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In addition to reading and interpreting texts within contexts, the 400s seminars regard works through or in the light of perspectives offered by critical theories. Maths courses. OCMCH In 1959 Westminster College moved to a purpose built campus at Harcourt Hill to the west of Oxford. All Course Types. The Methodist Conference commissioned William Atherton, Richard Treffry and Samuel Jackson to report on Wesleyan Methodist (as distinct from Primitive Methodist) schools, coming to the conclusion that if the Church were to prosper the system of Sunday schools (3,339 in number at that time, with 59,277 teachers and 341,442 pupils) must be augmented by day-schools with teachers educated to high school level. University of Oxford Masters Degrees. All Disciplines. Stay up to date with everything going on at City of Westminster College. The Methodist Church subsequently leased the college's site at Harcourt Hill to Oxford Brookes University and it became the home of that university's Westminster Institute of Education. Students received notification of their degree results from the university, not the college, and all examination papers and dissertations were marked by the university. Find out what online learning options are available for your major at Westminster College Pennsylvania. (To matriculate is to go through the matriculation ceremony which makes one a member of the university, so students at Westminster College did not have this status in Oxford). Graduation ceremonies were presided over by the vice-chancellor in the Sheldonian Theatre according to the usual form, with slight modifications to allow for the fact that students had not matriculated. Westminster College, Oxford. It remained the primary source of Wesleyan Methodist teachers worldwide until the Methodist Union of 1932. We have found 0 results matching your query. We can provide you with guidance on how to write your research proposal and our entry requirements for a Research Degree. Westminster College was an "approved society" of the University of Oxford. Clear Search. 2. Do I pay to live in my college? The college was founded in London in 1851 as a training institute for teachers for Methodist schools, and moved to Oxford in 1959. Discipline. The site was severely damaged by an incendiary bomb on 4 March 1944 during the blitz in the Second World War, and the buildings were never repaired. Study Type. Instead, degrees were awarded to more than 200 students in a virtual degree conferral ceremony on Saturday, May 9. City of Westminster College offers around 300 full and part-time courses to over 7,000 students each year in the centre of London. The Rev. A degree apprenticeship is an alternative route to achieving a university degree while gaining valuable work experience and earning while you learn. ESOL (English for Speakers of Other Languages), Enrolment - what you need to enrol online. After 1992, its courses were validated by Oxford University again. Busy students may also choose to take one or two online classes as part of their degree program. Courses begun before 2000 continued to be validated by Oxford University, including classes taken by international students, during the transition period until students who had begun at Westminster College, rather than Brookes, had graduated. We're proud to be the first choice for students across Greater London. A deal was struck to lease the Harcourt Hill site to Oxford Brookes University and the college buildings became the Westminster Institute of Education, a school of Oxford Brookes University, thus continuing the use of the Westminster name. In 2000, financial pressures caused the college to close. It talked about how Oxford validated Westminster degrees. WHY TRAIN WITH WCC? Following the move, the college's qualifications were validated by the University of Oxford through its Institute of Education and, later, its Department of Education. Thus, they are nonetheless Oxford graduates, though not Oxford BAs. College virtual tours; Fees and funding. Matriculated undergraduate and postgraduate students (awarded automatically upon expiry of the University card). However they can also choose to design their own course of study, tailoring a major or minor to their specific interests and goals. Prefer to talk? Colleges Westminster - The Near.co.uk directory of Westminster colleges lists colleges in Westminster who offer further education, courses, higher education, diploma courses, evening courses and training. We're located in central London and we offer over 200 courses across a wide range of subjects. Westminster College knows you want an education where you matter—a place that will serve as a launchpad for a successful career and a meaningful life. All Locations. Due to the coronavirus pandemic, Westminster College in New Wilmington, Pennsylvania, postponed its traditional spring commencement ceremony. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. In 1959, Westminster College moved into a set of purpose-built facilities on Harcourt Hill, Oxford, with buildings noted for their fusion of Oxford quads with a "New England" style of architecture, evident particularly in the large and distinctive chapel. The courses help students develop strategies for assessing the ways that meaning becomes evident in texts, in readers, and in writers. Westminster College London (WCL) was established in 2017 and provided TEFL courses just in the UK. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. 3. The college was founded in London in 1851 as a training institute for teachers for Wesleyan Methodist schools, but moved to Oxford in 1959. I found a link to an old Oxford University report regarding the merger between Oxford Brookes and Westminster. Westminster will work with you individually through every step of the financial aid process. Its neo-Gothic buildings were requistioned during World War I and used as a station for Australia n servicemen, during which time the College ceased to function. ... Westminster College 1840 South 1300 East Salt Lake City, UT 84105 Get Directions . 1993: Oxford University resumes validating degrees; 2000: Westminster College stops running as a separate entity and merges with Oxford Brookes University. At Westminster Kingsway College, we have a variety of courses to help you begin your journey, whether that be to university, further study or your dream career. Graduates, Friends and visitors of the formerly named College In 2000, financial pressures prompted the Methodist Church to cease operating Westminster College, although its students were permitted to continue studying for their degrees through the University of Oxford. Explore the Humanities research areas. A full range of courses in Westminster to help you improve your maths skills suitable for all levels. Oxford University validated a number of qualifications at the college from this date, including degrees in education and theology. Westminster College was not a full college of the University of Oxford. Tockington Press 2003. We have 100 University of Oxford Masters Degrees. Westminster College was an "approved society" of the University of Oxford. Those who read for its degrees were entitled to become members of Oxford University Student Union and life members of the Oxford Union, and to attend all lectures at the university. Following the move, the college also began to offer degree courses … John Wesley was convinced of the importance of education and, following the advice of his friend Dr. Philip Doddridge, opened schools at The Foundery in London, and at Newcastle and Kingswood. Educational Policy, Partnership and Leadership concerned with the changing policy agenda for education, the new relationships being forged as school, further education and university partnerships shift, and the types of educational leadership required to address the challenges of the 21st Century » If you are working full-time or part-time, an online degree may provide the flexibility you need to complete your program of study. WCL expanded the TEFL courses in Europe, Middle East, Asia, America, and Africa and now has more than 30 centers across the globe. Please note that alumni will be asked to provide evidence such as a degree/diploma certificate, before Associate status is granted. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}51°44′25″N 1°17′31″W / 51.74028°N 1.29194°W / 51.74028; -1.29194, The Chapel of Westminster College in Oxford, Learn how and when to remove this template message. Though a steady increase was achieved, that ambitious target could not be reached, in part limited by the number of suitably qualified teachers, mostly Sunday-school teachers sent at considerable cost to David Stow's Free Church Normal Seminary in Glasgow. Students can choose from 29 majors, 39 minors, 3 specialty programs, and 3 dual-degree programs at Westminster College. Course Type. The college then entered into a new arrangement with Oxford University from 1993. Read reviews of your nearest local college in Westminster … Students can benefit from the online TEFL and classroom based courses which are unique in design. We offer A Levels, T Levels, vocational courses, apprenticeships and Higher Education courses – there is something for everyone at WestKing. Westminster College was a college of higher education in England. With the extension of franchise in 1832, both Church and Government recognised the need for education for the masses. For many Years wcc has been providing IT training services to Corporate and Government departments in the UK. Access to H.E. Our variety of graduate programs will give you the opportunity to apply what you learn in class, instantly. Diploma Accounting A-Levels Apprenticeships Art, Design & Photography Back to Work Building Services Engineering Business Studies Construction & the Built Environment EFL (English as a … Those who have completed Certificate of Fine Art at the Ruskin School of Fine Art. The College was officially opened on the 21st May 1960. Filter Results . They were demolished in the 1960s and the headquarters of the television station Channel 4 now stand on the site. City of Westminster College is Central London's Top College for Results. Colleges in Westminster. Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westminster_College,_Oxford&oldid=983828318, Educational institutions established in 1851, Teacher training colleges in the United Kingdom, Articles lacking in-text citations from May 2020, Pages using infobox university with the image name parameter, Instances of Infobox university using image size, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Horseferry Road, Westminster (1851–1959) / Harcourt Hill, Oxford (1959–2000), This page was last edited on 16 October 2020, at 13:47. University of Oxford. Seventy-five students earned Bachelor of Arts degrees, 115 earned Bachelor of Science degrees, four received Bachelor of Music degrees … Earn the degree that suits your career goals. Westminster College Forum — Memories, photos, etc. Non-matriculated students who read an Oxford University course at Westminster College may be eligible for Associate Alumni Status. Stay up to date with everything going on at City of Westminster College. 2003: Second College history published: Our Calling to Fulfil: Westminster College and the Changing Face of Teacher Education. Location. Westminster Institute was eventually absorbed into Oxford Brookes University. From 1981 to 1992, its qualifications were awarded by the CNAA. Oxford in Westminster The University's senior leadership has regular conversations with national government and politicians on the many of issues impacting the higher education sector, from leaving the EU to support for research, widening access and participation, student funding, and … Start … Courses. Institution. All Study Types. Do you choose a college? Complete our enquiry form to find out anything you want to know before applying. There was no "University of Oxford" on the front cover. We hope that you will find something to help you go deeper in your exploration of your faith and discipleship or resources and an opportunity for reflection on your ministry. Westminster College is delighted to offer a wide range of short 3-5 day courses next academic year. The prospectus for the year that I applied had the following title on the front cover: Westminster College in Oxford". Our trainers are very well qualified and highly experienced professionals and have delivered training programs such as Microsoft MCSA, MCSE, Oracle OCA, OCP, ODI, OBIEE, CompTIA A+ and Cisco CCNA, CCNP courses in London. Fifty Year Westminster College Reunion 5 September 2018. Its neo-Gothic buildings were requisitioned during the First World War, and used as a station for Australian servicemen. What are Oxford colleges? Westminster College, Oxford, UK has 1,239 members. Students received notification of their degree results from the university, not the college, and all examination papers and dissertations were marked … They're ideal if you're a school leaver or if you're already working and seeking higher-level training with the support of your employer. Westminster College London is an officially approved Focus Awards centre entitled to offer its Qualifications. This visit was celebrating a full half-century since we arrived as fresh students at teacher-training college in 1968. Degree certificates were those of the University of Oxford in toto, and included the coats of arms of both Westminster College and the University of Oxford. Certificates for Westminster College, Oxford Westminster College, Oxford, merged with Oxford Brookes University in 2000 to create the Westminster Institute of Education. From 1959 to 1981, its qualifications were awarded by Oxford University. The qualifications included a Certificate in Education, the Bachelor of Education degree, a postgraduate certificate in education, and some supplementary certificates. Westminster College, Oxford was founded in 1851 in Horseferry Road, London, and originally specialised in the training of teachers for Methodist schools. Reuters Fellows associated with Green Templeton College. Known for our combination of pure, practice-led and applied approaches, and for using our knowledge for the betterment of society we offer PhD, MPhil, DProf and MRes study. Find out when our next Open Day is or, if you can't wait, visit our Information Centre. Oxford University also had a similar arrangement with other local teacher training colleges. Nearly 15% of Westminster graduates will do a self-designed major or minor. Focus Awards is an awarding organisation regulated by Ofqual, who are the regulator of qualifications (other than degrees), exams and assessments in England, and of vocational qualifications in Northern Ireland. View details of our courses by clicking on the details below. Scott its first Principal.[1]. Westminster College was a teacher training college and college of higher education in England. On the 5th September this year, Alumni Officer Mollie Ashley from Oxford Brookes arranged a visit to our old College of Westminster, now Harcourt Hill campus. Learn valuable numerical skills that can be used in the workplace or in everyday life. Before the move, it was part of the London Institute for Education. In addition to housing the Westminster Institute of Education, other subjects such as Theology, philosophy, and Media and Communication are also taught at what is now Oxford Brookes University's Harcourt Hill campus. Admissions Phone. Follow CWC on Twitter for all the latest news and events as they happen. Non-matriculated students who read for Oxford University courses at Westminster College (between 1959 – 1981 and 1993 – 2000), Lady Spencer Churchill College (between 1966-1976) or Ripon College Cuddeson. Back to results. The outcome of the Wesleyan Education Report for 1844 was the foundation in 1851 of Westminster Training College at Horseferry Road, Westminster, London, with Rev. However, those who read for University degrees were entitled to become members of Oxford University Student Union and life members of the Oxford Union, as well as to attend all lectures at the University. Online Course Concerns. Which Oxford colleges offer my course? Oxford University ended this arrangement in 1981. 801.484.7651. Call 020 7723 8826 to speak to a knowledgeable Course Information Assistant. Campus Map . Almost immediately the capacity of the campus was increased to accommodate women students. The college's qualifications were then validated by the Council for National Academic Awards (CNAA) until 1992, when the CNAA ceased to exist. Those who read for its degrees were entitled to become members of Oxford University Student Union and life members of the Oxford Union, and to attend all lectures at the university. In 1959, Westminster College moved into a set of purpose-built facilities on Harcourt Hill, Oxford, with buildings noted for their fusion of Oxford quads with a "New England" style of architecture, evident particularly in the large and distinctive chapel. 801.832.2200. The staff are well qualified … General Info Phone. 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My camera came with a kit that included a Lowepro carrying case and a 4 GB SanDisk SDHC memory card. SanDisk gets mad props for being one of the first companies I've seen do something about their packaging practices. They're now shipping their memory cards with MUCH less plastic. Kudos SanDisk!!
This entry was posted by Aaron West on April 1, 2009 at 8:00 AM. It was filed in the following categories: General. It has been viewed 19162 times and has 7 comments.
I'm no green nazi but I can say the other day, we bought something the other day that was similarly packaged and I remember giving a small w00t for that.
But I definitely notice this and tend to sway my purchasing options towards better packaged goods. It just makes sense all the way around.
@Dan - I couldn't agree more. Every little bit we as stewards of this planet do to help the environment, helps. I love seeing companies take a stand and be progressive about how they impact the world.
We ran across your website and i read it more interesting "Environmental Packaging", thank you for the ideas you shared i learn a lot from it. We'll come back often.
wat the heck are you talking about!look at the small little memory card and loo at all that paper around it! You are blind man, blind!
Well, paper grows on trees and can be recycled ... and Sansa can't sell tiny chips the size of a breadcrumb without some kind of packaging.


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Tarachodes oxynotus es una especie de mantis de la familia Tarachodidae.

Distribución geográfica
Se encuentra en Somalia y Etiopía.

Referencias

Oxynotus
Mantodeos de África

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Absolutely the best ever dessert recipe for rhubarb. Serve warm or cold. Baking time will depend on how thinly you slice the rhubarb.
Original recipe from North Dakota.
Grease an 8×12″ pan. Put in rhubarb. Mix together eggs, sugar, and flour. Pour over rhubarb.


According to the UN's monitoring and reporting mechanism for grave violations of children's rights in Iraq, 49 children have been killed and a further 169 injured in various incidents across Iraq this year alone. Thirteen grave violations affecting children's access to health and education have also been confirmed.
UNICEF is supporting the Iraqi Government to develop a Child Protection Policy and Child Law, with a nationwide consultation process being initiated to enable children, families and communities to participate in their development.
Issues that will be given priority within the child protection policy include children in conflict with the law, working children, displaced children and children living with disabilities and without parental care. According to UNICEF, widespread poverty continues to be a root cause for widespread malnutrition among children and women.
Malnutrition in the country is high, with one in three children under five years either moderately or severe stunted. Continual violence has destroyed institutions and systems of physical, social and legal protection in most parts of the country.
The loss of tens of thousands of parents and caregivers from conflict has made children even more vulnerable to harassment, exploitation, and abuse as they may find themselves orphaned and abandoned with nowhere to turn.
This severely weakened protective environment creates conditions for child labour and child marriage across Iraq.
Children are being used by armed groups as scouts, lookouts, and spies, to man checkpoints, to transport explosives and equipment, to plant explosive devices such as roadside bombs, and as suicide bombers: All activities which meet the definition of child soldiers.


Venezuela's largest food processing company says it is not the cause of food shortages; that it is producing more food products than last year. The new President Maduro is assuming them of deliberately causing shortages by hoarding. But the socialism of Maduro and his predecessor Hugo Chavez screwed up the food chain by fixing prices and other manipulations of the market.
Chavez promised to make Venezuela self sufficient in food. After his long rule it imports 70 per cent of food.


rsey[/url] , Fla. (AP) — The Latest on the Tampa Bay Lightning's front office shake-up (all times local): 4:25 p.m.
Steve Yzerman says he's "100 percent committed" to the Tampa Bay Lightning this season after stepping down as general manager and moving to a senior adviser role.
Yzerman says he decided in late July not to sign another contract to be GM and that it took until now to formulate a plan on what's next for the front office. Longtime assistant Julien BriseBois takes over effective immediately, two days before the Lightning open training camp.
Asked about his future, Yzerman says he'll see how the season goes before making any other decisions.
The team made the move on Wednesday [url=http://www.authenticsnewyorkgiants.com/cheap-saquon-barkley-jersey]Saquon Barkley Jersey Elite[/url] , which will open up a roster spot for the AFC North champions as they begin organized team activities later this month.
Steelers general manager Kevin Colbert ruled Shazier out for 2018 earlier this year. Shazier, injured in a game at Cincinnati last December, walked publicly for the first time in nearly five months when he strode onto the stage to announce Pittsburgh's first-round pick in last week's NFL draft.


Herrington, J., Oliver, R. and Herrington, A. (1999) Providing reflective online support for preservice teachers on professional practice in schools. In: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications (EDMEDIA) 1999, 19 - 24 June 1999, Seattle, U.S.A pp. 166-171.
The forms of support needed by preservice teachers in the practicum setting relate mainly to access to relevant information, resources, guidance and support through communication with university instructors and competent peers. Too often these kinds of support are lacking for students on teaching practice in schools. This paper describes the development of a web-site where students can access a variety of support structures which enable them to reflect on their role and performance as teachers within a resource-rich and fully supported online environment. Through the website, student teachers can access resources such as: lesson plans, samples of teaching methods and activities, links to information sources, on-line and downloadable teaching materials, and discussion facilities to enable students to post problems and queries to peers and lecturers and to receive feedback.


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5 Tips To Improve Your JavaScript w/ ES2015 (ES6)
March 2, 2016 By Derick
I've done a lot of work with ES6 in the last 6+ months, and I've found that while I do still have a lot of questions about some of the new features and syntax, there are some parts that a big win for everyone, right now. To illustrate the parts that I like best, I gave at talk at a virtual conference – Crater Remote Conf – in February of 2015.
The talk was recorded, and I'm very happy to say that the video is now available to watch on youtube!
The 5 Things You Should Know
From this presentation, the 5 things you should know about ES6 right now, and start using today, are:
Object Literal Shorthand
Spread / Rest Params
Destructuring Assignment
While there are a *ton* of other new features and great things to learn, these are the ones that I find myself using on a daily basis. And I know Spread and Rest Params are technically different features, but the syntax is the so much the same that I tend to include them as one feature.
Filed Under: Arrow Functions, BabelJS, Browserify, Destructuring Assignment, ES6, JavaScript, Modules, Object Literals, Presentation, Rest Params, Spread Operator
About Derick
Derick Bailey is a developer, entrepreneur, author, speaker and technology leader in central Texas (north of Austin). He's been a professional developer since the late 90's, and has been writing code since the late 80's. Derick has built software for organizations of all shapes and sizes, including contributions to Microsoft's MDSN library, running several very highly regarded open source projects, creating software solutions for large financial organizations, healthcare orgnaizations, world-class airlines, the U.S. government, and more. These days, Derick spends most of his time working on content for his own entrepreneurial efforts at WatchMeCode.net, playing video games when he gets a chance, and writing code for for his few remaining clients. You can reach Derick at DerickBailey.com or on twitter, @derickbailey.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Flexible vacuum cleaner hose helps you clean underneath and around furniture-even the top of stairs without carrying up your vacuum. Extends to 14 ft., then springs back to its original, compact shape. Vacuum extension hose includes adapters in 3 sizes to fit most vacuums. Durable plastic.


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(A) 11/17/16 6:30 PM vs Dudley Senior HS .
(A) 11/22/16 4:30 PM vs Ben L. Smith HS .
(H) 12/06/16 5:00 PM vs Lexington HS George Foree Gymnasium .
(A) 12/09/16 5:00 PM vs High Point Central HS .
(A) 12/13/16 5:00 PM vs Southwest Guilford HS .
(A) 12/14/16 5:00 PM vs Southeast Guilford HS .
(H) 12/16/16 5:00 PM vs High Point Central HS George Foree Gymnasium .
(H) 12/20/16 6:00 PM vs Ragsdale HS George Foree Gymnasium .
(A) 12/21/16 5:00 PM vs Lexington HS .
(A) 12/27/16 4:00 PM vs Galax HS
Mount Airy Lady Bear Holiday Classic .
(A) 12/28/16 TBA vs OPEN
Mount Airy Lady Bear Holiday Classic Mount Airy High School .
(A) 01/11/17 4:30 PM vs Providence Grove HS Postponed .
(H) 01/13/17 5:00 PM vs Eastern Randolph HS George Foree Gymnasium .
(H) 01/25/17 5:00 PM vs Randleman HS George Foree Gymnasium .
(H) 01/27/17 5:00 PM vs Providence Grove HS George Foree Gymnasium .
(A) 01/31/17 5:00 PM vs Randleman HS .
(A) 02/03/17 4:30 PM vs Eastern Randolph HS George Foree Gymnasium .
(H) 02/08/17 6:00 PM vs Bishop McGuinness Catholic HS
Girls Only George Foree Gymnasium .
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Microbial Consortia versus Single-Strain Inoculants: An Advantage in PGPM-Assisted Tomato Production?
Zhang, K.; Liu, X.; Tahir Ata-Ul-Karim, S.; Lu, J.; Krienke, B.; Li, S.; Cao, Q.; Zhu, Y.; Cao, W.; Tian, Y. Development of Chlorophyll-Meter-Index-Based Dynamic Models for Evaluation of High-Yield Japonica Rice Production in Yangtze River Reaches. Agronomy 2019, 9, 106.
Zhang K, Liu X, Tahir Ata-Ul-Karim S, Lu J, Krienke B, Li S, Cao Q, Zhu Y, Cao W, Tian Y. Development of Chlorophyll-Meter-Index-Based Dynamic Models for Evaluation of High-Yield Japonica Rice Production in Yangtze River Reaches. Agronomy. 2019; 9(2):106.
Zhang, Ke; Liu, Xiaojun; Tahir Ata-Ul-Karim, Syed; Lu, Jingshan; Krienke, Brian; Li, Songyang; Cao, Qiang; Zhu, Yan; Cao, Weixing; Tian, Yongchao. 2019. "Development of Chlorophyll-Meter-Index-Based Dynamic Models for Evaluation of High-Yield Japonica Rice Production in Yangtze River Reaches." Agronomy 9, no. 2: 106.


NightCrawler Indicator depicts support and resistance levels, entry points, as well as the recommended Take Profit and Stop Loss for each period.
The Yellow line represents the support region. As for the Blue line, it represents the resistance region. As prices come closer of these lines, entry opportunities arise. These entry points are represented by white lines. Take Profit levels for Buy and Sell are represented on Orange and Turquoise respectively. Stop Loss levels are represented by red lines. If you have any doubts, just hover with the mouse on the line of your interest that the description will be shown.
Regions where the Take Profit Levels exceed the Support and Resistance levels should be avoided once it means that price volatility is not strong enough and that strong regions of Support/Resistance will be on the way of your movement (Take Profit).
Price Type - type of price used to identify Support and Resistance.
MODE_CLOSE_CLOSE: Uses only close to identify support and resistance.
MODE_HIGH_LOW: uses both High and Low prices to identify support and resistance.


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"It was our goal in 2008 and we set out to get it and win," explained Edward Fitzgerald, who yesterday scooped first place for best dairy farm in Ireland at the National Dairy Council and Kerrygold Quality Milk Awards.
Speaking to AgriLand, Fitzgerald said his success was down to years of hard work.
Fitzgerald is the fifth generation of his family farming on the same land. His great-great grandfather, Edmond Fitzgerald, first started renting the land in 1875 and his great grandfather, James continued the lease until 1903 when he bought the farm for £1,550 sterling. James passed on to his son James and then to Edward's father, Michael, who took over the farm at the age of 14.
One of a family of five, Fitzgerald was the only one who wanted to follow in the family footsteps into farming. In 2008 at the age of 34, Fitzgerald took over running of the family farm although his dad, now aged 66, is still involved.
The Fitzgerald's milk 64 cows and supplies milk to Kerry Agribusiness. A manufacturing milk supplier, his milk goes most frequently to Charleville or sometimes if needed to Listowel or Newmarket and it is usually used to make cheese.
Fitzgerald explained that milk recording is done, SCC is assessed approximately every second day and TBC is assessed twice a month. The herd's average TBC is 10, SCC is 89, Butterfat 4.10 per cent, protein 3.35 per cent and lactose 4.78 per cent.
The farm has an eight-unit herringbone Dairymaster milking parlour originally installed in the Eighties but extended in the Nineties. The farm uses a plate cooler and night-rate electricity for efficiency. Cooling water is re-used to wash down the parlour.
The cows are normally out on grass from March to November, grazing on approximately 23-day rotation during high grass growth rates. The total farm area is 150 acres (60.7 hectares) with 60 acres total grazing areas (24.3 hectares). The Fitzgerald's rents 40 acres (16.2 hectares) and owns the rest of the land.
With milk quotes are set to be abolished in 2015, Fitzgerald is not planning to rush out and increase his herd size.
"I have plans to improve production levels from the current average herd yield of approximately 8,228 litres. We have the buildings and infrastructure in place to slowly increase the herd size thereafter but only in the context of retaining the herd at a scale which can continue to be managed comfortably while sustaining the quality of the cows and the quality of the milk," he explained.
The Holstein herd is at a standard that could improve yield. Fitzgerald recently joined the Limerick and Clare Branch of the Holstein Society, winning the novel section last year and the premier section this year.
Speaking from the Dublin train back to Limerick, with the 'Sam Maguire' Cup of dairy farming in his suitcase, Fitzgerald said the plan now was to celebrate with family and friends.


text:
package scalacookbook.chapter09

/**
  * Created by liguodong on 2016/7/24.
  */
object CreatFunctionReturnFunction extends App{

  def saySomething(prefix: String) = (s: String) => {
    prefix + " " + s
  }
  //返回一个函数
  val sayHello = saySomething("Hello")

  println(sayHello("Al"))

  //Discussion

  //Another example
  def greeting(language: String) = (name: String) => {
    language match {
      case "english" => println("Hello, " + name)
      case "spanish" => println("Buenos dias, " + name)
    }
  }
  //返回一个函数
  val hello = greeting("english")

  //返回一个函数
  val buenosDias = greeting("spanish")

  hello("Al")
  buenosDias("Lorenzo")

  println("~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~")

  //如果不清楚greeting2返回一个函数,可以让代码更加明确。
  //调用其他函数
  def greeting2(language: String) = (name: String) => {
    val english = () => "Hello, " + name
    val spanish = () => "Buenos dias, " + name
    language match {
      case "english" => println("returning 'english' function")
        println(english())
      case "spanish" => println("returning 'spanish' function")
        println(spanish())
    }
  }

  //返回一个函数
  val hello2 = greeting2("english")
  //返回一个函数
  val buenosDias2 = greeting2("spanish")

  hello2("Al")
  buenosDias2("Lorenzo")

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
2021, September 5 - 15:29 — william.hathaway
Establishment journalists and politicians are despairingly asking: Why did we fail in our well-meaning efforts to help the Afghan people? What were our mistakes? But they ignore their first mistake: creating the Taliban.
The USA's attempts to dominate Afghanistan and its resources began 40 years ago when Jimmy Carter in one of his last acts as president approved a CIA plan to overthrow the Afghan government. That government was no more dictatorial than others in the region, and it was implementing most of the humanitarian programs the USA later claimed it wanted to do: Women had equal rights and access to education, the country had freedom of religion and a well-functioning healthcare system. The rural infrastructure was being improved, and the standard of living was increasing. But the government was communist, and that meant it had to go, no matter how many people had to die.
The people most willing to die killing communists were the fanatical Muslims, who hated this secular government. The CIA helped them attack it, starting with raids on outposts and assassinations of local officials. The government asked the Soviet Union for help, and they sent in troops. The CIA stepped up its involvement, recruiting thousands of mujahideen fundamentalists, financing them, turning them into an army, and launching a full-scale war that brutalized the country for ten years and left two million dead, many of those children who starved in all the chaos. All the young people growing up knew was war. Atrocities were their norm, and they duplicated that later when they became Taliban fighters.
Osama bin Laden and others who later formed the al-Qaeda and Taliban were all on the CIA payroll then fighting the communists. After they won the war, it was inevitable they'd take over the country. They were the strongest force.
Once the Taliban were in power, the USA wasn't concerned they were persecuting women, gays, and non-Muslims. They were just one of the many dictatorships the USA does business with and doesn't object to.
That changed, however, when the Taliban became anti-capitalist, as they shifted away from a corporate-dominated economy and towards Islamic socialism. That made them a danger to Western interests. The final straw was when they refused to allow a US company to build an oil pipeline through the country.
Suddenly the Western press was full of atrocity stories – some true, some lies – about how terrible the Taliban were. They became monsters who must be destroyed before they take over the world.
The USA invaded with a massive land and air assault, conquered Kabul, and installed a figurehead president who had previously worked for the US company that wanted to build the pipeline. He was their guy, and the pipeline was at the top of his agenda.
The Taliban merged back into the rural population, where they have deep roots. To find and kill them, the USA and its NATO partners unleashed a campaign of terror – house raids, brutal interrogations, drone strikes, infantry sweeps – that divided the rural population into two groups – the dead and the determined. The survivors were filled with the will to resist, and that proved stronger than American bombs and bullets. With the support of the people, 60,000 Taliban fighters triumphed over 300,000 soldiers in the government army and thousands of NATO troops financed by trillions of US dollars.
The minority who didn't support the Taliban retreated to Kabul, and now the stories of their trying to flee the country are being used as propaganda to build the myth that the USA, although it unfortunately failed, was trying to do good and defeat evil. But now in the countryside most people are celebrating their victory over mighty America.
This was truly a people's war, as in Vietnam. The Afghans and Vietnamese proved that the USA can't win a war against a country in which the majority of the people oppose them. Their victories are a tribute to the strength of the human spirit and a damning judgment of the USA's attempts to destroy it. Defeated on earth, the USA is now planning to wage war in space.
In the meantime, the surviving earthlings have learned a valuable lesson: If you unite, organize, and fight long and hard enough, you will win and free yourself from oppressors, whether it's the USA or the forces it helped create: the Taliban and al-Qaeda.
Image: A man feeds the doves at the Imam Ali Shrine in Mazar-e Sharif, Afghanistan, 29 October 2019 (Photo: UNAMA/Flickr)
William T. Hathaway is a Special Forces veteran of the US war on Vietnam. He is the author of Radical Peace, People Refusing War, which tells the experiences of war resisters, deserters, and peace activists from the USA, Iraq, and Afghanistan:
https://www.amazon.com/Radical-Peace-People-Refusing-War-dp-0979988691/d...
and of Lila, the Revolutionary, a fable for adults about an eight-year-old girl who sparks a world revolution for social justice:
https://www.amazon.com/Lila-Revolutionary-William-T-Hathaway/dp/18974558...
Commenting on this Story will be automatically closed on November 5, 2021.


We formulate conditions for convergence of Laws of Large Numbers and show its links with of parts mathematical analysis such as summation theory, convergence of orthogonal series. We present also applications of Law of Large Numbers such as Stochastic Approximation, Density and Regression Estimation, Identification.
In 1999, Gian-Carlo Rota gave his famous course, Probability, at MIT for the last time. The late John N. Guidi taped the lectures and took notes which he then wrote up in a verbatim manner conveying the substance and the atmosphere of the course.
An introduction to probability theory covering laws of large numbers, central limit theorems, random walks, martingales, Markov chains, ergodic theorems, and Brownian motion. It concentrates on the results that are the most useful for applications.
A self-contained treatment of the theory of probability, random processes. It is intended to lay theoretical foundations for measure and integration theory, and to develop the long term time average behavior of measurements made on random processes.
The textbook for an introductory course in probability for students of mathematics, physics, engineering, social sciences, and computer science. It presents a thorough treatment of techniques necessary for a good understanding of the subject.


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The process of conveying an HIV test result to the person who has been tested, irrespective of the specific result, is affected by the type of test performed, the setting of the consultation and testing and the extent, if any, of additional testing required to determine the true HIV status of the person. Examples are provided for reference in appendices B & C. The site director and the person who requests the test is responsible for ensuring that appropriate mechanisms are in place for delivering the test result.
Community perceptions of HIV have changed over time as has the way people give and receive information. It is preferable that a positive HIV test result is given in person. However, current practice includes the provision of test results by phone, SMS, face-time, text message, email or other mechanism when it is considered appropriate. It will be important for those performing the test to use professional judgement in deciding how results will be delivered and these should be based on the understanding of the person being tested. Counselling may be required by some individuals and should be provided. Operational guidance on conveying positive HIV test results, negative HIV test results and a decision making flow chart are provided for reference in appendices B, C and D.
There is an onus on the person conveying a positive HIV test result to ensure that the patient is aware of the legal obligations relevant to their jurisdiction; to advise their subsequent partners of their HIV status and to inform former partners that they may have been at risk of exposure to HIV. Site specific approaches to contact tracing will need to be included in standard operating procedures.
Site directors are referred to the Australasian Contact Tracing Manual[i] and state and territory policies on contact tracing. Practical assistance can be provided to the health care provider and/or patients by ASHM, the local public health unit or sexual health clinics. Most facilities performing contact tracing should try and create an information wall between the person who gets information from the source patient and the person speaking to the contact. The details of the source patient must be treated confidentially and the contact must not be provided with the source patient's name or details. Public health facilities, particularly sexual health clinics, are able to assist general practitioners and other private medical practitioners with contact tracing.
HIV pathology results from a pathology laboratory will only be released to the requesting medical practitioner or to the clinical service team responsible for the patient's care and management. Subject to the arrangement between the site and the reference laboratory, patient information may be shared between a specialist HIV, an s100 prescribing clinician or a sexual health service for the purpose of ensuring that a patient is informed of his or her test result. Part of the informed consent process should involve an explanation of how a patient can expect to receive their result.
Services are responsible for the security of HIV testing data and should develop mechanisms to restrict access to HIV pathology information. For example there must be security hierarchy within the information systems to restrict access to this information to those individuals directly involved with the treatment and care of the patient.
It is reasonable to expect that pathology test results are available on a patient's record and that all staff with a legitimate clinical reason have access to the patient's HIV test information including the range of non-HIV-related services that may be involved in the patient's health care.
Any clinical, laboratory and non-clinical staff involved in HIV testing must not disclose any personal or medical information about a patient to any other person, in accordance with privacy provisions.
Some jurisdictions and ASHM provide assistance to doctors who are unfamiliar with diagnosing HIV. This is most easily facilitated by the laboratory performing the HIV test. Services of this nature support the diagnosing doctor and improve the immediate management of the patient, including initiating contact tracing and assessment for treatment. They can also facilitate the collection of routine surveillance data and act to encourage the doctor to engage with the patient's ongoing HIV management.


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text:
English Gothic is an architectural style that flourished from the late 12th until the mid-17th century. The style was most prominently used in the construction of cathedrals and churches. Gothic architecture's defining features are pointed arches, rib vaults, buttresses, and extensive use of stained glass. Combined, these features allowed the creation of buildings of unprecedented height and grandeur, filled with light from large stained glass windows. Important examples include Westminster Abbey, Canterbury Cathedral and Salisbury Cathedral. The Gothic style endured in England much longer than in Continental Europe.

The Gothic style was introduced from France, where the various elements had first been used together within a single building at the choir of the Abbey of Saint-Denis north of Paris, completed in 1144. The earliest large-scale applications of Gothic architecture in England were Canterbury Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. Many features of Gothic architecture had evolved naturally from Romanesque architecture (often known in England as Norman architecture). The first cathedral in England to be both planned and built entirely in the Gothic style was Wells Cathedral, begun in 1175. Other features were imported from the Ile-de-France, where the first French Gothic cathedral, Sens Cathedral, had been built (1135–64). After a fire destroyed the choir of Canterbury Cathedral in 1174, the French architect William of Sens rebuilt the choir in the new Gothic style between 1175 and 1180. The transition can also be seen at Durham Cathedral, a Norman building which was remodelled with the earliest rib vault known. Besides cathedrals, monasteries, and parish churches, the style was used for many secular buildings, including university buildings, palaces, great houses, and almshouses and guildhalls.

Stylistic periodisations of the English Gothic style are
  Early English or First Pointed (late 12th–late 13th centuries)
  Decorated Gothic or Second Pointed (late 13th–late 14th centuries)
  Perpendicular Gothic or Third Pointed (14th–17th centuries).

The architect and art historian Thomas Rickman's Attempt to Discriminate the Style of Architecture in England, first published in 1812, divided Gothic architecture in the British Isles into three stylistic periods. Rickman identified the period of architecture as follows:
  William the Conqueror () to Henry II () as Norman
  Richard the Lionheart () to Edward I () as Early English
  reigns of Edward II () and Edward III () as Decorated
  from Richard II () to Henry VIII () as Perpendicular

From the 15th century, under the House of Tudor, the prevailing Gothic style is commonly known as Tudor architecture. This style is ultimately succeeded by Elizabethan architecture and Renaissance architecture under Elizabeth I ().
Rickman excluded from his scheme most new buildings after Henry VIII's reign, calling the style of "additions and rebuilding" in the later 16th and earlier 17th centuries "often much debased".

Architect and art historian Edmund Sharpe, in The Seven Periods of English Architecture (1851),  identified a pre-Gothic Transitional Period (1145–90), following the Norman period, in which pointed arches and round arches were employed together. Focusing on the windows, Sharpe dubbed Rickman's Gothic styles as follows:
  Rickman's first Gothic style as the Lancet Period (1190–1245)
  Rickman's second Gothic style divided into the Geometrical period (1245–1315) and then the Curvilinear period (1315–1360)
   Rickman's third style as the Rectilinear period (1360–1550). Unlike the Early English and Decorated styles, this third style, employed over three centuries was unique to England.

In the English Renaissance, the stylistic language of the ancient classical orders and the Renaissance architecture of southern Europe began to supplant Gothic architecture in Continental Europe, but the British Isles continued to favour Gothic building styles, with traditional Perpendicular Gothic building projects undertaken into the 17th century in England and both Elizabethan and Jacobean architecture incorporating Gothic features, particularly for churches.

Classical-inspired architecture predominated after the Great Fire of London  The rebuilding of the City of London was so extensive that the numbers of workers employed broke the monopoly of the medieval livery company of stonemasons and the Worshipful Company of Masons and the role of master-mason was displaced by that of the early modern architect. The new St Paul's Cathedral designed by Christopher Wren and his Wren churches mostly dispensed with the Gothic idiom in favour of classical work. Outside London however, new ecclesiastical buildings and repairs to older churches were still carried out in Gothic style, particularly near the ancient university towns of Oxford and Cambridge, where the university colleges were important patrons of 17th-century Gothic construction.

By the 18th century, architects occasionally worked in Gothic style, but the living tradition of Gothic workmanship had faded and their designs rarely resembled medieval Gothic buildings. Only when the Gothic Revival movement of the late 18th and 19th centuries began, was the architectural language of medieval Gothic relearned through the scholarly efforts of early 19th-century art historians like Rickman and Matthew Bloxam, whose Principles of Gothic Ecclesiastical Architecture first appeared in 1829.

Alongside the new Gothic building work of the 19th century, many of England's existing Gothic buildings were extensively repaired, restored, remodelled, and rebuilt by architects seeking to improve the buildings according to the Romantic, high church aesthetic of the Oxford Movement and to replace many of the medieval features lost in the iconoclastic phases of the Reformation, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In the process of this Victorian "restoration", much of the original Gothic architecture of the Middle Ages was lost or altered beyond recognition. However,  medieval works left unfinished were often completed or restored to their "original" designs. According to James Stevens Curl, the revival of Gothic architecture was "arguably, the most influential artistic phenomenon ever to spring from England".

The various English Gothic styles are seen at their most fully developed in cathedrals, monasteries, and collegiate churches. With the exception of Salisbury Cathedral, English cathedrals–having building dates that typically range over 400 years–show great stylistic diversity.

Early English Gothic (late 12th–late 13th centuries)

Early English Gothic predominated from the late 12th century until midway to late in the 13th century, It succeeded Norman Architecture, which had introduced early great cathedrals, built of stone instead of timber, and saw the construction of remarkable abbeys throughout England. The Normans had introduced the three classical orders of architecture, and created massive walls for their buildings, with thin pilaster-like buttresses. The transition from Norman to Gothic lasted from about 1145 until 1190. In the reigns of King Stephen and Richard I, the style changed from the more massive severe Norman style to the more delicate and refined Gothic.

Early English was particularly influenced by what was called in English "The French style". The style was imported from Caen in Normandy by French Norman architects, who also imported cut stones from Normandy for their construction. It was also influenced by the architecture of the Ile-de-France, where  Sens Cathedral had been constructed, the first Gothic cathedral in France. The chancel of Canterbury Cathedral, one of the first Early English structures in England, was rebuilt in the new style by a French architect, William of Sens.

The Early English style particularly featured more strongly-constructed walls with stone vaulted roofs, to resist fire. The weight of these vaults was carried downwards and outwards by arched ribs. This feature, the early rib vault, was used at Durham Cathedral, the first time it was used this way in Europe.

Another important innovation introduced in this early period was the buttress, a stone column outside the structure that reinforced the walls against the weight pressing outward and downward from the vaults. This evolved into the flying buttress, which carried the thrust from the wall of the nave over the roof of the aisle. The buttress was given further support by a heavy stone pinnacle. Buttresses were an early feature of the chapter house of Lichfield Cathedral.

Early English is typified by lancet windows, tall narrow lights topped by a pointed arch. They were grouped together side by side under a single arch and decorated with mullions in tracery patterns, such as cusps, or spear-points. Lancet windows were combined similarly pointed arches and the ribs of the vaults overhead, giving a harmonious and unified style.

Characteristics

 The vertical plan of early Gothic Cathedrals had three levels, each of about equal height; the clerestory, with arched windows which admitted light on top, under the roof vaults; the triforium a wider covered arcade, in the middle; and, on the ground floor, on either side of the nave, wide arcades of columns and pillars, which supported the weight of the ceiling vaults through the ribs.
 The most distinctive element of this period was the pointed arch, (also known as the lancet arch, which was the key feature of the Gothic rib vault, The original purpose of rib vault was to allow a heavier stone ceiling, to replace the wooden roofs of the earlier Norman churches, which frequently caught fire. They also had the benefit of allowing the construction of higher and thinner walls. They appeared first in an early form in Durham Cathedral. Gradually, pointed arches were used not only for rib vaults, but also for all of the arcades and for lancet windows, giving the nave its unified appearance. The first structure in England to be built entirely with the pointed arch was Wells Cathedral (1175–1260), but they were soon used in all Cathedrals.
 The Early English rib vaults were usually quadripartite, each having four compartments divided by ribs, with each covering one bay of the ceiling. The horizontal ridge ribs intersected the summits of the cross ribs and diagonal ribs, and carried the weight outwards and downwards to pillars or columns of the triforium and arcades, and, in later cathedrals, outside the walls to the buttresses.
 The lancet window, narrow and tall with a point at the top, became a common feature of English architecture. For this reason, Early English Gothic is sometimes known as the Lancet style. The Lancet openings of windows and decorative arcading are often grouped in twos or threes. This characteristic is seen throughout Salisbury Cathedral, where groups of two lancet windows line the nave and groups of three line the clerestory. At York Minster the north transept has a cluster of five lancet windows known as the Five Sisters; each is 50 feet tall and still retains its original glass.
 Stained glass windows began to be widely used in the windows of the clerestory, transept and especially west façade. Many were elaborately decorated with tracery; that is, thin mullions or ribs of stone which divided the windows into elaborate geometric patterns. as at Lincoln Cathedral (1220).
 Rose Windows were relatively rare in England, but Lincoln Cathedral has two notable examples from this period. The oldest is the Dean's Window in the north transept, which dates to 1220–1235. It is an example of an Early English plate-tracery rose window. The geometric design, with concentric tiers of circular window lights, predates the geometric tracery of the later decorated style of Gothic architecture. The principal theme of the window is the second coming of Christ and the last judgement. Some scenes are associated with death and resurrection, such as the funeral of Saint Hugh, the founder of the cathedral, and the death of the Virgin.
 Square east end. The typical arrangement for an English Gothic east end is square, and may be an unbroken cliff-like design as at York, Lincoln, Ripon, Ely and Carlisle or may have a projecting Lady Chapel of which there is a great diversity as at Salisbury, Lichfield, Hereford, Exeter and Chichester.
 Sculptural decoration. Unlike the more sombre and heavy Norman churches, the Gothic churches began to have elaborate sculptural decoration. The arches of the arcades and triforium were sometimes decorated with dog tooth patterns, cusps, carved circles, and with trefoils, quatrefoils, as well as floral and vegetal designs. Simple floral motifs also often appeared on the capitals, the spandrels, the roof boss that joined the ribs of the vaults.
 The clustered column. Instead of being massive, solid pillars, early Gothic columns were often composed of clusters of slender, detached shafts, which descended the vaults above. These were often made of dark, polished Purbeck "marble", surrounding a central pillar, or pier, to which they are attached by circular moulded shaft-rings. One characteristic of Early Gothic in England is the great depth given to the hollows of the mouldings with alternating fillets and rolls, and by the decoration of the hollows with the dog-tooth ornament and by the circular abacus or tops of the capitals of the columns.

Examples
 the east end of Canterbury Cathedral (1174–84) rebuilt by French masons following a fire
 transept, nave and west front of Wells Cathedral (1176–1260; western towers added in the Perpendicular period, 1365–1435)
 clerestory and vaults of Chichester Cathedral (1187–99)
 retro-choir at Winchester Cathedral (1189–93; not including the Lady chapel)
 Lincoln Cathedral and chapter house (1192–1255; Not including the "Angel Choir", south transept, towers, and cloisters)
 east end and transept of Rochester Cathedral (1200–27)
 west front of Peterborough Cathedral (1200–22)
 the east end of Worcester Cathedral (1202–18)
 at Hereford Cathedral; the Lady chapel (1217–25) and upper part of the choir (1235–40)
 Salisbury Cathedral (1220–1266; not including Decorated central tower, 1334–80 and Perpendicular crossing arches, 1388–95)
 great transept of York Minster (1226–55)
 east end of Southwell Minster (1234–50)
 east end of Ely Cathedral (1234–54)
 presbytery of St. Albans Cathedral (1235–50)
 the chapter house at Lichfield Cathedral (1239–49)
 Chapel of Nine Altars at Durham Cathedral (1242–80)
 at Chester Cathedral; the chapter house (1249–65) and Lady chapel (1265–90)
 Whitby Abbey
 Rievaulx Abbey

Decorated Gothic (late 13th–late 14th centuries)
The second style of English Gothic architecture is generally termed Decorated Gothic, because the amount of ornament and decoration increased dramatically. It corresponded roughly with the Rayonnant period in France, which influenced it. It was a period of growing prosperity in England, and this was expressed in the decoration of Gothic buildings. Almost every feature of the interiors and facades was decorated.

Historians sometimes subdivide this style into two periods, based on the predominant motifs of the designs. The first, the Geometric style, lasted from about 1245 or 50 until 1315 or 1360, where ornament tended to be based on straight lines, cubes and circles, followed by the Curvilinear style (from about 1290 or 1315 until 1350 or 1360) which used gracefully curving lines.

Additions in the Decorated style were often added to earlier cathedrals. One striking example is found at Ely Cathedral; the architect Thomas Witney built the central tower from 1315 to 1322 in Decorated style. Soon afterwards another architect, William Joy, added curving arches to strengthen the structure, and made further extensions to join the Lady Chapel to the Choir. In 1329–45 he created an extraordinary double arch in the decorated style.

Characteristics
Lierne vaulting. Vaulting became much more elaborate in this period. The rib vault of earlier Early Gothic usually had just four compartments, with a minimum number of ribs which were all connected to the columns below, and all played a role in distributing the weight and outwards and downwards. In the Decorated architecture period, additional ribs were added to the vaulted ceilings which were purely decorative. They created very elaborate star patterns and other geometric designs. Gloucester Cathedral and Ely Cathedral have notable lierne vaults from this period.

The buttress became more common in this period, as at Lichfield Cathedral. These were stone columns outside the walls which supports them, allowing thinner and high walls between the buttresses, and larger windows. The buttresses were often topped by ornamental stone pinnacles to give them greater weight.

Fan vaulting. An even more elaborate form, appeared late in the Decorative. Unlike the lierne vault, the fan vault had no functional ribs; the visible "ribs" are mouldings on the masonry imitating ribs. The structure is composed of slabs of stone joined into half-cones, whose vertices are the springers of the vault. The earliest example, from 1373, is found in the cloisters of Gloucester Cathedral. It made a notable backdrop in some of the Harry Potter films.
 Tracery. Decorated architecture is particularly characterised by the elaborate tracery within the stained glass windows. The elaborate windows are subdivided by closely spaced parallel mullions (vertical bars of stone), usually up to the level at which the arched top of the window begins. The mullions then branch out and cross, intersecting to fill the top part of the window with a mesh of elaborate patterns called tracery, typically including trefoils and quatrefoils. The style was geometrical at first and curvilinear, or curving and serpentine, in the later period, This curvilinear element was introduced in the first quarter of the 14th century and lasted about fifty years. A notable example of the curvilinear style is the East window of Carlisle Cathedral, (about 1350). Another notable example of decorated curvilinear is the west window of York Minster (1338–39).
 Sculpture also became more ornate and decorative. The ball flower and a four-leaved flower motif took the place of the earlier dog-tooth. The foliage in the capitals was less conventional than in Early English and more flowing, Another decorative feature of the period was diapering, or creating multi-colour geometric patterns on walls or panels made with different colours of stone or brick.

Examples
 Westminster Abbey (transitional; 1245–72, east end, transept & chapter house; 1376–1400, nave)
 choir of Carlisle Cathedral (transitional; 1245–1398)
 at Hereford Cathedral; north transept (transitional; 1245–68) and central tower (1300–10)
 at Lincoln Cathedral; the Angel Choir and east end (1256–80), cloisters (ca. 1295), central tower (1307–11), and upper part of the south transept, including the Bishop's Eye window (ca. 1320–30)
 at Lichfield Cathedral; the nave and west front (1265–93), central tower (ca. 1300) and Lady Chapel (1320–36)
 Little Wenham Hall, Suffolk (1270–80)
 St Wulfram's Church, Grantham (1280–1350)
 Merton College chapel, Oxford (1289–96; tower and ante-chapel added 1424–50)
 at York Minster; the chapter house (1260–96), nave and west front, including the Heart of Yorkshire window (1291–1375)
 at Wells Cathedral; the chapter house (1275–1310), east end (1310–19, Lady chapel; 1329–45, choir and retro-choir), central tower (1315–22) and strainer arches (1415–23)
 the chapter house at Salisbury Cathedral (1275–85)
 east end of Bristol Cathedral (1298–1340)
 at Southwell Minster; the chapter house (1293–1300), and pulpitum (1320–35)
 the Lady chapel at St. Albans Cathedral (1308–26)
 the chapel of Alnwick Castle (1309–50)
 the nave and west front at Worcester Cathedral (1317–95)
 at Ely Cathedral; the Lady chapel (1321–49; east window, 1371–74) and the octagon, lantern and west bays of nave (1322–62)
 the nave and west front at Exeter Cathedral (1328–42; Image Screen added 1346–75)
 The Lady Chapel at Melrose Abbey Scotland,

Perpendicular Gothic (late 13th to mid-16th century)

The Perpendicular Gothic (or simply Perpendicular) is the third and final style of medieval Gothic architecture in England. It is characterised by an emphasis on vertical lines, and is sometimes called rectilinear.
The Perpendicular style began to emerge in about 1330. The earliest example is the chapter house of Old St Paul's Cathedral, built by the royal architect William de Ramsey in 1332. The early style was also practised by another royal architect, John Sponlee, and fully developed in the works of Henry Yevele and William Wynford.

Walls were built much higher than in earlier periods, and stained glass windows became very large, so that the space around them was reduced to simple piers. Horizontal transoms sometimes had to be introduced to strengthen the vertical mullions.

Many churches were built with magnificent towers including York Minster, Gloucester Cathedral, Worcester Cathedral, and St Botolph's Church, Boston, St Giles' Church, Wrexham, St Mary Magdalene, Taunton. Another outstanding example of Perpendicular is King's College Chapel, Cambridge.

The interiors of Perpendicular churches were filled with lavish ornamental woodwork, including misericords (choir stalls with lifting seats), under which were grotesque carvings; stylized "poppy heads", or carved figures in foliage on the ends of benches; and elaborate multicoloured decoration, usually in floral patterns, on panels or cornices called brattishing. The sinuous lines of the tracery in the Decorated style were replaced by more geometric forms and perpendicular lines.

The style was also affected by the tragic history of the period, particularly the Black Death, which killed an estimated third of England's population in 18 months between June 1348 and December 1349 and returned in 1361–62 to kill another fifth. This had a great effect on the arts and culture, which took a more sober direction.

The perpendicular Gothic was the longest of the English Gothic periods; it continued for a century after the style had nearly disappeared from France and the rest of the European continent, where the Renaissance had already begun. Gradually, near the end of the period, Renaissance forms began to appear in the English Gothic. A rood screen, a Renaissance ornament, was installed in the chapel of King's College Chapel, Cambridge. During the Elizabethan Period (1558–1603), the classical details, including the five orders of classical architecture, were gradually introduced. Carved ornament with Italian Renaissance motifs began to be used in decoration, including on the tomb of Henry VII in Westminster Abbey. The pointed arch gradually gave way to the Roman rounded arch, brick began to replace masonry, the roof construction was concealed, and the Gothic finally gave way to an imitation of Roman and Greek styles.

Characteristics

Towers were an important feature of the perpendicular style, though fewer spires were built than in earlier periods. Important towers were built at Gloucester Cathedral, York Minster, Worcester Cathedral, and on many smaller churches. Decorative Battlements were a popular decoration of towers in smaller churches.
 Windows became very large, sometimes of immense size, with slimmer stone mullions than in earlier periods, allowing greater scope for stained glass craftsmen. The mullions of the windows are carried vertically up into the arch moulding of the windows, and the upper portion is subdivided by additional mullions (supermullions) and transoms, forming rectangular compartments, known as panel tracery. The Tudor Arch window was a particular feature of English Gothic.
 Buttresses and wall surfaces were divided into vertical panels.
 Doorways were frequently enclosed within a square head over the arch mouldings, the spandrels being filled with quatrefoils or tracery. Pointed arches were still used throughout the period, but ogee and four-centred Tudor arches were also introduced.
 Inside the church the triforium disappeared, or its place was filled with panelling, and greater importance was given to the clerestory windows, which often were the finest features in the churches of this period. The mouldings were flatter than those of the earlier periods, and one of the chief characteristics is the introduction of large elliptical hollows.
 Flint architecture. In areas of Southern England using flint architecture, elaborate flushwork decoration in flint and ashlar was used, especially in the wool churches of East Anglia.

Examples
 at Gloucester Cathedral; the choir and transepts (1330–74, remodel of Norman work), cloisters (1370–1412), west front, western nave vaults, and south porch (1421–37), tower (1450–67) and Lady chapel (1457–83)
 at York Minster; the east end (1340–1408), central tower (1420–72), Kings Screen (1420–22) and west towers (1433–72)
 at Winchester Cathedral; the west front (1346–66), and nave (1399–1419, remodel of Norman work)
 at Norwich Cathedral; the clerestory of the presbytery (1362–69; transitional in style), and vaults (1446–72, nave; 1472–99, presbytery; 1501–36, transepts)
 at Worcester Cathedral, the central tower (1374) and cloisters (1375–1438)
 at Canterbury Cathedral; the nave, west front and cloisters  (1379–1414), chapter house (1400–12), transepts (1404–14, south; 1470–82, north), pulpitum (1410–39), southwest tower (1423–34; northwest tower added 1834–41), and central tower (1493–97)
 New College, Oxford (1380–1400; including chapel, hall, Great Quad, cloisters and bell-tower)
 the chapel of Winchester College, Hants. (1387–94)
 Manchester Cathedral (1422)
 Divinity School, Oxford (1427–83)
 Front Quad and chapel of All Souls College, Oxford (1438–42)
 Eton College Chapel, Eton (1441–82)
 King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1446–1515)
 Old Court, hall and chapel of Queens' College, Cambridge (1448–49)
 Magdalen College, Oxford (1474–90, including old library, chapel, cloisters, and founder's tower; Magdalen Tower, Oxford, built 1492–1509)
 Collegiate Church of the Holy Trinity, Tattershall, Lincolnshire ())
 choir of Sherborne Abbey (1475 – c. 1580)
 presbytery and lady chapel at Winchester Cathedral (1493–1500)
 at Chester Cathedral; the south transept, western front, central tower and cloisters (1493–1530)
 the retro-choir at Peterborough Cathedral (1496–1508)
 Bath Abbey (1501–39)
 Towers of St Giles' Church, Wrexham, and St Mary Magdalene, Taunton (1503–1508)
 the Henry VII Lady Chapel at Westminster Abbey (1503–09; heavily restored in the 1860s)
 *First Court, Christ's College, Cambridge (1505–11; including chapel and hall)
 First Quad (1511–20, including hall) & Second Quad (1598–1602), St. John's College, Cambridge
 Front Quad, Corpus Christi College, Oxford (1515–et seq.; including hall & chapel)
 Tom Quad, Christ Church, Oxford (1525–29, including great hall)
 Great Court, Trinity College, Cambridge (1599–1608; including hall and chapel)

Roofs

The pitched Gothic timber roof was a distinctive feature of the style, both in religious and domestic architecture. It had to be able to resist rain, snow and high winds of the English climate, and to preserve the integrity of the structure. A pitched roof was a common feature of all the Gothic periods. During the Norman period, the roofs normally were pitched forty-five degrees, with the apex forming a right angle, which harmonised with the rounded arches of the gables. With the arrival of the pointed rib vault, the roofs became steeper, up to sixty degrees. In the late perpendicular period, the angle declined to twenty degrees or even less. The roofs were usually made of boards overlaid with tiles or sheet-lead, which was commonly used on low-pitched roofs.

The simpler Gothic roofs were supported by long rafters of light wood, resting on wooden trusses set into the walls. The rafters were supported by more solid beams, called purlins, which were carried at their ends by the roof trusses. The tie-beam is the chief beam of the truss. Later, the roof was supported by structures called a King-point-truss and Queen-post truss, where the principal rafters are connected with the tie beam by the head of the truss. The King-Point truss has a vertical beam with connects the centre of the rafter to the ridge of the roof, supported by diagonal struts, while a Queen-Post truss has a wooden collar below the pointed arch which united the posts and was supported by struts and cross-braces. A Queen-Post truss could span a width of forty feet. Both of these forms created greater stability, but the full weight of the roof still came down directly onto the walls.

Gothic architects did not like the roof truss systems, because the numerous horizontal beams crossing the nave obstructed the view of the soaring height. They came up with an ingenious solution, the Hammerbeam roof. In this system, the point of the roof is supported by the collar and trusses, but from the collar curved beams reach well downward on the walls, and carry the weight downward and outwards, to the walls and buttresses, without obstructing the view. The oldest existing roof of this kind is found in Winchester Cathedral. The most famous example of the Hammerbeam roof is the roof of Westminster Hall (1395), the largest timber roof of its time, built for royal ceremonies such as the banquets following the coronation of the King. Other notable wooden roofs included those of Christ Church, Oxford, Trinity College, Cambridge, and Crosby Hall. A similar system, with arched trusses, was used in the roof of Wexham Cathedral.

University Gothic

The Gothic style was adopted in the late 13th to 15th centuries in early English university buildings, due in part to the close connection between the universities and the church. The oldest existing example of University Gothic in England is probably the Mob Quad of Merton College, Oxford, constructed between 1288 and 1378. Balliol College, Oxford has examples of Gothic work in the north and west ranges of the front quadrangle, dated to 1431; notably in the medieval hall on the west side, (now the "new library") and the "old library" on the first floor, north side. The architecture at Balliol was often derived from castle architecture, with battlements, rather than from church models. King's College Chapel, Cambridge also used another distinctive Perpendicular Gothic feature, the four-centred arch.

Gothic Revival (19th and 20th centuries)

The Perpendicular style was less often used in the Gothic Revival than the Decorated style, but major examples include the rebuilt Palace of Westminster (i.e. the Houses of Parliament), Bristol University's Wills Memorial Building (1915–25), and St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney.

See also

 Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England
 Building a Gothic cathedral
 Cathedral architecture of Western Europe
 Collegiate Gothic
 English Gothic stained glass windows
 French Gothic architecture
 Gothic Revival architecture
 Poor Man's Bible

References

Bibliography

 Ducher, Robert, Caractéristique des Styles, (1988), Flammarion, Paris (in French);

External links
Britain Express: Decorated Gothic architecture
Britain Express – Architectural Guide
Britain Express – Architectural Guide

12th-century architecture
13th-century architecture
14th-century architecture
15th-century architecture
16th-century architecture
England in the High Middle Ages
Architecture in England
Gothic architecture


Monemvasia isn't quite your typical Greek island. When you hear those words, "I'm visiting a Greek island!" you probably picture the sandy white beaches of Santorini and Mykonos, or maybe the unique history and culture of Crete. Monemvasia is often called "the Gibraltar of the East" because, well, that's kind of what it is! It may not be palm trees and windsurfing, but approaching the gigantic cliff from the edge of the mainland as the Mediterranean sea begins to surround you is nothing short of awe-inspiring.
Because it's a giant rock sitting in the middle of the sea (trust me, it's a thing that looks a whole lot cooler than it sounds!), Monemvasia has been an important fortress, military, and trade base for a long, long time. Like many other sites in the southern Peloponnese, it went back and forth between being controlled by Byzantine Greeks, Turks, and Venetians over the centuries, so Monemvasia's art and architecture is super unique and diverse—it's not all that different from Mystras, actually!
If you come with us to Monemvasia, you'll get to stay at a place called Kinsterna. It's a 17th century estate that's been lovingly restored to luxury, but that's not the draw here. Each room has something unique about it, that's absorbed something reflecting upon all the history these walls have seen. And that's not all. Kinsterna is the Byzantine Greek word for "cistern," so while in Monemvasia, you would be remiss to not take part in the local winemaking. Kinsterna and Monemvasia are famous for their Tsipouro, which is like the Greek version of Grappa: it's a dessert liquor made from the remains of the grapes used in the winemaking.