text:
Grammar Geekery With Bill Walsh (September)
Could you literally care less about the finer points of the language? Ever wonder why the Post follows the conventions it follows? Post copy editor Bill Walsh discussed not only grammar but also punctuation, capitalization, spelling, word choice, and the other nuts and bolts of good writing.
At one of my previous employers, the subject of a certain department at that publication came up, and a colleague sighed and remarked, "They don't know what words mean!"
Knowing what words mean is a good trait to have in the writing biz, but sometimes those complaints are exaggerated. Words change meaning, often through rampant misuse, and usually, eventually, we have to accept the new meaning and move on. This little sidelight career of mine (I'm gonna let it shine!) is largely about being a self-appointed referee in such matters, and today I'd like to share with you some rampant errors that I'm not yet ready to call acceptable.
You're probably sick by now of my obsession with the word "suspect," which cops use to mean "subject" and which too many police-beat reporters parrot, sometimes to the point of talking about a suspect and then reporting that police have no suspects in the crime. It's pretty simple: A suspect is a person suspected of committing a crime. If you're describing a crime without naming a suspect, the person committing it is a robber or burglar or killer or jaywalker, not a suspect.
If the crime in question is an ambush, that means the criminal or criminals hid or waited for the victim or victims before attacking. The word doesn't apply to just any surprise attack, but it's a sexy word, and so people just use it as a pretty decoration to apply to any unprovoked act of violence.
Maybe that so-called ambush was a so-called active-shooter situation. Sigh. Here's a stupid term that's stupid even when used correctly, though, sure enough, we are now using it incorrectly. As with suspect, it started as police jargon. "One Adam 12, one Adam 12, shooting at 123 Main Street" doesn't convey the same urgency as "One Adam 12, one Adam 12, active shooter at 123 Main Street." Why "shooting in progress" fell out of favor is a mystery to me, but whatever. Let the police have their jargon.
And if the TV and radio people want to borrow that jargon when covering such a thing live, fine. I'd rather hear a description in plain English than this code word, but time is money, etc.
In print journalism, though, there's simply no need for the term. Presumably the event is over, and there are no passive shooters. Just tell us what happened. I'm seeing "active shooter" being applied to the ugly incident in Roanoke, and clearly that's wrong. You could argue for "ambush," but an outburst a few seconds long is not an "active-shooter situation" except in the most literal sense, in which every shooting is active.
And how about that lame duck in the White House? Nope. A lame-duck president is one whose successor has been chosen. Obama won't be a lame duck until November of next year. Somehow that term has been extended to mean ... hell, I don't know. It started to crop up, including in The Washington Post, after the midterm congressional elections. If he was a lame duck then, why wasn't he a lame duck in November 2012? He couldn't run again, right?
One thing that happens when we don't know what words mean is that the original term no longer suffices for the original meaning. And so we get retronyms. Mail used to mean mail, but now that we have e-mail we have snail mail. The list is endless. Acoustic guitar. Snow skiing. Ice skating. I just returned from two weeks in Europe (bonus travel tip: Don't miss Ghent!), and in London, the land of mushy peas, I saw one menu offer both mushy peas and garden peas. Because it would sound silly to say "Mushy peas or peas?" or "Mushy or non-mushy?"
Finally, you may have heard that Serena Williams is going for a calendar Grand Slam at the U.S. Open. The Grand Slam in tennis (all four major titles in the same year) is a rare thing, and so the term has been extended and we have "career Slams" (all four majors, whenever) and "non-calendar Slams" (all four majors in a row). Serena Williams has already accomplished that, and it was called the Serena Slam. Grand Slam and Slam are also commonly used to refer to any single major title, to add to the confusion. Retronyms can be useful (see peas, mushy), but sometimes they're just stupid.
Serena is going for the Grand Slam. Period. Good luck, Serena.
Sorry to blather on. Now, what's on your mind?
Q: Something I should know
How would you write the following sentence? (Let's assume it's the last sentence of the piece, and the novel in discussion has been mentioned once or twice before.) The novel "Purity" will be published next month. OR The novel, "Purity," will be published next month. OR The novel, titled "Purity," will be published next month. # # # I think No. 2 is correct because the title is apposition. Someone else is arguing that by putting it in commas, I'm making the title non-essential. My counterargument is that the title has been previously referenced in the piece; plus, it's apposition. Help! I'm tempted to just say "Flip a coin" in a nod to one of your copy-editing maxims.
A: Bill Walsh
No commas the first time. You're telling people which novel you're talking about.
Yes commas in your example. It's already clear which novel you're talking about, and so the title is indeed non-essential.
Definitely not a flip-a-coin matter -- commas would be wrong the first time, and skipping them would be wrong after that.
— Sep 01, 2015 2:03 EDT
Q: What's the difference between a lapsus calami and a lapsus calamari?
One is a slip of the pen, the other is a slip of the fork.
I think you're in the wrong place. The Dixie Riddle Cups chat is Friday.
Q: To each his own?
Hello. Is it "Bryce Harper and Jayson Werth each hit two-run homers" or "Bryce Harper and Jayson Werth each hit a two-run homer"? Thank you.
I would use the latter. I think you'd need both rather than each with the plural, but the singular is still clearer.
Q: Two Usage Questions
There are two language usages that bother me immensely, and I am sure they are wrong - but would like some confirmation! I hope you can help. 1) Use of foundering vs floundering - Tom Boswell in a recent column referred to the Nats "floundering", when it seems to be that they are foundering - running aground. Floundering (which I expect means to be flipping about like a fish) seems to be far more commonly used when foundering seems to be more appropriate. No disrespect to Boz, whose writing is terrific - this is just the most recent example I have encountered. 2) Use of the infinitive "to include" when making a list - the Metro announcements say that elevators are out of service at certain stations "to include" x, y, and z. I would be so much happier if they said that elevators are out of service at certain stations "including" x, y, and z.
"To include" does seem wholly unnecessary.
As for foundering and floundering, I think they're usually interchangeable. It's a pretty subtle shade of difference, at least, though foundering is more of a dire situation. You flounder (flop around) as you founder (sink).
Q: Compound sentences vs. compound predicates
Why do so many writers have trouble distinguishing between the two?
You know I had to look that up, right?
And did you mean compound subjects vs. compound predicates?
Anyway, what I think you're getting at is the question of comma vs. no comma. You generally want a comma with a compound subject but not with a compound predicate, but a lot of writers use the comma in both cases, or reverse the guideline entirely. (See what I did there?)
Compound subject:
Mark bought the beer, and Mary got some potato chips.
Compound predicate:
Mark bought the beer and hurried over.
Now, I did say generally. There are exceptions. You may want to avoid the comma in the first instance if you're going for a staccato effect, or if there's another comma that you want to stand out more:
Mark brought the beer and Mary got some chips and we all had a great evening.
Mary bought the beer and Mary got some chips, but nobody was hungry or thirsty.
And you might want what I call the take-a-breath comma, like the one I used above when I asked whether you saw what I did there:
She walked outside, and saw that the weather was about to spoil her big day.
That comma is technically unnecessary, but sometimes you want that pause.
Q: More crime jargon
There's also "alibi," which refers to a specific defense to a criminal charge ("I can prove I was somewhere else") but is often used now to mean "excuse."
Right. That one seems like a more straightforward extension than some of the other examples, at least to me.
Q: Active shooter
Active shooter is a good phrase because it responds to a new experience we want to describe. That's the point--language evolves to meet needs. Cometh the experience, cometh the phrase. A "shooting in progress" sounds more like X is shooting at Y. An "active shooter situation" is when someone is running around with a gun shooting people randomly in a location. Sadly this second one has become a repeated thing, rather than an isolated event, so it gets a new categorical phrase. It's not a new or unique thing that you just describe in normal words as best you can.
Shooting sprees are new?
Q: Gene Weingarten laid down the law
He says that the way we use other punctuation alongside quotation marks is a travesty. According to Gene we should just decide that punctuation always goes inside if it was part of the quote and outside if it wasn't. Agree? Disagree?
He has a point, but I'll stick with precedent. Once you start trying to impose logic on the English language, you'll be busy for a few centuries.
Q: Will You Have A A Word?
In today's chat, Aaron Blake said: "Chris is always hobnobbing with the hoi polloi."
I don't necessarily buy the idea that foreign terms carry over into English sentences. It's the old Rio Grande River argument. I can't say "the El Cortez hotel"? If urgamunda means restaurant in Swahili, and a restaurant by that names opens on H Street NE, I can't say the word "restaurant" alongside it?
Q: Arguably
This word used as a statement qualifier bothers me. The point the writer is trying to make will be lost on me by the image of an argument ensuing. For example: Bill Walsh is arguably the world's biggest grammar geek. No he's not. Yes he is. No he's not. Yes he is. I would prefer the word possibly, or re-writing the sentence to something like: Bill Walsh is well known for being a grammar geek. What are other options for those of us who don't want to use the word arguably in this context?
I try to avoid arguably because a lot of people have a problem with it, but I've never really understood that problem. It could be argued that I'm ... whatever. I'm not sure how that's ambiguous. Anyone?
Q: Not a question ....
... but a compliment: Thanks for doing these chats. I enjoy them. Does that make me a weirdo?
Q: Shooting spree
First, "shooting spree" is a two word phrase, no different from "active shooter," except slightly less formal and probably a worse fit for the seriousness of the situation. Second, yes, the types of mass shootings we have seen a lot of in the last 10 years seem like a new phenomenon to me. Third, "active shooter" has additional communicative utility because it refers to the person rather than the event. Fourth, "active" and "shooter" are both pretty normal words and accurately describe the situation. The evolution of the phrase is logical and natural. Fifth, everyone arbitrarily picks things in language to nitpick at in language, even though they are not really any worse than anything else. Even Bill Walsh.
I can see that for live coverage, but it's a very odd thing to say after the fact. Boy, that shooter situation sure was active!
Q: FYI
The Swahili word for restaurant is "mgahawa" but "restorenti" is common.
Ha. I almost added that I had no idea what the actual word was.
So, how is the place on H Street?
Q: The plural of octopus can be octopodes
But if you use that someone has the right to punch you in the face. This was the outcome of an intraoffice debate on the plurals of octopus, platypus and mongoose.
The outcome was an active-puncher situation?
Q: Damn Genetics!
Bill: "To include" does seem wholly unnecessary. That's a Britishism, like "whilst".
Blimey.
(Another bonus travel tip: London pedestrians are ruthless. Much more so than Manhattanites.)
Q: E-mail salutation
Sometimes I like to open an e-mail with the recipient's name followed by an em dash, and then close the email similarly, like so: Bill-- This is the body of the email. --Betsy Is this appropriate? Is it more appropriate to use a colon, comma, or period? If so, what would you recommend as a similarly simple way to conclude the message?
Greetings and salutations! No, really, that's what those things are called!
The dash is appropriate at the end, but not at the beginning. You want a comma (to a friend) or a colon (more formal) there.
This reminds me of a pet peeve I have with headlines. The colon works for attribution at the start, not at the end.
Police: Suspect has been arrested
Suspect has been arrested: Police
I have this theory that the latter practice is linked to the abomination of referring to Page A1 as Page 1A, but I'm probably just being cranky.
Q: Hyphens
I see these at work all of the time: active shooter exercise, host nation law enforcement, open source intelligence. Should they be active-shooter exercise, host-nation law enforcement, open-source intelligence? Thanks!
I'm more hyphen-happy than most, but the practice of reaching for any excuse to avoid hyphens ("It's totally clear! Everyone knows that 'active shooter' is a set phrase!") does not sit well with me.
Q: Alleged Suspect
Agree with you on "suspect". Why do news organizations used the word "alleged" in cases where the offense is on video? And why does the WaPo go along with the local practice of not mentioning the race of a perpetrator if the perpetratror is black? Is that code for "your default assumption should be that criminals are black unless otherwise notified."?
"Alleged" is appropriate if you're talking about a suspect who may or may not be the person in the video. Maybe it's an evil twin! An evil doppelganger! But yes, the person in the video is neither a suspect nor alleged.
On perp descriptions, there is no policy against mentioning race, though we could be more consistent. You'll find examples both ways.
Q: Do's or dos?
As in do's (dos?) and don'ts. Dos looks wrong to me because I associate that word as two in Spanish.
Webster's New World (the official dictionary of most newspapers) calls for do's. Dos looks wrong to me because I associate that word with an ancient computer operating system.
The plural of no presents a similar problem. The dictionary calls for noes, but that looks even worse than nos. And no's isn't much better.
Homework reading: What's the plural of the off-color term ho?
Q: Milquetoast/milk toast
I recently challeged someone referring to a weak person as being "milk toast" instead of Milquetoast, after timid cartoon character Casper Milquetoast. I thought that was the origin of the phrase but he said either use is correct. Is this true?
No. Milk toast is a food item, the food item that inspired ol' Caspar's name. (It's Caspar, by the way. Casper is a friendly ghost, or a friendly ghost town in Wyoming.)
The story of pablum is similar. The word pabulum means nourishment, and an olde-tyme purveyor of victuals trademarked Pablum for its bland gruel, which in turn inspired the common noun pablum, which refers to bland or insipid discourse or entertainment.
Then there's Spam and spam ...
I would suggest that "El Cortez" is a proper noun just like "El Norteamericano" or "El Diablo". If Swahili had an article and the name translated as "The Restaurant Restaurant" that would address my qualm, whereas your hypothetical didn't. Remember you were wrong about the WaPo's non-use of the cedilla!
Fair enough, but I also think there's a familiarity test. Only 0.01 percent of the population knows what hoi means. So the hoi polloi is fine in a way that the los nortenos is not.
(That probably needed a tilde.)
Q: Can the plural of platypus can be
platypodes?
I'm ducking this question.
Q: Greetings
I prefer to use Greetings and Salivations. Just cuz.
There are guidelines, and there are drools.
Q: Do onto, others
"The city wants to hold (onto *or* on to?) its good rating."
I would write hold on to, because the on is part of the verb phrase hold on. Sort of like schoolteacher but middle-school teacher.
Q: Jargon
For quite a while now I've been hearing "price point" from radio journalists and interviewees. Is there actually a difference between a price and a price point?
Another of my "House Hunters" peeves! Price point has replaced both price range and price.
Q: Plural of octopus
So can we use oc-toupees instead?
I once had a "bills to pay" folder. Labeled "Bill's toupee."
Q: Shooting sprees
Has The Post made any style changes in the last year as a result of the increased focus on police shootings? (or is it police-involved shootings? or are those two different things? see? this is why I'm curious)
No, but you raise a good point. "Police shooting" is ambiguous.
Q: Online headlines
Thanks as always for doing these chats, Bill. I appreciate that online journalism is akin to drinking from a fire hose, but it really seems to me that the folks who come up with the headlines for stories on the Post's site either need more hands on deck (which I assume are not likely to materialize) or better training. Hardly a day goes by without egregious errors, ranging from headlines that flatly contradict the story to really poor word choices. Nobody is perfect, and perhaps it is unfair to expect more of overworked, time-pressured editors. But at a minimum, perhaps the online crew could start with the journalist's own headline, shortening as needed, rather than reinventing (and warping) the wheel?
The journalist's own headline? There isn't always such a thing. And editors are journalists, too! But I appreciate your critique. I know we're far from perfect.
Q: Can a word have TWO apostrophes?
I've recently needed to write a lot about a church called St. John's Church, often abbreviated simply to "St. John's". The apostrophe obviously indicates that the church is the Church of St. John. My problem comes when I want to refer to something of or pertaining to the church itself. For example, I write about "St. John's' east entrance" or "St. John's' new priest". I can't simply write "St. John's east entrance", because with a single apostrophe the words would indicate that I'm referring to the east entrance of St. John (a human being, not a building). I've been getting around this problem by using the full name of the church, e.g., "St. John's Church's east entrance", or avoiding the "St. John's" name altogether, e.g., "the church's new priest". However, I would love to know what the correct convention is. Can a word have two apostrophes, such that it IS in fact correct to talk about "St. John's' east entrance"?
No, you don't want to double down on that apostrophe. Either make peace with "St. John's east entrance" or write around it.
And how about the plural? More than one McDonald's is ... another instance where you have to write around it.
Q: Advice, please
As an editor, I occasionally let things slide when changes are warranted, even when proofing what other editors have already edited. Sometimes, there's just so much to fix. Not talking about misspellings or factual errors. For example, where to place "only" in a sentence. It's wrong almost every time. I'm sure you know exactly what I mean with "only," but so many editors charged with upholding the English language don't know the finer points, and some of the not-so-fine points. I feel if I point each and every little thing, I'm nit-picking the editors, often very young, and demoralizing them. How do you handle such situations? Especially when time is an issue.
More than one good question there. "Only" is a good example of something that can be nitpicked to death. I try to put the word in the "right" place, but it's far from a big deal.
And then there's a management issue. In a perfect world, feedback would be constant but non-judgmental, but people do have feelings, and you have to keep morale in mind. I was in management for many years and never quite solved that dilemma.
Q: Volcanos
If I told you that, in 1990, residents of Volcanoville were worried about the active volcano 1 mile outside of town, would you criticize my writing because the volcano is no longer active?
A guy shooting people is a guy shooting people. "Active" adds nothing. A volcano can be either dormant or active.
Q: Word usage
Is it now proper to use "momentary" to mean "soon?" I was taught that momentary means "for a brief period of time." Now I often hear it to mean "soon."
I guess I've given up on that one, but you're right, strictly speaking.
See also presently.
Q: Grocery/Bakery/Maybe
Do you at the Post use "Disney" as the shorthand for the theme parks? When I hear or read "We're going to Disney" I imagine old Walt has come back to life, and is receiving visitors. Seems to me it's Disney World, or Disneyland, or Disney Something. Or has it become an common one-word shortcut?
Grrr. I am not a fan of "going to Disney." Or "Disneyworld." The one in California is Disneyland. The one in Florida is Walt Disney World.
The one in "Vacation" is Walley World.
Q: Grammar humor
I am such a grammar geek. I have to say your grammar humor ROCKS.
I like your verb!
What do you think of this use of "interim" in an article from the Post? >>Scientists have long known that what happens at the very beginning of life, in the womb, can have powerful effects on a person's health. But what about in the interim? Does the author mean "subsequent to birth"?
I'm stumped.
Q: L'Enfant Plaza
Is L'Enfant Plaza named for the baby Jesus?
I remember hearing a Metro conductor announcing the stop as "INFANT Plaza." (His emphasis, not mine.)
"I stayed under my desk for four hours in fear of the active shooter at work" vs "I stayed under my desk for four hours in fear of the shooter at work." In the first, you know just what I'm talking about, because we as a culture have this new experience of active shooter situations (a person running around at a place shooting everyone). The second is broader, and could refer to a number of things, including a dormant shooter, for example, a person who was acquitted in a vigilante shooting last month, or something.
Fair enough. How did we survive all these centuries without this term?????
Time's up! Thanks for all the great questions, and please join me next month.
That would be Oct. 6 at 2 p.m., if my calendar-reading skills are still up to snuff.
Bill has worked for newspapers since 1981 and for The Post since 1997. He is the author of "Lapsing Into a Comma," "The Elephants of Style" and "Yes, I Could Care Less." He tweets about language as @TheSlot.


text:
Personal appointment One-stop procedures Digital petition Official publications
Ru Бел En
Soligorsk District
REPRESENTATIVE POWER
Main / news / National News
Belarus, Russia review approaches to exchange of information on migration
The Ministries of Interior Affairs of Belarus and Russia have reviewed the approaches to the exchange of information on refugees and asylum-seekers, BelTA learned from the Ministry of Interior Affairs.
Russia's Tula played host to a meeting of the interstate interagency working group to develop recommendations on the concerted migration policy. On behalf of Belarus the meeting was attended by Deputy Interior Affairs Minister Nikolai Melchenko, on Russia's behalf by First Deputy Interior Affairs Minister Aleksandr Gorovoy. The meeting was attended by representatives of the government bodies of Belarus and Russia, the Standing Committee of the Union State of Belarus and Russia.
"The parties agreed on the approaches to sharing the information on refugees and asylum-seekers from third countries. The parties also discussed the issues of further integration of the information resources on migration, reviewed the draft migration policy of the Union State and the status of the plan of action for the period up to 2025. The interaction between the appropriate authorities of Russia and Belarus during the 2nd European Games was also on the agenda.
The parties exchanged the information about the implementation of international and interagency agreements, briefed each other on the amendments in the legislation on migration.
BELARUSIAN NEWS
© Soligorsk regional executive committee, 2015
Development of website BELTA

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Het Land van Dendermonde vormde een heerlijkheid van het Graafschap Vlaanderen, tussen de Schelde en de Dender.

Het Leenhof van Dendermonde was gevestigd waar in 1927 het Justitiepaleis werd gebouwd, naast de Dender. Hier vergaderden de Schepenen die het Land bestuurden. Het Leenhof werd bestuurd door een baljuw en zeven schepenen, in naam van de heer. Deze laatste behoorde aanvankelijk tot een familie Van Dendermonde, die in de 2e helft van de 12e eeuw met Walter II uitstierf. Diens dochter en enige erfgename Mathilde werd de echtgenote van Willem II, heer van Bethune; hun kleindochter Mathilde bracht het Land van Dendermonde als bruidsschat aan Gwijde van Dampierre, graaf van Vlaanderen. De heerlijkheid zou daarna steeds in de grafelijke familie blijven en daarna toevallen aan de opeenvolgende vreemde vorsten die Vlaanderen hadden geërfd.

Structuur
Het Land omvatte de parochies Appels, Baasrode, Berlare, Denderbelle, Grembergen, Hamme met Sint-Anna, Kalken, Laarne, Lebbeke, Mariekerke, Moerzeke, Opwijk, Oudegem, Overmere met Uitbergen, Schellebelle met Wanzele, Sint-Amands, Sint-Gillis-bij-Dendermonde met Zwijveke, Wetteren, en Zele.

Acht daarvan waren vierscharen die rechtstreeks onder de graaf, heer van het Land van Dendermonde stonden: Baasrode, Berlare, Denderbelle met Sint-Gillis en Zwijveke, Grembergen, Hamme, Opwijk met Lebbeke, Wetteren en Zele. De overige werden elk bestuurd door een eigen heer, die de parochie van de graaf in leen had. Ook Dendermonde zelf maakte er oorspronkelijk deel uit van het Land, maar deze plaats wist zich in 1233 stadsrechten te verwerven, en had dus een eigen, onafhankelijk bestuur.

Cultuur
In de OLV kerk zetelde een kapittel, waarvan verschillende kanunniken ook in de Kerk zijn bijgezet. Ook waren er verschillende feodale kloosters gevestigd, waaronder de Abdij van Zwijveke in Sint-Gillis, een klooster van Zwartzusters en een augustijnerconvent. In Dendermonde bloeide de devotie tot Sint-Hilduardus en Christiana, wiens relieken in 846 werden overgebracht, Christiana is sindsdien de patrones van Dendermonde.

Kasselrij
Graafschap Vlaanderen
Dendermonde
Dendermonde
Streek in Oost-Vlaanderen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Die zehnte Targa Florio, auch X Targa Florio, war ein Straßenrennen auf Sizilien und fand am 23. November 1919 statt.

Vorgeschichte

Am frühen Morgen des 11. November 1918 endete mit dem Waffenstillstand von Compiègne der Erste Weltkrieg in Europa. Während der Kriegshandlungen kamen so gut wie alle sportlichen Wettkämpfe zum Erliegen. Betroffen von diesem Stillstand war auch der Motorsport. Auch nach dem Kriegsende kamen Rennaktivitäten nur langsam wieder in Gang. Die Menschen hatten grundlegendere Bedürfnisse zu stillen, als sich im Wettkampf mit Fahrzeugen zu messen. Auf die Bevölkerung der größten Mittelmeer-Insel hatte sich der Krieg kaum ausgewirkt. Nach wie vor herrschten Adelige, Großgrundbesitzer, die römisch-katholische Kirche und die Cosa Nostra über große Teile der Landbevölkerung. Während in Mitteleuropa ganze Staaten zerfielen und Millionen Menschen in Armut gerieten, ging das Leben auf Sizilien fast störungsfrei weiter.

Vincenzo Florio, dem Gründer der Targa Florio, gelang es ob seiner guten Kontakte in die Automobilwelt, 1919 eine Fortsetzung der Rennveranstaltung zu erreichen. Die ursprüngliche Strecke war der 148 Kilometer lange Grande circuito delle Madonie, auf dem zwischen 1906 und 1911 gefahren wurde. 1912 veränderte Florio die Fahrbahnführung und entwickelte den Giro di Sicilia, die Fahrt einmal entlang der sizilianischen Küste. 1919 gab es einen neuen Rundkurs, den Medio circuito delle Madonie. Dabei wurde die alte Streckenführung von 148 auf 108 Kilometer verkürzt, indem die Bahn in Collesano abbog und über Bergstraßen bei Castellana Sicula wieder auf die alte Strecke traf.

Das Rennen

Teams, Hersteller und Fahrer

Mit großem Einsatz gelang es Florio neben italienischen Herstellern, auch die Geschäftsführung von Peugeot von einer Teilnahme zu überzeugen. Dort zögerte man lange, ehe die Meldung abgegeben wurde, da eigentlich kein passendes Fahrzeug zu Verfügung stand. Schließlich entschied sich die Rennabteilung für ein Peugeot-L25-Fahrgestell, das rennfertig gemacht wurde. Das Fahrgestell bekam einen 2,5-Liter-Vierzylindermotor und hatte bereits 200.000 Kilometer hinter sich gebracht. Gebaut 1914 in Sochaux fand der Wagen während des Krieges als Offiziersfahrzeug Verwendung. Nach einiger Zeit als Peugeot-Direktionswagen wurde das Fahrgestell 1919 zu einem Rennwagen umgebaut. André Boillot steuerte den Peugeot beim 500-Meilen-Rennen von Indianapolis, fiel aber aus. André Boillot, der Bruder des 1916 bei einem Luftkampf getöteten Georges Boillot, fuhr den Wagen auch bei der Targa. Mit einem zweiten L25, der eine ähnlich kuriose Wagengeschichte hatte, ging Rémy Reville ins Rennen. Um sich die Kosten für den Transport von Fahrzeugen und Material zu teilen, überredeten die Peugeot-Verantwortlichen Édouard Ballot, sich ebenfalls mit einem Werkswagen an dem Rennen zu beteiligen. So kam René Thomas zu seinem Targa-Florio-Debüt.

Namhafte italienische Hersteller sagten ihre Teilnahme zu und meldeten bei der Eröffnung der Meldeliste Werkswagen: Lancia einen Kappa 25 HP/4.9 für Carlo Ferrario, die Società Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili drei Rennwagen für Giuseppe Campari, Antonio Fracassi und Nino Franchini sowie Fiat ein Auto für Luigi Lopez. Zwei weitere Fiat meldete Antonio Ascari, der im Frühjahr 1919 zwei S 57 erworben hatte, für sich und Giulio Masetti.

Eine abenteuerliche Anreise hatten Enzo Ferrari und Ugo Sivocci, die ihre Werks-CMN selbst nach Sizilien fuhren. In der Nähe von Città di Castello kamen sie in einen November-Schneesturm und später gerade noch rechtzeitig in Neapel an, um das Schiff zu erreichen, das Florio den Teilnehmern für den Transport nach Syrakus zur Verfügung gestellt hatte. Laut eigenen Angaben hatte Enzo Ferrari einen Revolver unter der Sitzbank, der ihn vor möglichen Wolf-Attacken schützen sollte, und bei der Ankunft in Neapel nur mehr 450 Italienische Lira in der Tasche.

Der Rennverlauf

Durch die lange Vorbereitungszeit konnte das Rennen nicht am traditionellen Termin im Mai, sondern erst im November stattfinden. Schon eine Woche vor dem Rennwochenende am 23. November war das Wetter schlecht. In der Nacht von Samstag auf Sonntag regnete es so stark, dass viele der unbefestigten Straßen immer mehr verschlammten. Zwei Fahrer von privat gemeldeten Fiats verzichteten ebenso auf den Start wie Cyril Snipe, der erste nichtitalienische Sieger von 1912, der einen Eric-Campbell mit Coventry-Simplex-Motor fahren sollte.

Der erste Fahrer, der das Rennen über vier Runden in Angriff nahm, war um sieben Uhr in der Früh Carlo Ferrario im Lancia. Das restliche Fahrerfeld startete im Abstand von drei Minuten. Erstes Opfer der schlechten Straßenverhältnisse wurden Antonio Ascari und dessen beifahrender Mechaniker, die mit ihrem Fiat in einen Graben stürzten und an einer Böschung hängenblieben. Da sich an der Unfallstelle keine Zuschauer befanden, wurde der Ausfall von den Organisatoren nicht bemerkt. Erst die Schlusspatrouille konnte Fahrer und Beifahrer aus ihrer misslichen Lage befreien.

An der Spitze entwickelte sich ein Zweikampf zwischen den beiden Franzosen René Thomas und André Boillot, der ein spektakuläres Rennen hatte. Während der ersten Runde kam er sechsmal von der Fahrbahn ab. Als er nach der ersten Runde an der Haupttribüne vorbeifuhr, prallte er gegen einen Zaun, weil ihn winkende Zuschauer ablenkten. Ohne größeren Schaden am Peugeot konnte er weiterfahren. Am Alfa von Giuseppe Campari wurden auf einer Schotterpassage drei Reifen zerstört und sein Teamkollege Nino Franchini hatte einen Unfall. Beide Fahrer mussten aufgeben. Die immer schlechter werdenden Streckenverhältnisse sorgten für ein Ausscheidungsrennen, sodass am Rennende nur acht Fahrzeuge in die Wertung kamen. Enzo Ferrari erreichte das Ziel, kam jedoch nicht in die Wertung, weil er die Sollzeit von 10 Stunden um wenige Minuten verpasste. In der vierten und letzten Runde lag René Thomas mit einem Vorsprung von 30 Minuten in Führung, als an seinem Ballot /4.8 die Antriebswelle abriss.

Nachdem Antonio Moriondo im Itala 35 HP/5.2 mit der bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt schnellsten Fahrzeit im Ziel war, wartete er gemeinsam mit seinen und den Teammitgliedern der Konkurrenz, den Offiziellen sowie den Zuschauern vor Ort auf André Boillot, den letzten Fahrer im Rennen. Als Boillot bei Start-und-Ziel ankam, standen vor der Haupttribüne bereits Zuschauer. Um den Zuschauern auszuweichen, zog Boillot die Handbremse und krachte nur 30 Meter von der Ziellinie entfernt mit dem Vorderwagen in die Holztribüne. Zuschauer halfen, den Wagen von den herabgestürzten Holzlatten zu befreien. Den schweren Wagens mit fremder Hilfe zu schieben verhinderten herbeigeeilte Funktionäre, die ihm erklärten, er müsse entweder selber fahren oder selber schieben. Nach einigen Startversuchen gelang es Boillot, den Motor des Peugeot wieder in Gang zu bringen, und er fuhr rückwärts über die Ziellinie. Dort erklärte ihn die Rennleitung für disqualifiziert, weil er das Rennen im Rückwärtsgang beendet hatte, was nicht erlaubt sei. René Thomas Teamchef Édouard Ballot wollte nach dem Ausfall von Thomas einen französischen Sieg und konnte die Rennleitung davon überzeugen, dass man André Boillot einfach noch einmal über die Ziellinie fahren lassen sollte, diesmal mit dem Vorderwagen voran. Boillot tat wie ihm geheißen. Er fuhr noch einmal auf die Strecke, drehte bei der ersten Gelegenheit um und fuhr zum Sieg ins Ziel.

Für die Familie Boillot vollendete André, was seinem Bruder Georges 1910 verwehrt blieb, als er im Voiturette-Peugeot 2.0L nach einer Fahrzeit von 5:20:53,2 Stunden als Erster im Ziel war, das Rennen – Sieger war Franco Cariolato im Franco 35/50 HP/4.0 – aber nicht gewann, weil die Voiturette-Klasse nicht zur Gesamtwertung zählte.

Ergebnisse

Schlussklassement

1 nicht gestartet
2 nicht gestartet
3 nicht gestartet

Nur in der Meldeliste

Zu diesem Rennen sind keine weiteren Meldungen bekannt.

Klassensieger

Renndaten

 Gemeldet: 24
 Gestartet: 21
 Gewertet: 8
 Rennklassen: 5
 Zuschauer: unbekannt
 Wetter am Renntag: kalt und starker Regen
 Streckenlänge: 108,000 km
 Fahrzeit des Siegerteams: 7:51:01,800 Stunden
 Gesamtrunden des Siegerteams: 4
 Gesamtdistanz des Siegerteams: 432,000 km
 Siegerschnitt: 55,028 km/h
 Schnellste Trainingszeit: keine
 Schnellste Rennrunde: André Boillot – Peugeot L25/2,5 (#21) – 1:54:26,400 = 56,623 km/h
 Rennserie: zählte zu keiner Rennserie

Literatur

 Peter Higham: The Guinness Guide to International Motor Racing. A complete Reference from Formula 1 to Touring Car. Guinness Publishing Ltd., London 1995, ISBN 0-85112-642-1.
 Pino Fondi: Targa Florio – 20th Century Epic. Giorgio Nada Editore Vimodrone 2006, ISBN 88-7911-270-8.

Weblinks

 Die Geschichte der Targa Florio
 Rennergebnisse
 Targa Florio 1919 (spanisch)

Einzelnachweise

Targa Florio
Motorsportveranstaltung 1919


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New Delhi, Nov 15: Xiaomi has slashed the price on its best-seller smartphone Redmi Note 4 by Rs 1000. With this latest price cut, 3GB RAM + 32GB storage variant of the smartphone will cost Rs. 9,999, while the 4GB RAM + 64GB storage option is now be available at Rs. 11,999. Buyers can get the smartphone with updated price from both Mi.com and Flipkart. The price update makes the handset a more competitive option against models like Moto G5, Nokia 5, and Samsung Galaxy J7 (2016).
Buyers buying the smartphone from Flipkart will also be eligible to get exchange discount after which one can get the same in Rs 11,000, additionally, there is five percent on orders purchased through Axis Bank Buzz credit cards. The e-commerce portal is also offering no-cost EMI option on the handset.
Redmi Note 4 is available in 2GB, 3GB and 4GB, however, the cheapest variant has not been available in the country for a long time.
The Redmi Note 4 features a 5.5-inch full-HD display, powered by an octa-core Qualcomm Snapdragon 625 SoC paired with 4GB of RAM. The smartphone storage can be expanded via microSD card up to 128GB.
For photography, Redmi Note 4 sports 13 MP camera at the rear and a 5 MP camera at the front. The handset is backed by a 4100mAh battery and available in Black, Dark Grey, and Gold colour options.


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As a recurring feature, our team combs the web and shares some amazing Amazon deals we've turned up. Here's what caught our eye today, March 8. Mental Floss has affiliate relationships with certain retailers, including Amazon, and may receive a small percentage of any sale. But we only get commission on items you buy and don't return, so we're only happy if you're happy. Good luck deal hunting!
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"The Mystery of the Golden Rune Part 5 Sololmon's Mines" - story by Norman Worker and art by Hans Lindahl.
The Mystery of the Golden Rune Part 5, Solomon's Mines, written by Norman Worker with art by Hans Lindahl. In this final chapter of the saga Moz has a premonition in a dream of the approaching evil that is about to descend upon the Skull Cave and the Phantom.
Bail returns in search of the fifth rune and the key which will open that most evil and frightening of doors. This time he comes in yet another guise. As one of two shipwreck survivors, a priest called Liba (anagram for Bail) is taken in and nursed back to health. As a result he is able to infiltrate the Skull Cave and wield great and evil influence over The Phantom's trusted friend Guran. The result of his evil influence takes both the Phantom and Guran to the very precipice of doom.
The epic nature of this series has made it extremely popular in the past and I do hope that those of you who have encountered it for the first time through this publication have enjoyed the journey as much as I have.
It has been particularly interesting to look at the artistic styles of Kari Leppanen who set the bar high in (part 1-2), Felmang took it to new heights (part 3) Carlos Cruz with his attention to historical detail (part 4) and now Hans Lindahl takes us to the door of Hell (part 5). My personal favourite was Felmang's effort in which I suspect Ferri had some input but these judgements are always highly subjective. Did you have a favourite, I wonder? All well rounded off with consistently excellent original covers from Jeremy MacPherson who has grown in confident strength from one chapter to the next.


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Judea Pearl argues that until computers can intuit causality true intelligence will remain unobtainable for machines.
Opinion + Voices
UCLA faculty voice: Artificial intelligence can't reason why
The current data-crunching approach to machine learning misses an essential element of human intelligence
Judea Pearl and Dana Mackenzie | June 7, 2018
Judea Pearl
Judea Pearl is chancellor's professor of computer science and statistics at UCLA and co-author of "The Book of Why: The Science of Cause and Effect" with Dana Mackenzie, a mathematics writer. This column originally appeared in the Wall Street Journal.
Computer programs have reached a bewildering point in their long and unsteady journey toward artificial intelligence. They outperform people at tasks we once felt to be uniquely human, such as playing poker or recognizing faces in a crowd. Meanwhile, self-driving cars using similar technology run into pedestrians and posts and we wonder whether they can ever be trustworthy.
Amid these rapid developments and nagging setbacks, one essential building block of human intelligence has eluded machines for decades: Understanding cause and effect.
Put simply, today's machine-learning programs can't tell whether a crowing rooster makes the sun rise, or the other way around. Whatever volumes of data a machine analyzes, it cannot understand what a human gets intuitively. From the time we are infants, we organize our experiences into causes and effects. The questions "Why did this happen?" and "What if I had acted differently?" are at the core of the cognitive advances that made us human, and so far are missing from machines.
Suppose, for example, that a drugstore decides to entrust its pricing to a machine learning program that we'll call Charlie. The program reviews the store's records and sees that past variations of the price of toothpaste haven't correlated with changes in sales volume. So Charlie recommends raising the price to generate more revenue. A month later, the sales of toothpaste have dropped — along with dental floss, cookies and other items. Where did Charlie go wrong?
Charlie didn't understand that the previous (human) manager varied prices only when the competition did. When Charlie unilaterally raised the price, dentally price-conscious customers took their business elsewhere. The example shows that historical data alone tells us nothing about causes — and that the direction of causation is crucial.
Machine-learning systems have made astounding progress at analyzing data patterns, but that is the low-hanging fruit of artificial intelligence. To reach the higher fruit, AI needs a ladder, which we call the Ladder of Causation. Its rungs represent three levels of reasoning.
The first rung is Association, the level for current machines and many animals; on that rung, Pavlov's dogs learned to associate a bell with food. The next is Intervention: What will happen if I ring a bell, or raise the price of toothpaste? Intervention is different from observation; raising the price unilaterally is different from seeing what happened in the past. The top rung is Counterfactual, which means the ability to imagine results, reflect on one's actions and assess other scenarios. This is the rung that machines need to reach to evaluate and communicate about responsibility, credit, blame and self-improvement. Imagine giving a self-driving car this ability. After an accident, its CPU would ask itself questions like: What would have happened if I had not honked at the drunken pedestrian?
To reach the higher rungs, in place of ever-more data, machines need a model of the underlying causal factors — essentially, a mathematics of cause and effect. A simple element might be: "Liquor impairs people's judgment, and that makes them move in unexpected ways." We can encode this using what scientists now call a causal diagram, in which arrows represent a series of possible causes: Liquor Impaired Judgment Erratic Motion. Such diagrams are not just pretty pictures, but form the beginning of an algorithm that enables the car to predict that certain pedestrians will react differently to the honking of its horn. They also give us the possibility of "interrogating" the car to explain its process: Why did you honk your horn?
Current machine learning systems can reach higher rungs only in circumscribed domains where the rules are inviolate, such as playing chess. Outside those domains, they are brittle and mistake-prone. But with causal models, a machine can predict the results of actions that haven't been tried before, reflect on its actions, and transfer its learned skills to new situations.
Causal models grew out of work on AI in the 1980s and have spread through health and social sciences, because they can compute at the higher rungs and often unravel statistical paradoxes. They have now come full circle as machine-learning researchers seek more explainable and responsive systems. For instance, scientists at Google and Facebook are examining causal models to analyze online ads to determine whether they make the difference in a product being bought—a counterfactual question.
This is a beginning. When researchers combine data with causal reasoning, we expect to see a mini-revolution in AI, with systems that can plan actions without having seen such actions before; that apply what they have learned to new situations; and that can explain their actions in the native human language of cause and effect.
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Amy Akmal
aakmal@support.ucla.edu


text:
Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease. This means that your immune system attacks parts of your own body by mistake. In Sjogren's syndrome, it attacks the glands that make tears and saliva. This causes a dry mouth and dry eyes. You may have dryness in other places that need moisture, such as your nose, throat, and skin. Sjogren's can also affect other parts of the body, including your joints, lungs, kidneys, blood vessels, digestive organs, and nerves.
Most people with Sjogren's syndrome are women. It usually starts after age 40. It is sometimes linked to other diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.
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NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
Dry Eyes and Mouth? You May Have Sjögren's Syndrome (National Institutes of Health)
Sjogren's Syndrome (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)
Sjogren's Syndrome Information Page (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke)
Sjögren's Syndrome (American College of Rheumatology)
What Is Sjögren's Syndrome? (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases)
ANA (Antinuclear Antibody) Test (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish
Rheumatoid Factor (RF) Test (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish
Simple Solutions for Dry Eye (Sjogren's Syndrome Foundation) - PDF
Fatigue Fighters in Sjogren's Syndrome (Sjogren's Syndrome Foundation) - PDF
Sleep Tips for Sjogren's Patients (Sjogren's Syndrome Foundation) - PDF
Tips for Chronic Pain (Sjogren's Syndrome Foundation) - PDF
Sjogren's Syndrome: Can It Cause Recurrent UTIs? (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) Also in Spanish
Sun and Sjogren's Syndrome (Sjogren's Syndrome Foundation) - PDF
Surgery, Hospitals, and Medications (Sjogren's Syndrome Foundation) - PDF
Tips for Airline Travelers with Sjogren's Syndrome (Sjogren's Syndrome Foundation) - PDF
What You Need to Know About Sjogren's Syndrome (Lupus Foundation of America)
Dry Eye (National Eye Institute)
Dry Mouth: MedlinePlus Health Topic (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish
Dry Skin (Sjogren's Syndrome Foundation) - PDF
What Is Dry Eye? (American Academy of Ophthalmology) Also in Spanish
Genetics Home Reference: Sjögren syndrome (National Library of Medicine)
Sjogren's Syndrome: A Place to Begin (Sjogren's Syndrome Foundation)
New Genetic Susceptibility Factors for Sjögren's Syndrome Revealed (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases)
ClinicalTrials.gov: Sjogren's Syndrome (National Institutes of Health)
Article: Characteristics of dry eye in patients with pre-existing Sjögren's syndrome...
Article: Increased prevalence of Sjogren's syndrome in where soils contain high...
Article: Aberrant IL-35 levels in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome.
Sjogren's Syndrome -- see more articles
Find a Rheumatologist (American College of Rheumatology)
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research Also in Spanish
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Also in Spanish
Sjogren's Syndrome Foundation
Rheumatoid factor (RF) (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
Sjogren syndrome (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish


text:
Could Obama want chaos in our streets?
Exclusive: Morgan Brittany chides BHO for 'showing sympathy for the hoodlums'
By Morgan Brittany
Published December 2, 2014 at 8:09pm
If Barack Obama really wanted to change the tone in this country, he had the perfect opportunity to do it before the verdict was announced in Ferguson, Missouri. When he took to the microphone on the evening of Nov. 24, he could have spoken words that possibly could have made a difference and could have diffused some of the violence that occurred in that city and others. Rush Limbaugh hit the nail on the head when he said that Obama could have changed the whole dynamic of the situation, but he didn't do it. Instead, he missed a golden opportunity and chose instead to actually sympathize with the opponents of the grand jury's decision.
As I sat watching the split screen on my television, with Obama on one side and riots breaking out on the other, I couldn't help but hope and pray that he would say something, anything, that would harshly condemn this type of behavior. Instead, he almost sounded as though he condoned it and felt that it was all right for these people to violently express their disgust and distrust of the judicial system. He wasn't showing anger and contempt at those that were burning businesses to the ground, destroying the property and dreams of hard-working people who had nothing to do with the verdict; instead, he was showing sympathy for the hoodlums in the streets!
All Americans who were watching this spectacle knew it was coming. We all were prepared because virtually every media outlet telegraphed it days in advance. The police department knew, the National Guard was called out, yet as we watched our screens, no one did anything to stop the destruction! Why? Why was the National Guard not stationed in front of every business threatened or at least in front of the most vulnerable? Why was the police force and fire department late to the scene? Were they ordered not to stop the rioting and just let it go? Who gave this stand down order if there was one? Why on the one night they knew problems would occur did the governor of Missouri and his office not return any phone calls from the lieutenant governor and the mayor of Ferguson? And why, in God's name, did they announce the verdict late at night when they knew the outcome all day long?
Morgan Brittany teams up with the other PolitiChicks in their first blockbuster, "What Women Really Want" -- order your copy today!
If Barack Obama was the type of leader who wanted unity in this country, this would have been the time for him to stand in front of the American people and give one of the speeches that stirred everyone to elect him president. He should have had the courage to speak up about the consequences of breaking the law and explained that, unfortunately, Michael Brown brought all of this on himself. He should not have glorified him as the innocent victim of an out-of-control police officer, but should have explained that there is a price to pay for your actions. He should have said that this had nothing to do with race and all to do with attitude and disrespect for the law. He should have stressed that the grand jury did its job by looking at the evidence presented and that its decision needed to be respected.
Unfortunately, that was not the message that was relayed. Instead, the Obama administration continued to stoke the flames and deepen the divide, opening the door to a possible "civil rights" suit against the officer even though they all know that a charge like that will go nowhere. Instead of gathering together pastors, ministers and other peaceful leaders together to form a strategy to communicate to young people the importance of strong values, morals and respect, Obama met with the likes of Al Sharpton, whose only purpose was to elevate the anger and chaos to further his own agenda.
Obama seems to sit back patiently and watch all of this happen. Maybe he even welcomes some of the chaos in the streets of our cities in order to deflect attention from his executive orders and numerous scandals. With a complicit media who live for ratings, he lit the fire, and now can watch it burn. Could this possibly be what he really wants?
Media wishing to interview Morgan Brittany, please contact [email protected].
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Morgan Brittany is the anchorwoman for the webcast talk show PolitiChicks, a longtime actress and conservative activist. She is the coauthor of "What Women Really Want," which will be released in September 2014. Her website is MorganBrittany.com.
@MorganBrittany4
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Project Manager I - APN Software Services Inc.
• Work with project teams, adhere to project schedules and is responsible for keeping schedule on track. The level of work is considered coordination role to bring attention to Issues and Risks to Program Leadership.
• Coordinate with Information Security Team for Tool Deployments across multiple platforms and Stakeholders.
• Prepare necessary documentation such as Dashboards in Xl or PowerPoint, to support execution of Project.
• Communicates project goals and results to Stakeholders.
• Ensure Issues and Risks are properly communicated and alternatives / mitigating actions are taken at appropriate time.


Sometimes it is very difficult to select the best hybrids out of the many we create. It should be no surprise, as growers have different tastes, and different people have different preferences. Sometimes we may think that the hybrids are too similar to be of general interest, but our customers may ask us to still grow and propagate them as they perceive differences in some interesting detail. Very often, customers have preferences for colors – e.g. they would like more pink hybrids, or red – and customers would like us to offer all we can in that palette. That is why we decided to test a new approach - make color series.
We will post our new seedlings in a new Dimetris Seedlings forum, separate them by categories – e.g. by color or particular features, and then assign numbers for each such category. Remember, these will be Seedlings – not to be confused with DS numbered hybrids that are better established. Eventually, the best of our new Seedlings will get a DS number, and then in time some may get a DS-name.
As many people are interested in Pink, we will start with the "Pink" series, comprising the hybrids of various pink tones, differentiated by patterns, accents and/or other features.


text:
function get_cohort_info
% Get general info about the cohort

% By Daniel Golden (dgolden1 at stanford dot edu) October 2012
% $Id$

%% Setup
close all;

addpath(fullfile(qilsoftwareroot, 'parp'));
addpath(fullfile(qilsoftwareroot, 'parp', 'stat_analysis'));

%% Get patient IDs
% [~, ~, patient_id_birads] = collect_features('b_birads', true);
% patient_id_pre = get_processed_patient_list('pre').';
% patient_id_post = get_processed_patient_list('post').';
% patient_id_all = union(patient_id_birads, union(patient_id_pre, patient_id_post));
%
% % Get rid of patients without RCB
% si = get_spreadsheet_info(patient_id_all);
% rcb = [si.rcb_value];
% patient_id_all = patient_id_all(isfinite(rcb));
%
% % Get rid of excluded patients
% patient_id_excluded = get_excluded_patient_list.';
% patient_id_all = patient_id_all(~ismember(patient_id_all, patient_id_excluded));

%% Get clinical data
[X, X_names, patient_id] = get_clinical_data;

% Exclude patients for whom we don't have RCB data; patients excluded for
% other reasons are not returned by get_rcb_table_data
rcbs = get_rcb_table_data([], true);
idx_valid = ismember(patient_id, [rcbs.patient_id]);

% Exclude patients with NaN features other than Ki67
idx_valid = idx_valid & ~isnan(X(:, strcmp(X_names, 'cycles_of_treatment_received_ 4 (all possible cycles)')));

% Choose only BRCA positive patients
idx_name_brca1_neg = cellfun(@(x) ~isempty(strfind(x, 'brca1')) & ~isempty(strfind(x, 'Negative')), X_names);
idx_name_brca2_neg = cellfun(@(x) ~isempty(strfind(x, 'brca2')) & ~isempty(strfind(x, 'Negative')), X_names);
idx_patient_brca1_pos = X(:,idx_name_brca1_neg) == 0;
idx_patient_brca2_pos = X(:,idx_name_brca2_neg) == 0;

% idx_valid = ismember(patient_id, patient_id_all);
X = X(idx_valid, :);
patient_id = patient_id(idx_valid);

%% Quantize ER and PR status
idx_unknown_er = isnan(X(:,strcmp(X_names, 'er_percent')));
X(:,end+1) = X(:,strcmp(X_names, 'er_percent')) > 5;
X_names{end+1} = 'er_status_positive';
X(:,end+1) = X(:,strcmp(X_names, 'er_percent')) <= 5;
X_names{end+1} = 'er_status_negative';
X(idx_unknown_er,end-1:end) = nan;

idx_unknown_pr = isnan(X(:,strcmp(X_names, 'pr_percent')));
X(:,end+1) = X(:,strcmp(X_names, 'pr_percent')) > 5;
X_names{end+1} = 'pr_status_positive';
X(:,end+1) = X(:,strcmp(X_names, 'pr_percent')) <= 5;
X_names{end+1} = 'pr_status_negative';
X(idx_unknown_pr,end-1:end) = nan;

%% Print categories
label_categories = {'stage_ia_iiia', 'TNM_T', 'TNM_N', 'cycles_of_treatment_received', 'initial_histology', 'tumor_grade', ...
  'er_status', 'pr_status', 'her2_by_ihc', 'her2_fish_result', 'brca1_result', 'brca2_result'};

fprintf('\n');

for kk = 1:length(label_categories)
  this_column_idx = cellfun(@(x) ~isempty(strfind(x, label_categories{kk})), X_names);

  labels(kk).name = (label_categories{kk});
  these_column_names = strrep(X_names(this_column_idx), [(label_categories{kk}) '_'], ''); % Ditch the variable name; just keep the value
  labels(kk).values = dummy_to_label(X(:, this_column_idx), these_column_names);

  labels(kk).values(cellfun(@isempty, labels(kk).values)) = {'Unknown'};

  % labels.(label_categories{kk}) = dummy_to_label(X(:, this_column_idx), X_names(this_column_idx));

  % Print summary
  fprintf('%s:\n', labels(kk).name);
  nominal_print_summary(labels(kk).values, 'ids', patient_id, 'b_percent', true);
  fprintf('\n');
end

%% Print non-categories
idx_continuous = find(~all(X == 0 | X == 1 | isnan(X), 1));

for kk = 1:length(idx_continuous)
  this_column_idx = idx_continuous(kk);
  fprintf('%s\n', X_names{this_column_idx});
  fprintf('Mean:      %0.3G\n', nanmean(X(:,this_column_idx)));
  fprintf('Median:    %0.3G\n', nanmedian(X(:,this_column_idx)));
  fprintf('STD:       %0.3G\n', nanstd(X(:,this_column_idx)));
  fprintf('# Unknown: %d\n', sum(isnan(X(:,this_column_idx))));
  fprintf('\n');
end

1;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Printed Gym Pants, Should You or Shouldn't You?
I usually steer clear of prints on running pants as I don't necessarily think they flatter the body, but as usual there are always exceptions. Some prints will make you appear bigger, while other prints can trick the eye into making areas appear smaller. After starring at them for a moment to try to work out if i'm the former or the latter, I realise I'm confused and crossed eyed… so maybe don't stare for too long.


I bought my house in April for less than what the tax bill says. Why do I have to pay on the higher assessment?
The assessment date is January 1 (KRS 132.220(1)(a)). When you purchased your property, the assessment was as of January 1 of the year you purchased your property. If your purchase price is accepted as a valid sale (fair arm's-length sale) by our office, your purchase price will reflect your assessment as of the following January 1 assessment date.


Great Deals on Pre-Owned Vehicles!
Mills Nissan provides a selection of Featured Inventory, representing new and popular items at competitive prices. Please take a moment to investigate these current highlighted models, hand-picked from our ever-changing inventories!


text:
package org.hisp.dhis.webapi.controller;

import static org.hisp.dhis.web.WebClient.Body;
import static org.hisp.dhis.web.WebClientUtils.assertStatus;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNull;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;

import java.util.List;

import org.hisp.dhis.feedback.ErrorCode;
import org.hisp.dhis.jsontree.JsonObject;
import org.hisp.dhis.message.FakeMessageSender;
import org.hisp.dhis.message.MessageSender;
import org.hisp.dhis.outboundmessage.OutboundMessage;
import org.hisp.dhis.security.RestoreType;
import org.hisp.dhis.security.SecurityService;
import org.hisp.dhis.user.User;
import org.hisp.dhis.user.UserRole;
import org.hisp.dhis.web.HttpStatus;
import org.hisp.dhis.webapi.DhisControllerConvenienceTest;
import org.hisp.dhis.webapi.json.domain.JsonErrorReport;
import org.hisp.dhis.webapi.json.domain.JsonImportSummary;
import org.hisp.dhis.webapi.json.domain.JsonWebMessage;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;

/**
 * Tests the {@link org.hisp.dhis.webapi.controller.user.UserController}.
 *
 * @author Jan Bernitt
 */
class UserControllerTest extends DhisControllerConvenienceTest
{

    @Autowired
    private MessageSender messageSender;

    @Autowired
    private SecurityService securityService;

    private User peter;

    @BeforeEach
    void setUp()
    {
        peter = createUserWithAuth( "peter" );

        this.peter = switchToNewUser( "Peter" );
        switchToSuperuser();
        assertStatus( HttpStatus.OK, PATCH( "/users/{id}?importReportMode=ERRORS", peter.getUid(),
            Body( "[{'op': 'replace', 'path': '/email', 'value': 'peter@pan.net'}]" ) ) );
    }

    @Test
    void testResetToInvite()
    {
        assertStatus( HttpStatus.NO_CONTENT, POST( "/users/" + peter.getUid() + "/reset" ) );
        OutboundMessage email = assertMessageSendTo( "peter@pan.net" );
        assertValidToken( extractTokenFromEmailText( email.getText() ) );
    }

    @Test
    void testResetToInvite_NoEmail()
    {
        assertStatus( HttpStatus.OK, PATCH( "/users/{id}", peter.getUid() + "?importReportMode=ERRORS",
            Body( "[{'op': 'replace', 'path': '/email', 'value': null}]" ) ) );
        assertEquals( "User account does not have a valid email address",
            POST( "/users/" + peter.getUid() + "/reset" ).error( HttpStatus.CONFLICT ).getMessage() );
    }

    @Test
    void testResetToInvite_NoAuthority()
    {
        switchToNewUser( "someone" );
        assertEquals( "You don't have the proper permissions to update this user.",
            POST( "/users/" + peter.getUid() + "/reset" ).error( HttpStatus.FORBIDDEN ).getMessage() );
    }

    @Test
    void testResetToInvite_NoSuchUser()
    {
        assertEquals( "Object not found for uid: does-not-exist",
            POST( "/users/does-not-exist/reset" ).error( HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND ).getMessage() );
    }

    @Test
    void testReplicateUser()
    {
        assertWebMessage( "Created", 201, "OK", "User replica created",
            POST( "/users/" + peter.getUid() + "/replica", "{'username':'peter2','password':'Saf€sEcre1'}" )
                .content() );
    }

    @Test
    void testReplicateUser_UserNameAlreadyTaken()
    {
        assertWebMessage( "Conflict", 409, "ERROR", "Username already taken: peter",
            POST( "/users/" + peter.getUid() + "/replica", "{'username':'peter','password':'Saf€sEcre1'}" )
                .content( HttpStatus.CONFLICT ) );
    }

    @Test
    void testReplicateUser_UserNotFound()
    {
        assertWebMessage( "Conflict", 409, "ERROR", "User not found: notfoundid",
            POST( "/users/notfoundid/replica", "{'username':'peter2','password':'Saf€sEcre1'}" )
                .content( HttpStatus.CONFLICT ) );
    }

    @Test
    void testReplicateUser_UserNameNotSpecified()
    {
        assertWebMessage( "Conflict", 409, "ERROR", "Username must be specified",
            POST( "/users/" + peter.getUid() + "/replica", "{'password':'Saf€sEcre1'}" )
                .content( HttpStatus.CONFLICT ) );
    }

    @Test
    void testReplicateUser_PasswordNotSpecified()
    {
        assertWebMessage( "Conflict", 409, "ERROR", "Password must be specified",
            POST( "/users/" + peter.getUid() + "/replica", "{'username':'peter2'}" ).content( HttpStatus.CONFLICT ) );
    }

    @Test
    void testReplicateUser_PasswordNotValid()
    {
        assertWebMessage( "Conflict", 409, "ERROR",
            "Password must have at least 8 characters, one digit, one uppercase",
            POST( "/users/" + peter.getUid() + "/replica", "{'username':'peter2','password':'lame'}" )
                .content( HttpStatus.CONFLICT ) );
    }

    @Test
    void testPutJsonObject()
    {
        JsonObject user = GET( "/users/{id}", peter.getUid() ).content();
        assertWebMessage( "OK", 200, "OK", null,
            PUT( "/38/users/" + peter.getUid(), user.toString() ).content( HttpStatus.OK ) );
    }

    @Test
    void testPutJsonObject_Pre38()
    {
        JsonObject user = GET( "/users/{uid}", peter.getUid() ).content();
        JsonImportSummary summary = PUT( "/37/users/" + peter.getUid(), user.toString() ).content( HttpStatus.OK )
            .as( JsonImportSummary.class );
        assertEquals( "ImportReport", summary.getResponseType() );
        assertEquals( "OK", summary.getStatus() );
        assertEquals( 1, summary.getStats().getUpdated() );
        assertEquals( peter.getUid(), summary.getTypeReports().get( 0 ).getObjectReports().get( 0 ).getUid() );
    }

    @Test
    void testPutProperty_InvalidWhatsapp()
    {
        JsonWebMessage msg = assertWebMessage( "Conflict", 409, "ERROR",
            "One or more errors occurred, please see full details in import report.",
            PATCH( "/users/" + peter.getUid() + "?importReportMode=ERRORS",
                "[{'op': 'add', 'path': '/whatsApp', 'value': 'not-a-phone-no'}]" ).content( HttpStatus.CONFLICT ) );
        JsonErrorReport report = msg.getResponse()
            .find( JsonErrorReport.class, error -> error.getErrorCode() == ErrorCode.E4027 );
        assertEquals( "whatsApp", report.getErrorProperty() );
    }

    @Test
    void testPostJsonObject()
    {
        assertWebMessage( "Created", 201, "OK", null,
            POST( "/users/",
                "{'surname':'S.','firstName':'Harry', 'username':'harrys', 'userRoles': [{'id': 'yrB6vc5Ip3r'}]}" )
                    .content( HttpStatus.CREATED ) );
    }

    @Test
    void testPostJsonObjectInvalidUsername()
    {
        JsonWebMessage msg = assertWebMessage( "Conflict", 409, "ERROR",
            "One or more errors occurred, please see full details in import report.",
            POST( "/users/", "{'surname':'S.','firstName':'Harry','userCredentials':{'username':'_Harrys'}}" )
                .content( HttpStatus.CONFLICT ) );
        JsonErrorReport report = msg.getResponse()
            .find( JsonErrorReport.class, error -> error.getErrorCode() == ErrorCode.E4049 );
        assertEquals( "username", report.getErrorProperty() );
    }

    @Test
    void testPostJsonInvite()
    {
        UserRole userRole = createUserRole( "inviteRole", "ALL" );
        userService.addUserRole( userRole );
        UserRole inviteRole = userService.getUserRoleByName( "inviteRole" );
        String roleUid = inviteRole.getUid();

        assertWebMessage( "Created", 201, "OK", null, POST( "/users/invite",
            "{'surname':'S.','firstName':'Harry', 'email':'test@example.com', 'username':'harrys', 'userRoles': [{'id': '"
                + roleUid + "'}]}" )
                    .content( HttpStatus.CREATED ) );
    }

    private String extractTokenFromEmailText( String message )
    {
        int tokenPos = message.indexOf( "?token=" );
        return message.substring( tokenPos + 7, message.indexOf( '\n', tokenPos ) ).trim();
    }

    /**
     * Unfortunately this is not yet a spring endpoint so we have to do it
     * directly instead of using the REST API.
     */
    private void assertValidToken( String token )
    {
        String[] idAndRestoreToken = securityService.decodeEncodedTokens( token );
        String idToken = idAndRestoreToken[0];
        String restoreToken = idAndRestoreToken[1];
        User user = userService.getUserByIdToken( idToken );
        assertNotNull( user );
        ErrorCode errorCode = securityService.validateRestoreToken( user, restoreToken,
            RestoreType.RECOVER_PASSWORD );
        assertNull( errorCode );
    }

    private OutboundMessage assertMessageSendTo( String email )
    {
        List<OutboundMessage> messagesByEmail = ((FakeMessageSender) messageSender).getMessagesByEmail( email );
        assertTrue( messagesByEmail.size() > 0 );
        return messagesByEmail.get( 0 );
    }
}


text:
The influence of sham feeding on gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the Chinese with duodenal ulcer and liver cirrhosis.
H. J. Lin, C. L. Perng, S. D. Lee
BACKGROUND. This study was conducted to evaluate gastric acid and pepsin output in the Chinese patients with liver cirrhosis and duodenal ulcers. METHODS. In a period of one year and three months, we prospectively assayed the acid and pepsin responses to sham feeding in 10 healthy males, 20 males with duodenal ulcers, and 11 males with liver cirrhosis. RESULTS. Although basal and sham feeding stimulated acid outputs were higher in duodenal ulcer patients (2.7 +/- 0.3 and 3.7 +/- 0.3 mEq/h, mean +/- SEM) than in normal subjects (1.6 +/- 0.4 and 2.9 +/- 0.6 mEq/h) and in patients with liver cirrhosis (1.8 +/- 0.4 and 2.1 +/- 0.7 mEq/h), it did not reach statistical significance. Both basal and sham feeding stimulated pepsin outputs were significantly higher in duodenal ulcer patients (11.2 +/- 2.1 and 9.5 +/- 2.2 mg/h) than in normal subjects (2.4 +/- 0.5 and 4.3 +/- 1.2 mg/h) and in patients with liver cirrhosis (3.6 +/- 1.4 and 3.9 +/- 1.2 mg/h) (p <0.05). The serum gastrin and pepsinogen I concentration in basal and sham feeding conditions demonstrated no statistically significant difference among three groups. CONCLUSIONS. Basal and sham feeding stimulated acid outputs in the Chinese were lower in normal subjects and duodenal ulcer patients as compared with those in the Occidentals. High basal pepsin output may play an important role in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcers in the Chinese.
Chinese Medical Journal (Taipei)
已發佈 - 12月 1994
醫藥 (全部)
深入研究「The influence of sham feeding on gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the Chinese with duodenal ulcer and liver cirrhosis.」主題。共同形成了獨特的指紋。
Pepsin A Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Gastric Acid Medicine & Life Sciences 94%
Duodenal Ulcer Medicine & Life Sciences 89%
Liver Cirrhosis Medicine & Life Sciences 74%
Acids Medicine & Life Sciences 30%
gastrin I Medicine & Life Sciences 24%
Pepsinogen A Medicine & Life Sciences 19%
Serum Medicine & Life Sciences 6%
Lin, H. J., Perng, C. L., & Lee, S. D. (1994). The influence of sham feeding on gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the Chinese with duodenal ulcer and liver cirrhosis. Chinese Medical Journal (Taipei), 54(6), 389-394.
The influence of sham feeding on gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the Chinese with duodenal ulcer and liver cirrhosis. / Lin, H. J.; Perng, C. L.; Lee, S. D.
於: Chinese Medical Journal (Taipei), 卷 54, 編號 6, 12.1994, p. 389-394.
Lin, HJ, Perng, CL & Lee, SD 1994, 'The influence of sham feeding on gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the Chinese with duodenal ulcer and liver cirrhosis.', Chinese Medical Journal (Taipei), 卷 54, 編號 6, 頁 389-394.
Lin HJ, Perng CL, Lee SD. The influence of sham feeding on gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the Chinese with duodenal ulcer and liver cirrhosis. Chinese Medical Journal (Taipei). 1994 12月;54(6):389-394.
Lin, H. J. ; Perng, C. L. ; Lee, S. D. / The influence of sham feeding on gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the Chinese with duodenal ulcer and liver cirrhosis. 於: Chinese Medical Journal (Taipei). 1994 ; 卷 54, 編號 6. 頁 389-394.
@article{abb2643df29b4cd4a2bbac0411d48fa9,
title = "The influence of sham feeding on gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the Chinese with duodenal ulcer and liver cirrhosis.",
abstract = "BACKGROUND. This study was conducted to evaluate gastric acid and pepsin output in the Chinese patients with liver cirrhosis and duodenal ulcers. METHODS. In a period of one year and three months, we prospectively assayed the acid and pepsin responses to sham feeding in 10 healthy males, 20 males with duodenal ulcers, and 11 males with liver cirrhosis. RESULTS. Although basal and sham feeding stimulated acid outputs were higher in duodenal ulcer patients (2.7 +/- 0.3 and 3.7 +/- 0.3 mEq/h, mean +/- SEM) than in normal subjects (1.6 +/- 0.4 and 2.9 +/- 0.6 mEq/h) and in patients with liver cirrhosis (1.8 +/- 0.4 and 2.1 +/- 0.7 mEq/h), it did not reach statistical significance. Both basal and sham feeding stimulated pepsin outputs were significantly higher in duodenal ulcer patients (11.2 +/- 2.1 and 9.5 +/- 2.2 mg/h) than in normal subjects (2.4 +/- 0.5 and 4.3 +/- 1.2 mg/h) and in patients with liver cirrhosis (3.6 +/- 1.4 and 3.9 +/- 1.2 mg/h) (p <0.05). The serum gastrin and pepsinogen I concentration in basal and sham feeding conditions demonstrated no statistically significant difference among three groups. CONCLUSIONS. Basal and sham feeding stimulated acid outputs in the Chinese were lower in normal subjects and duodenal ulcer patients as compared with those in the Occidentals. High basal pepsin output may play an important role in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcers in the Chinese.",
author = "Lin, {H. J.} and Perng, {C. L.} and Lee, {S. D.}",
journal = "Journal of the Chinese Medical Association",
publisher = "Elsevier Taiwan LLC",
T1 - The influence of sham feeding on gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the Chinese with duodenal ulcer and liver cirrhosis.
AU - Lin, H. J.
AU - Perng, C. L.
AU - Lee, S. D.
N2 - BACKGROUND. This study was conducted to evaluate gastric acid and pepsin output in the Chinese patients with liver cirrhosis and duodenal ulcers. METHODS. In a period of one year and three months, we prospectively assayed the acid and pepsin responses to sham feeding in 10 healthy males, 20 males with duodenal ulcers, and 11 males with liver cirrhosis. RESULTS. Although basal and sham feeding stimulated acid outputs were higher in duodenal ulcer patients (2.7 +/- 0.3 and 3.7 +/- 0.3 mEq/h, mean +/- SEM) than in normal subjects (1.6 +/- 0.4 and 2.9 +/- 0.6 mEq/h) and in patients with liver cirrhosis (1.8 +/- 0.4 and 2.1 +/- 0.7 mEq/h), it did not reach statistical significance. Both basal and sham feeding stimulated pepsin outputs were significantly higher in duodenal ulcer patients (11.2 +/- 2.1 and 9.5 +/- 2.2 mg/h) than in normal subjects (2.4 +/- 0.5 and 4.3 +/- 1.2 mg/h) and in patients with liver cirrhosis (3.6 +/- 1.4 and 3.9 +/- 1.2 mg/h) (p <0.05). The serum gastrin and pepsinogen I concentration in basal and sham feeding conditions demonstrated no statistically significant difference among three groups. CONCLUSIONS. Basal and sham feeding stimulated acid outputs in the Chinese were lower in normal subjects and duodenal ulcer patients as compared with those in the Occidentals. High basal pepsin output may play an important role in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcers in the Chinese.
AB - BACKGROUND. This study was conducted to evaluate gastric acid and pepsin output in the Chinese patients with liver cirrhosis and duodenal ulcers. METHODS. In a period of one year and three months, we prospectively assayed the acid and pepsin responses to sham feeding in 10 healthy males, 20 males with duodenal ulcers, and 11 males with liver cirrhosis. RESULTS. Although basal and sham feeding stimulated acid outputs were higher in duodenal ulcer patients (2.7 +/- 0.3 and 3.7 +/- 0.3 mEq/h, mean +/- SEM) than in normal subjects (1.6 +/- 0.4 and 2.9 +/- 0.6 mEq/h) and in patients with liver cirrhosis (1.8 +/- 0.4 and 2.1 +/- 0.7 mEq/h), it did not reach statistical significance. Both basal and sham feeding stimulated pepsin outputs were significantly higher in duodenal ulcer patients (11.2 +/- 2.1 and 9.5 +/- 2.2 mg/h) than in normal subjects (2.4 +/- 0.5 and 4.3 +/- 1.2 mg/h) and in patients with liver cirrhosis (3.6 +/- 1.4 and 3.9 +/- 1.2 mg/h) (p <0.05). The serum gastrin and pepsinogen I concentration in basal and sham feeding conditions demonstrated no statistically significant difference among three groups. CONCLUSIONS. Basal and sham feeding stimulated acid outputs in the Chinese were lower in normal subjects and duodenal ulcer patients as compared with those in the Occidentals. High basal pepsin output may play an important role in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcers in the Chinese.
JO - Journal of the Chinese Medical Association
JF - Journal of the Chinese Medical Association


Let's understand this way, you are born in a country, you are a native to that country/city/state. You move to a new city/country for a job , you become a foreigner to that place I.e hybrid whose roots are still native. Same way Native Apps are those apps that are default to the device built using a single framework and designed in accordance with the OS guidelines, features, layouts which gives it an easier in-app interaction.


Best Macbook skins ever with the cutest anime character ever, Macbook Totoro Keyboard Skins ! These Macbook skins are Washable and very durable to use long time. Perfect to change your notebooks into a real anime fan place.


Miscellaneous tools written in Python, mostly centered around shellcodes.
Tools to work with vulnerability standards.
This plugin will replace WIN32.HLP with online help from the MSDN website.
A tool to enumerate CVEs to check based on the WordPress version.
MarioVilas has no activity yet for this period.


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text:
The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine
At the end of the last post, I said that George Engel did not define the biopsychosocial model in the eclectic way in which it tends to be used in modern psychiatry. In his seminal article in Science, he proposed his biopsychosocial model as a new medical model to challenge biomedicine. The biopsychosocial model is not only a challenge for psychiatry, but also for medicine in general. I'm not convinced people have often even read Engel's paper when they discuss the biopsychosocial model.
As I said in my article,
The appeal of Engel's model was its critique of biomedical reductionism. In his original paper, Engel talked about neutralizing "the dogmatism of biomedicine" (p. 135). He commented on the enormous investment in diagnostic and therapeutic technology that emphasizes "the impersonal and the mechanical" (p. 135). He quoted from Holman (1976), who argued that:
[T]he Medical establishment is not primarily engaged in the disinterested pursuit of knowledge and the translation of that knowledge into medical practice; rather in significant part it is engaged in special interest advocacy, pursuing and preserving social power (quoted on p. 135).
Engel acknowledged the interest in the biopsychosocial model amongst a minority of medical teachers, but also emphasized the difficulties in overcoming the power of the prevailing biomedical structure.
As Engel explained, "medicine's crisis derives from the same basic fault as psychiatry's" (p.129). By defining disease in terms of somatic parameters, physicians can make the incorrect inference that they "need not be concerned with psychosocial issues which lie outside medicine's responsibility and authority" (p.129). Medicine has tried to correct this imbalance over recent years by attempting to make its training and practice more patient-centred. It hasn't always been very successful in this aim and medicine still needs to be rethought in the way suggested by Engel (see eg. post on my personal blog). Healthcare has corrupted its mission and still needs to change (see another post on my personal blog).
Historically there have been various culturally derived belief systems about illness and disease. It wasn't so long ago that people in the West still believed in humoural explanations of illness (see eg. previous post). As Engel pointed out, "the biomedical model is now the dominant folk model of disease in the Western world" (p.130). However, even within the West there is still much take up of alternative and complementary medicine. Nor have traditional indigenous views globally been completely colonised by biomedicine (see previous post).
The problem with trying to conceptualise mental health problems as physical disease is that it leads to polarised positions between biomedical reductionism and a stance which argues that 'mental health problems should not be seen as illness'. Representatives of the latter view, which Engel called 'exclusionist', would be Thomas Szasz (see eg. previous post), Lucy Johnstone (see another previous post) and Peter Kinderman (see eg. yet another previous post). There have even been these Szaszian tendencies within the Critical Psychiatry Network (see eg. previous post).
As Engel said, "the reductionists are the true believers, the exclusionists are the apostates" (p.130). But, in fact, both biomedical reductionists and the Szaszian position are wrong, as illness is not so much a physical disease as a "person-centered, harmful, and undesirable deviation or discontinuity . . . associated with impairment or discomfort" (p.130 of Engel paper, quoting from Fabrega, 1975). A technical distinction is made in the literature between illness as an experience and disease as physical pathology. In these terms, mental illness should not be reduced to physical brain disease (see eg. my Lancet Psychiatry letter).
Illness is most frequently first identified by people having symptoms or noticing signs. Building on the dissection of the body in medieval Europe, the Cartesian view of disease as the breakdown of the bodily machine did not take an organismic view. This more wholistic viewpoint in fact tended to take an equally erroneous vitalist perspective (see eg. previous post). In the nineteenth century, the application of the anatomoclinical method, relating signs and symptoms to physical pathology, was remarkably successful. But as Engel said, "at a cost" (p.131). From his point of view, "We are now faced with the necessity and the challenge to broaden the approach to disease to include the psychosocial without sacrificing the enormous advantages of the biomedical approach" (p.131).
People may have underlying disease which hasn't yet presented with symptoms and signs. Furthermore, patients need to be interviewed by doctors to understand their presentation. Broader socioeconomic conditions may well be important. Psychosocial factors determine even whether patients present to doctors. How patients react to treatment options can also affect outcome. The doctor-patient relationship itself is a powerful factor in treatment. All of these factors are outside a narrow biomedical framework which Engel called the "requirements of a new medical model" (p.131).
As Engel said, medicine has to "take into account the patient, the social context in which he lives, and the complementary system devised by society to deal with the disruptive effects of illness, that is, the physician role and the health care system" (p.132). The boundaries between health and disease are not absolute and both patients and doctors can have views about what counts as the sick role. It is patients and doctors, as far as possible together, that determine what should be regarded as illness/disease.
Posted by DBDouble at 12:33 pm
The need for a new medical model: A challenge for ...
Debate about models of mental health problems
Changing the medium of psychiatry to relations
Psychiatry has the wrong biology
Psychiatry deconstructs itself, wow!
The violence of psychiatry
Embarrassing use of the term 'anti-psychiatry'


The Supreme Court on Monday issued notice to the Centre on a PIL seeking a complete ban on the practice of female genital mutilation or khatna, and demanding that it be declared as a cognizable, non-compoundable and non-bailable offence.
Terming it an "extremely important and sensitive issue", Bench comprising Chief Justice J.S. Khehar, Justice S.K. Kaul and Justice D.Y. Chandrachud sought a "detailed reply" from four States- Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Delhi.
Terming it an "archaic ritual", it further contends that the practice is violative of Article 14 and 21 of the Constitution of India, submitting that the same encompasses the right of every child and woman to live with dignity, honour and without any deformity caused upon them by the others.
The Petition thereby demands implementation of a resolution on the elimination of FGM, passed in 2012 by the UN General Assembly. It also makes reference to the World Health Organisation records which classify FGM as a violation of human rights. According to WHO, FGM reflects deep-rooted inequality between the sexes, and constitutes an extreme form of discrimination against women and rights of children. The WHO, further, categorically states that no form of FGM has any medical benefits, and that it only causes severe physical, psychological and sexual harm to the young girls on whom it is perpetrated.
"…the practice of Khatna is illegal and against the religious norms/customs and amounts to serious violation of child rights as well as the rights of a woman to live with freedom and dignity and also a violation of human rights, and hence, amounts to cruelty of the first order, which is a heinous crime… The Union of India has failed to protect person and property of its citizens and the society from crimes done in the name of rituals and religion which are otherwise illegal," it thereafter contends, demanding that appropriate policies and guidelines for prohibition of FGM be put in place on an urgent basis.
The Petition goes on to draw the attention of the Court to the fact that the practice is illegal in several countries such as the US, Australia, Nigeria, Gambia and UK. While acknowledging that there exists no specific law in India banning FGM, Ms. Tiwari cites various provisions of the Indian Penal Code dealing with grievous hurt and wrongful confinement, to contend that the act may be punishable under the general law as well. Consequently, it also demands a direction to the Director Generals of State Police to take action on FGM cases under the existing laws, till stricter guidelines are framed in this regard.