text:
WhatsApp No. +923208271407	info@taqwapharma.com
info@taqwapharma.com
pd@taqwapharma.com
Export Inquiries Email
export@taqwapharma.com
Pharmaceutical Division
Nutraceuticals Division
Surgical Division
Office # 1305, KS Tower, Altaf Hussain Road New Challi, Karachi Pakistan
+92-21-32429820 & +92-323-2409820
We take pride in introducing ourselves as one of the growing companies in Pakistan. We are headquartered in Karachi, the metropolitan city and financial hub of Pakistan. We are involved in various trading businesses, but our core business is sourcing, supply and manufacturing of Pharmaceuticals Allopathic, Nutraceuticals & Herbal. Today Taqwa Pharmaceutical & Surgical has established itself as a successful and productive company with the help of dedicated efforts, honesty, sincerity, and innovation. With international contracts with suppliers, manufacturers, and companies, we offer custom-tailored sourcing and supply solutions for almost every branch of pharmaceutical business. Taqwa Pharmaceutical & Surgical has also begun to contract manufacture and market products under its own brand names. The company has also been able to contract/win supplies from major Multi-National Corporations for the African territories. Taqwa Pharmaceutical & Surgical export products within Asia, Africa, Middle East, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Jordan, Iraq, Maldives, Singapore, Indonesia, Trinidad & Tobago, Burundi, Somalia, Fiji and Barbados, and the Far East comprising a total of over 23 countries.
We at TAQWA recognize the benefits of global sourcing, and are proud to share the knowledge and services with our customers. We have experience in both small and large scale projects. We have proven our worth with our ability to supply raw materials and finished products that have saved our customers time and reduced their costs.
The major operations of Taqwa Pharmaceutical & Surgical are divided into four major divisions, which are:
1. Pharma Division
2. Nutraceutical/Cosmeceutical Division
3. Surgical/Diagnostic and Medical Equipment Division
Shehzad Enterprises is onto the paths of glorious success since its inception in the year 1976 by Mr. Abdul Qadir. Under the shrewd management of Mr. Abdul Qadir, coupled with the profound knowledge and rich experience of over 30 years, the business continues to flourish and expand and has started dealing in a wide variety of local and international products.
In 2004, Shehzad Enterprises was re-branded and the reigns of the business were handed over by Mr. Abdul Qadir to his sons. Staying constantly in touch with wholesalers and retailers from Pakistan, Taqwa Pharmaceutical & Surgical furthered the reach of its export
Services by stepping into the world of Branded and Generic Pharmaceuticals in Pakistan. Tawqa Pharma is among the very few companies world over, dealing exclusively in the business of export of Pakistani products manufactured by small and medium scale companies. The company is actively involved in products development, market research, as well as pure marketing. Taqwa Pharmaceutical & Surgical has established itself as a trusted name in the MENA region and South East Asian markets.
The principles of integrity, honesty and commitment to excellence have helped and assisted Taqwa Pharmaceutical & Surgical to acquire a distinguished position amidst the trustworthy exporting communities from Pakistan. The company considers itself as the new era explorer, discovering new horizons for businesses/enterprises and helping in making a world a smaller and more accessible place.
We specialize in the manufacturing, export and import of branded and white label manufacturing products that can be supplied and sold as Over the Counter (OTC). We are currently exporting from Pakistan to Philippines, Sri Lanka, Jordan, Iraq, Maldives, Singapore, Indonesia, Trinidad & Tobago, Burundi, Somalia, Fiji and Barbados. We also specialize in contract manufacturing of generic pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products for overseas clients.
Taqwa Pharmaceutical & Surgical believes in a partnership approach in its business creating a distinctive way into the market. Traditionally in a market, the distributor dictates terms to its suppliers and invests little of its own resources however Taqwa Pharmaceutical & Surgical always maintains close contact with its suppliers as we participate in the strategic planning, business development, problem-solving, and any other related areas which are possibly significant for both parties.
Nutrabiotics
Nutrabiotics Nutritional Life Science Pakistan was incorporated as a private limited Company in 2012. Nutrabiotics has created a unique portfolio of products at the forefront of scientific development in key sectors in including nutrition and woman's health. Nutrabiotics has manufactured innovative healthcare products for over two years, a company committed to human health and research.
Nutrabiotics is committed to provide streamlined manufacturing services of high-quality products. With its strict adherence to PIC/S GMP Certification, a highly knowledgeable team, and a history of outstanding success within the nutraceutical industry, they know how to help their clients start and build a successful supplement or nutritional products brand.
The company continued to maintain its high standards in market and blessed with UKAS (United Kingdom Accreditation Service) through DAS Consultancy Services and PIC/S GMP. This is in fact a real source of motivation and strength for a growing organization like Nutrabiotics.
Our Vision is to ensure customer satisfaction by keeping the customer's needs above everything else. We aim to achieve this vision by creating an environment of confidence, dependability, and trust.
Mission Our Mission is to provide quality products at competitive rates and ensuring the timely delivery of materials. We aim to achieve our mission's milestones through continuous improvement in our process by utilizing the latest technologies and employing the best talent to deliver high-quality products worldwide.
Head Office: Office # 1305, KS Tower, Altaf Hussain Road New Challi, Karachi Pakistan
Market Office: Shop No. 39, Namco Center, Campbell Street, Newa New Challi, Karachi Pakistan
Taqwa Pharmaceutical & Surgical
Amros Pharmaceuticals
ZAFA Pharmaceutical
Epoch Pharmaceuticals
Safe Pharmaceuticals
KCI Pharma
Uni-Tech Pharmaceuticals
Adamjee Pharma
English Pharmaceutical
Ophth Pharma
9:30 am - 6.00 pm
Wed - Thur
Copyright © 2021 Taqwa Pharmaceutical & Surgical. All Rights Reserved | Design & Developed By NVJ Developers & Designers


A simple, flexible, and scalable path to comprehensive building integration.
Building automation dramatically improves occupant comfort while providing facility managers with a unified operational view for the efficient and streamlined management of building systems, from its HVAC to its lighting utilities. This allows them to make critical control decision that impact energy efficiency, operating costs, security and systems longevity.
However, many Building Management Systems (BMS) or Building Automation Systems (BAS) implementations run into critical connectivity challenges that limit their ability to comprehensively integrate the diverse range of devices and building subsystems due the various disparate "field" protocols they use to exchange data and communicate. In order for any BMS or BAS implementation to be successful, these various protocols need to be translated into the management protocol used by the BMS/BAS.
Use Field Server bridges to connect existing devices to BACnet, KNX, LonWorks networks.
Use SMC's EZ Gateways and BACnet router to interwork between different protocols and physical network connections.
Nearly all FieldServer gateways come with secure, wired cloud connectivity, or choose the Air products for Wi-Fi and Cellular options.


This product reduces wear & is easily to apply during drilling & tapping applications. It improves machined finish and contains extreme pressure additives.
3. Dasqua Quick Action Type Dividers 4"
This oil is formulated from carefully selected heavy cylinder oils which improve thermal stability and oxidation resistance.. It is recommended for use with both atomiser and direct feed systems on steam engines.


If you're looking for a fun outdoor activity that you can do together as a family this spring and summer, consider cycling. It keeps your family fit and makes for adventurous experiences that you'll treasure forever. Here's more about cycling together as a family.
• Road bikes: Meant for cycling on pavements and roads, these bikes are usually lightweight and have skinny tyres. Road bikes are usually single-speed bikes meant for light everyday use around town.
• Mountain bikes: Mountain bikes have thick, sturdy tyres and a very durable feel. These are perfect for biking in rugged terrains and have great steering control, but don't go as fast as road bikes.
• Hybrid bikes: A combination of standard and mountain bikes, hybrid cycles have become immensely popular in the last few years. They feature skinny tyres and can ride fast on pavements like road bikes and also allow the biker to sit upright, like mountain bikes.
If you want to roam around town for a leisurely weekend activity, you're better off with road bikes. However, since mountain bikes are more stable and easier to steer, they might be a better choice for beginner cyclists.
After choosing your cycles, the next step is to choose your biking accessories. Biking essentials include a digital tyre pressure gauge, bike cleaner, mini bike pumps, cycle headlights and tail lights, reflective vests, and of course, a hard body cycling helmet with features such as flow vents, easy adjust, matching visors and moisture wicking. You might also want to invest in good bike wear for the whole family. Active soft-shell jackets, biking shorts and comfortable biking shoes are highly recommended.
You can put your baby in a bike seat or trailer when s/he is at least one year old. Invest in a good baby helmet and follow all directions that come with the trailer/seat. You can also use a tag-along bike – a single wheel cycle that attaches to the seat of your cycle – so that your child can ride behind you.
Tandem bikes – meant for two people to cycle together – can be a lot of fun. It can make for a romantic ride but, it can be tricky to have a conversation!
This is the perfect time to discover the joys of cycling together as a family. Use the information above to choose the right bike, good cycling gear and have fun bonding with each other as you take on the trails.
Excellent items from you, man. I have take into accout your stuff previous to and you are simply too great.


text:
Korskrogen är en småort i Avesta kommun, Dalarnas län belägen i Folkärna socken.

I Korskrogen finns en bygdegård och en by-bastu.

Referenser

Orter i Avesta kommun
Småorter i Sverige

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Threaded self-tapping endodontic stabilizer
A threaded, self-tapping endodontic stabilizer for insertion into the jawbone of a patient's mouth through an aperture in a loose tooth to stabilize the tooth comprises an elongated penetrating member having adjacent its coronal end a head adapted for manual rotation and adjacent its apical end a threaded shaft defining a plurality of lands and grooves. To promote working and generation of perio-stabilizer ligament, a plurality of the grooves have a longitudinal height of at least 0.20 mm. (preferably about 0.25-0.38 mm.) and extend substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the threaded shaft for substantially their entire length intermediate the lands, while a plurality of the lands have a shallow recess extending along the peripheral edge thereof.
Weiss, Charles M. (New York, NY)
Judy, Kenneth W. M. (New York, NY)
Oratronics, Inc. (New York, NY)
A61C5/08; A61C8/00; A61C8/02; A61C13/30; (IPC1-7): A61C13/00
32/57, 32/1A, 32/13, 85/46
3813779 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SEALING ROOT CANALS AND ANCHORING TEETH 1974-06-04 Tosti 32/13
3728794 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TOOTH RESTORATION 1973-04-24 Edelman 32/15
3394626 Machine screw threads 1968-07-30 Oliver 85/46
Peshock, Robert
James & Franklin
We claim:
1. In a threaded, self-tapping endodontic stabilizer for insertion into the jawbone of a patient's mouth through an aperture in a loose tooth to stabilize the tooth comprising an elongated penetrating member having adjacent its coronal end a head adapted for manual rotation and adjacent its apical end a threaded shaft defining a plurality of lands and grooves, the improvement wherein a plurality of said grooves have a longitudinal height of at least 0.20 mm. and a plurality of said lands have a shallow recess extending along the peripheral edge thereof.
2. The stabilizer of claim 1 wherein a plurality of said grooves have a longitudinal height of 0.25-0.38 mm and extend substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of said threaded shaft intermediate said lands, and a plurality of said lands have a shallow recess extending along the peripheral edge thereof.
3. The stabilizer of claim 1 wherein said threaded shaft comprises a shaft of constant diameter and an external thread thereon.
4. The stabilizer of claim 2 wherein each of said grooves intermediate said lands has a longitudinal height of 0.25-0.38 mm and extends longitudinally parallel to the longitudinal axis of said threaded shaft intermediate said lands and wherein each of said lands intermediate said grooves has a shallow recess extending along the peripheral edge thereof.
6. In a threaded, self-tapping endodontic stabilizer for insertion into the jawbone of a patient's mouth through an aperture in a loose tooth to stabilize the tooth comprising an elongated penetrating member having adjacent its coronal end a head adapted for manual rotation and adjacent its apical end a threaded shaft defining a plurality of lands and grooves, the improvement wherein a plurality of said grooves have a longitudinal height of at least 0.20 mm., said head comprises a post integral with said shaft and adapted to receive thereabout the interior of an artificial crown and a rotatable insertion tool removably seated on said post for rotation of said post therewith, said post has a pair of substantially planar sides inclined toward its coronal end, and said insertion tool has a pair of correspondingly inclined opposed surfaces adjacent its apical end defining a recess adapted to receive the coronal end of said post.
The present invention relates to an endodontic stabilizer for insertion into the jawbone of the patient's mouth through an aperture in a loose tooth to stabilize the tooth, and more specifically to threaded, self-tapping endodontic stabilizers.
The efficacy of an endodontic stabilizer depends essentially upon three considerations. First, the stabilizer should form an effective apical seal (that is, the seal between the stabilizer and the base of the tooth defining the aperture). Second, the stabilizer must be effectively retained within the tooth to fix the tooth relative to the stabilizer. Third, the stabilizer must be effectively retained within the jawbone beyond the apex to fix the stabilizer relative to the jawbone.
Two types of endodontic stabilizers are currently used in clinical practice -- smooth, tapered stabilizers and threaded, self-tapping stabilizers. With smooth, tapered stabilizers, formation of the apical seal is dependent upon effective wedging of the cemented implant at the apex, resistance to implant withdrawal from the tooth is dependent upon the shearing properties of the dental cement employed, and stabilizer retention within the jawbone is dependent upon the formation of collagenous perio-stabilizer ligament about the stabilizer. The smooth, tapered stabilizers have been found to be deficient in all three areas of consideration.
The threaded, self-tapping endodontic stabilizers utilize threads of very low pitch to minimize the torque required for insertion into the tooth dentin during the tapping process. Accordingly, the threads typically define lands of V-shaped cross-section and little, if any, intervening groove area. Such stabilizers thread a portion of the tooth proximal to the apical foramen, and thus provides both a positive apical seal and great resistance to withdrawal forces from the tooth. Indeed, when a tooth specimen has a threaded self-tapping stabilizer properly placed and then removed, examination of the internal surface of the canal will reveal threads in the dentin. Thus threaded, self-tapping stabilizers rate high in the first two areas of consideration (apical seal and retention within the tooth); however they provide little, if any, improvement over the smooth tapered stabilizers when it comes to the third consideration (i.e. the retention of the stabilizer within the jawbone beyond the apex). Generation of perio-stabilizer collagenous ligament adjacent the threads of the stabilizer is minimal, and in fact the ligament over a period of time tends to withdraw from the threaded surface of the stabilizer.
Additional complications occur where the tooth is not only loose, but also broken off coronally, so that an artificial crown must be secured to the stump of the stabilized tooth. Conventional practice in this instance is to use a smooth, tapered stabilizer, and then break off and then remove the upper segment of the stabilizer, leaving the bottom segment to stabilize the tooth. A gold post (sometimes threaded, sometimes unthreaded) is then cemented on the upper portion of the stub above the truncated stabilizer, the upper portion of the gold post serving as a base or secural point for the artificial crown. This procedure has several drawbacks including poor retention of the gold post within the tooth, the extra expense of a gold post, and the extra labor required for breaking of the stabilizer and insertion of the gold post.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a threaded, self-tapping endodontic stabilizer affording a high degree of stabilizer retention within the jawbone beyond the apex.
Another object is to provide such a stabilizer which combines a high degree of retention within the jawbone with an effective apical seal and effective retention within the tooth.
A further object is to provide such a stabilizer for use with a broken tooth, the stabilizer having a head which is adapted to receive an artificial crown thereon.
It has now been found that the above and related objects are attained in a threaded, self-tapping endodontic stabilizer having a thread design which exercises the perio-stabilizer ligament and thus promotes its retention and bone regeneration adjacent the stabilizer.
Generally speaking, the threaded self-tapping endodontic stabilizer for insertion in the jawbone of the patient's mouth through an aperture in a loose tooth to stabilize the tooth comprises an elongated penetrating member. As is conventional in such stabilizers, the coronal end of the stabilizer comprises a head adapted for manual rotation by the dental practitioner (during the tapping and insertion process), and the apical end comprises a shaft having an external thread defining a plurality of lands and intervening grooves. In order to secure the advantages of the present invention, a plurality of the grooves have a longitudinal height (measured parallel to the shaft axis) of at least 0.20 millimeters, and preferably from 0.25 to 0.38 mm. The aforementioned thread design provides adequate groove surface (between lands) onto which the perio-stabilizer ligament may generate. Once the ligament has generated into the groove areas, the slightest longitudinal motion of the stabilizer exercises and works the portion of the ligament between the lands (in the grooves) and thus encourages further retention and generation of the ligament and bone generation.
Preferably, a plurality of the lands of the thread contain a shallow recess extending along their peripheral edge, the shallow recesses further promoting the working and exercise of the perio-stabilizer ligament by increasing the surface area of the stabilizer, and hence the area of contact between the stabilizer and the ligament.
In an embodiment of the stabilizer suitable for use where the crown of the tooth has been broken off, the head comprises a post integral with the shaft and a rotatable insertion tool removably seated on the post. The post is designed to be engaged by the rotatable insertion tool for rotation therewith, and also to receive thereabout (after removal of the insertion tool therefrom) the interior of an artificial crown. Preferably the post has a pair of substantially planar opposed sides inclined towards the coronal end thereof, and the insertion tool has a pair of correspondingly inclined opposed surfaces which define a recess adapted to receive the coronal end of the post.
FIG. 1 is a fragmentary side elevation view of a threaded, self-tapping endodontic stabilizer according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an elevation view, partially in cross-section, of a tooth and the surrounding oral environment after the stabilizer of FIG. 1 has been inserted therein and the head of the stabilizer removed;
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary elevation view of a measuring rod useful in the procedure for insertion of the stabilizer;
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary elevation view, partially in cross-section, of the stabilizer of FIG. 1 and its immediate environment shortly after insertion;
FIG. 5 is a fragmentary elevation view, partially in cross-section, of the stabilizer of FIG. 1 and its immediate environment after generation of the perio-stabilizer ligament and regeneration of surrounding bone;
FIG. 6 is an exploded elevation view of a stabilizer according to the present invention including a removable insertion tool; and
FIG. 7 is an elevation view, partially in cross-section, of the stabilizer of FIG. 6 in its ultimate oral environment, with an artificial crown illustrated in phantom line as secured on the post thereof.
Referring now to the drawing, and in particular to FIGS. 1 and 2 thereof, therein illustrated is a threaded self-tapping endodontic stabilizer generally designated by the numeral 10 and adapted for insertion into the jawbone 12 of a patient's mouth through an aperture 14 in a loose tooth 16 to stabilize the tooth 16. The stabilizer 10 may be formed of any rigid biocompatible metal of the type commonly used in oral implantology, for example, titanium. More particularly, the stabilizer 10 comprises an elongated penetrating member 20 having adjacent the coronal end 21 thereof a knurled head 22 adapted for manual rotation during the self-tapping and subsequent insertion processes, and adjacent the apical end 23 thereof a shaft 24 of reduced diameter (relative to head 22) having an external thread generally designated by the numeral 25 and defining raised lands 26 and intervening grooves 28.
The stabilizer 10 of the present invention is characterized by a thread 25 in which the groove 28 has a longitudinal height (designated by the reference numeral A in FIG. 1) of at least 0.20 millimeters and preferably about 0.25-0.38 millimeters. The groove 28 preferably extends substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of shaft 24 for substantially the entire longitudinal height A. Thus adequate space is provided intermediate lands 26 into which perio-stabilizer ligament 30 (see FIG. 5) may generate. Any vertical motion of the stabilizer 10 exercises and works the generated portion of the ligament 30 intermediate lands 26 and thus encourages further generation of the ligament. As the ligament 30 is what effectively secures the stabilizer 10 within the jawbone 12, the overall result is enhanced retention of the stabilizer 10 within the jawbone 12. Grooves having a longitudinal height less than 0.20 millimeters have been found not to afford satisfactory generation of the perio-stabilizer ligament 30 intermediate the jawbone 12 and the shaft 24 because the ligament 30 fails to generate intermediate the closely disposed lands.
It will be noted that as a result of the requirement of a minimum longitudinal height for the groove 28, the pitch of the thread 25 (i.e. the land-to-land longitudinal height) tends to be at least slightly greater in the stabilizer of the present invention than was commonly thought to be desirable. In the past, thread design was determined primarily with a view towards facilitating the tapping operation by reducing the torque required therefor through use of a thread of low pitch. (Less torque was required to effect a single rotation of the stabilizer although more rotations were required). The thread design of the stabilizer of the present invention recognizes the advantages resulting from grooves of greater longitudinal height than were used in the thread design of prior stabilizers, and, accordingly, represents a balance between the consideration of ease of tapping with the consideration of improved retention within the jawbone 12.
The lands 26 preferably have a shallow recess 32 extending along the peripheral edge thereof, so that the lands 26 have a generally W-shaped cross-section. The presence of the recess 32 on the lands 26 increases the surface area of the lands 26, and hence the area of contact between the lands 26 and the perio-stabilizer ligament 30. As a result of the increased area of contact the ligament 30 undergoes increased exercising as a result of any motion on the part of the stabilizer 10.
Preparatory to use of the stabilizer 10, an access 14 is prepared in the long axis of the root through the coronal portion of the tooth 16. X-rays may be taken to determine the depth of "available bone" that can accommodate the stabilizer 10, available bone being that bone between the apical foramen or apex 40 and 2-3 millimeters short of the opposite cortical plate (not shown). When the routine endodontic treatment, including bio-mechanical preparation, is completed, the canal is ready for "filling". Hand or mechanical reamers may be used to enlarge the canal to accommodate the pre-selected stabilizer size and a dental drill may be used to precisely parallel the walls of the canal 14 adjacent to the apex 40 and to prepare the stabilizer receptor site in the bone 12 beyond the apex 40. Referring now to FIG. 3, a measuring rod 42 of material opaque to the activating radiation of a radiograph, and having a knurled head 44 adjacent the coronal end and clearly defined segments 46 of known longitudinal length adjacent the apical end (typically millimeter segments), is then introduced into the receptor site in the jawbone and radiographed. From the radiograph, the apical control point can be determined and also the distance in the given units of longitudinal length from the apical point to the proposed stabilizer depth and to the crown of the tooth 16. Additional drilling can alter the depth of the receptor site if necessary. After removal of the measuring rod 42, the pre-selected stabilizer 10 is then rotated by hand about 2 millimeters through the apex 40 to tap the dentin of the tooth 16, after which the stabilizer 10 is reversed out, cleansed and dried.
At this point the canal 14 is cleansed and dried by conventional techniques, for example, by the use of paper points. Cement 48 is then applied to the stabilizer 10 using the apical control point as a guide for cement application. An apical cement is placed on the stabilizer 10 covering 3 millimeters coronal to the apical control point, and a filling cement is applied for the coronal remainder of the stabilizer shaft 24. The stabilizer 10 is then seated with gentle manual rotation. After the cement 48 has hardened, the disposable head 22 and any unused portion of the shaft 24 may be severed (for example, by drilling) to leave a truncated stabilizer 20, as illustrated in FIG. 2. The opening or access 14 of the tooth 16 is then ready to be sealed following customary oral implantology practice.
Referring now to FIGS. 6 and 7, therein illustrated is a stabilizer 10' adapted for use where the crown portion of the tooth 16 has been broken away or otherwise removed and will eventually be replaced by an artificial crown or cap 50 (as illustrated in phantom line in FIG. 7). The stabilizer 10' is identical in all respects to the stabilizer 10 of FIGS. 1 and 2, except for the head 22 thereof. In this embodiment the head comprises a post 52 integral with the shaft 24 and adapted to receive thereabout the interior of the artificial crown 50. The opposed sides of the post 52 forming the coronal end 21 of the penetrating member 20 are essentially planar and tapered inwardly toward the coronal end 21. Various equidistantly spaced shallow grooves 54 may extend horizontally along the periphery of the post 52 as measurement references. While both pairs of opposed sides of post 52 have been illustrated as substantially planar and inwardly tapering, it is only essential that a pair of the post sides, preferably the long sides, have planar surfaces.
The head 22 further includes a rotatable insertion tool generally designated by the numeral 60 and comprising a knurled upper portion 62 to facilitate rotation thereof and a pair of depending legs 64. The inner surfaces of the legs 64 are essentially planar and tapered outwardly to define there between a recess adapted to receive the post 52 therein. When the insertion tool 60 is properly seated on the post 52, the inclined surfaces of legs 64 are adjacent a correspondingly inclined pair of surfaces of post 52, so that rotation of the upper portion 62 of the insertion tool 60 causes a corresponding rotation of post 52 and hence the entire stabilizer 10'.
The stabilizer 10' of FIGS. 6 and 7 is utilized in precisely the same manner as the stabilizer 10 of FIGS. 1 and 2, except that the excess length thereof is removed from the apical end 23 prior to insertion and cementing to enable the apical end of the post 52 to seat against the faced off root surface. Removal of the insertion tool 62 after insertion exposes the post 52. After hardening of the cement 48, an artificial crown 50 may be secured directly to the post 52 by conventional dental techniques, thus providing an artificial crown 50 for the tooth 16 without resort to the costly and laborious prior art technique requiring removal of a stabilizer head and insertion of a gold post.
The advantages accruing from the stabilizer of the present invention are readily apparent from a comparison of FIGS. 4 and 5 which illustrate the truncated stabilizer 10 and its immediate oral environment shortly after insertion and after healing (i.e. 4-6 weeks after insertion), respectively. In FIG. 4, the bone 12 adjacent the lower end of the stabilizer 10 (below the apical foramen 40) conforms generally to the periphery of the stabilizer 10, but is relatively thin and weak. In FIG. 5, perio-stabilizer ligament 30 has been generated intermediate the bone 12 and the grooves 28. Continuous exercise of the perio-stabilizer ligament 30 due to its entrapment within the grooves 28 and intermediate the lands 26, and also due to the enhanced surface area of contact due to the recesses 32, has resulted in a thickening and strengthening of bone 12 which now extends closer to the grooves 28. Thus, the stabilizer of the present invention not only forms a positive apical seal and affords desirable retention of the stabilizer within the tooth, but also affords an effective retention of the stabilizer within the jawbone not previously afforded by the prior art stabilizers.
Now that the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described in detail, various modifications and improvements thereon will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the spirit and scope of the present invention is to be limited only by the appended claims, and not by the foregoing disclosure.
<- Previous Patent (Blade-holding cuttin...) | Next Patent (Orthodontic bracket) ->

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I find it very difficult to think of mistakes; not that I don't make any but because I was brought up to look only at the good things in life ... As for what lost the most money, probably Virgin Cola. It is still No 1 in Bangladesh though.
"Thoroughly postmodern billionaire" by Jane Martinson, www.theguardian.com. April 28, 2006.
I have always believed that there is no point in having regrets as you learn far more from mistakes than successes. Embrace a mistake and learn from it; don't regret them.
I've been taught not to have any regrets. If we were to add up all of the hours spent regretting mistakes and use that time to develop new ideas, who knows how many brilliant new businesses would be created.
Embrace a mistake and learn from it; don't regret them.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Hadamard matrices are matrices whose entries are either $-1$ or $+1$ and their
rows are mutually orthogonal. A necessary condition for a $\{-1, 1\}$-matrix to
be Hadamard is being of order either $n = 2$ or $n = 4k$ for $k \in \mathbb{N}$.
There are known examples of Hadamard matrices for many orders $4k$ (see for
example~\cite{txtHad}), as well as for all orders where $n = 2^k$, but finding
or generating an example of a Hadamard matrix for every $n = 4k$ remains an open
challenge. In fact, proving that there are examples of Hadamard matrices for
every $n = 4k$ (even if we cannot generate them) is a long-standing conjecture
in Mathematics named \textit{Hadamard's conjecture}. At the time of writing the
smallest integers for which no Hadamard matrix is yet known are $n = 668, 716
\textup{ and } 892$.

Interestingly, challenges related to the Hadamard conjecture come at even
smaller orders. For example, it is also conjectured that \textit{symmetric}
Hadamard matrices should exist for every order $4k$. However, not a single
symmetric Hadamard matrix of order 236 is known, and it was only very recently
that symmetric Hadamard matrices of sizes as small as 188, 172 or even 116 were
finally found (see~\cite{symmetric47_73_113} and~\cite{OliviaDiMatteo2015}).

Since any operation involving permutations or negations of rows or columns of an
Hadamard matrix do not affect the orthogonality of rows / columns, finding an
example of a Hadamard matrix implies finding an entire class of
\textit{equivalent matrices}. Two Hadamard matrices $H$ and $H'$ are equivalent
if one can be obtained from the other by row/column permutations and row/column
negations. The set of all matrices that are equivalent to $H$ is called the
\textit{equivalence class} of $H$, and any matrix in a given equivalence class
is referred to as a representative of that class. Finding a representative of
each equivalence class for all $4k$ orders is still a harder problem, and it is
still open even for relatively small orders. Equivalence classes of Hadamard
matrices have only been fully enumerated up to size 32, of which there exist
13710027, see~\cite{equivalenceClasses}.

The search for Hadamard matrices has mostly relied on human intuition and
expertise. Traditional methods, such as Paley's
construction~\cite{paleyConstruction}, Sylvester's
construction~\cite{sylvester67}, Williamson's method~\cite{williamsons} and
several others~\cite{browne2021survey} rely on a constructive approach.
Typically, these consist in assuming that a Hadamard matrix can be constructed
from a number of smaller block matrices using a simple concatenation procedure.
The challenge then becomes that of finding such smaller blocks, and the hope is
that by imposing a number of restrictions over the structure of such blocks,
that search becomes easier. However, such methods are not general, and are only
applicable to a subset of all possible orders. For example, Sylvester's
construction can only be applied to $n = 2^k$.

One way to avoid hand-crafted constructive methods in the search for Hadamard
matrices is to formulate the problem as a combinatorial optimization instance.
Then, using the vast arsenal of computational tools made available in the last
decade such as constraint satisfaction programming (CSP), answer set
programming, genetic algorithms, and a number of search algorithms
(\textit{e.g.} hill climbing) search for solutions. However, due to the enormous
size of the solution space, classical methods have not yet been able to find
solutions to small instances. For example,
in~\cite{simmulatedSpinnVectors,e20020141} the authors found Hadamard matrices
using variations of simulated annealing but where only able to scale up to
matrices of order 20. Our own experimentation with CSP systems has only allowed
us to replicate known results up to size 28. It seems that progress in this
front requires devising heuristics capable of dramatically restricting the
search space, but that is in itself a huge mathematical challenge that requires
deep expertise.

Recently, there have been efforts in applying Machine Learning (ML) methods to
tackle combinatorial optimization problems that classical algorithms struggle
with. As stated in~\cite{bengio2020machine}, Deep Learning (DL) could be used in
two ways. Firstly, we can replace computationally expensive heuristics by their
approximations. Such is the case in~\cite{agostinelli2021a} where neural
networks are used to replace computationally expensive heuristics in the
$A^{\star}$ algorithm. Alternatively, when no heuristics have yet been
developed, we can use DL to explore the space of possible decisions gathering
experience until a proper policy regarding which feasible solutions to explore
has been achieved. This approach has been successful in~\cite{NIPS2017_d9896106}
where graph neural networks are trained to solve combinatorial optimization
problems over graphs and in~\cite{kurin2020qlearning}, where neural networks
(NN) are used to make better variable assignments in boolean satisfiability
(SAT) instances.

Our work follows this recent trend of approaching combinatorial problems using
DL methods. However, at the time of writing, there has been little work on DL
related to any type of matrix operations and information regarding which
architectures and techniques work well is scarce.

Therefore, as a first attempt, we opt for a more modest, approach. Specifically,
we focus on the \textit{matrix completion task}. Here a random number of the
$\{-1, 1\}$ entries of Hadamard matrices $H$ is set to zero. Then, we want to
train NNs to reconstruct the matrices by predicting the original value of each
zeroed-out entry.

Previous work on reconstruction without using DL has been established
in~\cite{KLINE201933}, where the author develops an algorithm to recover
uniformly-distributed zeroed-out entries by using simple matrix operations. The
author then integrates this recovery algorithm in an optimization procedure to
generate Hadamard matrices.

In this paper, we investigate whether or not the results of the algorithm
designed in~\cite{KLINE201933} can be reproduced by simply letting neural
networks (NN) see examples of matrices with zeroed-out entries and their
respective reconstructions. However, this tasks is hard for modern NN since they
do not have any inductive bias on how row and columns permutations to the input
should affect the output.

Clearly, if we move a given row that requires completion to another place in the
matrix those values will remain unchanged, only their position was affected.
This is addressed in another key contribution of our work, where a model with
this inductive bias is constructed. Lastly we will explore some properties of
the trained models. More specifically how they can be used to slow the
performance degradation of the completion algorithms that happens naturally as
more and more entries are zeroed-out.

\section{Related work}

Hadamard matrices have received a lot of attention since the conjecture was
first put forward with early works focused on constructive
methods~\cite{paleyConstruction,williamsons,sylvester67} for the generation of
matrices. More recent approaches have resourced to computational methods for
finding them. For instance, in~\cite{doi:10.1080/09720529.2005.10698034} a
genetic algorithm, using algebraic concepts for the backbone of the fitness
function, yielded matrices of orders 52, 56, 60, 64.
In~\cite{e20020141,simmulatedSpinnVectors} the authors use simulated annealing
to find Hadamard matrices but unfortunately can only scale up to size 20.
Reconstruction of Hadamard matrices was recently addressed
in~\cite{Goldberger2021} where, instead of recovering randomly placed zeroed-out
entries, the authors propose an algorithm to create Hadamard matrices starting
with just the first $n/2$ rows.

As previously mentioned, in~\cite{KLINE201933} a method capable of recovering
$\mathcal{O}(n^2/\log(n))$ entries is presented. It completes a matrix $X$ with
zeroed out entries using the expression $X - \textup{sign} (t_s(X^t - nX^{-1}))$
where $t_s$ sets all entries smaller than $s$ to zero. This method is then used
to yield Hadamard matrices of several sizes and one symmetric Hadamard matrix of
size $116$ which had only recently been discovered.

Here we give the first steps towards improving their bound. We stress that the
reconstruction task is hard for NNs due to the large state space and
how row/column permutations/negations affect the input.

As previously mentioned, in the reconstruction task, if a permutations is
applied to the input then that same permutation should be applied to the target
predictions. Constructing NNs that have the geometries that act on
the inputs (such as graphs, sets, grids, geodesics and meshes) imprinted on
their structure is the target study of what is known as \textit{Geometric Deep
  Learning} (GDL)~\cite{bronstein2021geometric}.

Message passing neural networks, which are specifically designed to work with
graph-like structures as inputs, have recently surpassed state-of-the-art
results in molecule prediction benchmarks~\cite{gilmer2017neural}.
In~\cite{barrett2020exploratory}, message passing neural networks are used to
parameterize node selection policies learned through reinforcement learning to
solve the Max-Cut problem. The learned policies surpassed previous methods, such
as the one presented in~\cite{NIPS2017_d9896106}, which did not use message
passing neural networks. In~\cite{NIPS2017_f22e4747} models were designed to
approximate functions defined over sets that are invariant to permutations and
achieve state-of-the-art performance in digit summation and set expansion.

There is also a growing body of literature focusing on integrating the existing
examples of GDL, such as the ones referenced above, into a
general framework from which they are simpler particular instances. Such is the
case of~\cite{bronstein2021geometric}, where they present a blueprint for
building equivariant models under the actions of any symmetry group acting on
the inputs of the NN. They also collect examples from previous works
and show how they fit in their blueprint. In~\cite{ravanbakhsh2017equivariance}
the authors show how equivariant NNs can be built through parameter
sharing and they conclude that a layer is equivariant to the actions of some
group if and only if that group is the symmetry group of the bipartite graph
representing the layer.

In~\cite{kondor2018generalization} the authors prove that convolutional
structure is both necessary and sufficient for a neural network to be
equivariant to the actions of some compact group. This result is then used
in~\cite{thiede2020general} to create two distinct layers equivariant to
permutations. The first receives arrays as input and is equivariant to
permutations of the elements. The second receives matrices as input and is
equivariant to permutations acting on rows and columns. This differs from our
model because, while in ours, different permutations can be applied to the rows
and columns, in theirs the same permutation must be applied to the rows and
columns.

Despite only recently being formalized in scientific
literature~\cite{bronstein2021geometric}, the concepts of geometric deep
learning, have been used for quite some time. For example, convolutional neural
networks (CNNs), which capture translation equivariance, have been used since
the 80's~\cite{10.1162/neco.1989.1.4.541} in computer vision tasks with a much
greater deal of success than multi-layer perceptrons which are not endowed with
such inductive bias. Recently, CNNs have been generalized to arbitrary symmetry
groups such as rotations and reflections~\cite{NIPS2014_f9be311e,
  cohen2016group}. Both these methods achieved state of the art performance on
the rotated MNIST.\@

\section{Implementing equivariance}

In the completion task, \textit{i.e}, predicting the values of zeroed-out matrix
entries, if we apply to distinct permutations to the rows and columns of $M$,
then the same permutations should be applied to the target predictions for the
missing values. This is known as equivariance.

More formally, this is known as equivariance to the actions of the group
$S_n^2$. Formal definition of \textit{equivariance}, \textit{invariance},
$S_n^2$ and how actions of $S_n^2$ affect squared matrices as well as a brief
introduction to groups is given in Appendix~\ref{sec:grou-appendix}. In this
section we are going to build two equivariant layers to the actions of $S_n^2$
($S_n^2$-equivariant).

A simple way to construct an $S_n^2$-equivariant layer is to apply the same
function $\psi$ entry-wise to matrix $M$. More formally, if we denote $M$ as the
input to this layer and $M'$ as its output, then the entry $(i, j)$ of $M'$ will
be given by
\begin{align}
  \label{eq:final_layer_expression}
  M'_{(i, j)} = \psi(M_{(i, j)})
\end{align}

Equivariance is maintained even if we consider each entry in $M$ to be an array
of features of dimension $k$ instead of real numbers, when this happens we say
that $M \in \mathbb{R}^{n^2k}$. Of course in that case $\psi$ would have to map
$\mathbb{R}^k$ into $\mathbb{R}^{k'}$.

This layer, despite being equivariant, is not very expressive since $M'_{(i,
  j)}$ will have only used local information, \textit{i.e}, information from
$M_{(i, j)}$. Success in the reconstruction tasks requires gathering global
information, \textit{i.e}, information about the whole matrix.

To achieve this while maintaining equivariance we use a mechanism of message
passing similar to the one used on graph nets~\cite{gilmer2017neural}. Our
layer, in order to compute $M'_{(i, j)}$, will use the information present on
$M_{(i, j)}$, its row and its column.

We first describe how we use the information present in the $i$-th row for the
computation of $M'_{(i, j)}$. A key observation is that this computation must be
invariant to column/row permutation. We do this by pairing $M_{(i, j)}$ with
every other element in its row and then feed all pairs to a function $\psi_r$.
The $n-1$ results are aggregated using a permutation invariant operation. We
denote this as $\Psi_{\textup{r}}(i, j)$, given by:
\begin{align}
  \label{eq:row-information-extraction}
  \Psi_{\textup{r}}(i, j) = \bigoplus_{w \in \{1, \dots, n\} \setminus \{j\}} \psi_{\textup{r}}(M_{(i, j)} , M_{(i, w)})
\end{align}
where $\bigoplus$ is some permutation invariant aggregator such as $\sum$ or
$\prod$.

Using the information present in the $j$-th column for the computation of
$M'_{(i, j)}$ follows the same procedure:
\begin{align}
  \label{eq:col-information-extraction}
  \Psi_{\textup{c}}(i, j) = \bigoplus_{w \in \{1, \dots, n\} \setminus \{i\}} \psi_{\textup{c}}(M_{(i, j)} , M_{(w, j)})
\end{align}

To complete our \textit{equivariant message passing layer} (EMP) we simply
aggregate $\Psi_{\textup{r}}$ and $\Psi_{\textup{c}}$ using any invariant
operator $\oplus$. More formally, let $M'$ denote the output of the layer then
$M'_{(i, j)}$ is given by the equation:
\begin{align}
  \label{eq:layer-formula}
  M'_{(i, j)} = \Psi_{\textup{r}}(i, j) \oplus \Psi_{\textup{c}}(i, j)
\end{align}

In order to make accurate predictions in the reconstruction task, we need to
gather information about the whole matrix, yet here we are only using, for each
element of the matrix, elements in its row and column. However notice that if we
compose two EMPs $l_1$ and $l_2$ then each entry of $l_2(l_1(M))$ will have
gathered information about every other entry in the matrix.

In fact this is the minimum~\textit{degree of connectivity} that is required to
propagate information about the whole matrix equivariantly. If we were to use
only information in rows then the elements in the matrix would be blind to any
element not on its row regardless of the number of layers stacked together. If
we were to use only part of the columns/rows then the layer would not be
equivariant. If we were to simply combine $M_{(i, j)}$ with all other elements
in the matrix and then feed them to $\psi$ the layer would be equivariant, it
would gather information about the whole matrix, but it would be too
computationally expensive.

To create an equivariant model (EMPM) we simply stack several EMPs together and
then add a final layer following equation~\ref{eq:final_layer_expression} as
it is illustrated in Figure~\ref{fig:model-usage}.

\begin{figure}[h]
  \centering

  \begin{tikzpicture}[
    >=Stealth,
    shorten >=1pt,
    auto,
    node distance=1 cm,
    scale = 1,
    transform shape,
    state/.style={rectangle,inner sep=2pt}]

    \node[state] (q2) [] {$\begin{bmatrix}
        (a) & (b)\\
        (c) & (d)
      \end{bmatrix}$};

    \node[state] (q3) [below=of q2] {$\begin{bmatrix}
        \psi_{\textup{r}}(a, b) + \psi_{\textup{c}}(a, c) & \psi_{\textup{r}}(b, a) + \psi_{\textup{c}}(b, d)\\
        \psi_{\textup{r}}(c, d) + \psi_{\textup{c}}(c, a) & \psi_{\textup{r}}(d, c) + \psi_{\textup{c}}(d, b)
      \end{bmatrix}$};

    \node[state] (q4) [below= of q3] {$\vdots$};

    \node[state] (q5) [below= of q4] {$\begin{bmatrix}
        \mathbf{x}_1 \in \mathbb{R}^k & \mathbf{x}_2 \in \mathbb{R}^k\\
        \mathbf{x}_3 \in \mathbb{R}^k & \mathbf{x}_4 \in \mathbb{R}^k
      \end{bmatrix}$};

    \node[state] (q6) [below=of q5] {$\begin{bmatrix}
        x_1 \in [-1, 1] & x_2 \in [-1, 1]\\
        x_3 \in [-1, 1] & x_4 \in [-1, 1]
      \end{bmatrix}$};

    \path[->]
    (q2) edge [left] node {EMP} (q3)
    (q3) edge [left] node {EMP} (q4)
    (q4) edge [left] node {EMP} (q5)
    (q5) edge [left] node {Entry wise classifier} (q6);
  \end{tikzpicture}
  \caption{Scheme of an equivariant model achieved by composition of several
    equivariant layers.}
  \label{fig:model-usage}
\end{figure}

\section{Data generation and training}

Our goal in the next sections is to show that DL methods are able to learn
Hadamard matrices reconstructions and that, by using GDL
techniques, we can effectively deal with the large state space arising from row
and column permutations.

This is done over two different experiments. Firstly we train and evaluate the
performance of our models inside a single equivalence class. Secondly we train
and evaluate our models in different classes.

For our experiments we want data sets consisting on several examples of Hadamard
matrices with zeroed-out entries and their respective reconstruction. That is,
our data set will contain tuples of the form:
\begin{align}
  \left(\begin{bmatrix}
      1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\
      1 & -1 & 1 & -1 \\
      1 & 1 & -1 & -1 \\
      1 & 0 & -1 & 1 \\
    \end{bmatrix} , \begin{bmatrix}
      0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\
      0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
      0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
      0 & -1 & 0 & 0 \\
    \end{bmatrix}\right)
\end{align}

To create the data sets we first gathered Hadamard matrices from~\cite{txtHad},
where examples of matrices for several different sizes can be found, and one
representative of every equivalence class up to size 28 is available. This is
actually the only size for which we test generalization across classes. Ideally
we would have liked to test generalization to unseen classes for $n=32$, the
last integer for which all classes are known, but there were not enough
representatives of this order in~\cite{txtHad} for meaningful experimentation.

For sizes 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 there exist only 1, 1, 5, 3 and 60 different
equivalent classes, respectively, so we decided to skip those orders as well.

When training models to generalize to unseen classes, we split the
representatives of equivalent classes into two disjoint sets. One of those sets
will be used to generate training examples and the other will be used to
generate the validation examples. For all other experiments we use the same
representative to generate the training and validation data. Each element in the
data set is generated as follows:

\begin{itemize}
\item From the available training/validation representatives we randomly select
  one matrix $H_n$.
\item If the model we are training is not $S_n^2$-equivariant we introduce a
  random number of row/column permutations in $H_n$. This is simply a data
  augmentation strategy.
\item Next we negate random rows/columns. This data augmentation is needed
  because the models do not exploit any geometric properties related to
  negations.
\item Next we randomly choose entries in $H_n$ to be set to zero. The values of
  those entries will be stored in the target matrix in their respective
  positions.

\end{itemize}

\section{Results}

\subsection{EMPM vs other baselines}

We start this section by showing that the EMPM presented in this paper has a
better performance on the reconstruction task than the other models tested. This
comparison is necessary since our goal is to actually use the models to
replicate the reconstruction used in~\cite{KLINE201933}, henceforth referred to
as Kline's method. Therefore, before moving forward, we should know which models
are better suited for said task.

The way we use our models to reconstruct the matrices is straightforward. We
simply give them Hadamard matrices with zeroed out entries and allow them to
make a prediction. Each entry is then completed with the sign of its
correspondent prediction. More formally, let $H$ and $m$ the the matrix with
zeroed out entries and $m$ some model, then $H$ is decoded into $H +
\textup{sign}(m(H))$. We call this~\textit{one-shot matrix reconstruction}.

To compare the EMPM to other models we also trained MLPs, CNNs and a
transformer-like architecture. From these three baseline models the CNN yielded
the best results therefore we leave the details regarding the other
architectures for the appendix.

Table~\ref{tab:comparisson} shows the performance of the EMPM when compared to a
CNN in the one-shot reconstruction task. As we can see the EMPM outperforms the
CNN for any given number of zeroed-out entries. Moreover, unlike the CNN, the
EMPM shows no degradation when we move from $n=8$ to $n=12$.

Strangely, several times the performance of the EMPM for $n=12$ was better than
for $n=8$. We think that this is easily explained given the stochastic nature of
the reconstruction.

To mitigate the degradation of the CNN at $n=12$ we increased the size of the
model but no better results where obtained. This contrasts with the EMPM where
the exact same network structure was used from $n=8$ to $n=32$ without much
degradation to its performance. More details on both architectures in the
appendix.

\begin{table*}[h]
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
    \hline
    Zeroed-out entries & EMPM ($n=8$) & CNN ($n=8$) & EMPM ($n=12$) & CNN ($n=12$) \\ \hline
    1                  & 1            & 0.883        & 1.0           & 0.743         \\ \hline
    2                  & 1.0          & 0.791        & 0.999         & 0.574         \\ \hline
    3                  & 0.998        & 0.65         & 0.999         & 0.405         \\ \hline
    4                  & 0.993        & 0.54         & 0.98          & 0.3           \\ \hline
    5                  & 0.964        & 0.423        & 0.961         & 0.199         \\ \hline
    6                  & 0.872        & 0.316        & 0.918         & 0.143         \\ \hline
    7                  & 0.776        & 0.241        & 0.843         & 0.103         \\ \hline
    8                  & 0.614        & 0.16         & 0.765         & 0.079         \\ \hline
  \end{tabular}
  \caption{Percentage of successful one-shot matrix reconstructions as a
    function of the zeroed out entries. The first column corresponds to the
    number of zeroed out entries. The reaming columns correspond to the success
    rates of the models on the one-shot reconstruction task. For brevity we
    decided to show only the number of zeroed out entries until $8$.}
  \label{tab:comparisson}
\end{table*}

\subsection{EMPM vs Kline}

In this section we compare the EMPM reconstruction capabilities with Kline's
method.

\begin{figure*}[htb]
  \centering
\begin{subfigure}{0.33\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{paper-image-reconstruction-size-12.pdf}
    \caption{$n=12$}\label{fig:kline-comparisson-size-12}
\end{subfigure}\hfil
\begin{subfigure}{0.33\textwidth}
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{paper-image-reconstruction-size-16.pdf}
  \caption{$n=16$}\label{fig:kline-comparisson-size-16}
\end{subfigure}\hfil
\begin{subfigure}{0.33\textwidth}
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{paper-image-reconstruction-size-20.pdf}
  \caption{$n=20$}\label{fig:kline-comparisson-size-20}
\end{subfigure}

\medskip
\begin{subfigure}{0.33\textwidth}
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{paper-image-reconstruction-size-24.pdf}
  \caption{$n=24$}\label{fig:kline-comparisson-size-24}
\end{subfigure}\hfil
\begin{subfigure}{0.33\textwidth}
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{paper-image-reconstruction-size-28.pdf}
  \caption{$n=28$}\label{fig:kline-comparisson-size-28}
\end{subfigure}\hfil
\begin{subfigure}{0.33\textwidth}
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{paper-image-reconstruction-size-32.pdf}
  \caption{$n=32$}\label{fig:kline-comparisson-size-32}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Percentage of successful reconstructions obtained by both the EMPM
  (blue) and Kline's method (yellow). The $x$ axis shows the number of zeroed
  out entries. The $y$ axis shows the percentage of successful matrix
  reconstructions.}
\label{fig:kline-comparisson-all}
\end{figure*}

Figure~\ref{fig:kline-comparisson-all} shows the percentage of successful
reconstructions for both Kline's method and the EMPM as a function of the number
of zeroed out entries. We can see that, until $n=20$, our method outperforms
Kline's. However for $n \geq 24$ the EMPM is outperformed.

Nevertheless we can see that both methods enter the region where virtually no
matrix is reconstructed at about the same number of zeroed-out entries. And,
still inside the domain where both methods are able to recover matrices, the
EMPM has a good performance when compared to what is currently, to the extent of
our knowledge, the best available method for Hadamard matrix reconstruction in
scientific literature~\cite{KLINE201933}.

At the moment we believe that the EMPM is outperformed mainly due to the
stochastic nature of the decoding, \textit{i.e}, since our model is predicting
the values of missing entries it is expected that, with some probability, it
will eventually miss. Of course the more entries the model has to predict, the
greater the chance for error and the less the chance for success. Klines's does
not suffer from this as no probabilistic predictions are required for the
reconstruction.

\subsection{Generalization to other equivalence classes}

The results shown so far have all been obtained by training and evaluating the
model over the same equivalence class. However, if we ever hope to use machine
learning to find Hadamard matrices, the ability to generalize to unknown
equivalence classes is a must.

Figure~\ref{fig:size_28_train_24} compares the reconstruction capabilities of
the EMPM with Kline's method. This time, the model was trained on 24,
corresponding to 5 percent, of the 487 existing equivalence classes for $n=28$.
We performed five different experiments where the matrices used for training
were chosen randomly at the start of each experiment. The averages of both
metrics across all experiments were taken to draw the darker lines in the plot.
The filled region corresponds to the 95\% confidence interval of the mean,
\textit{i.e}, the region $\overline{x} \pm 1.96 \sigma/\sqrt{5}$, where $\sigma$
is the standard deviation and $\overline{x}$ is the mean of the percentage of
successes for each number of zeroed-out entries.

\begin{figure}[h]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.40\textwidth]{paper_image_size_28_train_24.pdf}
  \caption{Percentage of reconstruction success for a model trained on 24 of the
    487 equivalence classes for $n=28$ and evaluated on the remaining ones. The
    filled region corresponds to the 95\% confidence interval of the
    mean.}\label{fig:size_28_train_24}
\end{figure}

As we can see by comparing Figures~\ref{fig:kline-comparisson-size-28}
and~\ref{fig:size_28_train_24} our model does not lose reconstruction
capabilities when evaluated on unseen equivalence classes. Moreover we can also
conclude that we require very few representatives of distinct equivalence
classes to achieve generalization to the remaining classes.

\subsection{Extending the performance of the EMPM}

When evaluating our models we created a softer metric called \textit{highest
  confidence prediction} (HCP). Here we check if the sign of the entry in the
model's prediction with the largest absolute value corresponds to the sign of
the ground truth.

When we evaluated this metric as a function of the number of zeroed-out entries
we observed that it suffered from very little degradation in performance as the
number of zeroed out entries increased. This is illustrated
in~\ref{fig:highest-confidence-prediction} where the metric is computed for
$n=32$ with the number of zeroed-out entries ranging from $1$ to $128$.

\begin{figure}[h]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.40\textwidth]{paper_image_most_likely_prediction.pdf}
  \caption{Highest confidence prediction as a function of the number of
    zeroed-out entries.}
  \label{fig:highest-confidence-prediction}
\end{figure}

As we can see the accuracy of HCP remained always above $95\%$. This motivated
the introduction of another reconstruction routine called \textit{sequential
  reconstruction}. Here matrices are reconstructed by successively choosing to
complete the entry corresponding to the HCP. A new prediction is requested from
the model every time an entry is reconstructed. Figure~\ref{fig:seq-rec-32}
shows the performance of this reconstruction for $n=32$.

\begin{figure}[h]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.40\textwidth]{sec-rec-size-32.pdf}
  \caption{Sequential reconstruction compared to Kline's method for $n=32$.}
  \label{fig:seq-rec-32}
\end{figure}

We can see that the usage of the model in this sequential reconstruction
scenario vastly increases its performance, even surpassing Kline's method.

\section{Conclusions}

In this paper we have shown that DL methods can in fact learn how to reconstruct
Hadamard matrices and that, the success in this task, is heavily dependent on the
usage of GDL techniques. We have shown how to construct an
$S_n^2$-equivariant model and tested it, with great successes, against other
state-of-the-art NNs.

Using the trained models in a one-shot reconstruction scenario yielded, for
$n=24, 28 \textup{ and } 32$, worse results than the current best method in
scientific literature. However, we have shown that the models can be used in
other ways to increase their performance. In our case it was a simple sequential
reconstruction but we expect that the same models could do even better if they
were integrated in a search procedure (\textit{e.g}, beam search).

Lastly, we have seen that our model can effectively generalize to unseen
equivalent classes needing only a few representatives to do so.

\section{Future work}

Recall that, even though we have successfully created an equivariant model to
the actions of $S_n^2$, we did nothing regarding row/column negations. A next
step would be to try and create a model that, in addition, would also be
equivariant to negations thus completely eliminating the need for data
augmentation.

Since our models were successful in the reconstruction task we would like to
pursue more ambitious paths. We could try error correction instead of
reconstruction. Here instead of zeroing out some entries we would flip them and
have the network predict the positions of the errors. We would also like to try
and use said network after some local search method (\textit{e.g}, hill
climbing) to see if the jump from a local optima to a Hadamard matrix could be
made.

Alternatively, we could formulate the search for Hadamard matrices as
reinforcement learning instances and use our networks as the backbone of our
model.

Additionally, we would like to test if, besides generalization to other
equivalent classes, we could achieve generalization across different sizes. Our
hopes of succeding are here build upon the large success that message passing
neural networks have had in this type of generalization. Such is the case
in~\cite{gilmer2017neural} and~\cite{NIPS2017_d9896106} where the authors
observe that their networks generalize well to instances larger than those seen
during training. A positive result here would be of utmost importance since we
could train neural networks in regimes where thousands of matrices are known and
then try to use them for the discovery of unknown classes of larger orders.

\printbibliography

\pagebreak

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: Java: Using JVM argument -XX:ErrorFile and append the logs in existing log file without pid I have following configuration for my service

exec java -Djava.io.tmpdir=$tmpdir -Djava.library.path="Some_Path"
  -Xmx"$heapsize"m -XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC -XX:OnOutOfMemoryError="Do something, may be restart"
  -XX:ErrorFile=/var/log/service/myService/"myServiceCrash".log -jar .jar

I am not able to append the crash logs into the same file. But new file with new PID is created every time.
Requirement : Dump crash logs into same file.

A: This is expected behavior. For the first time it will write to the file provided in -XX:ErrorFile=, Once the file exists it won't be overwritten and you will then get the default error file.
Ideally there should be some way top show the file creation fails, but it can't be done as part of the error handling code.
Please check the evaluation here - https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-8189672

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


On the morning of August 24th, over 100 freshman students from the University made their way to Senn Park High School for the annual Saturday of Service event.
As part of the university's Welcome Week activities, Loyola freshmen are invited to participate in a community service project to both familiarize new students with the Jesuit mission and identity of Loyola while also providing them with an opportunity to interact with local residents from the Lake Shore Campus' home neighborhoods, Rogers Park and Edgewater.
For this year's event, Loyola University's Center for Service and Action and Office of Community Relations partnered with the Edgewater Environmental Sustainability Project (EESP) to plan a city beautification fence-painting project. Working alongside our partners at EESP, our eager students set out to scrape and paint the 90-foot wrought iron fence that surrounds Chicago Park District Senn Play-lot Park, located on 5800 block of Ridge Ave.


text:
Вербо́ве —  село в Україні, в Охтирському районі Сумської області. Населення становить 149 осіб. Орган місцевого самоврядування — Височанська сільська рада.

Географія
Село Вербове знаходиться на березі річки Охтирка, вище за течією примикає село Високе, нижче за течією на відстані 5 км розташоване місто Охтирка. Поруч проходить автомобільна дорога . За 2 км розташований Охтирський аеродром.

Посилання
 Погода в селі Вербове

Села Сумської області
Населені пункти Охтирського району


text:
Q: Grid in Tailwind CSS + React not working as intended I am making a signup form with react and tailwind CSS and I seem to have hit a roadblock when I am trying to get this one label and text-field aligned. The screenshot of what it looks like is below:
Screenshot of the form
As you can probably make out I intend to have the postcode label and text field next to the county label and text-field. To achieve this I am using the grid layout and my code looks like this (The part in question is under the address section):
const SignupPage = () => {
  return(

Your Info

          <form className="grid grid-cols-1 items-start gap-1 sm:grid-cols-2">

            {/*Title Selector*/}
            Title
            <select className="font-hk font-light rounded-lg border border-gray-300 focus:outline-none focus:border-green-500 mx-5 row-start-2 sm:col-span-2" >
              <option>Select one ...</option>
              <option>Mr</option>
              <option>Mrs</option>
              <option>Miss</option>
              <option>Ms</option>
            </select>

            {/*Name fields*/}
            First name
            <input type="text" className="mx-5 font-hk font-light rounded-lg border border-gray-300 row-start-4 sm:col-start-1" required="true"/>
            Last name
            <input type="text" className="mx-5 font-hk font-light rounded-lg border border-gray-300 row-start-6 sm:row-start-4 sm:col-start-2" required="true"/>

            {/*Gender Selector and Date-Picker*/}
            <lable className="font-hk pt-2 px-5 text-lg text-left text-slate-800 row-start-7 sm:row-start-5">Gender</lable>
            <select className="font-hk font-light rounded-lg border border-gray-300 focus:outline-none focus:border-green-500 mx-5 row-start-8 sm:row-start-6 sm:col-span-1" >
              <option>Select one..</option>
              <option>Male</option>
              <option>Female</option>
            </select>
            Date of Birth
            <input type="date" className="font-hk mx-5 pt-2 px-5 text-left text-slate-800 rounded-lg border border-gray-300 row-start-9 sm:row-start-6 sm:col-start-2" />

            {/*Address*/}
            Street
            <input type="text" className="mx-5 font-hk font-light rounded-lg border border-gray-300 row-start-11 sm:row-start-8 sm:col-start-1" required="true"/>
            City
            <input type="text" className="mx-5 font-hk font-light rounded-lg border border-gray-300 row-start-13 sm:row-start-8 sm:col-start-2" required="true"/>
            County
            <input type="text" className="mx-5 font-hk font-light rounded-lg border border-gray-300 row-start-15 sm:row-start-10 sm:col-start-1" required="true"/>
            Postcode
            <input type="text" className="mx-5 font-hk font-light rounded-lg border border-gray-300 row-start-17 sm:row-start-10 sm:col-start-2" required="true" />

          </form>

  );
}

export default SignupPage;

I have checked my code to see if I have used the correct row-start-{n} and col-start-{n} values. I even tried explicitly setting the row-span-{n} value and it is still not giving me the intended results. Can someone explain to me what is going on here?
These are the versions of the frameworks I am using for your reference:

*

*tailwindcss: 3.0.24

*@tailwindcss/forms: 0.5.2

*react: 18.1.0

PS: This is my first question on StackOverflow any pointers on how I could ask questions better in future are appreciated as well :)

A: Out of the box, Tailwind does not support row-start values greater than row-start-7. See: https://tailwindcss.com/docs/grid-row
You can add a custom value inline by using the "arbitrary values" utility class format: row-start-[8].
Alternatively, you can add the values 8-10 to your tailwind.config.js file to extend this utility class.
module.exports = {
  theme: {
    extend: {
      gridRowStart: {
        '8': '8',
        '9': '9',
        '10': '10'
      }
    }
  }
}


text:
Home » History » Cold War » Digital Journal Op-Ed: America could learn from rappers' tribute to Radio Free Europe
by Ted Lipien
Truckee - Led by Peja of the Polish rap group Slums Attack, Europe's rappers recorded a multilingual tribute to political and cultural freedom message of the American-funded station Radio Free Europe.
Using historical film footage of Radio Free Europe broadcasters, rappers from several European countries make statements similar to dissident voices heard on the station before the fall of the Iron Curtain. During the Cold War, Radio Free Europe broadcast both news commentary and music, which communists in Poland and other Soviet-dominated nations tried unsuccessfully to silence through jamming of radio signals.
But in today's unusable and not much freer world, the station's important message of freedom to nations which continue to suffer under authoritarian regimes is becoming unfortunately much weaker due to decreased U.S. funding and growing indifference in America to showing solidarity with dissidents who fight for their rights in countries like China, Iran and Russia. The song recorded by Slums Attack and other European rappers serves above all as a reminder that the struggle against political oppression and against banality of popular culture which ignores this struggle, is both timeless and universal.
"Radio Wolna Europa" (Radio Free Europe) is the first single of the Slums Attack latest album "CNO2" released in mid-September 2012. The video for the song was recorded in Poland, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, and Italy. It includes guest appearances by DeFuckTo (Czech Republic), Azyl (Germany), Sniper (Lithuania), Clementino (Italy), R-MC and Loo (Belgium), Shazaam (Sweden), Hijack (UK) and Gandzior (Poland).
Americans have forgotten how effective dissident voices from Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty and Voice of America (VOA) were in peacefully transforming unfree societies at a minimal cost. But as powerful as it is, the message of dissent, human rights and freedom cannot be delivered completely for free and without upsetting foreign powers like Russia and China, or even the White House and the State Department. Europe's rappers' tribute to RFE serves as a reminder that while Central and Eastern Europe are now largely democratic, many less fortunate nations still need a platform for uncensored, dissident voices and a show of solidarity from America.
Ted Lipien listened to Radio Free Europe while growing up in communist-ruled Poland and later served as Voice of America (VOA) acting associate director. He is a co-founder of the Committee for U.S. International Broadcasting (CUSIB).
READ MORE of the original Digital Journal article: "Op-Ed: America could learn from rappers' tribute to Radio Free Europe" by Ted Lipien.
Peja Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty Slums Attack Ted Lipien	2013-09-15
tedlipien
Previous: LIPIEN: Remembering a Polish-American patriot
Next: Ted Lipien's book published in Poland, reviewed in Polityka
History's Greatest Fourth of July Birthday Card: A Personal Story of Polish-American Friendship
U.S. Responses to WWII Soviet Propaganda Against Poland
WWII Voice of America aired Stalin propaganda to cover up his role in Katyn massacre


I am planning on having a contest on my blog again - but this is not it. Instead, I entered a contest.
By Midnight, June 1 6 (yes, 2013), I have to write an audio drama script less than 30 minutes long. The first place winner will have his/her script made into an audio drama by the directors of Jonathan Park. That would be amazing - if I could win first place.
Still, this isn't just about winning the contest. I have recently been interested in script writing (audio drama script writing, in particular), so this was a good opportunity.
I have the first act of my script planned out - from there, though, I still need to do major work. I've been researching the web a LOT, but I haven't found any physical evidence that God created the world in 6 24 hour spans (the seventh, of course, being God resting). If you know of any good facts, I would greatly appreciate a comment.
This contest, hosted by CreationWorks, has only 25 slots, so if you want to compete head on over there immediately! As a note, it's only open to homeschoolers between the ages 12 to 18. Pretty limited audience, but one I fit into perfectly.
While I'm on the topic of audio dramas, I've been listening to a great many of them. Adventures in Odyssey, Down Gilead Lane, and on. A new radio drama series that just came out (and is excellent quality for a starting series), is the Brinkman Adventures. Based on true events, and a Christian message in each episode, it's hardly someting you can turn down. The website is brinkmanadventures.com.


Your comment was so funny! Congrats on your award - you deserve it! How sweet you are to pass it on to me! Your like my sister blogger - since we almost have the same name. Although I have shortened it to Cinnamon & Spice - but I will probably go back to everything nice at some point! Thanks again!
I forgot to say thanks for sharing those tidbits about yourself - I loved getting to know you better. I always catch bugs in cups and let them go outside. I think their lost and need help getting on the right track.
Thank you so much for nominating me. I am still "recovering" from our interstate move, so I may not get the chance to play along. I appreciate your kind words about my recipes/blog.
Thank you so much for your kind words :-) I love to share the love with my fabulous fellow foodies!


Krupps, Die; Seraphim; Virtuocity; Tesla; Bulldozer; C.I.A.; Edguy; Koster, Meike; Melancholy; Feinstein; etc.
Desolation around me, it's time to die.
There's only death in my town.
Deadly things will happen to me, people lie down in every street.
The silent death took away all the things.
In my mirror I see people choke with secret poison.
It's not a dream, it's true, I'm alone with you, I'll pay for my sin.
I run everyday, now it's time to say goodbye.
Welcome to the death, you are the last my friend, take me away with you.
I run away but it isn't easy to live without all my friends.
A dog bark in the dark, it's alive, so stay with me on the east side.
The gate is closed, the hell can wait, but the evil is in the air.
Scars break my heart in pieces, there are some victims of this cruel time.
So I sit and wait just for you, don't afraid to die my friend.
The silent death took away all the things, in my mirror I see people choke with secret poison.
Welcome to the city of madness, only blood in its streets.
Far away from here people are starving, there aren't rules in this city of madness.
Wake up in this silent storm, I'm ready to leave.
I'll find a good place where we can be.
Prepare everything and I'll take all my bags with me.
We leave with this rain, nobody can hear me now.
In a moment everything can change.
While I saw a white rabbit I was walking alone, so I fell like Alice in Wonderland.
I walk alone in a land of illusions, all the things I touch will disappear.
I'm alone in a land of illusions, all the things around me will fade away.
I can't understand if it's true, but everything seems so real.
And I lost all my things, will I lose myself?
I take a stone from the ground, but as soon as I take, it disappears.
Near me the red cat said: "Run away before it's too late".
All the things fade away again, why does it happen to me?
I see behind me a little girl, she looks at me and smiles.
She said: "thank you my friend, you've to stay here, now I'm free".
Tell me what we are doing, tell, who are you?
You destroyed all our dreams and make some people cry.
I look around of me, how many guys have no future?
For me and for my friends it's not easy to stay here, without hope.
It's time to say Goodbye Nation, I'll take my bags, I'll go away.
It's time to say Goodbye Nation, without tears I'll go away.
All our politicians make wrong things.
They need a lot of money, to destroy all our dreams.
We need to find strength inside, we must carry on!
But there isn't a solution and we're ready to go away.
Welcome to the theatre, the theatre of my life, the silence reigns in me while you open my eyes.
You arrived in this place with your smile, you are the light that can touch on my heart.
Come with your silence... So tell me who are you?
You are my princess, please tell me who are you?
You are the light in this darkness. Tell me who are you?
A silent prayer to my God, please take me with you.
Anja, take me away from here, from this silent place where I scream.
Drive me to the horizon, come as you are.
Anja take me away from here, from this silent place where I scream.
I'm waiting again for you, day after day.
If I'm lucky I'll find your smile and your innocent heart.
You can change everything with your beautiful smile.
You are my princess, please tell me, who are you?
These dreams start like every night, I try to stay awake.
Scars are just made by you inside my heart and in my dreams.
Gaze a point in the sky while the dreams are trying to take me away.
I cry alone. Go away! Out of my life and from my dreams.
I dream a new horizon, I dream a new life.
It will start again in another sleepless night, these dreams seem so real.
Why am I alone again? You are like iron maiden.
I dream a new horizon, I dream new life.
While you go away from me. Destroy everything you made.
A crack in my heart, so I stop crying.
The dreams start with another dream. Will it happen forever?
I try to stop these things, but dreams never end.
Gaze a point in the sky while the dreams're trying to take me away.
A crack in my heart. So I stop crying... Again.
Empire will fall, my queen takes my hands, death will come.
Children are in the fields, we must go to the secret path.
Always after the peace is the storm, death walks in the fields.
A blade in the dark after the midnight eclipse.
Take my hand, my dying queen, all your children will come with me.
They'll come to take your head, my queen. Look into my eyes, I'm cryin'.
This is the end of this reign, the king is dying for you.
Cruel duel in this cruel time, death takes the blade and comes to kill.
Another man is falling down in this damned night.
E di trovare un bimbo solo, che ha paura e sogna di volare.
Se guardo al cielo penso a te, da sempre.
Ti giuro che vorrei che fosse per sempre, che stessi qui vicino a me da sempre.
Se guardo al mondo penso ancora a te, dove è che le stelle si incontrano e vanno a cadere.
Sfioro le tue mani, vieni con me, come l'arcobaleno per un attimo sfioro il cielo.
Sempre, se guardo al cielo penso a te da sempre.
Da sempre, che stessi qui vicino a me da sempre.
True love, true lies, a world in the eyes of a child.
A ray of light for me is guiding me to my new star.
Near the horizon a star is waiting for me.
She tells me: "how are you?" She gives me her heart.
She paints again my soul with a new strength.
I found a place for me in a corner of this sky.
A star takes my hand, her light fills my heart.
A point in a view. Now I see my future.
A light invades my soul, deep inside of me.
Another lie, another person wears a false mask.
Another tomorrow, where are good things?
Another man tries to sell myself.
Out from this place with a lie in your hands.
Open your arms to the truth and listen to the voice of your soul.
Tell me who are you? And go away from me!
There is no future for you, because you are a liar.
I just watched you make the same mistake again.
You lost your faith, and you said another lie.
Another false promise, another broken heart, another day, another wicked deed.


Christy Moore in the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic, October 2008.
Christy (1995) 54 mins – Christy reflects on life and career.
Christy Moore Uncovered (2001) 104 mins – features collaborations with Jimmy MacCarthy, Wally Page, Shane MacGowan, Sinéad O'Connor and John Spillane.
Live 2004 (Planxty DVD) The reunion of the hugely popular and influential group after a 20-year hiatus.
Christy Moore's Come All You Dreamers – Live at Barrowland (2009) – Filmed in Barrowland in Glasgow featuring Declan Sinnott.
^ "Rehab Press Room". Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
^ a b c d e Moore, Christy (2000). One Voice. London: Lir/Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-76839-8.
^ "Listen Its Christy Moore". Irish Music Magazine. 30 March 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
^ "Christy Moore – Music Charts". Acharts.us. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
^ "ElectionsIreland.org: 19th Dail – Kildare First Preference Votes". Electionsireland.org. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
^ – 15:00 (17 June 2007). "Desert Island Discs – Castaway : Christy Moore". BBC. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
^ "The story of Christy Moore and the Stardust song". The Dublin People: Northside East. 2 February 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
^ Moore, Christy (2003)."One Voice"p.168. Hodder and Stoughton.London.
^ "Christy Moore". 26 October 2008. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
^ Melia, Paul (22 October 2004). "Christy Moore 'frightened' by detention at Holyhead". The Irish Independent. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
^ "Irish singer's port quiz anger". BBC. 22 October 2004. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
^ "Irish singer Christie Moore was questioned by the British authorities – Irish Music Daily". Irishmusicdaily.com. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
^ "BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs". BBC. 17 June 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2007.
^ "IRMA – Irish Charts". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
4711ers.org '4711' is a term Christy coined which refers to his online fanbase.


text:
Post–cold War Policy
Richard A. Melanson
While the precise dates that marked the beginning and the end of the Cold War remain the subjects of scholarly debate, the era's major foreign policy focus was unambiguous: containing the spread of Soviet power and international communism by supporting friendly governments with aid, arms, and, occasionally, troops; deterring nuclear attacks on the United States and its allies; and supporting economic institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund created at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. Deprived of a global enemy, American foreign policy since the Cold War seemingly became more diffuse, perhaps even incoherent. But, though political elites awaited the arrival of a reincarnated "X" (the pseudonym senior State Department official George F. Kennan used in his famous article on the strategy of containment in 1947) to articulate a crystalline, new strategy, several discernible and related themes and concepts have, nevertheless, characterized post–Cold War American foreign policy.
At least six themes and concepts have steered U.S. foreign policy since the Cold War:
the preservation of American global hegemony
the fostering of globalization through the continued development of liberal international economic institutions
the promotion of an ever-growing "zone of democratic peace"
the repeated employment of military power to ease humanitarian disasters
the isolation and punishment of a handful of "rogue" states that allegedly threatened regional stability and American security;
growing concerns about the vulnerability of the United States to attacks from these regimes as well as from transnational terrorist groups.
Efforts to formulate concrete policies from these themes and concepts have provoked both domestic and international dissent about their appropriateness and feasibility.
Preserving american global hegemony
Fostering globalization
Promoting democracy
Undertaking humanitarian interventions
Isolating and punishing "rogue" states
Defending the american homeland
Berger, Samuel. "American Power: Hegemony, Isolationism, or Engagement." Remarks delivered at the Council on Foreign Relations, 21 October 1999.
Bowden, Mark. Black Hawk Down: A Study of Modern War. New York, 1999. Graphically describes the fire-fight that erupted in the streets of Mogadishu, Somalia, between U.S. forces and Somali clans on 3 October 1993.
Brilmayer, Lea. American Hegemony: Political Morality in a One-Superpower World. New Haven, Conn., 1994.
Brinkley, Douglas. "Democratic Enlargement: The Clinton Doctrine." Foreign Policy 106 (spring 1997): 111–127.
Brown, Michael E., Sean M. Lynn-Jones, and Steven E. Miller, eds. Debating the Democratic Peace: An International Security Reader. Cambridge, 1996.
Carothers, Thomas. "Democracy Promotion Under Clinton." Washington Quarterly 18 (summer 1995): 13–25.
Cox, Michael, G. John Ikenberry, and Takashi Inoguchi, eds. American Democracy Promotion: Impulses, Strategies, and Impacts. New York, 2000. An exceptionally valuable volume as an introduction to this issue.
Daalder, Ivo H., and Michael E. O'Hanlon. Winning Ugly: NATO's War to Save Kosovo. Washington, D.C., 2000.
Friedman, Thomas L. The Lexus and the Olive Tree. New York, 1999. A spirited defense of globalization that is engagingly written.
Garten, Jeffrey E. The Big Ten: The Big Emerging Markets and How They Will Change Our Lives. New York, 1997.
Goodman, Melvin A. "The Case Against National Missile Defense." Journal of Homeland Defense (20 October 2000).
Hirsch, John L., and Robert B. Oakley. Somalia and Operation Restore Hope: Reflections on Peacemaking and Peacekeeping. Washington, D.C., 1995.
Holbrooke, Richard C. To End a War. New York, 1999. Holbrooke's valuable memoir on his efforts to end the war in Bosnia.
Joseph, Robert. "The Case for National Missile Defense." Journal of Homeland Defense (20 October 2000).
Kaplan, Lawrence F. "Offensive Line: Why the Best Offense Is a Good Missile Defense." New Republic (12 March 2001).
Klare, Michael. Rogue States and Nuclear Outlaws: America's Search for a New Foreign Policy. New York, 1995.
Lake, Anthony. "From Containment to Enlargement." Remarks delivered at the Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, 21 September 1993.
——. "Confronting Backlash States." Foreign Affairs 73 (March–April 1994): 45–55.
Layne, Christopher. "Rethinking American Grand Strategy: Hegemony or Balance of Power in the Twenty-First Century?" World Policy Journal 15 (summer 1998): 8–28.
Litwak, Robert. Rogue States and U.S. Foreign Policy: Containment After the Cold War. Baltimore, 2000.
Mandelbaum, Michael. "Foreign Policy as Social Work." Foreign Affairs 75 (January–February 1996): 16–32. A highly critical article about the Clinton administration's humanitarian interventions in Somalia, Haiti, and Bosnia that fully reflects the "realist" critique of these operations.
Melanson, Richard A. American Foreign Policy Since the Vietnam War: The Search for Consensus from Nixon to Clinton. Armonk, N.Y., 2000.
O'Sullivan, Meghan L. "Sanctioning 'Rogue' States: A Strategy in Decline?" Harvard International Review 22 (summer 2000): 56–61.
Rubin, Barry. "U.S. Foreign Policy and Rogue States." Middle East Review of International Affairs 3 (September 1999): 49–57.
Sachs, Jeffrey. "Unlocking the Mysteries of Globalization." Foreign Policy 110 (spring 1998): 97–111.
Stiglitz, Joseph. "The Insider." New Republic (17–24 April 2000). An article by a former senior official at the IMF criticizes that organization for its imperious policies toward developing countries.
Walker, Martin. "The New American Hegemony." World Policy Journal 13 (summer 1996): 13–21.
Waltz, Kenneth N. "Globalization and American Power." The National Interest 59 (spring 2000): 46–56. An article by a leading "realist" scholar that debunks globalization as a wildly exaggerated phenomenon that has done little to alter the ways states conduct their foreign policies.
See also Arms Control and Disarmament ; Cold War Evolution and Interpretations ; Cold War Origins ; Cold War Termination ; Cold Warriors ; Containment ; Environmental Diplomacy ; Globalization ; Humanitarian Intervention and Relief ; Internationalism ; International Monetary Fund and World Bank ; International Organization ; Nuclear Strategy and Diplomacy ; Power Politics ; Science and Technology ; Superpower Diplomacy ; Terrorism and Counterterrorism .
Rogue states and states of concern
Post–cold War Policy forum
Philanthropy Power Politics


Senior Madi Winter's return to the girls varsity basketball team in Saturday night's game was impactful to say the least. Named the leading scorer with 26 points, her contributions helped lead the Lady Rangers to their win over Wayland in their second game of the Cornerstone Holiday tournament with a final score of 50-44.
Described as a "floor general" by her teammates, Madi's return was much anticipated.
Junior Claire Baguley was also relieved to have her teammate back on the court last night.
"[Madi] can get you the ball; she just knows the game so well, so it's nice to play with someone that knows how you play and is really experienced," Claire said.
Despite jumping out to an early 15-8 lead and dominating the first quarter with their tight press and quick passes, the Rangers found themselves losing control through the second and third quarters. With a large and aggressive Wayland lineup, the game came within one point in the final two minutes.
With frustration throughout the team, the Rangers started to become much more aggressive on defense and were called for fouls many times in the final minutes of the fourth quarter. Once FHC reached the double bonus for team fouls, the Wildcats started their comeback as they were an extremely impressive free-throw-shooting team.
Two made Wildcat free throws put the score at 42-41 with less than two minutes to go, FHC narrowly ahead by one. Madi was then fouled and made both free throws. Claire, who had 19 points total on the night, made a layup, senior Ashley Lutkenhoff made two more freethrows, and Madi added another two. These points sealed the Ranger victory, despite a three from the Wildcats that put the final score at 50-44.
Claire, as well as being the second highest scorer, was also named to the All-Tournament team for the second year in a row.
With another win under their belts, the Lady Rangers have now won three straight and are 3-3 overall. They head into conference play with momentum and on a winning streak. FHC will head to Northview for the first conference matchup of the season on Tuesday, January 9th. Northview, with a lot of returning players and a historically talented program, will be a challenge for the Rangers.


text:
Sumayyah Mohammed v. Moraine and Another
Court/Judicial body: High Court of Trinidad and Tobago
Citation: (1995) 49 WIR 37; (action 3000A of 1994)
Instrument(s) cited: Constitution of Trinidad and Tobago: Section 4)(a) the right to security of the person and enjoyment of property; (b) the right to equality before the law and protection of the law; (c) the right to respect for private and family life; (d) the right to equality of treatment; (f) the right of a parent to provide a school of his own choice for the education of his child or ward; (h) the right to freedom of conscience, religious belief and observance; and section 5(2)(h) the right to such procedural provisions as are necessary for the purpose of giving effect and protection to the aforesaid rights and freedoms. Education Act of Trinidad and Tobago: Section 3 which sets out the responsibility of the Minister of Education for ensuring effective execution of the education policy of Trinidad and Tobago; Section 7 which prohibits discrimination; Section 14 which established Holy Name Convent as a public school; and Section 15 which established the board of management.
Background: The applicants in this case, who was a Muslim pupil, challenged the refusal of the school to allow her to wear dress conforming to the hijab, instead of the school uniform, and her subsequent suspension from attending classes. The principal and board of management of the school had explained that, if an exemption were allowed to her, other parents would also seek exemptions; further, that the uniform was a useful tool in administration, was conducive to good discipline, and created a sense of unity and of family. The applicant instituted proceedings for judicial review of the decision to suspend her and also claimed redress for contravention of her constitutional rights, in particular those under section 4(a) (right to enjoyment of property), (b) (right to equality before the law) and (d) (right to equality of treatment by public authorities) the Constitution of Trinidad and Tobago.
Issue and resolution: School dress. The Court was asked to decide whether the applicant's constitutional rights to equality before the law and treatment by public authorities were breached by the school's refusal to allow her to wear her hijab. Quashing the school's decision, the Court held that, although the school had the right to insist on compliance with school regulations, its policy was inflexible and it had been unreasonable in the exercise of its powers.
Court reasoning: The Court determined that the school exercised functions of a governmental and coercive nature when it refused admission to the applicant on account of her not wearing school uniform and accordingly was susceptible to proceedings for redress of constitutional rights. No violations of section 4(b) (right to equality before the law) or section 4(d) (right to equality of treatment by a public authority) were found in the absence of bad faith or hostile intention on the part of the respondents. Nonetheless, the Court ordered that the respondents' decision is quashed as they had applied the school regulations inflexibly and had not taken into account the psychological effect on the applicant of refusing to allow her to conform to the hijab. There was no evidence to support the respondents' plea that conforming to the hijab would be conducive to indiscipline or would erode the sense of tradition or loyalty to the school, nor that it would accentuate distinctions between students from affluent homes and less affluent ones. In these regards the decision of the respondents had been an unreasonable exercise of their powers conferred by the Education Act and was unsustainable.
Link to full judgement: Not publicly available. Can be found in the West Indian Law Reports on LexisNexis.
Countries: Trinidad and Tobago
Related CRC Articles: Article 13: Freedom of expression, Article 14: Freedom of thought; conscience and religion, Article 28: Education
Themes: Education and cultural rights
Issues: Provision of services (health; education etc.)


Order a Seiko SLP1100. Same-day shipping of this Smart Label Printer with a 30-day guarantee.
We can ship the Seiko SLP1100 out today for orders placed before noon Pacific time. Utmost care is taken with every part we ship. Whether new, refurbished, pre-owned, or used, each part is inspected, cleaned, and thoroughly tested where possible. All products include our 30 day DOA replacement warranty.