For the workings of the Papacy mechanic, see Papacy.
The Papal State is the manifestation of the temporal power of the pope. Beginning with Urbino as vassal and with the provinces of Roma, Ancona, Umbria, Romagna and Avignon, it is relatively large and prosperous compared to other states in the region. Despite this, it is often subject to early invasion by neighbouring states such as Florence and also Provence which often seeks to acquire the landlocked and isolated province of Avignon with which it shares a border. Naples, while not posing any immediate threat due to its starting situation as a lesser partner in a personal union, will often seek to conquer the Papal State should it ever break free from Aragonese vassalage.
The Papal State will never accept diplo-vassalization; they have a -1000 acceptance modifier for the diplomatic action. If the Papal State is annexed then a surviving Catholic theocracy may cede their province to recreate the Papacy.
The Papal State is an end game tag and is not allowed to form any other countries. As such, it is the only Italian country that can't form Italy.
Papal missions centre around eradicating other Christian denominations from the Italian region and reacquiring lands that once belonged to it before the game start.
The Papal State's events center around the inner workings of the Catholic Church.
This infobox may contain outdated information that is inaccurate for the current version of the game. The last version it was verified as up to date for was 1.23.
With the lands of Northern Italy under the temporal power of the Holy Father rather than any Emperor or King it is now justified to declare this state the Kingdom of God on Earth.
Does not have the country modifier "The Kingdom of God"
Adds The Papal State a permanent claim on all not owned provinces of the Italian region.
Gets the country event "The Kingdom of God on Earth"
This section may contain outdated information that is inaccurate for the current version of the game. The last version it was verified as up to date for was 1.23.
The Papal State is virtually guaranteed maximum prestige. Their unique government type gives +1 prestige and their national ideas give another +1 prestige and -1 prestige decay. With another +1 possible from 100 Devotion the Papal State's prestige drifts to 100 with little player intervention. This provides another -10% aggressive expansion impact and a +50% Better Relations Over Time bonus in addition to the -10% aggressive expansion impact from the national ideas.
On top of this, the Papal State has a -25% cost to fabricate claims bonus. Claimed provinces are easier to core and start with lower local autonomy—autonomy that will quickly drop thanks to the Papal State's government type.
On top of these bonuses, 100 devotion, high clergy estate influence and one of the Papal ideas can provide a total of +65% global tax modifier in a region with high tax base.
The papacy government type is also a fixed rank Kingdom tier government, thus granting the unique ability to join the HRE while keeping the Kingdom Rank, even without an electorate. Like all the theocracies the Papal State does not suffer a stability hit on monarch death, nor regencies. The Papal State is similar to other theocracies in not being allowed to turn their ruler into a general, though The Papal State does not choose an heir.
+1% missionary strength when choosing to "just find someone"
The Swiss Guard may give +10% global manpower modifier if the player has good relations with Switzerland.
The Papal State can also form the Kingdom Of God, which provides another +10% manpower on top and additional prestige and devotion, and disables the curia.
The Papal State also has a very influential Clergy estate, with a +30% influence modifier. This means that the Papal State is one of only a few nations that can always do any interaction with the Clergy estate. Since estate interactions grant rewards scaling with the estate's influence, this helps the player gain more administrative power and cheaper advisors if they do choose to give the Clergy additional influence.
Lastly, since the yearly papal influence gained by Catholic nations is based on the Papal State relation score with them, all the Catholic nations will try to keep their relationship maxed, avoiding cases of the Papal State being unable to ally a Catholic nation because his own opinion toward said nation is negative. This also means that Catholic nations who become hostile or rival towards the Papal State will rarely gain control of the curia and are going to lose most of the perks of the Catholicism, thus granting the Papal State an automatic advantage toward enemies and rivals in the Catholic world.
All of this means that as soon as the Papal State negotiates the opening stages of the game, perhaps by appeasing Austria and joining the Holy Roman Empire, is set to become a very offensive player in the European scenario, capable of expanding fast with minimal negative repercussions.
The Papal State starts small, surrounded by acquisitive opponents. The right combination of alliances should forestall aggression, but the fact that almost all the northern Italian states are in the HRE will hinder expansion. The Shadow Empire event in 1490 may remove the Italian princes from the HRE. Venice and Naples are potential non-HRE rivals. As with all theocracies, the Papal State cannot have royal marriages or personal unions, and since it is not a monastic order cannot make its leader a general unless the government reform "Magister Militum Dei" is taken. Unlike other theocracies it cannot become an Empire, and cannot change its fixed government type. The fixed rank and government type also fix the number of possible states to a maximum of 15 before technology and idea bonus, that will be somewhat lacking after the conquest of the Italian peninsula.
Papal State is also locked into Catholicism, but cannot get the perks other Catholics get from spending papal influence and has to deal with the Reformation without the ability to adopt a more tolerant religion, starts the game with the Blasphemy Act modifier that grants +1% missionary strength, but also a -1 tolerance of heretics that stacks with the usual Catholic low heretic tolerance for a total of -4 tolerance of heretics at the start of the game. Provinces that convert during the Reformation will be locked out of conversion for 30 years, and that is a massive swing towards rebellion and due to the very low heretic tolerance, not even adopting the humanist idea group can prevent the Papal State from a loss in religious unity. Low religious unity will raise corruption, that will increase all monarch power costs up to intolerable amounts unless rooted out by investing time and an exorbitant amount of gold. Luckily the usually high stability will help in keeping rebellion and corruption under control, and the Papal State starts with a +25% religious unity modifier that will prevent things from getting truly nasty.
Other than that, the main problem is that after Italy is consolidated the Papal State is going to be surrounded by France, Austria, Hungary, and the Ottomans. Avoiding a direct border will help France remain friendly.
The Papal State starts the game as the Curia Controller, but since it can't gain papal influence it can't invest influence to keep its Curia Controller status.
Instead the Papal State has an automatic amount of influence invested in the curia controller election based on the number of the existing cardinals in the Catholic world, so struggling to keep the full 49 cardinal seats filled, when chance is given by event, will maximize the Papal State ability to be the next Curia Controller. Encouraging a hostile diplomatic game towards nations that gain several cardinal seats, with an intelligent use of rivalries, hostile diplomatic relationships and event choices, will eventually lower considerably their papal influence gains, thus reducing the influence over the Curia of the most active participants to the papal election.
A more uncommon way the Papal State has to improve its control over the Curia is the ability to willingly increase the death chance of the Pope to cause an immediate new election. A few events available to the papacy include choices that could result in the death of the Pope, so picking those choices when the Curia is under foreign control will give a chance for a new election. Due to the papacy government type there will be no stability hit on monarch death.
Among all the Catholic Nations the Papal State is in the unique position of being actually capable of greatly lowering the reform desire and slowing down the reformation process.
The Veneration of relics, Indulgences and Simony related events for the Papal State grant a choice between a small source of income for free and the banishment of said practices from the Catholic world at the cost of -1 stability. For each practice banished not only the reform desire is decreased by a notable -10%, but also the related event is permanently disabled for all the Catholic nations, thus permanently stopping one of the most important sources of reform desire. Lastly the witch trial event can grant another -10% decrease to the global reform desire for no cost.
If the Papal State is willing to pick all the reform desire lowering choices the reform can be slowed to the point of being irrelevant for most of the game. Due to the Papal State's abysmal heretic religion tolerance and the consequent rise in corruption due to low religious unity, this strategy has long term benefits that could outweigh the costs.
This decision is available once most of the north Italian peninsula has been annexed. It requires the annexation of several Italian states and the Austrian core of Trent, that could very well slip out of Austrian territory even without player intervention, since it starts the game with Venetian culture and also cores of two different dead countries. The usefulness of this decision, however, is somewhat questionable since while it offers +10% manpower, +1 prestige, +1 devotion and permanent claims on all of the Italian region, it also removes the Curia from the game including the Curia Controller status, weakening all the Catholic nations. The Papal State cannot gain or invest papal influence anyway, but also has a better than average chance of becoming the Curia Controller if the full 49 cardinal seats are spread out in the Catholic Europe, so the consequences of this decision should be carefully judged by the player.
Allying Austria and improving relations to maximum can allow the player to join the HRE. Further, being allied to Austria as an HRE prince will prevent demands for unlawful territory as long as Austria remains the emperor.
If the player joins the HRE, Florence is an attractive first target. If excommunicated, Florence incurs just under 50 aggressive expansion and gives the player 3 very rich provinces and 2 more trade centers in the lucrative Genoa trade node.
Venice is a tempting early target. The Papal State begins with Urbino as a vassal, and Urbino has claims on Venetian territory. Austria will usually rival Venice, so if they are allied they will be an enthusiastic participant.
Naples may be vulnerable if they break out of their personal union with Aragon.
France can be powerful ally - at least until the player shares a border with them.
Selling Avignon to France might be easier than trying to defend it, however Provence is a possible starting rival that owns an estuary city in the Genoa trade node - making it a profitable conquest. By excommunicating them first you might get rid of their allies, and you get a casus belli with reduced aggressive expansion impact.
Influence has a lot of synergy with the Papal State's national ideas, while the core costs discount from Administrative is very helpful in the Italian region and synergize well with all the Papal State administrative power discounts and gains. Either of them should be the first idea group.
As the Papacy, own Jerusalem and have Livonian Order, Teutonic Order and The Knights as Marches.
This page was last edited on 25 January 2019, at 15:47.


text:
Lyssomanes is a spider genus of the family Salticidae (jumping spiders), ranging from South and Central America, up to the southern United States.

There have been described 94 extant and two fossil species from the Neotropical Region. The genera Lyssomanes, Chinoscopus, Hindumanes, and Sumakuru make up the Lyssomaninae, which is one of the six deeply-diverging subfamilies of jumping spiders.

They are long-legged, with translucent bodies frequently green or yellow. They resemble lynx spiders, except that they have large anterior median eyes.

Habitat
Lyssomanes are typically found in foliage in mesic habitats.

Species
, the World Spider Catalog accepted the following species:

Lyssomanes adisi Logunov, 2002 – Brazil
Lyssomanes amazonicus Peckham, Peckham & Wheeler, 1889 – Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil, Guyana
Lyssomanes anchicaya Galiano, 1984 – Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia
Lyssomanes antillanus Peckham, Peckham & Wheeler, 1889 – Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Saba
Lyssomanes austerus Peckham, Peckham & Wheeler, 1889 – Brazil, Argentina
Lyssomanes aya Logunov, 2015 – French Guiana
Lyssomanes belgranoi Galiano, 1984 – Argentina
Lyssomanes benderi Logunov, 2002 – Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana
Lyssomanes bitaeniatus Peckham, Peckham & Wheeler, 1889 – El Salvador to Venezuela
Lyssomanes blandus Peckham, Peckham & Wheeler, 1889 – Guatemala
Lyssomanes boraceia Galiano, 1984 – Brazil
Lyssomanes bryantae Chickering, 1946 – Panama
Lyssomanes burrera Jiménez & Tejas, 1993 – Mexico
Lyssomanes camacanensis Galiano, 1980 – Brazil
Lyssomanes ceplaci Galiano, 1980 – Brazil
Lyssomanes consimilis Banks, 1929 – Panama
Lyssomanes convexus Banks, 1909 – Costa Rica
Lyssomanes courtiali Logunov, 2015 – French Guiana
Lyssomanes deinognathus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Mexico to Honduras
Lyssomanes devotoi Mello-Leitão, 1917 – Brazil
Lyssomanes dissimilis Banks, 1929 – Panama
Lyssomanes diversus Galiano, 1980 – Mexico
Lyssomanes eatoni Chickering, 1946 – Panama
Lyssomanes ecuadoricus Logunov & Marusik, 2003 – Ecuador
Lyssomanes elegans F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Mexico to Brazil
Lyssomanes elongatus Galiano, 1980 – Brazil
Lyssomanes euriensis Logunov, 2000 – Peru
Lyssomanes flagellum Kraus, 1955 – El Salvador
Lyssomanes fossor Galiano, 1996 – Brazil
Lyssomanes franckei Galvis, 2020 – Mexico
Lyssomanes hieroglyphicus Mello-Leitão, 1944 – Argentina
Lyssomanes ipanemae Galiano, 1980 – Brazil, French Guiana
Lyssomanes janauari Logunov & Marusik, 2003 – Brazil
Lyssomanes jemineus Peckham, Peckham & Wheeler, 1889 – Mexico to Guyana
Lyssomanes jucari Galiano, 1984 – Brazil
Lyssomanes lampeli Logunov, 2014 – Guyana
Lyssomanes lancetillae Galiano, 1980 – Honduras, Nicaragua
Lyssomanes lehtineni Logunov, 2000 – Peru
Lyssomanes leucomelas Mello-Leitão, 1917 – Mexico, Brazil, Argentina
Lyssomanes limpidus Galiano, 1980 – Colombia
Lyssomanes longipes (Taczanowski, 1871) – Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana
Lyssomanes maddisoni Logunov, 2014 – Mexico
Lyssomanes malinche Galiano, 1980 – Mexico
Lyssomanes manausensis Logunov, 2014 – Brazil
Lyssomanes mandibulatus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Mexico to Panama
Lyssomanes matoensis Logunov, 2014 – Brazil
Lyssomanes mexicanus Logunov, 2014 – Mexico
Lyssomanes michae Brignoli, 1984 – West Indies
Lyssomanes miniaceus Peckham, Peckham & Wheeler, 1889 – Brazil, Argentina
Lyssomanes minor Schenkel, 1953 – Venezuela
Lyssomanes nigrofimbriatus Mello-Leitão, 1941 – Brazil, Argentina
Lyssomanes nigropictus Peckham, Peckham & Wheeler, 1889 – Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador
Lyssomanes onkonensis Logunov & Marusik, 2003 – Ecuador
Lyssomanes parallelus Peckham, Peckham & Wheeler, 1889 – Brazil
Lyssomanes paravelox Logunov, 2002 – Brazil
Lyssomanes parki Chickering, 1946 – Panama
Lyssomanes patens Peckham & Peckham, 1896 – Honduras to Panama
Lyssomanes pauper Mello-Leitão, 1945 – Brazil, Argentina
Lyssomanes penicillatus Mello-Leitão, 1927 – Brazil, Argentina
Lyssomanes perafani Galvis, 2017 – Colombia
Lyssomanes peruensis Logunov, 2000 – Peru
Lyssomanes pescadero Jiménez & Tejas, 1993 – Mexico
Lyssomanes pichilingue Galiano, 1984 – Ecuador
Lyssomanes placidus Peckham, Peckham & Wheeler, 1889 – Mexico
Lyssomanes portoricensis Petrunkevitch, 1930 – Puerto Rico to Martinique
Lyssomanes protarsalis F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Guatemala
Lyssomanes quadrinotatus Simon, 1900 – Venezuela
Lyssomanes reductus Peckham & Peckham, 1896 – Mexico to Panama
Lyssomanes remotus Peckham & Peckham, 1896 – Panama to Brazil
Lyssomanes robustus (Taczanowski, 1878) – Peru, Brazil
Lyssomanes romani Logunov, 2000 – Brazil, Ecuador
Lyssomanes rudis Logunov, 2015 – French Guiana
Lyssomanes santarem Galiano, 1984 – Brazil
Lyssomanes silvestris Logunov, 2014 – Brazil
Lyssomanes similis Logunov, 2014 – Brazil
Lyssomanes spiralis F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Mexico to Nicaragua
Lyssomanes sylvicola Galiano, 1980 – Brazil
Lyssomanes taczanowskii Galiano, 1980 – Trinidad to Peru, Ecuador
Lyssomanes tapirapensis Galiano, 1996 – Venezuela, French Guiana, Brazil
Lyssomanes tapuiramae Galiano, 1980 – Brazil
Lyssomanes tarmae Galiano, 1980 – Peru
Lyssomanes temperatus Galiano, 1980 – Mexico
Lyssomanes tenuis Peckham, Peckham & Wheeler, 1889 – Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, Guyana
Lyssomanes trifurcatus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Panama
Lyssomanes trinidadus Logunov & Marusik, 2003 – Trinidad
Lyssomanes tristis Peckham, Peckham & Wheeler, 1889 – Brazil, Argentina
Lyssomanes unicolor (Taczanowski, 1871) – Mexico to Peru, Ecuador, Brazil
Lyssomanes velox Peckham, Peckham & Wheeler, 1889 – Brazil, Ecuador
Lyssomanes vinocurae Galiano, 1996 – Brazil
Lyssomanes viridis (Walckenaer, 1837) (type species) – USA
Lyssomanes waorani Logunov & Marusik, 2003 – Ecuador
Lyssomanes wiwa Galvis, 2017 – Colombia
Lyssomanes yacui Galiano, 1984 – Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil

References

Further reading
 Hill, David Edwin (1977). "Observations on the physiology of Lyssomanes viridis." Peckhamia 1(3): 41-44. PDF
 Teodore, C. & Johnsen, S. (2013). "Pheromones exert top-down effects on visual recognition in the jumping spider Lyssomanes viridis". The Journal of Experimental Biology 216, 1744-1756. PDF

External links

Videos
 David Edwin Hill: Courtship and mating of the jumping spider Lyssomanes viridis (Araneae: Salticidae) — Video
 David Edwin Hill: Feeding Lyssomanes viridis (Araneae: Salticidae) — Video

Pictures
 Photographs of Lyssomanes species from Brazil
 Paintings of Lyssomanes sp.
 Picture of Lyssomanes sp.

Salticidae genera
Spiders of North America
Spiders of South America
Taxa named by Nicholas Marcellus Hentz
Salticidae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Itapetininga är en stad och kommun i Brasilien och ligger i delstaten São Paulo. Kommunen hade cirka 155 000 invånare år 2014.

Administrativ indelning
Kommunen var år 2010 indelad i sju distrikt:
Conceição
Gramadinho
Itapetininga
Morro do Alto
Rechan
Tupy
Varginha

Källor

Orter i São Paulo (delstat)


Power theft is the practice of stealing electrical power. Electricity utilities in India lose crores of rupees every year to power theft. According to Section 135 of the Electricity Act 2003, electricity theft occurs when a person taps electricity lines, tampers with electricity meters or transformers or uses a device that interferes with reading or damages equipment such as electric meters or uses electricity for purposes other than authorized. If under the circumstances theft of electricity is detected, then the electric utility can immediately disconnect the supply of electricity. The punishment for such offence is "three times the financial gain on account of such theft of electricity". In case the person repeats the offence then the person is debarred from getting electricity supply for not "less than three months but may extend to two years".
There are various types of electricity power theft and they relate to each part of the electrical equipment namely, a) meters, b) cables, and c) overhead lines. Further, usage of service connection other than for the authorized purpose also falls under the category of theft.
Meters: There can be tampering with meters and seals to stop the mechanical disk from moving. Another method is to bypass the meter by illegally connecting to the fuse thus preventing the rotating disk from moving thus preventing recording of the consumption of energy. Another common method is to damage or remove the meters. Other methods may include opening the meter itself, without damaging its seals and reversing the dials, a complicated procedure that requires expert skill. In the case of electronic meters, a sudden electrostatic discharge can cause either latent damage or permanent damage.
Wires/cables: In the case of wires and cable, theft of electricity occurs due to illegally tapping to bare wires or underground cables. In the case of wires, the circuit wire is disconnected or broken from the circuit terminal block and a triple breaker inserted in the circuit.
Transformers: Theft in this case refers to the illegal terminal tapping of overhead lines on the low voltage side of the transformer. There can be two types of tapping: fish pole connections and flying connections.
Misuse or diverting service connections: Electricity connections must be used for the purpose it is authorized for. For example, if the connection is effected for domestic purposes it is to be used for authorized domestic premises only. The service connection should not be extended to other purposes like commercial purposes, industrial purposes, construction purposes, etc. This constitutes theft of electricity.
Electricity theft has a major impact on the electricity system and its institutions: a) theft of electricity results in loss of revenue to the utility, b) disturbs the local area supply, leading to overloading of transformer creating blackouts or brownouts, c) damage to property of the utility and d) increase in transmission and distribution losses due to tampering of wires and cables.
Smart Meters: Smart Meters are seen as an important technological device to prevent electricity theft and help detect and prevent tampering of electrical equipment. In general terms, a smart meter is an electronic device that records electricity consumption at short intervals and communicates it back on a real-time basis to a utility for monitoring and billing. Similarly, using smart meters, utilities can monitor households or commercial establishments that do not pay their bills and can shut down their services remotely. Smart meters will have in-built tamper detection facilities which will send a real-time notification when there is an attempt to tamper.
Financial Rewards: Utility companies encourage consumers to report electricity theft, sometimes offering big rewards for information on any person stealing electricity. For example, Tamil Nadu Generating and Distribution Company (TANGEDCO) has instituted a cash award up to a maximum of Rs. 20,000/- as an incentive for giving information on energy theft. A cash reward is also paid to the board employees who are in charge of detection of theft of energy.
Periodic Checks: To detect and prevent theft, utilities undertake enforcement wherein periodic checks are conducted. For example in Tamil Nadu, seventeen enforcement squads have been established across the state. In addition to these enforcement squads, two more squads known as flying squad/Chennai and intelligence squads function within the enforcement wing.
Technical interventions: The Ministry of Power is also enabling computerisation of distribution infrastructure, feeder metering, feeder segregation and monitoring of AT&C loss trajectories through various schemes such as Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS) and Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) to enable States to improve their systems so that energy loss including those due to theft are reduced.
In India, electricity utilities lose billions of dollars each year through theft of electricity, making it an economic problem. As a result, it is necessary for the government to give widespread publicity and awareness to citizens on power theft. Further, citizens must be sensitised on aspects related to how power theft occurs and its economic impact on the utilities. From the utilities' end, there must be proper outreach to its citizens on the action taken (Page 8) to combat theft.


Of all the weapons ever invented, none has the mystique of the sword. It remains a symbol of authority and strength long after its day on the battlefield has passed. Swords feature in figures of speech, in statues and monuments, and in company logos. They are used in solemn ceremonies and hung on walls as decorations. The sword remains a potent symbol of authority, strength and power.
Yet the word 'sword' can actually mean entirely different things to different people. The Japanese katana, the Roman gladius and the Scottish claymore are all swords, and they are all quite different from one another. The khopesh of ancient times, though quite likely the first weapon known as a 'sword', does not resemble any of the weapons a modern person would recognise as one. It could be argued that many of the implements known as swords are so different from one another, and are used so differently, that they constitute an entirely separate group of weapons.
There are, however, some similarities. Swords are weapons intended to cut or puncture the target, and rely on concentration of force at a sharp edge or point to do so. They have a metal blade, which can be curved or straight, and usually feature some form of protection for the user's hand. This also defines knives, which is not surprising since the basic form of the sword, consisting of a handle and a blade, is essentially that of an overgrown knife.
Matters are further complicated by the fact that some knives are large enough to be considered sword-type weapons, and there is some debate about exactly how much blade is necessary before a knife becomes a sword. Some weapons, such as machetes, are highly similar to swords but are not described as such, and are usually considered to be a distinct and separate weapon type.
It has a metal blade running the length of the weapon, and a hand grip.
The blade is a single piece, i.e. there is no haft and head in the manner of an axe.
It has enough blade length to extend the user's reach significantly on a thrust or cut.
It has enough mass to make a cut bite into the target.
It has enough mass to be used to parry an attack, and is large enough to reliably stop one.
It has significant protection for the user's hand.
It is too large to be carried concealed.
This is not a hard-and-fast definition, but such a thing is always going to be elusive when even apparently specific terms like 'rapier' or 'sabre' can actually refer to a range of somewhat dissimilar weapons. Perhaps all that can be said with certainty is that a sword is a metal-bladed cutting or thrusting implement large enough to be considered a combat weapon, rather than an emergency expedient or a tool that could be pressed into service at need.
Not all swords fulfil all the criteria noted above. Many have no point, no edge, or virtually no hand protection. Some Eastern and Asian weapons are highly exotic and push the boundaries of what can rightly be considered a sword. For this reason we will consider only European swords – although those have, at times, been the subject of external influences – and we will begin our examination of swords and swordsmanship at a time when the sword had taken on at least one of its modern forms.
There have been various attempts to impose a rational terminology on sword types, although this presents an enormous challenge for various reasons. Idiom and the difficulty of translating from one language to another have created bastardised terms or corrupted names, while some apparently descriptive terms actually mean different things at different times. For example, it seems reasonable to describe the gladius hispaniensis of the Roman soldier as a 'short sword', but the term was also applied at times to the knightly arming sword, which was a full-length combat sword whose blade might be 50 per cent longer than the gladius. The arming sword was 'short' in comparison with the two-handed longsword, so the distinction made sense in its context, but it causes confusion to those looking back over all of history.
Terms like broadsword seem like a logical distinction, so it might be assumed that the term was used at the time during which the weapon it describes was in service. However, this is not always so. The term broadsword was imposed by relatively recent historians to describe various broad-bladed cutting swords, but was probably not used by the people who fought with those weapons.


Sonali Kolhatkar: Roberto let me begin with you, I'm wondering if you can put into historical context what we are seeing today. Your article was titled, "Our Berlin Wall is Breaking" which already makes historical comparisons and connections. We have seen these kinds of moments before in the progressive history of the US most notably perhaps in the 60's. Can what's happening today be compared effectively to what happened in the 60s?
Roberto Lovato: I think it can and I think in some ways it really shouldn't be compared. First thing I would ask the audience to do is to stop a moment and close your eyes, breathe in and feel what it feels like to live in an age of Occupy Wall Street. If you stop and you do that, what do you feel? You feel openness, an open political space. What you've never felt in your lifetime to be able to talk directly, openly, nakedly, confidently, unapologetically, about the failure of capitalism. A lot of the non-profit industrial complex, the 501c3 structures don't really allow people to speak about these things. So there are things about Occupy Wall Street that are unprecedented in the way that it focuses on the dictatorship of our lives which is finance driven, big capitalism. Because those are the dictators and that's what I've referred to when I say our Berlin Wall is starting to fall. For the first time in some of our lives, especially the young people they are in their twenties they have never seen anything like this direct kind of agitation against capitalism. This doesn't even compare to the WTO which is the most recent kind of thing on this scale. And you don't have comic books and tv shows and daily show commentators and nightly news and mainstream media, online media . . . its kind of stunning in a lot of ways and I'm so so pleased. Mission accomplished in terms of just getting anti-capitalism back on the map. I'll leave it there for the moment.
Sonali: Well, Roxanne, you have been an activist for many years. You yourself have not only witnessed much activism in past decades but been part of it and written about historical movements. How do you place what is happening today within the historical framework of the US?
Roxanne: Yes, I was going to say that I'm a historian so I see it more as a continuum. Everything is unprecedented in that it's different from what happened before but there's also a continuum. And I have not felt pessimistic all these years maybe because I was so closely in touch with young people all the time quite multi-national, multi-ethnic young people from teaching in ethnic studies for thirty years so I constantly see all the seeds of what we did at that time and I was prominently involved in the women's liberation movement and I see these young women today as children, daughters at that time and the young men in particular the difference in behavior. So I think that was one of the stepping stones that made possible the dynamism that we have in the movement. The other thing is that things that were too rhetorical and not grounded in the Sixties were anti-imperialism which I was very involved in and the Vietnam War. A lot of people who opposed the Vietnam War opposed it for various reasons: we weren't winning, it cost too much, made us look bad, various things but what I like about right now is this looking at a model that's closer to our own model not some abstract like the Russian Revolution or the Chinese Revolution and just taking the rhetoric from that and idealizing it. And very messy real situations like Chiapas, and the Arab Spring where you see prophecies going on and can learn from them but also develop an anti-imperialism and can link that to 'that is capitalism' that is that globalization is inherent in the development of capitalism originally.
Sonali: Well, I want to follow up on what you're asking but I want to turn back to Roberto on that issue as well. Roberto Lovato from what Roxanne was saying do you think that this movement which is still in its very very early stages, do you think there is a political maturity that is coming? Or is this a sophisticated movement that has sort of the potential to grasp the various intersecting issues that Roxanne was raising?
Roberto: First thing we have to do is define what a movement is. You don't really have a movement until you have some victories. I saw this in El Salvador during the war there. And with my work at presente.org that's kind of what we look at in immigrant rights —- how can we win something? We're not winning a lot in immigrant rights right now. It actually has a lot to do with what they're talking about in Occupy Wall Street right now. So I believe that its too soon to tell. I think the focus on anti-capitalism and on Wall Street is something to really ponder deeply. You have a lot of different groups, different interests, gathering around. That does really represent, more than the political arm of capitalism which is the Congress and the Presidency. You have a focus on the core of the problem, the root of the matter. You have groups right now like the high idea progressivism whatever that means, groups that get funded to be progressive, are scrambling to figure out how they relate to this. When they initially were denouncing it. You know someone like Sally Kohn works for an organization like the Center for Community Change which was very critical of Occupy Wall Street and from an organizing perspective said it would be a failure. You've got a lot of veterans of organizing saying that it was going to be a failure. Well, that's great but what do you know about organizing in the digital era is the question. And that's what we need to look at, What's new about this? There are patterns and there is a continuum no doubt, where we should all take credit as teachers, as organizers, as lovers of justice, we should all take credit for what's happening because it does bring a lot of our issues to the foreground. This is our moment so to speak. So its not just a bunch of young white kids camping out its much broader than that. You know Occupy Wall Street has managed to transcend that initial start that I saw in New York on those first days and has now managed to pierce the mainstream media censorship which is a critical accomplishment. Which I think speaks to the intelligence and the capabilities of some of the people involved, the collective intelligence that's been put to work on this. We have the ability to right now because of social media and because of the traditional kind of approach to organizing, and some of the things that are going on in the streets, you have the ability to collectively share our knowledge and our wisdom to our benefit and push an agenda forward. What that agenda is, you know they have a statement, people should read the statement and contribute and start building on it.
Time Magazine survey that I'd mentioned brings up this issue in addition to understanding that the Occupy Wall Street Movement is twice as popular as the Tea Party protests. The Time Magazine survey actually asked the question and I'm actually looking at the actual questions, the gap between the rich and the poor in the United States, has grown too large, do you agree or disagree with that position was the question. 79 percent of respondents agreed with it, 17 percent disagreed and 3 percent said they didn't know. I want to ask both of you how much influence you think this movement is having or has the potential to have on politics which is of course the ultimate goal right? To influence policy created in Congress that enriches corporations at the expense of ordinary people, that enriches the one percent at the expense of the ninety nine percent. Roberto Lovato are you seeing any indications that this movement is actually influencing Congress? Because Congress technically doesn't need us. In fact the fewer people that vote in elections the more it benefits generally conservative policies and they need corporate money to carry out their campaigns not necessarily the ninety nine percent of Americans.
Roberto: I think one of the gorgeous things about Occupy Wall Street is precisely the redefinition of, not redefinition but reminding us that politics extends beyond electoral politics. We've been living in an age and in a country where people mainly define politics by elections. And so you have a big segment of the Left, kind of just waning and woeing and hemming and hawing because of the failure from my point of view of the Obama Project, the success from the corporate big finance perspective and so people don't know what to do. Occupy Wall Street really reminds us that politics is beyond the electoral. It's a huge problem right now for Democrats and their allies. Just look for example, at how when this really started hitting groups like the American Dream Van Jones, are trying to frame this as some sort of American Autumn in line with the Arab Spring. I just sat there and watched because I know these groups. The American Dream majority is like the American Dream itself, devoid of political meaning as far as I'm concerned and I've seen the platform its kind of nice on labor but is really all about bringing the Left in line with the Democratic Party and the Obama reelection effort. Just notice for example how Van Jones will not criticize Barack Obama who threw him under the truck and then put him at the back of the bus when the truck started rolling again. So the question is, how do we portray it? They were scrambling, they started framing Occupy Wall Street in a different way immediately and a lot of the young people were upset and said thank you but 'F off' this is not about the Democratic Party. You don't own us. We are independent of you don't try to co-opt us because that's the big threat right now the co-optation of the movement not by the Republicans because they're not going to co-opt it but by the Democratic Party and their allies. What you're seeing throughout the Progressive movement right now where there's the environment, the African American community, Latino, you have groups, National Council of La Raza that does the dirty work of the Democratic Party to define the issues in a way that ultimately leads to support for Democrats and Obama and so this is a problem for them and that's a big problem to have.
Sonali: My guests have been Roberto Lovato writer and commentator at New America Media a strategy consultant and co-founder of presente.org. You can read his blog at ofamerica.wordpress.com. Roxanne Dunbar Ortiz professor emerita in the Department of Ethnic Studies at Cal State University East Bay in Hayward California whose forthcoming book is called "Myth and Empire, Indigenous History of the United States".


text:
"Bola Tinubu Attended Our School" – Chicago State University Puts Controversy To Bed As It Responds To Inquiries
Jun 26, 2022 Admin NEWS 0
It appears that the controversy surrounding Bola Ahmed Tinubu's claim that he graduated from Chicago State University in the United States may finally come to an end following a response from the institution.
The PUNCH's editor, Eniola Akinkuotu, had on Saturday directed Nigerians who expressed doubts over Tinubu's claim, to contact the school via its website for verification.
On Twitter, he wrote: "It's easy to verify if Bola Ahmed Tinubu attended Chicago State University. Just go to website of the school: get email of the records office.Send an inquiry. It's free. You don't even need to be a journalist. This is for those who genuinely seek the truth."
A few moments later, Eniola shared a response he got from Chicago State University some months ago, confirming Tinubu as its ex-student.
The controversy came after Tinubu reportedly told the Independent National Electoral commission, INEC, that he didn't attend primary and secondary schools, and that every other certificates he acquired were stolen by unknown soldiers.
In an affidavit which was submitted to INEC and cited by Peoples Gazette, Tinubu claimed that although he didn't attend primary and secondary schools, he had two degrees from two American universities which were later stolen.
The submitted affidavit to INEC according to Peoples Gazette, was said to be part of his (Tinubu's) eligibility filings for the 2023 presidential elections.
Speaking on his stolen certificates which stirred skepticism, Tinubu had said: "I went on self-exile from October 1994 to October 1998. When I returned I discovered that all my property, including qualifications and my certificates respect of paragraph three above, were looted by unknown persons.
"My house was a target of series of searches by various security agent the time the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria was forced to adjourn following the military takeover of government of 17th November 1993.
"I was the chairman of the Senate committee on appropriation, banking and finance. I was also a plaintiff in one of the two suits against the interim national government in 1993.
"I went on exile when it became clear to me that my life was in danger."
RCCG Orders Members To Get PVC Ahead of 2023 Election
TikTok Star, Bhadie Kelly Breaks Silence Following Leaked Bedroom Video

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Our skilled and experienced Board ensures Sovereign is able to achieve its social purpose, while growing sustainably, for the long-term.
To provide insight and challenge, the Board is supported by a committee structure with Board members and independent specialists, covering Audit and Risk, Remuneration, Treasury and Development.
As part of its commitment to best practice, the Board has adopted the National Housing Federation's Code of Governance and Excellence in Standards of Conduct Code.
The Executive Board, led by Chief Executive Mark Washer, work to deliver the strategy, oversee and improve performance while protecting and growing the business.
To inform our decisions we have a formal process to allow residents to scrutinise and challenge our work. Find out more about our approach to resident engagement.


To reset your password simply click on your name at the top of the page to access your account profile page. Type your new password into the two blank fields under "Reset password", make sure your two entries are identical and then click "Reset". Your password will be updated immediately.


text:
Langham Cinema
69 Bridge Street,
Pinner, HA5 3HZ
Previously operated by: Associated British Cinemas Ltd., Shipman & King
Architects: Stephen H. Egan, William S. Emden, C. 'Jack' Foster, T.C. Ovenston
Firms: Emden & Egan
Styles: Art Deco
Previous Names: ABC, Mayfair Cinema
Embassy Cinema
Ideal Cinema
Tatler Cinema
Grosvenor Cinema
Located in Pinner, a district today in the North of Greater London. The Langham Cinema opened on 9th January 1936. It was built and opened by the Pinner Cinema Co. Ltd, and was soon sold to Associated British Cinemas(ABC) on 14th May 1936.
Designed by architect T.C. Ovenston of the architectural firm Emden & Egan Co. The façade was in white terra-cotta tiles, above which were green tiled mansard roofs. Seating inside the auditorium was provided in stalls and circle levels. The proscenium was 42 feet wide.
It was re-named ABC in 1963, and was modernised by architect C. 'Jack' Foster in 1967. The centre of the façade was covered with grey/green slate tiles, and the auditorium was draped in gold coloured curtain material, with new lighting in the ceiling, much of the original decoration was hidden. It re-opened on 26th August 1967 with Robert Vaughn in "The Karate Killers" as a 'Luxury Lounge' cinema with new seating installed in the stalls area.
The ABC was taken over by an independent operator in 1977 and re-named Mayfair Cinema. It was closed on 27th January 1979 with Peter Ustinov in "Death on the Nile". Taken over by the Shipman and King Circuit on 4th February 1979 and re-named Langham Cinema, it re-opened with Goldie Hawn in "Foul Play". The Langham Cinema was closed on 19th September 1981 with William Hurt in "Altered States".
It was demolished in May 1982, and a supermarket was built on the site, today operated by Lidl Supermarkets, with a Fitness First gym on the first floor.
Ken Roe on December 30, 2009 at 9:16 am
A set of vintage photographs of the Langham Cinema/ABC:
View link
Mike_Blakemore on September 24, 2011 at 12:36 pm
Please Note That Shipman and King was a division of the same company EMI Cinemas Ltd., same as ABC


Yes, we will make it happen for you too!
"Recently finding out i had testicular cancer, my girlfriend had suggested that I look into Medical Marijuana. When I made the decision to get a Sacramento California medical marijuana card, I had only wondered if this sort of thing was going to be confidential and legitimate. The staff was very friendly and held all my paperwork very private! Thank you Cannabis Cards Sacramento, you guys are awesome!"
Dan P. - Rocklin C.A.
"Going through you guys was the best idea ive had in my movement to "leagalize" myself in the medical marijuana industry. i have gone to other clinics before and the process was so long and drawn out i just said "the heck with it". If you are looking for a medical marijuana id card then i suggest going to cannabis cards of sacramento and talking to the staff. The process to get a cannabis card at cannabis cards of sacramento is fast and painless."
"If there was anything i could do to make life better for everyone at cannabis cards of sacramento i would! They really go out of there way to be nice, fast and friendly. The referral and registration process and even helped me send my paperwork for registration off to the state. I had been experiencing severe debilitating back pain for years, with prescriptions for every kind of opiate known to man. Marijuana is the only thing that helps.


Neillsville, Wi. U.S. Climate Data for the month of May.
It's getting nice out, high temp for today is 80, forest is greening up and that means the bugs are out! Everyone should bring a small container of insect repellent.
Weekend forecast is virtually no chance of precipitation with temperatures 35-61F. Comfy during the day and chilly to the point of potential frost at night. Bring those warmth layers, gloves, toques, etc.


THEY say that we're a nation of deep rooted begrudgers, but don't believe a word of it. There isn't a country in the world that has as much reverence and esteem for its multi-millionaire class as we have. Our whole purpose in life, it seems, is to protect them from irritants and gawkers, like myself and the Revenue Commissioners. It's nothing short of adulation!
There are three or four very worthy Limerick people in the latest 'Rich List' and all I can say, although I'm raging, is fair play to them. I'm still trying to make my first million – buying lottery tickets. If I say anything else, you'll all be down my throat in a flash accusing me of all kinds of ungraciousness, class envy and half-baked Marxist codology.
But I wish they wouldn't publish these 'Rich Lists'. Depending on the mood I'm in – and at the moment my heart is with the Bus Eireann drivers – the list can be like a red rag to a bull. I wouldn't mind only that there is nothing I like better than a good 'rags to riches' story. I knew a man once who went from being a bare-footed messenger boy in a corner grocery store in my native town in 1907 to afterwards become Minister for Industry and Commerce in the first Inter-Party Government. He went on to found one of the country's best known auctioneering firms.
I thought he was loaded when I went to interview him in leafy South County Dublin when he was an elderly man in the late 1970's. From the moment I first listened to his stirring story he became my idol, but before the interview was over, he damn well nearly broke the spell when he told me that he was never a wealthy man.
Incidentally, Dan Morrissey launched his career as an indefatigable trade union leader. If he were in the Dail now, he'd know what to do in the bus dispute.
What bothers me most, however, about this latest 'Rich List' is the gap. Never mind the ever widening gap between the rich and the poor in this country; it's the galloping chasm that has opened up between the super-rich and the struggling rich that really troubles me.
I'm truly alarmed, for instance, to learn that the top 12 in the latest list of Ireland's 300 wealthiest people are worth more than the next 288 put together. Surely, this blatant inequality can't be tolerated for much longer? As they say in the Public Accounts Committee, the figures just don't add up.
Now, I, of all people, shouldn't be flagellating myself by perusing the rich lists in the first place – precisely because I seem to be the only one who reacts accordingly. Everyone else is clapping the entrants on their gold encrusted backs and saying 'good on ya boy', while I'm wondering if I could start a revolution and maybe grab a piece of the re-distributed wealth for myself. Wishful thinking, no doubt, like buying a lottery ticket!
Have patience, you may say. A rising tide lifts all boats and the wealthier some people become, the more likely it is that some of that wealth will eventually trickle down to those of us who, as of now, are clinging to a piece of flotsam because we can't afford a boat. Anyway, tell that story about the rising tide to a Bus Eireann driver or an employee of one of the super-rich who is trying to survive on a 'zero hours' contract!
Usually I read the 'Rich Lists' out of mild curiosity – just to see if anyone I know has made the grade, and maybe I could touch them for a dig-out. Only joking! I have my pride. But believe it or not, there is one or two that I do know among the 300. They haven't made the top 12, though, and my heart goes out to them, seeing the size of the canyon that separates them from their betters. (Isn't that what you call those who have done better than you?) It's galling none-the-less to realise that I knew them when the talents were being handed out. They seem to made good use of them, whereas I must have spent mine or mislaid it somewhere.
But, believe it or not, I'm quite philosophical about all that. Blessed are the poor in spirit, and at least we won't have to go through the eye of a needle to get to Paradise. As far as I can see the super rich and even the minor rich live the most boring lives imaginable – if, as Frank O'Connor said, they could be said to live at all. They make their money from such uninspiring pursuits as technology, gambling, horses, investments, property, pop music, beef and even soup. There's not even one great novelist or an eminent scientist or an inspirational painter among them. There's not even an outstanding politician. If there was, I suppose we'd have him up before a tribunal.
No, what troubles me more than anything is this unquestioning adulation of the wealthy. The wonder is that we're not doffing our caps to them as we once did to the gentry. Maybe we're just doing it more discreetly. The bottom line for me is that the top 300 in this latest 'rich list' have accumulated over €100 billion between them, mainly through the labour and sweat of their workers, and nobody even asks how much tax they paid on their profits.
What use is a 'rich list' to any of us if it doesn't include the estimated tax liability incurred in the accumulation of the said wealth? Unfortunately, it's considered downright unpatriotic to even mention the 'T' word in relation to the rich, lest they flee our shores and leave us all foundering in our own shallow pools.
But I hope to God that in the new Irish Water regime we won't think of giving them a special allowance on top of everything else to wash down their helicopters.


Conference Time: To Boldly Go Where Most Parents Have Gone Before.
I thought I'd start this post with a little humor. Parent-teacher conferences can be so stressful, can't they?
I am learning to master the process for scheduling parent-teacher conferences at my child's school. A link is sent, you click on it and select your child's teachers. Then an email is sent with available times. Select the times that work and an email with a confirmation seals the deal. It's really easy.
The goal is to allow as many parents as possible to get feedback on their child's growth in a short time. But how meaningful are those conversations?
Oh, it goes just that smooooooth, for the most part. Efficient for the teachers but have you really learned what you need to know about your child?
Yes, that A- is very uplifting and will stop most parents from asking questions. So what if I want to know more, but the teacher and I only have five minutes?
I know what the conventional wisdom says. Ask the teacher to meet at a separate time. Look at the syllabus that was sent home at the beginning of the semester. Be satisfied with how schools now use technology to update parents when they have time. We get the weekly news letter and lesson plans but what if we still need to know more?
I was thrilled to run across this list of 20 questions suggested by Meghan Ross of Care.com. as it happens, these are the perfect questions for me to ask about my child. There are questions about my child's personality, learning style, special needs—and even tricky situations.
I may not ask them all. But I'm going to use them as a way to get the most out of my parent-teacher conferences while respecting the teacher's time and that of other parents. I have decided to email some of these questions to my daughter's teachers prior to her conferences in order to assure they have some feedback when we meet.
All parents need to feel comfortable that their child is prepared for what comes next in their classroom. That A- may not mean they are. If we can identify challenges now, it makes a smoother year moving forward.
So, how about we take some of the pressure off by knowing exactly what we need to hear from the teachers and feeling confident we'll get answers.
Relax, think about your child's growth, what you already know and what else you need to know. Select a few major questions, email them to the teacher and be prepared for the answers.
Come with an open mind and be ready to listen. The teacher may give you tips on how to support your child, so take notes. I know, this seems like homework for you but it will pay off for us all.
On that note, I need to get to e-mailing! I wish you all the best and less stress as we Boldly Go Where Most Parents Have Gone Before. Tweet us @DSchoolsRock and let us know what you think.


Description: Diakofti is a secluded beach on the southern side of Karpathos, close to the airport. It has soft, sandy coast and some short vegetation around it.
Description: This is a secluded beach located on the south western side of Karpathos, close to the airport. The strong winds that blow there in summer makes it a nice place for windsurfing.
Description: This is a small, secluded beach with sandy shore and clean water. It is located on the way to the airport.
Description: A small beach with crystal water, Damatria is located on the way to the airport and provides a nice ambience to relax.
Description: The secluded beach of Psoraris, on the southernmost side of the island, has crystal water and provides a calm environment to relax.
Description: Valias is a long, organized beach on the southern side of Karpathos. The strong wind makes it a nice beach for windsurfing and other watersports.


Tim Waisanen is a graduate of Rollins College where he earned a B.A. in Psychology and also played soccer on a full scholarship. Upon graduation, he played professionally for 2 years with the Orlando Lions (now Orlando City). He has been coaching soccer for the past 22 years in a wide range of roles, from 6-10-year-olds in Orlando City's Academy, premier club teams and varsity boys soccer. He is currently the boys soccer varsity assistant at Orangewood Christian School.
On a professional note, Tim is a licensed minister and has specialized in youth ministry for the past 15 years. He founded and runs a local non-profit organization based in Sanford, FL called People of Purpose where he and his wife mentor and speak to students locally, nationally and around the world. His heart is to Awaken Purpose with today's generation by helping them find salvation, freedom, and purpose through Christ. Tim holds a M.A. in Pastoral Counseling from the Evangelical Episcopal University and Theological Seminary (EEU).
Tim is currently a Coach in the ACYS Developmental Program and will be addressing all the ACYS Coaching Staff across all sports as well as being involved in the ACYS TOPSoccer Program that provides soccer training and development at Trotters Park to children with disabilities. Chaplain Waisanen will be available to the ACYS Family should anyone be in need and can be contacted at acyschaplain@acys.org.
To learn more about Tim and his ministry please visit http://www.popinc.org.


Featuring the cool creators, Bolan and Bowie, the brashness of Slade through to the Glitter pop sensation of the Bay City Rollers, the show delivers all the hits in a West End meets Tribute hybrid explosion!
MC and front man Marshall Ward will guide you through the catalogue of hits in his own extroverted fashion, whilst the full live band featuring current Eric Faulkner's Bay City Rollers deliver the sounds.
Dig out those platforms and tartan scarves and come on down for a 70s extravaganza!
Tickets are £16.00 in advance (£18.00 on the door) and are available from OFS, The Old Town Hall and Online.


text:
<?php

namespace NZZ\MyTownBundle\Model\om;

use \Criteria;
use \Exception;
use \ModelCriteria;
use \ModelJoin;
use \PDO;
use \Propel;
use \PropelCollection;
use \PropelException;
use \PropelObjectCollection;
use \PropelPDO;
use NZZ\MyTownBundle\Model\Point;
use NZZ\MyTownBundle\Model\Project;
use NZZ\MyTownBundle\Model\ProjectData;
use NZZ\MyTownBundle\Model\ProjectLogo;
use NZZ\MyTownBundle\Model\ProjectPeer;
use NZZ\MyTownBundle\Model\ProjectQuery;

/**
 * @method ProjectQuery orderById($order = Criteria::ASC) Order by the id column
 * @method ProjectQuery orderBySlug($order = Criteria::ASC) Order by the slug column
 * @method ProjectQuery orderByDefaultzoom($order = Criteria::ASC) Order by the defaultZoom column
 * @method ProjectQuery orderByDefaultlanguage($order = Criteria::ASC) Order by the defaultLanguage column
 *
 * @method ProjectQuery groupById() Group by the id column
 * @method ProjectQuery groupBySlug() Group by the slug column
 * @method ProjectQuery groupByDefaultzoom() Group by the defaultZoom column
 * @method ProjectQuery groupByDefaultlanguage() Group by the defaultLanguage column
 *
 * @method ProjectQuery leftJoin($relation) Adds a LEFT JOIN clause to the query
 * @method ProjectQuery rightJoin($relation) Adds a RIGHT JOIN clause to the query
 * @method ProjectQuery innerJoin($relation) Adds a INNER JOIN clause to the query
 *
 * @method ProjectQuery leftJoinProjectData($relationAlias = null) Adds a LEFT JOIN clause to the query using the ProjectData relation
 * @method ProjectQuery rightJoinProjectData($relationAlias = null) Adds a RIGHT JOIN clause to the query using the ProjectData relation
 * @method ProjectQuery innerJoinProjectData($relationAlias = null) Adds a INNER JOIN clause to the query using the ProjectData relation
 *
 * @method ProjectQuery leftJoinProjectLogo($relationAlias = null) Adds a LEFT JOIN clause to the query using the ProjectLogo relation
 * @method ProjectQuery rightJoinProjectLogo($relationAlias = null) Adds a RIGHT JOIN clause to the query using the ProjectLogo relation
 * @method ProjectQuery innerJoinProjectLogo($relationAlias = null) Adds a INNER JOIN clause to the query using the ProjectLogo relation
 *
 * @method ProjectQuery leftJoinPoint($relationAlias = null) Adds a LEFT JOIN clause to the query using the Point relation
 * @method ProjectQuery rightJoinPoint($relationAlias = null) Adds a RIGHT JOIN clause to the query using the Point relation
 * @method ProjectQuery innerJoinPoint($relationAlias = null) Adds a INNER JOIN clause to the query using the Point relation
 *
 * @method Project findOne(PropelPDO $con = null) Return the first Project matching the query
 * @method Project findOneOrCreate(PropelPDO $con = null) Return the first Project matching the query, or a new Project object populated from the query conditions when no match is found
 *
 * @method Project findOneBySlug(string $slug) Return the first Project filtered by the slug column
 * @method Project findOneByDefaultzoom(int $defaultZoom) Return the first Project filtered by the defaultZoom column
 * @method Project findOneByDefaultlanguage(string $defaultLanguage) Return the first Project filtered by the defaultLanguage column
 *
 * @method array findById(int $id) Return Project objects filtered by the id column
 * @method array findBySlug(string $slug) Return Project objects filtered by the slug column
 * @method array findByDefaultzoom(int $defaultZoom) Return Project objects filtered by the defaultZoom column
 * @method array findByDefaultlanguage(string $defaultLanguage) Return Project objects filtered by the defaultLanguage column
 */
abstract class BaseProjectQuery extends ModelCriteria
{
    /**
     * Initializes internal state of BaseProjectQuery object.
     *
     * @param     string $dbName The dabase name
     * @param     string $modelName The phpName of a model, e.g. 'Book'
     * @param     string $modelAlias The alias for the model in this query, e.g. 'b'
     */
    public function __construct($dbName = null, $modelName = null, $modelAlias = null)
    {
        if (null === $dbName) {
            $dbName = 'default';
        }
        if (null === $modelName) {
            $modelName = 'NZZ\\MyTownBundle\\Model\\Project';
        }
        parent::__construct($dbName, $modelName, $modelAlias);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new ProjectQuery object.
     *
     * @param     string $modelAlias The alias of a model in the query
     * @param   ProjectQuery|Criteria $criteria Optional Criteria to build the query from
     *
     * @return ProjectQuery
     */
    public static function create($modelAlias = null, $criteria = null)
    {
        if ($criteria instanceof ProjectQuery) {
            return $criteria;
        }
        $query = new ProjectQuery(null, null, $modelAlias);

        if ($criteria instanceof Criteria) {
            $query->mergeWith($criteria);
        }

        return $query;
    }

    /**
     * Find object by primary key.
     * Propel uses the instance pool to skip the database if the object exists.
     * Go fast if the query is untouched.
     *
     *
     * $obj  = $c->findPk(12, $con);
     *
     *
     * @param mixed $key Primary key to use for the query
     * @param     PropelPDO $con an optional connection object
     *
     * @return   Project|Project[]|mixed the result, formatted by the current formatter
     */
    public function findPk($key, $con = null)
    {
        if ($key === null) {
            return null;
        }
        if ((null !== ($obj = ProjectPeer::getInstanceFromPool((string) $key))) && !$this->formatter) {
            // the object is already in the instance pool
            return $obj;
        }
        if ($con === null) {
            $con = Propel::getConnection(ProjectPeer::DATABASE_NAME, Propel::CONNECTION_READ);
        }
        $this->basePreSelect($con);
        if ($this->formatter || $this->modelAlias || $this->with || $this->select
         || $this->selectColumns || $this->asColumns || $this->selectModifiers
         || $this->map || $this->having || $this->joins) {
            return $this->findPkComplex($key, $con);
        } else {
            return $this->findPkSimple($key, $con);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Alias of findPk to use instance pooling
     *
     * @param     mixed $key Primary key to use for the query
     * @param     PropelPDO $con A connection object
     *
     * @return                 Project A model object, or null if the key is not found
     * @throws PropelException
     */
     public function findOneById($key, $con = null)
     {
        return $this->findPk($key, $con);
     }

    /**
     * Find object by primary key using raw SQL to go fast.
     * Bypass doSelect() and the object formatter by using generated code.
     *
     * @param     mixed $key Primary key to use for the query
     * @param     PropelPDO $con A connection object
     *
     * @return                 Project A model object, or null if the key is not found
     * @throws PropelException
     */
    protected function findPkSimple($key, $con)
    {
        $sql = 'SELECT `id`, `slug`, `defaultZoom`, `defaultLanguage` FROM `project` WHERE `id` = :p0';
        try {
            $stmt = $con->prepare($sql);
            $stmt->bindValue(':p0', $key, PDO::PARAM_INT);
            $stmt->execute();
        } catch (Exception $e) {
            Propel::log($e->getMessage(), Propel::LOG_ERR);
            throw new PropelException(sprintf('Unable to execute SELECT statement [%s]', $sql), $e);
        }
        $obj = null;
        if ($row = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_NUM)) {
            $obj = new Project();
            $obj->hydrate($row);
            ProjectPeer::addInstanceToPool($obj, (string) $key);
        }
        $stmt->closeCursor();

        return $obj;
    }

    /**
     * Find object by primary key.
     *
     * @param     mixed $key Primary key to use for the query
     * @param     PropelPDO $con A connection object
     *
     * @return Project|Project[]|mixed the result, formatted by the current formatter
     */
    protected function findPkComplex($key, $con)
    {
        // As the query uses a PK condition, no limit(1) is necessary.
        $criteria = $this->isKeepQuery() ? clone $this : $this;
        $stmt = $criteria
            ->filterByPrimaryKey($key)
            ->doSelect($con);

        return $criteria->getFormatter()->init($criteria)->formatOne($stmt);
    }

    /**
     * Find objects by primary key
     *
     * $objs = $c->findPks(array(12, 56, 832), $con);
     *
     * @param     array $keys Primary keys to use for the query
     * @param     PropelPDO $con an optional connection object
     *
     * @return PropelObjectCollection|Project[]|mixed the list of results, formatted by the current formatter
     */
    public function findPks($keys, $con = null)
    {
        if ($con === null) {
            $con = Propel::getConnection($this->getDbName(), Propel::CONNECTION_READ);
        }
        $this->basePreSelect($con);
        $criteria = $this->isKeepQuery() ? clone $this : $this;
        $stmt = $criteria
            ->filterByPrimaryKeys($keys)
            ->doSelect($con);

        return $criteria->getFormatter()->init($criteria)->format($stmt);
    }

    /**
     * Filter the query by primary key
     *
     * @param     mixed $key Primary key to use for the query
     *
     * @return ProjectQuery The current query, for fluid interface
     */
    public function filterByPrimaryKey($key)
    {

        return $this->addUsingAlias(ProjectPeer::ID, $key, Criteria::EQUAL);
    }

    /**
     * Filter the query by a list of primary keys
     *
     * @param     array $keys The list of primary key to use for the query
     *
     * @return ProjectQuery The current query, for fluid interface
     */
    public function filterByPrimaryKeys($keys)
    {

        return $this->addUsingAlias(ProjectPeer::ID, $keys, Criteria::IN);
    }

    /**
     * Filter the query on the id column
     *
     * Example usage:
     *
     * $query->filterById(1234); // WHERE id = 1234
     * $query->filterById(array(12, 34)); // WHERE id IN (12, 34)
     * $query->filterById(array('min' => 12)); // WHERE id >= 12
     * $query->filterById(array('max' => 12)); // WHERE id <= 12
     *
     *
     * @param     mixed $id The value to use as filter.
     *              Use scalar values for equality.
     *              Use array values for in_array() equivalent.
     *              Use associative array('min' => $minValue, 'max' => $maxValue) for intervals.
     * @param     string $comparison Operator to use for the column comparison, defaults to Criteria::EQUAL
     *
     * @return ProjectQuery The current query, for fluid interface
     */
    public function filterById($id = null, $comparison = null)
    {
        if (is_array($id)) {
            $useMinMax = false;
            if (isset($id['min'])) {
                $this->addUsingAlias(ProjectPeer::ID, $id['min'], Criteria::GREATER_EQUAL);
                $useMinMax = true;
            }
            if (isset($id['max'])) {
                $this->addUsingAlias(ProjectPeer::ID, $id['max'], Criteria::LESS_EQUAL);
                $useMinMax = true;
            }
            if ($useMinMax) {
                return $this;
            }
            if (null === $comparison) {
                $comparison = Criteria::IN;
            }
        }

        return $this->addUsingAlias(ProjectPeer::ID, $id, $comparison);
    }

    /**
     * Filter the query on the slug column
     *
     * Example usage:
     *
     * $query->filterBySlug('fooValue');   // WHERE slug = 'fooValue'
     * $query->filterBySlug('%fooValue%'); // WHERE slug LIKE '%fooValue%'
     *
     *
     * @param     string $slug The value to use as filter.
     *              Accepts wildcards (* and % trigger a LIKE)
     * @param     string $comparison Operator to use for the column comparison, defaults to Criteria::EQUAL
     *
     * @return ProjectQuery The current query, for fluid interface
     */
    public function filterBySlug($slug = null, $comparison = null)
    {
        if (null === $comparison) {
            if (is_array($slug)) {
                $comparison = Criteria::IN;
            } elseif (preg_match('/[\%\*]/', $slug)) {
                $slug = str_replace('*', '%', $slug);
                $comparison = Criteria::LIKE;
            }
        }

        return $this->addUsingAlias(ProjectPeer::SLUG, $slug, $comparison);
    }

    /**
     * Filter the query on the defaultZoom column
     *
     * Example usage:
     *
     * $query->filterByDefaultzoom(1234); // WHERE defaultZoom = 1234
     * $query->filterByDefaultzoom(array(12, 34)); // WHERE defaultZoom IN (12, 34)
     * $query->filterByDefaultzoom(array('min' => 12)); // WHERE defaultZoom >= 12
     * $query->filterByDefaultzoom(array('max' => 12)); // WHERE defaultZoom <= 12
     *
     *
     * @param     mixed $defaultzoom The value to use as filter.
     *              Use scalar values for equality.
     *              Use array values for in_array() equivalent.
     *              Use associative array('min' => $minValue, 'max' => $maxValue) for intervals.
     * @param     string $comparison Operator to use for the column comparison, defaults to Criteria::EQUAL
     *
     * @return ProjectQuery The current query, for fluid interface
     */
    public function filterByDefaultzoom($defaultzoom = null, $comparison = null)
    {
        if (is_array($defaultzoom)) {
            $useMinMax = false;
            if (isset($defaultzoom['min'])) {
                $this->addUsingAlias(ProjectPeer::DEFAULTZOOM, $defaultzoom['min'], Criteria::GREATER_EQUAL);
                $useMinMax = true;
            }
            if (isset($defaultzoom['max'])) {
                $this->addUsingAlias(ProjectPeer::DEFAULTZOOM, $defaultzoom['max'], Criteria::LESS_EQUAL);
                $useMinMax = true;
            }
            if ($useMinMax) {
                return $this;
            }
            if (null === $comparison) {
                $comparison = Criteria::IN;
            }
        }

        return $this->addUsingAlias(ProjectPeer::DEFAULTZOOM, $defaultzoom, $comparison);
    }

    /**
     * Filter the query on the defaultLanguage column
     *
     * Example usage:
     *
     * $query->filterByDefaultlanguage('fooValue');   // WHERE defaultLanguage = 'fooValue'
     * $query->filterByDefaultlanguage('%fooValue%'); // WHERE defaultLanguage LIKE '%fooValue%'
     *
     *
     * @param     string $defaultlanguage The value to use as filter.
     *              Accepts wildcards (* and % trigger a LIKE)
     * @param     string $comparison Operator to use for the column comparison, defaults to Criteria::EQUAL
     *
     * @return ProjectQuery The current query, for fluid interface
     */
    public function filterByDefaultlanguage($defaultlanguage = null, $comparison = null)
    {
        if (null === $comparison) {
            if (is_array($defaultlanguage)) {
                $comparison = Criteria::IN;
            } elseif (preg_match('/[\%\*]/', $defaultlanguage)) {
                $defaultlanguage = str_replace('*', '%', $defaultlanguage);
                $comparison = Criteria::LIKE;
            }
        }

        return $this->addUsingAlias(ProjectPeer::DEFAULTLANGUAGE, $defaultlanguage, $comparison);
    }

    /**
     * Filter the query by a related ProjectData object
     *
     * @param   ProjectData|PropelObjectCollection $projectData  the related object to use as filter
     * @param     string $comparison Operator to use for the column comparison, defaults to Criteria::EQUAL
     *
     * @return                 ProjectQuery The current query, for fluid interface
     * @throws PropelException - if the provided filter is invalid.
     */
    public function filterByProjectData($projectData, $comparison = null)
    {
        if ($projectData instanceof ProjectData) {
            return $this
                ->addUsingAlias(ProjectPeer::ID, $projectData->getprojectId(), $comparison);
        } elseif ($projectData instanceof PropelObjectCollection) {
            return $this
                ->useProjectDataQuery()
                ->filterByPrimaryKeys($projectData->getPrimaryKeys())
                ->endUse();
        } else {
            throw new PropelException('filterByProjectData() only accepts arguments of type ProjectData or PropelCollection');
        }
    }

    /**
     * Adds a JOIN clause to the query using the ProjectData relation
     *
     * @param     string $relationAlias optional alias for the relation
     * @param     string $joinType Accepted values are null, 'left join', 'right join', 'inner join'
     *
     * @return ProjectQuery The current query, for fluid interface
     */
    public function joinProjectData($relationAlias = null, $joinType = Criteria::INNER_JOIN)
    {
        $tableMap = $this->getTableMap();
        $relationMap = $tableMap->getRelation('ProjectData');

        // create a ModelJoin object for this join
        $join = new ModelJoin();
        $join->setJoinType($joinType);
        $join->setRelationMap($relationMap, $this->useAliasInSQL ? $this->getModelAlias() : null, $relationAlias);
        if ($previousJoin = $this->getPreviousJoin()) {
            $join->setPreviousJoin($previousJoin);
        }

        // add the ModelJoin to the current object
        if ($relationAlias) {
            $this->addAlias($relationAlias, $relationMap->getRightTable()->getName());
            $this->addJoinObject($join, $relationAlias);
        } else {
            $this->addJoinObject($join, 'ProjectData');
        }

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Use the ProjectData relation ProjectData object
     *
     * @see       useQuery()
     *
     * @param     string $relationAlias optional alias for the relation,
     *                                   to be used as main alias in the secondary query
     * @param     string $joinType Accepted values are null, 'left join', 'right join', 'inner join'
     *
     * @return   \NZZ\MyTownBundle\Model\ProjectDataQuery A secondary query class using the current class as primary query
     */
    public function useProjectDataQuery($relationAlias = null, $joinType = Criteria::INNER_JOIN)
    {
        return $this
            ->joinProjectData($relationAlias, $joinType)
            ->useQuery($relationAlias ? $relationAlias : 'ProjectData', '\NZZ\MyTownBundle\Model\ProjectDataQuery');
    }

    /**
     * Filter the query by a related ProjectLogo object
     *
     * @param   ProjectLogo|PropelObjectCollection $projectLogo  the related object to use as filter
     * @param     string $comparison Operator to use for the column comparison, defaults to Criteria::EQUAL
     *
     * @return                 ProjectQuery The current query, for fluid interface
     * @throws PropelException - if the provided filter is invalid.
     */
    public function filterByProjectLogo($projectLogo, $comparison = null)
    {
        if ($projectLogo instanceof ProjectLogo) {
            return $this
                ->addUsingAlias(ProjectPeer::ID, $projectLogo->getprojectId(), $comparison);
        } elseif ($projectLogo instanceof PropelObjectCollection) {
            return $this
                ->useProjectLogoQuery()
                ->filterByPrimaryKeys($projectLogo->getPrimaryKeys())
                ->endUse();
        } else {
            throw new PropelException('filterByProjectLogo() only accepts arguments of type ProjectLogo or PropelCollection');
        }
    }

    /**
     * Adds a JOIN clause to the query using the ProjectLogo relation
     *
     * @param     string $relationAlias optional alias for the relation
     * @param     string $joinType Accepted values are null, 'left join', 'right join', 'inner join'
     *
     * @return ProjectQuery The current query, for fluid interface
     */
    public function joinProjectLogo($relationAlias = null, $joinType = Criteria::INNER_JOIN)
    {
        $tableMap = $this->getTableMap();
        $relationMap = $tableMap->getRelation('ProjectLogo');

        // create a ModelJoin object for this join
        $join = new ModelJoin();
        $join->setJoinType($joinType);
        $join->setRelationMap($relationMap, $this->useAliasInSQL ? $this->getModelAlias() : null, $relationAlias);
        if ($previousJoin = $this->getPreviousJoin()) {
            $join->setPreviousJoin($previousJoin);
        }

        // add the ModelJoin to the current object
        if ($relationAlias) {
            $this->addAlias($relationAlias, $relationMap->getRightTable()->getName());
            $this->addJoinObject($join, $relationAlias);
        } else {
            $this->addJoinObject($join, 'ProjectLogo');
        }

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Use the ProjectLogo relation ProjectLogo object
     *
     * @see       useQuery()
     *
     * @param     string $relationAlias optional alias for the relation,
     *                                   to be used as main alias in the secondary query
     * @param     string $joinType Accepted values are null, 'left join', 'right join', 'inner join'
     *
     * @return   \NZZ\MyTownBundle\Model\ProjectLogoQuery A secondary query class using the current class as primary query
     */
    public function useProjectLogoQuery($relationAlias = null, $joinType = Criteria::INNER_JOIN)
    {
        return $this
            ->joinProjectLogo($relationAlias, $joinType)
            ->useQuery($relationAlias ? $relationAlias : 'ProjectLogo', '\NZZ\MyTownBundle\Model\ProjectLogoQuery');
    }

    /**
     * Filter the query by a related Point object
     *
     * @param   Point|PropelObjectCollection $point  the related object to use as filter
     * @param     string $comparison Operator to use for the column comparison, defaults to Criteria::EQUAL
     *
     * @return                 ProjectQuery The current query, for fluid interface
     * @throws PropelException - if the provided filter is invalid.
     */
    public function filterByPoint($point, $comparison = null)
    {
        if ($point instanceof Point) {
            return $this
                ->addUsingAlias(ProjectPeer::ID, $point->getProjectId(), $comparison);
        } elseif ($point instanceof PropelObjectCollection) {
            return $this
                ->usePointQuery()
                ->filterByPrimaryKeys($point->getPrimaryKeys())
                ->endUse();
        } else {
            throw new PropelException('filterByPoint() only accepts arguments of type Point or PropelCollection');
        }
    }

    /**
     * Adds a JOIN clause to the query using the Point relation
     *
     * @param     string $relationAlias optional alias for the relation
     * @param     string $joinType Accepted values are null, 'left join', 'right join', 'inner join'
     *
     * @return ProjectQuery The current query, for fluid interface
     */
    public function joinPoint($relationAlias = null, $joinType = Criteria::INNER_JOIN)
    {
        $tableMap = $this->getTableMap();
        $relationMap = $tableMap->getRelation('Point');

        // create a ModelJoin object for this join
        $join = new ModelJoin();
        $join->setJoinType($joinType);
        $join->setRelationMap($relationMap, $this->useAliasInSQL ? $this->getModelAlias() : null, $relationAlias);
        if ($previousJoin = $this->getPreviousJoin()) {
            $join->setPreviousJoin($previousJoin);
        }

        // add the ModelJoin to the current object
        if ($relationAlias) {
            $this->addAlias($relationAlias, $relationMap->getRightTable()->getName());
            $this->addJoinObject($join, $relationAlias);
        } else {
            $this->addJoinObject($join, 'Point');
        }

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Use the Point relation Point object
     *
     * @see       useQuery()
     *
     * @param     string $relationAlias optional alias for the relation,
     *                                   to be used as main alias in the secondary query
     * @param     string $joinType Accepted values are null, 'left join', 'right join', 'inner join'
     *
     * @return   \NZZ\MyTownBundle\Model\PointQuery A secondary query class using the current class as primary query
     */
    public function usePointQuery($relationAlias = null, $joinType = Criteria::INNER_JOIN)
    {
        return $this
            ->joinPoint($relationAlias, $joinType)
            ->useQuery($relationAlias ? $relationAlias : 'Point', '\NZZ\MyTownBundle\Model\PointQuery');
    }

    /**
     * Exclude object from result
     *
     * @param   Project $project Object to remove from the list of results
     *
     * @return ProjectQuery The current query, for fluid interface
     */
    public function prune($project = null)
    {
        if ($project) {
            $this->addUsingAlias(ProjectPeer::ID, $project->getId(), Criteria::NOT_EQUAL);
        }

        return $this;
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


As a result of one student reviewed the course and specifically asked for a guide which included only the fabric they coated, Dr. Merleen Ivey, assistant professor of training, is at present working with Lynne Hicks to get a customized guide created for the fall semester. Prediction: There might be many extra revelations, and deja vu item experiences this 12 months because the State Training Department/Pearson partnership launches. Buraydah, Saudi Arabia, 29th June, 2014: To meet Saudi Arabia's rising demand for highly educated, properly qualified staff, international education supplier, TQ Pearson has opened a brand new School in Buraydah, Al Qassim Province.
Most of the books appear to be brief chapter books that really catch your college students consideration. It's likewise very easy to redeem a Pearson Education Coupon Code you'll simply have to log-in to retailer's web site and go to going purchasing cart there is an alternative to put the code there or it may be on the evaluation page previous to the try. We want to strongly state, again, that each one parents refuse their kids from Pearson testing. I am not even sure Pearson, nor the state schooling department may even repair its image after this fiasco.
Alfred and Alfonzo Chavez, members of U.N.I.D..S. , discuss with us about Tucson's Freedom Summer season, we speak with Tara Mack, Director of the Education for Liberation Network and member of the Teacher Activist Groups, in regards to the No Historical past is Unlawful Campaign, and we hear a clip of Tony Diaz speaking about Librotraficante. They stated they needed the doll to seem like she was having an genuine educational experience, therefore use of the Pearson textbook. Its members characterize several constituencies, together with dad and mom of particular schooling and gifted education college students and fiscal watchdogs.
The Guardian studies that the British mega-publisher's 2013 earnings would be decrease than expected resulting from larger restructuring costs and poor demand for its North America education business in its key selling quarter. Finally, we hear from two members of the Save Our Faculties steering committee, Deborah Meier , a 50 12 months veteran practitioner and administrator in public schooling and Mike Klonsky , DePaul College teacher educator.
Venture-based mostly work and self-employment versus the more traditional profession-based mostly jobs was also an element in the evolution of organizational psychology. Members of the Training Bloggers Community are devoted to providing parents, lecturers, public education advocates and the general public with the truth about public schooling in the United States and the efforts of the corporate training reform business. Pearson works with for-profit profession faculties, too: Its marketing supplies boast that its consultants will help them stay one step forward" of federal laws. There's much confusion amongst parents looking for answers as to what has occurred to the training system.


text:
Tourism Ministry denies feeding Emanuel shellfish
White House chief of staff tells Channel 2: We're having a great time.
By GIL STERN STERN HOFFMAN
Published: MAY 25, 2010 05:55
Rahm Emanuel & kids 311
(photo credit: .)
Israel's Tourism Ministry did not pay for visiting White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel's family to eat non-kosher food in Eilat, a spokesman for Tourism Minister Stas Meseznikov said Monday, denying press reports.
Emanuel came to Israel on Friday for a 10-day trip with his family to celebrate the bar mitzva of his son Zach and nephew Noah. The ceremonies will be conducted later this week with the help of Emanuel's rabbi in Virginia, Jack Moline, who is expected to come to Israel. Details of the bar mitzvas are still being kept a secret.
Yediot Aharonot reported Sunday that a Tourism Ministry official paid for the Emanuel family's meal at Eilat's non-kosher Boston restaurant on Friday. The report said the Emanuels ate cheviche, calamari and other seafood.
"We offered to help the Emanuels with their visit but they said no," the spokesman said. "Our representative did not eat with them. We bring thousands of people to Israel. Our official events are kosher but when people are on their own we don't pick at their plates or make sure they eat all their meals at the Knesset cafeteria."
National Union MK Michael Ben-Ari wrote Attorney-General Yehuda Weinstein complaining about taxpayer funds being used for a non-kosher meal and asking him to send the bill to Emanuel's home.
"In my humble legal opinion there is no possibility of making the State of Israel pay for such a meal, as part of a private visit by the White House chief of staff and his family," Ben-Ari wrote. "The public coffers are not up for grabs and the fact that the gentleman sponsors anti-Semitic policies in the White House is certainly no justification for digging into the public coffer at the expense of the old lady in the corridor of the hospital."
Far right activist Baruch Marzel, who works for Ben-Ari, is determined to get to the bar mitzva and heckle Emanuel because he believes he is a traitor to the Jewish people. He said he believes the bar mitzva will be at a Jerusalem hotel on Thursday or Saturday.
"We are getting closer to him," Marzel said.
Rabbi Andrew Sacks, who conducts Conservative bar mitzvas at the Robinson's Arch area near the Western Wall, declined to comment about whether he was aware of details regarding the ceremony.
Those hoping to catch a glimpse of Emanuel Monday during a rumored visit to the Western Wall were disappointed. Emanuel and his family did not appear at the site, where reporters, photographers and at least one would-be protester were camped out. There was speculation that the family might choose a less public venue because of possible protests.
"We are having a great time in Israel, we are really enjoying ourselves and the people are excellent," Emanuel, dressed in shorts, told Channel 2 on Monday.


Stop-motion animation is a style of animation that has captivated audiences for over a century. It involves making a model which can be moved in small amounts, taking a still image of it, moving the model and then taking another image – and then repeating this process hundreds or thousands of times. When these series of images are played back at normal speed (usually between 24 and 30 frames per second), it appears that the scene has been given life and moves freely on its own.
Eadweard Muybridge was a significant figure in the discovery of stop motion when he used multiple cameras to capture motion and projected these using a Zoopraxiscope (otherwise known as a Zoetrope). His famous series of photographs from 1878, 'The Horse in Motion', could be attached to the circumference of the Zoopraxiscope and rotated rapidly to create the illusion that the images are played back in motion.
Many feature films have used stop motion to critical success, an early example of which is the 1898 US film The Humpty Dumpty Circus, created by J.Stuart Blackton and Albert E. Smith, which showed a circus in motion. Sadly, this film has since been lost but some of their early work still exists, such as The Enchanted Drawing from 1900 which shows an artist sketching a portrait that changes expressions and combines live action with a 2D sketch.
An iconic example of stop-motion within feature films can be found in the original Star Wars trilogy where they used stop-motion animation to great effect in The Empire Strikes Back (1980, Irvin Kershner) where the AT-AT walkers make their appearance on the planet Hoth. Unsure how these machines would be brought to life, Dennis Muren and his team at Industrial Light & Magic decided to use Stop-Motion animation, believing this technique would be appropriate for the machines. The AT-AT machines were built and placed onto a real set rather than animated in front of a blue screen. To access the AT-AT walkers, the animators would appear from behind a trap door placed within the set.
Normal stop-motion animation can sometimes have a distinctive staccato effect because the animated model has been captured when the model was perfectly still. To avoid this for the AT-AT walkers, Industrial Light and Magic developed an advanced stop-motion technique called Go-Motion. Go-Motion is a technique similar to stop motion, but incorporates motion blur by shooting each frame while the model is moving. The initial inspiration to use stop-motion for the AT-AT walkers was taken from the original 1933 classic King Kong (Ernest B. Schoedsack, Merian C. Cooper) and from the work of animator Willis O'Brien.
There are a couple of people who have influenced me personally. The first is animator Willis O' Brien who worked on The Lost World (1925, Harry O. Hoyt), but is probably better known for his work in King Kong. However, it is arguable that Willis O' Brien's protégé, Ray Harryhausen, has become a greater influence for stop motion animators. After working with O' Brien on Mighty Joe Young (1949, Ernest B. Schoedsack), Harryhausen went on to animate in films such as Jason & The Argonauts (1963, Don Chaffey) (The skeleton battle scene has stayed with me since I was a kid), The Golden Voyage of Sinbad (1973, Gordon Hessler), Clash of the Titans (1981, Desmond Davis) and many more.
More recently there have been a couple of important figures in the stop motion world, the first of which has to be Nick Park. His creations of Wallace & Gromit, Creature Comforts, Shaun the Sheep and Chicken Run are loved by all. Also keep an eye out for Nick Park's latest film Early Man which is currently in the pre-production stage and will once again see him in the director's chair. Also it is worth mentioning Peter Lord who is also a director and co-founder of Aardman animations. Peter Lord directed Pirates and also co-directed Chicken Run with Nick Park. Along with David Sproxton, the two of them formed Aardman and created Morph. As a child I loved Morph and recently, we see Morph returning with brand new episodes. I believe Phil Tippett's work deserves a mention too. Phil Tippett worked as an animator on many popular movies throughout the late 70s and 80s, such as the original Star Wars trilogy (including the AT-AT walker scene), Robocop, Willow, Indiana Jones, Starship Troopers and the Twilight Saga to name a few. More recently he has been directing his own video Mad God, which features experimental animation set in a Miltonesque world of monsters and mad scientists.
So, where to begin? What equipment will I need? How long will it take to create my animation? Do I need to buy any software? There are probably lots of questions you may need an answer to, but let's start from the beginning. First of all, it's probably best to note that stop-motion animation takes a long time to create and to perfect. So patience will be a key requirement to create a great piece of animation. Try not to get frustrated and most importantly of all, have fun.
What type of stop-motion animation would you like to create?
Plasticine animation such as Wallace and Gromit is just one type of stop-motion animation. This type of animation would require you to use an armature for any characters that you create. This is a bipedal skeletal type figure that you will create your character around, giving the plasticine strength so that you can pose your figures freely. Without an armature, the plasticine would bend easily and could potentially ruin an animation mid scene.
Lego animations are a hugely popular, very creative and an inexpensive way of creating stop-motion animations. If you are interested in this type of animation, there are a lot of examples that can be found on YouTube and are probably more well known as 'Brick Films'. Lego is easily customizable too which can provide really interesting animations. When animating with Lego, use a Lego plate as your base which will help with placement and timing for your animations, as well as keeping all your characters and props sturdy.
A 2D approach might be the style you desire. This could be something that is a sketch based animation and can be achieved by shooting from a bird's eye perspective, down onto your subject. For your setup, animate onto a 2D surface such as paper, or even a whiteboard. We would then start by typically drawing a little bit of our sketch, then taking a picture, drawing a bit more, then taking another picture. This would give the illusion that your sketch has come to life. Traditional cel animation requires drawing on separate pieces of transparent cellulose acetate. Normally there would be more than one layer of this. For example, one layer will have a painted background, one for the foreground and one layer for your character. As you can imagine, traditional cel animation can be very time consuming as the animator would have to draw every frame of the characters animation.
Pixilation is a stop motion technique that uses real people as its subject. The live person moves slightly frame by frame just as a model would, creating a puppet effect. One of the pioneers of this style was Canadian filmmaker Norman McClaren. Made in 1952, his film Neighbours went on to win an Oscar for Best Documentary, Short Subjects. Pixilation is still popular today and more recently, In 2009 Coldplay released a video for Strawberry Swing highlighting the use of Pixilation.
Post it note animation requires positioning individual post it notes onto a flat surface such as a wall to create an image. These will then be changed frame by frame to create an animation with a pixelated look. Perhaps not quite as popular as other styles, but the final video can be just as creative and rewarding.
Maybe not directly an animation, but I believe you can consider a timelapse to be a type of stop motion all the same. A timelapse involves taking stills at a lower frame rate than the video is played back at. For example, if I captured an image every 10 seconds and then played back at 30 frames a second, my subject's motion would be sped up considerably. This effect is used a lot throughout nature and landscapes. A few good time-lapse subjects include sun rise; cloudscapes, plants growing or busy cities. A recent example of this technique can be found from the opening titles of the 2013 hit Netflix TV show, House Of Cards.
These are just some examples of the different types of stop-motion animation that you can create. So, as you mull over the type of animation you would like to create, I will cover what you will need to get started in part 2 of my blog.


The role of complement in the development of cancer is multifaceted and complex, and may likely vary between distinct forms. On one hand, the complement system can inhibit tumor growth through complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), a mechanism that is also actively engaged by certain therapeutic antibodies. On the other hand, tumor cells express high amount of membrane-bound and fluid-phase regulators, which inhibit the activation of complement and contribute to tumor growth. Finally, certain complement effectors (e.g., the anaphylatoxin C5a) have been shown to modulate the tumor microenvironment and shape the cellular immune response. This functional map highlight some of the key interactions and mechanisms of complement in cancer pathology.