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text:
Q: Defining void function in Verilog? I know that we can write functions in verilog just to display sth. like in the example below:
function ex_func;
    input op;
    input [1:0] in1;
    input [1:0] in2;
    input [1:0] out1;
    begin
        if(op)
            $display("%d <-- %d, %d", out1, in1, in2);
        else
            $display("%d --> %d, %d", out1, in1, in2);

        ex_func = 0;
    end
endfunction

However I couldn't write this as void(not returning a value), so cannot use without equating to a temporary variable which is unnecessary. I can use in an ugly way:
// ...

reg temp; // temporary variable required for the function to work

initial begin
// ...

temp = ex_func(op[0], in1[0], in2[0], out1[0]);
#10;

// ...

temp = ex_func(op[1], in1[1], in2[1], out1[1]);
#10;

// ...
end

This works flawlessly, but as I said I want to write a function that does not return a value (void) and get rid of these ugly things. It seems that SystemVerilog supports void definition: https://verificationguide.com/systemverilog/systemverilog-functions/#Void_function , but same syntax does not work for Verilog ("Error:'void' is an unknown type") and I cannot find any other way or documentation about in Verilog.
So, the question is: Is there a way to define void function in Verilog?

A: In your case, I would use a task rather than a function as you are using it to display information only.
task ex_task;
    input op;
    input [1:0] in1;
    input [1:0] in2;
    input [1:0] out1;
    begin
        if(op)
            $display("%d <-- %d, %d", out1, in1, in2);
        else
            $display("%d --> %d, %d", out1, in1, in2);
    end
endtask

Then you would call the task as you were hoping:
ex_task(op[0], in1[0], in2[0], out1[0]);

You can even add the delay in the task itself, which is another difference between functions and tasks.
task ex_task;
    input op;
    input [1:0] in1;
    input [1:0] in2;
    input [1:0] out1;
    begin
        if(op)
            $display("%d <-- %d, %d", out1, in1, in2);
        else
            $display("%d --> %d, %d", out1, in1, in2);
        #10;
    end
endtask

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Posted in "Follow Me", DOCTORS of the Church, MEDITATIONS - ANTONIO CARD BACCI, QUOTES on GRACE, QUOTES on PEACE, QUOTES on PERSEVERANCE, QUOTES on SANCTITY
Thought for the Day – 23 March – The Christian Formation of Character
Posted on March 2, 2021 by AnaStpaul
Thought for the Day – 23 March – Meditations with Antonio Cardinal Bacci (1881-1971)
The Christian Formation of Character
"St Francis de Sales writes thus, with his usual simplicity:
"A way has been found of making bitter almonds sweet, by pucturing them at the base and squeezing out the juice.
Why cannot we eject our evil inclinations in order to make ourselves better.
There is nobody so good by nature, that a bad habit could not altogether corrupt him.
Similarly, there is nobody so bad by nature, that he could not be trained in goodness by the grace of God and his own perseverance."
St Francis de Sales did not teach this in theory alone but, he put his advice into practice to an heroic degree in his own life.
He was endowed by nature, with a vigorous, irascible and resentful disposition and he bacame an angel of gentleness and affability.
From his youth, he was aware of the defects in his character.
He himself, admitted, that he struggled against them for twenty two years with God's help.
He reached the point where he was able to remain silent when he was insulted and to refrain from defending himself, when he was slandered, for he had acquired an inward peace and a remarkable calmness of manner.
This gentleness of character enabled him to convert over seventy thousand heretics, to win back hardened sinners to Jesus Christ and, to set countless souls on fire with the love of God.
This is the man called "the Gentle Christ of Geneva" and "the Gentleman Saint!"
We have a great deal to learn from him!
https://anastpaul.com/2020/03/23/thought-for-the-day-23-march-the-christian-formation-of-character/
Posted in LENT 2021, LENTEN THOUGHTS, QUOTES on CONSCIENCE, QUOTES on HUMILITY, The HEART, The WORD, THOMAS a KEMPIS
Day Fourteen of our Lenten Journey – 1 March – Attend wholly to God
Day Fourteen of our Lenten Journey – 1 March – Monday of the Second week of Lent, Readings: Isaiah 1:10, 16-20,Psalms 50: 8-9,16-17, 21 and 23, Matthew 23:1-12
Imitating Christ with Thomas à Kempis (1380-1471)
In You is the source of life
and in Your Light Lord, we see light
Psalm 35(36)
"Whoever exalts himself will be humbled and whoever humbles himself will be exalted." … Matthew 23:12
WE MUST not rely too much upon ourselves, for grace and understanding are often lacking in us. We have but little inborn light and this we quickly lose through negligence. Often we are not aware that we are so blind in heart.
Meanwhile, we do wrong and then do worse in excusing it. At times, we are moved by passion and we think it zeal. We take others to task for small mistakes and overlook greater ones in ourselves.
We are quick enough to feel and brood over the things we suffer from others but we think nothing of how much others suffer from us.
If a man would weigh his own deeds fully and rightly, he would find little cause to pass severe judgement on others.
The interior man, puts the care of himself before all other concerns and he who attends to himself carefully, does not find it hard to hold his tongue about others. You will never be devout of heart unless you are thus silent about the affairs of others and pay particular attention to yourself.
If you attend wholly to God and yourself, you will be little disturbed by what you see about you.
… You will sweetly repose if your heart does not rebuke you. Rejoice at nothing but only your good deeds. Bad men have never a true joy, nor feel inner peace, for "there is no peace for the wicked" (Is 57:21). … He is easily calmed and contented whose conscience is clean. Praise makes you not more holy, nor insult more worthless.
What you are you are, what God knows of you, is all that can be said for you. If you will only look at what you truly are, you will not care what men say of you. "Man looks at the appearance but God looks at the heart" (1 Sam 16:7).
(Book 2 Ch 5)
Posted in ARMOUR of CHRIST, DOCTORS of the Church, QUOTES of the SAINTS, QUOTES on HUMILITY, QUOTES on the DEVIL/EVIL, QUOTES on TRUST in GOD, The WORD
Quote/s of the Day – 1 March – Humility Matthew 23:12
Quote/s of the Day – 1 March – Monday of the Second week of Lent, Readings: Isaiah 1:10, 16-20,Psalms 50: 8-9,16-17, 21 and 23, Matthew 23:1-12
"Whoever exalts himself will be humbled
and whoever humbles himself will be exalted."
"My brothers,
keep away from the beast of boasting
and concern for one's reputation,
for these destroy and weaken,
every good work."
Bl Raymond of Capua (c 1330-1399)
"The one sole thing, in myself,
in which I glory,
is that I see in myself,
nothing, in which I can glory."
St Catherine of Genoa (1447-1510)
"Humility is not just about self-mistrust
but about the entrusting of ourselves to God.
Distrusting ourselves and our own strength
produces trust in God
and from that trust,
generosity of soul is born."
Doctor of Charity
"The most powerful weapon
to conquer the devil is humility.
For, as he does not know at all,
how to employ it,
neither does he know
how to defend himself from it."
St Vincent de Paul (1581-1660)
"There is more value
in a little study of humility
and, in a single act of it,
than in all the knowledge
St Teresa of Jesus of Avila (1515-1582)
Doctor of Prayer
Posted in FATHERS of the Church, ONE Minute REFLECTION, QUOTES on GRACE, QUOTES on HUMILITY, QUOTES on SANCTITY, SAINT of the DAY, The 3rd Glorious Mystery - DESCENT of the HOLY SPIRIT, The HOLY SPIRIT, The WORD
One Minute Reflection – 2 March – '… Embrace the breast of Jesus ' – Matthew 23:1-12
One Minute Reflection – 2 March – Tuesday of the Second week of Lent and the Memorial of St Chad (c 620-672) Bishop of York and Lichfield, Readings: Isaiah 1:10, 16-20,Psalms 50: 8-9,16-17, 21 and 23, Matthew 23: 1-12
REFLECTION – "Humility is a secret power the saints receive when they bring all their life's ascetical practices to a successful conclusion. For indeed, this power is only bestowed on those who attain to the perfection of virtue through the strength of grace … It is the same power the blessed Apostles received in the form of fire. Our Saviour commanded them, in fact, not to leave Jerusalem until they had received the power from on high (Acts 2:3; 1:4). Here Jerusalem stands for virtue; the power is humility and the power from on high, is the Paraclete, in other words the Consoler Spirit.
Now this is exactly what Sacred Scripture had said – these mysteries are revealed to the humble (Lk 10:21). To the humble it is given to receive within themselves that Spirit of revelation that uncovers mysteries. That is why certain saints have said that humility is what brings the soul to fulfilment in divine contemplation. So let no-one start thinking they have attained complete humility because at some moment a thought of compunction came to them or because they shed a few tears …. But if someone has overcome every contrary spirit …, if he has overturned and subjected all the strongholds of the enemy and if he then feels that he has received that grace in which "the Spirit bears witness to our spirit" (Rom 8:16), in the Apostle Paul's words, then there is the perfection of humility. Blessed are they who possess it. For they continually embrace the breast of Jesus (cf. Jn 13,25)." … St Isaac the Syrian of Nineveh (c 613-c 700) Bishop of Nineveh, Monk at Mosul – Ascetical discourses, 1st series, no 20
PRAYER – Almighty Father, look with favour on Your family and as You have given us Your Son as Master and Redeemer, grant that we may be strengthened by Your grace, to follow His teachings. May the prayers of St Chad be heard for ou needs. We make our prayer through our Lord Jesus Christ, in the unity of the Holy Spirit, one God forever, amen.
Posted in DOCTORS of the Church, JULY - The MOST PRECIOUS BLOOD, Our MORNING Offering, PRAYERS of the SAINTS, PRECIOUS BLOOD PRAYERS, QUOTES on GRACE, QUOTES on PRAYER, REDEMPTORISTS CSSR, The MOST PRECIOUS BLOOD
Our Morning Offering – 2 March – Prayer for the Gift of Prayer By St Alphonsus Liguori
Our Morning Offering – 2 March – Tuesday of the Second week of Lent
Prayer for the Gift of Prayer
By St Alphonsus Liguori (1696-1787)
Most Zealous Doctor
O Incarnate Word,
You have given Your Blood and Your Life
to confer on our prayers that power by which,
according to Your promise,
they obtain for us all that we ask.
And we, O God,
are so careless of our salvation,
that we will not even ask You for the graces
that we must have, if we should be saved!
In prayer You have given us the key
of all Your Divine treasures;
and we, rather than pray,
choose to remain in our misery.
Alas! O Lord, enlighten us,
and make us know the value of prayers,
offered in Your name and by Your merits,
in the eyes of Your Eternal Father.
Saint of the Day – 2 March – Saint Chad (c 620-672) Bishop
Saint of the Day – 2 March – Saint Chad (c 620-672) Bishop of Lichfield, Confessor, Abbot, Monk, known as the Apostle of Mercia. St Chad was a man of holy humility and mortification. He was an great carer of the poor and a man of zealous energy, visiting all in his massive Diocese on foot. Born in c 620 in Northumbria, England and died on 2 March 672 at Lichfield, England of natural causes after a brief illness, which is thought might have been the plague. Patronages – Birmingham, England, Archdiocese of, Lichfield, England, Diocese of. Also known as St Chad of Mercia, of Lichfield, Ceadda.
St Chad, or Ceadda, was the youngest of the four brothers – Cedd, Cynebil, Celin and Chad, all eminent Priests. Despite attempts to claim him as both a Scottish and an Irish saint, he was certainly an Angle, born of noble parents in Northumbria around 620. Bede tells us, that Chad, along with his elder brothers, was a pupil of St Aidan at his Lindisfarne school. The Bishop required the young men who studied with him, to spend much time in reading Holy Scripture and in learning, by heart, large portions of the Psalter, which they would require in their devotions. Upon the death of Aidan, in 651, the four young men went to Ireland to complete their training. The Emerald Isle was then full of men of learning and piety and Chad, there, made the acquaintance of Egbert, afterwards Abbot of Iona.
Meanwhile, Chad's brother, Cedd, had returned to England and evangelised the East Saxons. In 658, at the request of King Aethelwald of Deira, he also established a Monastery at Lastingham in Yorkshire, standing just on the edge of the North York Moors. Though often absent, he frequently returned there from his London Diocese and, at a time of the 664 plague, he died there. Upon his death-bed, Cedd bequeathed the care of the Monastery to his brother, Chad, who was then still in Ireland.
On his return, Chad ruled the Lastingham Abbey with great care and prudence and received all who sought his hospitality with kindness and humility. However, he arrived in Northumbria during a period of religious change and political upheaval. Eventually, the heavily pro-Roman and, therefore to some factions, unpopular St Wilfred, was given the Northumbrian Bishopric which he transferred to York.
The Altar at Lastingham Abbey where St Chad and St Cedd said Mass
The following year, while St Wilfred was away, King Oswiu of Northumbria became impatient for some religious guidance in his kingdom and decided to send Chad to Kent to be Consecrated Bishop of the Northern Church. He was accompanied by the King's Chaplain, Edhed, who was, some years afterwards, made Abbot of Ripon. However, upon their arrival in Canterbury, the two Priests found that Archbishop Deusdedit had died of the Plague. His successor, Wigheard, was journeying to Rome for his Consecration and Bishop Ithamar of Rochester was too close to death to be of any help. So they turned aside to Wessex where, at Dorchester-on-Thames, they were greeted by Bishop Wine. He was the only canonically ordained bishop available in England, yet the required ceremony demanded three. Wine therefore called upon two Welsh and/or Cornish Bishops to help him and Chad was duly Consecrated Bishop of York in Dorchester Cathedral.
Bishop Chad began, at once, to apply himself to the practice of humility, continence and study. He travelled about his new Diocese, not on horseback but after the manner of the Apostles, on foot, to preach the gospel in the towns and the open countryside, according to the example of both St Aidan and his late brother, Cedd. Wilfred returned to England in AD 666 and, finding himself, deposed, quietly retired to his Abbey at Ripon. He remained, however, an opponent of Chad who was constantly criticised for the manner of his appointment. Three years later, Theodore of Tarsus, a new Archbishop arrived in Canterbury from the Continent. Being naturally a staunch supporter of the Roman doctrine, he soon charged Chad with holding an uncanonical office. The northern prelate humbly replied that if this were true, he would willingly resign for he never thought himself worthy of the position and had only consented out of a sense of duty. Theodore was so moved, that he completed Chad's ordination himself in the Roman manner. Though the latter still preferred to resign in favour of Wilfred and he thus retired to Lastingham. Though Chad was Bishop of York for so short a time, he left his mark on the affections of the people, for we find that at least one oratory was dedicated in his name at York Minster.
In 669, Bishop Jaruman of Mercia died and King Wulfhere asked Archbishop Theodore to send his people a new Christian leader. The primate did not wish to consecrate a fresh bishop, so he persuaded King Oswiu to release Chad from the Abbacy of Lastingham to be the new Mercian Bishop. Soon after his election, Chad set out for Repton in Derbyshire, where Diuma, the first Bishop of Mercia, had established his see. Theodore, knowing that it was Chad's custom to travel on foot, bade him ride, whenever he had a long journey to perform. However, finding Chad unwilling to comply, the Archbishop was forced to lift him onto his horse, with his own hands and oblige him to ride.
Chad did not stay long at Repton but removed the centre of the Mercian See to Lichfield in Staffordshire. Whether this was through a desire for a more central position, or was influenced by a wish to do honour to a spot enriched with the blood of martyrs, is unknown. For Licetfield was then thought to translate as "Field of the Dead" where one thousand British Christians were said to have been butchered. Possibly also, he wished to be closer to the popular Royal Palace at Tamworth.
Chad's new Diocese was not much less in extent than that of Northumbria. It comprised seventeen counties and stretched from the banks of the Severn to the shores of the North Sea. For the Dioceses of Worcester, Leicester, Lindsey and Hereford had still to be detached. Though such an area may be thought far beyond the power of one man to administer effectively, Chad apparently rose to the challenge. King Wulfhere gave him the land of fifty families upon which to build a Monastery, where the ancient Saxon Church still stands.
Mercia in the time of St Chad
Chad built himself a small oratory beside Stowe Pool at Lichfield. It adjoined a large well and a small Church (St Chad's), not far from his new Cathedral. He would immerse himself in the deep well every morning and meditate in the icy waters before setting out around his Diocese to care for the needy. When time allowed, Chad was also wont to pray and read with seven or eight other brethren in his cell. If it happened that there blew a strong gust of wind, when he was reading or doing anything else, he at once called upon the Lord for mercy. If it blew stronger, he, prostrating himself, prayed more earnestly. But if it proved a violent storm of wind or rain, or of thunder and lightning, he would pray and repeat Psalms in the Church until the weather became calm. He explained to his followers that the Lord moves the air, raises the winds, darts lightning and thunders from heaven to excite the inhabitants of the earth to fear him, to dispel their pride, vanquish their boldness and to put them in mind of their future judgement.
It was to Bishop Chad's little cell that Prince Wulfade of Mercia happened to chase a handsome deer whilst out hunting one day. Struck by the words of the pious holyman, the Prince was converted and was Baptised in the Bishop's well. His brother, Rufine, soon followed suit. Their father, King Wulfhere, had relapsed into Paganism and was furious at his sons. Having his mind further poisoned by their enemy – a thane named Werbode – he rode out and slew them both with his own hands. Immediately stung with remorse, however, the King fell ill and was counselled by his Queen to ask Chad to give him absolution. As a penance, the saint told him to build several abbeys and, amongst the number, he completed Peterborough Minster (Cathedral), which his brother had begun. He was converted to Christianity and, often afterwards, sought the Bishop's advice.
After a rule of two and a half years, a deadly plague began to ravage the Midlands. Many of the Lichfield brethren were felled by the disease and it was not long before Bishop Chad's time came near. This was heralded by a heavenly audition, witnessed by Owin, a Monk of great merit who had joined Chad at Lastingham from the entourage of St Etheldreda, whilst he worked outside the Bishop's oratory. Chad immediately called upon him to gather the brethren, then praying in the Church, around him. He encouraged them to preserve the virtue of peace amongst themselves and follow his example in all things when he had gone. He explained to Owin that his death would come to pass within seven days and so it did.
Chad died on the 2nd March 672 and was first buried in St Mary's Church at Lichfield. Like many Cathedrals of the time, however, there were many Churches in the Episcopal complex and when the Church of St Peter was completed, his bones were translated there. Frequent miraculous cures were attested in both places.
Though Chad's episcopate was short, it was abundantly esteemed by the warm-hearted Mercians, for thirty-one Churches are dedicated in his honour, all in the midland counties, either in or near the ancient Diocese of Lichfield. His relics were translated to the present Cathedral, when it was rebuilt by Bishop Roger, in honour of the Blessed Virgin and St Chad. There, they reposed in a beautiful shrine erected by Bishop Walter Langton in his newly-built Lady Chapel from the early 14th century until the Reformation. Some of them were saved from destruction and are now on display in Birmingham Roman Catholic Cathedral.
Chad's emblem is a branch, perhaps this was suggested by the Gospel of St John which speaks of the fruitful branches of the vine. This was formerly read on the Feast of Chad's Translation, which was celebrated with great pomp at Lichfield every year. However, he is most easily recognised in art through his cradling a little church with three spires, Lichfield Cathedral.
Our Lady of Apparitions, Madrid, Spain (1449) and Memorials of the Saints – 2 March
Our Lady of Apparitions, Madrid, Spain (1449) – 2 March:
The Abbot Orsini wrote: "Our Lady of Apparitions, at Madrid, so called because, in the year 1449, the Blessed Virgin appeared during eight following days to a young woman named Yves and ordered her to build a Church in her honour, on the spot where she should find a Cross planted to Our Lady."
Cubas de la Sagra is a municipality in Spain in the Province and autonomous community of Madrid. The approved apparitions of Our Lady in 1449 that occurred there, are now almost inexplicably unknown, barely mentioned in passing, or treated as a legend in some books, if even recognised as a point on some ancient map. It is true that the hosts of Napoleon looted and destroyed the Sanctuary and Monastery built there and that, the war in 1936 did not leave one stone upon another but, the memory of what happened there in 1449 must not be forgotten, at least by Catholics!
In the year 1449, Cubas was only a village with a simple Church dedicated to Saint Andrew. The population of Cubas, however, lived quite forgetful of their duties to God and their sins were so many, that it seemed even to them, that the hand of God must be hovering over the land, ready to punish them.
The Chronicles speak then of a young girl of 12, named Ines, (sometimes Yves or Agnes), who was but of humble birth. Still, there was something about her that made her different from other girls her age. She fasted, confessed regularly, and prayed daily the 15 mysteries of the Rosary. Perhaps her deep faith and religiosity may explain what happened next.
On Monday, 3 March 1449, Ines was tending pigs on the outskirts of town in a place called Cecilia, when at noon a woman appeared, a lady bright and beautiful dressed in cloth of gold. She was surrounded by ligh, and asked Ines what she was doing there. Ines stated that she was tending the pigs. The Lady then said that the people were no longer keeping the fasts and told Ines the necessity of fasting. The lady said that the people of Cubas must change their ways, confess and cease their debauchery and offences against God, or He would soon punish them. There would be a great pestilence that would come upon them from which many would die. Perhaps knowing the hardheartedness of the people, Ines asked if she, too, or her mother and father, would die of this pestilence. She was told only that it would be as God desired. The lady then disappeared.
At first Ines did not tell anyone of the incident, for she thought no-one would believe what had happened.
On Tuesday, 4 March, Ines was again tending the pigs, this time near the stream of Torrejon . At about the same time of day, at noon, just as the day before, the Lady reappeared. She asked Ines if she had told the people what she had been told to say but Ines answered that she dared not to, for she suspected that she would not be believed. The Lady then commanded Ines to warn the people and that if they did not believe, she would give her a sign. Ines asked the Lady who she was but she said she would not yet reply, before once again disappearing. Finally Ines decided to tell her father, Alfonso Martinez, who did not give any importance to the events recounted by his daughter but thought it a children's story, a story invented in the imagination of a young girl. He told Ines to be quiet when she tried to tell anyone about the warning.
On Friday, 7 March, Ines was keeping the pigs in New Prado, when the Lady reappeared again as before. She asked Ines if she had told what she had been commanded to say. Ines answered that she had told her mother and father and many others. The Lady told Ines to publish what she had said to all the people without any fear or trepidation.
When Ines went home at the end of the day, she told her parents what had happened. Her father told her she was lying and to "shut up" but her mother encouraged Ines, saying, "Well, still, say it."
By Sunday, 9 March, word had spread. A Priest, Juan Gonzalez, with some other men, went to Ines' home and talked to her parents. Afterwards, the Priest went to say Mass . Ines went out with the pigs, accompanied by her brother Juan, to a place called The Ciroleda. Ines' father left them and went to Mass. The Ciroleda was a watery meadow that the pigs liked. Ines left her brother after a time, looking for one of the pigs that had slipped away and soon lost sight of her brother. All by herself, she knelt on the soft earth, asking the lady to return, even though she was afraid.
The Lady appeared again as before, telling Ines to rise. "Lady, who are you?" Ines asked. "I am the Virgin Mary," the lady answered and approaching Ines, took her right hand and squeezed her fingers and thumb together making some kind of a sign . She then told Ines to go to the Church and show the sign to the people as they left Mass. Ines told her brother to watch after the pigs and went to the Church, arriving just as Mass was finished. She was crying and went to kneel before the Altar of Mary. There, she told everyone what had happened.
I cannot decipher what the sign was in Ines' hand but whatever it was, the people examined her hand and many believed. The following day the Priest led the notables of the town and the faithful in a procession to the place of the last apparitions, carrying a wooden Cross. When they arrived, Ines walked forward alone with the Cross. The Virgin Mary herself took the Cross, telling Ines to have a Church built there in her honour.
Th Cross was permanently placed where the Virgin, Our Lady of Apparitions, had been last seen and many miracles occurred there, including 11 people who were brought back to life . A Church was begun shortly after the apparitions of the Virgin were approved. It stood for nearly five centuries, when it was destroyed in the 1936 fire, caused during the Civil War. Many of the Nuns who were living in the Convent nearby, were martyred. In 1949 the reconstruction was completed in part by the Regiones Devastadas, who placed the current Cross in the same place where the first had been.
According to tradition, Ines ended her life in the Monastery of Santa Maria de la Cruz after having children and being widowed. It is said that anyone who goes to visit the place, with faith, receives special graces and that miracles still occur there.
St Absolon of Caesarea
St Agnes of Prague/Bohemia (1211-1282) Nun, Princess
https://anastpaul.com/2017/03/02/saint-of-the-day-2-march-st-agnes-of-praguebohemia/
St Angela of the Cross Guerrero
St Basileus the Martyr
St Chad (c 620-672) Bishop
https://youtu.be/udGje1A3rKY?list=PL5_ax08Z6UX_HfTiVbAxhSWvSCy6g-pzv
Bl Charles the Good
St Cynibild of Laestingaeu
Bl Engelmar Unzeitig
St Felix of Treves
St Fergna the White
Bl Girolamo Carmelo di Savoia
St Gistilian
St Joavan of Brittany
St John Maron
St Jovinus the Martyr
St Lorgius of Caesarea
St Lucius of Caesarea
St Luke Casali
St Quintus the Thaumaturge
St Slebhene
St Troas
St Willeic
Martyrs of Campania – Approximately 400 northern Italian Christians martyred for their faith by pagan Lombards. Their story was recorded by Pope Saint Gregory the Great, who reports that they people spent their final days supporting each other with prayer. c579 in Camnpania, Italy.
Martyrs of Porto Romano – 4 saints – Group of Christians martyred in the persecution of Diocletian. The only other information that survives are the names of four of them – Heraclius, Januaria, Paul and Secondilla. c305 at Porto Romano at the mouth of the River Tiber, Rome.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
IRB & Informed Consent
The Institutional Review Board (IRB)
What is an IRB?
An Institutional Review Board, or IRB is a committee made up of diverse people with an interest in protecting human research subjects. It can include doctors, lawyers, nurses, pharmacists, and members of the local community.
What is the purpose of IRB review?
The role of an IRB is to approve the initiation of, and periodically review the progress of, biomedical research involving human subjects. The IRB helps to ensure that clinical research trials are ethical i.e., rights and welfare of human subjects are protected, and that the research is scientifically sound. The IRB considers whether risks to those who will participate are minimized (or eliminated, if possible). The IRB also considers whether the investigator and the study staff have the necessary training and/or experience to conduct clinical trials appropriately.
A clinical trial must have approval from an IRB before anyone can sign up to take part in it. When a researcher is interested in conducting a research study that will involve human subjects, including a clinical trial, the researcher must submit the study to the IRB for review. The IRB's job is to review all aspects of the new study to make sure the rights and welfare of human subjects are protected.
Why do we need an IRB?
Before IRBs, there was no unified way to protect the welfare of human subjects or to regulate research. This means that researchers could conduct research studies under different sets of rules, and this made it difficult to protect those involved. The current system requires the IRB to review all research involving human subjects before it begins, and provides guidelines for all IRBs to use to make sure the research is appropriate for human subjects to participate in.
Who's watching over the conduct of the research?
The IRB is responsible for the ongoing review of all the clinical trials it approves. Any changes in the research plan needs to be reviewed and approved by the IRB before the investigator can carry them out. At least once each year, the IRB must review the research project again, taking into account any changes that have occurred, new safety information that has been reported, and the progress of the study. Information about any side effects that occur or any safety issues that arise is also reported to the IRB and the FDA. The BRANY IRB also conducts regular quality assurance reviews of the clinical trial site where the clinical trial is occurring to make sure that the investigator and study staff are conducting the clinical trial appropriately.
The Informed Consent Process
What is the informed consent process?
The informed consent process is how the investigator communicates the details about a clinical trial or other research study to the potential subject. The IRB reviews the informed consent process to help to make sure that the study details are communicated in language that is readily understandable to the person who may volunteer to be a research subject.
The informed consent process includes:
Background information about why the study is being done
A description of the research
What will be expected of subjects who agree to participate
How long subject participation in the study will last
What procedures the subject will have to follow
What the experimental procedures are
What the reasonably foreseeable risks or discomforts are
What the expected benefits of the research are (if there is any expected benefit – there may not be)
What the alternatives to participation in the research study are
How confidentiality of records identifying the subject will be maintained
An explanation of whether any compensation and whether any medical treatment are available if injury occurs
Whom to contact if there are any problems
Whom to contact if there are any questions about the research and the research subjects' rights
Assurance that participation is voluntary, and that refusal to participate will involve no penalty or loss of benefits to which the subject is otherwise entitled, and the subject may discontinue at any time without penalty or loss of benefits to which the subject is otherwise entitled.


Beck downplays the argument that XP is an all-or-nothing approach. Still, he does note that the project leaders who report the most success with the methodology tend to be the ones who put aside the cultural obsession with rigid specs, an obsession inherited from less flexible fields such as civil and mechanical engineering, and approach XP's design-on-the-fly philosophy wholeheartedly.
Awesome read… one of the dudes mentioned in that article started an Extreme Programming Interest Group… I wonder if a local XPUG group would take off?


CommanderBond.net has scored several pictures from the press conference held at Pinewood Studios earlier today where Quantum of Solace was announced as the title of Daniel Craig's second James Bond film.
On a tour of the main Bond set at Pinewood, journalists were shown 3 stages, all of them set in Siena. In the largest, two actors including Craig's stunt double, swung from ropes and fought in an old art gallery.
'So he's looking for revenge, you know, to make himself happy with the world again. But it, the title, also alludes to something else in the film,' he added.
'Barbara's insisting,' interjects producer Michael G. Wilson.


This a mix of oxtail and beef shin so you get a mixture of fat content and deep, beefy flavour. The meat is cooked in a rich tomato gravy with root vegetables and mushrooms, and topped with a delicious garlic potato gratin.
You need a nice big pot for this dish. Preheat your oven to 150c. On the hob heat a little oil in the pot on medium and brown off the meat with some seasoning. Remove after 2-3 minutes and set aside. Fry the onions in the juices (you'll already have collected some in the pot) with a little more oil if needed and the sage. Once softened add the carrots and wine. Season well. Once the bottom of the pot has deglazed, add the tinned tomatoes, puree, stock cube and mushrooms and simmer on a medium heat. Add 1 cup of water, stir well and return the meat to the pot, making sure to cover the meat in the gravy.
Place a lid on the pot and cook in the oven for 2hrs 15 minutes.
Whilst the stew is cooking you can peel and boil the potatoes. Once just cooked, drain them and when cooled slice them into half-cm thick slices. In a bowl combine the cream, Boursin and minced garlic and grate your cheddar cheese and set aside.
Once your stew has reached 2hrs 15 minutes it'll be looking rich and dark and the meat will be well on its way to being meltingly tender. Remove the pot and place on a heatproof surface.
Top the stew with layers of potato, creamy Boursin mix, cheddar and pepper. Repeat until you're out of potato. Pour any leftover cream mix over the potatoes and top with once last layer of cheddar. Return to the oven at 150c for 45 mins with the lid off.
When your stew is removed from the oven for the final time, the potatoes will have melted and crisped into a delicious gratin, topping a rich stew of wonderful tender meat.
I served the stew with steamed asparagus, tenderstem broccoli and mushroom rice. I love rice with stew because it's perfect for soaking up all the delicious juices.
With one pot it makes a nice change that my kitchen isn't a total bomb site after, nor my dishwasher crammed full of crockery. As I mentioned in my recent post I was interested to get cooking with Boursin to see how it lends itself to a world outside of crackers. It's worked bloody lovely in this case; the garlic and herbs and creaminess make it easy to get a really tasty potato gratin. Ooh it is satisfying, cutting a large spoon through that crispy topping to the tender stew underneath! Yes yes yes, the perfect end to the weekend!


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Equivalence and Translation: Further thoughts on IO Immunities in Jam v. IFC - international litigation blog
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Equivalence and Translation: Further thoughts on IO Immunities in Jam v. IFC
March 13, 2019 In State immunity By Julian Arato
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At the end of February, the Supreme Court of the United States issued a landmark judgment on the immunity of international organizations in Jam v. International Finance Corporation, 58 U.S. (2019). The case concerned the meaning of the 1945 International Organizations Immunities Act (IOIA), which affords international organizations "the same immunity from suit […] as is enjoyed by foreign governments"[1]. Writing for a 7-1 majority, Chief Justice Roberts found that the IOIA incorporates a dynamic immunities regime, equivalent to whatever immunities US law affords to foreign states. The immunities of international organizations are keyed to sovereign immunity. The former evolve to meet the latter. Thus, as the US law of sovereign immunity has shifted from an absolute to a restrictive paradigm with the enactment of the 1952 Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA), so too does the IOIA today incorporate merely restrictive immunity for international organizations.
Writing in dissent, Breyer laments the majority's approach, arguing for a static interpretation of the IOIA on purposive grounds. Given his druthers, Breyer would have interpreted the statute as affording international organizations absolute immunity from suit – which foreign sovereigns were entitled to under US law when the IOIA was enacted in 1945. In his view, a static interpretation best accords with the IOIA's purpose of freeing international organizations from interference through domestic litigation.
Between Diane Desierto's thorough recent post on EJIL: Talk!, and Ingrid Wuerth's preview of the case on lawfare last year, there is no need to rehash the facts and issues here. Suffice it to say that the case mostly plays out on the familiar turf of statutory interpretation – pitting Roberts, the textualist, against Breyer, the purposivist.
More interesting is the spirit of the split between Roberts and Breyer. Their debate plays out less as a clash between nationalism and internationalism, than as an opposition between moderate and maximalist visions of the international legal order. Roberts' majority opinion embraces a vision of international integration in which national courts play a real but limited role in holding international institutions to account. By contrast, Breyer, the internationalist, embraces maximally insulating international organizations from domestic suit – discarding an avenue of accountability for international organizations in the name of protecting them from interference.
Like Desierto and Wuerth, I applaud the majority's result. I share their skepticism of Breyer's policy arguments for absolute immunity, which are diminished by growing problems of organizational accountability at the international level. But Breyer is right that the majority's approach has flaws. At minimum, Roberts' opinion leaves central questions unaddressed.
Jam produces two fundamental ambiguities. The majority holds that the IOIA/FSIA restrictive immunity rule provides merely a default regime of restrictive immunity for international organizations. But it leaves unclear: (1) how states can opt out of the default (i.e. its stickiness); and (2) just what, concretely, the default entails as applied to international organizations.
What kind of default is the IOIA/FSIA restrictive immunity rule?
Roberts acknowledges that states may wish to endow particular organizations with heightened immunity. He suggests that they should be free to do so, by codifying even absolute immunities in the organization's constituent instrument (as in the IMF Articles of Agreement, Art. IX) or by subsequent treaty (as in the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations). This sounds reasonable in the abstract: the IOIA provides statutory default rules, which states can contract around by treaty – preserving flexibility, while prioritizing state consent.
However, as Breyer notes, the Chief Justice neglects to mention some important context – namely the Court's doctrine of self-executing treaties, as consolidated by Roberts himself in Medellín v Texas, 552 U.S. 491 (2008). Roberts' "default rule" argument becomes rather less convincing when coupled with his own aversion to giving treaties or treaty provisions direct effect. Despite what the majority says in Jam, contracting around the restrictive immunity rule would require both codifying a different immunity regime into the organization's constituent instrument and making that treaty demonstrably self-executing – no simple matter. In other words, if IOIA/FSIA restrictive immunity is a default, it may ultimately prove a very sticky one.
Breyer's concerns here are well-placed. Still, the issue of opt-out remains undecided. The question before the Court in Jam concerned only the content of the statutory rule – not the conditions under which treaty opt-out would be effective. And the IFC charter does not itself force the issue[2].
Because Roberts does not explain how the majority's conception of the IOIA/FSIA default interacts with the doctrine of self-executing treaties, it remains possible for future litigants to thread the needle. Wuerth suggests that the Charming Betsy canon might provide a legal hook, such that "the IOIA should not be interpreted to put the United States in violation of international law, unless Congress makes its intent to do so clear". On this view, the IOIA/FSIA rule would yield to any organizational treaty establishing heightened immunity rules (at least where the US is a party). This is an eminently sensible approach. Still, we should query whether the Court's newfound openness to contracting around the IOIA/FSIA by treaty would really take precedence over its longstanding aversion to giving treaties direct effect, if push came to shove.
What is the content of the IOIA/FSIA default?
To my eye the case leaves unresolved the central question: what is the concrete content of the IOIA/FSIA default? The majority concludes by holding that insofar as the IOIA incorporates "the same immunity from suit" as enjoyed by foreign sovereigns, the FSIA "governs the immunity of international organizations". What, concretely, does "govern" mean? In his broadest statement, Roberts suggests that the IOIA issues "an instruction to look up the applicable rules of foreign sovereign immunity, wherever those rules may be found—the common law, the law of nations, or a statute". Elsewhere, he suggests that the "IOIA should […] be understood to link the law of international organization immunity to the law of foreign sovereign immunity, so that the one develops in tandem with the other". And still elsewhere: "the immediate purpose of the immunity provision is expressed in language that Congress typically uses to make one thing continuously equivalent to another" (my emphasis).
In the majority's view, all this means that international organizations are "therefore not absolutely immune from suit". But it is not entirely clear exactly what kind of restrictive immunity regime they are subject to.
The question that remains unanswered is: what does it mean to for international organizations to be subject to a restrictive immunity regime equivalent to that applicable to foreign sovereigns? It is tempting to read into Roberts' broad language that equivalent immunity here means identical immunity. But it does not. Indeed it cannot. Equivalence, here, necessitates a measure of differential treatment.
The problem is that the FSIA approach to restrictive immunity cannot be coherently applied to international organizations without some translation. This is because, as understood by the Court, the FSIA rule is enmeshed in the notion of sovereignty – a core feature of statehood, but something international organizations lack by definition. Indeed, the Court has long understood the key exception removing states' immunity for "commercial activity" only in opposition to sovereignty[3]. Bemoaning the FSIA's lack of clarity about the scope of the commercial exception in Weltover, the Court defined "commercial activities" against "the exercise of powers peculiar to sovereigns"[4]. As the Court framed it in Nelson, "a state is immune from the jurisdiction of foreign courts as to its sovereign or public acts (jure imperii), but not as to those that are private or commercial in character (jure gestionis)"[5]. What counts as commercial, for FSIA purposes, can only be understood in light of what is sovereign. Yet, as Breyer rightly notes in Jam, "international organizations are not sovereign entities". They exercise no sovereignty of their own, though they surely engage in acts of public governance – acts which may be more or less commercial in nature.
Yes, the IOIA clearly indicates that the immunity of international organizations is somehow keyed to sovereign immunity. Yes it indicates that such immunities should be equivalent. We need not follow Breyer in inferring that the essential differences between states and international organizations imply that the latter must enjoy absolute immunity. However, it also cannot be right that determining the scope of immunity for international organizations under the IOIA is simply a matter of copy/pasting the restrictive immunity regime for sovereigns codified in the FSIA. Equivalence requires not only treating like cases alike, but also treating unlike cases in unlike manner. In material ways, international organizations and states are not like cases. To afford equivalent immunity to these unlike entities, the FSIA approach must be translated into the IOIA.
The key question, then, is: what is the proper principle of translation? Both the majority and the dissent leave this matter completely unaddressed. As a result, the meaning of the IOIA/FSIA default remains fundamentally unclear – both in terms of its content and its rigidity. While evident that international organizations are entitled to only restrictive immunity, the details of the restrictions remain indeterminate. In particular, it remains unclear how to distinguish between international organizations' commercial and non-commercial acts. The analogy to jure imperii and jure gestionis only goes so far.
Toward a Functional Principle of Translation
What might a plausible principle of translation look like? Here we might take a page from international law, where the ICJ's functional principle offers a credible candidate. In Reparations, the ICJ famously distinguished between the subjecthood of states and international organizations. By contrast to the state, as plenary subject of international law, the ICJ held that the subjecthood of international organizations is functionally delimited. The extent to which an organization enjoys powers and privileges associated with subjecthood turns on the functions delegated to it by its member states.[6] This functional principle can be (and often is) extended to immunities – itself a hallmark of subjecthood in international law.
The idea would be that the contours of the immunity due to a particular organization depend upon the functions delegated to it. Commercial activities, for example, would be opposed not to sovereign acts (as in the FSIA), but to acts taken in furtherance of the organization's functions. Obviously, further questions must be addressed, such as how far such acts must be necessary to the organization's functions. Putting such (critical) details to the side for purposes of this sketch, the benefits of a functional approach are twofold. First, it helps distinguish vertically between states and international organizations, by providing an appropriately tailored comparator for determining which organizational acts should be immune. Second, and as importantly, it helps to distinguish horizontally among international organizations. Unlike sovereigns, which for international legal purposes are all formally equal, international organizations are all formally different. The functional principle helps ensure that they will be immune when acting in their varied governance capacities, but not when they are acting as, say, ordinary commercial actors on the market.
Functionalism has the further advantage of getting around another of Breyer's concerns – that some organizations' actions are inherently commercial. On this logic, an organization whose core purposes involve engaging directly in commerce might enjoy reduced exposure to the commercial activity exception compared to organizations with different mandates. While the World Bank or IFC might enjoy immunity for contract disputes arising out of a loan agreement, the WHO might not enjoy as strong a claim for immunity with respect to a procurement contract.
As a principle of translation, functionalism would not be particularly radical. Functional immunity has a long pedigree at the international level. Several organizations' charters adopt a functional approach[7]. Though not uncontested, scholars have long argued that functional immunity is also the proper default under general international law[8].
Of course care has to be taken with the details. As Klabbers rightly cautions, an uncritical functionalism can devolve into absolute immunity and unaccountability[9]. All the same, he concludes that a "modest functionalism" remains a justified principle of translation – even one "to be cherished"[10].
I am suggesting that a moderate functional principle is the best way to translate the FSIA into the IOIA as the default position under US law. But whether or not this view wins the day, the issue remains live. One way or another, the Court will have to determine criteria for translating the restrictive immunity of states to the context of international organizations.
[Editorial note: This post first appeared on EJIL Talk! on 11 March 2019]
[1] 22 U.S.C. § 288a(b).
[2] IFC Articles of Agreement, Art. VI(1) & (3) (enumerating relatively limited immunities).
[3] 28 U.S.C. §1605(a)(2).
[4] Republic of Argentina v. Weltover, 504 U.S. 607, 614 (1992).
[5] Saudi Arabia v. Nelson, 507 U.S. 349, 359-360 (1993).
[6] Reparations For Injury Suffered in the Service of the United Nations, [1949] ICJ Rep. 174.
[7] See UN Charter, Art. 105 ("The Organization shall enjoy […] such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the fulfillment of its purposes"); OAS Charter, Art. 133; and even the IFC Articles of Agreement, Art. VI(1) (enumerating limited immunities "[t]o enable the Corporation to fulfill its functions").
[8] Rosalyn Higgins, Problems & Process: International Law and How We Use It 91-94 (1994); but see Fernando Lusa Bordin, The Analogy Between States and International Organizations (2018) (on the limits of functionalism with respect to third parties).
[9] Jan Klabbers, The EJIL Forward: The Transformation of International Organizations Law, 26 EJIL 9 (2015).
[10] Id., at 82.
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What is the best kind of toothbrush?
How do I use dental floss?
How often should I get dental checkups?
How often should I get x-rays?
Tooth decay is caused by acids which are produced by bacteria in the presence of sugar. To prevent decay these bacteria, sugar and acids must be periodically removed by way of brushing and flossing.
Generally speaking, a soft bristled toothbrush is best. Whether you use a manual toothbrush or an electric, anything harder than soft, is too hard. Stiff bristles may give you that clean feeling, but they can also abrade your teeth and cause gum recession.
Floss is cheap, so don't be stingy! Tear off about a forearm's length to start. Wrap one end around the middle finger of one hand to "anchor" it, and pick up the other end about 4-6 inches away with the middle finger of the other hand. This allows you to manipulate the floss with your thumb and fore finger. As you soil a section of floss, "reel" in another 4-6 inches of clean floss with the anchor finger as you release the floss with the other finger.
Once you get the floss past the tooth contact, move the floss up and down, perpendicular to the tooth. Never shoe-shine the teeth in a back-and-forth motion! You will either notch your teeth or cut your gums, or both!
For most people, a checkup and cleaning every 6 months is standard protocol. Depending on a person's dental health, however, a dental cleaning every 3 to 4 months may be recommended.
For most people, a complete radiographic survey should be done every 3 years, and a "check up" or "recall" set every 6 to 12 months. A complete set of x-rays is estimated to expose you to the same amount of radiation you get on a flight from San Francisco to Seattle.
Doctors use x-rays as an aid in diagnosing problems. Without x-rays "seeing" the problem will be difficult if not impossible.
LALJI DENTAL PC, Legal Disclaimer: For the purpose of illustrating the possibilities of today's dental procedures, this web site may include models and/or generic before and after smile case examples. These examples do not represent a certainty of case performance for any single individual. Individual before and after results will vary. Patients should consult with their dentist before making a final decision.


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Contract workers rise as Korea's labor 'dualism' worsens
The total number of non-salaried workers, such as contract workers, continued to grow in Korea.
According to Statistics Korea Thursday, the number of non-salaried workers hit 6.15 million in March, up 144,000, or 2.4 percent, from the same period in the previous year. Those so-called non-regular workers accounted for 32 percent of the total number of paid employees in Korea.
Non-salaried workers worked an average of 36.7 hours a week and earned 1.51 million won ($1,278) a month. The wage gap ratio between staff and non-salaried workers was 10.6 percent. This means that non-salaried workers earn 89.4 percent of their on-staff counterparts' salaries.
Salaried workers worked an average of 46 hours a week and earned 28.4 million won per month.
"Among the total number of non-salaried workers, people in their 50s accounted for 22 percent of the total, followed by people in their 60s and 40s," said Shim Won-bo, a director at Statistics Korea. "In particular, the number of people in their 60s who are non-salaried workers rose 12.3 percent year-on-year."
The data showed that non-salaried employees work for their companies for shorter periods. Non-salaried workers on average worked at their companies for 2 years and 5 months, while the figure was 7 years and 5 months for salaried workers.
By industry, the number of contract and temporarily workers rose in small businesses and manufacturing, while it fell in the retail and hospitality sectors.
In terms of education level, 44.1 percent of non-salaried workers were high school graduates. By sex, there were more female non-salaried workers than male. Female non-salaried workers accounted for 55.2 percent of the total as of March, and the number for females rose 4.2 percent year-on-year.
"People voluntarily choosing non-salaried jobs rose 8.2 percentage points year-on-year to 57.2 percent and 48.9 percent of those workers said they are satisfied with what they do," said Shim. "78.3 percent of the people who didn't choose to work in non-staff jobs said they had to because they were short of money."
The total number of paid workers in Korea as of March reached 192.3 million, up 434,000, or 2.3 percent, from the previous year.
Meanwhile, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) said labor market "dualism" in Korea - both salaried and non-salaried working populations - is exceptionally strong and that the share of non-salaried workers reached 22 percent, more than double the OECD average. The equivalent figure for Canada and Germany is 13 percent.
"Labor market dualism has resulted in high wage inequality and a relative poverty rate that is the eighth highest in the OECD," the international organization said in a recent report.


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Russia offers to help India overcome the oil price ceiling imposed by the West
India said it would continue to buy oil wherever it got the best deal
Russia has offered India help in overcoming oil price caps imposed by Western countries amid the war in Ukraine.
"In order not to depend on the ban on insurance services and chartering tankers in the European Union and Britain, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Alexander Novak offered India cooperation in leasing and building ships of large capacity," the Russian embassy in New Delhi said. He said.
It added that Alexander Novak held a meeting with the Indian ambassador to Moscow, Pavan Kapoor, on Friday.
"In the first eight months of 2022, Russian oil exports to India grew to 16.35 million tons; in summer Russia ranked second in terms of oil shipments to India," the statement said.
Western countries have criticized India's move to continue buying oil from Russia amid the war in Ukraine. While India has many times called for peace negotiations over Ukraine, it has stuck to its position that it will continue to buy oil wherever it gets a good deal.
External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar told Parliament on December 7 that the government is not asking Indian companies to buy oil from Russia, but it is a common sense policy to get the best deal for the benefit of the Indian people.
"We're not asking our companies to buy Russian oil. We're asking our companies to buy oil, what's the best option they can get. Now it depends on what the market is growing… Again, please understand, it's not just that we're buying oil from a country One. We buy oil from multiple sources, but it's a sensible policy to go where we get the best deal for the benefit of the Indian people, and that's exactly what we're trying to do." Jaishankar said.
See also Biden pressures the Palestinians to cooperate in the Abraham agreements, but Abbas has not decided
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PSFK highlighted a new iPhone app called Alocola that basically adds location awareness to websites (with your permission) as opposed to just the iPhone & its apps.
Why are advertising shows the new law series?
Trust Me premiered on TNT last night. Critics called it emotionally vacant, dumb, and soulless. For them to succeed, they're going to have to go way deeper.
We caught glimpses of the Ad Biz on Melrose Place, Bewitched and 30 Something. Mad Men changed perceptions. It has complicated characters. Don Draper gets poetic about the products he's schilling. He also makes it onto SNL where he tries to pitch a hula hoop with suspenders.
But why are TV writers in love with the ad industry?
Perhaps its the head on collision of culture, creativity and commerce, the same conflicting forces that TV writers have to deal with in order to stay relevant.
The world has officially turned into a freakshow over Barrack Obama. To celebrate the inauguration Krispy Kremes in Britain gave away Obama Americanos. What is an Obama Americano? It's just your average joe with Obama's face smiling up at you in the foam. They used stencils to create that masterful effect and let me tell you it's creepy.
It's a recession. Most headlines I read are about marketers and advertisers slashing budgets for 2009. And yet, for the Super Bowl, they are all shelling out dough like a young celeb at Chloe.
This year :30 Super Bowl spots come with a $3M price tag, 11% higher than last year. But you wouldn't know it from the line-up of brands jumping on board. Pedigree, and Denny's are two newcomers. And the old trustees are stepping it up a notch with 3-d commercials. Should be an interesting show. I wonder if the old "blow-your-wad" trick will work this year, or if saving and rationing would have been a better play.
In 1984 Apple launched that hallmark ad during the Super Bowl changing the trajectory of their company and inserting themselves directly into the cultural conversation. This year, Hulu hopes to achieve the same momentum.
Hulu's media team sent an email to the digital-media press world promising that their Super Bowl ad would "finally reveal the secret behind Hulu." Hmmm. Not sure what this secret could be. But I guess it's a smart way to make a tech-savvy press group not DVR through their commercial.


Lots of fun! The GALLERY Resetting Target will work for .38 to .44 caliber and has 3 3/4" paddles for non-stop plinking excitement. Hit the bottom two hanging paddles and watch them flip up onto the resetting bar, and then hit the upper paddle to reset them. There is no need to walk downrange to reset your targets anymore. And with no assembly, parts or tools required this target sets-up fast, and easily folds flat for storage. Built from solid steel, these twist designed paddles have no welds to break and come with a lifetime guarantee from breakage.


New for 2019 – Dorset Invader in it's new home in West Dorset.
Set on a great family farm surrounded by 6 hill forts in the area. Barn Dance on Sunday night, with lots of races taking place over the weekend including a Frolic, Marathon, Half Marathon and family Chaos race.
Other options available can be found on our accommodation page.
12hr Frolic race for solo's, pairs, 3's and 4's, run as many laps as you like.
We want a big fun sociable event for clubs, friends groups of mates, so the transition area to swap from one runner to another will be right next to the bar.
To get the bling all the runners have to do at least one lap each after that feel free to sit in the bar and cheer the others on.
26 Miles and a bit.
This is a hilly & challenging course but will provide some spectacular views across the county and out to sea.
Family Friendly Chaos Race to end the weekend, any ages, any abilities can take part.
You can pre-register here and then pay your £7 in cash when you collect your race number over the weekend.


text:
Bonnycastle Genealogy
Oddments
The Bonnycastle family history is very much a work in progress. The internet is a perfect location for this study - accessible to far-flung cousins and easy to update with newly discovered material. You can contribute by contacting me with stories, photos, documents, or anything that applies to these folks. As well, please let me know of errors or typos on these pages.
Who's included?
Every known Bonnycastle who was born over 100 years ago. There are also some born since then, if they are deceased. There are no details about living people but their name only may appear as a child in the family section of their parents.
Finding a person on the site
Find someone via the surname index, the charts, or the search tab, all accessible from the top menu. In the index, there is a small script name - Charles, Charlotte, Humphrey, or Richard - after each person who is a descendant of these children of John Bonnycastle, the mathematical master at Woolwich.
There is an individual page for each person which is arranged as follows:
Name and birth/death dates
Parents' names
Relationship, if any, to John Bonnycastle of Woolwich (1751-1821)
An "Extended Family" button which opens up a diagram of the subject's siblings, children, parents, grandparents, and great grandparents.
Links to charts on which they appear
Family section, listing known children
The main section - a chronology of life events
Source citations
A link to contact me with information, photos, corrections, or just to let me know you are interested!
Other areas to Explore
From the top menu you can also connect to
Surname Index - which lists everyone who has their own information page
Charts - which illustrate ancestries and descendancies of key people
Maps - places named Bonnycastle
Calendars - just for fun...birthdays and marriages of Bonnycastles in history
Images - thumbnails linking to larger images on individual's pages
Oddments - a place for interesting things on the site that you might otherwise miss
What's New? - major additions and changes to the site
Last 50 Edits - lists the most recently updated people
Spelling and Dates
The name Bonnycastle appears in myriad forms: Bonny/Bonney/Bony/Boni/Bonni Castle/Castel/Castell and so on. All these variations are intriguing but inconsequential and it's not unusual to find the name spelled different ways within one document. I have standardized the spelling for ease of indexing and the notes for a given document indicate if the name was recorded differently than expected.
When a person's precise birthdate is unknown but can be approximated from census or other records, it is given as a circa date, which is plus or minus a year or two. Prior to civil registration, baptism dates often serve as a substitute for birthdates. For early Bonnycastles for whom I have no indication of a birthdate, there is an approximated or "say" date, which may be off by as much as a decade or two, that is assigned to provide a general sense of where they belong in time, particularly useful for the index. Notice also, that gravestone birth dates may not agree with other sources of birth dates. Written in stone doesn't mean perfect!
In England prior to 14 September 1752, the new year began on March 25th. So when reading old documents, an event that occurred on February 2nd 1740 actually took place in 1741 by current reckoning. This is transcribed in the following form: 2 February 1740/41. For more details, see the wikipedia article.
Anything in [square brackets] is an explanatory note that I have added.
The information displayed on these pages will necessarily change as the research continues and this site is updated. Although great care has been taken, I do not guarantee the accuracy of all information.
By checking the citations, you can see where a particular piece of information was found and evaluate how likely it is to be correct. For instance, a date of birth from a birth certificate is more reliable than one from a census or a published book. I have not cited every source that supports a fact...there might be 3 census records that say a person was born in Kentucky but I typically don't cite them all.
If you are using any of the information presented here for your own genealogical research, please remember to cite accordingly. Something along the lines of "Bonnycastle Genealogy, online, http://genealogy.kolthammer.org/Bonnycastle-o/, accessed date" would be suitable.
If you would like to be notified about updates to this site, please contact me.
Numerous correspondents over the past twenty years, as noted in the citations and "What's New" section
The developers and supportive user community of The Master Genealogist and Second Site, programs which were used to produce this site.
Compiler: Jennifer Kolthammer
Site updated on 6 May 2014; 460 people


Free Idea PPT backgrounds help embrace an idea and explain it to a crowd of people. Conceptional, Big Green Idea, and Business Decisions are among the slide designs included under this particular tag.
Download Idea PowerPoint slides in .pptx format and run them using Microsoft PowerPoint 2010, and PowerPoint 2012 (Mac).


"Now this is how oxtails should taste," my father declared after taking a bite of these glazed oxtails.
I couldn't agree more. We have a thing for oxtails in our family. Oxtail stew was a favorite winter dish my mom prepared when we were growing up.
If you are unfamiliar with oxtails, they are tails of steers, typically sold cut into segments. Most of what you buy is bone, and the meat is well exercised and fatty, so oxtail preparations lend themselves to slow cooking.
Oxtails are a lot like short-ribs, but in my opinion, even better. Think of the best pulled pork imaginable, but with beef.
In this recipe the oxtails are first browned, then slow cooked with red wine and stock. Then the segments are removed so you can strip the meat off of them and the liquid is reduced to a glaze.
It's actually pretty easy to make, most of the cooking time is hands-off while the oxtails are simmering.
As in any recipe that requires an entire bottle of wine, use a wine that you would enjoy drinking. The flavor of the wine will only be concentrated in this recipe, so if you don't like it to start with, you will not like it in this dish.
1 Brown the oxtails: Heat 2 Tbsp oil in a 5 to 6-quart thick bottomed Dutch oven on medium high to high heat. Working in batches, pat dry the oxtails with paper towels, sprinkle them on all sides with salt, and add them to the pan, fat side down on the pan. Add more oil as needed with additional batches of oxtails. Do not crowd the pan.
Let them get well browned on one side before using tongs to move them. Brown well on all sides. Remove to a large bowl.
2 Sauté onions, celery, carrots: Add the onions, celery and carrots to the pot. Sauté until translucent and lightly browned, about 5 minutes. Remove the vegetables from the pot to a bowl, cover and set aside.
3 Deglaze pan with wine, reduce: Add the bottle of wine to the pot. Increase the heat to as high as it will go, scraping up any browned bits from the bottom of the pan. Boil the wine, uncovered, until it is reduced to about a cup.
4 Add oxtails, stock, water, thyme, simmer 3 hours: Return the oxtails to the pot (but not the vegetables). Add the stock and enough water to just cover them. Add the thyme. Bring to a boil and reduce to a simmer, covered.
5 Add the vegetables back to the pot when you have about a half hour left to go.
6 Chill: Remove from heat and let cool. Chill in the refrigerator overnight so that the flavors blend and the fat on the surface solidifies, making it easier to remove. You can skip this step, but the oxtails will be better if they are chilled in this state overnight.
7 Remove excess fat: The next day, remove the pot from the refrigerator and scrape off the layer of rendered fat that has solidified on top of the oxtails. If you are not waiting for the oxtails to chill, the fat still needs to be removed. If working with a room temperature or warm pot, use a fat separator or a large metal spoon to skim away the fat.
8 Reheat, remove meat from bones: Heat the oxtails on medium heat. Cook uncovered for about another half an hour, or until the meat can easily be pulled off the bones. Then use a slotted spoon to remove the oxtails from the pot. Let cool enough to touch. Use your hands to remove the meat from the bones to a bowl. Take care to remove as well the round tough cartilage caps on either end of the vertebrae.
9 Strain pot liquids, discard solids, reduce sauce: (Optional, if you want a smoother glaze) While the oxtails are cooling in the step above, strain the mixture in the pot, discarding the solids and returning the liquid to the pot. Increase the heat to high to bring the liquid to a boil.
10 Return oxtails to pot, simmer until sauce reduces to a glaze: When the liquid has reduced by about a half, add the oxtail meat back to the pot. Bring to a boil, continue to boil away the liquid until it has reduced to a light syrupy consistency.
As the mixture boils down, you may want to reduce the heat to a simmer, and stir the oxtails a little so that the glaze doesn't burn and so that the meat doesn't stick to the pan. When the right consistency, remove from heat and serve.
Hello! All photos and content are copyright protected. Please do not use our photos without prior written permission. If you wish to republish this recipe, please rewrite the recipe in your own unique words and link back to Glazed Oxtails on Simply Recipes. Thank you!
Wow. All I can say. It was so Tender and delicious. Served over rice. Was skeptical about making because the lengthy process but was well rewarded for my time. Thanks.
Can this be made in a pressure cooker? At least to speed up the cooking portion perhaps?
Hi Nadine, I haven't made this in a pressure cooker, but if you do, please let us know how it turns out for you!
Made this last week and it was a massive hit. I made your braised short ribs last year, so I knew there were things I wanted to tweak since this recipe is so similar. I added 2 tablespoons of chili flakes to give it a mild kick (it worked!) and also added a half cup of nuoc cham (Vietnamese dipping sauce) before allowing it to simmer to give the broth an additional subtle layer of flavor.
I kept the oxtail whole when I served it. I served it over your colcannon recipe and drizzled the gravy over the whole thing. It was heavenly. My boyfriend gnawed the bare bones like a man possessed and beamed out with delight when I said he could bring the leftovers to lunch the next day.
Thank you for the recipe. I love your site and rave about it all the time to friends and family.
Clean the meat first by soaking in vinegar for a few minutes. This also helps to break down the proteins in the meat. If you feel the meat isn't getting tender quick enough while cooking, you can add some white or red wine vinegar to the pot but not too much, like a tablespoon. Before I brown the meat, I melt some duck fat in the pan and fry some sliced shallots, sliced scallions and sliced scotch bonnet peppers. Then I flour and brown the meat in the pan with those veggies. While it's cooking I add a decent amount of Worcestershire sauce to the pot. I also add Sriracha for some more heat and a slight sweetness. Also, you gotta add at least a bay leaf or two to the pot.
fabulous recipe – I cook oxtail often and this is one of the best.
just need to ask – why the two amounts of oil in the recipe?
That was a typo, thanks for the catch!
Mmmmm… we West Indians love our oxtails. We usually braise it with carrots and potatoes and serve it with rice and peas or plain white rice. This dish looks delicious and I will definitely try it.
Another fantastic recipe! Thanks so much Elise. I doubled the batch, one half I simmered on the stove, the other half I put in the oven at 350 degrees, both for 3 hours. I covered both dutch ovens with their lids.
I found that the batch from the oven came out a lot more tender than the batch that simmered on the stove. Also, the glaze tasted a lot richer and more concentrated. I definitely recommend the oven method.
wonderful recipe, thank you! made it last night and it was heaven, absolute heaven.
We've recently come to LOVE oxtails, and everyone thinks we're very strange.
but I'll have to try yours!
Thank you for bringing back such great memories. My grandma used to cook oxtails similar to this. I remember she told me to always let the meat sit overnight, it would be doubly good the next day. I don't think she used wine, I believe hers was tomato based. Still, thanks for the recipe!
Are the cartilage caps to be removed in order to be consumed or to remove the meat?
I love oxtail and here in Provence it is often served in a stew with Pot au feu or some such and its not cheap as it is in UK.
Love the look of this and was eying up some oxtail at the butchers just the other day, will have to get some toute suite and try this recipe.
I used to get oxtail stew at a soul food restaurant when I lived in Texas.
It was very delicious. This looks better though.
Could the slow cooking part be done in a crock pot?
mmMMmmmmMMMM! Those look incredibly tasty!
It's kind of a shame that people have "discovered" oxtails – you used to be able to get them for free, and now they're like $6/lb. However, they are totally worth it! They top my list of 3 favorite "variety" meats, along with tongue and heart.
Yum! For some reason you can't get beef short ribs in Sweden. I have yet to figure out where that part of the cow goes, but you don't seem to be able to buy it. I hadn't thought about oxtails instead. Thank you for the inspiration!


Chalk board advertising the exhibition. Not a very prominent gallery.
Preserving the highlights of the great Melbourne Art Exhibition.
The value in his work is more as an exercise; to him, the finished piece is incidental.
Peter's daily discipline produces prolific portraiture. Vindicated by an online appetite for consistent sources of content, people all over the world volunteering their faces for his habit. And a drawing archive of thousands to match. But even a cultivated habit requires courage to break. The struggle between being too conservative with colour, but hating to waste a drawing by being too crazy. This is his careful tightrope act to extract that elusive, effective technique.
There were about 500 pictures altogether and most of them came back unsold – feel free to make an offer!
The mermaid isn't mine. It is one side of Mark Ogge's mechanical, musical diorama.


#LITTLELOVES: First Outfit, Maize Maze and All the Mud!
Happy Friday everyone! How are we into August already? You wouldn't guess it looking out of the window, but I have to be honest I've been loving these cooler days. It's been a busy week with lots of blogging to do, gifts to order and a very needy baby (thunderstorm development leap I'm looking at you). A productive one nonetheless and I'm starting to feel a bit more 'on top of things' again!
The map and clues around a Maize Maze. We visited a Maize Maze at the weekend, which we had also been to last year but Isabella had been a bit too young to understand. The maize was so much taller this year, you really couldn't see anything other than the path ahead! So reading the map was vital, along with the clues to the puzzle dotted around the maze. Isabella loved running around the maze (often in the opposite direction to us) and soon got so tired she had to go on her Daddy's shoulders. The perfect place to take children if you want to tire them out that's for sure.
Show Jumping at Heckington Show. On Sunday we braved the rainy weather and visited Heckington Show (the largest village show in England), which is always so much fun. Though this year we were faced with mud and a lot of it! People that had turned up with flip flops on were opting to go barefoot it was that bad, with mud completely covering people's shoes and splashing everywhere. Luckily by mid-morning it was really warm sunshine making it a lovely day to watch show jumping, monster trucks and having a wander around the stalls.
Singing of songs. We went to our first ever Rhyme Time at a library not too far away from us, which is a free music class for children 0-5 years. I had been meaning to visit for a while, but not been brave enough as it's in a village I hadn't driven to before. The rain this week led me to pluck up the courage to drive there and Isabella enjoyed it, so it was worth it. We sang many songs, learnt actions and then read books in the children's reading area. I'd recommend checking out if your local library runs the class; it's a good free activity to keep the children entertained.
Pottery Painting. On Wednesday I met up with a mummy friend to go pottery painting, something I loved doing when Isabella was a baby. Back then I did a plate with Isabella's handprints, footprints and birth details (weight, size, name, time, date). It is such a special moment captured, those tiny hands and feet that aren't so tiny now. I was keen to try and do the same thing with Poppy because the mum guilt if I hadn't would have been too much. I did Isabella's plate when she was 7 weeks old, so as Poppy turned 7 weeks on Wednesday it was the perfect time to go. Poppy fell asleep in the Fornessi wrap on the way to the studio, which meant I could paint in peace to start with. Absolute bliss. Then we managed to get some really good prints captured - I'm so happy to have managed to get it done and now can't wait to pick them up once they're fired.
Poppy's first outfit. I've been putting Poppy in babygrows everyday since she was born because I've learnt from last time to really relish these newborn days. They grow up too quickly as it is, so she'll still be in sleepsuits most of the time but at the weekend I felt like a change and put her in a little outfit. A pair of JoJo Maman Bebe leggings paired with this cute Peter Pan collar top from GAP (currently in the sale for £7.99); she looks so grown up!
Yesterday I had a lovely day with Isabella and Poppy, which was a surprise because Isabella woke up in a very emotional mood to say the least! We played for hours in Isabella's bedroom, something we don't do enough and then wandered to a new café that's opened up locally. We enjoyed cake, milk, tea and a good old two year old chat - topics covered included me telling her what everything she pointed at was, the contents of her teacake, how windy it was outside and a discussion on how she could best drink her milk with the straw.
I know, August already, this year has totally flown by, before you know it Christmas is upon us.
The maize maze sounds great. Would love to do one of those.


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Managing Rangelands to Benefit California Red-legged Frogs and California Tiger Salamanders, by L.D. Ford, P.A. Van Hoorn, D.R. Rao, N.J. Scott, P.C. Trenham, and J.W. Bartolome. Photography by Joe DiDonato. Design and illustration by Katie Bertsche. Copyright 2013. This document provides comprehensive recommendations for habitat management based on the best available scientific research and the expertise of individuals who study or manage these amphibians and their habitat. It was sponsored by the Alameda County Resource Conservation District, California Coastal Conservancy, California Rangeland Conservation Coalition, East Bay Regional Park District, Joseph DiDonato Wildlife Consulting and Photography, LD Ford Rangeland Conservation Science, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, The Nature Conservancy, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Santa Clara County Open Space Authority, and United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
The Grazing Handbook, by Lisa Bush and the Sotoyome Resoruce Conservation District. This is a practical guide about grazing management, particularly about special rangeland resources, for private land owners and public agency managers of rangelands. Also check out other documents available at the Sotoyome RCD website.
Law about Livestock Fencing, Strays, Trespass, etc. (California) (Arizona) (Hawaii). Be sure your perimeter fencing meets state codes. It is a matter of practical management to contain your livestock, and potential liability if your livestock escape to be involved in an accident on a road or to cause property damage or injury.
Rangeland Water Quality. The State Water Resources Control Board amended its Nonpoint Source Management Plan in 1995 to include the California Rangeland Water Quality Management Plan. The Rangeland Plan covers non-irrigated non-forest vegetation and the conservation of riparian areas as well as soils and watersheds qualities. It represents wide support among federal, state, and municipal lands management agencies, the University of California, land trusts, livestock operator associations, Resource Conservation Districts, and elected county officials for voluntary and cooperative approaches to the management of rangelands to protect water quality. The plan specifies the strategic planning, management practices, and monitoring needed to protect water quality from livestock grazing impacts to beneficial uses of water resources. So long as no impacts to beneficial uses are found, and the livestock operation follows the guidelines, no enforcement or further assessment or planning will be required. A 2006 publication by the University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources explains how new rules may require dischargers of non-point source pollution to develop plans and implement programs to control pollution and improve water quality.
The California Land Stewardship Institute has recently initiated Fish Friendly Ranching, a program of technical assistance and incentives to ranchers concerned about water quality to create and sustain environmental quality and habitat on their private lands. CLSI staff complete a site visit, including road and creek assessments, and then a ranch plan. The FFR program provides a third-party objective certification with representatives of three resource agencies—the Regional Water Quality Control Board, National Marine Fisheries Service, and County Agricultural Commissioner.
Horse Facilities and Pasture Management-- Two excellent sources of information about the managment of lands and water quality at horse properties are: the Equine Facilities and Horse Keeping webpage of the Alameda County Conservation Partnership, and the Livestock and Land program of Ecology Action and the Resource Conservation District of Santa Cruz County.
Range Plants-- If you are looking for specific information about plants, such as botany, rarity status, palatability to livestock, and effects of managment, you can find a lot in the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service's Plants Data Base, the California Native Plant Society's Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants, and the USDA Forest Service's Fire Effects Information System.
Pest Plants-- Check out the Invasive Plants webpage of the California Invasive Plant Council as the starting point for specific information about pest plants and their management.
California-Pacific Section of the Society for Range Management (Cal-Pac). Attend professional meetings with your colleagues, learn about current issues, get involved in rangeland management policy, participate in continuing education, and find a licensed CRM to assist you.
Central Coast Rangeland Coalition (CCRC). This grass-roots coalition includes ranchers, agency managers, agency technical advisors, land trusts, and scientists working with rangelands on the central coast of California. It operates by consensus, and is focused on the needs of professional managers. It is developing a system of indicator monitoring to assess rangeland health and sustainable stewardship to guide improved rangeland management based on science and practical knowledge.
California Rangeland Conservation Coalition (CRCC). This coalition includes ranchers, environmental groups, scientists, and agencies concerned about rangelands, mainly in the Central Valley, Sierra Foothills, and Coast Ranges of California. It focuses mainly on education, policy, and programs to protect and support private working landscapes. It is quickly gaining support among state and federal agencies, and is facilitating new opportunities for conservation easement funding. It holds annual conferences and distributes a comprehensive email newsletter with listings of current events, opportunities, and resources.
Copyright 2005-2019 Lawrence D. Ford. All rights reserved.


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Q: laravel how to pass the paramters to the query scope? look at code first:
$bookname = 'www';
User::with(array('roles' => function($query) {
    $query->where('bookname' => $bookname);
}))->find(1);

but it lead an error"undefined variable $bookname"..how to fix this?thanks

A: Wrong syntax.
$bookname = 'www';
User::with(array('roles' => function($query) use ($bookname) {
    $query->where('bookname', '=', $bookname);
}))->find(1);

To use the $bookname inside of the anonymous function you need to pass it using use statement. In addition where() function inside your anonymous function takes 3 parameters:
column name, comparing operator, search value.