenses File(s). Your use of such Third Party Material is subject to your compliance with the applicable Third Party Material license(s).
9.2 Arm hereby disclaims any and all warranties express or implied from any third parties regarding, or otherwise connected with, any Third Party Material included in the Arm Tools and any Third Party Material from which the Arm Tools are derived, and/or your use of any or all of the Third Party Material in connection with Your Software or Your Hardware, including (without limitation) any warranties of satisfactory quality or fitness for a particular purpose.
9.3 No Third Party Material licensors shall have any liability for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages (including without limitation lost profits) howsoever caused and whether made under contract, tort or otherwise arising in any way out of your use or distribution of the Third Party Material or the exercise of any rights granted under either or both this License and the legal terms applicable to any Third Party Material, even if advised in advance of the possibility of such damages.
(b) you may assign your rights under this License to the relevant US Government Federal Department or the successor contractor designated by the US Government Federal Department upon termination of your related prime contract with that US Government Federal Department. If you exercise your rights under this clause 10.1(b), you acknowledge and agree that you shall remain liable to Arm in respect of all your obligations under this License.
10.2 If there is any material inconsistency between (i) either a U.S. Government Requirement or a requirement of another government with which Arm is mandated by statute to comply and (ii) any provision of this License, the terms of the relevant government requirement shall prevail and the provision in question shall be deemed varied or deleted (as applicable) as required by the terms of the relevant government requirement. For the avoidance of doubt, in such circumstances, all other terms, conditions and provisions of this License will continue to be valid to the fullest extent permitted by law in accordance with the below clause 12.3.
11.1 Subject to clauses 11.2 and 11.3 below, this License shall remain in force until terminated by you, by Arm or (in the case of a time limited license) by expiry.
11.2 In the event of a party breaching of any of the terms and conditions of this License, which if capable of remedy, has not been remedied by that party within thirty (30) days of the date of breach, without prejudice to any of its other rights under this License, the non-breaching party may terminate this License immediately upon giving written notice to the breaching party. Upon termination of this License by you or by Arm, or upon expiry, you shall (and shall ensure that your Permitted Users shall) immediately (i) stop using the Arm Tools (or any element thereof) and any Confidential Information and, (ii) destroy all copies of the same in your possession or control, together with all Arm Documentation and related materials.
11.3 Notwithstanding the foregoing, except where Arm has terminated this License for your breach, your rights (if applicable) to distribute any of Your Software or Your Hardware developed using the Arm Tools prior to termination or expiry of this License shall (subject to your continued compliance with the terms and conditions of this License) survive such termination or expiry.
12.1 This License is governed by English Law. Notwithstanding the foregoing, to the extent that you are an agency, contractor or instrumentality of the U.S. Government, disputes arising under or relating to this License shall be decided under the U.S. federal law of government contracting, including without limitation the Contract Disputes Act. Nothing in this License shall prevent you from enforcing your intellectual property rights or seeking injunctive or other equitable relief in any court of competent jurisdiction. The parties hereby disclaim application of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act.
12.2 Except where Arm agrees otherwise in (i) a written contract signed by you and Arm, or (ii) a written contract provided by Arm and accepted by you, this is the only agreement between you and Arm relating to the Arm Tools and it may only be modified by written agreement between you and Arm. No terms and conditions contained in any purchase order or other document issued by you, or any advertising or other representation by you or any third party shall add to, supersede or in any way vary the terms and conditions of this License. This License (and any documents expressly incorporated into it by reference herein) represents the entire agreement between you and Arm in relation to its subject matter.
12.3 If any clause or sentence in this License is held by a court of law to be illegal or unenforceable, the remaining provisions of this License shall not be affected. Any failure by Arm to enforce any of the provisions of this License, unless waived in writing, shall not constitute a waiver of Arm's rights to enforce such provision or any other provision of this License in the future.
12.4 Subject to clause 10.1(b), neither this License or any rights granted to you under it may be assigned, sub-licensed or otherwise transferred by you to any third party without the prior written consent of Arm. An assignment shall be deemed to include, without limitation (i) any transaction or series of transactions whereby a third party acquires, directly or indirectly, the power to control the management and policies of you, whether through the acquisition of voting securities, by contract or otherwise; and (ii) the sale of more than fifty percent (50%) of your assets whether in a single transaction or series of transactions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Arm may, in its discretion acting reasonably, separately agree to authorise the re-host of a Licensed Seat (for which additional charges may apply).
12.5 Subject to any applicable legal restrictions, including but not limited to those relating to the security of classified information, at Arm's request, (i) you agree to check your computers for installations of the Arm Tools, copies of License Keys, contents of any license server log files, individual or concurrent usage of Seats, and any other information requested by Arm relating to Arm Tools installation, usage and License Key management, and, to provide this information to Arm; and (ii) you agree that Arm may instruct appropriately qualified independent auditors to perform such checks by prior appointment during your normal business hours on reasonable notice. In respect of any audit, Arm shall bear the auditors' costs for that audit unless it reveals unlicensed usage, in which case you shall promptly reimburse Arm for all reasonable costs and expenses, including professional fees, relating to such audit. Any information which is disclosed to Arm or such auditors during checking or audit shall be treated as your confidential information and shall only be used by Arm for compliance and enforcement purposes.
12.6 The Arm Tools provided under this License are subject to U.S. export control laws, including the U.S. Export Administration Act and its associated regulations, and may be subject to export or import regulations in other countries. You agree to comply fully with all laws and regulations of the United States and other countries ("Export Laws") to ensure that the Arm Tools are not (i) exported, directly or indirectly, in violation of Export Laws, either to any countries that are subject to U.S. export restrictions or to any end user who has been prohibited from participating in the U.S export transactions by any federal agency of the U.S. government; or (ii) intended to be used for any purpose prohibited by Export Laws, including, without limitation, nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons proliferation.


Collects New Avengers (2013) #7-12.
INFINITY TIE-IN! Who is the secret member of the Illuminati that many of the members don't know about? And how does Black Bolt, mute monarch of the Inhumans, lie to his teammates? As the cold war between Wakanda and Atlantis heats up into a full-scale conflict, casualties begin to pile up - and an Illuminati member is forced to make a hard choice. But when an Inhuman learns of the Illuminati's plans, everything falls apart. And as Thanos' forces invade Earth, the Illuminati take to the front lines - and the House of Black Bolt cracks! How is Maximus the Mad involved, and what secret desires does Thanos harbor? As the battle for Earth continues, the Builders arrive - what an awful time for the Illuminati to face another incursion!