text:
John P. Burgess, Kripke, Polity, 2012, 219pp., $24.99 (pbk), ISBN 9780745652856.
Reviewed by Gary Ostertag, The Saul Kripke Center, The Graduate Center, CUNY and Nassau Community College
THIS IS NDPR'S LAST REVIEW FOR 2013.
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John Burgess's book is a gem: an accessible yet nuanced introduction to the work of one of our greatest living philosophers. While the book can serve as a selective introduction not only to Kripke's thought, but also more generally to core topics in contemporary analytic philosophy, it also has much to offer seasoned Kripke scholars. The discussions of Kripke on modal epistemology, on Wittgenstein on rules, and on a posteriori necessities involving natural kinds -- to mention just three topics -- will be read with interest by anyone working in the relevant areas. More than that, the book is eminently readable, witty -- in fact, downright funny in places -- and both tells a compelling story about Kripke's place in the history of philosophy and shows how central themes of his oeuvre interrelate. The chapters concern, in order: names, necessity, identity, rules, belief and the mind.[1] Along the way, Kripke's views are illuminated by numerous examples drawn from biology, classics, history, logic and mathematics.
And although undeniably an admirer of Kripke, Burgess is also forthright in his criticisms, showing, for example, where the arguments in the published work are incomplete and require further elaboration. One virtue of the book, in keeping with its intended purpose (as an introductory survey), is that, while it points out areas where work needs to be done or clarification might be called for, it does not attempt to endorse alternative accounts to Kripke's or to advance a positive neo-Kripkean agenda. It is, in the best sense of the term, a critical reconstruction of Kripke's views and arguments in their historical context. There are, however, several cases where Burgess tracks a trend that reassesses the conventional Kripkean wisdom. A particular area where this is so -- where Burgess says more than strictly needs to be said (again, without necessarily endorsing a position) -- is in the area of proper names and the semantics of belief. I will first discuss a recent alternative to Kripke's treatment of proper names that Burgess considers in some detail. Then I discuss, respectively, Burgess's treatment of the "mystery of modality" and the skeptical paradox Kripke finds in Wittgenstein.
The New Metalinguisticism
Naming and Necessity is commonly held to have undermined the once-popular view -- the so-called Frege-Russell theory -- that a proper name abbreviates a definite description, or perhaps a cluster of definite descriptions. Kripke's modal argument showed that such an approach gets the modal profiles (i.e., possible-worlds truth conditions) of ordinary assertions involving proper names disastrously wrong. The proposition expressed by 'Michelle's husband jogs' and that expressed by 'Barack jogs' clearly have different possible-worlds truth conditions, so taking the former sentence to analyze the latter would seem hopeless. Equally hopeless would be analyzing the latter as: 'The bearer of Barack jogs.' After all, the proposition expressed by 'Barack jogs' is true at worlds at which the actual referent -- Obama -- does not bear the name 'Barack'.
However, it has seemed to many that the triviality of 'Barack is called Barack' reflects a feature of the semantics of that name. Indeed, Jerrold Katz (1994) claimed that such a sentence is analytic, and argued on this basis that its sense structure contains a metalinguistic sense. In particular, 'Barack' is taken to mean: 'the contextually definite bearer of Barack.' Names, on Katz's view, are effectively incomplete descriptions.
These intuitions notwithstanding, metalinguistic theories have not fared well in responding to the modal argument. Some descriptivists have followed Michael Dummett's (1973) early lead in claiming that names should be analyzed as descriptions that take obligatory wide scope with respect to modal operators and obligatory narrow scope with respect to believes and other attitude verbs. I will set these approaches aside here, as Burgess omits discussion of them. Rather, I will consider a descendent of the "actualized descriptions" approach, due to Ora Matushansky (2008). While Burgess stops short of endorsing this approach, he takes seriously the suggestion that it provides a genuine alternative to the view, still dominant among philosophers (if not linguists), that names are semantically simple expressions, lacking descriptive content. One intriguing aspect of his proposal is that, while it provides a descriptivist alternative to the direct reference theory -- an approach that, although not endorsed by Kripke, provides the most natural implementation of his overall approach -- it also incorporates an important Kripkean element: namely, that the reference of a name is partly determined by its causal-historical pedigree.
What we might call "the naïve metalinguistic theory" takes a name such as 'Barack' to abbreviate a definite description of the form 'the bearer of Barack'. One way to address the problem concerning modal profiles is to rigidify the description. Let's assume for simplicity that no one besides Obama bears the name 'Barack'. Then we can say that 'Barack jogs' abbreviates 'the actual bearer of Barack jogs.' While this analysis gets the modal profile right, it has, as Burgess notes, unacceptable consequences when we consider counterfactual attitudes. Let's say that Mary doesn't believe that Barack jogs, but that she might have believed this had she seen him jogging or had she read about his jogging. On the current theory, in reporting her counterfactual attitude we attribute to Mary a belief about the actual world -- that the bearer of 'Barack' at it -- the actual world -- jogs. This seems bizarre. Surely Mary, qua occupant of world w, need not have any belief -- even by description -- about our world for her to believe, at w, that Barack jogs here![2]
The general point is that a theory of names must not only provide an adequate treatment of the modal profiles of simple sentences; it must also provide an adequate treatment of the ascription of counterfactual attitudes. That is, it is not enough to assign the right modal profile to a simple sentence such as 'Hesperus is Phosphorus' -- one must also show how this embeds in larger constructions without violating certain obvious desiderata. Consider, for example, (1):
(1) If the Greeks had never learned the results of Babylonian astronomy, Aristotle would have believed that Hesperus and Phosphorus were distinct.
The actualized-descriptions view assigns a proposition to the that-clause that we can assume to have the correct modal profile (setting aside for the moment concerns about the uniqueness of the implied descriptions). The problem, however, is that (1)'s truth would have Aristotle entertaining a proposition that makes reference to the actual world -- in particular, that the bearer of 'Hesperus' at the actual world is not the bearer of 'Phosphorus' at the actual world. But this is deeply implausible.
As Burgess notes, metalinguisticism thus forfeits any advantage it might have over the direct reference theory. To get the right truth conditions for (1), the advocate of the metalinguistic approach would seem forced to resort to a direct-reference analysis, namely:
(2) Consider on the one hand Hesperus, i.e., Venus, and consider on the other hand, Phosphorus, i.e., Venus. If the Greeks had never learned the results of Babylonian astronomy, Aristotle would have believed that the former and the latter were distinct.
And this just has Aristotle counterfactually believing that Venus is not Venus -- hardly an advance over direct reference. What is needed, and
what descriptivism seemed originally to promise us, was intuitively speaking a de dicto reading of [(1)] that has Aristotle in the counterfactual possible world saying to himself, 'Is Hesperus identical with Phosphorus? I don't believe so' (or the Greek equivalent) and meaning by it what Homer in the actual world meant by it. (95)
Burgess notes that an analysis that is de re not with respect to Venus but to the names 'Hesperus' and 'Phosphorus' must also fail to give the desired reading (95-96). But it points the way to what appears to be an adequate treatment:
(3) Consider the names 'Hesperus' and 'Phosphorus' as used in the tradition to which our own usage belongs. If the Greeks had not learned the results of Babylonian astronomy, Aristotle would have believed that the object bearing the former and the object bearing the latter were distinct.
Here, the analysis is de re with respect to the "traditions of usage" of the two names. This gives the correct modal profile, since appealing to our tradition of usage of (say) 'Hesperus' is both Hesperus-involving and at the same time sufficiently fine-grained to get us the right use of the name.
On the version of the metalinguistic theory being floated, then, the proposition that 'Mary believes that Barack jogs' is de re with respect to an implicitly referred-to naming convention. This proposition is true just in case Mary believes, of the convention in virtue of which Barack is called 'Barack', that the bearer of 'Barack' according to it jogs.
As indicated, the general form of approach -- what I'll call "the hidden-indexical theory of proper names" (HPN) -- is due to Matushansky (2008). On HPN, sentences containing names in subject position make implicit, contextually-determined reference to a naming convention. Accordingly, 'Barack' is analyzed as:
(4) The bearer of 'Barack' by virtue of the naming convention R
The rigidity of proper names as they occur in argument position is held to be a result of this contextual supplementation.[3] This needs to be qualified, however. The proposition that Barack jogs is true at w just in case Barack jogs there. HPN fails to capture this intuitive datum, for there are worlds at which Barack jogs but where the HPN proposition assigned to 'Barack jogs' as we use it must be false -- either Barack is not there so-called, or he is so-called but in virtue of some convention other than the actual one. Thus, the proposition expressed by 'that guy is Barack' will not be necessarily true, even when true. While not a decisive consideration against the proposal, it is certainly worth noting.
A more pressing concern relates to the fact that the description piggybacks on a pre-existing naming convention. It is hard to see how this could be so without the relevant name functioning as a name. That is, if (4) is adopted, then 'Barack jogs' is true just in case the bearer of 'Barack' by virtue of the naming convention R jogs. It thus follows directly that there exists a convention, namely R, according to which 'Barack' refers to Barack. If so, then we are faced with the consequence that 'Barack' -- independently of abbreviating a description of any sort -- is also a name of Barack.
Why is this a problem? Well, if we adopt (4), then 'Barack jogs' expresses a descriptive proposition, one true just in case the individual satisfying the description jogs. But according to (4), the denoted individual is a bearer of 'Barack' in virtue of R, which entails that there is a separate relation between Obama and 'Barack', one not mediated by a description. If this is so, then we can ask: What is the content of 'Barack jogs' when 'Barack' occurs as a name? It certainly cannot be the proposition that (4) would assign to it -- namely, that the bearer of 'Barack' according to R jogs. Since 'Barack' qua name refers to Obama in virtue of a naming convention, it would make no sense to say that the name in fact refers to Obama via his satisfying an associated metalinguistic description, even less via his satisfying a description that refers relative to a naming convention.[4]
A related worry is that the proposal commits what Barwise and Perry call "the fallacy of misplaced information": "The idea that all information in an utterance must come from [the proposition expressed]" (1983, 38). The analysis appears to conflate the meta-semantic claim that the bearer of 'Barack' is so-called in virtue of R and the semantic claim that 'Barack' means 'the bearer of Barack in virtue of R'.
To see this, consider a theorist who analyzes the obviously ambiguous term 'bank' as: the bearer of 'bank' according to C (where C is a convention for using the term). This would take 'bank' to be an unambiguous term, but one whose content varied from context to context, depending on which use-convention (as indicating a financial institution vs. the sloping edge at the side of a river) was salient. The idea is absurd, of course: The information that enables us to disambiguate senses of 'bank' is not properly speaking contextual information, at least as that notion is normally understood. But then one wonders why the information that enables us to disambiguate senses (or uses) of 'Barack' gets elevated to this status.
It seems that the most natural way of incorporating Kripke's meta-semantic proposal about how reference is determined is not to adopt a hidden-indexical theory, in which naming conventions enter into the content of what is said, but rather to see the salient conventions as (merely) determining what is said. (Although not in the sense in which what is said is a function, in Kaplan's sense, of the naming convention.) To incorporate that convention into what is said seems to mislocate the relevant phenomenon. Moreover, one might ask: If linguistic conventions are part of the content here, why not elsewhere? Such conventions could just as easily enter into the content of 'bank'. Since it is obvious that they do not, we need an answer to the question of why they enter into the analysis only of proper names.[5]
Modal Mystery
Kant writes: "Experience teaches us that a thing is so and so, but not that it cannot be otherwise." The mystery of modality is how we can learn that a thing cannot be otherwise (when indeed it cannot be). It can be framed as the question: 'How is a priori knowledge possible?' In the case of analytic truths, the answer -- at least for Kant -- was not particularly elusive: It is because the concept of the predicate is -- in some way to be made clear -- contained in the concept of the subject. But the residual question -- 'How is synthetic a priori knowledge possible?' -- remained unanswered. By the middle of the twentieth century the question of the mystery of modality had been re-conceived: the most pressing cases of putative synthetic a priori knowledge -- that is, the truths of arithmetic -- were reclassified as analytic. All else was either analytic (and thus a priori) or synthetic a posteriori. Moreover, the analytic itself had been rendered entirely un-mysterious, since these were truths known on the basis of linguistic convention. This latter move was coupled with the assimilation of the necessary to the a priori, so that at one stroke the mysteries of necessity and a priority were solved.
Kripke's entry onto this scene, as Burgess notes, involved reversing the thumbnail sketch just provided, "thus reinstating the mystery of modality, previously erroneously thought to have been dissolved. . . . According to Kripke, the whole line of thought from Kant to Frege to Carnap went wrong at its very first step" (6). The error was in supposing that, since experience is never sufficient to show us that something cannot be otherwise, it is also never necessary to show that something cannot be otherwise. But there are many examples Kripke provides that show this to be false: there are truths (that water is H20, that Hesperus is Phosphorus, etc.) that are, while necessary, only ascertainable as such via sense experience.
As Burgess argues, this raises a mystery of its own. The question now is: "How is a posteriori knowledge of necessity possible?" Kant is clearly wrong that we cannot come to know a necessary truth via experience -- most people who know that Fermat's Last Theorem is true know this based on the testimony of mathematicians or science journalists. What allows such people to know this truth, Kripke claims, is that they know a priori, not that the theorem is true, but that, if the theorem is true, it is true necessarily. (The "a posteriori" part is learning that the theorem is true via testimony.) In an addendum to Naming and Necessity, Kripke makes a similar claim for the non-mathematical cases:
All the cases of the necessary a posteriori advocated in the text have the special character attributed to mathematical statements: Philosophical analysis tells us that they cannot be contingently true, so any empirical knowledge of their truth is automatically empirical knowledge that they are necessary. (159; quoted in Burgess, p. 76)
The picture that emerges is that the layperson's knowledge that Fermat's Last Theorem (or Goldbach's Conjecture, to use Kripke's example) is true -- and thus necessarily true -- although not itself a priori, is guided by a priori knowledge that the claim "cannot be contingently true". There thus remains a crucial, if diminished, role for a priori knowledge to play. The remaining mystery is to discover the a priori principles at work here. Commenting on the above quotation, Burgess writes:
In the case of each of Kripke's examples, he suggests, there is an a priori element, telling us that something is either necessary or impossible. Across the range of examples there are a range of a priori principles playing the role that in the Goldbach example is played by the principle that mathematical facts couldn't have been otherwise. Perhaps the principles at work are something like these: Whatever parents a person actually had, any character having different parents wouldn't count as that person; whatever composition a natural substance actually has, any stuff having a different composition wouldn't count as that substance; whatever genus or family or order or class or phylum a species belongs to, a group belonging to a different one wouldn't count as that species; and so on. (77; emphasis omitted)
These are plausible principles, but the question now raised is: How do we come to know such principles? There is little to go on here, beyond what has already been quoted. Burgess conjectures that Kripke had in mind that the principles are "analytic, ultimately resting on rules of language" (77), basing this interpretation on the fact that, for Kripke, "philosophical analysis" ultimately grounds our ability to detect the sort of truth conditions that mathematical statements have – i.e., non-contingent.
However, it seems to me doubtful, given his general hostility to conventionalist views, that Kripke would invoke linguistic rules at this point. This, after all, would be a significant, and surprising, concession to the Carnapian.[6] Thus, while Burgess is right to note that more needs to be said to get to the bottom of the mystery, the suggestion that the solution lies in the analysis of language is implausible.
Skeptical Paradox
Burgess's treatment of Kripke's Wittgenstein in Chapter 5 ("Rules") is concise and pointed. After introductory discussions of conventionalism, the relation Kripke's Wittgenstein (popularly,"Kripkenstein") bears to the Wittgenstein of the Investigations, and an illuminating comparison of the former with Hume, he discusses, in order, the skeptical paradox and the skeptical solution. The setup of the paradox is swift and includes a subtle discussion of the nature of the meaning-constituting fact that is at the heart of the paradox. The key question is: What fact is it about me that determines whether, in the past, I meant plus by '+' and not, say, quus (where the latter is just like plus for pairs each of whose members are less than 57, but which otherwise yields 5 as value)?
If there is such a fact, it is somehow determined by my past usage. One possibility is that I have, in learning how to use '+', internalized a rule. The problem here is that representing the rule involves other concepts -- counting, combining, and so on. And each of these is such that a quus-style alternative is available and cannot be discounted (perhaps I mean quounting by 'counting', where the result of quounting two heaps, one of which has more than 57 elements, will invariably be 5). Of course, there might be a further rule that determines the meaning of 'count' -- a rule to interpret the original rule -- but there is no reason to think that this will not itself either involve the original addition rule, and thus be circular, or end in a regress of rules.
Thus we arrive at Wittgenstein's crucial paragraph: "This was our paradox: no course of action could be determined by a rule, because every course of action can be made out to accord with the rule" (1953: §201). The upshot is that "the 'meaning fact' we have been looking for is not to be found in rules and interpretations, but must be sought elsewhere, in what 'is exhibited' when a rule is obeyed or gone against" (117).
There are two possibilities here: What is exhibited is (i) exhibited to the subject -- e.g., the "feeling" that one is being "guided" -- or is (ii) exhibited to the observer -- e.g., behavioral dispositions. I will here focus on (ii).
The standard objection to the dispositionalist analysis of meaning is that it fails to reflect the normativity of meaning. Consider the fact Φ that determines that, in the past, I meant plus by '+'. Knowledge of Φ would allow me to determine that I ought to answer '125' in response to 'What is 68 + 57?' If we accept the dispositional analysis, Φ concerns my dispositions to answer questions of the form 'how much is n + m?' Accordingly, knowing Φ -- that I am disposed to answer questions of the relevant form in such-and-such a manner -- would provide me with grounds for responding correctly to the above question. I should, at least in principle, be able to derive how I ought to respond from how I have responded. But it is clear that I can be disposed to make a mistake here and there, and thus that I could, for example, derive that I should respond with '5' to the question asked above. If so, the dispositional fact fails to ground the normativity constraint.
Burgess conveys Kripke's dialectic in admirably clear terms, recapitulating the essential features of his complex discussion. The summary of the skeptical solution is also crisp. The transition (from discussion of the problem to discussion of the solution) involves the recognition that the case of meaning ascription is not somehow special. That is, the question concerning the "superlative fact" that makes true the claim that I meant plus in the past by '+' is echoed by questions that have nothing to do with meaning ascriptions:
there is something dizzying in trying to hold onto the view of declarative sentences as in other cases still depicting or reporting facts when it is conceded that sentences about what a given speaker means by a given sentence -- sentences about which fact a given speaker takes a given sentence to depict or report -- do not themselves depict or report facts. (120-21).
This requires a "whole new theory of meaning", to which he then turns.
To keep things manageable, Burgess considers the lineaments of such a theory only in application to meaning ascription. The rough idea is that meaning ascriptions no longer are seen as depicting or representing facts. Rather, "an account of the meaning of a declarative sentence should include an account of its assertability conditions and its application" (121-22). Thus, to say that Jones meant plus in using '+' is to say that Jones' usage has been observed to conform to the community's usage. Burgess is quick to point out that this move is not business as usual:
Above all, the statement that Jones means plus by 'plus' is on Kripke's interpretation emphatically not a picture of the fact that Jones has internalized certain assertability conditions, any more than it is a picture of the fact that Jones has internalized certain truth conditions. (196 n.16; see also Kripke 1982: 111)
It remains to ask what the move to "assertability conditions" gets us. Surely, a skeptical challenge can be raised here as well: Jones' usage can conform to the community's usage and yet depart for numbers greater than a certain integer. "But what matters . . . is only that members of the community generally do not in practice disagree on how the rules apply. It does not matter that a skeptic might in principle do so or pretend to do so" (122-23).
Burgess is not satisfied with this "solution". As he writes:
the language-game of meaning ascriptions that has been given so far is too crude and only amounts to a first approximation. It hardly distinguishes the role of 'Jones means plus by "plus"' from the role of . . . 'Jones is, as regards what causally underlies his use of "plus," in the same kind of state as we are.' But there certainly is supposed to be a difference. (123)
What Burgess has in mind here is that the knowledge of the former -- that Jones means plus by 'plus' -- warrants an answer to the question, 'How should Jones respond to the question, "What is 68 + 57?"' But if we cannot distinguish the former ascription from the latter, then no answer is warranted and the normativity constraint is unsatisfied.
Burgess ends with some conjectures as to why Kripke rejects the Wittgensteinian approach just sketched, admitting however that the remarks are merely speculative and that he is "unable to supply what we really want here, Kripke's own statement of his objections to the Wittgensteinian 'skeptical solution,' and above all, Kripke's own account of his solution to Wittgenstein's 'skeptical paradox'" (127).
I do wish that Soames' (1997) response to the skeptical problem had been mentioned here, if only because it provides a (broadly speaking) Kripkean response to the problem. Recall that the dispositional account fails the normativity constraint, since I am unable to justify my answer to the above question based on an appeal to the truths characterizing my dispositions. What Soames considers, however, is the possibility that some set of non-intentional truths -- perhaps not restricted to truths concerning my dispositions -- necessitates that I meant plus by '+' even though they do not figure in an a priori proof of this fact. That is, even if knowledge of the relevant dispositional facts does not put me in a position to know how I should answer the above question, there is some set of facts about my past arithmetical behavior -- facts that can be described in terms devoid of semantic or propositional-attitude vocabulary -- from which it is a necessary (if not a priori) consequence that I should respond with '125'.
Thus Kripke's distinction between two kinds of necessity -- metaphysical and epistemic -- can be used to respond to the skeptic. Whether or not one accepts this response, it is an important move in the overall dialectic. The fact that the move depends essentially on a Kripkean innovation (however unrelated) would make it worth mentioning in this context, if only to show the power of the insight.
There is much I have not touched on, including, in chapter 3, a useful clarification of Kripke's "backtracking" method in evaluating the metaphysical status of certain modal claims, as well as an important challenge to his approach to natural kind terms. I have also omitted entirely, for reasons of space, discussion of the final chapter, on the philosophy of mind. While Kripke is not a systematic philosopher in the standard sense of that term, his writings are nonetheless illuminated by the careful, systematic exposition provided here. Burgess has given us a book that reflects Kripke's thought in all its richness and complexity -- one that does not shy away from pointing out lacunae and loose ends, but one that is also appreciative of Kripke's sense of "puzzlement and mystery" in the face of questions that stubbornly resist further clarification.[7]
Barwise Jon, and John Perry. 1983. Situations and Attitudes. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Dummett, Michael. 1973. Frege: Philosophy of Language. London: Duckworth.
Katz, Jerrold. 1994. Names without Bearers. Philosophical Review. 103(1): 1-39.
Kripke, Saul. 1980. Naming and Necessity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Kripke, Saul. 1982. Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Matushansky, Ora 2008. On the Linguistic Complexity of Proper Names. Linguistics and Philosophy 21(5): 573-627.
Soames, Scott. 1997. Skepticism about Meaning: Indeterminacy, Normativity, and the Rule-Following Paradox. In Ali A. Kazmi, ed. Meaning and Reference. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Supplementary vol. 23: 211- 49. Reprinted in Philosophical Essays, Volume 2: The Philosophical Significance of Language (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009).
Soames, Scott. 2002. Beyond Rigidity. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wittgenstein, L. 1953. Philosophical Investigations, Trans. G.E.M. Anscombe. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
[1] There are also two valuable semi-technical appendices -- on "Models" and "Truth". The former contains a brief history of the model theory of modal logic, showing "why and how Kripke's contribution was the decisive one", as well as a useful discussion of the Barcan Formula. (The section title, "The Curse of the Barcan Formula", gives a sense of Burgess's overall orientation. The typo in the statement of the formula on p. 151 might suggest that the curse has not been lifted.)
[2] As Burgess indicates, the point is due to Soames (2002).
[3] According to Matushansky, "naming verbs are essential to our understanding of the syntax and semantics of proper names" (574). (Matushansky makes use of a wealth of cross-linguistic data in arguing for this claim.) She thus proposes a uniform treatment of names -- one that makes sense of their occurrence in both argument position as well as in the complement to a "naming" construction such as (i). In (i) 'Mick' occurs as an argument to the "named" ("appointed") relation and 'Michael' as complement:
i. Mick was named/christened Michael.
As a complement, 'Michael' is analyzed as 'the bearer of Michael relative to a naming/christening convention R,' with R bound by an external quantifier:
ii. ∃R (R is a christening convention & Mick was named 'Michael' in virtue of R)
Part of what motivates the analysis of names as they occur in argument position is that it coheres with the occurrence of names in the naming construction, as well as with explicitly predicative uses of names, such as 'Most Alfreds live in Berkeley.'
[4] It might also be asked, why the content 'Barack jogs' has when 'Barack' occurs as a name isn't the content of the sentence, rather than the HPN-approved content, on which it states that the bearer of 'Barack' relative to R jogs?
[5] Another worry concerns the treatment of Kripke's Puzzle (discussed in Chapter 4), which I'll just mention. Recall that Kripke has us suppose that Peter, unaware that his beliefs concern a single person, believes that Paderewski the pianist is musically gifted but that Paderewski the statesman is not. Thus (i) and (ii) are both true:
i. Peter believes that Paderewski is musically gifted.
ii. Peter disbelieves that Paderewski is musically gifted.
But note that it is not essential to the description of the puzzle that there exist two naming conventions regarding Paderewski -- the puzzle can arise merely because Peter thinks there are. If so, then we seem to get the result that Peter believes and disbelieves -- believes the negation of -- one and the same proposition: that the bearer of 'Paderewski' relative to naming convention R is musically talented.
[6] In fairness to Burgess, Kripke does, in the above-quoted appendix, claim that analysis "tells us" that truths of essence and identity must be true of necessity and adds that these cases "may give a clue to a general characterization of a posteriori knowledge of necessary truths" (159). So there seems to be some tension in Kripke's work on this point.
[7] Thanks to Ray Buchanan, Jeff Buechner, Rosemary Twomey and Monique Whitaker for helpful comments on an earlier draft.


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text:
China slowdown hits copper hard
China imports around 40% of the global output of copper so any hint of a slowdown in the Chinese economy sends shivers of apprehension among producers and the countries that depend on copper exports. At this stage, says MJ Morgan, the signs are not very encouraging.
October saw the publication of the worst Chinese manufacturing data since 2008, when there was a credit stimulus in place. Quarter three, year on year, saw growth at 7.3%, its lowest level in five years. Goldman Sachs forecasts growth to remain at 7.3% for the final quarter of the year.
If Chinese growth falls below 7%, the rot may well set in for its primary commodity imports; oil, iron ore and copper.
If the US does indeed stop its quantitative easing programme, a strengthening dollar will add to copper's woes. Copper is at a six-month low and supplies look set to grow. With Chinese property, steel and coal all underperforming stronger sectors such as fixed-asset investment, the outlook is poor.
The quantity of copper that is being used as collateral for loans is opaque. It also seems that some of the same copper is being used as collateral for more than one loan, further muddying the waters.
The reduction in the use of copper as collateral for loans and an increase in supply, especially from Chile, means fewer imports into China and lower global prices – at least until the new year, by when stockpiles may have fallen.
The construction and auto industries are the key markets for copper but property prices in China are flat and car ownership is also falling. However, housing projects are being finished so there is still some demand for inputs such as copper.
That said, the price of oil has been coming down and this factor may begin to boost global demand, ultimately benefiting copper prices further down the road.
It's been a mediocre year for copper prices. The year opened with prices above $7,400 per tonne but panic in March saw prices fall 15%. This was caused by traders fearing that large volumes of copper would be dumped onto the market (as a consequence of opaque copper-backed financing deals unwinding) and flooding the market. Current prices are around $6,700 per tonne.
An investigation by the Chinese authorities into these sharp practices has revealed $10bn in fraudulent trade-financing deals, fuelling anxiety that inventories may rise, reducing the need for imports and adding to the spectre that some of the warehouse copper may have been pledged for multiple loans.
The red metal is predominately used for wiring, piping, in construction and in power generation. Pessimism about global growth prospects has seen oil fall 20% from its June high and iron ore is down 40% this year. This pessimism, and the risk of a slowdown in the Chinese real estate sector, is also weighing copper down.
DRC government takes aim at 'Congo Holdup' scandal
Revelations from the biggest leak in African banking history may trigger a government crackdown on corruption, but will it bring those involved to justice?
By Will McBain
Four lessons Africa should learn from the pandemic
The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted a number of areas in which Africa is weak or faces threats. Gyude Moore looks at how the continent should respond.
By Gyude Moore
311% spike in cases sparks South Africa vaccine scramble
A dramatic surge in cases, thought to be driven by the Omicron variant, has ignited a rush for vaccines among South Africans after months of limited uptake
By David Thomas
Bamboo's bid to broaden retail investing stunted by CBN probe
The Bamboo platform offers Nigerian investors a way to invest in the US stock market, but its operations have recently come under investigation by the Central Bank of Nigeria.
By Pelumi Salako
Africa's Best Places awards to recognise Africa's most outstanding destinations
Recognising Africa's Best Places will inspire pride in African places, enhance their competitiveness, grow tourism and investment, and ultimately contribute to the greater development of the continent.
Rwanda: Marrying pragmatism with values in education
Rwanda's Education Minister, Dr Valentine Uwamariya, acknowledges the challenges facing the country's education system but sees them as opportunities that will help to enhance and transform it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Mat Boggs shares dating advice for women and shares tips for how to enhance inner peace and gratitude in your daily life.
The wedding ring thing happened to me, my ex husband and my dad. Fell off. My ex told he he lost his ring and looked everywhere. I found it had fallen down on the floor near the computer he used in our apartment, same for me as well fell on the floor as one time I threw out my rings in a paper towels and went digging through the trash and my dad's ended up in the yard somewhere so he had to get a new one.
Beautiful message .. I am grateful for another day.
Hai Matt, am a surviver of cancer, and now i am back to go to school at 48 years of age…to become a social worker to help the addicted youth/ kids and i am every day enjoying my life. I am a mother of 2 childeren and i am greatfull to see them to grow up as adults. Thats my blessing!!
You are so freaking wise !!


After a 3 year love affair with Nokia (read: Symbian and Maemo) I'm back to Android – more specifically Cyanogenmod 9. My much loved N900 and N8 are collecting dust.
Tagged android, cyanogenmod, maemo, symbian.


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UK launch for Amgen's new blood disorder therapy Nplate
Selina McKee
Amgen Limited has this morning launched Nplate - the first treatment specifically developed for adults with the rare blood disorder immune thrombocytopenic purpura and the first peptibody therapeutic - across the UK.
Chronic ITP is a potentially life-threatening disease characterised by the removal of platelets in the blood by the spleen, which prevent and stop bleeding, affecting around 3,600 adults in the country. While the disease can spontaneously disappear, there is currently no licensed therapy on the market that can cure it.
The availability of Nplate (romiplostim) offers doctors a new strategy for treating and managing the disease, as current therapies – such as immunoglobulins and immunosuppressants – are focused on reducing the rate of platelet destruction while Amgen's product is the first designed to boost platelet production.
"Nplate is a welcome option for this group of seriously affected adults," said Dr Drew Provan, Consultant Haematologist at Bart's & the London School of Medicine. Trial results have been "very encouraging", he added, as there is a "durable increase in platelet counts and a response is seen within approximately one week", which, he points out, is "an important step forward in the treatment of ITP".
Long-lasting benefit
The drug won a regulatory green light in Europe earlier this year on the back of findings from a Phase III trial showing that it raised and sustained platelet counts in 83% of patients whether they had their spleens removed or not. Moreover, an extension study revealed that Nplate continued to effectively increase and sustain platelet counts after three years of therapy, showing that its effects are long-lasting.
Dr Charles Brigden, Medical Director, Amgen UK and Ireland, noted that Nplate is the result of more than 15 years' research "and represents an important milestone for patients, and for biotechnology, as the first approved peptibody therapeutic", an engineered protein with attributes of both peptides and antibodies developed by scientists at the company. "It is precisely the sort of targeted, innovative medicine for an unmet need that the UK Government is trying to incentivise through the creation of schemes such as the Office for Life Sciences' Innovation Pass", he added.
The drug competes for market share with GlaxoSmithKline's Promacta (eltrombopag) in the USA, but its rival is yet to receive regulatory approval on this side of the Atlantic, where it is proposed that it will be sold under the trade name Revolade.
Amgen's Nplate has 60% chance of positive FDA review, says analyst
Amgen's Nplate approved by FDA for chronic ITP
FDA still reviewing GSK/Ligand's chronic ITP treatment
GSK signs Alzheimer vaccine deal as CHMP recommends Alli
http://www.amgen.co.uk


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text:
Adventures of the Madcap Christian Scientist
Karen Molenaar Terrell
About this Blog/Contact Info
Tag Archives: segregation
This Scary Stuff Isn't New
Posted on January 4, 2017 by Karen Molenaar Terrell
"Progress is the law of God…"
Come on, Karen. You majored in History. You know the struggles our world has endured, survived, overcome. You know the scary stuff we're seeing now isn't new. I mean… it's not like all the political corruption and corporate greed and dishonesty you're seeing in America is something that's springing up for the first time here. Look back at just the last 100 years in the United States – :
in 1918, when your 98 year-old father was born, women still didn't have the right to vote in this country
when your father and mother were living through the Great Depression, members of the nation's Supreme Court continually over-turned laws and programs designed to provide relief to the poor, to help the nation recover, and to bring reform to the economy
in 1942 Japanese-Americans had their homes and property taken from them and were sent to live in "internment camps"
in the early part of the 1950s – just before you were born – government workers, and people involved in the Hollywood movie business, lost their jobs without recourse for being Communists – or just being accused of being Communists – by Sen. Joseph McCarthy and company
up until 1954 – just two years before you were born – racially segregated schools were still legal in this country
in 1961, when you were a pre-schooler, there were still African-Americans who were living as slaves – who'd never been told slavery had ended in this country
when you were seven years-old the President of the United States was assassinated
when you were 11 years-old, Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated and, two months later, Bobby Kennedy was assassinated
when you were an eighth grader, four students protesting the Vietnam War at Kent State University were shot and killed by members of the National Guard
when you were in high school the President of the United States resigned before he could be impeached for trying to cover-up a break-in of his political opponent's campaign headquarters
But recognize that for every step backwards – for every reaction against progress – we've seen humongo strides forwards. Look at the progress in the last 100 years:
in 1920 women were given the right to vote
in the 1930's – in spite of the Supreme Court's resistance to social reform – social security and other programs were established to ensure a safety net for our nation's citizens
in 1954 the Supreme Court ended racial segregation in public schools
in 1963 the Equal Pay Act was passed – making it illegal to pay a woman less for doing the same work as a man
in 1964 the Civil Rights Act was passed, prohibiting discrimination in employment, and in 1965 the Voting Rights Act was passed, making discriminatory voting practices illegal
in 1967 the Supreme Court ruled that laws forbidding inter-racial marriage were illegal
in 2015 same-sex marriage was recognized as a right protected by the Constitution
Karen, you now live in a country full of people who've never known legal segregation between the races. You live in a country full of young people who take it for granted that women can participate in politics – can vote, run for office, and serve on the Supreme Court. Americans are not going to allow this country to slide backwards. The gains we've made won't be lost. Have trust in your fellow man and woman.
Buck up. There may be battles ahead – every generation has them – but progress always wins in the end.
"In Christian Science there is never a retrograde step, never a return to positions outgrown."
Posted in Christian Science, inspiration, politics, Uncategorized	| Tagged civil rights, equality, government, progress, segregation, supreme court	| Leave a reply
Dad and Moz: Together Again
Dear Senators…
Trumpeter Swans in the Snow
Finches in the Snow
A Walk in the Snow
publishing, book
Karen Molenaar Terrell, author and photographer


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Home » HAPPY SHOPPER HUB » Onlookers recall nervous Kate Middleton stuffing twigs into her handbag to clear up for the Queen
Onlookers recall nervous Kate Middleton stuffing twigs into her handbag to clear up for the Queen
The Cambridges are one of the most talked-about families in the world, and while their children never fail to make news, it is the Duke and Duchess that spend the most time in front of the cameras.
This week has been all about Kate Middleton, from her iconic Bardot dress at the recent Top Gun premiere to her Buckingham Palace garden party appearance.
It was the Chelsea Flower Show that made her headlines today however, with the annual CFS festivities officially kicking off.
Kate famously created her own 'Back to Nature' garden as part of the Chelsea Flower Show in 2019, with an old anecdote about it resurfacing this week.
"I hope that this woodland that we have created here really inspires families, kids and communities to get outside, enjoy nature and the outdoors and spend quality time together." — The Duchess of Cambridge on the #RHSChelsea Back to Nature Garden pic.twitter.com/286B9TOPGA
— The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge (@KensingtonRoyal) May 20, 2019
Before the Duchess opened her garden to the public back in 2019, there were a few special visitors that were granted early access, with Prince William and their three children of course being among the first to enter. In fact, according to the Duchess, George, Charlotte and Louis helped to gather moss, leaves and twigs to decorate the space, and the Hazel sticks they collected were used to make the garden's den.
It was a visit from the Queen however that made the most news, with The Mirror reporting that onlookers saw a nervous Kate Middleton preparing for the visit by Her Majesty.
This reportedly included Kate stuffing loose leaves and twigs into her designer handbag before the Monarch's arrival, to ensure that her garden looked perfect.
"I really feel that nature and being interactive outdoors has huge benefits on our physical and mental wellbeing, particularly for young children." — The Duchess of Cambridge #RHSChelsea pic.twitter.com/uDLOXQY8L7
I really feel that nature and being interactive outdoors has huge benefits on our physical and mental wellbeing, particularly for young children," The Duchess of Cambridge explained as she opened the garden to the public. "I really hope that this woodland that we have created really inspires families, kids and communities to get outside, enjoy nature and the outdoors, and spend quality time together."
Well that's lovely.
a sexpert shares how to please a masochist & more
Prince William and Kate Middleton reveal children's reaction to Top Gun premiere


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Thanksgiving Day – Harvest festival around the world.
The festival of Thanksgiving is predominantly celebrated in the United States and Canada. It is a kind of harvest festival whose impact is felt throughout the world. Thus this festival is celebrated worldwide. So enlighten yourself about the traditions and customs which are associated with the celebration of this particular festival. Get to know more about how this harvest festival is celebrated around the world.
American Thanksgiving
Thanksgiving is a holiday celebrated in America. Generally, the festival is observed as an expression of gratitude to God. It is an occasion to give thanks to God for the bounty of the autumn harvest.
In the United States, the holiday is celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November. TIn 2022 it falls on Thursday, November 24th. President Abraham Lincoln was the first US president to officially declare the festival as the last Thursday in November "Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the Heavens,".
The event commonly called "First Thanksgiving" was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World in October 1621. Now Thanksgiving has become part of the Fall/Winter holiday season including Christmas and the New Year in the USA.
On the other hand, In Canada, where the harvest generally ends earlier in the year, Thanksgiving is celebrated on the second Monday in October, which is observed as Columbus Day.
Thanksgiving is traditionally celebrated with a feast shared among friends and family. In the United States, it is an important family holiday. People often travel across the country to be with family members for the holiday. The Thanksgiving holiday is generally a "four-day" weekend in the United States. Americans are given the relevant Thursday and Friday off. Thanksgiving is almost entirely celebrated at home.
The people of Canada celebrate Thanksgiving on the second Monday in October. On the other hand, America celebrates Thanksgiving on the fourth Thursday of November. Also In Canada, instead of eating turkey, they have ham or lamb and they used to have La tourtiere, a pastry pie filled with potatoes, rabbits or hare, and partridge or pheasant. Thanksgiving is celebrated to thank the Lord Almighty for a bountiful harvest.
'Harvest Festival' as is popularly known, is one of the oldest festivals in the United Kingdom. It began in churches in the year 1843 when Robert Hawker invited local parishioners to a special thanksgiving service at a church in Cornwall. This resulted in the custom of decorating churches with home-grown products. There is an ancient ceremony known as the "crying of the neck" which takes place in Cornwall. In the old times, the success of crops determined the success or failure of the people.
The natives of the UK pleased the God of fertility by offering him the first sheaf of corn. This was done to ensure a good harvest in the coming season. The last sheaf to be harvested is held up and blessed by the local vicar. It is said that the last sheaf of corn contains its spirit "Corn dolls" are made to symbolize the Goddess of grain. The last sheaf used to be kept through the winter and then plowed into the ground at the time of the next spring planting. During the festival, the entire community is invited for a dinner as part of the festivity. It is held every year in the month of September. This is however not declared a national holiday.
Northern Indian Harvest Festival
In Northern India, People celebrate harvest festivals during the spring season, which is either in late February or early March. People harvest their wheat in spring. This is also the time for Holi, which is a Hindu Harvest festival. Holi lasts for five days. Everyone dresses up, or buys new clothes for the occasion. People wear old clothes as part of the celebration and throw colored water and Red Powder at each other and indulge in the fun of the festival. Holi is the festival where all whether they are family, friends or strangers get the same treatment.
Eastern Indian Harvest Festival
The primary crop harvested in Eastern India is Rice. Springtime is the season of love and at this time they celebrate the love story of God, Krishna, and Radha.
The images of the two gods surrounded by flowers are pulled by decorated animals in a procession through the streets. People offer flowers before the images in the temples. The love story of Krishna and Radha is dramatized or it is recalled by reading verses from a very long poem known as the Bhagavata Purana. Bhagavata Purana means "Ancient Stories of the Lord".
Southern Indian Harvest Festival
Onam is one of the most popular harvest festivals of Kerala in Southern India. It is a time for everyone to reap the benefits of a good harvest after a year of hard work and labor. Onam festival is celebrated in memory of popular King Mahabali. The festival is a time for communal thanksgiving. The famous 'Snake boat' race is organized every year. It is a season of dances, songs, food, worshipping among other festivities. Women wear new sarees and they dress up their children in colorful clothes. The traditional 'Pookkalam' is a flower mat that adorns the courtyard of almost every house. 'Payasam' is the most popular dish among the various dishes during this festival.
Pongal is another four days of the harvest festival in Southern India which is celebrated with immense joy and enthusiasm. It is celebrated on the 14th of January every year. Pongal means the boiling of milk and rice. Born fire and feasting is common feature of the festival. Pongal is also known as 'VenPongal' and during this festival, farmers express their gratitude. Pongal is basically held to honor the Sun for a bountiful harvest. People decorate their houses and families gather together to rejoice and offer Pongal to Sun. There is a belief that celebrating the harvest festival will bring prosperity, joy, and happiness.
Thanksgiving is basically a harvest-related festival that celebrates communal harmony. Though this festival is said to have been originated in America, a number of other countries also celebrate harvest-related festivals. The festival is observed with different names and in different seasons. In Australia, we can see a number of harvest festivals. These are listed below:
Lavender Festival, Hops Festival, Apple Festival & Grape Festival, Renmark Orange week Festival, Cane Festival, Wheat Festival.
Chinese Thanksgiving
The August Moon Festival or the Mid-Autumn Festival or the Moon Cake Festival is one of the most celebrated Chinese harvest festivals.
The festival is held on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month which is in September or early October in the Gregorian calendar, close to the autumnal equinox. This festival of China ends with a big feast. The Chinese have Moon Cakes during the festival. Friends and relatives send Mooncakes to each other as a way of giving thanks. People enjoy music and dancing and eating round yellow Moon Cakes.
The Autumn Moon Festival has much in common with the Thanksgiving Festival. At this time, the moon is at its fullest and brightest which becomes an ideal time to celebrate the abundance of the summer's harvest. The Round mooncakes are baked and enjoyed, ornate lanterns are made and hung, and lovers are encouraged to come out of their homes and relax in the glow of the full moon.
Malaysia is situated in central Southeast Asia. The Kadazan is the harvest festival of Malaysia which is celebrated in the month of May by Sabah every year to thank their favorite Rice God.
The local people have given the name "Tadau ka'amatan" to this festival. The local people wear their traditional costumes to mark the festival. Tapai is a homemade rice wine that is distributed generously among localities. Carnivals are an important part of the festival.
Worship of Demeter as their goddess of all grains seems to have occurred primarily in connection to natural fertility. Every year during autumn, the festival of Thesmosphoria was held to honor the goddess.
On the very first day of the festival, Married women build leafy shelters and furnish them with couches that were made with plants. On the second day, they had a fast. On the third day, a feast was held and they offer gifts of seed corn, cakes, fruits, and pigs to the goddess Demeter. They had a hope that Demeter who was their god would grant them a good harvest.
Across the nation in September and October, you'll find communities coming together to celebrate the changing of the seasons and the successful harvest of another crop. more than enough left so that you should be able to find a popular harvest festival near you.
In Alaska each fall, people held a series of festivals and spiritual ceremonies after the end of salmon fishing and the berry harvest. These festivals lasted throughout the winter months. People were addressing the spirits who could help or harm them by dancing and songs. They also appealed to the souls of animals upon whom everyone's life depended.
Chu Suk is a popular harvest festival in Korea that is celebrated as a mark of respect to elders. The festival is a time for feasting and happiness. Families visit their ancestral properties in hometowns and people offer newly harvested foods. Koreans hold memorial services at the gravesites of the elder people. After the memorial service, they have a special meal to celebrate and be thankful for each other.
African Thanksgiving
In Africa, harvest festivals have a lot of religious connotations. Dancing and singing are a special part of the festival. People who take part in dances wear traditional masks and outfits. Each dance sequence unfolds a unique story.
The Festival of Yams is a popular harvest festival. Yams are the most common food and are the first crops to be harvested.
This festival is celebrated with days of ceremonies and offerings to God and their ancestors. The offerings are later distributed among the village folk. This is their way of giving thanks to the spirit. The festival is usually held in the month of August, marking the end of the rainy season.
canada Thanksgivingthanks givingthanks giving in africaThanks giving in canadathanks giving in United KingdomThanks giving in United States of Americathanks giving in worldthanks giving worldthanksgivingThanksgiving datesThanksgiving factsThanksgiving historyThanksgiving holidayThanksgiving in australiaThanksgiving in canadaThanksgiving in chinaThanksgiving in greekthanksgiving in indiaThanksgiving in koreaThanksgiving in malaysiaThanksgiving in usathanksgiving in worldThanksgiving originwhen is thanks givingwhy do we celebrate Thanksgiving
Simmi Kamboj
Simmi Kamboj is the Founder and Administrator of Ritiriwaz, your one-stop guide to Indian Culture and Tradition. She had a passion for writing about India's lifestyle, culture, tradition, travel, and is trying to cover all Indian Cultural aspects of Daily Life.
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Military Bowl® Updates
2015 Military Bowl presented by Northrop Grumman set for December 28 at Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium
Military Bowl Staff
WASHINGTON, D.C. – The Military Bowl® presented by Northrop Grumman, benefiting the USO, today announced that its 2015 game will kick off on Monday, Dec. 28 at 2:30 p.m. ET at Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium in Annapolis, Md. It will be televised nationally on ESPN.
The game once again will match a team from the Atlantic Coast Conference against an opponent from the American Athletic Conference. With the addition of the U.S. Naval Academy, The American now has 12 football members.
"Our first two games in Annapolis have been nothing short of sensational," Military Bowl President & Executive Director Steve Beck said. "Our game has grown into a terrific event with plenty of activities for both those who live in the National Capital Region and fans of the teams who travel to attend the bowl. We look forward to working with all of our tremendous partners in the region to make this the best Military Bowl presented by Northrop Grumman yet."
This past year, for the fifth consecutive bowl season, the Military Bowl provided more than $100,000 to the USO and thousands of complimentary tickets to troops and their families.
Virginia Tech defeated Cincinnati, 33-17, as the 2014 Military Bowl drew a capacity crowd of 34,277 to Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium. According to figures compiled by the Annapolis & Anne Arundel County Conference and Visitors Bureau, the game generated more than $17 million in economic impact for the Annapolis-Washington market.
Tickets for the 2015 Military Bowl presented by Northrop Grumman will go on sale later this year. For updates please visit militarybowl.org, follow on Twitter @MilitaryBowl or like the Military Bowl presented by Northrop Grumman on Facebook.
About the Military Bowl® presented by Northrop Grumman
The Military Bowl® presented by Northrop Grumman kicks off for the eighth time on Dec. 28 at 2:30 p.m. at Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, featuring a matchup between the Atlantic Coast Conference and the American Athletic Conference. Organized by the DC Bowl Committee, the Military Bowl serves as a premier regional event benefiting the USO and other organizations supporting members of the Armed Forces and their families. Since its inception in 2008, the Bowl has donated more than $500,000 to the USO and provided more than 25,000 complimentary tickets for troops and their families. For more information, please visit militarybowl.org.
About the USO
The USO lifts the spirits of America's troops and their families millions of times each year at hundreds of places worldwide. We provide a touch of home through centers at airports and military bases in the U.S. and abroad, top quality entertainment and innovative programs and services. We also provide critical support to those who need us most, including forward-deployed troops, military families, wounded warriors, troops in transition and families of the fallen. The USO is a private, non-profit organization, not a government agency. Our programs and services are made possible by the American people, support of our corporate partners and the dedication of our volunteers and staff.
In addition to individual donors and corporate sponsors, the USO is supported by President's Circle Partners: American Airlines, AT&T, BNSF Railway, Clark Construction Group, LLC, The Coca-Cola Company, JCPenney, Jeep, Johnson & Johnson, Kroger, Northrop Grumman Corporation and TriWest Healthcare Alliance and Worldwide Strategic Partners: BAE Systems, BIC, The Boeing Company, ConAgra Foods, FedEx, GEICO, Harris Teeter, Lockheed Martin, Microsoft Corporation, Procter & Gamble, TKS Telepost Kabel-Service Kaiserslautern GmbH & Co. KG and Wawa Inc. We are also supported through the United Way and Combined Federal Campaign (CFC-11381). To join us in this important mission, and to learn more about the USO, please visit uso.org.
Football Bowl Association Annual Meeting Celebrates Post Season Football
Register now for the 2015 Military Bowl Youth Football Clinic, presented by Events DC & Positive Choices, powered by Under Armour!


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text:
News & Politics » Chicago Antisocial
Too Dirty for Lincoln Park
Mus wrestling, cross-dressing, airborne pudding, and other wholesome fun. Plus: the world of sample sales.
by Liz Armstrong
It was a dark and stormy night. Everyone felt like getting a little tribal.
Brilliantly Mad, a hippie-raver promotions company, was throwing a weeklong series of parties called Adventure in Chi-Town to celebrate seven years of parties, yoga classes, "political discussions," and issues of its magazine full of seventh-grade-level musings about shit like "awareness" and "consciousness," plus like five pages per issue of half-naked chicks with rainbow-colored hair.
BM founder Dave Zim asked America's Meth Problem, made up of members of several local noise acts--Rotten Milk, Soft Serve, Safety Pin, Carpet of Sexy, and others--to perform last week for their Thursday Night Static event at the Lincoln Park bar Big House. It's not the kind of place I usually patronize: squeaky-clean floors, plasma screens, guys in baseball caps. "Ralph [that's Bubblegum Shitface to you] said he was bringing a tarp to the party," says Zim. "I told him that we can't make a mess."
Before the show, Soft Serve's Eleanor Balson hosted a mud wrestling bout on her neighbors' roof in Humboldt Park. She mixed two and a half bags of topsoil with rocks and mulch, poured it onto the rooftop, and sprayed it all down with a hose. Then she and a dozen friends threw down, tangling limbs and slamming one another to the ground.
Around 10 PM we all headed to Lincoln Park. The musicians were covered head to toe in mud--instead of hair they all had slimy brown tendrils. Chunks of mud plopped off them as they walked into the bar, where a muscular door guy in a tight T-shirt stopped them immediately. "What's the matter with you?" he asked. "Haven't you ever been in a club in Chicago before? You can't come in here like this." He pointed out that besides their filth, many of them weren't wearing shoes or shirts. "There's a car wash down the street," he sputtered. "Go clean yourselves off."
So they went and squeegeed their faces and chests then covered their limbs in Saran Wrap and put on clean clothing. When Rotten Milk returned to Big House he was wearing a gold lame dress over swaths of plastic wrap. "Look at me," he said. "I'm in a sparkly new dress, and I'm much cleaner. Can we come in and play now?"
The door guy wasn't having it. "Get out of here," he said.
Fashion designer Stephany Colunga, who was wearing a fetching clown suit over her Saran Wrap, cried "You don't know what you're missing!" before storming away. We all followed her.
Outside, 20 of us tried to figure out where to go: The Wendy's parking lot? A random open mike? And then it started right there, on the sidewalk. People pulled drums, tambourines, and a recorder out of Shitface's van. We all yodeled, fake beatboxed, hooted, and yelled at the top of our lungs, and it turned into an epic mosh-pit powwow.
Eric Graf, cofounder of the zine and record label Terry Plumming, got some one-gallon cans of banana pudding out of the van and started smashing them against the curb. We were all splattered in yellow spooge faster than you can say Gallagher.
Someone had brought along a six-foot-long red plush dragon, which I threw into the pit. Thirty seconds later it was gutted, an explosion of Styrofoam snow sticking to the mud and the pudding, getting in our hair, eyes, and mouths. Bar patrons started to come outside to see what all the fuss was about.
"Yeah, um, there are a bunch of Caucasians vandalizing the sidewalk," I heard the door guy say into his cell phone.
Soon a legion of cop cars pulled up, lights a-flashin'. We packed up lickety-split and headed out. Half of us went back to Balson's for a group shower. I got there after they'd cleaned up a bit, but it still looked like a giant enema bag had exploded all over the floor. Bubblegum Shitface was down to his skivvies, playing a marimba in Balson's bubble-gum-pink living room. Others, in various stage of undress, crowded together on a bench in front of a big white piano, listening to Shitface's sweet little tippy-tap, occasionally banging out a discordant burst of accompaniment.
Earlier that evening I'd attended a "Designer Sample Sale & Spa Soiree" hosted by Julie Darling and Beauty on Call at Architectural Artifacts. The classy affair included deeply discounted spring and summer clothing from the likes of Development, Kasil, Ulla Johnson, Antik Denim, and Christopher Deane that the rich-hipster boutique Jake was desperately trying to get rid of, plus some late-90s horrors Hugo Boss was hawking out of plastic Tupperware bins. A few local designers and girlie boutiques had set up tables as well, and a catering company had assembled a mini chocolate fountain that looked like a runny brown wedding cake.
These events are always the same: tan women with bad highlights sipping free fruity cocktails and casting evil sidelong glances at whoever looks out of place. They're never what I'd call fun, exactly, but hey--free drinks.
This one was relatively tame. People were polite, actually saying "excuse me" when they shoved a row of hangers into your face. It was nothing, for example, compared with the Billion Dollar Babes sample sale I suffered through a few weeks ago.
Held in a freshly rehabbed warehouse at Damen and Grand, Billion Dollar Babes cranked the bitch factor up to 11. Row after row of racks of clothing from designers popular on eBay boutiques--Sass & Bide, Rebecca Taylor, Wendy Hil--and hundreds of people were packed onto two floors that smelled like a sweaty crotch. The manic energy of all that concentrated shopping made us hungry for leftovers we didn't want when they cost less during the clearance sale at Tangerine six seasons ago. I started laughing maniacally when I got my hangers in a tangle with someone trying to head upstream and disrupt the natural order, but I lost my cool when a tall, thin brunette extended an Inspector Gadget-like arm and grabbed the exact top I was eyeballing but couldn't reach. "Excuse me," I snapped, and yanked it from her talons.
I ended up with nothing, and like a total asshole I didn't even bother putting my clothes away.
When we tried to leave, a big guy in a suit told me to open my purse.
"You can't legally check my bag," I told him. "You're not a real police officer."
"Oh yeah?" he said, opening his jacket to reveal a shiny badge. "Now open your purse."
On my way back to the car a gray-haired man in a maroon sedan pulled up and asked what was going on in that building. "Christmas presale," I told him. "Cabbage Patch Kids."
Art accompanying story in printed newspaper (not available in this archive): photo/Andrea Bauer.


text:
[django-selectize](http://selectize-djangoer.rhcloud.com/)

Django Selectize
================

Note: This is only in Developing stage Now.

django-selectize  is a Django app based on Selectize.js that help you to create Select and Multiselect widgets in Django forms.

Requirements
------------

* Django

Installing django-selectize
---------------------------

There are several ways to install django-selectize:

* Automatically, via a package manager: `pip install django-selectize`
* Download a release package then unzip and run `python setup.py install` to install it into your python directory.
* If you don't like to install then download a release package, unzip and copy the folder `selectize` to your Django-project directory.

Required settings
-----------------

Begin by adding `selectize` to the `INSTALLED_APPS` setting of your project. For example, you might have something like the following in your Django settings file:

	INSTALLED_APPS = (
	    'django.contrib...',
	    'django.contrib....',
	    'selectize',
	    # ...other installed applications...
	)

**Note:** you must place `selectize` above other installed applications.

Usage
-----

please visit: <http://selectize-djangoer.rhcloud.com/>

For testing
-----------
You need to install Selenium:

    pip install selenium

Run the tests:

    ./manage.py test


text:
Email Juice
Ep 075: Steven Green
"Homeless Millionaire" Steven Green talks through how he created 10 businesses
Steven Green shares how he was able to invest in over a million pounds worth of property while serving full-time in the Army, and going on to become a full-time entrepreneur after leaving his job.
Three key takeaways this week:
Embracing pain
Focusing on ROI, not cost
Tapping into the right emotions in order to succeed in business
In this episode we discuss:
00:30 Introduction to Steven Green
Steven's background [00:42]
What Steven's focusing on right now [01:12]
05:30 Steven's world record attempt to complete two Iron Mans back-to-back
08:00 Steven on his father's profound influence on him
09:29 Why Steven left a "stable job" to invest in property
How Steven accumulated over a million pounds worth of property while serving full-time in the Army [13:18]
18:08 The biggest failure that Steven experienced on his journey as an entrepreneur
What Steven learned from his failure [19:32]
22:27 Steven's other business ventures
The price of investing only in the cheapest options [25:36]
28:21 Steven's long-term plans for his businesses
Quick Juice Questions
34:43 What are the first steps that aspiring entrepreneurs should take?
Get really clear on what you want. Once you have that vision, it's all about making goals, taking steps, getting yourself around the right people, and finding a mentor.
35:30 What has inspired you the most in your journey and where are you most inspired?
I'm inspired by action takers and motivated by fear. I don't want to have any regrets. Life's too short to be sat in your comfort zone.
36:35 Which book has inspired you and changed your thinking the most?
Conversations with God by Neale Donald Walsch
37:55 If there's one last bit of Executive Juice you can share for people who want to get to the top of their property game, what would it be?
I believe that there are only two emotions. Every other emotion derives from these two: love and fear. Regardless of what you're doing in life, the more that you can come from the emotion of love, the happier you'll be, the more in tune you'll be, the more fulfilled you'll be, and the bigger impact you'll have in other people's lives.
Steven Green on YouTube
Property Investment Academy
Books Mentioned:
Safe as Houses by Steven Green
As long as you know you've tried your best, that's all anyone can ever ask of you and all you can ever ask of yourself.
Pretty much where I am today and everything that I teach is because of a lot of pain and a lot of cock-ups that I've made in business.
You either pay for knowledge to prevent you from making mistakes or you pay the price for mistakes.
All of my biggest learnings have come in times of pain.
I'm always pushing for growth, and with growth comes growing pains.
It's not about the cost, but the return on your investment.
Stuart Lordan2020-09-24T11:45:18+00:00
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Responsible for overseeing the Globe account; its strategy, day to day operations, client relations, revenue, and growth.
Ensure that the organization is operationally equipped to handle all the current and future requirements of the account.
Ensure that AdSpark is operationally sound and able to expertly handle Globe's requirements.


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Why the Equifax hack has small business owners worried
Small business owners say they're worried the Equifax hack could hurt both their personal finances and their businesses.
For many, their ability to access credit needed to pay employees or order inventory is closely tied to their personal credit score.
"The Equifax breach of my personal information puts our entire business at risk," said Dawn Lea Chalmers, owner of the boutique clothing store Kademi in Mississippi.
She is joining a lawsuit filed against Equifax, asking to be reimbursed for the cost and time spent monitoring financial accounts and looking for signs of identity theft.
Chalmers hasn't seen any suspicious activity. But the information exposed in the hack could be used by criminals to open fraudulent accounts, damaging her credit score. That could lead to higher interest rates or outright rejection of a loan application. If that happens, Chalmers fears she won't be able to purchase merchandise for the store.
"You could be running your business just fine and still have trouble accessing credit. That's why things like this hack can be so worrisome," said Molly Day, VP of Public Affairs at the National Small Business Association.
Related: What to do if your identity was stolen after the Equifax hack
Banks are wary of lending to small businesses, half of which fail within five years. Lenders often require the owner to share their personal information to guarantee a loan. If they get turned down for a small business loan, many owners will open a line of credit in their own name.
On Wednesday, Senator Jeanne Shaheen and Representative Nydia Velázquez urged Equifax to provide greater assistance for small business owners.
"This could be devastating for these businesses and their ability to get credit on reasonable terms. Equifax has an obligation to make this right," said Senator Shaheen in a statement.
The congresswomen also asked Equifax to offer different protective products to small business owners. While it has waived the fee to freeze their credit reports, that fix can make operating a business complicated, they said.
Related: Equifax CEO Richard Smith is out
Equifax collects additional data on companies for business credit reports. The company has not said those reports were part of the hack, but its fumbled response to the incident keeps some people worried.
"Given the way that the company has handled this data breach, I don't fully trust that Equifax is being truthful about the extent of it," said Tom Blake, the owner of Team Technical Services in Florida.
He's also joining the lawsuit, which is seeking class action status on behalf of all affected small business owners.
The company is not required under law to notify businesses if their information was breached like they must tell consumers, said attorney Jason Doss, who's representing the small business owners.
Business owners can review their business credit report, but Equifax charges $99 per copy, the lawsuit said. The company has not waived this fee in the wake of the breach.
Equifax told CNNMoney that it could not comment on pending litigation, but it would "remain focused on helping our customers, as well as their employees and consumers, to navigate this situation."
If sensitive information about a business, like its business identification number, is exposed, there would be even more reason to worry. While most state laws limit liability for consumers that are victims of identity theft, businesses could be held responsible for unauthorized debts or charges incurred.
"Unfortunately, business owners don't have the same protections as consumers," said John Heath, Directing Attorney at Lexington Law.
CNNMoney (New York) First published September 28, 2017: 5:52 AM ET


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