text:
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/*
 *
 * $Id: hardware.h,v 1.1.1.2 2004/03/06 03:00:47 mturon Exp $
 *
 */

#ifndef TOSH_HARDWARE_H
#define TOSH_HARDWARE_H

#ifndef TOSH_HARDWARE_MICA2
#define TOSH_HARDWARE_MICA2
#endif // tosh hardware

#define TOSH_NEW_AVRLIBC // mica128 requires avrlibc v. 20021209 or greater
#include <avrhardware.h>
#include "CC1000Const.h"

// avrlibc may define ADC as a 16-bit register read.  This collides with the nesc
// ADC interface name
uint16_t inline getADC() {
  return inw(ADC);
}
#undef ADC

#define TOSH_CYCLE_TIME_NS 136

// each nop is 1 clock cycle
// 1 clock cycle on mica2 == 136ns
void inline TOSH_wait_250ns() {
      asm volatile  ("nop" ::);
      asm volatile  ("nop" ::);
}

void inline TOSH_uwait(int u_sec) {
    while (u_sec > 0) {
      asm volatile  ("nop" ::);
      asm volatile  ("nop" ::);
      asm volatile  ("nop" ::);
      asm volatile  ("nop" ::);
      asm volatile  ("nop" ::);
      asm volatile  ("nop" ::);
      asm volatile  ("nop" ::);
      asm volatile  ("nop" ::);
      u_sec--;
    }
}

// LED assignments
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(RED_LED, A, 2);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(GREEN_LED, A, 1);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(YELLOW_LED, A, 0);

TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(SERIAL_ID, A, 4);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(BAT_MON, A, 5);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(THERM_PWR, A, 7);

// ChipCon control assignments
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(CC_CHP_OUT, A, 6); // chipcon CHP_OUT
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(CC_PDATA, D, 7);  // chipcon PDATA
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(CC_PCLK, D, 6);	  // chipcon PCLK
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(CC_PALE, D, 4);	  // chipcon PALE

// Flash assignments
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(FLASH_SELECT, A, 3);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(FLASH_CLK,  D, 5);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(FLASH_OUT,  D, 3);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(FLASH_IN,  D, 2);

// interrupt assignments
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(INT0, E, 4);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(INT1, E, 5);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(INT2, E, 6);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(INT3, E, 7);

// spibus assignments
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(MOSI,  B, 2);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(MISO,  B, 3);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(SPI_OC1C, B, 7);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(SPI_SCK,  B, 1);

// power control assignments
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(PW0, C, 0);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(PW1, C, 1);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(PW2, C, 2);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(PW3, C, 3);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(PW4, C, 4);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(PW5, C, 5);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(PW6, C, 6);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(PW7, C, 7);

// i2c bus assignments
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(I2C_BUS1_SCL, D, 0);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(I2C_BUS1_SDA, D, 1);

// uart assignments
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(UART_RXD0, E, 0);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(UART_TXD0, E, 1);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(UART_XCK0, E, 2)

TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(UART_RXD1, D, 2);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(UART_TXD1, D, 3);
TOSH_ASSIGN_PIN(UART_XCK1, D, 5);

void TOSH_SET_PIN_DIRECTIONS(void)
{
  /*  outp(0x00, DDRA);
  outp(0x00, DDRB);
  outp(0x00, DDRD);
  outp(0x02, DDRE);
  outp(0x02, PORTE);
  */

  TOSH_MAKE_RED_LED_OUTPUT();
  TOSH_MAKE_YELLOW_LED_OUTPUT();
  TOSH_MAKE_GREEN_LED_OUTPUT();

  TOSH_MAKE_CC_CHP_OUT_INPUT();	// modified for mica2 series

  TOSH_MAKE_PW7_OUTPUT();
  TOSH_MAKE_PW6_OUTPUT();
  TOSH_MAKE_PW5_OUTPUT();
  TOSH_MAKE_PW4_OUTPUT();
  TOSH_MAKE_PW3_OUTPUT();
  TOSH_MAKE_PW2_OUTPUT();
  TOSH_MAKE_PW1_OUTPUT();
  TOSH_MAKE_PW0_OUTPUT();

  TOSH_MAKE_CC_PALE_OUTPUT();
  TOSH_MAKE_CC_PDATA_OUTPUT();
  TOSH_MAKE_CC_PCLK_OUTPUT();
  TOSH_MAKE_MISO_INPUT();
  TOSH_MAKE_SPI_OC1C_INPUT();

  TOSH_MAKE_FLASH_SELECT_OUTPUT();
  TOSH_MAKE_FLASH_OUT_OUTPUT();
  TOSH_MAKE_FLASH_CLK_OUTPUT();
  TOSH_SET_FLASH_SELECT_PIN();

  TOSH_SET_RED_LED_PIN();
  TOSH_SET_YELLOW_LED_PIN();
  TOSH_SET_GREEN_LED_PIN();

}

enum {
  TOSH_ADC_PORTMAPSIZE = 12
};

enum
{
  TOSH_ACTUAL_CC_RSSI_PORT = 0,
  TOSH_ACTUAL_VOLTAGE_PORT = 7,
  TOSH_ACTUAL_BANDGAP_PORT = 30,  // 1.23 Fixed bandgap reference
  TOSH_ACTUAL_GND_PORT     = 31   // GND
};

enum
{
  TOS_ADC_CC_RSSI_PORT = 0,
  TOS_ADC_VOLTAGE_PORT = 7,
  TOS_ADC_BANDGAP_PORT = 10,
  TOS_ADC_GND_PORT     = 11
};

#endif //TOSH_HARDWARE_H


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text:
\section{Conclusion}
Our major contribution is a new method to handle online one-class incremental learning without the need for negative contrasts. We demonstrated that this method can outperform strong baselines, and is also applicable and highly competitive in traditional online continual learning settings. Furthermore we have shown that recent advances in self-supervised learning without contrasts can be adapted to supervised settings, particularly in continual classification. Future work can consider if our approach can be applied in the offline one class incremental setting.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
This research was partially funded by NSERC Discovery Grant RGPIN-2021-04104 and  RGPIN-2019-05729.
We would like to thank Concordia University and Mila for the provided computational resources and research environments.
We also would like to acknowledge the support from Compute Canada.

\bibliographystyle{plain}

\section{Appendix}

In this section, we provide some extra anytime evaluation results for various memory sizes on the considered datasets , i.e. Split CIFAR-10 and Split CIFAR-100, in both one-class(left plots) and multi-class(right plots) incremental learning. The results complement the ones presented in the main text.

\begin{figure*}[h]

    \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth, bb=0 0 585 350]{figures/appendix/cifar10_T10_M5_Aug0_appendix.pdf}
    \end{minipage}\hfill
    \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth, bb=0 0 585 350]{figures/appendix/cifar10_T5_M5_Aug0_appendix.pdf}
    \end{minipage}\hfill
\end{figure*}

\vspace{10pt}

\begin{figure*}[h]

    \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth, bb=0 0 585 350]{figures/appendix/cifar10_T10_M20_Aug0_appendix.pdf}
    \end{minipage}\hfill
    \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth, bb=0 0 585 350]{figures/appendix/cifar10_T5_M20_Aug0_appendix.pdf}
    \end{minipage}\hfill
\end{figure*}

\vspace{10pt}

\begin{figure*}[h]

    \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth, bb=0 0 585 350]{figures/appendix/cifar10_T10_M50_Aug0_appendix.pdf}
    \end{minipage}\hfill
    \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth, bb=0 0 585 350]{figures/appendix/cifar10_T5_M50_Aug0_appendix.pdf}
    \end{minipage}\hfill
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[h]

    \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth, bb=0 0 585 350]{figures/appendix/cifar10_T10_M100_Aug0_appendix.pdf}
    \end{minipage}\hfill
    \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth, bb=0 0 585 350]{figures/appendix/cifar10_T5_M100_Aug0_appendix.pdf}
    \end{minipage}\hfill
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[h]

    \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth, bb=0 0 1280 640]{figures/appendix/cifar100_T100_M100_Aug1_appendix.png}
    \end{minipage}\hfill
    \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth, bb=0 0 1280 640]{figures/appendix/cifar100_T20_M100_Aug1_appendix.png}
    \end{minipage}\hfill
\end{figure*}

\section{Introduction}
Continual learning is a paradigm that aims to allow deep learning algorithms which will have the ability to learn online from a non-stationary and never-ending stream of data. Such systems must become capable of acquiring new knowledge, while avoiding catastrophic forgetting of previously seen data, a problem commonly known and suffered by gradient-based neural networks~\cite{goodfellow2013empirical}. A number of common continual learning scenarios exist in the classification setting, each with their own set of related but also different challenges. These are often characterized along a number of axes. The first is which information is available to the learner at training and test time. In our setting we focus on the single-head setting where a learner is unaware at test time which task the data belongs to. In other words, when new classes are presented the learner must learn to distinguish them from all previously observed classes. Another common distinction is the online and offline setting. In the offline setting the learner receives the full set of data for each task and can perform unlimited training on this before moving to the next. On the other hand in the online setting the learner receives one or a small number of samples from a stream and must process and/or store these samples under a computational and memory budget. In this work we focus on the latter.

An extreme continual classification scenario involves the learner observing individual classes at each changing point in the data stream. Until now this scenario has been studied to a limited degree in the offline setting \cite{hou2019learning, douillard2020podnet}, but has not been considered in the online setting. This is due to the inherent challenging nature of the online setting which has only recently started obtaining results competitive with iid baselines \cite{caccia2019online,caccia2021reducing}. Indeed, in \cite{douillard2020podnet} they use an expensive regularization approach that is impractical under the constraints of online continual learning. Furthermore, the method proposed by \cite{douillard2020podnet} uses a pre-trained model, performing an initial stage of offline iid pretraining on half of the classes in the dataset. Where as, our aim is to tackle the problem without any assumption of pre-trained models.

In the online continual learning setting the best performing methods rely on various forms of rehearsal, where old samples are stored in a finite memory and reused at later points in the stream. A common strong baseline is experience replay\cite{chaudhry2019tiny,aljundi2019gradient}. Recently, Caccia et al.~\cite{caccia2021reducing} showed that in online continual learning settings, after each distribution shift (task boundaries), the model observes a significant drift in the representation of previously learned classes. They hypothesize that this is fundamentally due to: (i) new class samples representations lying close to older classes and (ii) the loss structure of the standard cross entropy applied on a mix of seen and unseen classes. To mitigate this, they proposed a method to allow fine-grained control over which samples will be pushed away from other samples given an incoming batch.
The main downside of methods proposed by Caccia et al.~\cite{caccia2021reducing}, is the critical need for negative samples in the incoming batch to learn the representation of incoming data while avoiding catastrophic forgetting. The result is the inability of their methods to be applied to the more challenging setting where the model observes one class at a time in an online data stream.

In this work, we apply recent ideas from \cite{grill2020bootstrap}, which break the dependence on negative samples in self-supervised contrastive learning to the supervised continual learning setting. This allows us to maintain an asymmetric loss structure between replay samples and incoming data as in \cite{caccia2021reducing}, while providing learning on new incoming class data without the need to contrast to old classes or their representations. Augmenting this approach with a regularization term that constrains class prototypes, further yields a new method which far exceeds performance of strong online CL benchmarks in the one class incremental setting and is competitive with the top performing methods in the multi-class incremental setting.

\section{Methods}

Similar to~\cite{caccia2021reducing}, given a model $f_{\theta}(x)$ representing a  neural network architecture with parameters $\theta$, we want to minimize the classification loss $\mathcal{L}$  on the newly arriving data batch while not negatively impacting previous learning of other classes, and have the ability to be applied to one-class incremental settings. We opt for a specific loss structure on the incoming batch that would enable the model to learn the representation of each class independently and in isolation from all other classes, either in the incoming batch or in buffered samples. This removes the need for negative samples and enables the model to learn useful representations, even in one-class incremental settings. We first present our supervised modification of BYOL and apply it in the asymmetric setting of \cite{caccia2021reducing}, then propose our new method.

\subsection{Supervised BYOL (SupBYOL)}
In order to remove the need for negative samples to learn the representation of incoming batch, we apply a supervised modification of BYOL~\cite{grill2020bootstrap} on the incoming data. BYOL uses a twin architecture with online and target networks. The online network is comprised of three stages: an encoder $f_{\theta}$, a projector $g_{\theta}$, and a predictor $q_{\theta}$. The target network has the same architecture but with different parameters $\xi$, and is the exponential moving average of the online network: $\xi \leftarrow \tau\xi + (1 - \tau)\theta$.
We use the following loss, a modification of BYOL loss~\cite{grill2020bootstrap}, on the incoming data  $\mathbf{X}^{in}$.
\begin{equation}
    \mathcal{L}_{1}^{byol} = - \frac{1}{N}\sum_{\mathbf{x}_i \in \mathbf{X}_{in}}\frac{1}{|P(\mathbf{x}_i)|}\sum_{\mathbf{x}_p \in P(\mathbf{x}_i)}\texttt{sim}\big(q_{\theta}(z_{\theta}), z_{\xi}\big)
\end{equation}
where $\texttt{sim}(a,b) = \frac{a^Tb}{\tau\|a\|\|b\|} $, and $z_{\theta} = g_{\theta}(f_{\theta}(x_{i}))$ and $z_{\xi} = g_{\xi}(f_{\xi}(x_{i}))$ are the projections outputted by online and target networks respectively. We denote the incoming $N$ data points by $\mathbf{X}^{in}$, data replayed from the buffer by $\mathbf{X}^{bf}$, and the set of positive samples with respect to $\mathbf{x}_i$ by $P$. Following~\cite{caccia2021reducing}, for the rehearsal step, we apply a modified cross-entropy objective as per~\cite{qi2018low}.
\begin{equation}
    \mathcal{L}_2(\mathbf{X}^{bf}) = -\sum_{x_{i} \in \mathbf{X}_{bf}}\log\frac{\exp\big({\texttt{sim}\big(\mathbf{c}_{y(x_{i})}, f_{\theta}\mathbf{z_{i}}\big)}\big)}{\sum_{y\in \mathcal{Y}_{all}} \exp\big(\texttt{sim}\big(\mathbf{c}_y, \mathbf{z_{i}}\big)\big)}
\end{equation}

where $Y_{all}$ is the set of all observed classes, and $z_{i} = g_{\theta}(f_{\theta}(x_{i}))$.

\begin{figure*}[t!]

    \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth, bb=0 0 585 350]{figures/cifar100_T100_M100_Aug0.pdf}
    \end{minipage}\hfill
    \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth, bb=0 0 585 350]{figures/cifar100_T20_M100_Aug0.pdf}
    \end{minipage}\hfill

   \caption{\small Split CIFAR-100 anytime evaluation results in one-class(left) and multi-class(right) incremental settings with $M=100$. SupBOYL and CCP greatly outperform the existing methods in one-class setting while being competitive with the top performing methods in multi-class setting. Note that ER-ACE and ER-AML cannot be applied in one-class setting since they require more than one class in the incoming data.
   }
    \label{fig:Cifar_M20_M}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{CCP: Continual Contrast of Class Prototypes}
Although BYOL can learn the representation of each class independently from other classes, in case of supervised learning, specially where we have multiple classes in the incoming data, it is tricky to evade collapsed representations. In some cases, we observed representation collapse between new classes in the incoming data or old classes in the memory buffer, which results in forgetting of the corresponding classes (drop in accuracy). Also, due to the twin architecture design, BYOL has a larger compute footprint than ER-AML, which makes it less suitable for online continual learning.

Inspired by~\cite{caron2020unsupervised}, we use randomly initialized prototypes as class cluster representatives to reduce intra-class variance while enforcing inter-class variance.
We represent each observed class $y \in \mathcal{Y}$ by a prototype $\mathbf{c}_{y}$ in prototypes memory $\mathcal{C}$. The network parameters $\theta$ and class prototypes $\mathcal{C}$ are jointly optimized to project an instance $\mathbf{x}_i \in \mathbf{X}^{in}$ of class $y$ close to its corresponding cluster prototype $\mathbf{c}_{y}$ as well as other samples of class $y$ in the batch, i.e. positive samples $P(\mathbf{x}_i)$. In order to evade collapsed representations, we use a contrast term between class prototypes which enforces inter-class variance. So, as the prototypes act like a representative for the whole corresponding class samples, we can enforce inter-class variance without any need for negative samples, and also provide stable training without BYOL's optimization tricks such as twin architecture and predictor head. We formulate the objective as follows:

\begin{equation}\label{eqn:ccp}
    \mathcal{L}_{1}^{ccp} = -\frac{1}{N}\sum_{\mathbf{x}_i \in \mathbf{X}_{in}}\left(\texttt{sim}\large(\mathbf{z}_{i}, \mathbf{c}_{y(x_{i})}\large) + \frac{1}{|P(\mathbf{x}_i)|} \sum_{\mathbf{x}_p\in \mathbf{P\mathbf(x_i)}} \texttt{sim}\big(\mathbf{z}_{i}, \mathbf{z}_{p}\big)\right) + \frac{1}{|\mathcal{C}|} \sum_{\mathbf{c}_i \in \mathcal{C}} \sum_{\mathbf{c}_j \in \mathcal{C}/i}
    \texttt{sim}\big(\mathbf{c}_{i}, \mathbf{c}_{j}\big)
\end{equation}

where $\texttt{sim}(a,b) = \frac{a^Tb}{\tau\|a\|\|b\|} $, $z_{i} = g_{\theta}(f_{\theta}(x_{i}))$, and $y(x)$ denotes the class label of $x$. As in the case of SupBYOL, we combine this with the same $\mathcal{L}_2$ term applied to the buffered samples.
In order to avoid contrast between new and old classes introduced by the last term, we do not directly update old class prototypes using gradients. In other words, for the incoming data, we perform stochastic optimization to minimize $\mathcal{L}_{1}+\mathcal{L}_{2}$ with respect to $\theta$ and $c \in \mathcal{C}^{in}$, where $\mathcal{C}^{in}$ is the class labels of the incoming data.
However, to update the old class prototypes, we follow \cite{de2019continual} and use the replayed samples to obtain a momentum update after each training step to stabilize the model against drastic changes in the representation of learned classes: $c_{y} \leftarrow \alpha c_{y} + (1 - \alpha)\bar{c}_{y}$ where $y \in \mathcal{Y}_{bf}$ denotes the label of old classes stored in the buffer and $\bar{c}_{y}$ is the updated prototype for class $y$.

\section{Experiments}

\setlength{\tabcolsep}{2.5pt}
\begin{table*}
\small
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{ll}
        \begin{tabular}{c c c c c}
            \hline
            &\multicolumn{3}{c}{Accuracy ($\uparrow$ is better)} \\
                     & $M=5$ & $M=20$ & $M=50$ & $M=100$ \\\hline \hline

                iid online    & 63.4 \tiny{$\pm 0.6$} & 63.4 \tiny{$\pm 0.6$} & 63.4 \tiny{$\pm 0.6$} & 63.4 \tiny{$\pm 0.6$}\\
                 \hline

                fine-tuning  & 10.0 \tiny{$\pm 0.0$} & 10.0 \tiny{$\pm 0.0$} & 10.0 \tiny{$\pm 0.0$} & 10.0 \tiny{$\pm 0.0$}\\

                ER \cite{chaudhry2019tiny} &15.7 \tiny{$\pm 1.7$}& 18.2 \tiny{$\pm 2.6$} & 19.6 \tiny{$\pm 3.1$} & 21.2 \tiny{$\pm 2.3$}\\

                iCarl \cite{rebuffi2017icarl}   & 18.8 \tiny{$\pm  1.6$} & 20.5 \tiny{$\pm 1.5$} & 23.3 \tiny{$\pm 1.2$} &24.4 \tiny{$\pm 0.9$}\\

                MIR \cite{aljundi2019online} &17.8 \tiny{$\pm 1.8$}&  19.3 \tiny{$\pm  2.7$} & 20.2 \tiny{$\pm 2.2$} & 22.0 \tiny{$\pm 2.4$} \\

                DER++ \cite{buzzega2020dark}&20.1 \tiny{$\pm 1.4$}& 21.2 \tiny{$\pm 2.4$} & 23.2 \tiny{$\pm 2.4$} & 24.6 \tiny{$\pm 1.5$} \\
                SupBYOL (ours) &\textbf{24.4} \tiny{$\pm 1.2$}& 30.6 \tiny{$\pm 1.4$} & 33.3 \tiny{$\pm 2.1$} & 36.0 \tiny{$\pm 2.3$} \\
                CCP (ours) &\textbf{24.2} \tiny{$\pm 0.9$}& \textbf{34.3} \tiny{$\pm 1.1$} & \textbf{36.0} \tiny{$\pm 1.3$} & \textbf{39.1}\tiny{$\pm 1.1$} \\\hline

            \end{tabular}
        &
            \begin{tabular}{c c c}
            \hline
            \multicolumn{3}{c}{Forgetting ($\downarrow$ is better)} \\
                 $M=20$ & $M=50$ & $M=100$  \\\hline \hline

                N/A & N/A &N/A \\\hline
                100.0\tiny{$\pm 0.0$} & 100.0\tiny{$\pm 0.0$} & 100.0\tiny{$\pm 0.0$}  \\
                54.7\tiny{$\pm 2.5$} & 51.1\tiny{$\pm 2.8$} & 45.7\tiny{$\pm 2.6$}  \\
                46.1\tiny{$\pm 1.7$} & 42.8\tiny{$\pm 1.7$} & 40.1\tiny{$\pm 1.4$}  \\
                52.0\tiny{$\pm 2.9$} & 47.4\tiny{$\pm 2.6$} & 41.9\tiny{$\pm 2.8$}  \\
                58.9\tiny{$\pm 2.2$} & 53.3\tiny{$\pm 2.2$} & 49.8\tiny{$\pm 1.8$}  \\
                28.3\tiny{$\pm 1.6$} & 25.6\tiny{$\pm 2.1$} & 23.1\tiny{$\pm 2.4$}  \\
                \textbf{27.2}\tiny{$\pm 1.0$} & \textbf{24.2}\tiny{$\pm 1.1$} & \textbf{21.9}\tiny{$\pm 1.0$}  \\ \hline
            \end{tabular}
        \end{tabular}
\caption{\small Accuracy and Forgetting results on Split CIFAR-10 in \textbf{one-class} incremental setting(10 tasks) with augmentations and different buffer sizes. Averages and standard deviations are computed over five runs. SupBYOL and CCP outperform other methods with a considerable margin in both Accuracy and Forgetting.
}
\label{tab:cifar10_er_main}
\end{table*}

\setlength{\tabcolsep}{2.5pt}
\begin{table*}
\small
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{ll}
        \begin{tabular}{c c c c c}
            \hline
            &\multicolumn{3}{c}{Accuracy ($\uparrow$ is better)} \\
                     & $M=5$ & $M=20$ & $M=50$ & $M=100$ \\\hline \hline

                iid online    & 63.4 \tiny{$\pm 0.6$} & 63.4 \tiny{$\pm 0.6$} & 63.4 \tiny{$\pm 0.6$} & 63.4 \tiny{$\pm 0.6$}\\
                 \hline

                fine-tuning  & 17.9 \tiny{$\pm 0.2$}& 17.9 \tiny{$\pm 0.2$}& 17.9 \tiny{$\pm 0.2$}& 17.9 \tiny{$\pm 0.2$}\\

               iCarl \cite{rebuffi2017icarl}   & 33.4\tiny{$\pm 1.0$}& 39.2\tiny{$\pm 0.8$}& 41.6\tiny{$\pm 0.9$}& 42.3\tiny{$\pm 0.8$}\\

                ER \cite{chaudhry2019tiny} & 28.4\tiny{$\pm 1.0$}& 40.3\tiny{$\pm 0.6$}& 42.8\tiny{$\pm 1.2$}& 49.4\tiny{$\pm 1.3$}\\

                MIR \cite{aljundi2019online} & 29.8\tiny{$\pm 1.0$}& 41.8\tiny{$\pm 0.6$}& 45.6\tiny{$\pm 0.7$}& 49.3\tiny{$\pm 0.6$}\\

                DER++ \cite{buzzega2020dark}&31.8 \tiny{$\pm 0.9$}& 39.3\tiny{$\pm 1.0$}& 46.7\tiny{$\pm 1.1$}& 52.3\tiny{$\pm 1.1$}\\

                ER-AML \cite{caccia2021reducing}& \textbf{36.4}\tiny{$\pm 1.4$}& \textbf{47.7}\tiny{$\pm 0.7$}&\textbf{52.6} \tiny{$\pm 1.1$}& \textbf{55.7}\tiny{$\pm 1.3$}\\

                ER-ACE \cite{caccia2021reducing}& 35.1\tiny{$\pm 0.9$}& 43.4\tiny{$\pm 1.6$}&49.3 \tiny{$\pm 1.2$}& 53.7\tiny{$\pm 1.1$}\\

                SupBYOL (ours)& 25.4 \tiny{$\pm 1.2$}& 36.6 \tiny{$\pm 1.3$}& 41.4 \tiny{$\pm 1.2$}& 43.6 \tiny{$\pm 1.8$}\\

                CCP (ours) & 34.2 \tiny{$\pm 0.9$}& 42.0 \tiny{$\pm 1.1$}& 47.6 \tiny{$\pm 1.0$}& 51.2 \tiny{$\pm 0.9$} \\\hline

            \end{tabular}
        &
            \begin{tabular}{c c c}
            \hline
            \multicolumn{3}{c}{Forgetting ($\downarrow$ is better)} \\
                 $M=20$ & $M=50$ & $M=100$  \\\hline \hline

                N/A & N/A &N/A \\\hline
                80.9\tiny{$\pm 0.1$} & 80.9\tiny{$\pm 0.1$} & 80.9\tiny{$\pm 0.1$}  \\
                31.3\tiny{$\pm 0.8$} & 30.8\tiny{$\pm 1.2$} & 29.4\tiny{$\pm 1.6$}  \\
                26.8\tiny{$\pm 0.8$} & 24.4\tiny{$\pm 1.2$} & 22.8\tiny{$\pm 1.6$}  \\
                38.2\tiny{$\pm 1.2$} & 21.6\tiny{$\pm 0.9$} & 15.8\tiny{$\pm 1.1$}  \\
                29.7\tiny{$\pm 1.1$} & 24.5\tiny{$\pm 1.0$} & 19.0\tiny{$\pm 1.1$}  \\
                19.8\tiny{$\pm 0.4$} & 16.4\tiny{$\pm 0.4$} & 15.9\tiny{$\pm 0.3$}  \\
                \textbf{18.3}\tiny{$\pm 0.6$} & \textbf{15.2}\tiny{$\pm 0.8$} & \textbf{14.6}\tiny{$\pm 0.8$}  \\
                20.7\tiny{$\pm 1.1$} & 18.9\tiny{$\pm 1.2$} & 17.4\tiny{$\pm 1.2$}  \\
                19.7\tiny{$\pm 0.8$} & 16.3\tiny{$\pm 1.0$} & \textbf{14.4}\tiny{$\pm 0.8$}  \\ \hline
            \end{tabular}
        \end{tabular}
\caption{\small Accuracy and Forgetting results on Split CIFAR-10 in \textbf{multi-class} incremental setting (5 tasks) with augmentations and different buffer sizes. Averages and standard deviations are computed over five runs. Our proposed method, CCP, is competitive with top performing methods in this setting.}
\label{tab:cifar10_er_main2}
\end{table*}

Our method enables the model to learn the representation of each class in isolation from other classes without the need to have more than one class in the incoming data. Following \cite{chaudhry2019continual, caccia2021reducing}, we use a reduced Resnet-18 with \textit{batch size} and the \textit{rehearsal batch size} of \textit{10} samples. All of the models are trained in single head setting, so the task id is not revealed to the model at test time.
Similar to \cite{caccia2021reducing}, we find data augmentation to be useful in most of the settings, specially in simple datasets like CIFAR-10 with a small buffer size where the model might overfit on the buffer samples.
Our data augmentation pipline consists of a simple random crop followed by random horizontal flip.
We use SGD for optimization with a learning rate of 0.1 as in \cite{aljundi2019online}. We now present the experiments on 10 and 100 task settings for Split CIFAR-10 and Split CIFAR100.

\textbf{Split CIFAR-10} typically partitions the dataset into 5 disjoint tasks containing two classes each ( \cite{aljundi2019online,shim2020online}). In this work we also consider partitioning into 10 disjoint sets (1 class each). When applying  the 10 class split we will indicate $S=1$, while the case of 2 class tasks will be denoted $S=2$.

We show in Table~\ref{tab:cifar10_er_main} results for split CIFAR10 on $S=1$ and for $S=2$ in Table~\ref{tab:cifar10_er_main2} showing the overall accuracy and forgetting at the end of the task sequence for a variety of memory settings. Observe that in the one class setting ER-ACE and ER-AML cannot be applied as they require other classes in the incoming data. SupBOYL and CCP greatly outperform the existing methods in this setting, with CCP obtaining top performance in all categories. For the multi-class setting of $S=2$, SupBYOL performs poorly, but CCP greatly improves upon SupBYOL and achieves performance close to ER-AML and ER-ACE in both accuracy and forgetting categories.

\textbf{Split CIFAR-100} Consists of 100 classes typically split into 20 tasks, each containing a disjoint set of 5 labels ($S=5$).  In our one class incremental work we will also consider the case of splitting into 100 distinct task switches ($S=1$).   All CIFAR experiments process $32 \times32$ images.

In Figure~\ref{fig:Cifar_M20_M}, we show the results on $S=1$ and $S=5$. In the $S=1$ setting especially as the number of classes grows, we observe increasing margins over existing methods for both SupBYOL and CCP. On the other hand, in the $S=5$ setting, SupBYOL does not perform well as in the CIFAR-10, while CCP matches the performance of ER-AML and is close to the performance of ER-ACE (which nearly matches the i.i.d performance).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


National Association of Agricultural Producer Organizations of Côte d'Ivoire (ANOPACI)'s market information system called système d'information sur les marchés (SIM -ANOPACI). SIM -ANOPACI works through a network of village information centres (points d'information villageois, or PIVs) to gather, process and disseminate agricultural information. This includes prices, offers to buy or sell, availability of products and comments on market trends for particular products.
Zambia National Framers' Union (ZNFU) uses an SMS announcement service in order to inform rural farmers about market prices for their crops.
Malian fruit and vegetable export organization, Fruit et Légumes du Mali (Fruiléma) use of GPS, cameras and computer technology in order to monitor mango harvests and their compliance to international quality standards.
Coopworks, information management system for Kenyan milk cooperative. The systems assists cooperatives in their tracking of daily, weekly and monthly deliveries of milk by any farmers. The system can compile reports based on collection routes, farm location and regions.
Kenya Agricultural Commodity Exchange (KACE)'s market information and linkage system (MILS). The system provides reliable and timely market information and to link farmers to the markets by finding matches for offers and bids on agricultural goods. The system uses market information points located in rural markets throughout Kenya.
The use of FrontlineSMS for the delivery of market information by FIAGRO (Agricultural Technology Innovation Foundation) in El Slavador, as well as by Mercy Corps in Aceh for their service MarketInfo-SMS.
I was also able to write myself about ITC's Trade at Hand initiatives. My article Encouraging Foreign Exchange is focused particularly on the pilot of the mCollect system in Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal, Benin and Ghana.
I shall be useing the newly available ICT Update information about market information system in developing countries in order to inprove the list of ICT4D market projects.


Visit the Top Sims Contest page.
Check the calendar to confirm the round.
Copy and paste the sim into the message field and submit.
These sims, and more, will all be going on to the third run-off round in August. So get out there and nominate today.


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text:
require 'tempfile'
require 'fileutils'

class QueueData
  PRECISION = 5

  attr_reader :name, :servers, :clients
  attr_accessor :min_arrival, :max_arrival, :min_service, :max_service,
                :losses, :states

  def initialize name, servers, clients
    @name = name
    @servers = servers
    @clients = clients
    @states = Hash.new
  end

  def population
    result = 0
    @states.each do |k, v|
      result += k.to_i * v[:probability] / 100
    end
    result.round(PRECISION)
  end

  def throughput_min
    result = 0
    @states.each do |k, v|
      result += v[:probability] / 100 * [k.to_i, @servers].min * @min_service
    end
    result.round(PRECISION)
  end

  def throughput_max
    result = 0
    @states.each do |k, v|
      result += v[:probability] / 100 * [k.to_i, @servers].min * @max_service
    end
    result.round(PRECISION)
  end

  def usage
    result = 0
    @states.each do |k, v|
      result += v[:probability] / 100 * [k.to_i, @servers].min / @servers
    end
    result.round(PRECISION)
  end

  def response_time_min
    (self.population / self.throughput_min).round(PRECISION)
  end

  def response_time_max
    (self.population / self.throughput_max).round(PRECISION)
  end
end

temp_file = Tempfile.new('temp_file')

simulation_file = ARGV[0]
queues = []

begin
  File.open(simulation_file) do |f|
    queue = nil
    f.each_line do |line|
      temp_file.puts line
      if data = line.match(/Queue:\s*(\w+)\s*\(G\/G\/(\d+)\/(\d+)\)/)
        queue = QueueData.new data[1], data[2].to_i, data[3].to_i
        queues << queue
      elsif data = line.match(/Arrival:\s*(\d+\.\d+)\s*\.{3}\s*(\d+\.\d+)/)
        queue.min_arrival = data[1].to_i
        queue.max_arrival = data[2].to_i
      elsif data = line.match(/Service:\s*(\d+\.\d+)\s*\.{3}\s*(\d+\.\d+)/)
        queue.min_service = data[1].to_i
        queue.max_service = data[2].to_i
      elsif data = line.match(/\s*(\d+)\s*(\d+\.\d+)\s*(\d+\.\d+)\%/)
        queue.states[data[1].to_s] = { time: data[2].to_f, probability: data[3].to_f }
      elsif data = line.match(/Number of losses:\s*(\d+)/)
        queue.losses = data[1].to_i
        temp_file.puts "      Population: #{queue.population}\n" +
                       "  Throughput min: #{queue.throughput_min}\n" +
                       "  Throughput max: #{queue.throughput_max}\n" +
                       "           Usage: #{queue.usage}\n" +
                       " Response T. min: #{queue.response_time_min}\n" +
                       " Response T. max: #{queue.response_time_max}\n"
      end
    end
  end
  temp_file.close
  FileUtils.mv(temp_file.path, simulation_file)
ensure
  temp_file.close
  temp_file.unlink
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Акт присяги шести ингушских фамилий России — исторический документ (договор) о вступлении представителей шести родов Назрановского общества в Российское подданство, заключённый 22 августа 1810 года в городе Владикавказе. Акт подписали по десять представителей от каждого рода — от Таргимхоевых, Хамхоевых, Цикмабуховых (Оздоевых), Эгиевых, Картоевых, Евлоевых.

Миграционные процессы, связанные с возвращением ингушей в Назрановскую долину, начались ещё во второй половине XVIII века. В 1781 году считается основанной Назрань. С этого времени ингуши уже контролировали долину р. Назранки, но из-за ряда причин прошло несколько десятков лет, прежде чем ингуши смогли прочно основаться на этой территории. Так, непосредственно подписанию данного договора предшествовало активное переселение части ингушского населения из Тарской долины (совр. Пригородный район) в район Назрани. Кроме того, именно в этот предшествующий договору период происходят столкновения между назрановцами и чеченско-дагестанской группой из 600 человек, возглавляемой и организованной кабардинскими владетелями.

Согласно этому договору назрановцы были обязаны выставлять для борьбы с врагами России полностью экипированные отряды численностью не менее 1000 человек, сообщать о нападениях на крепости, передавать российским властям представителей враждебных групп, обеспечивать беспрепятственный проход российских войск через селения; кроме того, накладывались ограничения на переселение в другое место. В случае нарушения данных обязательств нарушившие договор ингуши объявлялись «изменниками и бунтовщиками» и российские командование было вправе поступать с ними как с неприятелями. В том же 1810 году была заложена Назрановская крепость. Она перестраивалась и укреплялась в 1817 и 1832 годах.

Ингуши принимали участие в Кавказской войне на стороне России и на стороне имама Шамиля, особенно активно участвовали орстхойцы (жители восточной части Ингушетии). Некоторое время существовали два вилайета исламского государства Шамиля — Арштинский и Галашкинский.

Примечания

История Ингушетии

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


MADRID, Spain – In the first six months of 2010, Giant has booked a sales increase of a big 40% on the Iberian Peninsula. José Casla (photo), Giant Europe's sales manager for southern European markets, attributes the growth to the successful sales of the full suspension montainbikes.
Giant's management has confirmed to Correo Del Mercado Deportivo that the crisis is of course affecting the cycling market but believes "the industry is used to fight in troubled times". "One way to fight the crisis is investing in technology", adds José Casla. "It's a clear sign that Giant invested 32 million last year in R&D, although we will have to wait until 2014 to see the results of this investment.


text:
Watching Memories Being Made
Scientists have developed a new understanding about how memories exist in the brain, and it could change how we diagnose and treat brain disease forever.
This article was created for the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, in New York City, by Scientific American Custom Media, a division separate from the magazine's board of editors.
Scientists have long wondered how memories are made. By watching neuronal ensembles fire in real time, shown above, they have a new perspective. Credit: Used with permission from Nature Research
Fifty years ago, when the Mount Sinai School of Medicine opened its doors, four Nobel Prize winners gathered for its dedication and made predictions about how science would transform our understanding of our bodies and our world. One of the most intriguing was that doctors would one day understand the physical basis of memory—the structures and processes that allow the brain to store and retrieve experiences.
After decades of research, much of it at Mount Sinai, doctors now have a deep understanding about how memory works, down to the molecular and cellular levels.
"We now think of the brain, and its 100 billion neurons, or nerve cells, in terms of networks," says Mark Baxter, a professor of neuroscience at what is now the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. "Instead of memory as something formed just anywhere in the brain, we realized over the decades that defined networks of cortical and subcortical areas are connected to form retrievable memories."
Brain activity works like a circuit, so building and retrieving memories depends on connections within a network. Stronger connections yield stronger memories.
Denise Cai, from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, was able to watch as memories were encoded and linked through time. Credit: Mount Sinai Health System
While that idea is not new, scientists' ability to test it is fairly recent. "It's only in the last several years that we've had the technology to be able to track neural ensembles, which coordinate across many memories, across long periods," explains Denise Cai, an assistant professor of neuroscience at the Icahn School of Medicine. "One way of thinking about this concept is that memory isn't a snapshot—it is dynamically updated and edited across time. Any given memory is formed in relation to past and future memories."
Cai focuses her research on how memories are related and linked, by tracking how brain activity in mice encodes different environments. By using a tiny microscope, made with a camera sensor from a cell phone, mounted on each mouse's head, Cai recorded how hundreds of cells at a time were firing to produce memories. Her study provided the first evidence that mice are able to relate episodic experiences across time.
The study exposed mice to three environments and recorded their brain activity. "We placed the mice in three different contexts that were completely new to them and completely different from each other, with different smells, for instance," Cai says. "One week separated the first environment, context A, from context B, but only five hours separated B and C. On average, we recorded 600 cells firing in each context to learn and remember the new environment."
In the past, neuroscientists thought that different groups of cells would represent each of the three contexts. But a more recent view is that events more closely related in time would actually share overlapping neurons. "What we found was that if the mice associated context C with an aversive experience, they would freeze upon returning to that environment," says Cai. "But they would also freeze upon reentering context B, because retrieving the memory of B triggered the recall of context C, which was aversive. In contrast, when we placed them in context A, they didn't freeze. Those memories weren't linked in time."
For Cai, one of the most promising potential applications for this research is the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). "Our new data showed that when mice learn a context for the first time and find it traumatic, they transfer that fear to neutral memories learned days apart," she says. "One of the phenotypes of PTSD is the re-experiencing of fear. If we can understand a similar process at the cellular level in mice, we are in a better position to start developing targeted treatments to help humans prevent the relapses of fear."
Though the Nobel Prize winners of half a century ago had the insight to predict a deeper understanding of memory, they could not have foreseen our current depth of understanding.
"Not only do we understand what happens at a very microscopic level, we now know that the electrical activity of brain cells is part of building memory," Baxter says. "In the years ahead, the goal is to use our ability to measure the activity of certain networks in the brain to diagnose memory disorders, like Alzheimer's disease and dementia, long before they are symptomatic. We hope to be able to intervene when the process of memory loss is just beginning. Eventually, we may even be able to apply outside stimulation to targeted areas of the brain in order to treat brain disorders."
To learn more about how scientists are translating research into life-changing treatments, visit the New Heights in Medicine.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


British Defence Secretary Sir Michael Fallon has unveiled an ambitious new National Shipbuilding Strategy which meets the challenge set by Sir John Parker last November and sets out plans for the first batch of Type 31e frigates.
Sir John Parker's independent report into British naval shipbuilding proposed far-reaching recommendations to transform the UK maritime industry and boost the prosperity of regions, shipyards and maritime supply chains across the country.
Today's Strategy sees the Government accept Sir John's recommendations and step up to what he called a prospective 'renaissance' in British shipbuilding. Building on the Government's industrial strategy, it outlines an ambition to transform the procurement of naval ships, make the UK's maritime industry more competitive, grow the Royal Navy fleet by the 2030s, export British ships overseas, and boost innovation, skills, jobs, and productivity across the UK.
It announces the government's plan to procure new Type 31e General Purpose Frigates. A price cap has been set of no more than £250M each for the first batch of five frigates. In line with standing UK policy on warships they will be built in the UK. They could be built in a way which could see them shared between yards and assembled at a central hub. The first ships are set to be in service by 2023. Shipyards will be encouraged to work with global partners to ensure the vessel is competitive on the export market.
The Type 31 will allow the Type 26 Frigates (seen here) and Type 45 Destroyers to focus on maritime task groups.
Defence Secretary Sir Michael Fallon explained the 1st batch will consist of 5 vessel for in service by 2023. The Type 31 will allow the Type 26 Frigates and Type 45 Destroyers to focus on maritime task groups. All shipyard across the UK will be able to bid for the Type 31 program.
The Strategy sets out the government's commitment to work with industry to reinvigorate and maximise export success. The Type 31e will be designed to meet the needs of the Royal Navy and with the export market in mind from the beginning. This could see industry's customer become not only the Royal Navy but for the navies of Britain's allies and partners.
The MOD is committed to new ships for the Royal Navy through its rising budget and £178bn equipment plan. In July, at BAE's Govan shipyard, the Defence Secretary cut steel for the first of eight Type 26 frigates, HMS Glasgow. The £3.7 billion contract for the first three, the largest for naval ships this decade, will secure hundreds of high skilled jobs on the Clyde until 2035 and hundreds more in the supply chain across the UK.
One of the likely Type 31 design proposal: Project Spartan by Steller Systems.
The option to build the Type 31e frigates in blocks reflects how the biggest ship ever built for the Royal Navy, the 65,000-tonne HMS Queen Elizabeth, was constructed. The aircraft carrier was built in blocks by over 10,000 people in six main British cities. She was then assembled in Rosyth, before commencing sea trials in June and arriving in her home port of Portsmouth last month.
Her sister ship HMS Prince of Wales, built in the same way, is also now structurally complete and will be officially named in a ceremony on 8 September. This method has also been tried and tested on the UK's new polar research ship, RRS Sir David Attenborough, with shipyards across the country collaborating in the block build.
Several of the Type 31 designs are likely to be unveiled in the form of scale models next week during the DSEI 2017 defense show. Likely contenders for the Type 31 design include BAE Systems, Babcock, BMT and Steller Systems. Make sure to check back with us next week for an overiew of these designs.


When you think of a Subaru, you think functionality. Most Subaru's we see are off roading or rally cars. But a few people out there test the limits of there Subaru's, and take their's into the opposite direction. They go the form route and boy do these cars look amazing laying on the ground. Our good friend Wen from Greenville South Carolina, really shows us that Subaru's don't have to be rally monsters. Wen started with his 2007 Subaru STi, when he recieved the news that they were expecting a baby. Wen knew he would have to get something a little more practical for a family then his prelude.
In the back of his head he already knew the Subaru was the perfect candidate for his family. As soon as Wen got the car it was time to mod, as his first mod he bought Racecomp Tarmac 3 track coilovers. Wen then went for a little performance and bought a Cobb acessport to tube the car. But Wen couldn't stop there he then bought a K&N Airfilter, and Cobb full exhaust. By far all the best parts you could buy for his Subaru. Wen's coilovers did satisfy him, but when he saw his friends Bugeye that was bagged it gave him new inspiration.
Wen then began searching for a air ride setup that would fit him. Wen found a company called airlift performance this setup really caught his eye. The setup he purchased was a performance setup meaning he could have form or function. After riding around on his stock rims and his air ride setup, he new it was time for some wheels. But Wen didn't want just any wheels, like most of us we all want to be original and have that shock factor. Which Wen was going and in my opinion Wen got his setup right.
Wen finally had his eye on a set of Work Ryver's. Which we all know in the car world these are some rare and Unique wheels very hard to find. The wheels were 18×10.5 +20 really aggressive wheels, Wen wrapped them in 225/40/18 Nittos. The only way to get these wheels to fit with his setup was to run a crazy amount of camber. Which Wen did, running 9.2 in the front and 5.5 in the back. To me this was the perfect amount for this car, when it airs it out this car takes such a mean look especially with the work wheels.
This car is so amazing, super clean with the perfect setup. I've never seen a Subaru that really made my draw drop like Wen's did, literally made me go "Damn". Wen did good and really has got that shock factor from his car, but like always he isn't stopping there. Wen plans on making it a 400+whp stanced monster so keep an eye out for this Subaru in the future.


I was recently at the Techno TN meeting between Erasmus networks active in the field of science and engineering. It was a chance to discuss three key topics of common interest: (1) New Skills and University-Business cooperation; (2) Attracting and retaining students; and (3) Tools for enhancing mobility of students and graduates. I'm sure all these topics will be explored further within Aqua-tnet, especially once materials from the workshop become available to share online.
One of the first issues to be discussed however was the communications gap between business and universities. This was a recurring theme whilst discussing a number of topics, and indeed seems to be a regular feature of any meeting discussing research, education or innovation in our sector. Whilst it is always dangerous to generalise, typical sentiments for instance are that businesses find communicating with universities slow and complex and often consider academics to be out of touch with the issues that are most critical to their business with interests that seem more esoteric. Academics on the other hand can find contact with business to be frustrating when they appear to be interested only in quick fixes and are reluctant to invest in the long-term disciplined research work that finding real solutions can require. In a competitive world, businesses are instinctively secretive whereas academics are continually under pressure to publish.
Differences in perspective can also appear when discussing the knowledge and skills fostered in university students. Perhaps rather obviously, academics teach not only what they know, but also (consciously or unconsciously) promote the values, skills and ethos of academic endeavour in their students. This has value, especially for students moving on to further study and research. For graduates that subsequently move into business, a culture shock often awaits. Assuming of course that they can find a job to go to! Few businesses will employ graduates without some previous relevant work experience. They know just how much more such recruits need to learn to be able to contribute effectively in a commercial environment.
What can be done to improve communications and build more effective links? Here are a few thoughts for starters, but this is an issue that really needs a lot more focus and engagement. Firstly, one of the most positive signs in recent years has been the development of professional forums on the Internet that provide an opportunity for commercial practitioners, academics and students to discuss topics and share experience. One of the most active is the SARNISSA e-mail discussion forum, but there are several other popular e-mail discussion lists and a growing number of special interest groups on social networking sites such as LinkedIn (where the Aqua-tnet project now has a discussion group) and Facebook.
Secondly, there are many opportunities for companies to communicate the demands and priorities of their work through inputs to taught courses. Examples include hosting student visits, giving talks at colleges, or most conveniently these days, giving a short presentation or holding a question and answer session over an Internet video conference link. The Aqua-tnet project is promoting this kind of activity at http://www.aquatnet.com/index.php/137/experience-share/.
Thirdly, it is important for academics to communicate clearly with industry to discuss and demonstrate the contribution they are making through research and teaching. Many channels are available, such as presentations at industry meetings, articles in the trade press, personal or institutional blogs, social networking sites, the making of short videos to post on YouTube, podcasts to share on iTunes, or the distribution of slide-based presentations via Slideshare. Institutions could also give greater consideration to web streaming special seminars or other events to open up participation to a wider industry audience.
people from industry to work in academia on specific projects of mutual interest. Useful links for both teaching and research can also be fostered when companies host student projects. Closely related to this is the provision of internships that give young people experience that is useful for career development, as well as giving them greater focus should they go on to further studies. Aqua-tnet is seeking to support this by advertising opportunities via the Education Gate (http://aquatnet.djangofoo.com/) and enabling young people to express their interest and availability at http://www.aquatnet.com/index.php/167/internships/.
The tools for building bridges are in our hands. So what are the barriers?


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Q: Apex CPU Limit Error I am having a scenario and want to know after running into an Apex CPU limit error whether anything is committed to the database

For Example : I'm in a batch that updates an object that then activates a trigger, would it stop at the object level or at the trigger level or does it depend on when the apex limit is hit?

A: Any governor limit, including Apex CPU timeouts, reverts all changes to the database for the entire transaction. That means no records are created, updated, deleted, undeleted, merged, converted, etc. The only exception to this rule is that any logs that are enabled will be preserved (in Setup > Monitoring > Debug Logs). In the case of a batch, if it occurs in the start method, the entire batch is aborted, while if it occurs during an execute function, only that single batch is aborted (but prior batches are already committed, and future batches may still successfully commit), and in the finish method, a governor limit would prevent chaining calls, sending emails, etc.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Unified commerce
Marketing & Experience Design
SQLI's
Philippe Donche-Gay
Graduate of Ecole Polytechnique and Stanford University (California), Philippe Donche-Gay began his career in 1982 at IBM.
He joined the Management Team at Capgemini in 1984 and helped to set up Capgemini Telecom & Media and was named as CEO in 2001. He was named CEO of firstly Capgemini France in 2004 then Capgemini for Western Europe in 2007.
In 1998, he became COO of Bureau Veritas. He was named Chairman of the Marine & Offshore Division in 2013 before becoming the Group's Executive Vice-President in 2017 - a post he held until early 2019.
He became Chairman of the Board of Directors of SQLI Group in June 2019.
Didier Fauque
CEO and member of the board
Graduate of European Business School Paris, Didier Fauque was previously General Manager of IBM Global Business Services in France.
Didier Fauque developed IBM's Consultancy and Integration services from 2011. Still at IBM, he held the post of Vice-President, Sectors and Vice-President, Systems & Technology Group.
After more than 20 years at IBM, Didier Fauque joined SQLI in May 2013 as Group CEO and Member of the Board.
Hervé de Beublain
Graduate of ESSEC (1981) and ENA (1986).
Hervé de Beublain worked at the French Ministry of Industry for four years, as deputy then head of the Economic and Financial Department of the Oil & Gas Directorate.
In 1990, he became Deputy Director, then a Partner, of Baring Brothers, where he advised on mergers and acquisitions in France and overseas.
In 1995, he founded FD5, an investment fund with equity of € 60 M, of which he is still the Chairman. In 2004, he became Managing Director and Partner of NextStage.
Nathalie MESNY - Partner at Brand & Retail
Graduate of ESSEC and holder of a Master's degree from INSEAD, Nathalie Mesny began her career at Unilever before joining Carrefour France in 1998 as CEO (Food) before becoming Marketing, Communication and Brand Manager in 2005.
From 2011 to 2015, she managed Oxybul Eveil et Jeux then took charge of Carrefour's non-food e-commerce division, managing the rueducommerce.fr site.
Since 1 April 2019, Nathalie Mesny has been Executive VP of Monoprix Online.
Nathalie Mesny is also a member of the Carmignac Board of Directors (since July 2018) and a member of the Damartex supervisory board (since May 2017).
Véronique Reille Soult de Dalmatie
A specialist in reputation management and conversational strategies, and an expert in opinion management, online crisis communication and change management, Véronique Reille Soult supports companies and their managements in the definition and implementation of strategies for developing their reputational assets.
Before the founding of Dentsu Consulting, in 2016, she was Executive Vice-President of Elan Edelman, founder of agence 910 and Managing Director of the Hopscotch Group.
Since 2011, she has made weekly appearances on BFM TV, France24, Europe 1, LCI, Public Senat, France Télévision, Arte and France Infos.
Ariel Steinmann
Graduate of ISC Paris, Ariel Steinmann began her career at various consulting and communication agencies in France and the US. She has since gained extensive experience in Marketing, Communication & Digital Technologies by managing large-scale projects in this field for major groups such as Bouygues Telecom and ING Direct France.
Ariel Steinmann is currently Marketing, Communication and Digital Technologies Manager for Retail activities at BNP Paribas group, which she joined in 2011.
Since 2013, she has been head of digital marketing at the retail bank in France for both the BNP Paribas and Hello bank! brands.
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Industry-noise cancellation, effortlessly smart features and a neckband for comfortable all-day wearing.
Hear what's important with Ambient Sound Control, and adjust sound levels with the Equaliser.
LDAC transmits approximately three times more data (at the maximum transfer rate of 990 kbps) than conventional Bluetooth wireless audio.


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Incoming German Chancellor Scholz unveils new cabinet members
Designated new German chancellor Olaf Scholz presented the ministers of his Social Democratic Party, for the new German government on Monday, setting the scene for him to succeed longtime Chancellor Angela Merkel later this week.
It came after the Greens said their members approved the agreement reached last month, with 86% voting for it in a ballot.
The other two parties — Scholz's centre-left Social Democrats and the pro-business Free Democrats — overwhelmingly backed the agreement at weekend conventions.
Lauterbach to become health minister
The most closely watched appointment was that of health minister, as Germany struggles to bring down its highest coronavirus infection rates of the pandemic so far. Scholz chose Karl Lauterbach, an epidemiologist and media-savvy lawmaker who lacks executive experience but has been one of Germany's most prominent voices urging caution and strict measures against COVID-19.
"The pandemic is far from over," said Scholz. "Most people in this country certainly wanted the next health minister to be a specialist who can really do it well, and for him to be called Karl Lauterbach."
German federal and state leaders last week announced tough new restrictions that largely target unvaccinated people. In a longer-term move, parliament will consider a general vaccine mandate.
Asked about the Christmas holidays, Lauterbach said "an important aim must be to bring the case numbers down so far that we can recommend travel without endangering people."
'Germany's security in the hands of strong women'
Announcing his choices for the interior and defence portfolios, Scholz said Germany's "security will be in the hands of strong women."
Nancy Faeser, a lawyer who heads the party's branch in the central state of Hesse, was an unexpected choice to become Germany's first female interior minister, a post that includes oversight of federal police forces and the domestic intelligence agency.
Faeser said a major focus will be fighting far-right extremism, which she called "the biggest threat" to the country.
Outgoing Justice Minister Christine Lambrecht will become the new defence minister.
Ozdemir to become first minister of Turkish orgin
The Greens and the Free Democrats already have named their ministers. Scholz's vice-chancellor will be Robert Habeck, who leads the Greens along with Annalena Baerbock. He will head an economy and climate ministry, a new combination.
Baerbock is set to become Germany's first female foreign minister
The Greens' five Cabinet members also include Cem Ozdemir, who will become the first federal minister of Turkish origin six decades since guest workers began coming to Germany from Turkey after World War II.
A long-time vegetarian, Ozdemir said that as agriculture minister he had no plans to force a meat-free lifestyle on others and emphasized that cutting Germany's greenhouse gas emissions should be the overarching goal for the next government.
"That's what we're going to be measured by," he said.
The Greens, however, will have to overcome resistance from the Free Democrats, whose leader Christian Lindner will become finance minister and effectively the No. 3 official in the new government. Lindner's party has a strong free-market approach and successfully blocked putting a universal speed limit on German highways in the coalition agreement.
Habeck, the Greens' co-leader and future climate minister, acknowledged he would have liked to have seen a speed limit, which experts say would be an easy way to cut emissions. But in return for allowing Germans to speed along the Autobahn, the new coalition government is committed to measures that amount to ending the sale of gasoline-powered vehicles in the 2030s, he said.
Scholz had pledged a gender-balanced Cabinet — which it is, if one doesn't count the chancellor.
Posted in Jewish News Tags: cabinet, chancellor, German, incoming, members, scholz, unveils
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Doctors Claim Stillbirths Exploding Across Canada »


An Indian man was killed by another Indian citizen after he was assaulted by his co-worker's wife while she was taking a bath yesterday (Aug 2) in Krabi.
The reenactment held this morning was led by Khao Panom Police Chief Col Kajit Kongprab. The attacker was 25 year old Indian, Prakart Natarang, who is a staff member of a biomass power plant in Khao Panom, Krabi.
36 year old Indian, Nagarajan Munaiyanti, an engineer at the plant was killed by Prakart. They had been working together at the same place.
Police were notified that the two men had been arguing and fighting at a worker's house inside the power plant yesterday morning.
Police and rescue workers arrived at the scene to find Mr Munaiyanti had sustained serious head injuries and was still lying on the ground. He was taken to the Khao Panom Hospital but was pronounced dead on arrival. Nearby where the body was found, an iron stick, about a metre long, was also found.
Prakart has been charged with murder.
A fake 500 baht banknote has been discovered at a convenience store in Krabi.
Police headed to the store in Mueang Krabi District after they were notified of the dodgy 500 baht note.
43 year old Maimunoh Somsa, the store manager, was waiting for police with the item in question – a very good copy of a 500 baht Thai banknote.
The manager told police that at about noon on Wednesday there was a woman buying cigarettes and a lighter for 72 baht. She handed over the 500 baht banknote. The staffer didn't realise at that time that it was a fake. It was later discovered long after the woman had made her purchase.
Police are continuing their investigations to find the suspect and track down the source of the fake note.


Melton cricketers have thanked the Belvoir Cricket and Countryside Trust for helping put the spark back into their club.
Six seasons ago Melton Mowbray only had two struggling senior sides and there was no junior cricket.
Now the club, based at the All England Sports Ground in Saxby Road, fields competitive senior teams and has 60 youngsters, including two county juniors, and an additional three on the LYC pathway scheme, on its books.
This season there are five junior teams and plans to set up a ladies/girls' team, all supported by a strong coaching set-up and newly forged links with local schools.
Rupert Smallshaw, clubhouse manager and a member of the coaching team, said: "It all started when we responded to an article in the Melton Times about the Belvoir Cricket and Countryside Trust which was seeking a local cricket club to work with.
"At the time we'd not had juniors for nearly 20 years and without the support and encouragement we received from the Trust, our coaches Pete Hood and Karl Tew, members Kathy Tew and Pip Gibbs and others, I doubt if the club itself would be here now.
"It was the spark. At the first Belvoir Bees training session there were more coaches than children, but that soon changed and we haven't looked back.
"Five of the original Bees are now playing senior cricket and helping to coach the next generation of players and that says it all.
"With a strong junior section and youngsters now progressing to play at county level who knows if we may discover the next Stuart Broad or Charlotte Edwards!
With mission accomplished at Melton and the club strong enough to sustain a healthy junior section, they are now running their own 'Melton Minis' kwik cricket sessions on Friday evenings from 6pm to 7.30pm.
The Belvoir Bees offers kwik cricket coaching to boys and girls aged six to 11. The Trust plans and leads each 90-minute session, talks with local primary schools to drum up support and does all the administration so coaches from the local club can simply do what they do best and help bring young players on.
Darren Bicknell, ex-professional cricketer and director of the Belvoir Cricket and Countryside Trust, said: "I'm so pleased we have been able to make a difference.
The Trust is now running a new Bees venue at Asfordby Parish Hall on Tuesday evenings from 6pm to 7.30pm.


This Swiss made Bernex pocket watch comes with a quartz movement that is encased within a Rhodium plated and intricately designed case that opens at the front to reveal the simply design of the face. When opened the case shows the white display, with Arabic numerals and a date display. Other elements to this pocket watch include branded Bernex packaging, a manufacturer guarantee of two years and an engraving option for the front of the case where the shield is placed, please note this is only big enough for initials.


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Okavango wildlife threatened
Don Pinnock
The Okavango Delta is a beguiling place. In summer, tropical storms rumble and flash across the high Benguela Plateau in central Angola. Water pours off steep slopes, gathering sand, leaching salts from the sodden earth and picking up speed as it gutters down long, straight valleys. By the time it reaches the northern border of Botswana it has become Southern Africa's third-largest river.
Here the staggering 11km³ of water a year flows into the Okavango Panhandle, heading for the Gumare Fault. Beyond this halt to its southward rush it spreads out into a massive delta which, on Google Earth, looks like the leg and claws of an eagle, or a great green cannabis leaf.
Moving relentlessly across 16 000km² of flat Kalahari Desert, and with nowhere else to go but onward until it's sucked up by evaporation, the flood takes six months to fill the Okavango's furthermost channels and, in good years, reaches Maun.
But all is not well among the 50 000 islands, clear channels and countless creatures in one of the most bountiful wildlife areas on earth. An aerial survey, commissioned by the Botswana department of wildlife and national parks, and undertaken by Michael Chase and Kelly Landen of Elephants Without Borders, has found 11 species in serious decline in the delta. Comparing surveys going back to 1993 wildebeest numbers are shown to have shrunk by 90%, giraffe by 65%, tsessebe by 83%, lechwe by 58% and zebra by 53%. Also down about 80% are warthog, kudu, roan and ostrich. From 1999 to the present — a period of only 10 years — the running average for total species decline is about 61%.
"There's a catastrophic loss of wildlife," said Chase, "and we cannot be certain about why. But one thing is clear from the survey — the delta's wildlife is in trouble."
According to the report, the species decline is the result of "a complex mixture of local causes", including human encroachment, game fences and poaching. Another factor could be fire. Much of the area surveyed in the late dry season of 2010 was burning.
The most potent factor, however, is seen to be drought. With torrential rain and flooding across the region this year, it's hard to imagine this being the cause. But using rainfall data from the 1920s, the survey found that the decline of animals coincided with the onset of a long, dry cycle starting in 1980 — the most severe ever recorded — which has only just broken. During that time, the Okavango River water flow rates were the lowest since records began.
But elephants and hippos are bucking the downward trend. Hippos have increased steadily, at 6% a year, and the elephant population is holding steady. "We found the number of elephants in northern Botswana has stabilised at about 130 000," said Chase. "One reason is that they're returning to Angola."
Jonas Savimbi's troops are thought to have slaughtered about 150 000 elephants for meat and to finance Angola's civil war by selling ivory. All the rhino went the same way. When Elephants Without Borders surveyed strife-torn Luiana National Park in 2001, there were 38 elephants; in 2005 it had jumped to 3 000; and by 2008, the count was 8 000. How did they know it was safe to return to Angola?
"The country is remembered by a generation of elephants still alive today," said Chase. "They recognise the pathways to food and water and the timing of seasons. They remember where the hunters are. In a sense, they're Angolan refugees returning home.
"The bulls are the scouts, leaving the vicinity of Botswana's conservation areas on exploration journeys. They move from the delta up the Kwando River, streak across the Caprivi at night and into Angola. They find it's pristine, with few people. There are thought to be millions of landmines in south-east Angola. I don't know how they avoid them — probably by smell — but they do. Then they return and fetch the family herds."
The distance elephants walk is staggering. Chase and Landen have tracked a collared elephant that covered 32 000km in two years, the greatest distance ever recorded for the species. "They look for food and water," said Chase. "But they're also searching for peaceful sanctuaries far from humans.
"For elephants to survive, we need to identify safe corridors, linkages between areas, networks, dispersal areas, transfrontier parks. We need to let their movement draw the lines which define wildlife ecosystems. There's not much time left. Their future is in our hands. We have to get it right and do it now, while we still have the opportunity."
The survey suggests that many of the threats to animals come from hunting, fence-related deaths, habitat fragmentation and poaching outside the reserves. It notes that, if the current problems persist the populations of large plains game in northern Botswana are likely to remain low, while the wildebeest and tsessebe populations could collapse altogether. The only way to monitor, it says, is to conduct regular aerial surveys. In this way, wildlife managers will be able to track population dynamics, set priorities and focus on the species most in need of attention.
Don Pinnock is a freelance writer and photographer. He is the former editor of Getaway magazine.
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'The Mummy' Easter Eggs: This is how the 2017 film is connected to the Brendan Fraser version
ByJordan Appugliesi
Not a lot of people went to see Tom Cruise's The Mummy reboot over the weekend. Unfortunately, that means some fans missed out on an Easter egg that links the film to the 1999 Brendan Fraser and Rachel Weisz version.
In the movie, Nick Morton and Jenny Halsey, played by Cruise and costar Annabelle Wallis, visit the London headquarters of Prodigium, the secret group run by Dr. Henry Jekyll (Russell Crowe) that studies monsters.
In a twist, Jekyll eventually becomes Mr. Hyde and attacks Nick. Jenny, in an attempt to free Nick from the hands of Mr. Hyde, uses a book to bash him over the head. What book, exactly? Well, it's the Book of the Dead, the same book from the 1999 version of The Mummy.
Here's a clip from the Fraser version of The Mummy that features the book used in the reboot:
When asked about the homage to the 1999 film, director Alex Kurtzman said it was a must. "You have to pay homage and tribute to everything that came before," he told Digital Spy.
For him, the scene was about paying respect to the films and the filmmakers that came before. "To deny their existence in any way, I think would have been incredibly rude," Kurtzman said. Does this mean Fraser's Rick O'Connell exists in the new Mummy universe? Possibly.
A big fan of the Universal monsters, Kurtzman felt that including the Book of the Dead from the original movie acknowledges the previous movies' existence.
So, all of those films are part of the history of the Universal monsters, and as such I thought, rather than say it's not part of the canon, let's say, 'No, it is part of the canon; we're just taking it somewhere new.'
The Cruise reboot is part of Universal Pictures' planned monster universe. While The Mummy didn't perform very well domestically over its first weekend, the studio still has plans for several monster movies for their Dark Universe — including Frankenstein, Bride of Frankenstein, Dracula, Creature from the Black Lagoon, Phantom of the Opera, Hunchback of Notre Dame and Invisible Man.
Mic has ongoing movie coverage. Please follow our main movie hub here.
The highs and lows of the 2023 Oscar nominations


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BLM holds off on plan to return 186 mustangs to range in NV
2015-03-27T17:51:53+00:00February 22nd, 2015|
The U.S. Bureau of Land Management is holding off on plans to return 186 wild horses to the range in central Nevada pending the review of an appeal filed by a rancher and rural county opposed to the move.
The agency originally had planned to return 104 mares treated with a fertility control vaccine and 82 studs to the sprawling Fish Creek Herd Management Area (HMA) near Eureka on Friday.
They were among 424 horses removed from the HMA during a roundup that ended earlier this week. The bureau routinely thins what it calls overpopulated herds on public land across the West, sending horses that aren't adopted to pastures in the Midwest for the rest of their lives.
Rancher Kevin Borba and Eureka County commissioners, who filed the appeal with the Interior Board of Land Appeals on Friday, oppose the return of any of the 424 horses to the range.
Borba said the BLM has drastically reduced his livestock allotments in the HMA while allowing well over twice as many wild horses in it as it can support. The HMA's "appropriate management level" of wild horses is between 101 and 170, according to the agency.
Borba said he thinks the fertility control vaccine is far less effective than the BLM claims, and horse numbers will further explode as a result. Ranchers view wild horses as competition for scare forage in the arid West.
"We (ranchers) have a right to be here and we don't want them to turn out the horses," Borba told The Associated Press. "By turning out horses now they're not accomplishing anything. It's asinine and doesn't make sense."
BLM spokesman Paul McGuire said the agency routinely releases mares treated with fertility control drugs back to the range. Varying numbers of studs also are released back to the range to help maintain the genetic viability of herds, he said.
"Fertility control is a critically important tool to achieve an appropriate management level over the long term," McGuire said.
The agency has asked the Interior Board of Land Appeals for an expedited review of the appeal and hopes to be able to reach a decision on the fate of the 186 horses on Monday or Tuesday, he said.
Horse advocates praised the BLM's management plan for the Fish Creek HMA, saying it's in line with recommendations released in 2013 by a National Academy of Sciences panel calling for increased emphasis on fertility control.
Fertility control is successful in 91 percent to 96 percent of mares, they said, and reproduction will show a decrease within two years.
"We finally have a fair and sane management plan that makes sense for today," activist Laura Leigh said. "To lose ground in a standoff reminiscent of an old Western movie will be a giant step backwards."


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Lund & Malmö: Guided Tour of 2 Countries in One Day
Popular Urban Exploration in Malmö
Copenhagen: Full-Day Trip to Malmö with Swedish Lunch
Copenhagen: Tour Across the Øresund Bridge to Lund and Malmö
Malmö: 2-Hour Romantic Walking Tour
Malmö: Magic Christmas Tour
Our most recommended Malmö Urban Exploration
1. Lund & Malmö: Guided Tour of 2 Countries in One Day
Start your day of adventure in front of the Grand Hotel, here you will meet your friendly and informative guide. After a short meet and greet you will hop aboard your comfortable vehicle and set off on your adventure. Commence your tour with a visit to Hamlet's Castle, one of the most famous tourist landmarks in this area. Shortly after this take a scenic drive down the coastal road of Strandvejen and arrive in the charming old town of Helsingør, known as Elsinor in English. Whilst in Elsinor you will be given time to peruse the fascinating streets of this beautiful city before boarding a boat to head to Sweden. Aboard your boat, you will sail across the Øresund, travelling to the shores of Sweden. Once you arrive in Sweden you will drive down the picturesque country roads to the ancient city of Lund. Here you can visit the Lund Cathedral, a church built in 1145. Behind the Cathedral there is the chance to explore the tiny streets, with houses that date back to the 1700s! Follow this with a trip to Malmö, Sweden's third largest city. Here you will have some time to do some shopping and take advantage of Sweden's lower purchase taxes, making this a great place to get some fantastic low prices on goods to take home with you. End your tour back in Copenhagen, en-route you will pass the impressive Øresund Bridge - taking in the beautiful views whilst you do.
2. Copenhagen: Tour Across the Øresund Bridge to Lund and Malmö
Admire the impressive Øresund Bridge, one of the longest bridges in Europe, as you journey from Copenhagen to Sweden. Discover the historical city of Lund, and use your time how you please in Malmö, Sweden's third-largest city. Begin your tour at the Hotel Astoria in Copenhagen, and travel across Øresund Bridge. Make your way to Lund, a city so old it dates at least until the Viking Age. Discover Lund Cathedral, whose construction was finished in 1145, and explore the tiny, cobblestoned streets surrounding it. Then, travel back down south to Malmö, and decide how you will spend your time. Find your bearings with your guide in the biggest square in Malmö, Stortorget, which appropriately means Big Square. Dine in a selection of Malmö's most popular restaurants in Lilletorget, or Little Square, located just behind Stortoget. Enjoy the Parisian feel, and see some historic buildings and a vintage telephone box. Or, head towards the north-west side of Stortoget to reach Sodergatan, Malmö's main shopping street and pedestrian walkway. Shop in the department store, Ahlens, or in many other quality clothing shops. Check out Stora Nygatan at the far end of Sodergatan too, as here you'll find the Hansa shopping mall. If culture is more your thing, take your pick from a selection of museums. Get a feel for the contemporary at Malmö Modern Art Museum, or dive into history at the Malmö Natural History Museum. The latter is located at Malmöhus Castle, which dates from the Renaissance and is also host to the Malmö Art Museum, whose collection spans the 16th to 20th centuries. Finally, marvel at the Turning Torso in Malmö, the tallest building in Scandinavia, before returning to Copenhagen. Please note that it is not possible to enter the Turning Torso, and entrance to the museums in Malmö is not included in the tour. Tours take place on Wednesdays, Fridays, and Sundays.
4. Copenhagen: Full-Day Trip to Malmö with Swedish Lunch
Explore Malmö, where design, sustainability, and a relaxed lifestyle stand out. Immerse yourself in the culture, history, gastronomy and lifestyle of the city. Cross the Öresund Bridge, and visit Gamla Väster, St. Peter's Church, Malmö Castle, Turning Torso, Malmö City Library, and more. Hop on a train from Copenhagen with your private guide and reach Malmö is just 45 minutes. Explore the corners and squares of Gamla Väster, the old town, and heart of Malmö. Visit St. Peter's Church, a gothic gem built in the 14th century. Take a walk around the charming Stortorget and Lillatorg squares and meet the amusing Optimist Orchestra. Enjoy a break and taste Swedish cuisine. Have lunch in a charming restaurant while your local host tells you about the history of the city. Then, visit the Malmö Castle, the oldest surviving Renaissance fortress in the Nordic region. Walk through its gardens. Get to know the Old Slottsmollan Windmill. Admire 2 buildings that reflect the perfect harmony between modern and ancient architecture, The Turning Torso and the Malmö City Library. Take a walk with your guide through the wonderful gardens of the Old Cemetery. Stop to enjoy Swedish pastries and a coffee before walking through the canals of this wonderful city. After concluding the tour, enjoy the train ride back across the bridge with the memory of this Nordic treasure in your mind.
5. Malmö: Magic Christmas Tour
The exclusive tour only available during the Christmas period! This special times brings magic Malmö. Together with the professional local guide, you will visit the most beautifully decorated places. You will feel spellbound with the charming atmosphere in the streets which you can feel only this time of the year! Visit the old-fashioned Christmas Market in the city. Learn what makes the Christma Market so popular What makes it so popular, and what local products is must taste at Christmas Fill. Hear miraculous Christmas legends about Malmö from your guide and fill your heart with the joy and experience magic of Malmö.
6. Malmö: 2-Hour Romantic Walking Tour
Join a group walking tour of Malmö that focuses on love and romance, and discover the most romantic and historic spots in the city. Walk spellbound through the Swedish city's charming streets and learn about the legends that hide beneath the famous Øresund Bridge that links Sweden to Denmark. Explore the best local spots to go on a date in Malmö and snap romantic photos along your way. Learn all about historic love stories and legends from your local guide, and find out why leafy Kungsparken has magic powers when it comes to finding love.
Other Sightseeing Options in Malmö
Want to discover all there is to do in Malmö? Click here for a full list.
What people are saying about Malmö
The city of Copenhagen has more than enough to offer. The Tour over the Oresund Bridge to Lund and Malmö, we have all experienced as the icing on the cake. Despite COVID-19 and less tourists as a result, this tour went ahead and none of those were in attendance regretted it. The road was closed due to a cycling race and we had to detour for an hour. With everyone's permission, the tour was extended by an hour. Even during the detour, the guide was able to share with us a lot of information about the city and where we passed. A secret added city was amazing.
Copenhagen: Tour Across the Øresund Bridge to Lund and Malmö Reviewed by B.M.F, 23/08/2021
I enjoyed the tour. The tour itself was good. The driver & guide were very professional, friendly & knew what they were doing. I just wish the tour wouldn't include Helsingor, Denmark so we'd have more time in Lund & Malmo. Just 2 hours in Lund & 2 hours in Malmo, it's just not enough. I meant I did the tour in a big rush. Imagine the older clients who walk slower and some even used cane. It must be tough on them. Other than that, it's a great & fun experience.
Lund & Malmö: Guided Tour of 2 Countries in One Day Reviewed by Vera, 06/09/2021
Good experience and very informative. My suggestion would be to have a microphone or something so that people at the back of the vehicle can hear the guide, especially if people in the front of the vehicle are talking.
Lund & Malmö: Guided Tour of 2 Countries in One Day Reviewed by Husna, 14/09/2021
I love this tour. Beautiful places, enough time. The driver and tour guide were very friendly and professional. Everything was perfect!
Lund & Malmö: Guided Tour of 2 Countries in One Day Reviewed by Dominika, 16/09/2021
Very informative tour, friendly tour guide and driver, I would recommend :)
Lund & Malmö: Guided Tour of 2 Countries in One Day Reviewed by Sapphire, 26/11/2021


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Ecosystem management are part of the School of Environmental and Rural Sciences. Our teaching and research span disciplines such as biological conservation, land and water management, natural resource policy and geographical information systems. This discipline delivers the major components of the Bachelor of Natural Resources and has a strong track record in training industry-based postgraduate students.
Why Study Ecosystem Management at UNE?
UNE has a long history in environmental science with the Bachelor of Natural Resources degree being the first of its kind in Australia, giving the school more than thirty years of research and teaching experience. Our location in the North Coast region of NSW means we have a wide diversity of ecosystems at our doorstep. To the east we have upland plains, temperate and rainforests, and an array of swamps and streams in pristine National Parks leading to populated urban centres in one of Australia's fastest developing regions. Heading west we find the expanse of the Murray-Darling Basin, with rangelands, irrigated cropping and regulated lowland rivers in a semi-arid climate. Students wishing to study in Ecosystem Management will learn skills in the ecology and management of diverse systems including agricultural and forest landscapes, mining and extractive industries, and wetlands and rivers.
Course data provided by the UNE Course and Unit Catalogue.
Job opportunities that require training in resource management will remain in demand as society moves towards ecologically sustainable management practices for all of our natural resources. Students trained in ecosystem management will be sought after as the pressures of urban and agricultural development place unprecedented demands on natural resources. Our graduates have taken positions in catchment management authorities, state and federal government management agencies, consultancies and industry, and research organisations. Our graduates are especially well-placed to gain employment at the end of their degree through contacts made during the 12 weeks of work experience required in the Bachelor of Natural resources.
Much of our research is in partnership with agencies, businesses and community groups. We have completed projects with the Australian Research Council, Land and Water Australia, Commonwealth Environmental Water Office, Murray Darling Basin Authority, Cotton Catchments Communities CRC , numerous Local Land Services in northern NSW, state agencies such as the NSW Office of Water, NSW Office of Environment & Heritage, and the Department of Primary Industries, and mining companies such as BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto.
digitisers (AO size), flatbed colour scanners; plotters (AO HP 65OC, AO pen plotter, Epson Colour Stylus, A4 HP Jet), a laboratory and field based spectro-radiometer, Magellan GPS systems. collection of satellite imagery and digital GIS files has been compiled.
Water Resources Laboratory for chemical analyses of soil, rock, plant and animal samples with an automated atomic absorption spectrophotometer, auto-analyser, UV/ UIS spectrophotometer, drying ovens, incubators, centrifuges, autoclaves, muffle furnace, balances, distillation units etc.
dietary analysis facilities, walk-in refrigerator and deep freezers etc.
sized boats. Specialist sampling equipment includes freeze corers and benthic metabolism chambers.
Range of equipment including incubators, ovens, refrigerators, balances, microscopes (including some of research standard with fibre-optic cold-light source), portable field based automatic weather station, light and radiation meters, specimen storage facilities.
Germination cabinets, incubators, drying ovens, balances, refrigerators, pH and conductivity meters, EM38 conductivity meter for measuring apparent soil salinity, neutron moisture probe, and preparation areas for sample analyses.
45 research-quality mirror stereoscopes for aerial photographic interpretation, a small air photo library of NE NSW, a topographic map collection.
Newholme is a commercially operated Field Laboratory located about 10 km north of Armidale. Its primary function is for teaching and research.