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Love & Money / Finances
What Is Emotional Labor, and How Does it Affect Your Marriage?
Wives and mothers often handle most, if not all, of the invisible work in their relationships. Here's how to help carry the load.
By Virginia Pelley
Mar 09 2018, 6:15 PM
You might think that your wife has an innate ability to remember your mother's birthday or which Friday it is that your son is performing in his school play. And you probably know plenty of other dads who have women in their lives who appear to possess some sort of organizational genius when it comes to family scheduling and household tasks. That's because even enlightened, helpful, and considerate men have blind spots when it comes to what they think men and women are responsible for in family life.
Once, as an experiment, I stopped cleaning the bathroom sink. Eventually, I asked my partner if he'd noticed how disgusting it had gotten. He hadn't. I also often marvel that I'm somehow the only one of us who can remember which cupboard the glass baking dishes belong in. He cooks dinner maybe once a week, but I need to give him several hours to emotionally prepare for the task and also offer suggestions of what he could cook that I would like and would not be too difficult for him.
I may sound like I'm venting. And I am a little. And everyone is different. But these little elements of managing a household, however, are kind of like tentacles on the monster of society's broad and often unspoken expectations of nurturance from women. But here's the thing: According to researchers, this idea that women are naturally more nurturing than men just isn't true. It's merely an outdated notion that society has adopted.
Many women bear the weight of not only managing their feelings but also their partners' in order to accomplish the daily tasks. This is often referred to as "emotional labor," or the invisible work necessary to manage households, often in spite of working outside the home as much as their partners. It's described as the mental load of "always having to remember" in a comic about emotional work among new parents that went viral last year. Constant management of their entire families' needs takes a toll on women and especially wives and mothers, who often grow exhausted and resentful if their partners ignore the invisible burden. If a husband finds himself asking his beleaguered wife "what can I do to help?" chances are the question came too late.
Many women bear the weight of not only managing their feelings but also their partners in order to accomplish the daily tasks that need to be accomplished. This is often referred to as "emotional labor," or the invisible work done to manage households,
The idea that all women are born nurturers is likely a holdover from the Industrial Age, when work and home lives became separated for the first time, says Rebecca J. Erickson, Ph.D., professor of sociology at Akron University in Ohio. As work moved away from the homestead, women became the executives of sorts of the family sphere.
"The problem is that those expectations haven't changed since women entered the workforce," she says. "The belief that women primarily are in charge of and accountable for the emotional climate in the home is still part of the invisible work that women do. And part of the issue about that is that it's seen as something natural in women as opposed to something that takes time, energy, and skill."
According to a paper published last year in the journal Sex Roles, more than 60 percent of both men and women reported that women tend to remind their partners more often about things that need to be done. Men also don't experience the societal pressure to take charge of the family to-do list like women do, the researchers at William Paterson University and Columbia Business School also concluded. In addition, the Paterson-Columbia researchers found that men were much more likely to issue reminders about things from which they'd personally benefit, such as making sure their wives remembered their promise to buy him a new suit jacket for a work party, whereas women's reminders were typically more selfless.
"The belief that women primarily are in charge of and accountable for the emotional climate in the home is still part of the invisible work that women do. And part of the issue about that is that it's seen as something natural in women as opposed to something that takes time, energy, and skill."
"It's not that women are innately better able to remember and multitask — we were socialized this way," says study co-author Janet Ahn, Ph.D., professor of psychology at William Paterson University. "It arose out of need. Society socializes women that we're the ones to fulfill other people's needs and that good girls help other people out."
That these ideas are so deeply ingrained is precisely why many men might be surprised to hear that their partners feel they bear an unfairly heavy emotional workload in the marriage. Ahn says she hasn't met a single woman who has told her that this dynamic doesn't exist in her home, yet many men she meets seem defensive about her research and insist that they take on just as much organizational work in their relationships.
Men, per Ahn, often say they're perfectly willing to help when women tell them what they need to do, for example, but don't understand that expecting women to delegate every conceivable task is a big part of the emotional labor women are sick of typically having to do. For example, if a husband is going to the grocery store but asks his wife about what he should buy or for meal-planning, well, that's not really helping with the emotional workload.
"The emotional tasks of running a family don't always get defined because they're so typically absorbed by women, and men often don't see them as actual labor like they do with instrumental tasks, such as taking out the garbage or doing the dishes," says Jennifer Lois, Ph.D., sociology professor at Western Washington University and author of Home is Where the School Is: The Logic of Homeschooling and the Emotional Labor of Mothering. "Women, on the other hand, are socialized throughout their lives to pay attention to relationships and the emotions of other people."
"Men know they need to contribute with housework and childcare but often don't understand how to have a conversation about the emotional work that needs to be done in a relationship,"
Modern gender relationships, thankfully, are getting better. And the line between what moms and dads are responsible for is blurred. Parents can help erode gender-based stereotypes that foster unfair expectations in the next generation by being good role models, Ahn says. Kids who grow up seeing Super Mom do everything and Dad on the couch with a beer are more likely to recreate those scenarios when they grow up. So, it's essential to not only manage the emotional workload, but also show kids that their parents truly share the work of the household and daddy doesn't just "help out" occasionally to be nice.
One can also try to express more gratitude when their partner reminds them of tasks that need to be done and acknowledge that the completion of those tasks benefits the family. Part of that is being more mindful in your relationship, which, can be helpful in lessening your partner's emotional load and therefore improve your marriage.
If it's not something one normally does, they could, at some point in the evening, put their phone down and ask their partner to tell them about their day, and make an effort to really be present and listen, suggests Erickson. Such conversations aren't about fixing problems, but letting her vent and being present, she says.
Another trick: establish a family Google calendar that both partners update – and share equal responsibility over. It can be helpful for men to see a visual representation of everything their partners have been keeping track of because it's likely more than they realized, Ahn says. And by jotting something on a calendar, even though adding stuff does take a bit of work, outsourcing it, in a sense, removes the cognitive load of having to remember it and remind each other about it.
Ultimately, making emotional work more equitable isn't just about making sure children are fed and toilets are clean, Erickson says. It's about how one conveys caring for each other.
If frustration sets in about emotional labor within a marriage, it's because one isn't paying attention to their partner's needs — and this is also a better time to ask than when she's struggling to heft a heavy box of winter clothes on a closet shelf that you've been stepping around for a week. You can say something like, "I want to be a more equal partner to you but don't always know what you need from me, so I'd appreciate your help to figure out what those things are, and I'll try to anticipate them on my own as we go on," suggests Lois.
Ultimately, making emotional work more equitable isn't just about making sure children are fed and toilets are clean, Erickson says. It's about how you convey caring for each other. Ask yourself what kind of relationship you want, she suggests. Is it a partner who's exhausted and feeling unsupported and bitter?
"Men know they need to contribute with housework and childcare but often don't understand how to have a conversation about the emotional work that needs to be done in a relationship," she says. "Love is supposed to come naturally, but it takes work getting outside of yourself to show care and concern for another person by being attentive."
"Love isn't a feeling," she adds. "It's a behavior."
emotional labor family life family management long lasting marriage Marriage marriage advice
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Hello everyone! I hope you are having a fantastic day. It really starts to feel like summer here with the sunshine coming out more and lovely 20 degrees. You probably don't know this about me but I normally don't plan things very well. I start with great ideas, the best intentions and what I feel like a full proof plan but the execution part is never there, meaning it never happens like planned, take longer, life happens, etc. But, despite all this about me, I love to plan and organize things. I just need to work around "myself habits". So this year I decided to write down all of the things I want to do during the summer and pick at the list one weekend at a time. Brillant right?! Well, not quite. I also want to make sure I do things consciously and responsibly. I'll explain exactly what I mean by that.
One thing I love about Nova Scotia is the beautiful outdoors and many hiking trails available. It is a great activity for all ages and very cost effective since you can use what you have and it is mostly free to hike. One thing I changed in my "hiking kit" is the amount of paper wrapped snacks I bring and water bottles. There are so many options available now to reduce the garbage we produce and leave behind on the trail (garbage canes can only contain so much and let's just mention wildlife). So we try as much as possible to keep our garbage in our bags until we get home, use glass or plastic containers, reusable water bottle and be mindful of where we put our feet. Nature can use a little help when it comes to letting things grow. I only learned this a few months ago but in national parks and hiking spots there often are endangered species (especially plants). They are not always labelled as sanctuary or reforestation so I just try to be mindful of the ground under my feet and stay on the path.
When you look for things to do, you can discover talents in your city you didn't even know was there. Farmers' markets are a great place to meet local artisan and farmers which support local work. In addition, local food tastes so much better and reduce CO2 emission from the transportation. I like to discover new vegetables and fruits. You should ask them how to prepare it and spices to use and you might just find a new summer favourite. If farmers' market is not your thing, they are lots of craft fairs, exposition, festivals and local events showcasing what your region has to offer. You need to do some research to find all the details. Some might even be free. We went to a beer festival a few weeks back and discovered some amazing local breweries we had no idea existed and now can't wait to visit.
This summer, I want to build memories and remember great moments with the people that matter to me. Often those don't even cost you money or very little; like camping, picnic, strawberry picking, hiking, walking downtown, biking, bird watching, board game nights, potluck BBQ, play charades, water balloon fight, geocaching, city scavenger hunt, community cooking, watch fireworks, star gaze, visit the zoo, festivals, historical sites, beach, museum, amusement park, bowling, etc. Be creative with what you like to do and invite your friends and family to join. Cooking together is a great way to try new recipes, share the cost and have a little of everything to take with you for the week; you separate the food you made between all the participants – community cooking. Even inviting friends and family over to stay in and watch Netflix can be so much fun.
I am curious to see what do you have a plan for the summer. Are you going camping? Do you have some vacation plans? Anything you do every summer? Let me know in the comments below. If you enjoyed this post, please don't forget to let and subscribe to know when I release a new post. Also, join us on Facebook via the link at the top right. I wish you a wonderful weekend and hope to see you back on the blog soon.


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Chris Brown Laments Missed Michael Jackson Tribute in "Vibe"
December 11th, 2009 by Rolling Stone Leave a reply »
Photo: Sullivan/Getty
Since Michael Jackson's untimely death in late June, the King of Pop has been honored at almost every major awards ceremony, from the VMAs to the AMAs. Now comes word Jackson will posthumously receive a lifetime achievement prize at January's Grammy Awards, where his remarkable achievements will almost certainly be celebrated once again.
Chris Brown was slated to perform at last year's Grammys, but pulled out of the ceremony after his altercation with then-girlfriend Rihanna the night before the event. The assault — which resulted in Brown pleading guilty in exchange for probation, community labor and anger-management classes — also prevented the young star from participating in the Jackson tribute at the BET Awards, which were held just days after the King of Pop's death. In the new issue of Vibe, which hits stands next week, Brown confirms what Rolling Stone had learned at the time: that he was yanked from the show at the last minute.
"I was watching it, holding my face, like 'Oh my God, this is wack,' " he tells Vibe, complaining about the production values of the BET tribute. "I was expecting them to have Usher, Omarion and even Justin [Timberlake]. They were so bent on not getting me there that they messed up their own show."
Brown says the show told him he was pulled over concerns about sponsors. "I felt like BET should have been looking at the people who got drug charges, gun charges, weapons, other stuff," he adds. "You can't discriminate against one person because you're afraid the media is going to kill you."
Talking about the clubby song "Pass Out" on his new album Graffiti, Brown says he was aiming for a wider appeal, inspired once again by his fallen idol. "Michael Jackson didn't make...
Article Source: Rolling Stone : Rock and Roll Daily
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Many RASC members donate their spare computer time to various scientific research projects through BOINC. Current projects are shown below.
This project helps in the search for gravitational waves from spinning neutron stars (using LIGO data) and also for radio pulsars in binary systems (using Arecibo data).
As of 27 Aug 2018, team RASC has 197 members and ranks #33.
This project is creating a 3-D map of our home galaxy (The Milky Way) using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.
As of 27 Aug 2018, team RASC has 147 members and ranks #70.
This project uses Internet-connected computers in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI).
As of 27 Aug 2018, team RASC has 793 members and ranks #58.


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This advanced search of The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation's grants database allows exploration of our grantmaking history since 1969.
Conservation and the Environment
International Higher Education and Strategic Projects
Medicine and Population
Presidential Initiatives
Amount to
Years to
State (U.S.) AKALARAZCACNCOCTDCDEFLGAHawaiiHIIAIDILINKSKYLALOMAMDMEMIMNMOMSMTNCNDNENHNJNMNVNYOHOKORPAPRRISCSDTNTXUTVAVIVTWAWIWVWY
Country ArgentinaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBelgiumBermudaBoliviaBrazilCameroonCanadaChileChinaColombiaCosta RicaCzech RepublicDenmarkDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEstoniaEthiopiaFinlandFranceGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGreeceGuatemalaHungaryIcelandIrelandItalyKenyaKyrgyz RepublicKyrgyzstanLatviaLebanonLuxembourgMalaysiaMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNigeriaNorwayPeruPhilippinesPolandPortugalRepublic of ArmeniaRussiaSenegalSingaporeSlovakiaSouth AfricaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTanzaniaThailandThe NetherlandsTurkeyUgandaUkraineUnited KingdomUnited StatesUruguayUzbekistanVatican CityVenezuelaWalesWest IndiesZimbabwe
3,967 Grants awarded for $1,806,364,989
Results Per Page: 255075100
Oregon Shakespeare Festival Association, Inc. Regional Theatre Program 06/15/83 $75,000 Ashland, OR, United States Arts and Culture
WGBH Educational Foundation Museum Profiles 06/15/83 $10,000 Boston, MA, United States Arts and Culture
American Federation of Arts Museum Software 06/19/84 $150,000 San Francisco, CA, United States Arts and Culture
Cleveland Ballet Ballet Program 06/06/85 $125,000 Cleveland, OH, United States Arts and Culture
San Francisco Ballet Association Ballet Program 06/06/85 $200,000 San Francisco, CA, United States Arts and Culture
American Public Radio Associates, Inc. Cultural Programming 06/05/86 $600,000 Minneapolis, MN, United States Arts and Culture
Baltimore Museum of Art Art Museum Publication Program 06/05/86 $300,000 Baltimore, MD, United States Arts and Culture
Nelson Gallery Foundation Art Museum Publication Program 06/05/86 $300,000 Kansas City, MO, United States Arts and Culture
University of Texas at Austin Art Museums and Graduate Education 10/03/13 $504,000 Austin, TX, United States Arts and Culture
New World Symphony, Inc. Artistic Initiatives - Renewal 10/03/13 $525,000 Miami Beach, FL, United States Arts and Culture
Sphinx Organization, Inc. Diversity and Career Advancement in Classical Music - Planning Grant 07/21/14 $50,000 Detroit, MI, United States Arts and Culture
San Francisco Symphony SoundBox Concert Series 09/11/14 $600,000 San Francisco, CA, United States Arts and Culture
Youth Speaks, Inc. Future Corps Fellowship Program 09/10/15 $1,100,000 San Francisco, CA, United States Arts and Culture
Tate Gallery Asia Research Centre - Phase II 09/10/15 $772,000 London, United Kingdom Arts and Culture
Sphinx Organization, Inc. SphinxConnect 09/15/16 $450,000 Detroit, MI, United States Arts and Culture
Carnegie Mellon University Art Conservation - Research Center 12/11/07 $3,870,000 Pittsburgh, PA, United States Arts and Culture
Dance Exchange Inc. Single Choreographer Dance Companies 12/11/07 $150,000 Takoma Park, MD, United States Arts and Culture
Streb, Inc. Single Choreographer Dance Companies 12/11/07 $115,000 Brooklyn, NY, United States Arts and Culture
Sphinx Organization, Inc. Tours and Residencies 12/11/07 $500,000 Detroit, MI, United States Arts and Culture
Berkeley Repertory Theatre Commissions and New Multidisciplinary Work 12/11/07 $250,000 Berkeley, CA, United States Arts and Culture
Portland Center Stage Expanded Artistic and Community Programs 12/11/07 $200,000 Portland, OR, United States Arts and Culture
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Krannert Center - Pilot Curriculum - Based Arts Initiative 12/11/07 $600,000 Champaign, IL, United States Arts and Culture
University of Chicago College and University Art Museum Program Phase II: Endowment 12/17/08 $1,250,000 Chicago, IL, United States Arts and Culture
Indianapolis Museum of Art, Inc. Conservation Science Endowment 12/17/08 $1,750,000 Indianapolis, IN, United States Arts and Culture
Houston Grand Opera Association, Inc. Commissioning Program 12/17/08 $800,000 Houston, TX, United States Arts and Culture
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Whether you are religious or not, Easter in Greece is an important period of custom and traditions so connected with our childhood and upbringing that following and protecting them is a matter of respect to our history and generations gone by.
Nowadays a lot of the customs have fainted, but still, especially the older women try to keep some of them alive. Preparations begin within the house with the changing over of clothes and carpets from winter to summer, thorough cleaning, the whitewashing of the outside walls and a lot of gardening to make the gardens look neat and colorful.
Fasting (together with a list of delicious local vegetarian dishes) is ending by Good Saturday after 40 days (from Apokreia) . During the Good Week (that includes a different church service every day with beautiful hymns and choir) the churches and later in the week, the "Epitafeios" are ornately decorated with seasonal, colorful flowers and herbs. In the home the preparation of Easter cookies, red dyed eggs and "tsoureki" (a brioche type bread) or the traditional Easter bread – this has the sign of the cross and red egg in the middle – begins.
In the morning of Good Saturday the old tradition of the smashing of pots is held in Argostoli – large ceramic pots are thrown from the bell tower and the houses – and before midnight, people gather in churches all over the island holding candles, which they light with the "Holy Light". The Resurrection of Christ is celebrated at midnight with the ringing of the bells and in some cases loud fireworks. People greet each other with the phrase "Christos Anesti" and take the flame back to their houses where it is carefully kept.
The family gathers around the festive table where they crack red eggs and feast on the traditional Easter soup of "magiritsa". Spit roasted lamb is prepared for Easter lunch, together with "kokoretsi" (lamb offal). The smell of roasted meat can be sensed everywhere. The experience of a traditional Easter can be an overwhelming experience for both locals and visitors alike.
Easter is associated with the beginning of spring time, when nature blossoms, the sky has the best color of the year, and the days are getting longer. It's a beautiful time of year!


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Police Violence And Reform: The Inequality In Restorative Justice Opportunities
Now we want to turn to the other crisis this country is facing - police violence and the ensuing fallout. Protests have been taking place around the country after horrifying body-worn camera footage was released showing a Chicago police officer shooting and killing 13-year-old Adam Toledo after a chase. The Chicago Police say the officer believed Toledo had a gun. Protests are also still going on in response to the shooting death of 20-year-old Daunte Wright last Sunday during a traffic stop in Brooklyn Center, Minn., the officer saying there she mistook her gun for a taser.
And of course, this all takes place against the backdrop of the trial of former Minnesota officer Derek Chauvin and the death of George Floyd last year, a death that sparked some of the largest protest marches in memory all over the world. And one of the goals of protesters in the wake of these tragedies and others has been to demand a fresh look at law enforcement in this country, which many critics say relies too heavily on long prison terms at the expense of other reforms. So that got us thinking about when the police are on trial.
We called sujatha baliga for that. She's been writing and thinking about alternative justice systems for years now. She's in Berkeley, Calif., and she's the former director of Impact Justice's Restorative Justice Project. And she is with us now. Sujatha baliga, welcome back. Thank you so much for talking with us.
SUJATHA BALIGA: Thank you for having me on again, Michel.
MARTIN: So we actually spoke a couple of years ago when you were awarded a so-called MacArthur Genius Grant - congratulations for that, once again - for your work as an attorney doing restorative justice work. So just as briefly as you can, I just wanted to ask - how have you been rethinking alternatives to law enforcement? Could you just give us sort of a top line summary, perhaps maybe explain what restorative justice is?
BALIGA: Sure. So restorative justice is a paradigm shift in the way in which we think about harm and wrongdoing. Rather than asking the questions that the state asks when confronted with harm and violence - what law was broken, who broke it and how should they be punished? - restorative justice asks a completely different set of questions. It starts with the person who was harmed and expects the answers to flow best out of community. So it asks who was harmed and what do they need and whose obligation is it to meet those needs? And when best practiced, it's done in a way that really attends to underlying causes and conditions that gave rise to the harm as well.
MARTIN: In recent years, large settlements have been made to families where someone has been killed. But many people are unsatisfied with that. They don't think that's enough. So I'm asking you - how do you think of this? Do you think alternative models should be considered when a police officer kills someone?
BALIGA: The question is - in what order is restorative justice rolled out in our communities? When the call is, in a murder case, for a police officer to be the first person to receive an option for restorative justice, this will fundamentally undermine communities of color's faith and belief that our reforms are actually for those who are being most directly damaged and impacted by the failings of the criminal legal system, right? So I'll just tell a personal story about this.
Quite some time ago now, when Oscar Grant was killed and murdered by a - by BART police officer, there was a question that was raised about whether or not we wanted to have, you know, Officer Mehserle receive restorative justice. And there was some talk behind the scenes about whether or not, you know, I would be willing to facilitate that dialogue. And my very first response was - we are trying to build a youth diversion program in which young people have the opportunity, when they commit offenses like burglaries and robberies, receive restorative justice entirely in lieu of the criminal legal system.
And we were slowly but surely building that program at that time. And it was slow going in the beginning. And people were very much like, but not for cases of violence, but not for cases of violence. And it took a lot of work for us to convince the system's partners that violent crimes actually were really well-handled through a community-based restorative justice project, a program.
So to jump to the idea that a police officer, Mehserle, who had had Oscar Grant on the ground, fully compliant in handcuffs and shot him in his back, that this would be the first crime of severe violence that we would be offering restorative justice for, you know, my initial answer was not no way but rather, OK, well, how about there's a 20 to 1 ratio where for every police officer that receives the option for restorative justice, you show me 20 African American men who also committed homicides. And let's see if their victims are amenable also to restorative justice because I do receive - I have received over the years many calls from African American crime survivors who were not interested in engaging the criminal legal system for crimes of severe violence, including homicide.
And the system has declined to allow that process to move forward. So why the question is then, to my mind, if this is truly a legitimate reform, the vast majority of those who are getting locked up, as you point out, are not officers who are killing unarmed Black people but rather African Americans and other people of color who - and white people as well who are committing crimes, right? So until RJ's available for them, why should it be available for police officers?
MARTIN: Before we let you go, do you see an appetite - do you see an appetite for rethinking the entire enterprise of policing as the way you've just begun to describe to us here?
BALIGA: I think that there is a process of learning in which the wool starts to get pulled away from our eyes about - what's the historical basis of this and what is the current operation of it? And what are the police doing for us today? How is it working for us? How's it working for them? And when we start to see the flaws and when we start to see, particularly with restorative justice, we're starting to have data now that shows that alternatives entirely operating out outside of the criminal legal system and solving harm outside that these have way better outcomes than the current criminal legal system. So when we start to see more outcomes like this, when we start to have more data like this, when we have more stories like this of success, I think that that appetite will continue to grow.
MARTIN: That was sujatha baliga. She is a winner of a MacArthur Genius Grant for her work in reimagining criminal justice. She's a former director of Impact Justice's Restorative Justice Project. Sujatha baliga, thank you so much for sharing your expertise with us.
BALIGA: Thank you. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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Alice Milliat, née le  à Nantes et morte le  à Paris, est une nageuse, hockeyeuse et rameuse de nationalité française.

Cofondatrice et présidente de la Fédération des sociétés féminines sportives de France, elle est aussi reconnue comme l'une des plus grandes militantes du combat pour la reconnaissance du sport féminin au niveau international.

Biographie
Née le  à Nantes (Loire-Atlantique, alors Loire-Inférieure), Alice Joséphine Marie Million a tout juste  quand elle épouse à Londres, le , Joseph Milliat, un jeune Nantais employé de commerce, qui meurt quatre ans plus tard. Ses parents, Édouard et Joséphine Million, tiennent une épicerie rue Guépin, dans le centre-ville de Nantes.

Bien que n'étant pas une sportive émérite depuis sa jeunesse, Alice Milliat choisit de se consacrer à l'aviron qu'elle pratique au Fémina Sport, club du  de Paris, dont elle devient la présidente en 1915. Elle est également la première femme à remporter le brevet Audax rameur 80 km pour avoir réalisé cette distance dans une embarcation légère et dans le temps imposé.

Avant la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale, en , les leaders des clubs de sport féminins créent la Fédération des sociétés féminines sportives de France (), qui regroupe des clubs déjà existants comme le Fémina Sport (1912) ou , autre club parisien (1912). Le docteur Raoul Baudet en est le premier président et  Surcouf la première présidente. Alice Milliat est tout d'abord trésorière, puis secrétaire générale en  avant d'accéder à la présidence le .

En 1919, Alice Milliat demande au Comité international olympique (CIO) d'inclure des épreuves féminines d'athlétisme lors des Jeux olympiques suivants, mais sa demande est refusée. Parallèlement, la  étend son champ d'action et organise les premiers championnats de France féminins de football , tout comme la création de championnats en basket-ball, cross, natation ou hockey. La première équipe de France féminine de football est fondée en 1920.

En , Alice Milliat organise le meeting d'éducation physique féminin international à Monte-Carlo, où se rencontrent des représentantes de cinq pays : France, Grande-Bretagne, Italie, Norvège et Suède. Devant le succès rencontré, elle crée la Fédération sportive féminine internationale (FSFI), le . Elle est élue présidente, et son domicile du 3, rue de Varenne à Paris devient le siège social de la Fédération.

La Fédération sportive féminine internationale participe à l'organisation de Jeux mondiaux féminins en alternance avec les Jeux olympiques. Les premiers s'ouvrent à Paris au stade Pershing le , soit deux ans avant les Jeux olympiques officiels. L'événement mobilise  venues assister à ces jeux où se rencontrent des athlètes de 5 pays dans 11 compétitions sportives. L'Association internationale des fédérations d'athlétisme (IAAF) décide face à ce succès, de créer une commission chargée de la mise en place de compétitions athlétiques féminines aux niveaux national et olympique en collaboration avec la .

Alice Milliat est ainsi à l'origine des premiers Jeux olympiques féminins, à une époque ou les épreuves sportives au féminin sont jugées  par le Comité international olympique (CIO) de Pierre de Coubertin. Pour l'historien et pédagogue français, la femme est avant tout une reproductrice destinée à .

En 1926, la Suède accueille la seconde édition. À partir des Jeux de 1928 à Amsterdam, l'athlétisme apparaît comme discipline olympique. Alice Milliat devient la première femme juge lors des épreuves d'athlétisme des hommes.

Le , Alice Milliat est à l'origine des championnats du monde féminins, qui perdurent jusqu'en 1936, date où l' intègre la  dans ses structures et proclame leur fin. Le gouvernement cesse également de distribuer des subventions et la militante s'épuise à trouver de nouvelles sources de financement.

Alice Milliat, qui parle couramment trois langues, est la principale ambassadrice de la défense du sport féminin en Europe. Malade et décriée pour le lancement d'une loterie destinée à l'acquisition d'un terrain d'entraînement, elle se retire définitivement de la scène sportive en 1935. L'année suivante, la Fédération sportive féminine internationale (FSFI) disparaît de la scène internationale.

Selon le biographe Stéphane Gachet dans Alice Milliat, les 20 ans qui ont fondé le sport féminin, la militante, issue d'une formation de sténodactylo, accepte des travaux de secrétaire bilingue ou de traductrice jusqu'à la fin de sa vie.

Veuve et sans enfant, Alice Milliat meurt le  dans le  de Paris. Elle est inhumée au cimetière Saint-Jacques dans le quartier sud de Nantes, dans la concession n°10990 de la famille Brevet, celle de sa mère. Son nom a longtemps été absent de sa sépulture, jusqu'à ce qu'en 2020, ses descendants collatéraux décident d'y apposer une plaque.

Postérité
En 1982, l'écrivain André Drevon lui consacre la biographie Alice Milliat, La pasionaria du sport féminin. En 2019, le Nantais Stéphane Gachet publie Alice Milliat, les 20 ans qui ont fondé le sport féminin.

Plusieurs villes ont donné son nom à une de leurs installations sportives, comme : une salle du stadium métropolitain Pierre-Quinon de Nantes, le fronton d'un gymnase du  arrondissement de Paris, la piscine Alice-Milliat à Pantin ou un gymnase à Bordeaux. À Nantes, le Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires (CROUS) lui a dédié sa résidence universitaire.

La postérité d'Alice Milliat se poursuit avec la Fondation Alice Milliat, qui a pour but de promouvoir le sport féminin en créant des événements à l'échelle européenne et en labellisant des projets œuvrant pour le sport féminin et la mixité. L'entité est fondée le  à l'INSEP, à l'occasion du lancement du « 11 Tricolore – la France au rendez-vous », en présence du président de la République François Hollande. La création de la Fondation Alice Milliat marque un tournant dans la prise en compte du sport au féminin car, pour la première fois, une organisation française agit au quotidien pour l'amélioration de la médiatisation du sport au féminin. Abritée par la  Fondation du sport français, elle est reconnue d'utilité publique.

Le , le Conseil de Paris votait pour que le nom d'Alice Milliat soit attribué à la future Arena Porte de la Chapelle de  qui doit accueillir des épreuves olympiques et paralympiques lors des Jeux de 2024 . Toutefois, en juillet 2022 le Conseil de Paris vote l'attribution du nommage de la salle à Adidas. En contrepartie, le nom d'Alice Milliat sera donné à l'esplanade devant l'Arena.

Le , une statue d'Alice Milliat est mise en place dans le hall du Comité national olympique et sportif français (CNOSF) à Paris, aux côtés de celle de Pierre de Coubertin, dans le but de reconnaître et de saluer le travail d'Alice Milliat pour la juste reconnaissance du sport féminin.

En 2022, la réalisatrice Anne-Cécile Genre sort Les Incorrectes, documentaire sur Alice Milliat et les premiers Jeux mondiaux féminins.
Le 17 décembre 2022, son nom est attribué à la piscine Saint-Charles de Marseille.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

 .
 .
 .
 .
 .

 Alice Milliat pionnière olympique ; BD de Chandre - D. Quellat-Guyot - L. Lessous - M. Millote (septembre 2021, édition Petit à Petit).

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Fédération des sociétés féminines sportives de France
 Fédération sportive féminine internationale

Liens externes

 Site officiel de la Fondation Alice Milliat

Sport féminin en France
Féministe française du XXe siècle
Pionnière en sport
Dirigeant sportif français
Sport associatif français sous la IIIe République
Entraîneuse française de football
Personnalité inhumée à Nantes
Naissance dans la Loire-Inférieure
Naissance en mai 1884
Naissance à Nantes
Décès en mai 1957
Décès dans le 12e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 73 ans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
An urban area, built-up area or urban agglomeration is a human settlement with a high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized as cities, towns, conurbations or suburbs. In urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets; in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The creation of earlier predecessors of urban areas during the urban revolution led to the creation of human civilization with modern urban planning, which along with other human activities such as exploitation of natural resources led to a human impact on the environment. "Agglomeration effects" are in the list of the main consequences of increased rates of firm creation since. This is due to conditions created by a greater level of industrial activity in a given region. However, a favorable environment for human capital development would also be generated simultaneously.

In 1950, around the world, 764 million people lived in urban areas. By 2014, it was 3.9 billion. The change was driven by a combination of increased total population and increased percent of population living in urban areas. In 2009, the number of people living in urban areas (3.42 billion) surpassed the number living in rural areas (3.41 billion), and since then the world has become more urban than rural. This was the first time that the majority of the world's population lived in a city. In 2014 there were 7.3 billion people living on the planet, of which the global urban population comprised 3.9 billion. The Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs at that time predicted the urban population would occupy 68% of the world population by 2050, with 90% of that growth coming from Africa and Asia.

Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. They are measured for various purposes, including analyzing population density and urban sprawl. Urban areas are also mostly found in the United States, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Japan and Australia and many other countries where the urbanization rate is over 80%.

Unlike an urban area, a metropolitan area includes not only the urban area, but also satellite cities plus intervening rural land that is socio-economically connected to the urban core city, typically by employment ties through commuting, with the urban core city being the primary labor market.

The concept of an "urban area" as used in economic statistics should not be confused with the concept of the "urban area" used in road safety statistics. This term was first created by Geographer Brian Manning. The last concept is also known as "built-up area in road safety". According to the definition by the Office for National Statistics, "Built-up areas are defined as land which is 'irreversibly urban in character', meaning that they are characteristic of a town or city. They include areas of built-up land with a minimum of . Any areas [separated by] less than 200 metres [of non-urban space] are linked to become a single built-up area.

Argentina and Japan are countries where the urbanization rate is over 90% while Australia, Brazil, Canada, Mexico and the United States are countries where the urbanization rate is between 80% and 90%.

Largest urban areas in the world

  Tokyo (Japan) - 37,274,000
  New Delhi (India) - 32,066,000
  Shanghai (China) - 28,517,000
  Manila (Philippines) - 28,250,517
  Dhaka (Bangladesh) - 22,478,000
  São Paulo (Brazil) - 22,430,000
  Mexico City (Mexico) - 22,085,000
  Cairo (Egypt) - 21,750,000
  Beijing (China) - 21,333,000
  Mumbai (India) - 20,961,000

Largest urban areas, by continent

Africa

  Cairo (Egypt) - 21,750,000
  Kinshasa (DR Congo) - 15,628,000
  Lagos (Nigeria) - 15,388,000
  Johannesburg (South Africa) - 10,110,000
  Luanda (Angola) - 8,952,000
  Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) - 7,405,000
  Khartoum (Sudan) - 6,160,000
  Abidjan (Ivory Coast) - 5,516,000
  Alexandria (Egypt) - 5,484,000
  Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) - 5,228,000

Asia

  Tokyo (Japan) - 37,274,000
  New Delhi (India) - 32,066,000
  Shanghai (China) - 28,517,000
  Manila (Philippines) - 28,250,517
  Dhaka (Bangladesh) - 22,478,000
  Beijing (China) - 21,333,000
  Mumbai (India) - 20,961,000
  Osaka (Japan) - 19,060,000
  Karachi (Pakistan) - 16,840,000
  Chongqing (China) - 16,875,000

Europe

  Istanbul (Turkey) - 15,636,000
  Moscow (Russia) - 12,641,000
  Paris (France) - 11,142,000
  London (United Kingdom) - 9,426,000
  Madrid (Spain) - 6,714,000
  Berlin (Germany) - 6,144,600
  Barcelona (Spain) - 5,658,000
  Saint Petersburg (Russia) - 5,536,000
  Rome (Italy) - 4,298,000
  Athens (Greece) - 3,154,000

North America

  Mexico City (Mexico) - 22,085,000
  New York - Newark (United States) - 18,867,000
  Los Angeles - Long Beach - Santa Ana (United States) - 12,488,000
  Chicago (United States) - 8,901,000
  Houston (United States) - 6,603,000
  Dallas - Fort Worth (United States) - 6,488,400
  Toronto (Canada) - 6,313,000
  Miami (United States) - 6,079,000
  Philadelphia (United States) - 5,705,000
  Washington, D.C. - Baltimore (United States) - 5,434,000

Oceania

  Melbourne (Australia) - 4,870,000
  Sydney (Australia) - 4,859,000
  Brisbane (Australia) - 2,568,927
  Perth (Australia) - 2,016,000
  Auckland (New Zealand) - 1,582,000
  Adelaide (Australia) - 1,328,000
  Honolulu (United States) - 1,016,000
  Gold Coast (Australia) - 687,000
  Canberra (Australia) - 452,000
  Newcastle (Australia) - 447,000

South America

  São Paulo (Brazil) - 22,430,000
  Buenos Aires (Argentina) - 15,370,000
  Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) - 13,634,000
  Bogotá (Colombia) - 11,344,000
  Lima - Callao (Peru) - 11,176,000
  Santiago (Chile) - 6,857,000
  Belo Horizonte (Brazil) - 6,194,000
  Brasília (Brazil) - 4,804,000
  Recife (Brazil) - 4,220,000
  Porto Alegre (Brazil) - 4,185,000

Largest urban areas, by country

Afghanistan
4.589 million KABUL (capital) (2023)

Albania
520,000 TIRANA (capital) (2023)

Algeria
2.854 million ALGIERS (capital) ; 922,000 Oran (2022)

American Samoa
49,000 PAGO PAGO (capital) (2018)

Andorra
23,000 ANDORRA LA VELLA (capital) (2018)

Angola
9.292 million LUANDA (capital), 959,000 Lubango, 905,000 Cabinda, 809,000 Benguela, 783,000 Malanje  (2023)

Anguilla
1,000 THE VALLEY (capital) (2018)

Antigua and Barbuda
21,000 SAINT JOHN'S (capital) (2018)

Argentina
15.490 million BUENOS AIRES (capital), 1.612 million Cordoba, 1.594 million Rosario, 1.226 million Mendoza, 1.027 million San Miguel de Tucuman, 914,000 La Plata (2023)

Armenia
1.095 million YEREVAN (capital) (2023)

Aruba
30,000 ORANJESTAD (capital) (2018)

Australia
5.235 million Melbourne, 5.121 million Sydney, 2.505 million Brisbane, 2.118 million Perth, 1.367 million Adelaide, 472,000 CANBERRA (capital) (2023)

Austria
1.975 million VIENNA (capital) (2023)

Azerbaijan
2.432 million BAKU (capital) (2023)

Bahamas, The
280,000 NASSAU (capital) (2018)

Bahrain
689,000 MANAMA (capital) (2022)

Bangladesh
23.210 million DHAKA (capital), 5.380 million Chittagong, 955,000 Khulna, 962,000 Rajshahi, 969,000 Rangpur, 964,000 Sylhet, 906,000 Bogra (2023)

Barbados
89,000 BRIDGETOWN (capital) (2018)

Belarus
2.049 million MINSK (capital) (2022)

Belgium
2.110 million BRUSSELS (capital); 1.053 million Antwerp (2022)

Belize
23,000 BELMOPAN (capital) (2018)

Benin
285,000 PORTO-NOVO (capital) (2018) ; 1.189 million Abomey-Calavi ; 709,000 COTONOU (seat of government) (2022)

Bermuda
10,000 HAMILTON (capital) (2018)

Bhutan
203,000 THIMPHU (capital) (2018)

Bolivia
1.908 million LA PAZ (capital) ; 1.784 million Santa Cruz ; 1.369 million Cochabamba ; 278,000 Sucre (constitutional capital) (2022)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
344,000 SARAJEVO (capital) (2022)

Botswana
269,000 GABORONE (capital) (2018)

Brazil
22.620 million Sao Paulo, 13.728 million Rio de Janeiro, 6.248 million Belo Horizonte, 4.873 million BRASILIA (capital), 4.264 million Recife, 4.212 million Porto Alegre (2023)

British Virgin Islands
15,000 ROAD TOWN (capital) (2018)

Brunei
241,000 BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN (capital) (2011)

Bulgaria
1.287 million SOFIA (capital) (2022)

Burkina Faso
3.056 million OUAGADOUGOU (capital) ; 1.074 million Bobo-Dioulasso (2022)

Burundi
1.139 million BUJUMBURA (capital) (2022)

Cabo Verde
168,000 PRAIA (capital) (2018)

Cambodia
2.211 million PHNOM PENH (capital) (2022)

Cameroon
4.164 million YAOUNDE (capital) ; 3.927 million Douala (2022)

Canada
6.372 million Toronto, 4.308 million Montreal, 2.657 million Vancouver, 1.640 million Calgary, 1.544 million Edmonton, 1.437 million OTTAWA (capital) (2023)

Cayman Islands
35,000 GEORGE TOWN (capital) (2018)

Central African Republic
933,000 BANGUI (capital) (2022)

Chad
1.533 million N'DJAMENA (capital) (2022)

Chile
6.903 million SANTIAGO (capital), 1.009 million Valparaiso, 912,000 Concepcion (2023)

China
29.211 million Shanghai, 21.766 million BEIJING (capital), 17.341 million Chongqing, 14.284 million Guangzhou, 14.239 million Tianjin, 13.073 million Shenzhen (2023)

Colombia
11.508 million BOGOTA (capital), 4.102 million Medellin, 2.864 million Cali, 2.349 million Barranquilla, 1.381 million Bucaramanga, 1.088 million Cartagena (2023)

Comoros
62,000 MORONI (capital) (2018)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
16.316 million KINSHASA (capital), 2.892 million Mbuji-Mayi, 2.812 million Lubumbashi, 1.664 million Kananga, 1.423 million Kisangani, 1.249 million Bukavu (2023)

Congo, Republic of the
2.638 million BRAZZAVILLE (capital), 1.336 million Pointe-Noire (2023)

Costa Rica
1.441 million SAN JOSE (capital) (2022)

Cote d'Ivoire
231,000 YAMOUSSOUKRO (capital) (2018) ; 5.516 million ABIDJAN (seat of government) (2022)

Croatia
684,000 ZAGREB (capital) (2022)

Cuba
2.149 million HAVANA (capital) (2023)

Curacao
144,000 WILLEMSTAD (capital) (2018)

Cyprus
269,000 NICOSIA (capital) (2018)

Czech Republic
1.318 million PRAGUE (capital) (2022)

Denmark
1.370 million COPENHAGEN (capital) (2022)

Djibouti
591,000 DJIBOUTI (capital) (2022)

Dominica
15,000 ROSEAU (capital) (2018)

Dominican Republic
3.524 million SANTO DOMINGO (capital) (2023)

Ecuador
3.142 million Guayaquil, 1.957 million QUITO (capital) (2023)

Egypt
22.183 million CAIRO (capital), 5.588 million Alexandria, 778,000 Bur Sa'id (2023)

El Salvador
1.116 million SAN SALVADOR (capital) (2023)

Equatorial Guinea
297,000 MALABO (capital) (2018)

Eritrea
1.073 million ASMARA (capital) (2023)

Estonia
452,000 TALLINN (capital) (2022)

Eswatini
68,000 MBABANE (capital) (2018)

Ethiopia
5.461 million ADDIS ABABA (capital) (2023)

Falkland Islands
2,000 STANLEY (capital) (2018)

Faroe Islands
21,000 TÓRSHAVN (capital) (2018)

Fiji
178,000 SUVA (capital) (2018)

Finland
1.328 million HELSINKI (capital) (2022)

France
11.208 million PARIS (capital), 1.761 million Lyon, 1.628 million Marseille-Aix-en-Provence, 1.079 million Lille, 1.060 million Toulouse, 1.000 million Bordeaux (2023)

French Polynesia
136,000 PAPEETE (capital) (2018)

Gabon
857,000 LIBREVILLE (capital) (2022)

Gambia, The
470,000 BANJUL (capital) (2022)

Georgia
1.203 million TBILISI (capital) (2022)

Germany
3.574 million BERLIN (capital), 1.788 million Hamburg, 1.576 million Munich, 1.144 million Cologne, 796,000 Frankfurt (2023)

Ghana
3.630 million Kumasi ; 2.605 million ACCRA (capital) ; 1.035 million Sekondi Takoradi (2022)

Gibraltar
35,000 GIBRALTAR (capital) (2018)

Greece
3.154 million ATHENS (capital) ; 814,000 Thessaloniki (2022)

Greenland
18,000 NUUK (capital) (2018)

Grenada
39,000 SAINT GEORGE'S (capital) (2018)

Guam
147,000 HAGATNA (capital) (2018)

Guatemala
3.095 million GUATEMALA CITY (capital) (2023)

Guernsey
16,000 SAINT PETER PORT (capital) (2018)

Guinea
2.049 million CONAKRY (capital) (2022)

Guinea-Bissau
643,000 BISSAU (capital) (2022)

Guyana
110,000 GEORGETOWN (capital) (2018)

Haiti
2.915 million PORT-AU-PRINCE (capital) (2022)

Holy See
1,000 VATICAN CITY (capital) (2018)

Honduras
1.568 million TEGUCIGALPA (capital), 982,000 San Pedro Sula (2023)

Hong Kong
7.643 million Hong Kong (2022)

Hungary
1.775 million BUDAPEST (capital) (2022)

Iceland
216,000 REYKJAVÍK (capital) (2018)

India
32.941 million NEW DELHI (capital), 21.297 million Mumbai, 15.333 million Kolkata, 13.608 million Bangalore, 11.776 million Chennai, 10.801 million Hyderabad (2023)

Indonesia
11.249 million JAKARTA (capital), 3.729 million Bekasi, 3.044 million Surabaya, 3.041 million Depok, 2.674 million Bandung, 2.514 million Tangerang (2023)

Iran
9.500 million TEHRAN (capital), 3.368 million Mashhad, 2.258 million Esfahan, 1.721 million Shiraz, 1.661 million Tabriz, 1.594 million Karaj (2023)

Iraq
7.711 million BAGHDAD (capital), 1.792 million Mosul, 1.448 million Basra, 1.075 million Kirkuk, 958,000 Najaf, 897,000 Erbil (2023)

Ireland
1.256 million DUBLIN (capital) (2022)

Isle of Man
27,000 DOUGLAS (capital) (2018)

Israel
4.344 million Tel Aviv-Yafo ; 1.254 million JERUSALEM (capital) ; 1.164 million Haifa (2022)

Italy
4.316 million ROME (capital), 3.155 million Milan, 2.179 million Naples, 1.802 million Turin, 913,000 Bergamo, 850,000 Palermo (2023)

Jamaica
595,000 KINGSTON (capital) (2022)

Japan
37.194 million TOKYO (capital), 19.013 million Osaka, 9.569 million Nagoya, 5.490 million Kitakyushu-Fukuoka, 2.937 million Shizuoka-Hamamatsu, 2.666 million Sapporo (2023)

Jersey
34,000 SAINT HELIER (capital) (2018)

Jordan
2.210 million AMMAN (capital) (2022)

Kazakhstan
1.987 million Almaty, 1.291 million NUR-SULTAN (capital), 1.155 million Shimkent (2023)

Kenya
5.325 million NAIROBI (capital), 1.440 million Mombassa (2023)

Kiribati
64,000 TARAWA (capital) (2018)

Korea, North
3.158 million PYONGYANG (capital) (2023)

Korea, South
9.988 million SEOUL (capital), 3.472 million Busan, 2.849 million Incheon, 2.181 million Daegu (Taegu), 1.577 million Daejon (Taejon), 1.529 million Gwangju (Kwangju) (2023)

Kosovo
216,870 PRISTINA (capital) (2019)

Kuwait
3.298 million KUWAIT (capital) (2023)

Kyrgyzstan
1.105 million BISHKEK (capital) (2023)

Laos
706,000 VIENTIANE (capital) (2022)

Latvia
625,000 RIGA (capital) (2022)

Lebanon
2.433 million BEIRUT (capital) (2022)

Lesotho
350,000 MASERU (capital) (2022)

Liberia
1.623 million MONROVIA (capital) (2022)

Libya
1.183 million TRIPOLI (capital), 984,000 Misratah, 859,000 Benghazi (2023)

Liechtenstein
5,000 VADUZ (capital) (2018)

Lithuania
541,000 VILNIUS (capital) (2022)

Luxembourg
120,000 LUXEMBOURG (capital) (2018)

Madagascar
3.700 million ANTANANARIVO (capital) (2022)

Malawi
1.222 million LILONGWE (capital) ; 995,000 Blantyre-Limbe (2022)

Malaysia
8.622 million KUALA LUMPUR (capital), 1.086 million Johor Bahru, 857,000 Ipoh (2023)

Maldives
177,000 MALE (capital) (2018)

Mali
2.817 million BAMAKO (capital) (2022)

Malta
213,000 VALLETTA (capital) (2018)

Marshall Islands
31,000 MAJURO (capital) (2018)

Mauritania
1.432 million NOUAKCHOTT (capital) (2022)

Mauritius
149,000 PORT LOUIS (capital) (2018)

Mexico
22.281 million MEXICO CITY (capital), 5.420 million Guadalajara, 5.117 million Monterrey, 3.345 million Puebla, 2.626 million Toluca de Lerdo, 2.260 million Tijuana (2023)

Federated States of Micronesia
7,000 PALIKIR (capital) (2018)

Moldova
491,000 CHISINAU (capital) (2022)

Monaco
39,000 MONACO (capital) (2018)

Mongolia
1.645 million ULAANBAATAR (capital) (2022)

Montenegro
177,000 PODGORICA (capital) (2018)

Morocco
3.893 million Casablanca, 1.959 million RABAT (capital), 1.290 million Fes, 1.314 million Tangier, 1.050 million Marrakech, 979,000 Agadir (2023)

Mozambique
1.797 million Matola ; 1.139 million MAPUTO (capital) ; 927,000 Nampula (2022)

Myanmar (Burma)
5.610 million RANGOON (Yangon) (capital), 1.532 million Mandalay (2023)

Namibia
461,000 WINDHOEK (capital) (2022)

Nepal
1.521 million KATHMANDU (capital) (2022)

Netherlands
2.48 million AMSTERDAM (capital), 2.40 million Rotterdam - The Hague (2022)

New Caledonia
198,000 NOUMEA (capital) (2018)

New Zealand
1.652 million Auckland, 419,000 WELLINGTON (capital) (2022)

Nicaragua
1.095 million MANAGUA (capital) (2023)

Niger
1.384 million NIAMEY (capital) (2022)

Nigeria
15.946 million Lagos, 4.348 million Kano, 3.875 million Ibadan, 3.840 million ABUJA (capital), 3.480 million Port Harcourt, 1.905 million Benin City (2023)

Niue
1,000 ALOFI (capital) (2018)

North Macedonia
606,000 SKOPJE (capital) (2022)

Northern Mariana Islands
51,000 SAIPAN (capital) (2018)

Norway
1.071 million OSLO (capital) (2022)

Oman
1.623 million MUSCAT (capital) (2022)

Pakistan
17.236 million Karachi, 13.979 million Lahore, 3.711 million Faisalabad, 2.415 million Gujranwala, 2.412 million Peshawar, 1.232 million ISLAMABAD (capital) (2023)

Palau
277 NGERULMUD (capital) (2018)

Palestine
756,000 Gaza ; 153,237 RAMALLAH (Capital) (2022)

Panama
1.977 million PANAMA CITY (capital) (2023)

Papua New Guinea
410,000 PORT MORESBY (capital) (2023)

Paraguay
3.511 million ASUNCION (capital) (2023)

Peru
11.204 million LIMA (capital), 959,000 Arequipa, 904,000 Trujillo (2023)

Philippines
14.667 million MANILA (capital), 1.949 million Davao, 1.025 million Cebu City, 931,000 Zamboanga, 960,000 Antipolo, 803,000 Cagayan de Oro City, 803,000 Dasmarinas (2023)

Poland
1.798 million WARSAW (capital), 769,000 Krakow (2023)

Portugal
3.001 million LISBON (capital), 1.325 million Porto (2023)

Puerto Rico
2.440 million SAN JUAN (capital) (2023)

Qatar
779,000 Ar-Rayyan ; 652,000 DOHA (capital) (2022)

Romania
1.785 million BUCHAREST (capital) (2022)

Russia
12.680 million MOSCOW (capital), 5.561 million Saint Petersburg, 1.695 million Novosibirsk, 1.528 million Yekaterinburg, 1.292 million Kazan, 1.251 million Nizhniy Novgorod (2023)

Rwanda
1.208 million KIGALI (capital) (2022)

Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha
1,000 JAMESTOWN (capital) (2018)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
14,000 BASSETERRE (capital) (2018)

Saint Lucia
22,000 CASTRIES (capital) (2018)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
6,000 SAINT - PIERRE (capital) (2018)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
27,000 KINGSTOWN (capital) (2018)

Samoa
36,000 APIA (capital) (2018)

San Marino
4,000 SAN MARINO (2018)

São Tomé and Príncipe
80,000 SÃO TOMÉ (capital) (2018)

Saudi Arabia
7.682 million RIYADH (capital), 4.863 million Jeddah, 2.150 million Mecca, 1.573 million Medina, 1.329 million Ad Dammam, 872,000 million Hufuf-Mubarraz (2023)

Senegal
3.326 million DAKAR (capital) (2022)

Serbia
1.405 million BELGRADE (capital) (2022)

Seychelles
28,000 VICTORIA (capital) (2018)

Sierra Leone
1.272 million FREETOWN (capital) (2022)

Singapore
6.081 million SINGAPORE (capital) (2023)

Sint Maarten
1,327 PHILIPSBURG (capital) (2011)

Slovakia
439,000 BRATISLAVA (capital) (2022)

Slovenia
286,000 LJUBLJANA (capital) (2018)

Solomon Islands
82,000 HONIARA (capital) (2018)

Somalia
2.610 million MOGADISHU (capital), 1.127 million Hargeysa (2023)

South Africa
10.316 million Johannesburg (includes Ekurhuleni), 4.890 million Cape Town (legislative capital), 3.228 million Durban, 2.818 million PRETORIA (administrative capital), 1.296 million Port Elizabeth, 934,000 West Rand (2023)

South Sudan
459,000 JUBA (capital) (2023)

Spain
6.751 million MADRID (capital), 5.687 million Barcelona, 838,000 Valencia (2023)

Sri Lanka
103,000 Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative capital) (2018), 633,000 COLOMBO (capital) (2023)

Sudan
6.344 million KHARTOUM (capital), 1.057 million Nyala (2023)

Suriname
239,000 PARAMARIBO (capital) (2018)

Sweden
1.659 million STOCKHOLM (capital) (2022)

Switzerland
1.420 million Zurich, 437,000 BERN (capital) (2022)

Syria
2.585 million DAMASCUS (capital), 2.203 million Aleppo, 1.443 million Hims (Homs), 996,000 Hamah (2023)

Taiwan
4.504 million New Taipei City, 2.754 million TAIPEI (capital), 2.319 million Taoyuan, 1.553 million Kaohsiung, 1.369 million Taichung, 863,000 Tainan (2023)

Tajikistan
962,000 DUSHANBE (capital) (2022)

Tanzania
262,000 Dodoma (legislative capital) (2018), 7.776 million DAR ES SALAAM (administrative capital), 1.311 million Mwanza, 800,000 Zanzibar (2023)

Thailand
10.5 million BANGKOK (capital), 1.2 million Chiang Mai, 450,000 Nakhon Ratchasima, 415,000 Khon Kaen,

400,000 Hat Yai (2023)

Timor-Leste
281,000 DILI (capital) (2018)

Togo
1.926 million LOME (capital) (2022)

Tonga
23,000 NUKU'ALOFA (2018)

Trinidad and Tobago
545,000 PORT OF SPAIN (capital) (2022)

Tunisia
2.439 million TUNIS (capital) (2022)

Turkey
15.848 million Istanbul, 5.397 million ANKARA (capital), 3.088 million Izmir, 2.086 million Bursa, 1.836 million Adana, 1.805 million Gaziantep (2023)

Turkmenistan
883,000 ASHGABAT (capital) (2022)

Turks and Caicos Islands
5,000 GRAND TURK (capital) (2018)

Tuvalu
7,000 FUNAFUTI (capital) (2018)

Uganda
3.652 million KAMPALA (capital) (2022)

Ukraine
3.010 million KYIV (capital) ; 1.423 million Kharkiv ; 1.008 million Odesa ; 952,000 Dnipro ; 893,000 Donetsk (2022)

United Arab Emirates
2.964 million Dubai ; 1.786 million Sharjah ; 1.540 million ABU DHABI (capital) (2022)

United Kingdom
9.648 million LONDON (capital), 2.791 million Manchester, 2.665 million Birmingham, 1.929 million West Yorkshire, 1.698 million Glasgow, 952,000 Southampton / Portsmouth (2023)

United States
18.937 million New York - Newark, 12.534 million Los Angeles - Long Beach - Santa Ana, 8.937 million Chicago, 6.707 million Houston, 6.574 million Dallas - Fort Worth, 5.490 million WASHINGTON, D.C. (capital) (2023)

Uruguay
1.767 million MONTEVIDEO (capital) (2022)

Uzbekistan
2.574 million TASHKENT (capital) (2022)

Vanuatu
53,000 PORT - VILA (capital) (2018)

Venezuela
2.972 million CARACAS (capital), 2.368 million Maracaibo, 1.983 million Valencia, 1.254 million Barquisimeto, 1.243 million Maracay, 964,000 Ciudad Guayana (2023)

Vietnam
9.321 million Ho Chi Minh City, 5.253 million HANOI (capital), 1.865 million Can Tho, 1.423 million Hai Phong, 1.221 million Da Nang, 1.111 million Bien Hoa (2023)

Virgin Islands
52,000 CHARLOTTE AMALIE (capital) (2018)

Wallis and Futuna
1,000 MATA - UTU (capital) (2018)

Yemen
3.182 million SANAA (capital), 1.045 million Aden (2022)

Zambia
3.042 million LUSAKA (capital) (2022)

Zimbabwe
1.558 million HARARE (capital) (2022)

Very highly urbanized countries

This is the list of countries where the urbanization rate is at least 80%. Australia, Canada, Japan and the United States are included in the list and are among other very highly urbanized countries.

Definitions
European countries define urbanized areas on the basis of urban-type land use, not allowing any gaps of typically more than , and use satellite imagery instead of census blocks to determine the boundaries of the urban area. In less-developed countries, in addition to land use and density requirements, a requirement that a large majority of the population, typically 75%, is not engaged in agriculture and/or fishing is sometimes used.

East Asia

China

Since 2000, China's cities have expanded at an average rate of 10% annually. It is estimated that China's urban population will increase by 292 million people by 2050, when its cities will house a combined population of over one billion. The country's urbanization rate increased from 17.4% to 46.6% between 1978 and 2009. Between 150 and 200 million migrant workers work part-time in the major cities, returning home to the countryside periodically with their earnings.

Today, China has more cities with one million or more long-term residents than any other country, including the three global cities of Beijing, Hong Kong, and Shanghai; by 2025, the country will be home to 221 cities with over a million inhabitants. The figures in the table below are from the 2008 census, and are only estimates of the urban populations within administrative city limits; a different ranking exists when considering the total municipal populations (which includes suburban and rural populations). The large "floating populations" of migrant workers make conducting censuses in urban areas difficult; the figures below include only long-term residents.

Japan
In Japan, urbanized areas are defined as contiguous areas of densely inhabited districts (DIDs) using census enumeration districts as units with a density requirement of .

South Korea
Seoul is the largest urban area in South Korea.

South Asia

India

For the Census of India 2011, the definition of urban area is a place having a minimum population of 5,000 of density  or higher, and 75% plus of the male working population employed in non-agricultural activities. Places administered by a municipal corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee are automatically considered urban areas.

The Census of India 2011 also defined the term "urban agglomeration" as an integrated urban area consisting of a core town together with its "outgrowths" (contiguous suburbs).

Pakistan

In Pakistan, an area is a major city and municipality if it has more than 100,000 inhabitants according to census results.
Cities include adjacent cantonments.
Urbanisation in Pakistan has increased since the time of independence and has several different causes. The majority of southern Pakistan's population lives along the Indus River. Karachi is its most populous city. In the northern half of the country, most of the population lives in an arc formed by the cities of Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujrat, Jhelum, Sargodha, Sheikhupura, Nowshera, Mardan and Peshawar. During 1990–2008, city dwellers made up 36% of Pakistan's population, making it the most urbanised nation in South Asia. Furthermore, 50% of Pakistanis live in towns of 5,000 people or more.
Karachi is the most populated city in Pakistan closely followed by Lahore according to the 2017 Census.

Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, there are total 532 urban areas, which are divided into three categories. Those are City Corporation, Municipal Corporation (Pourasova) and Upazila town. Among those urban areas, Dhaka is the largest city by population and area, with a population of 19.10 million. In Bangladesh, there are total 11 City Corporations and 329 Municipal Corporations and 203 Small towns, which serves as the center for Upazilas. According to 2011 population census, Bangladesh has an urban population of 28%, with a growth rate of 2.8%. At this growth rate, it is estimated that the urban population of Bangladesh will reach 79 million or 42% of total population by 2035.

Southeast Asia

Philippines
With an estimated population of 16.3 million, Metro Manila is the most populous metropolitan area in the Philippines and the 11th in the world. However, the greater urban area is the 5th largest in the world with a population of 20,654,307 people (2010 estimate).

Singapore

As an island city-state, about 5.6 million people live and work within . With 64 islands and islets, Singapore Island makes up the largest urban area in the country. According to the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, the country has the highest urbanised population in Southeast Asia, with 100 percent of its population living in an urban area. The Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) is responsible for the urban land-use planning, which designates land use and urban density of the country. The country is divided into 5 regions for planning purposes by the URA, even though as a city state Singapore is defined as a single continuous urban area. It is further subdivided into 55 urban planning areas, which acts as the boundaries of planned towns within the country.

Vietnam
In Vietnam, there are 6 types of urban areas:
 Special urban area (2 municipalities): Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.
 Type I urban area (18 provincial cities and 3 municipalities): Long Xuyên, Pleiku, Mỹ Tho, Thủ Dầu Một, Bắc Ninh, Biên Hòa, Hải Dương, Thanh Hóa, Hạ Long, Việt Trì, Thái Nguyên, Nam Định, Vũng Tàu, Buôn Ma Thuột, Đà Lạt, Quy Nhơn, Nha Trang, Huế, Vinh, Cần Thơ, Đà Nẵng and Hải Phòng.
 Type II urban area (21 provincial cities and 1 district):Châu Đốc, Đồng Hới, Uông Bí, Bắc Giang, Ninh Bình, Bạc Liêu, Bà Rịa, Thái Bình, Rạch Giá, Cà Mau, Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm, Tuy Hòa, Phan Thiết, Vĩnh Yên, Lào Cai and Phú Quốc.
 Type III urban area (31 provincial cities and 12 towns).
 Type IV urban area (35 towns and 35 townships).
 Type V urban area (586 townships and 54 communes).

Thailand
Bangkok is the largest urban area in Thailand.

Europe

Finland

As in other Nordic countries, an urban area (taajama in Finnish) in Finland must have a building at least every  and at least 200 people. To be considered a town or a city (kaupunki) for statistical purposes, an urban area must have at least 15,000 people. This is not to be confused with the city / town designation used by municipalities.

France

In France, an urban area (Fr: aire d'attraction d'une ville) is a zone encompassing an area of built-up growth (called an "urban unit" (unité urbaine) – close in definition to the North American urban area) and its commuter belt (couronne). Americans would find the INSEE definition of the urban area to be similar to their metropolitan area.

The largest cities in France, in terms of urban area population (2017), are Paris (12,628,266), Lyon (2,323,221), Marseille (1,760,653), Toulouse (1,360,829), Bordeaux (1,247,977), Lille (1,191,117), Nice (1,006,201), Nantes (972,828), Strasbourg (790,087) and Rennes (733,320).

Germany
Germany has a number of large cities. The largest conurbation is the Rhine-Ruhr region (11 million ), including Düsseldorf (the capital of North Rhine-Westphalia), Cologne, Bonn, Dortmund, Essen, Duisburg, and Bochum.

Netherlands
The Netherlands is the 30th most densely populated country in the world, with —or  if only the land area is counted. The Randstad is the country's largest conurbation located in the west of the country and contains the four largest cities: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht. The Randstad has a population of 7 million inhabitants and is the 6th largest metropolitan area in Europe.

Sweden

Urban areas in Sweden (tätorter) are statistically defined localities, totally independent of the administrative subdivision of the country. There are 1,956 such localities in Sweden, with a population ranging from 200 to 1,372,000 inhabitants.

United Kingdom

In 2013 the United Kingdom's Office for National Statistics (ONS) published 2011 Built-up Areas - Methodology and Guidance which sets out its definition of a built-up area as an area of built-up land of at least , separated from other settlements by at least . For 2011 census data there are 5,493 built-up areas, of which 501 are divided into sub-divisions for which data is also available. Each built-up area is named algorithmically, using Ordnance Survey place-name data.

The ONS has produced census results from urban areas since 1951, since 1981 based upon the extent of irreversible urban development indicated on Ordnance Survey maps. The definition is an extent of at least 20 ha and at least 1,500 census residents. Separate areas are linked if less than 200 m (220 yd) apart. Included are transportation features. The UK has five Urban Areas with a population over a million and a further sixty nine with a population over one hundred thousand.

Norway

Statistics Norway defines urban areas ("tettsteder") similarly to the other Nordic countries. Unlike in Denmark and Sweden, the distance between each building has to be of less than 50 m, although exceptions are made due to parks, industrial areas, rivers, and similar. Groups of houses less than 400 m from the main body of an urban area are included in the urban area.

Poland
In Poland, official "urban" population figures simply refer to those localities which have the status of towns (miasta). The "rural" population is that of all areas outside the boundaries of these towns. This distinction may give a misleading impression in some cases, since some localities with only village status may have acquired larger and denser populations than many many smaller towns with most excessive example of Poznań, most spread urban area of the country with population of the city app. 534 thousand and urban area above 1,100 thousand inhabitants. On the other hand, the Upper Silesian Industrial Region conurbation with numerous large and medium cities covers 3,200 km and has approximately 3 million people.

Russia
Moscow, the capital and largest city of Russia, has a population estimated at 12.4 million residents within the city limits, while over 17 million residents in the urban area, and over 20 million residents in the Moscow Metropolitan Area. It is among the world's largest cities, being the most populous city entirely within Europe, the most populous urban area in Europe, the most populous metropolitan area in Europe, and also the largest city by land area on the European continent. Saint Petersburg, the cultural capital, is the second-largest city, with a population of roughly 5.4 million inhabitants. Other major urban areas are Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and Chelyabinsk.

Oceania

Australia
The Australian Bureau of Statistics refers to urban areas as Urban Centres, which it generally defines as population clusters of 1,000 or more people. Australia is one of the most urbanised countries in the world, with more than 50% of the population residing in Australia's three biggest urban centres.

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New Zealand

Statistics New Zealand defines urban areas in New Zealand, which are independent of any administrative subdivisions and have no legal basis. There are four classes of urban area: major urban areas (population 100,000+), large urban areas (population 30,000-99,999), medium urban areas (population 10,000-29,999) and small urban areas (population 1000-9,999). As of 2021, there are 7 major urban areas, 13 large urban areas, 22 medium urban areas and 136 small urban areas. Urban areas are reclassified after each New Zealand census, so population changes between censuses does not change an urban area's classification.

North America

Canada

According to Statistics Canada, an urban area in Canada is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than . If two or more urban areas are within  of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area, provided they do not cross census metropolitan area or census agglomeration boundaries.

In the Canada 2011 Census, Statistics Canada redesignated urban areas with the new term "population centre"; the new term was chosen in order to better reflect the fact that urban vs. rural is not a strict division, but rather a continuum within which several distinct settlement patterns may exist. For example, a community may fit a strictly statistical definition of an urban area, but may not be commonly thought of as "urban" because it has a smaller population, or functions socially and economically as a suburb of another urban area rather than as a self-contained urban entity, or is geographically remote from other urban communities. Accordingly, the new definition set out three distinct types of population centres: small (population 1,000 to 29,999), medium (population 30,000 to 99,999) and large (population 100,000 or greater). Despite the change in terminology, however, the demographic definition of a population centre remains unchanged from that of an urban area: a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per km2.

Mexico
Mexico is one of many countries where the urbanization rate is at least 80%. Mexico City, its capital, is the largest urban area in the country.

United States

In the United States, the Census Bureau defines urban areas and delineates urban area boundaries after each census. The Bureau defines an urban area as "a statistical geographic entity consisting of a densely settled core created from census blocks and contiguous qualifying territory that together have at least 2,000 housing units or 5,000 persons." There were 2,646 urban areas identified by the Census Bureau for 2020. 511 of these had a population of 50,000 or more.

For the 2000 and 2010 censuses, the Census Bureau differentiated between two kinds of urban areas: urbanized areas and urban clusters. The term urbanized area denoted an urban area of 50,000 or more people. Urban areas under 50,000 people were called urban clusters. Urbanized areas were first delineated in the United States in the 1950 census, while urban clusters were added in the 2000 census. The distinction between urbanized areas and urban clusters was removed for the 2020 census.

Urban areas consist of a densely-settled urban core, plus surrounding developed areas that meet certain density criteria. Since urban areas are composed of census blocks and not cities, counties, or county-equivalents, urban area boundaries may consist of partial areas of these political units. Urban areas are distinguished from rural areas: any area not part of an urban area is considered to be rural by the Census Bureau.

The largest urban area in the United States is that of New York City and its surrounding suburbs. The New York–Jersey City–Newark, NY–NJ urban area had a population of 19,426,449 as of 2020, while the larger metropolitan area had a population of 20,140,470, and the combined statistical area had a population of 23,582,649. The next five largest urban areas in the U.S. are those of Los Angeles, Chicago, Miami, Houston, and Dallas. 80.0 percent of the population of the United States lives within the boundaries of an urban area as of the 2020 census.

The concept of Urbanized Areas as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau is often used as a more accurate gauge of the size of a city, since in different cities and states the lines between city borders and the urbanized area of that city are often not the same. For example, the city of Greenville, South Carolina has a city population just over 68,000 and an urbanized area population of around 400,000, while Greensboro, North Carolina has a city population just over 285,000 and an urbanized area population of around 300,000 — meaning that Greenville is actually "larger" for some intents and purposes, but not for others, such as taxation, local elections, etc.

In the U.S. Department of Agriculture's natural resources inventory, urban areas are officially known as developed areas or urban and built-up areas. Such areas include cities, ethnic villages, other built-up areas of more than 10 ac (4 ha), industrial sites, railroad yards, cemeteries, airports, golf courses, shooting ranges, institutional and public administration sites, and similar areas. The 1997 national resources inventory placed over 98,000,000 ac (40,000,000 ha) in this category, an increase of 25,000,000 ac (10,000,000 ha) since 1982.

South America

Argentina
Argentina is highly urbanized. The ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population, and fewer than one in ten live in rural areas. About 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area totals around 15 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world, with a population of 18 million all up.

Córdoba has around 1.5 million people living in the urban area, while Rosario, Mendoza and Tucumán have around 1.2 million inhabitants each and La Plata, Mar del Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least 500,000 people each.

Brazil

Chile
Chile is highly urbanized, just like Argentina. The largest urban area in the country is its capital, Santiago.

See also

 Developed environments
 Urban climatology
 Urban culture
 Urban decay
 Urban exploration
 Urban planning
 Urban renewal
 Urbanization
 Urban vitality
 Surface sealing

References

External links
 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSTAT): Definition of "urban"
 World Urban Areas All identified world urbanized areas 500,000+ and others: Population & Density.
 Geopolis: research group, University of Paris-Diderot, France for world urban areas
 Gridded Population of the World – contains links to urban area definitions and maps for over 230 countries/territories
 City Mayors – The World's Largest Urban Areas in 2006
 City Mayors – The World's Largest Urban Areas Projected for 2020
 PopulationData – World's largest urban areas 1,000,000+ population

Urban design
Urban planning


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World Remembrance Day for Road Traffic Victims
Posted By Cormac Sheridan ~ 13th November 2012
REMEMBERING THE VICTIMS OF ROAD COLLISIONS
– 23,227 people killed on Irish roads since 1959 –
The Road Safety Authority (RSA), Local Authorities, members of An Garda Síochána and the Emergency Services are calling on people to remember the victims of road collisions on 'World Remembrance Day for Road Traffic Victims' on Sunday 18 November. This comes as figures reveal that 23,227 people have died on Irish roads to date (13 November 2012) since records began in 1959.
So far this year, 149 families, friends and communities have been left devastated by the loss of a loved one.
A number of commemoration services, masses and events will take place throughout the country this weekend to remember those who have died or been seriously injured on our roads and the families and friends who are left grieving for their loss. A full list of the events taking place to mark 'World Remembrance Day' is available onwww.rsa.ie
Minister for Transport, Tourism and Sport, Mr Leo Varadkar TD said, "Since 1959, 23,227 people have been killed on our roads, more than the population of the town of Athlone. And for every life lost on our roads, hundreds more are devastated by the loss. 'World Remembrance Day' gives us all an opportunity to remember the victims of road crashes, the families grieving for their loss and the communities shattered by these tragedies. It also allows us to reflect on our own behaviour on the roads and ask ourselves how we can contribute to making the roads a safer place for everyone."
Mr Gay Byrne, Chairman, Road Safety Authority said, "'World Remembrance Day' is a time for everybody to come together and remember those who have died on our roads, as well as the families, friends and communities who continue to live with their grief and loss. It's also a time to remember those in the emergency services who have to deal with the consequences and the aftermath of collisions. We also acknowledge those who have been seriously injured on our roads and those who continue to support and care for them every day. On 'World Remembrance Day', I ask that we all take a moment to think about our behaviour on our roads and how we can make the roads a safer place for us all."
Assistant Commissioner Gerard Phillips, An Garda Síochána said, "An Garda Síochána is committed to working with all road safety stakeholders to keep our roads free from death and serious injury but we need the support of each and every person who uses the roads. 'World Remembrance Day' reminds us how quickly and easily tragedy can happen on our roads and I would encourage people to use the day as an opportunity to look at our own actions on the roads and the role we play in keeping them free from tragedy."
The following activities will mark 'World Remembrance Day':
Carlow:
The day will be marked by special prayers in more than 30 churches of all denominations throughout the county. The prayers will remember those who died, empathise with bereaved families, acknowledge the work of the emergency services and serve as a reminder of the risks we all face on the roads.
Cork:
A mass will take place in Cork City in the Cathedral of St Mary and St Anne, Roman Street, (Shandon) at 11.30am on Sunday 18 November. It will be attended by personnel from the emergency services, road crash survivors and families of those who have lost loved ones on the road.
Dublin:
The road safety group PARC (Promoting Awareness, Responsibility and Care on our Roads) will launch "Finding Your Way – A Guide for Victims Following the Death or Serious Injury of a Loved one in a Road Traffic Collision" in Buswell's Hotel on Friday 16 November to mark World Day of Remembrance for Road Traffic Victims.
Donegal and Derry:
A commemorative mass will be held in St Connell's church Glenties Co. Donegal at 11.00am and a mass is planned to take place in St Brigid's Church, Carnhill, Co. Donegal at 12.30PM.
Louth:
A special memorial mass will take place in the Augustinian Church, Drogheda, Co. Louth at 1.15pm on Sunday 18 November.
A service will take place at Knock Shrine, Co. Mayo at 12pm to remember those who have been killed or seriously injured in road collisions. Mayo County Council will also distribute silver remembrance ribbons throughout the country from November 10-17.
Westmeath:
Westmeath County Council and the Irish Road Victims Association are holding a special ceremony in Mullingar this year. It will take place at 4pm in Belvedere House and Gardens. They will be planting a tree to remember all of those who have lost their lives on our roads. The Gardaí will read the names of those who have sadly lost their lives this year and will light candles in memory of the deceased. Those attending will be invited to take along a photograph of their loved ones and to float a candle on the lake afterwards in their memory. Balloons of remembrance will also be released following the tree planting ceremony.
To mark World Remembrance Day for Road Traffic Victims, the RSA has developed a 'Wall of Remembrance' (https://apps.facebook.com/191240797620479/) on its Facebook page www.facebook.com/RSAireland. The Wall of Remembrance is a place for people to come and share their memories, to light a candle and leave a memorial message for a loved one who has been killed or seriously injured on our roads. Since it was set up last year, over 600 people have posted messages in memory of their loved ones.
Marcus Scully
On 14 February 2005, Marcus turned 18. 18 days later he was involved in a car crash while on the way home from rugby training and at 2.45am on 5 March 2005, Marcus took his last breath. At that time, Marcus was studying for his Leaving Cert and wanted to become a vet. He was ambitious, driven and highly motivated. He was also a keen sportsman, playing rugby for Garbally College, Gort RFC and hurling for Ardrahan. He was sociable and hugely popular among his peers.
He never got to sit his Leaving Cert and study veterinary. His life was cut short at a very young age and a life that was so promising was never experienced at all because of driver error and speed.
Majorie Flood
Majorie Flood's son Mark was killed after a night out in Dunshaughlin. His tragic death left a family and a much wider community devastated. In the RSA's 'Crashed Lives' ad, Marjorie tells the story of how her family's world was shaken to its core early one morning, when she found out that her son had been needlessly killed on the road. Marjorie reminds us that until you're affected, you don't realise how many people die in preventable crashes on our roads
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New York Knicks Player Power Rankings
8. Lou Amundson, C-F
Perhaps the most underrated Knick falls in the No. 8 spot.
Lou Amundson is the do-it-all hustle man for New York. He'll scrap, battle and dive everywhere for a loose ball. If his talent was as great as his heart he'd be a one or two time NBA All-Star.
7. Lance Thomas, F
The best way to describe Lance Thomas is "role player extraordinaire."
Though the 27-year old from Brooklyn began the season out of the rotation, he's played his way into a prominent role. None of his stats will jump out at you, but he provides quality minutes every night.
6. Jerian Grant, PG
Moving forward, the Notre Dame rook could fall anywhere from No. 10 to No. 3 on this list. That's how talented, yet green Jerian Grant is.
For now he slides into the No. 6 hole solely based on his backup role. Fisher hasn't entrusted him with the offense quite yet, and his 18.2 minutes per game reflect just that.
Still, the kid can provide many things for a squad. He can penetrate and dish with the best of them; has terrific court vision; can shoot it a bit; and can even give you live legs on the defensive end of the floor.
Once he figures out what to do after beating his man with the first step, he'll be a lethal point guard in this league.