text:
John Locke on Money, National Greatness and the Liberal Art of Liberal Government,
Silver is the instrument and measure of commerce in all the civilized and trading parts of the world.
It is the instrument of commerce by its intrinsic value.
The intrinsic value of silver, considered as money, is that estimate which common consent has placed on it, whereby it is made equivalent to all other things, and consequently is the universal barter, or exchange, which men give and receive for other things they would purchase or part with, for a valuable consideration; and thus, as the wise man tells us, money answers all things.--John Locke (1695) "Further Considerations Concerning Raising the Value of Money"
It is no doubt a bit odd to read that X is intrinsic of Y and that X is (a) an estimate of Y (b) and it (the estimate) is product of common consent. But it is less odd when we remind ourselves that X is not the intrinsic value of silver as such, but the intrinsic value of "silver, considered as money." And money here is a mechanism for the (possible) buying and selling of infinite diversity of (possible) goods.
In commenting on this passage, and Further Considerations more generally, Christine Desane writes, in her fascinating (2014) book Making Money: Coin, Currency, and the Coming of Capitalism, Locke's "argument put sovereigns in a place peripheral to international trade." (346) This matters to Desan's more general argument because Locke is the main source of what early in her book she describes as "the conventional creation story"* which she attributes to Marx and Menger alike (27-28).
My interest here is not in the metaphysics of value,+ or the details of the implied mechanism, although both are important topics. Rather, I want to reflect a bit on Locke's underlying political vision. It is easy to imagine why Desan thinks that for Locke the origin of money is a convention (350), and, with a nod to the Two Treatises, "an act of agreement prior even to the political consent that created society" (351; emphasis in Desan; for my analysis of the material in the Two Treatise see here). That is to say, on Desan's interpretation, "money's foundation" is "not political, not legal, but social." (353) By "locating agency over money in the consensus of strangers or people without politics, Locke offered the image of a medium that needed no collective engineering. (353) Since this fits with a certain kind of libertarian interpretation of Locke, one may well assume that Desan gets Locke right even though the argument of her book is that money is the product of collective engineering.
Now, before I criticize this account of Locke, it is important to note that Desan recognizes that Locke's account of the origin of money is not identical to his account of the maintenance of money. In particular, on her treatment of Locke, the sovereign does have one "certifying" (346) role in facilitating the use of money in commerce: "the ascertaining of its quantity by a public mark, the better to fit it for commerce," (quoted on p. 346 of Desan). As Locke puts it, the mark is a kind of "a public voucher, that a piece of such denomination is of such a weight, and of such a fineness, i. e. has so much silver in it." That is to say, for Locke the sovereign's role is to provide a collective good, by guarding over the quality of money and providing a public signal of it.
As an aside, we see here Locke recognizing that the state (bureaucracy/institutions) needs itself to possess high quality skills. And the state's role is to secure common measures (by "public authority warranted") and accurate information about them.
More important, one of the explicit goals of the state is to promote commerce. So, it is a bit odd to treat Locke as depoliticizing money when he articulates his account of money in terms of quite specific political aims (namely the promotion of commerce). But so far, I have said nothing that Desan might disagree with.
More subtly, Desan treats money (and she is here echoing in part Locke's opponent Lowndes) as an "emphatically domestic" affair. (348) It would, thus, be tempting to see in Locke's politics a cosmopolitan project because (and now again quoting Desan about Locke) "exchange was an international matter, and he evidently assumed that money was as well," (349).
And, indeed, in one sense Locke's ideal is cosmopolitan: "perhaps it would have been better for commerce in general, and more convenient for all their subjects, if the princes every-where, or at least in this part of the world, would at first have agreed on the fineness of the standard to have been just one-twelfth alloy, in round numbers; without those minuter fractions which are to be found in the alloy of most of the coin of the several distinct dominions of this part of the world." (partially quoted on p. 346 and p. 348 by Desan) It is not silly to see in Locke as the hypothetical forefather of the Euro (or, at least, the EMU/EMS). But notice that here Locke ascribes to princes/sovereigns political agency. And this is Locke's (counterfactual) ideal.
Of course, in practice this did not happen. But it alerts us that Locke's argument may be more political than Desan (and certain libertarians) let on.** And, in fact, Locke's argument about the role of money in commerce is itself intrinsically political:
Money also is necessary to us, in a certain proportion to the plenty of it amongst our neighbours. For, if any of our neighbours have it in a much greater abundance than we, we are many ways obnoxious to them. 1. They can maintain a greater force. 2. They can tempt away our people, by greater wages, to serve them, by land, or sea, or in any labour. 3. They can command the markets, and thereby break our trade, and make us poor. 4. They can on any occasion ingross naval and warlike stores, and thereby endanger us.
In countries where domestic mines do not supply it, nothing can bring in silver but tribute, or trade. Tribute is the effect of conquest: trade, of skill and industry.
By commerce silver is brought in, only by an overbalance of trade.
An overbalance of trade, is when the quantity of commodities, which we send to any country do more than pay for those we bring from thence: for then the overplus is brought home in bullion.
For, Locke's argument is that a strong currency is connected to a high wage ("greater wages"), productive labor force ("skill and industry"), export driven ("overbalance of trade") political economy, which allows for a growing population and, thereby, a greater military (and more powerful economy).++ What's really new here -- judging by Desan's larger narrative -- is not the strong currency part. (It seems the UK elites were all in on a strong currency for close to half a millenium prior to Locke.) But rather that in virtue of a strong currency one can pay high wages and support a growing population.
This not ad hoc in Locke. It echoes Locke's more instrumental defense of property rights as conducive to consumption and rising standards of living. In particular, it fits quite nicely with the details of Locke's 'Art of government' (recall my treatment of sections 41-42 of Second Treatise, chapter 5): (i) open borders that facilitate immigration, abundance in food, fertility/family friendly policies. (ii) And we can take him to be committed to policies that improve the skill-set of the workforce that is the stimulation of public or private provision of education. In arguing for Jewish emancipation (and immigration), Toland (recall) explicitly picks up on Locke's argument, but rather than focusing on high wages he focuses on falling prices for mass produced goods.
So, let me wrap up. I have not here evaluated Locke's economics. And I also grant that it's possible that Locke was a bourgeois ideologue supporting mercantile Whig elites at the expense of everybody else (Desan relies heavily on Macpherson) with any argument available. But it strikes me that the more natural and consistent reading is that Locke thought that state policy should enrich the population. If done right (by focusing on a hard currency, educating for the right skills, and yes defending property rights) this would lock Britain into a virtuous cycle of growing trade, growing wages, growing populations, and growing political might. This is not a cosmopolitan argument in favor of trade (of the sort Kant or Smith might try out); rather it is a second-best argument for national greatness because the international sphere is characterized by power politics. Since Locke's approach puts Britain on the path of zero-sum, great power politics, it is an open question whether this can be called 'liberal' (cf. 411 in Desan; but that's for another occasion).
Continue reading "John Locke on Money, National Greatness and the Liberal Art of Liberal Government," »
Posted at 12:25 PM in Adam Smith, Kant, Libertarianism, Locke, political philosophy, politics, Toland | Permalink | Comments (8)
Toland, Locke's Statecraft, and Jewish Emancipation
NOW, what ought to rejoice us all, thoſe of our own Nation are not only long ſince divested of ſuch barbarous and bloody Pračtises but likewise have by very sensible degrees (tho' not so far as might be wished) quitted certain narrow and bigoted Principles, not more contrary to common Humanity and Genuine Religion, than to their own publick and private Interest. Our political Contentions, both the sign and support of Liberty, are no contradićtion to this Assertion. The vulgar, I confess, are seldom pleased in any Country with the coming in of Foreigners among 'em: Which proceeds, first, from their ignorance, that at the beginning they were such themselves; secondly, from their grudging at more Persons sharing the same Trades or Business with them, which they call taking the Bread out of their Mouths; and thirdly, from their being deluded to this aversion by the artifice of those who design any change in the Government. But as wise Magistrates will prevent the last, and are senſible of the first, so they know the second cause of the People's hatred, to be the true Cause of the Land's Felicity; and therefore, not minding those who mind nothing but their selfiſh Proječts, they'll ever encourage a Confluence of Strangers. We deny not that there will thus be more tailors and shoomakers; but there will be also more suits and shoes made than before. If there be more weavers, watchmakers, and other arteficers, we can for this reason export more cloth, watches, and more of all other commodities than formerly: and not only have 'em better made by the emulation of so many workmen, of such different Nations; but likewise have 'em quicker sold off, for being cheaper wrought than those of others, who come to the same market. This one Rule of More, and Better, and Cheaper, will ever carry the market against all expedients and devices. But to these Reasons we may further add, that the same vulgar, who are so averſe to the coming in of poor Strangers, are as well pleas'd with the rich, which will generally hold true of the jews, who moreover do always take care of their own Poor, wherever they are, and can not therefore be said, (according to our own Country phraſe just now cited) to eat the Bread out of the Mouths of others. All these Advantages are yet more evident with respect to the produćt of Lands, which shews (to uſe the * words of Mr. Locke) how much NUMBERS of MEN are to be preferred to LARGENESS of DOMINIONS and that the INCREASE of LANDS, and the right employment of them, is the great END of Government. That Prince (says he) who shall be ſo wiſe and god like, as by ESTABLISHED LAWS of LIBERTY, to secure Protection and encouragement to the HONEST INDUSTRY of mankind, against the OPPRESSION OF POWER, and the NARROWNESS OF PARTY, will quickly be too hard for his Neighbours. Such a Prince thou haſt upon the Throne, O Britain As a GENERAL NATURALIZATION is your peculiar interest, ye Men of fruitful acres. --John Toland (1714) Reasons for Naturalizing the Jews in Great Britain and Ireland, Chapter XVI. (All italics in original; I will quote Toland's Reasons by paragraph below.)
A few days ago I bumped into Toland's Reasons while looking for an online copy of his The art of governing by parties because the latter is discussed in Isaac Kramnick's wonderful Bolingbroke & His Circle (recall last week). Reasons calls for (nearly) full citizenship rights for Jews. (The exception being positions of authority in the Church of England.) Since anti-semitism is not uncommon among even very perceptive Enlightenment thinkers (recall Hume), I thought it worth digressing.
One of the oddities of our age, in which so many scholars embrace the reality and significance of moral progress, is to be found in the near total neglect of John Toland. Even historians of philosophers, who pride themselves on their contextual knowledge of the history of philosophy, are, by and large unfamiliar with his pioneering views, including (recall) his feminism, and his clever use of genealogical reasoning (recall; and here). I have never heard his very early advocacy of Jewish emancipation mentioned in a scholarly context. Toland has not been very well served by those with more familarity with his writings. For example, back in 1969 Isaac E. Barzilay argues (not incorrectly) that "most of the arguments are drawn from Rabbi Simone Luzzatto's Discourse on the Jews of Venice." (76)
As it happens, Toland does not hide debt to Luzzatto (who he praises greatly). But even if Barzilay were right, that still leaves some arguments not drawn from Luzzato. And while undoubtedly there are many excellent reasons to study the past, it cannot hurt from time to time, to reflect a bit on how it is possible, amidst so much wanton cruelty and intellectual perniciousness, some thinkers arrived at the right moral and political position well ahead of their contemporaries. And why, perhaps, they were ignored by them.
It is, of course, natural for readers to connect Toland's argument in favor of the naturalization of Jews to Locke's account of toleration. So, for example, the eminent Toland scholar, Ian Leask, writes in a recent article, "Toland cites Locke's Second Treatise of Civil Government in the Reasons – but it seems that Locke's First Letter concerning Toleration, the Epistola, is a more significant formative force." (3) He is right about the significance of Locke's views on toleration--Toland makes an explicit point that because the Jews lack a homeland, they will not naturally serve a foreign power. (VI) Laesk has lots of interesting to say connecting the arguments to Toland's fascination throughout his writings with Jewish history, Machiavellianism, and what has come to be known as political hebraism, in particular, of the Harringtonian kind (Toland edited Harrington). But somewhat oddly while he mentions it, Laesk ends up ignoring the explicit argument drawn from Locke (quoted above).
Toland's general argument assumes, against prejudicial "bias," that humans are by nature equal; it is only "the different methods of government and education" that account for observed differences. (ch. VIII; in my terminology, he is a methodological analytic egalitarian.) And, he also assumes, as common knowledge (at least among the learned), "we all know that numbers of people are the true riches and power of any country." (ch. III) In addition, he offers empirical-historical reasons (by contrasting Dutch experiences with other European countries) for claiming that a number of policies are conducive to growing populations and wealth: population will grow in those countries that practice "liberty of conscience;" that are welcoming immigrants from "all nations to the right of citizens" (III); and practice "inviolable security of...goods and persons." (IV) These points are not original in Toland; they are implied, conceptually, in the final chapters of Spinoza's Theological Political Treatise; we find them developed more empirically in De La Court's True Interest of Holland (which was (recall) quite popular in England). These are works are familiar to Toland.
Even so, the particular turn Toland gives to the argument draws out an important strand of Locke's second Treatise. Well, it is important to me because. as it happens, I quoted the very same paragraph from Locke's second Treatise (recall) a few months ago.* I noted that Locke treats it as an aside on the "art of government." In particular, the art of government is presented while Locke offers an instrumental defense of property rights as conducive to consumption and rising standards of living with the development of a growing, skilled labor force. Locke is, in fact, committed to policies that promote population growth, including immigration. It's that argument that Toland notes explicitly in the passage quoted above.
In fact, Toland's argument is directed, in part, at those among the British pro commercializing elite (the "wise magistrates") for whom national economic policy meant a growing population, increasing production, growing exports ("export more cloth, watches, and more of all other commodities than formerly"), increasing competitive markets, and cheaper and technologically improved commodities ("have 'em better made by the emulation of so many workmen"). And while there is undoubtedly a hint of mercantile doctrine in here, Toland addresses the concerns of the working poor head-on. Yes, they will have to compete with new workers. But these new workers will also ensure a larger internal market with an improved cost of living ("cheaper wrought" goods).+ That is to say, Toland grasps and fully articulates the more liberal win-win logic that is essential to Locke's argument.**
I do not mean to suggest Toland's argument for Jewish emancipation is only couched in enlightened self-interest of national greatness rooted in a growing population with a growing economy and high quality goods. As the opening sentence above suggests, Toland also offers an argument from "common humanity" (the eighteenth century conceptual framework made popular by Hume and one of the roots of human rights talk down the road). That argument is rooted in the particular historical injustices committed against the Jews in England. But that's for another occasion.
For now, I wish those of you that celebrate it, a happy socially distanced Passover!
Continue reading "Toland, Locke's Statecraft, and Jewish Emancipation" »
Posted at 11:09 AM in Adam Smith, David Hume, Locke, Racism, Toland | Permalink | Comments (1)
On Toland's Veneration of Hypatia
Her Disciples entered into a strićt Tye of Intimacy with one another, stiling themſelves Companions, or, as in our Colleges Fellows; which was likewiſe the Cuſtom at Athens, and in other famous Seminaries of Learning. This commonly begot Effects of Benevolence thro' the whole Courſe of their Lives, and Hypatia was by way of Excellence named The Philoſopher, altogether as much on Account of her pro found Knowledge, as for her public Profeſſion of Teaching. Nor was any Profeſſor ever more ad mired by the World, or more dear to his own Scholars. Hers were as remarkable as numerous.--John Toland (1720) Hypatia, chapter V.
The distinguished scholar, Ian Leask, gave an excellent lecture last week in Dublin on John Toland as a (proto-)feminist. In addition to Letters to Serena, a key bit of evidence in his argument is Toland's (1720) Hypatia: Or, The History of a Most Beautiful, Most Vertuous, Most Learned, and every way accompliſh'd Lady, Who was torn to pieces by the clergy of Alexandria, to gratify the Pride, Emulation, and Cruelty of their Archbishop, com monly but undeſervedly ſtiled St. Cyril. Today I'll accept Lask's treatment of Toland as a feminist.* Toland (recall; and here), arguing from "common humanity" *Ch.XX) really believes that men ought to be collectively "ashamed" about here fate (ch. I). The subtitle also gives a clear sense of the anti-clerical animus of Toland's tract.
Today, I focus on a different angle, which I take to be the more significant theme of the brief tract: Toland's more critical treatment of Hypatia, who is praised for her skill in astronomy, mathematics, and expositor of philosophy, as a political leader. This feature is mentioned at once: she "succeeded" her father "in the Government of the Platonic School at Alexandria." In so doing she became a celebrity in her age (see above) in the center of learning that was, simultaneously, one of the most important imperial cities.
That the public impact, especially in legal affairs, of Hypatia matters is clear from this description: "that never Woman had a more unspotted Charaćter. She was held an Oracle for her Wisdom, which made her be conſulted by the Magiſtrates in all important Caſes; and this frequently drew her among the greateſt Concourſe of Men, without the leaſt Cenſure of her Manners." And, in fact, she became the center of political life: "That the Governors and Magiſtrates of Alexandria regularly viſited her, that all the City...paid Court to her, is a Diſtinction with which no Women was eyer honoured before," (Ch. XI).++
Toland hints at the theme slyly when he introduces his main character witness/authority, Synesius: "It was then that with greater Boldness than any of the Grecians (as he tells us himself) he pronounced before the Emperor that extremely fine Oration concerning Government, which, in a Country ſo juſtly fond of liberty as ours, I wonder has never been tranſlated. This defect I have ſupplied, and will impart it to the Public on a proper Occaſion," (Ch. VI, emphasis in original.) Unlike Hypatia, the "truth-telling" (Ch. VIII) Synesius is recorded as an author in political philosophy.+ While the work on Government (and its bearing on liberty) is only mentioned, Synesius' apology of philosophy, Dion, is discussed in more detail (Ch. VII); the bottom line being -- and here Toland's Synesius anticipates Hume -- that philosophy ought to be "useful" in the present world.**
Toland's selection of Synesius's portrait of Hypatia is somewhat less admiring than one would expect. Chapters IX-X reproduces plaintive letters from Synesius, who, after being promoted/banished to "the Biſhoprick of Ptolemais" was simply ignored by his former companions and teacher. Synesius writes to complain after hearing no word of sympathy or consolation from them after his wife and children had died. Hypatia is revealed as lacking in compassion for others and lacking sensitivity in earthly matters.
The key to Hypatia's downfall is her closeness to the governor of Alexandria, Orestes. Unfortunately, Orestes was hated by Cyril, who was politically ambitious and grew envious of their (political, even personal) intimacy. Cyril, who is presented as intolerant of religious dissent (and persecutor even banisher of the Jews, who had lived there for more than nine centuries since the age of Alexander), is especially focused on the "Unity of the Church" and any obstacle that "weakens the Government of the clergy. (Chs. XVI-XVII).
That is to say, Hypatia is presented as caught in the middle between a battle of political control between church and state. . For, Toland argues that clerical power in political affairs has predictable consequences (including depopulation, persecution, and economic decline). And the source of her death is that Orestes is incapable of maintaining law and order in Alexandria against the sedition of Cyril; Hypatia gets killed by a clerical mob during the disturbances (Chs. XIX-XX).
So, what then is the moral here? I think it's pretty clear, and not especially profound. Even a popular beloved philosophy (as Hypatia was) presupposes stable political authority, if not law and order. As he writes (recall, in Letters to Serena)
[T]he punishment of the wicked and the recompense of the good, not being contained in fables, but exhibited to our eyes, each party is every day put in mind of his duties; and by this custom there grows the best and most useful reformation of manners. Letters to Serena, Letter II, quoting Diodorus Siculus).
Continue reading "On Toland's Veneration of Hypatia" »
Posted at 03:02 PM in Adam Smith, Plato, political philosophy, Toland, women in philosophy | Permalink | Comments (0)
On Hutcheson stopping Motion and a hidden, perhaps, polemic with Spinozism
This universal Benevolence toward all Men, we may compare to that Principle of Gravitation, which perhaps extends to all Bodys in the Universe; but like the Love of Benevolence, increases as the Distance is diminish'd, and is strongest when Bodys come to touch each other. Now this increase of Attraction upon nearer Approach, is as necessary to the Frame of the Universe, as that there should be any Attraction at all. For a general Attraction, equal in all Distances, would by the Contrariety of such multitudes of equal Forces, put an end to all Regularity of Motion, and perhaps stop it altogether.--Frances Hutcheson (1726) An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue.
In a lovely paper that he delivered in Ghent on Wednesday, Tamas Demeter made good use of the eminently quotable paragraph, with its seductive comparison between benevolence and Newtonian gravity, quoted above. Ignoring Newton's strictures, Hutcheson implies that attraction is governed by sympathy (see here). The image has a non-trivial after-life in Hutheson's student and astute critic, Adam Smith ("All the different members of it are bound together by the agreeable bands of love and affection, and are, as it were, drawn to one common centre of mutual good offices," [HT Ryan Hanley]) as well as in Smith's careful reader, Wollstonecraft ("private virtue becoming the cement of public happiness, an orderly whole is consolidated by the tendency of all the parts towards a common centre,") [recall this post].
But my eye rested on the final sentence of Hutcheson's paragraph which expresses a counterfactual about the impossibility of an alternative force-law. (Not all possible alternatives, of course.) When you start thinking about it, he seems he has packed quite a bit into the claim. Hutcheson really makes two counterfactual predictions about what would happen if there was uniform gravity (so not based on distance [presumably just based on masses]) in the universe: (a) motion would stop being regular or (b) motion would stop altogether. I focus on (b) first; this is really a kind of anti-cosmogeny. It claims that the world could not have evolved with such a force law.
In fact, Hutcheson's second (b) point ("a general Attraction, equal in all Distances, would by the Contrariety of such multitudes of equal Forces...stop [motion] altogether") sounds (recall this post) akin to a claim that Clarke makes against Spinoza: "because the determination of this self-existent motion must be every way at once, the effect of it could be nothing else but a perpetual rest; it's a an argument that I have long struggled with (see this paper). For the aficionados: I am pretty sure that the then also famous Bentley-Newton correspondence got started by a (now lost) question from Bentley to Newton to rule the possibility of the solar system evolving out of a homogeneous plenum (which the English think Spinoza ought to embrace) with Newtonian force laws. Hutcheson's (b) seems 'intuitive' because one can understand the idea that all forces can cancel each other out so that there is no motion.
But one thing Hutcheson's counterfactual thought experiment, (b), requires is that matter needs to be uniformly or symmetrically distributed (through the infinite universe). Otherwise there is no reason to think that all the possible forces would simply cancel each other out from the start, forever. (We leave aside Norton dome style thought experiments--from my Marij Van Strien's work we know these were familiar in the 19th century, but there is no evidence they were really understood at the start of the 18th century [NB the wikipedia page is weak on the history].) So, contrary to the argument of the General Scholium, Hutcheson is tacitly assuming something like a plenum here (at least as the starting point of cosmogeny). Why he would do so is odd, unless the paragraph originates in an earlier polemic against Spinozism (or the impious development of Cartesianism)? This is a plausible inference, given that Hutecheson is familiar with the polemics surrounding Spinoza and Toland (see here and here), and Hutcheson is often at pains at showing and/or assuming the existence of final causes.
Continue reading "On Hutcheson stopping Motion and a hidden, perhaps, polemic with Spinozism" »
Posted at 10:43 AM in Adam Smith, Aesthetics, Deism, Descartes, Design Argument, Early Modern Philosophy, early modern science, history of philosophy, history of science, Hutcheson, Newton, Philosophy of Science, Spinoza, Toland, women in philosophy | Permalink | Comments (9)
On Necessity in Clarke & Newton (and Spinoza), against Toland....
In his correspondence with (a then very youthful) Joseph Butler, Samuel Clarke writes the following:
Necessity absolute and antecedent in the order of nature to the existence of any subject has nothing to limit it; but if it operates at all (as must needs do), it must operate (if I may so speak) everywhere and at all times alike…. (Clarke's "Answer to Butler's Third Letter," Dec 10, 1713)[1]
To put Clarke's point informally: absolute necessity has the same impact everywhere and all times and should have the same consequence everywhere and all the time. So, if such necessity operates in some respect, Y, then we ought to expect Y to be homogenous in relevant ways. And if the most fundamental form of necessity operates in all (possible) respects, then we ought to expect general homogeneity.
This view of necessity turns out to be a non-trivial principle that, surprisingly enough, is shared by Clarke and Spinoza, and, even in considerable part, by Newton. (Recall Newton's claim in the General Scholium (added to the third edition): "No variation of things arises from blind metaphysical necessity, which must be the same always and everywhere.") I emphasize two features of Clarke's position. First, according to Clarke necessity is the "formal cause" of God (Clarke's "answer to sixth Letter to another Gentleman" [published first in 1738]).[2] That is to say, Clarke does not just allow the question, 'what causes God?' to be intelligible,[3] but it even has a proper response: in a certain sense, one can say that for Clarke God is the consequence of a species of necessity.[4] There is, in fact, an unmistakable echo of this doctrine of the relationship between necessity and God in Newton's "General Scholium:" "'Tis allowed by all that the supreme God exists necessarily; and by the same necessity he exists [391] always and every where" (emphasis added). In the quote, Newton insists (i) that God's necessary existence is common ground among all philosophers.[5] Newton, then, (ii) ascribes to necessity explanatory 'power' to help account for (at least some of) God's properties. It's this type of explanatory power that is captured by Clarke's claim that necessity is a formal cause.
Second, Clarke uses the necessity as formal cause of God principle to rule out the existence of multiple substances (Clarke's first response to Butler, 10 nov 1713, and see Clarke's A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God, [hereafter Demonstration] VII). So, like Spinoza [(E1D1 & E1p7)] & (E1p5&E1p7), Clarke treats God as the only true substance.[6] In particular, in order to make credible substance monism, Clarke relies on the idea that absolute necessity does not just have the same impact everywhere and all times and should have the same consequence everywhere and all the time, but also that in the most absolute sense these consequences 'displace' the 'instantiation' of other hypothetical (but not genuinely possible) effects derived from hypothetical (but not genuinely possible) causes. [7]
If we attend to some of the further details of Clarke's letter to Butler, we also learn something about the explicit target of Clarke's argument:
Continue reading "On Necessity in Clarke & Newton (and Spinoza), against Toland...." »
Posted at 12:10 AM in Clarke, Early Modern Philosophy, early modern science, history of philosophy, history of science, Hobbes, HOPOS, modality, Newton, Newton's Challenge, Spinoza, Toland | Permalink | Comments (0)
On Necessity and Smithian Social Explanation
[This week I am in Minnesota to hang with the excellent faculty and students (and give some talks) at Macalester College, UMN Mankato, and UMN Twin Cities. So, I may blog less frequently.--ES]
Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (hereafter WN) starts, as the Aristotelian sounding title promises, with a (tentative) causal claim: "THE greatest improvements in the productive powers of labour, and the greater part of the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which it is any where directed, or applied, seem to have been the effects of the division of labour." (WN 1.1.1) According to Smith, a single cause has a variety of effects, including -- strikingly enough as Craig Smith has emphasized -- on our cognition ("judgment"). After a fuller description of these effects (including the famous pin-factory example), Smith's second chapter, turns to descriving the cause(s) of the division labor:
THIS division of labour, from which so many advantages are derived, is not originally the effect of any human wisdom, which foresees and intends that general opulence to which it gives occasion. It is the necessary, though very slow and gradual consequence of a certain propensity in human nature which has in view no such extensive utility; the propensity to truck, barter, and exchange one thing for another. Whether this propensity be one of those original principles in human nature of which no further account can be given; or whether, as seems more probable, it be the necessary consequence of the faculties of reason and speech, it belongs not to our present subject to inquire. (WN 1.2.1)
Now, there is a lot to be said about Smith's account of human propensities (and his bracketing of the further question), but here I focus on the nature of explanation that Smith offers. For, in it we find the template of the dominant form of explanation in Smith's social theory. According to Smith social phenomena (e.g., division of labor), which have social utility,* can be explained by the unforeseen (and unintended) necessary workings of human propensities over time. Stated at this level of generality this will not surprise. Smith thinks that given our original and immediate instincts the propensity to barter and truck will arise eventually (it is "the necessary, though very slow and gradual consequence.") Much ink has been spilled over Smith as a theorist of unintended consequences (and invisible hands, here and here).
Continue reading "On Necessity and Smithian Social Explanation" »
Posted at 12:50 AM in Adam Smith, David Hume, Early Modern Philosophy, economics, history of philosophy, Invisible Hand, modality, Spinoza, Toland | Permalink | Comments (3)


FHD 1080P+FHD 1080P / HD 720P + HD720P dual channel, 2196P or 1440P Single Channel. 128GB Memory Card Support (Not include).
Advanced Sony Exmor IMX323 sensor. Built-in Night Vision (WDR) for interior clips and shots, for Uber, Lyft, taxis, limos, etc.
180-degree rotating 150-degree viewing angle high-resolution wide-angle lens.


My name is Annemiek Wintraecken and I live in The Netherlands. Family and friends call me Miek and that's where "Mieks" originates.
It was in the years Malcolm Forbes bought his first Eggs (1966) that in a Dutch newspaper an article appeared with photo's of some of those Eggs. I was still a child, but I fell in love instantly! Ever since that day I have collected images, stories and books about the Eggs. Just for myself, to read about the history behind these eggs, to look at the images and to wonder about the incredible beauty of these little masterpieces made for the last two Russian Tsars so long ago.
In 1999 I got my first own pc and in 2004 I finally knew how to make a website and decided I was going to share my hobby with other people.
Once on the www I met other Fabergé enthusiasts and my collection grew and grew. Fabergé unites people I once heard, Fabergé Eggs did in the past and it still works in the present for through e-mail I have made some fantastic Fabergé friends!
The picture above is a composition of the Renaissance Egg shown in Berlin in 2005 and me dreaming of it on my 50th birthday in Berlin. It was on that day in July that for the very first time I saw a Fabergé Egg "in reality" during the exhibition of the Link of Times Collection in Schloss Charlottenburg. I was absolutely amazed, for the Eggs were so much more beautiful than I had ever imagined! The Eggs seemed to live, the sparkling, the shining, the magnificent colors, fabulous in one word! Though I knew the heights of the Eggs, some were smaller than I had expected, others bigger, but all were of an unspeakable beauty!
After Berlin, I went to see Fabergé Eggs in Brussels in december 2005 and there I was so lucky to see also the magnificent Mosaic Egg. I think one of the most beautiful of all.
In November 2007 went to London to see the Rothschild Fabergé Egg auctioned at Christie's on November 28, and in London I met with some of the Fabergé friends I know through the internet.
What a great time we had in London! Meeting the friends was an unforgettable event! Together we went to the Auction houses Sotheby's and Christie's and admired the many splendid Fabergé items, some we were even allowed to look at from into ours hands! On Wednesday we witnessed the Sale of the Rothschild Fabergé Clock Egg at Christie's. Unique in one word!!
A special "thank you" to Kieran McCarthy of Messrs Wartski who took time during this so very busy artweek to show and tell us all about their magnificent collection, and to Carolone de Guitaut of the Royal Collection who gave us a private tour on the Fabergé Collection shown in the Royal Closet! Thank you so very much!
October 2008 I learned the Blue Serpent Egg was to be exhibited for the first time ever in the US. As one of my favorites, the Pansy Egg was going to be on Artistic Luxury: Faberge, Tiffany, Lalique too, as well as the Austrailan Kelch Bonbonniere Egg, the Danish Palaces Egg I missed in Brussels as it could not travel due to hurricane Katrina, to make a long story short, I went! In January 2009 I spent ten wonderful days in the United States, starting in very cold Cleveland and ending in New Orleans.
2013, September. A dream come true!
March 2014. 1887 The Third Imperial Egg is found an exhibited for only a few days at Wartski's in Londen. What a beauty! (The Egg).
2016. At the beginning of the year I thought it time to quit my Fabergé Egg website. Too many people "borrowed" from me and used my research without any credit. That was no fun anymore. So after almost one and a half a decade, an eternity on the internet, mieks.com that started as mrsmiek.nl, disappeared from the web.
Not everything I have and know about the Eggs is online and I have a large library on Fabergé Eggs, so if you have questions, do email me! I love to talk Eggs and always answer your emails*.
I do believe however that there is much more to discover about the Imperial Eggs, ánd the Kelch Eggs, so full speed ahead!


text:
Mercia Marina works to save the bees
Jane Wakeham started Red Mason Bee Project
Jane McFarlane
Mercia Marina has launched the Red Mason Bee Project.
The bee population at Mercia Marina is booming thanks to the efforts of nature-loving boaters.
The Red Mason Bee Project is the brainchild of boater Jane Wakeham, who decided she wanted to do her bit to support the Red Mason Bee population after attending a workshop in 2016.
The workshop organiser sent Jane 32 cocoons – from which the Red Mason Bees hatch – in 2016. They all hatched and reproduced to provide 75 new cocoons in November 2017. These 75 bees then produced 485 cocoons in 2018.
Boaters at the marina have also come on board, sponsoring specially made bee nesters where the bees lay their eggs. As a result, the number of bee nesters at the marina has increased from five to 14.
Jane, who lives on a boat the marina, in Willington, said she was thrilled with the progress of the project.
She said: "There's no guarantee that the cocoons will hatch so when we got 75 cocoons which all hatched in 2017 we couldn't believe it. We have to overwinter them in the bottom of the fridge. When we came to clean the nesters out last November there were 485 cocoons, we were absolutely amazed.
"We originally had five nesters and we asked people living at the marina if they would like to sponsor them so we could have some more. We asked for £10 and we weren't sure if it would take off but now we have 14 nesters. I don't think we ever thought we'd get all the support and interest that we've had from the people here. It's brilliant. When they sponsor a nester they choose the location and they get their name on it.
"The Red Mason Bees are so important as they are pollinators of fruit, they are so crucial and their numbers have plummeted over the years because of the lack of wildflowers and their habitat being lost. A lot of gardens have block paving now and that means there is a lack of food for them."
When Jane went on the workshop in 2016 she learnt Red Mason Bees can become so heavily loaded with mites they cannot fly so cannot collect nectar and pollen, which highlighted the importance of cleaning out the nesters and the cocoons and how to store them safely over the winter.
In the late autumn the cocoons are removed from the nesters, cleaned and stored so that they can be put out into release chambers next year. The nests are taken down, cleaned and fitted with new tubes and put out again the following spring.
CourtsComplaint over loud music leads to crowbar attack at Mercia MarinaTanzeel Hanif has been spared an immediate prison term
University of DerbyWhy traffic around A52 roadworks is set to get worse this weekThousands of extra cars will use the route
SwadlincoteDetonators found in a skip leads to police incident in SwadlincoteRail officials were also called to the scene
CrimeDriver's incredible excuse that he gave cops over dodgy trailer on A38Officers dubbed him 'Derbyshire's most unlucky man' after he told this one
Traffic and TravelLive: Delays on the A38 due to 'abandoned vehicle'Traffic is building in the area
Derbyshire PoliceMan in his 20s 'stabbed' in narrow jitty overnight
He was taken to hospital by ambulance

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
<?php

namespace AppBundle\Controller;

use Sensio\Bundle\FrameworkExtraBundle\Configuration\Route;
use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\Controller;

class CitiesController extends Controller
{
    /**
     * @Route("/city/show/{id}", name="city_info")
     */
    public function showAction($id)
    {
        if (empty($id)) {
            die();
        }

        $city = $this->getDoctrine()
            ->getRepository('AppBundle:Cities')
            ->find($id);

        return $this->render('cities/show.html.twig', [
            'city' => $city,
        ]);
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
First Look At Disney's New Animation "Strange World"
by Olivia 18/02/2022 18/02/2022
Disneyphile, here's a brand new animation for us all to enjoy and adore next year! According to news from Walt Disney Animation Studios, its latest animation project – Strange World will land in theaters on November 23, 2022, and it's definitely a work that's worth waiting for.
On Instagram, the studio describes its new animated movie as "journeys deep into an uncharted and treacherous land where fantastical creatures await". This statement also comes with Strange World's first concept art, which features two characters – an adult and a kid, in a strange, weird yet fascinating background.
Source: disneyanimation
More specifically, Strange World will be an original action-adventure movie that brings us to an unexplored and menacing world where the Clades, a family of explorers, have to face mysterious creatures they haven't known before.
According to director Don Hall, Strange World is a reference to pulp magazines, which were pretty popular in the first half of the 20th century.
"I loved reading the old issues of pulps growing up. They were big adventures in which a group of explorers might discover a hidden world or ancient creatures. They've been a huge inspiration for Strange World," he said.
Directed by Hall (the Oscar-winning director of Big Hero 6 and Raya and the Last Dragon), co-directed and written by Qui Nguyen (co-writer of Raya and the Last Dragon), and produced by Roy Conli (the Oscar-winning producer behind Big Hero 6 and Rapunzel), Strange World is guaranteed to amaze and delight you on the next Thanksgiving. Let's wait and see!
9 Stories Showing How Awful Celebrities Treated Their Assistants
8 Times Celebrity Scandals Were Caught By CCTV
9 Celebrities Who Were Real Jerks Before Getting Famous
9 Times Directors Had To Tricked Our Eyes To Have A Best Outcome
20 Weird As Fuck Photos That Will Crack Your Brain Out


Custom Granite Countertops Madison WI | Midwest Rock Tops » Thank You!
In this season of thanks, we want to show our appreciation for you!
We know that remodeling your home is probably higher on the stress list than you'd like, and you may or may not know very much about granite. Luckily, our team at Midwest Rock Tops has you covered.
We are thankful to work with so many of you each and every day. You welcome us into your homes, and we do our very best to take every care and precaution to ensure we leave your home looking better than we found it.
We know the remodeling process can be a long process, but we do our best to make sure you are comfortable with every decision you're making, and that you end up with countertops that are perfect for your home.
Thank you for all of your business and support throughout the years. We look forward to working with you in the future.


14.20 Moriah24 views@jensenackles: "Just celebrating another wrapped season with a few friends. Thanks to all the ghosts, ghouls, vamps, werewolves, and all other things that go bump in the night. You make coming to work a beautiful thing. Thanks to our amazing crew...to @jaredpadalecki @misha @alex8calvert @markrosspelle and the rest of the #spnfamily. Let's all enjoy the break...because next year we go BIG!!! REAL BIG!!! 😎🙏🏼"
14.18 Absence2 views@jensenackles: "They're right behind me, aren't they? #baby #freedrive #spnfamily"
8 views@jensenackles: "Just celebrating another wrapped season with a few friends. Thanks to all the ghosts, ghouls, vamps, werewolves, and all other things that go bump in the night. You make coming to work a beautiful thing. Thanks to our amazing crew...to @jaredpadalecki @misha @alex8calvert @markrosspelle and the rest of the #spnfamily. Let's all enjoy the break...because next year we go BIG!!! REAL BIG!!! 😎🙏🏼"
10 views@jensenackles: "They're right behind me, aren't they? #baby #freedrive #spnfamily"


Dr. Tilean is a Chartered Psychologist and Behaviour Change Expert for business leaders, entrepreneurs, creatives and other high-achieving professionals.
She uses her expertise in psychology, mindset and behaviour change, to show driven, ambitious, soul-inspired people how to reach an even greater level of success by transforming their mind, so they elevate their life both personally and professionally. www.drtilean.com.
I was really passionate about living life on my own terms, as well as supporting other business owners to do the same. My work – knowledge and experience of the human mind and behaviour change – made me really driven to share this information with go-getters like me and empower them to create massive change in their lives.
What was your career path before starting your business?
Prior to starting my business, I worked in the NHS, charity and corporate sector in the field of human behaviour change. I also had three-years where I did something totally different and lived and worked in Barbados as an International Events producer.
I started by writing my 30,000-foot vision! Then I took massive aligned actions, whilst ensuring my mindset was on top form! I also hired a business mentor to hold me accountable.
I always tune in to my BIG picture vision, as that serves as my GPS, but in terms of specific next actions, I look at the next 30 days in detail.
Every day I start the day by tuning in mentally and spiritually, this enables me to set myself up for the day. It's important that I serve from the overflow and so filling my cup is important.
I have my one-on-one clients calls from Tuesday to Thursday. Monday and Friday are left as content creation days.
I absolutely love hosting live in-person events and it's so incredible to support people to have breakthroughs in person.
In the beginning, it took seven weeks and 4 days to sign a client. That was scary as I had left my 9-5 and felt like I was in sink or swim mode.
I constantly tune in to what my audience need/require and where God is leading me next in terms of creative ideas.
Working solo. I ensure I schedule in time to meet like-minded others by attending events. I'm part of a powerful mastermind and a member of a private members club.
I love Oprah and Richard Branson. Those are people I look up to for inspiration as business owners.
Be okay to fail forward – my business mentors.
I love yoga, walking, socialising with friends and family. I love cooking and baking. Listening to music and singing. I love spa days too!


Men's sheds provide a place for men to get together, work on common projects and contribute to their community.
The Men's Shed Program provides grants for the construction of new sheds and the refurbishment of existing sheds.
Strengthening the sustainability of men's sheds through the Victorian Men's Shed Association.
The Victorian Government has announced the 2019-20 Men's Shed funding round providing up to $882,000 for grants that can be used to build new men's sheds or to refurbish existing men's sheds. Eligible men's shed groups can apply for a grant of up to $80,000.
The Victorian Government provides funding to the Victorian Men's Shed Association to provide leadership and capacity building for men's sheds across Victoria.
The Victorian Common Funding Agreement provides a standardised funding agreement for use by all Victorian government departments when funding the not-for-profit (NFP) community sector and local government for human and community services and projects, including specified capital works.
Organisations must acknowledge the funding support provided by the Victorian Government for their men's shed. This document assists organisations to ensure that they are aware of their specific acknowledgement requirements.
The Victorian State Government logo must be used on all public materials relating to your funded project or activity. For more information see the Victorian Government Logo and Guidelines page on the Creative Victoria website.
Support the inclusion of newly arrived migrant and refugee communities.


text:
China Must Import More Hemp From U.S. Under New Trade Deal
After years of being one of the United States's main sources of hemp imports, China will now be required to buy a lot more of the non-intoxicating cannabis crop from the U.S. under a new trade deal.
Hemp, which was federally legalized under the 2018 Farm Bill, is one of a long list of agricultural products that China agreed to import on a larger scale over the next two years as part of an international trade agreement that was signed on Wednesday.
"The Parties acknowledge that trade and economic structural changes resulting from this Agreement and from other actions being taken by China to open up its economy and improve its trade regime should lead to improved trade flows, including significant increases in exports of goods and services to China by the United States and other countries," the accord says.
"The Parties believe that expanding trade is conducive to the improvement of their bilateral trade relationship, the optimal allocation of resources, economic restructuring, and sustainable economic development, given the high degree of complementarity in trade between them. The Parties recognize that the United States produces and can supply high-quality, competitively priced goods and services, while China needs to increase the importation of quality and affordable goods and services to satisfy the increasing demand from Chinese consumers."
While the deal didn't specify just how much more hemp China will be importing, the document states that the country must spend at least $12.5 billion more than it did in 2017 on more than 200 agricultural commodities, including the cannabis plant, for calendar year 2020. The following year, it must spend at least $19.5 billion more.
Included in the deal is a particular form of cannabis, which is referred to as "true hemp" in the document.
"True hemp (cannabis sativa l.), raw or processed but not spun; tow and waste of true hemp (including yarn waste and garnetted stock)," the description of the item states.
Via USTR.
Jonathan Miller, general counsel for the U.S. Hemp Roundtable, told Marijuana Moment that hemp's inclusion in the trade deal is a "really good development."
"The fact that China would be importing our hemp and would be giving a new market for American farmers is pretty exciting," he said, referring to the fact that the U.S. has historically imported the crop from China and that it has sometimes been criticized as being of inferior quality.
While cannabis has been cultivated in China for thousands of years, the country has only recently begun expanding the industry domestically. Part of the delay has to do with strict anti-drug laws, but as the legalization has spread internationally, more businesses are getting into the hemp, and particularly CBD, market.
Meanwhile, in the U.S., the hemp industry has exploded, with bipartisan lawmakers working with regulators to ensure that hemp farmers have access to the resources they need to expand and meet booming consumer demand for CBD products. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is currently finalizing its regulations for the crop after releasing an interim final rule last year.
USDA clarified in guidance last year that hemp plants and seeds are able to be imported from other countries. In 2018, the U.S. imported about $3.3 million in hemp from China, according to Hemp Industry Daily.
Congressional Hearing Exposes Marijuana Research Limitations Imposed By Federal Law
Photo courtesy of Pixabay.
Congressman Backs Ballot Measure To Legalize Psychedelic Mushrooms For Therapeutic Use
Virginia Marijuana Decriminalization Bill Moves Forward In Spite Of State ACLU Protest
Two of the biggest players in the marijuana space are heading to federal court over a dispute related to an alleged violation of a patent for a cannabis extraction method.
Canopy Growth Corporation, a Canadian-based marijuana company, filed a lawsuit on Tuesday against GW Pharmaceuticals, a UK-based firm that produces the Food and Drug Administration-approved cannabis-derived anti-seizure medication Epidiolex.
The legal action came on the same day that the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office issued a new patent to Canopy that gives it broad and exclusive rights to a process of extracting cannabinoids from plant material in the U.S. That issuance is giving Canopy more leverage to pursue litigation and potentially receive damages from GW if the suit plays out in its favor.
Canopy's original patent—which was issued in 2014 (and initially filed as an international patent application in 2001)—was more narrow and gave companies like GW leeway to adopt their own extraction practices that fall outside the scope of the patent.
That's not the case anymore, and if the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas sides with the plaintiffs, it could have far-reaching implications for the marijuana industry.
Canopy is claiming that GW's infringement of a patented extraction method "has been and continues to be willful and deliberate." Because of this infringement, "Canopy has suffered and continues to suffer damages and irreparable harm," the suit says.
The looming issue for the industry is that, unless GW is able to prove that the patent is invalid, that could mean Canopy would have exclusive rights to an extraction process that is widely used across the market—leaving any company that relies on this method at risk of litigation.
Canopy's exclusive rights won't last indefinitely, of course. The newly issued patent that is the basis of its latest iteration is set to expire in a little under a year and a half. But even in that timeframe, Canopy could profit immensely from exclusivity and it could have a chilling effect on competitors in the interim.
"It really could be a major threat to the extraction industry. Once they know about [the patent], companies might be considered to be willfully infringing the patent, which can potentially triple damages if they are sued," Larry Sandell, a patent attorney and litigator with Mei & Mark LLP, told Marijuana Moment. "Although there are steps that can be taken to reduce infringement liability risks, CO2 extractors may essentially have this anvil hanging over their head as the business continues on—at least until the patent expires or someone succeeds in knocking it out."
It remains to be seen whether Canopy will pursue litigation against other companies that use the extraction process. GW is one of the biggest players, as the pharmaceutical firm that earned the first U.S. federal approval for a cannabis-derived medication.
"The lawsuit asserts that GW manufactures CBD—the active pharmaceutical ingredient in Epidiolex, GW's leading cannabinoid product—using Canopy Growth's patented CO2-based extraction process," Phil Shaer, chief legal officer at Canopy Growth, told Marijuana Moment. "We have no interest in restricting access to Epidiolex, but the company should be fairly compensated for GW's use of our intellectual property."
A spokesperson for GW told Marijuana Moment that the company "is aware of the patent infringement lawsuit filed by Canopy Growth."
"As a policy, we do not comment on any pending litigation except to say that based on our preliminary review of the complaint, we are confident in our position and will vigorously defend against this lawsuit," they said.
One possibility would be for Canopy to license out its extraction method to other businesses that produce cannabis products.
But that's not likely to sit well with others in the burgeoning industry. And it could be the case that GW or other companies will challenge the legitimacy of the very patent in question in court.
On a symbolic level, all of this speaks to the growing pains of a corporatizing industry—a fear expressed by some advocates as the market has expanded. And how it shakes out in this case could, at least in the short-term, be of significant consequence to cannabis businesses throughout the country.
Read Canopy's new patent and suit against GW over a cannabis extraction process below:
Canopy vs. GW CBD Extractio… by Marijuana Moment
Photo by Kimzy Nanney.
Ben Adlin
Say you're a Montana farmer who has planted acres of industrial hemp. As harvest nears, you're looking to offload it. Where do you go to find a buyer?
Montana's Department of Agriculture says it has the answer.
The state this week announced the launch of an online "Hemp Marketplace," unveiling an online portal meant to connect the hemp farmers with buyers in search of seeds, fiber and derivatives such as cannabidiol, or CBD.
"The Hemp Marketplace concept originated from the same idea as the department's Hay Hotline," the Agriculture Department says on its website, "only instead of hay and pasture, the online tool connects buyers and sellers of hemp and hemp derivatives."
Listings are free of charge.
Montana Department of Agriculture
Montana farmers have embraced industrial hemp since the state legalized its production under a federal pilot program. The first legal crop was planted in 2017, and in recent years the state has led the country in terms of space dedicated to the plant. In 2018, for example, licensed farmers in Montana grew more acreage of hemp than any other U.S. state. While other states have since eclipsed the state's hemp production—the crop became broadly federally legal through the 2018 Farm Bill—Montana remains an industry leader.
But to make revenue, farmers have to be able to sell their crop. That's where the new hemp marketplace comes in. The online portal is essentially a sophisticated bulletin board for buyers and sellers, split into "Hemp for Sale" and "Hemp to Buy" categories.
"With hemp being a relatively new crop grown in Montana, the department recognizes that these markets are still developing," Department of Agriculture Director Ben Thomas said in a statement. "The Hemp Marketplace was designed to help facilitate connections between buyers and sellers. I'm looking forward to seeing how the marketplace will continue to advance the industry."
Listings include what type of products are on offer (or being sought), whether a given crop is organic and even whether laboratory testing data is available. The portal also organizes products into one of four varieties based on whether the hemp seeds have been certified by regulators. None of the products may contain more than 0.3 percent THC—the upper limit for what qualifies as hemp under both state and federal law.
Meanwhile, Montana voters are set to decide on Tuesday whether the state will legalize hemp's more infamous cousin, high-THC marijuana. According to a poll released this week, passage looks likely: The survey, conducted by Montana State University at Billings, found that 54 percent of likely voters plan to support legal cannabis on the ballot. Another 38 percent said they were opposed, while 7 percent remained undecided.
At the federal level, officials at the Drug Enforcement Administration are still working to revise rules around marijuana and hemp to reflect Congress's move to legalize hemp broadly in 2018. While the public comment on the proposals closed earlier this month, nine members of Congress cautioned the agency against adopting its proposed changes, warning some could put hemp producers at risk of criminal liability. Already a number of arrests and seizures have been made by law enforcement officers confused whether products were legal hemp or illicit marijuana.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), meanwhile, has faced separate criticism over its own proposed hemp rules, though it has been more proactive in addressing them. Following significant pushback from the industry over certain regulations it views as excessively restrictive, the agency reopened a public comment period, which closed again this month.
USDA is also planning to distribute a national survey to gain insights from thousands of hemp businesses that could inform its approach to regulating the market.
Photo courtesy of Brendan Cleak
Tom Angell
Less than two years after Missouri voters approved a ballot measure to legalize medical marijuana, dispensaries made the state's first cannabis sales to patients on Saturday.
N'Bliss Cannabis opened the doors of two separate St. Louis County locations, in Ellisville and Manchester.
I was honored to watch Larry, a cancer survivor, and his wife Sue, an RN, make the state's first legal medical cannabis purchase this morning in St Louis. @mocanntrade @NewApproachMO pic.twitter.com/rCudrkdbfI
— Jack Cardetti (@jackcardetti) October 17, 2020
"Missouri patients have always been our north star as we work to implement the state's medical marijuana program," Dr. Randall Williams, director of the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, said in a press release. "We greatly appreciate how hard everyone has worked so that patients can begin accessing a safe and well-regulated program."
Made history today by serving the first medical marijuana patients in Missouri. So proud of the team and all of the hard work of the entire industry to help get patients the medicine they need and deserve! More pics and video to come…
A post shared by N'Bliss Cannabis (@nblisscannabis) on Oct 17, 2020 at 9:22am PDT
Officials have touted the speed with which they have gotten the voter-approved cannabis program off the ground, saying it is "one of the fastest implementations of a medical marijuana program in the United States."
Via Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services.
"A tremendous amount of work has occurred by the licensed facilities and our team to get us to this point, and we continue to hear from more facilities that they are ready or almost ready for their commencement inspection," Lyndall Fraker, director of the Section for Medical Marijuana Regulation, said in a press release. "We look forward to seeing these facilities open their doors to serve patients and caregivers."
First #medicalmarijuana sales to patients in #MO take place today.
DHSS interactive facility map: https://t.co/Os2yc0jBdU pic.twitter.com/tpzztI9sOh
— Mo Health & Sr Srvcs (@HealthyLivingMo) October 17, 2020
The impending launch of sales on Saturday was first announced by the Missouri Medical Cannabis Trade Association on Friday and reported by The Springfield News-Leader.
The wait is finally over! Tomorrow morning at 9am @NBlissCannabis will open the doors to their Ellisville and Manchester locations for the first medical marijuana sales in Missouri! Congrats to the whole N'Bliss team! The #MOMMJ industry is up and running! pic.twitter.com/wyZIcoyLBv
— MoCannTrade (@mocanntrade) October 16, 2020
The state, which has so far licensed 192 dispensaries and expects most of them to open their doors by the end of the year, posted an interactive map that tracks the status of approved medical marijuana businesses.
For months, regulators have been caught up in lawsuits and appeals challenging their licensing decisions, with revenues that would otherwise go to supporting veteran services instead being allocated to covering legal costs.
Missouri isn't the only state to see medical cannabis sales launch this weekend. Virginia's first medical marijuana dispensary also held its grand opening on Saturday.
Meanwhile, recreational sales of marijuana rolled out in Maine last week—four years after voters there approved a legalization ballot measure.


Studio DB is an esteemed NYC-based architecture and interior-design practice headed by Damian and Britt Zunino, a husband-and-wife team. I was familiar with the firm's name, but when a 2016 New York Times piece featured the couple's own personal construction project in Amenia, New York, I really fell in love with their philosophy and approach to designing unique spaces. I just can't get enough of their work!
I've been pouring over the firm's recently completed projects. While they incorporate the work of some very high-end brands (like deGournay's hand-painted wallcovering, above), I've seen them use moderately priced pieces as well. They have the talent and ability to mix-and-match, and they place the work of independent makers at the forefront of their designs. That, plus the careful consideration of when to use tile, fabric, wallpaper, and color (or even a neutral backdrop), helps them create homes that don't feel like untouchable or staged showrooms; they read as spaces that you'd actually want to live in and entertain inside for years to come.
Thank you Studio DB for providing so much inspiration. Enjoy!
For more Studio DB head over here.
Toile, or really Toile De Jouy, literally translates to a cloth from Jouy-en-Josas, the French town where the printed fabrics were first commercialized. The pattered style of linen or cotton, which became in vogue during the 18th century, usually featured a bucolic country setting, pastoral scene or contemporary mid-1700s life. The toile could have floral motifs, maidens or heroes in typical landscapes, and the colorways were often limited to red, blue, black or green.
Today the narrative of toile fabrics and prints has grown. While there are still many contemporary companies who favor a more traditional pattern, increasingly there are modern designers putting a twist on the classic look. In the modern toile, the landscapes have been updated, the colorways have expanded, prints incorporate more inclusive depictions of city life, and some have even woven powerful social commentary into their work.
Toile is even inspring digital installations at LACMA!
Here are some of my favorite toile, y'all!
Sheila Bridges' "Harlem Toile De Jouy" - a satirical piece that lampoons (some of) the stereotypes deeply woven into the African American experience.
featuring Too $hort, Humpty Hump and Mac Dre, Alice Waters, Joe Montana, and Angela Davis.
It was designed by Kathleen Fitzgerald and Lauren Kolesinkas.
Kalahari Vignette by Over + Over for Anthropologie via Cup of Jo.
Hazelnut New Orleans offers New Orleans-centric fabrics like Magnolia and Cafe au Lait!
Spoonflower for more toile options at varying price points.
Concrete (that durable composite material made from a mixture of broken stone or gravel, sand, cement, and water) and cement (the main ingredient in concrete) have been popping up everywhere in the design world...from lighting to tiling to jewelry, and even inspired wallpaper.
Recently I won a fiberglass-reinforced concrete Kreten Candelabra from Souda (thanks Instagram contest!). It's a strong statement piece which sits on the mantle in our living room, and it provides a nice contrast from my other tabletop and décor objects, which tend to be softer and lighter. The Kreten is always a topic of conversation, so naturally it sparked a new interest in concrete.
Here are some designs I'm really fond of right now. Got any favorites? Feel free to share them.
These would all make a perfect gift for me someone you love.
Hope you're having a wonderful start to the holiday season!
2. Kitchen Trivet in Walnut with Dots from AHeirloom. $48.
3. Moon Coasters by Karen Kimmel, available at Woonwinkle, seen on Sight Unseen. $36.
4. Tea Egg in Rose by Made By Makers for Normann Copenhagen, available via the CoolHunter. $19.
5. The Solvo Opener by Sempli. $35.
6. Haand x SL Geometric Mug by Haand Ceramics and Sarah Loertscher. $48.
7. Paloma Serving Tray by Wolfum. $68.
8. Hive Vessel by House Fish (Denver). $89.
9. Aquarelle Knife Set (3 pc) from Waggo Home. $89.
10. Sedona Planter by Swedish Gypsy (Colorado)…because I keep lots of succulents in my kitchen. $35.
11. Pincushion Napkins (set of 2) by Skinny La Minx. $20. I buy my Skinny La Minx at Hazel & Dewey in Denver.
Thank you to Carly Loman, my colleague at DLD PR, for putting the collage together. Please note that while my firm works with Sempli, UE, Waggo Home, and Haand, this is not a sponsored post and the recommendations are my own!


text:
JSObjectRef PKSequence_new(JSContextRef ctx, void *data);
JSClassRef PKSequence_class(JSContextRef ctx);
JSObjectRef PKSequence_construct(JSContextRef ctx, JSObjectRef constructor, size_t argc, const JSValueRef argv[], JSValueRef* ex);


We all are committed to meet the challenge of today's market by consistently producing Quality products at affordable price.
At NIMBUS, quality has always been a first priority. Quality of the products can be upgraded only by knowing it, so we have many firsts in the industry on storage facilities and lab equipments for the purpose. We have a full-fledged Wet Chemistry Laboratory, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Lab and Near Infra Red (NIR) Lab which ensures thorough quality test of our products before they are launched in the market.
At National Polyplast (Plastic Processing), we have Wrap Reel Machine, Electronic Weighing Balance, Electronic Tensile Tester Machine for Tape, Tensile Tester Machine for Fabric and Micro Gauge Meter to measure thickness of tape. These tests enable the stricter control on raw material selection and quality control of finished goods.
Beside strongly focused on technology for achieving high quality product, we believe that commercial aspect is as important as technology. So we have focused on techno-commercial approach to get the desirable outcome.


text:
40 LISTS Rap Level: ExpertAre you the "hip hop expert" on your trivia team? Here is your secret weapon: lists of fascinating facts and obscure trivia about your favorite rappers and hip hop artists.
Rappers with the Most Kids Rappers Who Have Been to Prison Famous Gay Rappers Rappers in the Illuminati Rappers Who Went Totally Broke Rappers Who Have Killed People Rappers Who Have Been Shot Crazy Hip-Hop Rumors That Are Totally True Rappers Who Died Young Rappers Who Stay Sober Pics from When They Were Young Rappers You Didn't Know Are Related The Best Couples in Hip-Hop Rappers with No Tattoos Rappers Who Struggle with Mental Illness The Real Names of 150 Rappers The Best-Dressed Rappers, Ranked Origin Stories of Rapper Names Rappers with Lines of Shoes Rap Stars with Anxiety Issues
Hip-Hop 28 Rappers with Degrees
Ranker Hip Hop
List Rules A list of hip-hop artists with college, advanced, and honorary degrees
From the East Coast to the West Coast, and from the Dirty South to the city of Paris, famous rappers all over the world have received college degrees. Some of these hip-hop stars earned their degrees after attending four years of college, while others were presented with honorary degrees for their contributions to the arts.
Who is the most famous rapper with a degree? Lil Wayne tops our list. In 2008, Lil Wayne received an honorary degree from the University of Houston. Likewise, LL Cool J received an honorary degree from Northeastern University in 2014. At the time, LL Cool J said: "For them to recognize my body of work and my contributions to the world of art is an amazing feeling."
Other rappers attained degrees via matriculation. M.I.A. has a degree in fine art, film, and video from Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design. Lil Jon spent two years studying at St. Joseph's University in Philadelphia before going on to finish college at Ohio State University in 1993.
Are you surprised that so many rappers have degrees? Take a look at this list and share your thoughts in the comments section.
Ranker may collect a commission from links on this page.
Photo: Mika Väisänen/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0
Talib Kweli studied experimental theater at New York University.
see more on Talib Kweli
The Best Albums of 2018
Photo: Eli Watson/Flickr/CC BY 2.0
Donald Glover, AKA Childish Gambino, graduated from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts in 2006.
see more on Donald Glover
The Best New Male Artists
Photo: Logan/Flickr/CC BY-SA 2.0
M.I.A. has a degree in fine art, film, and video from Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design.
see more on M.I.A.
The Best Young Rappers and New School Rappers
Photo: Alan Light/Flickr/CC BY 2.0
Young MC earned a degree in economics from the University of Southern California.
see more on Young MC
The Best Singers of All Time
Filed Under: Bands/Musicians MusicEducationHip-HopCollegeRapRapperstop 25
in Bands/Musicians:
sarah jones sexy japanese beer brands new country song missing you alanis morissette husband sasha mitchell now alissa violet new boyfriend top ten pop songs celebrities who get botox archie manning pics if you go


This is the Shortest Route between UDZ and MVJ.
The Shortest Route between KOAA and MVJ is 288 km (14%) shorter.
The Shortest Route between NJP and MVJ is 373 km (17%) shorter.
Compare with the Shortest Route between Kamakhya Jn and Mavli Jn.
The Shortest Route between DEE and MVJ is 69 km (10%) shorter.
The Shortest Route between INDB and MVJ is 58 km (13%) shorter.
The Shortest Route between OKHA and MVJ is 187 km (17%) shorter.
Compare with the Shortest Route between Khajuraho and Mavli Jn.
The Shortest Route between NZM and MVJ is 67 km (10%) shorter.
Compare with the Shortest Route between Patliputra Jn and Mavli Jn.
The Shortest Route between DEE and MVJ is 10 km (2%) shorter.
This is the Shortest Route between COR and MVJ.
Compare with the Shortest Route between Kolkata Shalimar and Mavli Jn.
This is the Shortest Route between BDTS and MVJ.
Compare with the Shortest Route between Jammu Tawi and Mavli Jn.
This is the Shortest Route between MDS and MVJ.
This is the Shortest Route between MJ and MVJ.
The Shortest Route between JP and MVJ is 4 km (1%) shorter.
Compare with the Shortest Route between Madar Jn and Mavli Jn.
Compare with the Shortest Route between Haridwar and Mavli Jn.
Compare with the Shortest Route between Pune Jn and Mavli Jn.
The Shortest Route between JP and MVJ is 11 km (3%) shorter.
This is the Shortest Route between RTM and MVJ.


Why do you keep doing theatre for Early Years?
Starting from the idea that Children are a really good audience, even the youngest ones, and that there is no such thing as "a model" of theatre for the very young, the round table will give the opportunity to network around the most significant professional experiences of performing arts for early childhood, coming from different countries and global cultural traditions; and foster the exchange of ideas, experiences, methods and research among those who work in the field.
Children, even the youngest ones, are a really good audience.
There is no such thing as a model of theatre for the very young.
Starting from these two ideas that belong to the very core of Small size Network history, the round table will be the opportunity to network the most significant professional experiences of performing arts for early childhood, coming from different countries and global cultural traditions. An occasion to foster the exchange of ideas, experiences, methods and research among those who work in the field.


text:
Shemar Moore Shares Photo with Mom in a Wheelchair as They Return to His Childhood Home
By Gracious Egedegbe
https://news.amomama.com/158212-shemar-moore-shares-photo-mom-a-wheelcha.html
Famous S. W. A. T. actor, Shemar Moore excitedly took to social media to share that he paid a visit to his childhood home alongside his mother who suffers from an incurable disease.
Some two days ago, the hunky star shared a picture of himself and his mother, Marilyn on a visit to Denmark.
Moore Shares a very close relationship with his mother, and this shines through in his recent post. He is pictured standing right beside and a little behind Marilyn, who is seated in a wheelchair. The duo drip of relaxed elegance as they are both casually dressed, Moore in a simple tee paired with dark blue jeans and Marilyn, in a red long-sleeved shirt that drops past her elbows and white pants.
To keep the glare of the sun away, the pair both have hats on, Marilyn's is a white feminine hat that matches the rest of her ensemble while Moore's is a simple baseball hat. Taken in a scenic place, a green field and with the sun shining so brightly, the picture looks so beautiful.
However, the joyful looks on Marilyn, who has Multiple Sclerosis, and Moore is undeniably the most attractive thing about the photo.
The mother-son duo served goals with the "Criminal Minds" star leaning confidently on his mother's wheelchair and with his face brightly lit up with a smile. Marilyn looks so graceful and youthful with her face also sporting a wide smile.
As if the photo isn't already enough evidence, Moore went to great lengths to detail his joyful experience being at Denmark once again. Moore revealed:
"DREAM VACATION HOMECOMING for Momma n Me!!! Denmark.... I lived here as a baby from 4 months old to 3 years old over 48 years ago."
The nostalgia must have hit Moore who continued the caption recalling his childhood experiences and also that since he left the country a long time ago, he can hardly remember much of what he sees now. He animatedly
"I don't recognise most of what I'm seeing, but I can feel that it was and is a part of me for life!! I was born in Oakland, California... but this is where MY LIFE began."
Ever the doting son, Moore finished the caption explaining that Marilyn is delighted to be back home and that she is hale and hearty as opposed to what many may think seeing she is in a wheelchair. Moore:
"Momma is soooooooo HAPPY being back here with me!! Makes me happy and PROUD!!! Don't let the wheelchair fool you... momma just being lazy n wants to be pushed around like a Queen... she can still get up shake her money maker!!!"
Shemar Moore enjoys 'family fun' with his white 'momma Marilyn' & 'favourite uncle'
Shemar Moore melts hearts with pics of his 'baby girls' after revealing real relationship status
Even if it is not a direct declaration, Moore's message hints that Marilyn, who has been battling multiple sclerosis since the late 90s, is doing quite well. That can be said to be a result of Moore's numerous efforts being with her all through the journey and making sure that she gets the best care possible.
For the award-winning entertainer, Marilyn is a "Super woman, and she needs to know that someone is out there fighting for her at all times."
Hugh Jackman Does Not Think of His Kids as Adopted after His Harrowing Journey to Fatherhood
Successful Woman Meets Homeless Alcoholic on the Street and Agrees to Go On a Date with Him
Queen Offered Diana a Royal Tiara for Her Wedding like Other Family Members – She Declined


Speaking to TV3 entertainment desk, the charming pretty queen who is also a presenter on one of the urban television stations in Ghana, 4styte TV narrated why she has a lighter skin colour attributing it to her heritage of mixed race.
Her father is British and mother, a Ghanaian, hence her skin colour is because she is half caste and not application of bleaching creams, which she does not believe in.
She called on advertiser using her image to market bleaching creams to stop as that is sending wrong signals to Ghanaians about her true skin colour.
The songstress also made mention of interest and attention slow songs are gradually getting on the market and how many people refer to listen to such songs when they are alone to help them relax and she very optimistic the industry has a brighter future.


text:
John Wilson Carmichael
Shipping in a Fresh Breeze
Pencil and wash
Provenance: Hubert Jerningham, England; Abbott and Holder, London
English painter, born in Newcastle-upon-Tyne on 9 January 1800. His father was a ship's carpenter and as a youth he was apprenticed to a shipbuilder. It is possible that he spent a period at sea but he had already established his painting workshop at the age of 23, when he shared premises with the landscape painter Thomas Richardson Senior in Blackett Street, Newcastle. It has been suggested that Richardson may have been his teacher. Carmichael did not remain long in Newcastle but chose to travel throughout Italy. By 1847 he had returned to Britain and set up his studio in London. He was very prolific and a regular exhibitor of marine works at both the Royal Academy (1835–59) and the British Institution (1846–62). He returned to sea to participate officially in the Baltic theatre of the Crimean War in both 1854 and 1855 and much of his work there was published as engravings in the Illustrated London News. The National Maritime Museum, London, has his very large canvas of the 1855 bombardment of the Russian fortress of Sveaborg (now in Finland) and a large pair of pictures of HM Ships Erebus and Terror in the Antarctic and New Zealand during Captain James Clarke Ross's Southern Ocean expedition of 1839–43. He contributed in image and prose to volumes on marine art but gave up painting and retired to Scarborough, where he died, after the early death of his son.
ref. Royal Observatory Greenwich National Maritime Museum
See all items in English and European Art, Maritime
See all items by John Wilson Carmichael


text:
Čchen Man (, * 1980, Peking) je čínská vizuální umělkyně. Mezi její média patří fotografie, grafický design, kinematografie a digitální umění. Vyrábí také obálky pro módní časopisy a spolupracuje s významnými značkami po celém světě.

Životopis
Čchen Man, narozená v Pekingu v roce 1980, vyrostla po kulturní revoluci a byl součástí generace čínské politiky jednoho dítěte. Čchen navštěvovala Ústřední akademii výtvarných umění, kde studovala grafický design a absolvovala v roce 2005.

Ve věku 23 let publikovala své vlastní fotografie jako obálky čínského uměleckého časopisu VISION, čímž se poprvé jako studentka dostala do popředí zájmu. Její raný styl zahrnuje rozsáhlé používání digitálních nástrojů, jako je Photoshop a 3D Max, k vytvoření extravagantního vizuálního zážitku.

Man je také známá svými hyperrealistickými popovými portréty, jako jsou její obálky "Whatever the Weather" z roku 2012. Série představuje nesignovanou modelku a tibetské teenagery z Tibetské střední školy, etnické vysoké školy. Man chtěla zachytit "50 až 60 etnických skupin", které reprezentují krásu Číny v jejích 12 fotografických sériích pro i-D. Tato série byla chválena jako kreativní a perspektivní, zejména vzhledem k věku umělkyně.

Nejen, že Man zvládla ovládnout fotoaparáty a počítače, ale ve své práci také dokonale prolnula svou moderní estetiku s tradiční čínskou kulturou. To vedlo k tomu, že ji lidé chválí za to, že napomáhá vývoji čínské estetiky a nově definuje čínskou krásu.

Pro člověka existují dva způsoby, jak definovat krásu a ona považuje "obě strany mince za krásné. Věří v opravdovou krásu, "to, co je skutečné, ať už je to emoce, obraz, osoba nebo umělecké dílo" a technologickou krásu, jako je krása telefonů a počítačů. S tendencí hledat inspiraci v zahraničí, Man doufá, že její práce povzbudí lidi, aby přehodnotili krásu a začali hledat "inspiraci v Číně".

Kariéra
Kromě výroby obálek pro časopis VISION se Čchen věnuje také módní fotografii pro magazíny Vogue, Elle, Harper's Bazaar, Marie Claire, iD, Cosmopolitan a Esquire.

Často spolupracuje s vizážistkou Toni Lee.

Její vlastní studio Studio 6 se sídlem v Pekingu vyrábí reklamní kampaně pro značky jako L'Oréal, MAC, Dior, Canon, Guess, Hublot, Carl F. Bucherer, Sharp, Beats, Cadillac, Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen, Motorola, Adidas, Puma, Converse, Uniqlo, Budweiser, Absolut Vodka, Shiseido, Maybelline atd.

Osobní život
Čchen Man je v manželství s Raphaelem Mingem Cooperem narozeným v Americe, spoluzakladatelem společnosti Society Skateboards. Má dvě děti.

Vybrané výstavy
Autorka má za sebou celou řadu výstav:
 2004: Out of the Window Space of Distraction, Tokio
 2005: Fashion and style in photography, Moskva
 2006: Wave Chinese media Art, 1997–2004, Walker Art Center, Minneapolis
 2007: Galerie Loft, Paříž
 2008: Galerie Maeght, Paříž
 2008: China Design, Victoria and Albert Museum, Londýn
 2010: Red Beauty, Fabien Fryns Fine Art, Los Angeles
 2010: Unbearable Beauty, Ooi Botos Gallery, Hongkong
 2011: Today Art Museum, Peking
 2012: Chinese Art Centre, Manchester, Spojené království
 2012: Výstava Glamorous Futurist by Chen Man, Diesel Art Gallery, Tokio
 2013: Artist Special Project, Como Hotel, Bangkok
 2013: Proud of Dignity 2012, výstava Lady Dior Exhibition, Paříž
 2013: Výstava Galerie Steph + Four Season Hotel, Four Season Hotel, Singapur
 2014: Výstava A New Attitude: Chen Man's Provocative Interpretations of Contemporary Chinese Women, RedLine Art Center, Denver

Odkazy

Reference

Související články
 Seznam čínských fotografek
 Fotografie v Číně

Externí odkazy
 Webové stránky Čchen Man
 Čchen Man na Weibo
 Čchen Man na Facebooku
 Čchen Man na Twitteru
 Umělecké dílo Čchen Man na výtvarném umění Fabiena Frynse
 Rozhovor s umělkyní pro New York Times
 Rozhovor s umělkyní pro Luxury Insider

Čínští fotografové
Fotografové módy
Umělci Čínské lidové republiky
Narození v roce 1980
Žijící lidé
Ženy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Why did u use dropbox ?
?? What's wrong with dropbox?
Spukikitty the way you have it drawn up is the way I saw it as well. That's pretty compelling actually.
Awesome! THANK YOU! THANK YOU! THANK YOOOOOUUUU!
Too bad there's no kitty emojis, here.
Well, bunnies represent the same Asian Zodiac sign. Year of the Rabbit is also Year of the Cat.
It's my sign, too as well as my favorite critters!
Wow, I'm impressed. Thanks for posting.
Spuki, I saw an old post of yours when you were stinkerbell, dang! I almost went blind with all the different colors!
That was interesting, Have you seen your cat since this video was made?
Interests:Hang out with family and friends, spin records, music, paranormal.
No that was the only sighting that I saw. I no longer live in this house.
Interests:To be honest I prefer coffee.
Sorry to bump this after such a long time, but I was thinking about this video a couple of days ago and had to come back and find it again, to my surprise it was already on the first page.
It baffles me now as it did the first time I saw it.


Using a sample of 1,198 U.S. adults, D'Orazio and co-author Dr. Idean Salehyan of the University of North Texas asked questions based on six scenarios of a thwarted attack. In each scenario, the ethnicity of the suspect was either white, Arab-American or not mentioned. Within these three conditions, the individual was either a member of an extremist group or not.
Study participants were more likely to label the act terrorism rather than a mass shooting when the suspect was Arab-American. Furthermore, more than 20 percent assigned a political motive to the attack when the suspect was Arab-American, while 6 percent did so when the suspect's ethnicity was not provided.
Participants also were asked to characterize the attacker's motive as religious, political or driven by mental illness. Nearly 44 percent of suspects whose ethnicity was not provided were characterized as mentally ill, compared to 26 percent of suspects identified as Arab-American.
The findings raise important questions about how people perceive the same crime based on the suspect's ethnicity, D'Orazio said. Official definitions of terrorism vary, but they typically include an attack that has a political or social motive and an intent to spread fear and intimidate, he said.
Labels we assign may affect how a criminal is prosecuted, the outcome of the case and the direction of public policy responses, he said. Study participants were more likely to support mental health treatment when the suspect was white but favored counterterrorism measures when the suspect was Arab-American.
The researchers recruited participants through Amazon's Mechanical Turk crowdsourcing platform, which has been widely used for this type of experimental work. Recent work has shown that the study's results are comparable to other web-based survey platforms.
Respondents were told they were participating in a data collection exercise to minimize the bias from those who may try to avoid the perception that they were expressing prejudiced opinions.
D'Orazio said more research is needed to assess how public perceptions influence responses to terrorism. But becoming aware of the biases found in the study can help promote more objective approaches to dealing with political violence, he said.
The study was published online Aug. 1, 2018, and in the September print edition of International Interactions.


text:
Government Information Services, Access and Collections
Depository Programs
United Nations and Other International Organizations
Canada, United Kingdom, and Other Foreign Governments
Introduction to Government Information
Virtual Government Information Hub – The World Runs on Government Information
Databases and Search Engines
Statistics and Numeric Data
Government Information Guides
Government Information LibGuides
Online Reference Titles for Government Information
Online Government Resources
FDsys (Federal Digital System)
Congress.gov
U.S. Census
U.S. Government Printing Office
Collection Use
Government Information Exhibits
Government Information Services, Access and Collections > U of I Unit Library Homepage > researchtools > guides > usfederal > CRS Index
CRS Index
Congressional Information Service. Index to Major Studies and Issue Briefs of the Congressional Research Service. (CD-ROM). Bethesda, MD: Congressional Information Service, 1916–.
This index covers the microfilm and microfiche set Major Studies and Issue Briefs of the Congressional Research Service. These briefs are prepared by the research agency of Congress for congressional committees and individual senators and representatives, and can give insight into how policy issues were addressed at the time each report was written. The Major Studies and Issue Briefs covers dates since 1916 and a wide range of subject matter, but as the set's title implies, all CRS reports are not included.
If constituents become aware of Congressional Research Service publications which are not part of this set, Penny Hill Press is a commercial publisher that has a selection of CRS publications for sale.
Other organizations that have made CRS reports freely available on the web for their area of interest are the National Library for the Environment and the U.S. Department of State. Some congressional representatives have posted CRS reports on their web sites. As a last resort, congressional representatives can sometimes obtain a copy of CRS publications for their constituents upon request.
The citations in the CRS Index list the year of the microfilm reel or microfiche, followed by a dash, the reel or fiche number, and the frame number. The CRS Index on CD-ROM has both an index giving all searchable terms and a thesaurus giving the subject descriptors used by the indexers for each report. Authors and titles are also searchable. Use the help menu for guidance on how to search by specific parts of the record, such as title, or how to combine search terms. In order to find a report in the microfilm or microfiche, you will need the report number and the film and frame number if it is given.
Sample Entry:
Loading contact information for Government Information Services and Collections...


text:
Q: Historical inventory by day I am using mysql and have a table where we log inventory orders. The table (a simplification) looks like this:
||id|ordered_date |Date  |itemid| status    ||
||1 |Jan-4        |Jan-4 | a    | ordered   ||
||2 |Jan-6        |Jan-6 | b    | ordered   ||
||3 |Jan-8        |Jan-8 | c    | ordered   ||
||4 |Jan-8        |Jan-9 | c    | shipped   ||
||4 |Jan-6        |Jan-9 | b    | shipped   ||
||4 |Jan-4        |Jan-10| a    | shipped   ||

What we want is the total number of orders per day that have not yet shipped, so something like this:
date  | inventory
Jan-4 |    1
Jan-5 |    1
Jan-6 |    2
Jan-7 |    2
Jan-8 |    3
Jan-9 |    1
Jan-10|    0

I can find the total number of unshipped orders on any single day using a query like this:
select count(*) from inventory where
    status = "Shipped" AND
    date > "Jan-8" AND
    ordered_date <= "Jan-8"

But we need the number of orders for all days. And the above query has a problem in that it won't find orders that have not shipped yet. So, any help would be appreciated.
(assume the date column is a valid SQL date)

A: Try this:
SELECT date, COUNT(*)
FROM inventory
WHERE status != 'shipped'
GROUP BY date ORDER BY date;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In order to connect WordPress & TweetBoostPro to your Twitter account you'll need to have or apply for a Twitter Developer Account.
We've written an article on Our Twitter Developer Application Experience that may help you with your own application process. It took us about 20 days from application. As of 2018 Twitter's approval process is still considered young. By the time you are reading this it's possible turnaround rectimes have already improved.
After approval, please head to https://developer.twitter.com/en/apps/create to begin creating your application.
Most of these inputs are required, but some are optional. For the purpose of this walk-through we'll go over each input together.
This is an administrative name. Choose one that will help you identify it later. Usually the name of your Twitter handle is sufficient.
In this input we'll declare a general description of how our application will be used.
The next input requests your website URL. In this box place your WordPress site URL.
For our application, currently, we will not need to enabled this as we will not be using Oauth for authentication.
If we were using Oauth we would add our callback URLs here. We are not using Oauth so we will not need to add anything here.
Using the name of your LLC or company brand name should be sufficient.
This input is also optional. We left ours blank.
This information is for Twitter staff to read. Please be descriptive.
After inputting all fields go ahead and press create.
You just created your first Twitter Application!
Write down your Consumer API Keys. You will be using these to connect TweetBoostPro to your Twitter account.
Next find the section titled Access token & access token secret and click Create to generate an access token and token secret.
They'll be required for TweetBoostPro.
Here's a screenshot of the access tokens we generated.
Now we are nearly complete. Go grab the consumer and access keys you copied earlier and paste them into their appropriate input areas.
If all has worked in your favor then TweetBoostPro should now be successfully connected to your Twitter account.
If you enjoyed this tutorial then please consider reading our next article detailing how we use TweetBoostPro to create a simple novelty Twitter bot.


text:
Joseph A. Kéchichian
Joseph A. Kéchichian is a senior fellow at the King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The author of several books, including Legal and Political Reforms in Saudi Arabia (Routledge, 2013), Power and Succession in the Arab Monarchies (Lynne Rienner, 2008), Faysal: Saudi Arabia's King for All Seasons (University Press of Florida, 2008), and Succession in Saudi Arabia (Palgrave, 2001), his latest work is 'Iffat Al Thunayan: An Arabian Queen (Sussex Academic Press, 2015).
Phone: +1-310-446-0249 or +971-50-44-111-69
Saudi Arabia and China: The Security Dimension
Saudi Arabia's Succession Shakeup and the Rise of Mohammed bin Salman
A Strong Army for a Stable Lebanon
Buy TRI-TREN 200
У нашей фирмы интересный интернет-сайт , он рассказывает про farm-pump-ua.com.
karter-kiev.net


text:
Cet article recense les 45 forces de police territoriale et les 3 forces spéciales de police du Royaume-Uni. Il n'inclut pas les organismes d'application de la loi n'ayant pas été constituée en tant que forces de police.

Table

Galerie photos

Voir aussi
 Police au Royaume-Uni
 Liste des anciens organismes d'application de la loi au Royaume-Uni

Références

Articles connexes
 Police au Royaume-Uni

Liens externes
 Informations sur la criminalité et la police en Angleterre, au pays de Galles et d'Irlande du Nord sur police.uk
 Liste des forces de police au Royaume-Uni sur police.uk

Police au Royaume-Uni


Unable to transfer files directly to sdcard using airdroid web app and android 6 marshmallow.
The sdcard wasn't detected automatically so I added it's path but I could not edit anything in sdcard using webapp even though I have given the airdroid android app write permissions on the sdcard.
When I try to upload anything on the sdcard it gives an error file too big.