text:
A locally owned Copșa Mare?
Fabian Cocoş with baby pinecones which his granny, Marieta Cocoş, uses to make a beneficial syrup. "My husband and children want to find a way to make our family business work so that we can all live here all year round, at home where we belong." Marieta Cocoş
This serious, forward-looking study, in English and Română, by The Sustainable Landscapes Group, identifies two critical factors that are affecting the way rural Transylvania evolves over the next three decades: The balance EU and national policymakers choose between economic development and environmental sustainability, and the ability or otherwise of local people to take advantage of the opportunities that tourism and a growing demand for organic produce bring.
The study extrapolates present trends to construct four scenarios or imaginary pictures of villages like Copşa Mare in 30 years' time. "A key finding is that local communities will be better prepared for the future if they are strong and cohesive than if they suffer from a lack of involvement and corruption. Policies favouring economic development can lead to prosperity if local communities are strong - but could also result in foreign exploitation and poverty if local communities are weak."
If you wish to understand what we at CopşaMare.Life wish most strenuously to avoid, it is the 'our land, your wealth' scenario, an imagined future of a village like this in which income from agricultural land and tourism is in the hands, not of local people, but of foreigners.
In this dismal scenario, the community is fragmented, and the village reduced to a popular destination for tour operators and holiday makers. It has ceased to be a place where locals can afford to live and raise their children. There are a few old ladies in decorative straw hats, a surfeit of over-renovated 'traditional Saxon farmhouse' albergos, a fancy restaurant and even a 'wellness spa', all owned by foreign-owned. The guesthouses, like the village, are empty out of season. The magnificent Saxon fortified church, which lost its congregation fifty years earlier with the mass exodus of the German-speaking inhabitants, has been restored with gifts from abroad. Its automated bells ring out every 15 minutes, creating an impression of a religious life and purpose for the building. All the young are away in Germany and Spain, with no intention of returning, and much of the farmland around the village has been sold to a developer who collects the subsidies.
Click here for the study in English and German
In short, the village has become an expensive, open-air museum, or a 'Club Sax' holiday village, a parody of the principles of sustainable tourism on which the excellent 'albergo diffuso' model - the 'scattered hotel' - is built.
Possibly the best example of this kind of bastardisation of the 'albergo diffuso' concept is Castiglion del Bosco, an 800-year-old Tuscan village acquired and up-cycled by the Italian fashion designer Massimo Ferragamo.
"My intention", says Ferragamo, "is to revive Tuscan history." Here is a write-up from Forbes magazine which gives you an idea of what revival means for Ferragamo: "Social life centres on two restaurants, one slightly formal and the other a perfectly relaxed alfresco osteria serving impeccable pasta pomodoro made with six kinds of tomatoes from the organic garden. Beyond that there's a pretty little spa, a Tom Weiskopf-designed golf course—the only private course in Italy, a well-curated boutique, a lovely swimming pool, several two- to five-bedroom villas in historic buildings and a cooking school. (There is even a medieval chapel.)"
A medieval chapel in a medieval village. Just fancy that! One wonders what other parts of Castiglion del Bosco have been put in brackets -its original inhabitants perhaps?
In its authentic version, the albergo diffuso is rather more modest and very much more inclusive. Pioneered by Giancarlo Dall'Ara in the 1980s, it has helped many dying villages escape depression and depopulation (or even transformation into the accessory of a Milanese fashion mogul, which some might consider an even worse fate).
Properly conceived, the ownership of the 'scattered hotel' should be scattered as well, among local people, with a central management providing the services of a conventional hotel. To overcome the inevitable shortage of capital and know how, the local commune or council leases the old properties from their owners for a period of 10 or more years, refurbishes them and rents them out to tourists. When the lease expires, the improved properties are returned to the owners. As Dall'Ara explains, "an albergo diffuso is not built from scratch. It is a neglected building which becomes part of a network after being refurbished. It operates as social protection, animating historical centres by stimulating initiatives and involving local producers as key elements in the offer".
We at CopsaMare.Life strive for the scenario the authors of the study call 'balance brings beauty', a future in which policymakers put environmental sustainability before simplistic economic growth, and in which local inhabitants, not capital rich foreign industrialists and fashion designers, are the owners of the businesses that supply and produce the goods and services popular with visiting tourists and other consumers.
Here is how the authors summarise the 'balance brings beauty' scenario: "Local people work together, and hence are able to capitalise on high national and international demand for organic agricultural products. Sustainable use of resources co-exists with intensified land use via modern organic farming methods. Vibrant cultural tourism and eco-tourism stabilise people's incomes from the agricultural sector. Although few people are financially wealthy, economic and social inequalities are reduced, and community spirit is high. Cultural and natural capital is valued and actively maintained."
Only one or two types of tomato and no golf course, but a bewildering variety of butterflies, birds and wild flowers. And, we must hope, Fabian Cocoş's children, who may look forward to inheriting the prosperous market gardening business built up by their great grandparents, Marieta and Florin Cocoş in the 2020s.
For details of local families offering accommodation, meals and good things to do, please visit copsamareguesthouses.ro
Work remotely this winter
Botanical Artist in Residence
Copşa Mare 231


Q. How has it been to meet all the people in Madrid?
RAFAEL NADAL: Well, great, as I always said. I've said it many times that people here are ‑‑ I think it's really special. Especially with me.
I think that in other places of the world, none other place of the world I receive the support I receive here.
I just want to say thank you. It's always very nice to be here. I feel very excited when I play in this city.
Q. How do you feel? How is your tennis?
RAFAEL NADAL: Well, I went out there to do a simple game with no complications. I tried to play easily. I didn't try to look for complicated things. I know how things work out when you come from losing a couple of matches.
I know that you're a little bit nervous whenever you finish a game as I finished the other day with Fognini in Barcelona.
I tried to start from the bottom and just go up. I think especially the last three games I finished pretty well. I managed to do a couple more things with my backhand, and I changed to parallel.
I tried to make danger with the intermediate ball. I think that in a couple of moments I just needed to throw that ball. Just try to make more danger with my shots. I try to put balls where they cannot attack me, or when he tries to attack me, it's very risky for him.
I think last week I lacked that. Monte‑Carlo I did well, but last week my ball was not making danger to the opponent. I think that's something vital.
Q. Last year there was also a couple of losses against Almagro. You don't have the obligation to win ten Monte‑Carlos or whatever. Are you having fun?
RAFAEL NADAL: Well, talking about I don't have to win, you know, the only thing I can do is just say thank you to life and everything and all the people that help me to manage everything that I have and where I am today.
I just have to say thank you. You always have up and downs. A lot of players have them. I already had them in the past. Last year I had them, but perhaps in a different way to this, because I started quite well. Also we know what happened.
This year I started the year and it's not been very regular. Maybe more irregular than what I wanted. I accept it. I just face it. I try to work day after day to go back to the regularity. I try to build my confidence.
After that, let's see how things happen. If they don't go the right way to face it and try to make it better ‑‑ I'm convinced they're going to work out. I don't know if it's this tournament or the next one or in five, six months or a years' time, but I don't have any reason to think that things are not going to work out.
I'm happy. I have the allusion, and I know things are going to work out. I haven't lost my game. I just need to build my confidence and it'll work out. I know that either sooner or later it will come back. That's what I want to think. I'm convinced about it.
After that, it's matter of time. Let's see when it happens.
Q. You've had an easy match; you served very well. Also, you were very happy when you scored many of the points. Does that mean you were nervous or just wanted to do well here in front of your people?
RAFAEL NADAL: No, not one thing or the other, just a matter of attitude. Just tried to be as positive as I can knowing that small things make a difference. So not only judging big things, but also the small moments, you know. Just try to celebrate them, celebrate the small changes that I make. Every single moment is important, and especially during these times I just want to celebrate them.
I celebrate them because I need to celebrate those things. I need to feel that. I'm sure that the audience also does that, they feel it. The only thing I can do is just get the people to celebrate the points the same as I do.
Q. Today you did the fastest ATP match. Do you think in this tournament you're going to finish your matches fast?
RAFAEL NADAL: No, no, no, sincerely I don't understand your question. I try to do as good as I can. That's my goal in every point and in every match. But I don't want to just finish the matches quickly. I want to do as good as I can.
The important thing is they don't finish the matches against you fast rather than you finish the matches against them.
Q. We are talking about Juan Margets, that he wants to go the to presidency for ITF. He has a proposal for Davis Cup. He wants to play the matches to five sets. What's your opinion about that?
RAFAEL NADAL: Well, I don't know. It's complicated. I think that we don't have to go that way from my point of view. That's not the changes that have to be made. I think that he knows well.
But there are problems that he just doesn't want to know about. Maybe he doesn't see. He's been a lot of years in the ITF and could have helped with a lot of measures back in the day. I think they're still important.
After that, just the best for him, for his candidacy. Of course it would be great to see a Spanish person as president.
From his actual position he could have done more, I think.
Q. How have you seen Nishikori in Barcelona?
RAFAEL NADAL: It's been a really good for him.
Q. Were you surprised about anything in particular of his game? Second question is, if we suppose both of you are going to make it to the final, are you thinking of that?
RAFAEL NADAL: Well, the only thing I need right now is to go and see football in an hour, hour and a half. I'm not thinking of anything else.
After that I'll just rest and try to get good training tomorrow morning and get ready for tomorrow's match.
Kei is a really good player, and he's been demonstrating that week after week. He won the Barcelona tournament, a really good tournament. Nishikori is just one of the best players in the world. Of course he has options to win in every tournament he plays in.
I cannot think of Nishikori when I'm just in the second round. A Master 1000 final, I still haven't played one this year.
Q. I wanted to ask you how did you see yesterday the match of Real Madrid? Are you going to be able to see them here? What's your feeling about that?
RAFAEL NADAL: Well, the match was complicated as always. When you play out of home Champions League it's always difficult.
I think Real Madrid had not a good score, nor a bad either. So everything is open for when then come back here to Madrid. Bernabeu is going to be there supporting him, and I hope things are going to work out.
Q. Are you going to go?
RAFAEL NADAL: Where, to Bernabeu? I'm in Rome.
Q. Could you just talk me through the match today and your assessment of how you feel you played?
RAFAEL NADAL: Well, good afternoon. I think I played a solid match. I played enough consistent to be through.
I played the way I needed to to win that match. I know after a loss like Barcelona things are not easy when you're playing the next match. So I tried to play the easiest way possible without trying very difficult shots, and trying to be better and better during the match.
I think I did. I think I need to play a little bit better tomorrow if I want to keep having chances to be through. I going to try to.
Q. Sorry if the question has already been asked, now that you have switched back to your old racquet, it seems like you have found your rhythm. Tell us what made you go for a new racquet ahead of the clay court season?
RAFAEL NADAL: No, no, no, my rhythm is not back. I won a match today. I won an important match that give me the possibility to play again tomorrow.
I said when I was playing with the new racquet a few weeks ago, when you have mistakes, when you win, when you lose, it's not because of the racquet. Never. It's because of yourself.
The other racquet is great. I need to adjust and practice a little bit more with that racquet. Was not enough practice before that two weeks.
But I came back to that racquet because it's the racquet that today give me a little bit more confidence, a racquet that I know better than the other one. These tournaments are important for me.
But I know that racquet is my future.
Q. You've been at the highest level for an incredible amount of time. I was looking at some figures that surprised me. It's 11 years that you've been winning a major ATP clay court tournament before going to Roland Garros. Hopefully of course you aim for one victory here. How do you find after all this time your physical condition and how do you find your hunger for winning?
RAFAEL NADAL: Well, the physical condition today is better than in a lot of other moments in my career. That's the real thing.
And the hunger to keep winning is there. The motivation to keep playing tennis, to enjoy this great tour we have and to keep having chances to compete for the events that I need to compete is a big motivation for me.
I am very excited to try to change that dynamic that I am not happy with. I know dynamics are tough to change, but I know if I am working well and if I am working with the right motivation, that's going to happen.
I have the conviction that that can happen, and I have decided to do everything that I can do to come back to that regular consistent level that I had for a lot of years.
It's obvious that I am not 20 anymore. I have almost 29. But I feel myself enough motivation to keep going for a couple more years.
Q. How different has this year been for you? In the past you've had injuries, but things have clicked quite quickly when you started. Obviously you found success quite quickly. Now you've had to be patient and understand things will take their time. Is there this a different sensation for you?
RAFAEL NADAL: It's all about moments, and all the moments are different. Different feelings, different situations on the career of everyone. You have to pass all these moments.
I had injuries; I had much more good than bad moments. But I had some tough moments with injuries in the past, and now I'm not injured. That's a very important point. I am on the court. If I am on the court, I have the chance to play well and win matches.
Last year for six months I didn't have that chance. If I am not winning matches today, I accept. If I am not playing well enough, only thing I can do is accept, stay positive, work as much as I can, and be positive knowing that the normal thing‑‑ if I had success during 11 years, why can't I have success again if I am motivated enough? I am fit; I don't have injuries; and I cannot forget to play tennis in six months.


The Research report "Smart Home System Market" Forecast 2018 – 2025 is a voluminous research based on Smart Home System market that carries the intensive framework of the current market worldwide. Organized by the standard method such as SWOT analysis, the Smart Home System market report explains an entire assessment of Smart Home System market internationally. The report also includes important and foremost players ABB , Siemens , Schneider Electric , Ingersoll-Rand PLC , Legrand , Lutron Electronics , Emerson Electric , Crestron Electronics , Control4 Corporation , Honeywell International , in the global Smart Home System market.
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Chapter 13, 14 and 15, Smart Home System sales channel, distributors, traders, dealers, Research Findings and Conclusion, appendix and data source.


text:
What country won the first World Cup?
In Sports Trivia
The 1st World Cup final was held on July 30, 1930 Uruguay beaten Argentina 4-2 and became the first country to win the World Cup.
What year did Tiger Woods start playing as a pro golfer?
Which team in the National Basketball Association has the most championships?
In Sports Trivia, U.S. Trivia
By Trivia Experts January 22, 2019
What was Muhammad Ali career record?
Which tennis player won 470 consecutive matches?
What U.S. state is not part of the continent of North America?
The Battle of Gettysburg was fought in what war?
Which famous Christmas song sends tidings of comfort and joy?
America won its independence from which country?
One actor has appeared in all eight Star Wars episodes and spinoffs, including 'The Last Jedi.' Who is this actor?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Why study Global Public Health with Queen Mary Online?
Hear from a current student about her experience on the course, as well as her advice for potential applicants.
Join course lecturers Ms Norah Gallagher and Dr Remy Gerbay in their recent International Dispute Resolution webinar.
QMUL Online offers you world-class teaching delivered by leading academics and professionals.
These programmes discuss the historical significance of globalisation and how it relates to a number of key issues in international relations today.
The programmes in International Dispute Resolution aim to inspire a new generation of lawyers to rethink traditional approaches to conflict and its resolution.
Deepen your understanding of global health issues and become an astute health professional with a global perspective.
Gain an in-depth analysis of the concepts, stakeholders and processes involved in international public policy.
Study flexibly from anywhere in the world at a time that suits you and gain a qualification that expands your knowledge and improves your career prospects. You can expect an outstanding education from a top university. With a programme delivered on our supportive and inspiring online platform, you will receive an experience equal in quality to our campus programmes.
Studying online with us means that you can continue to improve your knowledge and career prospects without having to compromise your commitment to family, work or friends. You'll have the freedom to choose when and where you study, and will benefit from interactions with a world classroom where important networks can be created.


You're Welcome! 🙂 Glad you like my blog.
Ah, do you have download link of Tokyo Dome? Iff you have, can you give me it?
In dailymotion is engsub too ?
wa… i just found out your blog now.
I like your blog very..
thankyu! gomawo! arigato! xie-xie! dank je! terima kasih! syukron! obrigado! gracias! khawp khun kha!
Hi dear . Thank you very much .
why part 12 and part 14 of SS4 Osaka isn't HD ?
why i cannot see the eng sub??


How do I pair the MK MAC BT Keyboard with my Mac?
01 / Make sure the keyboard is powered on. The power switch is located on the bottom side of the keyboard.
02 / Put the keyboard in Pairing Mode by holding down the "Connect" button (Fig. 01) on the bottom side of the keyboard. Once the LED starts flashing, release the button.
Fig. 01 / MK Mac BT Connect Button.
03 / On your Mac, navigate to "System Preferences" and select "Keyboard". Next, click on "Set Up Bluetooth Keyboard".
04 / Once the setup wizard finds "Azio MK Mac Keyboard", click on "Continue".
05 / Your screen will now display a 8-digit code. Enter the 8-digit passcode on the keyboard and press Return.
06 / The keyboard is now paired and ready for use.


'Courier Boy Kalyan' is the new film starring Nithin and shooting is currently going on in Sulthan Bazaar area. Some action scenes involving a chase sequence are being filmed there. Shooting will shift to Patancheru tomorrow.
Renowned director Gautham Menon is producing the film on Photon Katha banner and Prem Sai is the director. Sai is making his debut with this movie and the film is being made as a bilingual. Singer Karthik is composing the music for this movie. Nithin scored a good hit this year with 'Ishq' after a very long gap and he is hoping to consolidate that success with 'Courier Boy Kalyan'.


text:
The COVID-19 and the environment
The favorite closing scene of every pro-environmentalist blockbuster (think The Day After Tomorrow) is the self-healing of Mother Earth. A giant shockwave or a storm wiping away the pollution caused by us. The first NASA images emerging about cleaner Chinese air in the wake of the COVID-19 lockdowns evoke feelings similar to the ending scene of the above mentioned movie, when the astronauts on ISS exclaim that the air has never been so clean before.
As of today, the catastrophic wildfires in Australia of just a few months ago are all but forgotten, the alarming information about the discovery of the highest ever concentration of microplastics on the seafloor is lost amidst the swarm of COVID-19 related news.
As reports emerge about "lower vibrations from cultural noise", about "animals taking over empty roads, squares and channels around the world" and about the "unprecedented decline in global carbon emissions", and as the front pages of newspapers are filled with before/after pictures of big cities, environmental activists are filled with joy. The Covid-19 pandemic has saved the Earth. From us. It is easy to see the upside of "the largest ever global air pollution experiment".
Reduced emissions are good for public health: by some estimates air pollution kills 7 million people a year and causes serious health damage to even more. One researcher claimed that two months of lockdowns saved some 77.000 lives around the globe. (And, if the latest Italian results about the coronavirus sticking to polluted particles in the air would prove to be true, it would be another, and a very strong reason indeed to diminish air pollution.)
But while this sudden and unexpected improvement in air quality and reduced emissions might be good, it is also a warning sign.
The targeted reductions in annual emission levels are easy to maintain now, with most of the world under lockdown. Even in this situation, some experts warn that the crisis will have minimal effects on CO2 concentrations and global warning. Some pollutants (like NO2) disappeared or diminished drastically, others, like aerosols, didn't change at all. All in all, lockdowns and extreme social distancing are hardly a sustainable way to reduce emissions. And there aren't too many who are willing to pay the same price every year and even less are willing to take the drastic steps necessary to maintain current levels.
The restrictions have caused a massive plunge in fossil fuel use, while renewables are holding up during the previously unheard slump in electricity use. At least this is what was said by Fatih Birol, IEA executive director. The official concluded that "It is still too early to determine the longer-term impacts, but the energy industry that emerges from this crisis will be significantly different from the one that came before". The prognosis is that renewables are set to be the only energy source that will grow in 2020. Others have warned that even this sector might be hit, because the low oil and gas price will place pressure on it, too. Green investments might be delayed within companies stretched to their limits.
Furthermore, the overall environmental effect of the crisis depends on whether we'll see a sharp rebound in emissions as economic conditions improve or not. Efforts to quickly ramp up economies can easily wipe away any change, the desire to help struggling companies might lead to changing or relaxing regulations. Some experts drew parallels with the 2008 crisis, after which China started the "biggest, dirtiest stimulus program in the history of mankind". A scientist called this "revenge-pollution".
But if the old system is to go, greater investments and smarter policies are needed to keep energy sources secure and to reform our production and consumption habits. If safe and secure packaging is a must, we should find a sustainable alternative to plastic and don't backtrack on the ban on single use plastics, just because those might be safer (no need for disinfection). We should find a way to safely get rid of all the gloves, masks and shields that are used now and find more environment-friendly substitutes for them if they are here to stay for public health reasons. (It was unbelievable for a 19th century lady to leave her house without a glove, to prevent her hand from getting dirty. We could probably get this item back in fashion. I'm talking about textile or leather gloves, not plastic ones.)
The EU was already working on the Green Deal and it was recently announced that this deal must be at the heart of an intelligent recovery. With the German presidency coming in the second half of the year, there might be some improvement. Individual solutions are popping up all around the continent, as well, like the € 20 million French scheme to encourage people to cycle instead of using cars or public transport.
The UN could organize the COP26 climate conference online, instead of postponing it until 2021. (After all, who can guarantee that there won't be a second wave and who can tell how long it will last.) With this, it would provide a good example on how international travel could be reduced, what a "new normal" for international diplomacy could be. Years of diplomatic efforts and preparatory work wouldn't be wasted. And new green policies could be suggested and adopted.
But someone should convince the US administration about the necessity of change, too. A few days ago the EPA confirmed that regulations were relaxed to help the economy deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, and rigorous social distancing rules made it difficult to execute checks on companies. In many states, disposable bags were made mandatory while reusable bags banned. There is no New Green Deal in sight, rather old and powerful industrial lobbies are working day and night to push through regulations or bailouts. And if one of the world's largest polluter is not willing to change, reforms elsewhere might not be enough.
If one thing was proved by the pandemic, is that individual responsibility will not solve the climate crisis. Recovery efforts and damage control (including cleanup after bankrupted companies) will be paid by taxpayer money. Neither the pandemic, nor the climate emergency affects us all equally: the world's poorest need more help, way above the level any individual is able to deliver. Just one example: air pollution is expected to return to pre-pandemic levels in most of the urban areas around the world, meaning that 80% of people living in these areas will continue to be exposed to unsafe air. In low-income countries, 98% of cities fail to meet WHO air quality standards.
The pandemic also proved that unbelievable amounts of energy and focus can be moved in any society to solve a threat. The question is whether these can be turned onto other issues, after the COVID-19 crisis is over. Whether these forces can transform our way of life for the better.
« What to expect from the upcoming German presidency?
A New Crisis in the Making »


text:
Q: ValueError when downloading gensim data set I want to download the gensim glove-wiki-gigaword-100 dataset. Here's my code
import gensim.downloader as api
model = api.load("glove-wiki-gigaword-100")

But I'm receiving this error
ValueError: unable to read local cache '/Users/xxx/gensim-data/information.json' during fallback, connect to the Internet and retry

I checked my terminal for the gensim version and got this so I think it's installed
pip3 show gensim
Name: gensim
Version: 3.8.3
Summary: Python framework for fast Vector Space Modelling
Home-page: http://radimrehurek.com/gensim
Author: Radim Rehurek
Author-email: me@radimrehurek.com
License: LGPLv2.1
Location: /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages
Requires: smart-open, scipy, numpy, six
Required-by:

I can't figure this out. I turned my laptop on and off and reset the router. I dont think this issue is related to my internet despite the error?

A: I might be wrong but I think it's because gensim does not support python 3.8. I downgraded to 3.6 and the problem is fixed

A: Please note that if you want to download this model you can download using Pycharm
import gensim.downloader as api
model = api.load("glove-wiki-gigaword-100")

but the genism is not working for Python3.8.
So you can downgrade to another version of Python like 3.4,5,6
As I have check the model is download but genism is not working.

A: I hit the same issue. Worked on 3.6 not on 3.8 after an OS upgrade. One problem is that this snippet of code as is does not provide any helpful debug information beyond the ValueError. Let's fix that.
Python 3.8.10 (v3.8.10:3d8993a744, May  3 2021, 08:55:58)
[Clang 6.0 (clang-600.0.57)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import logging
>>> logging.basicConfig()
>>> import gensim.downloader as api
>>> model = api.load("glove-wiki-gigaword-100")

Adding the above reveals that it is actually an SSL error.
ERROR:gensim.downloader:caught non-fatal exception while trying to update gensim-data cache from 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/RaRe-Technologies/gensim-data/master/list.json'; using local cache at '/Users/marbron/gensim-data/information.json' instead
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/urllib/request.py", line 1354, in do_open
    h.request(req.get_method(), req.selector, req.data, headers,
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/http/client.py", line 1252, in request
    self._send_request(method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/http/client.py", line 1298, in _send_request
    self.endheaders(body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/http/client.py", line 1247, in endheaders
    self._send_output(message_body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/http/client.py", line 1007, in _send_output
    self.send(msg)
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/http/client.py", line 947, in send
    self.connect()
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/http/client.py", line 1421, in connect
    self.sock = self._context.wrap_socket(self.sock,
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/ssl.py", line 500, in wrap_socket
    return self.sslsocket_class._create(
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/ssl.py", line 1040, in _create
    self.do_handshake()
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/ssl.py", line 1309, in do_handshake
    self._sslobj.do_handshake()
ssl.SSLCertVerificationError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1131)

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/marbron/Projects/hcm-matchfox-testing/.py38/lib/python3.8/site-packages/gensim/downloader.py", line 199, in _load_info
    info_bytes = urlopen(url).read()
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/urllib/request.py", line 222, in urlopen
    return opener.open(url, data, timeout)
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/urllib/request.py", line 525, in open
    response = self._open(req, data)
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/urllib/request.py", line 542, in _open
    result = self._call_chain(self.handle_open, protocol, protocol +
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/urllib/request.py", line 502, in _call_chain
    result = func(*args)
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/urllib/request.py", line 1397, in https_open
    return self.do_open(http.client.HTTPSConnection, req,
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/urllib/request.py", line 1357, in do_open
    raise URLError(err)
urllib.error.URLError: <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1131)>
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/marbron/Projects/hcm-matchfox-testing/.py38/lib/python3.8/site-packages/gensim/downloader.py", line 219, in _load_info
    with io.open(cache_path, 'r', encoding=encoding) as fin:
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/Users/marbron/gensim-data/information.json'

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/Users/marbron/Projects/hcm-matchfox-testing/.py38/lib/python3.8/site-packages/gensim/downloader.py", line 490, in load
    file_name = _get_filename(name)
  File "/Users/marbron/Projects/hcm-matchfox-testing/.py38/lib/python3.8/site-packages/gensim/downloader.py", line 426, in _get_filename
    information = info()
  File "/Users/marbron/Projects/hcm-matchfox-testing/.py38/lib/python3.8/site-packages/gensim/downloader.py", line 268, in info
    information = _load_info()
  File "/Users/marbron/Projects/hcm-matchfox-testing/.py38/lib/python3.8/site-packages/gensim/downloader.py", line 222, in _load_info
    raise ValueError(
ValueError: unable to read local cache '/Users/marbron/gensim-data/information.json' during fallback, connect to the Internet and retry

There are several good answers on SO on how to solve the above:

*

*certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate

*openssl, python requests error: "certificate verify failed"
But in short:

*

*pip install -U certifi

*/Applications/Python 3.X/Install Certificates.command
Then execute the snippet above again and the model will be downloaded.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


If we integrate India internally, building trust among cultural groups and cutting statelevel barriers to trade, then one India, united in its diversity, can surely thrive in global competition.
"India is a very diverse culture, in terms of languages, religions and income levels—so you start adjusting and coping with diversity at a very personal level as a child."1 Other research backs up at least C.K.'s view about India's diversity: among 160 countries, India ranks 5th on cultural and 17th on ethnic "fractionalization."
The contrast between diversity, which most of us learned growing up to view as a strength, and fractionalization, which sounds rather nasty and comes up in research on civil conflicts among other topics, leads me to reflect on another curious and related contrast about India.


text:
India Culture and Folk Arts Are Catalysts For Transforming Lives
India Culture Program Propels 10k Out of Poverty
India culture and folk arts are transforming lives and the economy of West Bengal, thanks in large part to Amitava Bhattacharya, the Founder and Director of Banglangatak.com. Amitava was trained as an engineer at IIT Kharagpur and was a Gurukul Chevening Scholar on Leadership and Excellence from the London School of Economics. He has over 26 years of global work experience.
Banglanatak is a social enterprise working across India with a mission to foster inclusive and sustainable development using culture-based approaches. The organization works for the protection of the rights of women, children and indigenous people and specializes in developing community-led creative industries based on intangible cultural heritage like performing arts and crafts.
Banglanatak has implemented multiple initiatives, including "MusiCal," which supports youths by giving them the skills and resources to develop a career in the music industry, focusing on traditional folk and contemporary urban acoustic music. They have also created TourEast, which promotes the cultural destinations of rural West Bengal through learning about the heritage and traditions of rural life. By partnering with local communities, Banglanatak has been able to ensure economic benefits through increased local ownership.
In 2004, Amitava launched 'Art for Livelihood' (AFL) the flagship project of Banglanatak with 3200 rural community artists engaged in six traditional art forms across 6 districts of West Bengal in India. Over 10,000 families have made the transition across the poverty line through micro-economies established by AFL that are based on traditional art and craft skills.
I know you'll enjoy this inspiring story of entrepreneurship, dedication, and love for culture. Amitava brings us inside the works of Banglanatak and the change they have inspired within Indian communities.
Documenting Indian Art is Calling for Benoy K. Behl
Traditions of Oklahoma's Native American Culture: An Interview with Curator Dr. Dan Swan
Homage to Swedish Folk Art at Nordic Museum in Stockholm


This is a unique visual encyclopedia of rock and a must-have reference guide for any serious music fan. Documenting the development and impact of 250 of the world's most influential rock acts over the past fifty years and detailing the development of their sounds and line-ups, innovative colour-coded infographics outline each band's chart success and provide full details of every band member together with photographs and a biography. Beautiful and iconic images of the world's 50 biggest acts illustrate their defining looks and the huge impact that rock has had outside the music world. Written by renowned rock music authority David Roberts, Rock Chronicles is truly comprehensive, informative and compelling reference guide for everyone who enjoys and loves great rock music.


text:
Endogenous leukemia inhibitory factor production limits autoimmune demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss
Helmut Butzkueven, Ben Emery, Tania Cipriani, Mark P. Marriott, Trevor J. Kilpatrick
Autoimmune injury to oligodendrocytes evokes an endogenous response in the central nervous system, which initially limits the acute injury to oligodendrocytes and myelin, and subsequently promotes remyelination. The key molecular and cellular events responsible for this beneficial outcome are incompletely understood. In this article, we utilize murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to focus on the effect of endogenously produced leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) upon mature oligodendrocyte survival after demyelinating injury. We show that the mRNA for LIF is markedly upregulated in the spinal cord in the context of acute inflammatory demyelination. After clinical disease onset, administration of neutralizing anti-LIF antibodies over a four day period significantly worsens disease severity in two different murine EAE models. We also show that administration of neutralizing antibodies results in reduced activation of the cognate LIF receptor components in the spinal cord. Histologically, anti-LIF antibody administration increases the extent of acute demyelination (P < 0.01) and doubles the oligodendrocyte loss already induced by EAE (P < 0.05), without altering the extent of inflammatory infiltration into the spinal cord. Although acute EAE induces a rapid, three-fold increase in the proliferation of NG2 positive oligodendrocyte progenitors (P < 0.001), this response is not diminished by antagonism of endogenous LIF. We conclude that endogenous LIF is induced in response to autoimmune demyelination in the spinal cord and protects mature oligodendrocytes from demyelinating injury and cell death, thereby resulting in attenuation of clinical disease severity.
GLIA
https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.20321
Autoimmune demyelination
Oligodendrocyte
10.1002/glia.20321
Dive into the research topics of 'Endogenous leukemia inhibitory factor production limits autoimmune demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Oligodendroglia Medicine & Life Sciences 82%
Demyelinating Diseases Medicine & Life Sciences 78%
Encephalomyelitis Medicine & Life Sciences 68%
Spinal Cord Medicine & Life Sciences 40%
OSM-LIF Receptors Medicine & Life Sciences 19%
Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Medicine & Life Sciences 16%
Butzkueven, H., Emery, B., Cipriani, T., Marriott, M. P., & Kilpatrick, T. J. (2006). Endogenous leukemia inhibitory factor production limits autoimmune demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss. GLIA, 53(7), 696-703. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.20321
Endogenous leukemia inhibitory factor production limits autoimmune demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss. / Butzkueven, Helmut; Emery, Ben; Cipriani, Tania et al.
In: GLIA, Vol. 53, No. 7, 01.05.2006, p. 696-703.
Butzkueven, H, Emery, B, Cipriani, T, Marriott, MP & Kilpatrick, TJ 2006, 'Endogenous leukemia inhibitory factor production limits autoimmune demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss', GLIA, vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 696-703. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.20321
Butzkueven H, Emery B, Cipriani T, Marriott MP, Kilpatrick TJ. Endogenous leukemia inhibitory factor production limits autoimmune demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss. GLIA. 2006 May 1;53(7):696-703. doi: 10.1002/glia.20321
Butzkueven, Helmut ; Emery, Ben ; Cipriani, Tania et al. / Endogenous leukemia inhibitory factor production limits autoimmune demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss. In: GLIA. 2006 ; Vol. 53, No. 7. pp. 696-703.
@article{edc88e447f0546359e93a9c6d9157108,
title = "Endogenous leukemia inhibitory factor production limits autoimmune demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss",
abstract = "Autoimmune injury to oligodendrocytes evokes an endogenous response in the central nervous system, which initially limits the acute injury to oligodendrocytes and myelin, and subsequently promotes remyelination. The key molecular and cellular events responsible for this beneficial outcome are incompletely understood. In this article, we utilize murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to focus on the effect of endogenously produced leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) upon mature oligodendrocyte survival after demyelinating injury. We show that the mRNA for LIF is markedly upregulated in the spinal cord in the context of acute inflammatory demyelination. After clinical disease onset, administration of neutralizing anti-LIF antibodies over a four day period significantly worsens disease severity in two different murine EAE models. We also show that administration of neutralizing antibodies results in reduced activation of the cognate LIF receptor components in the spinal cord. Histologically, anti-LIF antibody administration increases the extent of acute demyelination (P < 0.01) and doubles the oligodendrocyte loss already induced by EAE (P < 0.05), without altering the extent of inflammatory infiltration into the spinal cord. Although acute EAE induces a rapid, three-fold increase in the proliferation of NG2 positive oligodendrocyte progenitors (P < 0.001), this response is not diminished by antagonism of endogenous LIF. We conclude that endogenous LIF is induced in response to autoimmune demyelination in the spinal cord and protects mature oligodendrocytes from demyelinating injury and cell death, thereby resulting in attenuation of clinical disease severity.",
keywords = "Autoimmune demyelination, Endogenous, Leukemia inhibitory factor, Oligodendrocyte",
author = "Helmut Butzkueven and Ben Emery and Tania Cipriani and Marriott, {Mark P.} and Kilpatrick, {Trevor J.}",
doi = "10.1002/glia.20321",
journal = "GLIA",
T1 - Endogenous leukemia inhibitory factor production limits autoimmune demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss
AU - Butzkueven, Helmut
AU - Emery, Ben
AU - Cipriani, Tania
AU - Marriott, Mark P.
AU - Kilpatrick, Trevor J.
N2 - Autoimmune injury to oligodendrocytes evokes an endogenous response in the central nervous system, which initially limits the acute injury to oligodendrocytes and myelin, and subsequently promotes remyelination. The key molecular and cellular events responsible for this beneficial outcome are incompletely understood. In this article, we utilize murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to focus on the effect of endogenously produced leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) upon mature oligodendrocyte survival after demyelinating injury. We show that the mRNA for LIF is markedly upregulated in the spinal cord in the context of acute inflammatory demyelination. After clinical disease onset, administration of neutralizing anti-LIF antibodies over a four day period significantly worsens disease severity in two different murine EAE models. We also show that administration of neutralizing antibodies results in reduced activation of the cognate LIF receptor components in the spinal cord. Histologically, anti-LIF antibody administration increases the extent of acute demyelination (P < 0.01) and doubles the oligodendrocyte loss already induced by EAE (P < 0.05), without altering the extent of inflammatory infiltration into the spinal cord. Although acute EAE induces a rapid, three-fold increase in the proliferation of NG2 positive oligodendrocyte progenitors (P < 0.001), this response is not diminished by antagonism of endogenous LIF. We conclude that endogenous LIF is induced in response to autoimmune demyelination in the spinal cord and protects mature oligodendrocytes from demyelinating injury and cell death, thereby resulting in attenuation of clinical disease severity.
AB - Autoimmune injury to oligodendrocytes evokes an endogenous response in the central nervous system, which initially limits the acute injury to oligodendrocytes and myelin, and subsequently promotes remyelination. The key molecular and cellular events responsible for this beneficial outcome are incompletely understood. In this article, we utilize murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to focus on the effect of endogenously produced leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) upon mature oligodendrocyte survival after demyelinating injury. We show that the mRNA for LIF is markedly upregulated in the spinal cord in the context of acute inflammatory demyelination. After clinical disease onset, administration of neutralizing anti-LIF antibodies over a four day period significantly worsens disease severity in two different murine EAE models. We also show that administration of neutralizing antibodies results in reduced activation of the cognate LIF receptor components in the spinal cord. Histologically, anti-LIF antibody administration increases the extent of acute demyelination (P < 0.01) and doubles the oligodendrocyte loss already induced by EAE (P < 0.05), without altering the extent of inflammatory infiltration into the spinal cord. Although acute EAE induces a rapid, three-fold increase in the proliferation of NG2 positive oligodendrocyte progenitors (P < 0.001), this response is not diminished by antagonism of endogenous LIF. We conclude that endogenous LIF is induced in response to autoimmune demyelination in the spinal cord and protects mature oligodendrocytes from demyelinating injury and cell death, thereby resulting in attenuation of clinical disease severity.
KW - Autoimmune demyelination
KW - Endogenous
KW - Leukemia inhibitory factor
KW - Oligodendrocyte
U2 - 10.1002/glia.20321
DO - 10.1002/glia.20321
JO - GLIA
JF - GLIA


text:
Sony launches new soundbar and soundbase models
By Verity Burns published 7 January 16
The HT-N5 hi-res soundbar tops the trio announced, alongside a soundbase and a soundbar surround package due in April.
Sony has announced three new 2.1ch soundbar models at CES 2016, as well as an all-in-one soundbase and a 5.1ch soundbar system.
The HT-NT5 is the flagship of the range, and echoes Sony's new 'Slice of Living' design language in its 2016 Bravia TVs, with a low-profile aluminium design that won't obstruct your view.
Inside, there are two three-way speakers driven by six discrete amplifiers, plus a newly-designed Sigma subwoofer unit with dual magnets for a total power output of 400W.
It offers an HDMI 2.0 output for connecting to your TV, and supports the latest 4K sound and picture standards. It is also capable of playing back hi-res audio up to 24-bit/96KHz and will be available for £600.
Joining the HT-NT5 in Sony's soundbar line up are the HT-CT790 (£400) and the HT-CT390 (£TBC), plus the HT-XT2 (£250) soundbase.
The former offers 330W of peak power, working with Sony's S-Force Pro front surround technology and a newly-designed sound deflector to create what Sony describes as a "satisfyingly wide soundstage".
The slim HT-CT390 also uses this same sound deflector to widen its sound, but offers just slightly less power at 300W, while HT-XT2 comes with an integrated subwoofer for 170w of sound and will support TVs up to 55in.
Finally, there is the HT-RT3 5.1ch soundbar system (£300), which comprises a soundbar, sub and two wired rear speakers, forming a total 600W of power.
Prefer to go wireless? The rest of the range allows you to hook up a pair of compatible Sony wireless speakers as wire-free rear channels (available separately).
Of course, the whole range will offer built-in wi-fi and Bluetooth and support wireless multi-room audio, via the Sony Songpal app. There will also be NFC for fuss-free pairing and Spotify Connect and Google Cast support for streaming. The range is due to launch in April.
MORE: Sony at CES 2015 - 5 things we learned
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Samsung's first standard OLED TVs could go on sale in June 2022
Platin Monaco 5.1 WiSA speaker system review


text:
The history of Durness: from clanship to crofting
© Malcolm Bangor-Jones (Loch Croispol Project)
This short essay on the district of Durness concentrates on the period between the mid-18th century and the mid-19th century. It was a period of extraordinary change which saw changes in landownership and land tenure, in peoples' livelihoods, and in social relationships. This essay is a selective account and should be read in association with the work of Graham Bruce on The Old School House of Croispol and the Clearance settlement of Ceannabeinne.
Over the last five hundred years Durness has had a number of identities. The lands of Durness as they occur in old charters included not just Balnakeil but all the territory between the west side of Loch Eriboll and the River Laxford. They did not include Eriboll or Strathmore. On the other hand, the medieval parish of Durness was huge and reached from the border with Assynt to include Tongue. In 1724 it was reduced in size and new parishes of Eddrachillis and Tongue were created. The lands of Durness lay within the province of Strathnaver which reached from Assynt to Caithness. Although Strathnaver came to be associated with the clan Mackay, the lands of Durness belonged to the church (though the Mackays may have been tenants). At the time of the Reformation, Durness passed to the earls of Sutherland, and the Mackays were eventually confirmed as their feudal vassals. The ambitions of the Mackays peaked in 1628 when Sir Donald Mackay was created Lord Reay. The clan had also reached their greatest territorial extent. Thereafter there was to be a long and drawn out decline. George Lord Reay, who succeeded as a minor in 1680, grew up to be a staunch presbyterian and supporter of the Government. His influence, allied to that of the Earl of Sutherland, ensured that Sutherland was largely free of Jacobite influence.
The growing integration of the Mackay gentry into the mainstream culture of Scotland was obvious by the early 18th century. More expensive tastes and ways of living brought about financial pressures. While leading members of the clan were to assist by lending money, the narrow agricultural base, where the main commercial emphasis was on livestock farming, posed severe constraints on estate income. The Mackay gentry had always adopted a commercial attitude towards their estates, for instance, selling their produce by way of contracts entered into with Lowland merchants from places like Inverness, Aberdeen and Edinburgh. From the mid-18th century, these attitudes were to take stronger root.
The Reay estate and agricultural improvement in the eighteenth century
Lord Reay was a leading member and correspondent of the premier agricultural society in Scotland, the Society of Improvers, and was latterly its President. His agricultural experiments included sown grasses, inclosures, water meadows and even a 'trial' of wheat. These experiments took place either on the Mains of Tongue, or on the Mains of Balnakeil to which were attached the fine grazings on Faraid Head and the Parph between the Kyle of Durness and Cape Wrath. The inventory of Lord Reay's farm stocking following his death in 1748 suggest that the experiments had included the introduction of some Black Faced sheep onto the Parph and that, while they may have been few in number initially, the flock had continued to increase. These would have been significantly larger than the native sheep.
Donald Lord Reay possessed the two mains farms until his death in 1761. While initially circumscribed by the family trust, his son George was able to take possession of the estate, including the mains farms in 1764. He entered into a 10- year contract with Charles Gordon of Skelpick for the disposal of the estate produce, including wedders, sheep, hoggs, lambs and wool, and also goat's and sheep's cheese. He also had an interest in estate improvements. In 1767, the naturalist James Robertson, noted that, while there were few sheep in the north, 2500 were kept by Lord Reay and they "had succeeded so well, that he intended to bring from the south 5000 more." Part of the Faraid Head was enclosed "for the purpose of receiving My Lord Rae's newly weaned lambs". The inventory of Lord Reay's moveable effects after his death in 1768 revealed that his stocking included £1000 worth of cattle and over £600 of sheep. Balnakeil, including its sheep flock, was let in 1770 to Colonel Hugh Mackay, the eldest son of John Mackay of Clashneach, and who had prospered in Jamaica. In 1780 the Parph continued to be devoted to sheep, though without the benefit of Balnakeil.
Lord Reay was succeeded in 1768 by his mentally incapable younger brother Hugh and the estate was managed by various tutors and factors until the latter's death in 1797. The tutors took a positive attitude to the development of the estate, but largely left its improvement to the local tacksmen. This, and the limited personal expenditure of Lord Reay, enabled the family to survive financially for a while longer. The tutors regarded the future of the Highlands as a 'grazing country' but while they were prepared to allow the tacksmen to remove subtenants and take more of their farms into their own hands, the tutors did take steps to protect the subtenants and ensure that they were not removed from the estate altogether. In general the tacksmen concentrated on the cattle trade but the high prices of sheep in the Napoleonic Wars encouraged them to introduce flocks of their own.
The fisheries and kelp
The Reay estate contained several salmon rivers which were fished by traps or net and coble, including the Grudie. The herring, cod and ling fisheries were important for many coastal communities, not only as a source of food but also of money income, even if the visits of the herrings could be erratic. In the 1720s and 1730s Lord Reay was directly involved in the fisheries and sold herring to Lowland merchants. The herring could attract many herring 'busses' or ships from the Clyde and other ports.
Interest in the herring fisheries of the north west Highlands took off in the 1770s with the establishment of a number of fishing stations. In 1775 the tutors of Lord Reay gave a 21-year lease of the salmon fishings to Thomas and James
Arbuthnot, merchants from Peterhead, and their local manager, James Anderson, who had been granted a lease of various coastal farms to enable him to pursue the herring and cod fisheries. Under a new lease of 1787, the merchant partnership built a fishing station at Rispond. The local fishermen were able to sell fish to the merchants and visiting herring busses, and people were also employed in gutting the fish and packing them in barrels.
Another development which was to be of considerable significance was the manufacture of kelp from seaweed. On the Reay estate kelp-making began in the 1730s although it does not seem to have become continuous until the 1750s. In 1754 Donald Forbes, tacksman of Ribigill, became responsible for organising it on behalf of the estate. In 1764 he took over the manufacture himself under a lease which gave him right to the 'whole ware and Tang…in the Parishes of Edderachillis and Durness…excepting that ware and Tang as will be indispensibly necessary for manuring the Arrable Lands of the respective Inhabitants of the said Shoars'. The tenants of the coastal farms were encouraged to manufacture kelp and Forbes undertook to provide those making kelp with meal. The shores were afterwards let to the merchant partnership based at Rispond. Rising prices for cattle benefited the small tenants as well as the tacksmen. However, increased money income, particularly from fishing and kelp, also enabled them to buy meal. The introduction and rapid uptake of the potato, which could be grown on poor ground, was another factor enabling population growth in the second half of the eighteenth century, particularly in the coastal townships.
The Clearances
When Eric Lord Reay succeeded in 1797 he inherited an extensive estate but one burdened with debt. His desire to maintain the style of living which he felt appropriate to his status was to have enormous consequences for the people of Durness. The Highlands were enjoying an economic boom which not only encouraged him to reorganise much of the estate into sheepfarms but also made it financially advantageous to resettle those cleared to the coast where they were expected earn their livelihood mainly from kelp manufacture and fishing. The Reay estate was cleared in a series of phases commencing in 1801. With the exception of John Dunlop of Moreham who took the farm of Balnakeil – mainly as an inducement to introduce a "new and more improving system of management" – the remainder of the sheepfarms were taken by local tacksmen. Their leases were renegotiated between 1805 and 1809 to take in additional lands at higher rents. In 1815 new leases were entered into for most of the farms. The end result in Durness was the creation of three large sheepfarms: Balnakeil (which included substantial arable lands), Keoldale, tenanted by the Scobies, and Eriboll, tenanted by the Clarkes.
The clearances by Lord Reay in the parish of Durness took place over almost a 30-year period, with some townships not cleared until the mid to late 1820s. The process was prolonged by the fact that numbers of people – especially the aged and infirm – were allowed to remain as subtenants or cottars on the sheepfarms, even into the 1840s. Some, however, were not small tenants. In 1829 there were two cottages on Keoldale sheepfarm: Borley held by John Campbell, a subtenant of Mrs Mackay Scobie and another at Clashneach, inhabited by Mrs Scobie's mother.
Small tenant population
Some of those cleared are known to have emigrated to Canada. However, most of the small tenants were resettled on the estate, though some moved outwith their parish, for instance, to the Kinlochbervie area. Kelp manufacture became a very importance source of income for the small tenants and a good deal of the wet and cold work was undertaken by women. Lord Reay took personal control of manufacturing in 1801. Although he granted 40-year lease of the shores to James Anderson junior in Rispond, in 1806 Lord Reay took a half-share in the enterprise and became bound to "take the tenants of the coastal farms where kelp can be properly manufactured, bound to give immediate assistance in such manufacture when required so to do, upon their receiving such wages per ton as shall be payable at the time by Lord Macdonald". Some of the small tenants actually became subtenants to Anderson: at Sangobeg, Ceannabeinne, Portchamil and Island Hoan (and later Lerin). As elsewhere, the townships became swollen with cleared households. The subtenants of Sangobeg later complained of the "the great injustice we received from the late Mr Anderson by having added 4 or 5 additional families to the Towns at the Same time deprived us of a very Considerable part of our Ground, as shown by the old boundary land marks". Kelp manufacture had disappeared by 1830. Local fishing remained of importance and many of the small tenants and their sons took a share in larger boats and went every year to the Caithness herring fishery. There was employment for women in gutting and packing and young people also went every year to Caithness for agricultural work. Seasonal migration further afield was also undertaken.
Acquisition by the Sutherland family
The financial difficulties of Lord Reay increased markedly with the onset of the economic depression after the end of the Napoleonic War in 1815. Livestock prices fell and the sheepfarmers had problems paying their rents. At the same time the price of kelp collapsed. A new factor, John Horsburgh, was appointed in 1825 tasked with bringing about a more efficient management of the estate. It was not enough and the estate was sold to the Marquis of Stafford in 1829. The Sutherland estate managers found the Reay estate possessed by an over-rented and impoverished small tenantry. Part of their response was to invest in the construction of roads. Prior to this Durness was only served by rough tracks or by boat. In the early 19th century Sutherland had been opened up through the building of Parliamentary roads up the east coast and to Tongue. After 1829 a road was built from Skiag Bridge in Assynt northwards to Durness and round the coast. The work of the county road surveyor, Peter Lawson, is recorded on the plaque at the water trough between Gualin and Carbreck although the date of 1883 should be 1833. Ferries and inns were provided by the Sutherland estate. The provision of roads enabled the Dukes of Sutherland to visit parts of the estate which had rarely seen a landlord for many years. Tours of the estate were regularly undertaken, usually starting at Lochinver and progressing round by Scourie, Durness and Tongue. The Duke stayed at the Durine or Durness Inn, kept by Mrs Isabella Ross. Lunch en route to Tongue House would be taken with Alexander Clarke, the sheepfarmer at Eriboll. The Duke inspected works and met with tenants. However, his party also enjoyed other activities. In 1845 there was a visit to Smoo Cave and local men were employed: "Clearing the Road down to Smoo and putting Sepping Stons in the Burn" and "Six men with two Boats went in to the Cove of Smoo with the Marques of Stafford". A man was paid to go "to Achumore to warn the Ferryman to be in Readiness to Receive Such as Intended Going to the Cape". As in every year, payment was made to "three men Employed Day & Night in Keeping Drunken and Disorderly Beggars &c from Entering the Inn or taking anything out of the Inn". The management of Durness had remained under the factor at Tongue until the appointment of a separate factor at Scourie in 1832. The Scourie district of the Sutherland estate included Assynt, Eddrachillis, and Durness, excepting Eriboll sheepfarm which remained under the Tongue management.
The creation of crofts
It is usually said that in the Highlands and Islands the creation of crofts (small individual holdings) was associated with the clearances. It is contended that those evicted when their townships were cleared were resettled in crofts where it was intended that they would become a labour force to manufacture kelp or fish. The crofts would be too small to allow the tenants to support themselves entirely from the produce of their holdings. This did not happen on the Reay estate: instead the small tenants continued to hold their land according to the runrig system of intermixed strips. The adoption of a more improvement-minded approach – initially from 1825 and then by the Sutherland estate management after 1829 – saw the rearrangement of townships into crofts. The runrig system was condemned as stifling agricultural improvement: crofts would not only stimulate improvement but also encourage more industrious habits amongst the people. The townships of Durine, Balvolich and Sangomore holding of the landlord were finally made into crofts in 1833. The tenants had to surrender their houses if they fell on an other tenant's croft and promised to build new houses on their crofts or lots. The tenants of Sangmore signed an undertaking to the factor: "Considering that as you are now about To Relote this township and therby that many of the Houses will fall to be upon lots not to be possessed by the Occupiers of the said houses We the undersyned hearby Agree and ingage that if under the new arrangement any of our houses fall to be on one or other of our neighbour Lots we shall remove therfrom at or before the time of martinmas nixt and we farther Ingage to commence our new houses Immediately on Such Cites [sites] as you may point out". The crofts were laid out by a land surveyor and then valued by local valuators. There was some dissatisfaction as to the way the re-organisation was carried out. In 1837 a majority of the tenants in Durine complained that the men who had been elected by the crofters for "valuing or equaliseing the rent" of their crofts had taken the "best lots and had got them without running the chanse of the Rest and some got them by force." The ground officer confirmed that the men had not done "as well as they might have done in putting rent on Improved Ground". In Balnavolich, for instance, the croft of William Morrison was "rather dear" and that of Widow George MacLeod was "very dear and rocky and Cannot be improved". The building of new houses was a financial burden for many of the tenants. In 1835 the crofters of Durine petitioned the estate commissioner, James Loch, "That since the distribution of their lands into Lots, your Petitioners have been preparing Materials for building their new houses: That they have no Sufficient Carriage for the Conveyance of Stones, Lime &c &c: That a Cart and Harness has been, by their noble Proprietor, placed at the disposal of their neighbours in the Township of Saingo-more; And that there are Six & twenty of your Petitioner – heads of Families, to whom such another present would prove invaluable." A cart was granted. A road was also made through the Durine to 'Geo Brat' where the crofters normally got their drift seaweed for manuring their arable land. The difficulties of the 1830s were reflected in the rising level of rent arrears. A very poor potato harvest in 1837 exacerbated conditions. All the crofters or small tenants on the Sutherland estate were forgiven their arrears when the second Duke of Sutherland succeeded to the estate on death of his mother the Duchess-Countess in 1839. The appointment in 1845 of a new factor for the Scourie district, Evander McIver, brought greater efforts to collect rents. McIver also strictly enforced the estate rule whereby tenants were not allowed to take in married lodgers, including sons and daughters, except in special circumstances. Those who broke the rule were summoned to remove.
Laid of Loch Eriboll
Patrick Sellar, one of several who advised on how the Reay estate should be developed by the Sutherland management, recommended "Lotting out the West side of Loch Eribol…That which is situated below the county Road should be divided into Lotts of different Sizes, in the hope that ultimately it may, by the help of Lime fish offal, be, nearly, entirely brought into Cultivation and some day put into Rotation." Such a new settlement would help to reduce the overcrowding by taking landless households from Durine and also help accommodate a number of subtenants to be evicted from Eriboll sheepfarm. Laid appears to have been first settled in 1833, though it may not have been established in formal terms until two years later when 18 tenants were entered on the rent roll. Each was to be only charged a shilling's rent for the first 7 years. In August 1834 they had petitioned for better places rather than the "barren & uncultivated heath on the side of Loch Erriboll, which, on their present distressed circumstances, and without any Capital, they are utterly unable to bring into a state of Cultivation, with the additional expence of erecting new houses thereon". The following year they asked for possession of Island Chory "to provide sustenance for our families, which for several years the present Lots cannot produce, not after all our exertions above 3 or 4 months in the year and from the nature of the Soil being almost all pure moss on a Rocky or chingly bed it is not capable of being made good Land." Loch admitted that the crofts were poor, but claimed that "by industry and exertion they will be made better."
The Anderson Clearances
Anderson at Rispond was also faced with rising arrears of rent from his subtenants and decided to clear the townships in favour of sheep. This process began in 1839 when the inhabitants of Porthamil, Port Sian and other townships were summoned to remove. The six subtenants of Porthamil (Donald Mackay, Alexander Munro, Neil Gunn, James Campbell, Donald Mackay and John Mackay) petitioned the Duke of Sutherland for assistance in September 1840. Campbell had already refused the offer of a croft in Eddrachillis and the Duke was unable to offer further land. The clearances and, in particular, the riot of 1841 are the subject of the booklet by Graham Bruce.
The Duke of Sutherland was able to resume possession of Lerin in 1842. However, Anderson continued to fall behind with the payment of his rents. In 1847 he complained of his remaining tenants being a "mill stone of no ordinary nature about my neck, pay no rent, but of necessity without loss of time I must try what Can be made of them". Two years later he was bankrupt although he was able to transfer his property in trust for the benefit of his family and remained in residence until his death in 1854. In 1850 the premises consisted of dwelling house with wings, detached store house, salt cellar, coopers and curing shed, all valued at £550. The other promises, used by the tenant of the salmon fisheries, comprised a salmon boiling house and cooling house, with meal store above, valued at £1150. The lands of Rispond were taken over by the Messrs Swanson, paying a rent of £137 10s, a significant rise from the rent paid by Anderson of £57 19s. The tenants of Sangobeg became direct tenants of the Duke of Sutherland.
The Potato Famine
Given the extent of crofter's reliance on the potato, the onset of the potato disease in 1846 was a catastrophe. Destitution conditions lasted for several years. Ensuring a supply of meal was a priority for the estate management. In early 1847 the factor McIver reported that "the quantity required is so large that the ordinary Dealer is afraid to import". McIver pressed the merchant at Smoo, Murdo Low, to import, but he refused, so he was forced to buy supplies for Durness from Mr Craig of Thurso. The supply of meal continued to be a challenge for several years. Works, paid for by the Duke of Sutherland, were set agoing to employ one person out of each family. At Laid, each tenant was allowed money to improve his croft. Tenants were also employed trenching and draining land, for instance at Lerin, and between Murdo Low's at Smoo and the Ground Officer's house. Young people were encouraged and assisted to go south for look for work. In 1847 and 1848 the Duke spent a good deal on arranging four emigrant ships to Canada: most of the emigrants, however, came from Assynt and Eddrachillis. Paupers receiving assistance under the new Poor Law were assisted by the Parochial Board. Those who were not on the poor's roll but who had no family to support them and were judged unable to work, were given allowances in meal.
Loch Caladail
Relief work was also provided by the drainage of Loch Caladail. Drainage of lochs to form new agricultural land had been undertaken in the north west for several decades. In 1845 a report had been made into the drainage of the loch: it was then 60 acres in extent with an average depth of three feet, and only five feet at its deepest. Although it appeared a simple task to deepen the outlet, the work of draining the loch was not commenced until June 1848. In November 1848, McIver reported that progress had been impeded by a variety of causes, "first by our adhering to Destitution Wages – next by our contracting with a person who could not carry on the work – but principally by the extreme wetness of the Summer and Harvest – which made the Work most difficult and at time the Overseer was afraid we should have to abandon it altogether." The total length of the cut to the loch was about 400 yards. It varied in depth from 6 to 18 feet deep, averaging 12 feet. The soil was very soft and full of springs. The bottom of the cut was paved with stones and a retaining wall built on either side, varying from two to five feet in height. About 260 yards had been completed, the constant rains had prevented it being completed to the loch before winter. A cut of nearly 100 yards had been made into the loch and most of it had been allowed to drain. The surface had been found to be "principally soft mud about 20 inches deep – below which there is a stratum of moss six inches deep and below that there is a bed of Marl which appears to be from two to three feet thick – and is supposed to be more than double that thickness in the Centre of the Loch." The marl was subsequently analysed at Edinburgh and found to be very rich in lime and suitable for using on the land as a substitute for lime.
Work continued on the works until 1850. In 1851 the agricultural advisor and surveyor, John Russell, measured the surrounding lands with the aim of creating a new farm. The cost of enclosures, roads, and buildings, as well as improving and fencing a portion of Keoldale, was estimated at £1982. The project, however, was not proceeded with. Not only was this a considerable sum but the drainage work was posing problems. It had been found necessary for two lines of piles to be driven either side of the cut to hold back the soft earth. There were also apparently problems with springs. Marl, however, was extracted and a new road made.


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Lawsuit Seeks to End White County's Ongoing Sterilization Program
August 24, 2017 Constitutional LawConstitutional Law, Daniel Horwitz, Tennessee Constitutional LawDanielAHorwitz
An inmate in White County, Tennessee, has filed a lawsuit in White County Chancery Court seeking to put an end to an ongoing sterilization program instituted by White County General Sessions Judge Sam Benningfield. Under the program, White County inmates who refuse to submit to long-term surgical sterilization are required to serve jail sentences that are 30 days longer than similarly situated inmates who agree to be sterilized. The lawsuit—filed directly against Judge Benningfield and the White County Sheriff—asks the Chancery Court to declare Judge Benningfield's sterilization program unconstitutional and prevent the Sheriff from enforcing it.
"This program is outrageous, it is morally indefensible, and it's illegal," said attorney Daniel Horwitz, who is representing the inmate. "We fully expect the Chancery Court to put an end to this abusive and reprehensible program and ensure that it never returns again."
"Eugenics is illegal in Tennessee and across the United States," the lawsuit reads. "Tennessee law provides absolutely no authority to institute or enforce such a program, and both the Tennessee Constitution and the United States Constitution forbid it. From mass sterilizations in Nazi Germany to eugenics experimentation in Tuskegee, Alabama, eugenics is anathema to any conception of morality and represents one of the most disturbing chapters in the dark history of human cruelty. Judge Benningfield's eugenics program should be—and must be—declared illegal and permanently enjoined as a result."
Judge Benningfield's sterilization program gained national attention after White County District Attorney Bryant Dunaway expressed concerns about the program's rank illegality and immorality to a reporter in July 2017. Thereafter, Judge Benningfield partially rescinded his standing order in response to national outcry. Because Judge Benningfield's supplemental order still provides that inmates who refuse to be sterilized must serve sentences that are 30 days longer than those who agree to surgical sterilization, however, the program is still ongoing.
In addition to asking the Court to declare the program unconstitutional, the lawsuit seeks to "[e]njoin the Defendants from subjecting the Plaintiff to an additional 30 days of incarceration for exercising his constitutional right to reproductive freedom." It further asks the Court to award the Plaintiff attorney's fees and have the fee award "donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and the Tuskegee History Center."
Selected media coverage regarding the program appears below:
-Judge under scrutiny for offering reduced sentences for vasectomies, birth control implants
-White County Inmates Given Reduced Jail Time If They Get Vasectomy
–'We were guinea pigs': Jailed inmates agreed to birth control
–Tennessee judge rescinds inmate sterilization-for-freedom program
Judge to inmates: Get sterilized and I'll shave off jail time
Local First Amendment Scholar Calls on Justice Kennedy to Reverse His Worst First Amendment Decision
August 5, 2017 Constitutional Law, First AmendmentDaniel Horwitz, David Hudson, Employment Law, First AmendmentDanielAHorwitz
By Daniel A. Horwitz
Local First Amendment scholar David L. Hudson, Jr. – an occasional guest contributor to this blog whose First Amendment resume rivals anyone alive (Ombudsman for the First Amendment Center, Legal Fellow for the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, Professor of First Amendment Law at Vanderbilt Law School, etc.) – has penned an excellent piece over at Slate calling on U.S. Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy to undo the damage of Garcetti v. Ceballos—one of the worst First Amendment decisions in the Supreme Court's modern history.
Decided in 2006, the Supreme Court's contentious 5-4 decision in Garcetti upended previously settled law regarding the First Amendment rights of public employees. The Court's majority opinion—authored by Justice Kennedy—stands for the general proposition that even if public employees are exposing governmental misconduct or speaking about matters of unquestioned public importance, they have no First Amendment protection whatsoever for any speech made pursuant to their official duties. As Hudson explains:
"In Garcetti, the Supreme Court created a categorical rule: 'When public employees make statements pursuant to their official duties, the employees are not speaking as citizens for First Amendment purposes, and the Constitution does not insulate their communications from employer discipline.'"
The consequences of Garcetti have been devastating, falling particularly hard on whistleblowers and other public employees who have sought to expose official misconduct. Professor Hudson's full piece (accessible here) is well worth the read, and for the public's sake, one can only hope that Justice Kennedy will take notice.
Questions about this article? Email Daniel Horwitz at daniel.a.horwitz@gmail.com.
Like ScotBlog? Join our email list or contact us here, or follow along on Twitter @Scot_Blog and facebook at https://www.facebook.com/scotblog.org
Breaking: Foreign Vanderbilt Law School Graduate Wins Right to Take the Tennessee Bar Exam
August 4, 2017 Constitutional LawConstitutional Law, Daniel Horwitz, Tennessee Constitutional LawDanielAHorwitz
Maximiliano Gluzman, the "obviously very, very qualified" Vanderbilt Law School graduate who was denied the opportunity even to take the Tennessee Bar Exam, has officially won his case before the Tennessee Supreme Court. Based on the Court's order approving his petition, Mr. Gluzman will be able to take the upcoming bar exam scheduled for February 2018.
"We conclude that the requirements of section 7.01 should not be applied to preclude Mr. Gluzman from taking the Tennessee bar examination," the Court held in a per curiam order. "As a result, the BLE may not hereafter rely upon section 7.01 of Rule 7 as a basis to deny Mr. Gluzman permission to take the Tennessee bar examination." The Court's order is available here.
"We are ecstatic that the Tennessee Supreme Court has vindicated Mr. Gluzman's claim that he was wrongfully denied the opportunity to take the Tennessee Bar Exam," said Daniel Horwitz, Mr. Gluzman's attorney. "Mr. Gluzman is as qualified to practice law as any attorney in Tennessee, and he will be a tremendous asset to the legal profession. Justice was served today."
The briefing in Gluzman v. BLE featured the participation of three leading national conservative groups, which argued that the Board's crippling regulations violated Mr. Gluzman's fundamental right to earn a living free from irrational government overreach. Tennessee's two flagship law schools—Vanderbilt Law School and the University of Tennessee College of Law—also filed petitions in the case after seeing students disenroll from their law programs once the Board began implementing its protectionist regulations. All parties' briefs from the case are available below.
–Petitioner Maximilano Gluzman's Principal Brief
–Brief of Respondent the Tennessee Board of Law Examiners
–Petitioner Maximiliano Gluzman's Reply Brief
–Brief of Amici Curiae The Beacon Center, Cato Institute, and Goldwater Institute
–Petition of Vanderbilt Law School and University of Tennessee College of Law
Selected news coverage about the ruling is available at the following links:
-Nashville Post: Supreme Court rules Argentine can take Tennessee Bar
-Bloomberg: Argentine LL.M. With 3.9 GPA Wins Bid to Take Tenn. Bar Exam
-Nashville Post: Argentine lawyer challenging Tennessee Board of Law Examiners
-Nashville Post: National conservative groups join local bar fight
-Above the Law: State Bars Foreign Student From Bar Exam — Next Stop, State Supreme Court
-ABA Journal: Vanderbilt law prof who taught Argentine LLM student backs his bid to take the bar exam
-The Tennessean: How Tennessee discriminated against a talented Vanderbilt law grad
-Cato At Liberty Blog: Even Lawyers Have the Right to Earn an Honest Living
-Beacon Center Blog: Banned From the Bar Exam
Contact the editor:
daniel.a.horwitz@gmail.com
ScotBlog Editor Daniel A. Horwitz
Joseph Webster's Wrongful Conviction Gets the "Undisclosed" Treatment
Tennesseans For Sensible Election Laws Issues Litigation Threat Over Davidson County Election Officials Viewing Marked Ballots
The "Tennessee Public Participation Act"—Tennessee's First-Ever Meaningful Anti-SLAPP Law—Takes Effect Today
The Tennessee Justice System Has a Bigoted Personnel Problem. Unfortunately, the Bureaucrats Responsible for Overseeing It Don't Care.
White County, Tennessee Inmate Sterilization Program Terminated By Historic Order
2015 Pro Bono Service Award
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Çayırbaşı is a village in the Göle District, Ardahan Province, Turkey. Its population is 302 (2021).

References

Villages in Göle District

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia