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Download e-book for iPad: A New Day in the Delta: Inventing School Desegregation As by David W. Beckwith
By David W. Beckwith
A New Day within the Delta is a clean and beautiful memoir of the event of a tender white collage graduate wanting a task because the Vietnam conflict reached its zenith. David Beckwith utilized and was once accredited for a instructing place within the Mississippi Delta in the summertime of 1969. even though it appeared to him a piece unusual that he was once approved so fast for this activity whereas his different functions went nowhere, he was once thankful for the chance. Beckwith suggested for paintings to profit that he used to be to be assigned to an all-black institution because the first step in Mississippi's long-deferred university desegregation.
The state and Mississippi alike have been being remodeled through warfare and evolving racial kin, and Beckwith chanced on himself at the innovative of the transformation of yank schooling and society in a single of the main resistant (and terrible) corners of the rustic. Beckwith's revealing and infrequently a laugh tale of the yr of mutual incomprehension among an green white instructor and a lecture room jam-packed with black young ones who had had minimum touch with any whites. this is often heritage because it was once skilled by means of those that have been thrust into one other type of "front line."
Read Online or Download A New Day in the Delta: Inventing School Desegregation As You Go PDF
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Extra info for A New Day in the Delta: Inventing School Desegregation As You Go
The wrangling continued even after everyone had a seat. I felt like I'd been working on the project for a week. " I stood there and didn't say a word. Gradually, the room grew quiet. "My name is Mr. David Beckwith," I said, "and I will be your homeroom teacher as well as your history teacher. I am new at Lincoln and look forward to getting to know you. " This speech was greeted with blank stares. At that point, the bell rang. Frowning, I glanced at my watch as the students stood up and began milling around.
Rollins drew me aside. "I've changed my mind about you taking up tickets Friday night," he said. He looked me in the eye. "I'm going to be frank. You would be the only white in the stadium. None of the students would know you. As you can imagine, there are always some who'll try to sneak in without paying, and there might Chapter 3 / 33 be some belligerence on their part if you try to prevent them. Some students, too, will be climbing over the fence, which also would present a problem. Perhaps later when they've become accustomed to you, it will be different.
Through business contacts in Leland, my parents had learned more particulars about my hiring. Not only was Leland under federal court order to desegregate, but the courts were using it to initiate what would be the desegregation of all public schools in Mississippi. Mr. Bigham's willingness to cooperate by hiring white teachers for black schools would delay desegregation of the student bodies for a short while, and it would also ensure that Washington County public schools would still get federal funds.
A New Day in the Delta: Inventing School Desegregation As You Go by David W. Beckwith
BUSINESSLOANCLEARINGHOUSE.COM E-books > Minority Studies > Download e-book for iPad: A New Day in the Delta: Inventing School Desegregation As by David W. Beckwith


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Accident Investigation, Avalanche, Obituaries, Patroller Accident, Washington
Obituary: Body of Former Stevens Pass Patroller Recovered from Mount Rainier
6 July 2012 Ski-Patrol.net
The body of Nick Hall, 33, was recovered from Mount Rainier on 5 July 2012. Hall perished in a 2,600′ fall onto Rainier's Winthrop Glacier from 13,800′ while rescuing climbers from Emmons Glacier on 21 June. Hall had just placed the 4 injured climbers from Texas into a rescue helicopter for their evacuation, when a gust of wind pushed him over the edge. He was in the process of securing an empty litter to the helicopter prior to departure.
Rangers made it to the lower incident scene that day and attempted recovery then, and again on 28 June, but had to call-off the missions due to Avalanche danger, high winds and unfavorable weather conditions at the 11,000'+ location.
Hall had been a climbing Ranger on Mount Rainier for four years. Six rescue workers from the 214th Air Regiment of Joint Base Lewis McChord used a Chinook helicopter with the assistance of a Hughes 530 from Olimpia's Northwest Helicopters for the evacuation of Hall to Sunrise. He was then transferred to an ambulance for transport to the Pierce County Medical Examiner's Office. Preparations had been made following the incident to secure him in an anchored litter for later transport. Avalanche rescue dog, Cirrus, from Chrystal Mountain Ski Patrol was used to locate the body under several feet of recent snow. Cirrus is owned by Crystal patrollers Andrew and Michelle Longstreth.
A local service was held at the Jackson Visitor Center at Paradise in Mount Rainier National Park on 29 June, with around 450 in attendance and many others watching throughout the local area and country via a live feed. Hall was originally from Patten, Maine, and another service was held there on 6 July. The National Park Service accident investigation is in its final stages.
The family has requested that contributions be made to one of the memorial funds that have been established in honor of Nick Hall, including one established by the National Park Foundation, which is accessible via this link. More details can be found on the other funds in the Park Service release below.
Park Service accident release
Park Service rescue release
TheNewsTribune.com coverage
Examiner.com coverage
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TekDry Net Worth | Shark Tank
TekDry Net Worth – $10 million
What is the net worth of TekDry?
Thousands of electronic devices fall into the water every year.
Craig Beinecke and Adam Cookson have invented a device that quickly evaporates water.
Let's detail everything we know about TekDry and its founders.
What is TekDry?
TekDry is an invention by Craig Beinecke and Adam Cookson that was created as a fast way to dry electronic gadgets that have been accidentally dropped in water.
It uses a heating system that creates a safe environment to evaporate all the water from the electronics within twenty minutes.
It's a much more efficient system than placing a phone in a bowl of rice.
Who are the founders?
In 2014, Craig Beinecke and Adam Cookson founded the TekDry company.
The pair raised $2.3 million and had their product available at 80 locations before they appeared in Shark Tank season 8 episode 3.
However, they needed additional funding from investors to keep their company operational and profitable.
Shark Tank appearance
Craig Beinecke and Adam Cookson appeared on Shark Tank and requested an investment of $500,000 in exchange for a 5% share of the company.
They presented their machine that can evaporate water from electronic devices without causing any damage to the device.
Craig demonstrated his confidence in their product by using his personal cell phone to show off the function.
He flushed his phone down the toilet.
He then used their machine to dry off his phone.
After sharing their request with the Sharks.
The final offer accepted by Kevin O'Leary was a $500,000 loan at 13% for 5% equity after the loan was repaid.
READ MORE: Cindy Fuccillo Net Worth
Is TekDry still in business?
At the time of writing, TekDry is still in business.
After the Shark Tank appearance, the company has grown significantly.
They have hired new staff members and raised funds to invest in developing new products as well as expansion of the business.
The company claims to have machines in over 600 Staples stores.
However, TekDry is still a relatively rare product and somewhat difficult to come across, depending on where you live.
They offer a service to customers who do not live near an outlet to ship the device to a TekDry location to be repaired.
TekDry – Net Worth
TekDry has an estimated net worth of $10 million.
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By Author Lee Parry
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• 81 percent report obesity as a serious health problem facing the nation, tying with cancer as the most serious issue.
• Nearly all (94 percent) agree that obesity increases a person's risk of dying early even if they don't have any other health conditions. However, few (38 percent) consider obesity in and of itself as a disease.
• Losing weight on one's own through diet and exercise is still perceived to be the most effective long-term weight-loss method (78 percent), higher than weight-loss surgery (60 percent) or prescription medications (25 percent).
• Despite widespread recognition of its severity, more than one-third of those with obesity have not spoken with a doctor or health professional about their weight.
• Losing weight with the help of a doctor through diet or exercise rates the highest in terms of safety (90 percent), while prescription medications (15 percent) and dietary supplements (16 percent) rate the lowest.
• Americans are divided when it comes to the risks of weight-loss surgery, with one-third each believing it to be safe, unsafe, or neither safe nor unsafe. A majority of Americans (68 percent), however, believe that living with obesity is riskier than having weight-loss surgery.
The good news we can glean from these results is that obesity is in fact becoming a recognized disease as the survey shows people rank it as tied with cancer as a top health threat. This represents a big shift from even just one decade ago when obesity was viewed as more of an issue of willpower. I think that we've done a better job at medicalizing obesity as a whole; however, this survey tells us that on an individual basis, we aren't there yet.
This survey brings to light a big barrier: many individuals are actually underestimating their body mass index. Fifty-seven percent of Americans whose calculated BMI placed them in the obesity range said that they do not consider themselves to have obesity. Forty-seven percent considered themselves to be overweight but not obese and nine percent consider their weight to be about right. This tells us that there are likely a lot of people out there who don't realize they would be great candidates for available therapies like pharmacotherapy and surgery. Equally interesting is what this data tells us about the public's perception of obesity treatment modalities.
When you review these numbers, you have to wonder if they are thinking of the old days of obesity medications. This illustrates a need to educate the public about the current available obesity medications and data, driving home the message that these have been shown to be safe and effective in not only losing weight but also keeping it off. We should also reiterate to the public that a 5 to 10 percent weight loss goal (through behavior modification, medication, endoscopic therapies) is achievable and important in improving comorbid conditions.
These survey findings also reveal a need to educate primary care and referring physicians on the disease of obesity AND how to treat it. I think that although many physicians view it as a disease, a lot of them don't have the knowledge or tools to help treat it. It's such a chronic relapsing disease—the recidivism is so high and the epidemic of obesity is so great that perhaps physicians just chose to not address it at all. They may just treat all the other comorbid medical problems with the disease of obesity lingering as the white elephant in the exam room.
• Continued certification of Obesity Medicine Specialists through the American Board of Obesity Medicine.
• Press coverage of weight loss modalities and their medical benefits. In fact, this survey was picked up by major news networks, including The New York Times, People, Cosmopolitan, and International Business Times, thus extending reach and awareness.
1. Focus on educating patients and the general public on frequently evaluating their BMIs to determine stages of the obesity disease.
2. Relay to patients, the public, and the medical community that there are safe and effective treatment methods available to help them.
3. Continue reaching our colleagues in primary care and other disciplines, teaching and encouraging them how to 1) evaluate patients with obesity and comorbid conditions and 2) steer them to treatment.
I'd like to commend the ASMBS for funding and initiating this important project from which we can all use to learn more and identify opportunities in treating patients with obesity. Everybody has a piece of this pie and we can work together to make treatment of this chronic and relapsing disease better and more utilized.
1. American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS), NORC at the University of Chicago. Obesity Rises to Top Health Concern for Americans, but Misperceptions Persist. October 2016. http://www.norc.org/PDFs/ASMBS%20Obesity/Issue%20Brief%20A_ASMBS%20NORC%20Obesity%20Poll.pdf. Accessed December 1, 2016.
2. American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS), NORC at the University of Chicago. New Insights into Americans' Perceptions and Misperceptions of Obesity Treatments, and the Struggles Many Face. http://www.norc.org/PDFs/ASMBS%20Obesity/Issue%20Brief%20B_ASMBS%20NORC%20Obesity%20Poll.pdf. Accessed December 1, 2016.
3. Kolata G. Americans Blame Obesity on Willpower, Despite Evidence It's Genetic. The New York Times. November 1, 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/01/health/americans-obesity-willpower-genetics-study.html?_r=0. Accessed December 1, 2016.
4. Kimble L. Having Trouble Losing Weight? Obesity Is Due to Genetics — Not Lack of Willpower — Researchers Say. People Bodies. November 2, 2016. http://people.com/bodies/having-trouble-losing-weight-obesity-is-due-to-genetics-not-lack-of-willpower-researchers-say/. Accessed December 1, 2016.
5. Narins E. It's Really Not Your Fault If You're Overweight: So stop feeling awful when your diet doesn't work. Cosmopolitan. http://www.cosmopolitan.com/health-fitness/a8075771/willpower-wont-solve-your-weight-issues/. Accessed December 1, 2016.
6. Jha N. Americans blame obesity on laziness and lack of willpower, says study. International Business Times. November 3, 2016. http://www.ibtimes.co.in/americans-blame-obesity-laziness-lack-willpower-says-study-702379. Accessed December 1, 2016.


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Watch: Sarah Huckabee Sanders Savages CNN's Jim Acosta And It's Frickin' Epic
Written by Wes Walker on August 3, 2018
The left CLAIMS to love a 'strong independent woman'… until the moment they get their own asses handed to them by one. Enjoy!
Jim Acosta finally put away his clown makeup and showboating tactics long enough to ask one question in a normal speaking voice. It didn't last long. He couldn't even let Sarah Sanders finish her answer before he was back to interrupting.
All pretense of the Media(D) holding any moral high ground quickly evaporated when the Press Secretary got rolling.
They are very interested in what they see as impropriety on the President's part that steps on the toes of traditional 'costal media elites'.
She reminded them that their OWN lack of professionalism has consequences as well. Serious ones. Watch:
.@PressSec destroyed Jim @Acosta.
Retweet if you are proud of her! pic.twitter.com/mOBI1rx34c
— Derek Utley (@realDerekUtley) August 2, 2018
"Repeatedly, repeatedly the media resorts to personal attacks without any content other than to incite anger. The media has attacked me personally on a number of occasions, including your own network, said I should be harassed as a life sentence, I should be choked, ICE officials are not welcomed in their place of worship and personal information is shared on the internet. When I was hosted by the Correspondents' Association, of which almost all of you are members of, you brought a comedienne up to attack my appearance and call me a traitor to my own gender. In fact, as far as I know, I'm the first Press Secretary in the history of the United States that's required Secret Service protection. The media continues to ratchet up the verbal assault against the President and everyone in this administration, and certainly, we have a role to play, but the media has a role to play for the discourse of this country as well."
His question was probably prompted by the Butt-hurt he was still feeling over being publicly humiliated at a Trump rally.
LMAO: Trump Supporters Shout Jim Acosta Down At Tampa Rally
Here's what Mr. Civility said after that.
I walked out of the end of that briefing because I am totally saddened by what just happened. Sarah Sanders was repeatedly given a chance to say the press is not the enemy and she wouldn't do it. Shameful.
— Jim Acosta (@Acosta) August 2, 2018
What? Little Jimmy didn't stay to hear the other important questions raised by his colleagues so he could accurately report their answers? One might almost suspect he was only there for the camera and the soundbite.
What a coincidence. That very same day, on his Twitter timeline, CNN's Glory-boy posted a selfie.
No irony here at all.
Would a selfie suffice? See you next week. https://t.co/1IHED3n87Q
Here's a reaction to his tweet about walking out early:
Today I demanded a woman say what I wanted her to say, and when she said something different and critical of me, I stormed out. https://t.co/B2uBTeEP3m
— Mollie (@MZHemingway) August 2, 2018
The woman who tweeted that is an ACTUAL investigative reporter, by the way. Someone who makes calls, and does research. Not someone who sits in the White House and Heckles the President for a living.
Oh sorry. We shouldn't mock Little Jimmy, and his selfie, should we?
After all, he's a true professional, folks. #NotAPublicityWhore
Stop laughing. He's a professional, and he will be taken seriously, Dammit!
Hey Jimbo:
Get Doug Giles' new book:
Rules For Radical Christians is not a survival devotional designed to help the young Christian adult limp through life. Rather, it is a road-tested, dominion blueprint that will equip the young adult with leadership skills and sufficient motivation to rise to a place of influence in an overtly non-Christian culture. Rules For Radical Christians gives the reader the keys to become strategically equipped to move into an anti-theistic environment and effectively influence it for the glory of God.
You can choose either the classic Paperback to trigger your college professors and quasi-communist classmates, or the Kindle edition to always have it on hand.
The Call For 'Anybody But Abbott' In Texas Primaries


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The Community Service Officers (CSO) program is designed to enhance service delivery by using nonsworn personnel to handle minor calls for service. This allows us to enhance the safety and security of all citizens while providing CSOs with a practical learning experience in law enforcement. Contact Captain Ray Radakovich for more information.
Applications are being accepted for this paid, part‐time, non‐sworn opportunity ($14.00/hour). The CSO position provides an opportunity to gain practical experience while pursuing your education. The ultimate goal of the CSO program is to prepare students for a career in law enforcement.


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Senior Director of Esports, Ubisoft
Che Chou
A gaming industry veteran with nearly a decade of esports experience, Che Chou currently serves as the Senior Director of Esports at Ubisoft where he manages esports strategy and development for current and upcoming Ubisoft titles, including Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege. He is passionate about the intersection of esports and gaming and has a deep understanding of esports strategies, ecosystems and community building. Prior to Ubisoft, Che started out as a games journalist back in 1999, writing and editing for publications like GameSpot, Electronic Gaming Monthly and 1UP.com. On the esports side, he previously worked at Microsoft as the Director of Esports and Communities on all things Halo, as well as for Blizzard Entertainment as the Global Franchise Lead for Hearthstone Esports.


Juventus manager Antonio Conte is anticipating his side's recent dominance of Serie A to be challenged next season.
Conte has guided Juventus to consecutive Italian titles since taking over in 2011.
The Turin club start their 2013-14 campaign at Sampdoria on August 25.
Conte's men finished nine points clear of second-place Napoli last season, but the 44-year-old is expecting a tougher fight next term.
"The values of clubs are changing, our rivals are getting stronger," he told Gazzetta dello Sport. "It will be a very open championship.
"Juve, Milan and Inter are traditionally title contenders. Napoli have spent €75m-€80m and have reinforced with Rafael Benitez, a great coach who has won it all.
"Fiorentina have legitimate hopes. Not only do they have Mario Gomez, but also Giuseppe Rossi, who some are maybe underestimating.
"Lazio have amplified their squad and are tough, tactically strong."
Juventus have strengthened their forward line by bringing in strikers Carlos Tevez and Fernando Llorente in the close-season.
Conte is quick to praise the respective qualities of the duo and has not ruled out more signings before the end of the transfer window.
"Tevez is extraordinary. He's a great professional, a splendid person who puts himself at your disposal. He works in an exceptional way," he added.
"Llorente is a model athlete. He has the right mentality, it is a pleasure to watch him train.
"More signings? We'll see. I've spoken with the club, but I won't tell you what I have said. I know that sales are needed first in order to buy."


As Family History month continues you may be starting to think about what to do with the information you have collected. Here are some resources on caring for your family papers, information, photos and memorabilia. We also have some ideas and examples of how to present or publish your family history information.
How to archive family keepsakes : learn how to preserve family photos, memorabilia & genealogy records / Denise May Levenick.
Baby Boomers are coming of age, the age of inheritance. How to Archive Family Keepsakes will help anyone who has inherited their family treasures whether they are a few trinkets or a house filled with antiques. This step-by-step guide will lead the reader from chaos to calm. Part one offers specific advice on sorting and organising inherited items.
Levenick also has a blog on the Ancestry website, which you can access at any branch of Wellington City Libraries: This blog summarises many tips on topics like organising and preserving photo collections.
How to trace your family tree (and not get stuck on a branch) / Janet Reakes.
When you've gathered lots of details, documents and photos, and got them organised, the next step is to write up your family's story.
The library has some good resources (see the 929.1 section on the 2nd Floor) to help you move beyond the masses of facts to present them engagingly.
Writing a non-boring family history / by Hazel Edwards.This book "will help you craft the history of your ancestors in an interesting and rewarding way that others will want to read". It is packed with practical advice, with checklists of questions to consider – including who your target audience is, costs, collaboration, editing, format, publication, shaping your story – and when to stop researching!
Writing your family history : a New Zealand guide / Joan Rosier-Jones.
Virtue leads, fortune follows : a short history of the Shand family from Scotland to New Zealand / compiled and edited by Ann Green.
Passageways : the story of a New Zealand family / Ann Thwaite.
As Family History month continues so does the list of genealogy resources available at Wellington City Libraries. For this post we feature a handy hint from our Local History Specialist, Gábor, that you can use when using the historic 'Birth, Death and Marriage' database in order to get a specific date for the event you are searching for. Also some help in finding passenger lists for ships that came to New Zealand, World War 1 service records and the type of information you can find searching through the NZ Gazette. You can find a display of these genealogical resources from this series of blogs on the second floor of Wellington Central Library.
When did your ancestors arrive in New Zealand? How did they get here? Where did they come from? Passenger lists can help you answer all these questions.
Over 1000 passenger lists, which can be searched by the name of the ship or port of arrival.
Passenger lists arranged by port of arrival. Excellent tips on calculating year of arrival and other details, and many links to other sites containing passenger lists and all sorts of information related to shipping.
Search by the name of your ancestor, or browse the collection by port of arrival, year and ship. There are good tips for searching the lists.
Ships' arrivals were usually reported in the newspapers, sometimes with a list of the passengers and often with interesting details about the sailing.
If you had a relative serving in WW1 their military record will give a thorough description their military service – from when they enlisted, through wartime and beyond. Besides valuable information like birthdate and place, and next of kin, you can find out all sorts of interesting details about them, like the colour of their eyes and condition of their teeth!
For adding depth and fascinating detail to your family history research, you can't go past Papers Past.
This website of digitised newspapers from the National Library's collection of NZ (including Maori) and Pacific newspapers is continuously being extended – both date ranges and titles. You can search for specific people, places, events etc, or browse through papers – what you find will provide insights into the social, economic and political times in which your ancestors lived.
The new version of the website was launched recently and has more than just newspapers. It is divided into 4 sections – Newspapers, Magazines and Journals, Letters and Diaries, and Parliamentary Papers. Searching is easier, with "a cleaner, more modern interface…and search tools have been improved, making it easier to search groups of papers, pick date ranges, and scan results".
3. The death occurred more than 50 years ago OR the deceased was (or would have been had they still been alive today) at least 80 years of age. For example, the registration of someone who passed away in 1995 aged 60 can now be searched for as they would have been over 80 today.
The New Zealand Gazette is a weekly publication of government proclamations and is a massive source of genealogical information. Published since the earliest days of the colony, the gazette holds information about land transfers, bankruptcy notices & business liquidations, military call-up lists, local council information and a huge wealth of other information. One of the most useful areas of the gazette for the family historian are the lists of names (and often addresses) of individuals applying for formal registration within certain occupations. Occupations which required registration include doctors, nurses, teachers, electricians, boilermakers, engine drivers, architects and any number of other roles including positions such as Justices of Peace. One of the issues with the NZ Gazette was that until recently it was very difficult to find any information about an individual without knowing the date a gazette "notice" was published. Today we have access to a searchable database containing all copies of the NZ Gazette from 1841 through to 2014. As the database is a commercial product, it is not available online but rather must be used on a computer set aside for family history purposes at the Central Library. Ask at the reference desk on the 2nd floor for details.
It's week two of Family History month so time to introduce a few more resources that the researcher may be able to use to discover useful information to find another piece of the family history jigsaw puzzle. This post features 'Zinio Online Magazines' to access Family History magazines, information on searching "Iwi Histories and Māori Births and Deaths database, and three other useful information sources, the city archives, the Cyclopaedia of New Zealand and Stone's directories. There is also a Wellington based genealogy events. You can find a display of these genealogical resources on the second floor of Wellington Central Library.
With Zinio you can access family history magazines online including 'Who do you think you are?' and 'Inside History'.
Zinio is easy to use – you can view magazines via streaming on desktop/laptops or download them to tablets or smartphones for offline reading using the free Zinio for Libraries app. Added features in both versions allow magazine content to be printed, shared or emailed – and you can easily bookmark a magazine to save where you're up to. Link here to the full set of titles available.
Apart from key "tribal" histories – many of which were published from early last century, there are many books in our collection which will assist you in understanding the background to (your) iwi and hapū. Here is a link to the whakapapa page from the Māori Resources section on the library website.
The information in this database is gathered from the same source as the microfiche, and the historical online records i.e. the official records held by New Zealand Dept of Internal Affairs.
Keep your search(es) as simple as possible, to avoid "knocking out" entries which may be beneficial to your end result.
Did your ancestors live in Wellington? The Wellington City Archive is a huge repository for Council records going back to the early 1860s which can reveal fascinating information about earlier residents. Anyone who has owned a property or run a business within the city is likely to have had some sort of relationship with the City Council and much of that information is kept in perpetuity. Records include house plans, street histories, rating information (who owned a property and what it was worth), cemetery and cremation information, complaints to the council on all manner of subjects, staff records and dozens of other sources information contained within eight linear kilometres of shelving. You can access a basic file index on-line but staff archivists are happy to help you navigate your way through to potential sources of genealogical information. Just to note that archives staff require at least a day's notice to get requested material ready for you to research in their reading room in Barker Street, so make sure you contact them before visiting. Contact & location details and a link to their index database can be found here.
120 years ago, a Wellington-based publishing company was established to produce one of the first "vanity" publications to be printed in New Zealand. Issued in six volumes (broken down into provinces) over ten years, the Cyclopaedia offers an extraordinary insight into colonial New Zealand at the turn of the 20th Century. The first, largest and most detailed volume was dedicated to Wellington and was released in 1897. It's 1300+ pages contains a wealth of information about a huge number of different areas such as schools and school teachers, hotels and pubs, central and local body politicians, businesses and their owners, tradesmen, sports clubs, boarding houses and restaurants. As people often paid a fee to be included (and also provided the material), personal biographies are invariably flattering but this doesn't greatly detract from it being a wonderful source of genealogical information. The publishers also made use of what was then highly advanced printing technology to reproduce half-tone photographs on semi-gloss paper. The result is that the Cyclopaedia contains the only known photographs of many early pioneers. As original copies of the Cyclopaedia of New Zealand are now rare and fragile, Wellington City Libraries worked with the New Zealand Electronic Text Centre to assist them to digitise a complete set of the volumes. These can be searched or browsed here.
Before there were phonebooks there were directories. These publications are now usual for finding people, where they lived and what occupations they held.
From the early 1870's to the mid 1950's saw three major publishers of directories including Wises' and Stones' directories which we have in various forms at the Central Library An entry would usually consist of the name, occupation and residence of the house owner. 1869 saw the first householder lists for all provincial centres and included many of the smaller towns. The main sections of the business and residential directories were obtained by canvassing house to house. The head of the household was listed, as well as any male lodgers. Woman were included only if they owned property in their own name.
Connolly Hall – Guildford Terrace, Thorndon.
Suzanne Sutton: Getting all your family stories written down and out there to be enjoyed now and in the future.
It's August so it must be Family History Month 2016. Here in Wellington it's a busy month as the Wellington Branch of the Society of Genealogists collaborate with the National Library of NZ to bring a number of events to the region. At Wellington City Libraries we will be featuring these events in blog posts and on our social media channels and highlighting a months worth of genealogy resources available at our libraries and linked to from our website. This post features 'Probate Searches', the "Who Do You Think You Are" DVD's and the 'Online Cenotaph' as well as a couple of Wellington based genealogy events. On the second floor of Wellington Central Library you will also find a display of these genealogical resources.
In the long-running television series on DVD you can follow celebrities as they trace their family history – and along the way pick up lots of tips on genealogy research techniques and sources. As well as the original UK series, there are also versions from other countries including the USA and Australia. Drive through Yorkshire with Jeremy Clarkson as he investigates his roots, or share Nigella Lawson's surprise at what she uncovers about her ancestors – each episode is both entertaining and instructive.
Who do you think you are? UK series 1 [videorecording].
Ten of Britain's best-loved celebrities embark on inspiring, emotional and personal journeys, taking us back in time and around the world as we see how their ancestors' lives have shaped the world they live in. People include Bill Oddie, Amanda Redman,Jeremy Clarkson, Lesley Garrett and Vic Reeves.
Starting your family research: using technology to get it right.
Mary Shadbolt : A case study showing how McDonnell forbears and living extended family were found using a range of electronic and other sources in NZ, Australia and throughout the world, starting with two original documents.
Introductory tour of the family history resources.
To save you a trip to Archives New Zealand offices to view the originals, Family Search has collaborated with Archives to provide digitised images of NZ probates. NZ probate records for 1843-1998 are indexed and images are available for all but the last 50 years.
Probate records contain many types of documents including wills, affidavits, property records and death certificates. They are a goldmine of clues for genealogical research, including the death date and occupation of the person making the will, names of heirs, guardians and executors, relationships, residences, addresses of property owned, an inventory of the estate, and names of witnesses. Click here and then on the search page, click on 'Learn more' for tips on searching the NZ Probates collection and things to keep in mind about probates records.
The Online Cenotaph is a living memorial to those who served this country in times of international conflict. It is a biographical database, and information sources include the official nominal rolls and New Zealand Gazette notices, and in many cases there are links through to digitised personnel files held by Archives New Zealand. While digitised records are an important part of the database there is also the feature of the public being able to submit personal war experience stories, photos and information. There is also the chance to lay a virtual poppy beside the name of the person you are researching.
For more information on genealogy research, visit our Genealogy Popular Topic page.


Day #32 – Nachos | Have kids, they said. It'll be fun, they said.
Tonight, as I do every night, I gathered up the components of our dinner-to-be and placed them on to the bench. Princess skipped into room and asked, "Mum? What are we cooking for tea tonight?". I looked at the array of ingredients and said to her, "Why don't you try to guess what we are having?".
Now, we have had nachos a lot in the past, so I assumed it would be a quick and painless game. Of course, one simply cannot assume anything when it involves a 4 year old girl.
Princess leaned on the bench, chin in hand, and tilted her head while she poked and looked through the ingredients.
"Ah-ha!" she exclaimed. "We are having .. a salad!".
"No, not a salad – the onion is the only vegetable! Try again".
And here you have, Chippie-to-scoop-up-cooked-meat-with-cheese. Or, Nachos, if you prefer.
Brown the onion (diced, of course) and garlic in a pan for a couple of minutes and then add in the mince. Cook until completely brown throughout then add the tomato pasta sauce. At this point I reserve part of the mixture for the kids, as they don't like nor appreciate the medium-heat chilli beans! Add in the chilli beans and let the mixture simmer on low heat. The longer, the better! Put the corn chips into an oven tray and cover with grated cheese (obviously I left a part uncovered as I don't eat cheese). Grill for 5-10 minutes, until the chips are crispy and the cheese is melted. Not too long, mine went a bit black tonight. Whoops. To plate up, put some of the chips onto a plate, and then top with the mince mixture. Add more grated cheese and sour cream if you choose.
Great as always. The chips are a favourite in our house, even buying Chilli and Lime flavour (the only flavour without dairy in it) doesn't turn the kids away. Plus, they add a really nice taste to the dish. Mr T worked until after 6pm today and when he walked in and saw his towering plate of nachos, his eyes lit up and he said he was drooling.


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Home Tags Diversity
The energy within Midsumma Festival
It's no easy feat getting a festival off the ground. We speak to two people who put their heart and soul into making Midsumma a memorable one.
Community 4 min read
The people behind the pride
Meet some of the people who are proud to participate in Midsumma and Mardi Gras Film Festival. They boldly share their stories with us.
Putting wind in the sails of the Broken Heel Festival
AGL's Silverton wind farm project – which is going up in the Barrier Range, around 20 kilometres northwest of Broken Hill – was keen to help the Broken Heel Festival find its feet.
Show off your pride in the sun this Midsumma
Summer is here. For some it's the season of sunny days and clear skies. But for Australia's LGBTIQ community, it's pride season.
It's time to celebrate equality and inclusion
Midsumma Festival is one of the top five LGBTI celebrations in the world. And for the third year running, AGL is throwing its support behind the iconic arts and cultural event.
Powering pride and diversity at Midsumma Festival
By helping to build an inclusive and supportive workplace for LGBTI employees, AGL's Shine network reinforces its ongoing commitment to creating an inclusive and open workplace.


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La Medalla de Galicia es una distinción de honor que concede la Junta de Galicia, a personas o instituciones por sus méritos al servicio de Galicia en cualquier aspecto de la realidad social, cultural o económica.

Creada en 1984 con una única categoría, de oro. Hasta 1991 se otorgaron únicamente cuatro medallas, dos de ellas a título póstumo, a partir de esta fecha se crearon dos categorías más (plata y bronce) y se hizo más prolífica su concesión, llegando a concederse hasta 34 medallas por año. A partir de 2006, sus categorías se redujeron, de nuevo, a una única -la medalla de oro-, con el fin de racionalizar y recuperar el máximo valor del galardón.

Es la más alta condecoración que otorga la Junta de Galicia. Su acto de concesión suele coincidir con el 25 de julio, Día Nacional de Galicia.

Lista de condecorados
 Lista de galardonados con la Medalla de Galicia
Castelao

Véase también
 Órdenes, condecoraciones y medallas de España
 Medalla Castelao
 Junta de Galicia
 Galicia

Referencias

Premios de Galicia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Drivers 'taken to hospital' following crash near Cleethorpes Tesco
Two cars crashed at the Tesco traffic lights on Hewitt's Avenue
Corey BedfordLive News Reporter
Two people have been "taken to hospital" following a crash that closed a major road into Cleethorpes.
Emergency services were called to the scene after two cars collided on Hewitt's Avenue.
A grey Skoda and a white Vauxhall crashed at the traffic lights by the Tesco Extra.
The road was closed with Humberside Police, Humberside Fire and Rescue, and East Midlands Ambulance Service all at the scene.
Police were only allowing cars to enter the Hewitts Circus Retail Park via the Humberston Road roundabout.
Emergency services are on the scene after a crash on Hewitt's Avenue in Cleethorpes (Image: Cleethorpes News 24)
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Two ambulances were called for the driver of each car, a man and a woman, who are both receiving medical treatment.
There were also several police cars on the scene, as well as two fire engines from Peaks Lane.
There were long delays until the road was reopened.
A witness at the scene said: "The grey car has hit the side of the white car, but I'm not sure what happened. Traffic is going into Tesco still at this time and coming out the other side, I can imagine traffic is being stopped at the roundabout and down by Peaks Parkway.
"There's quite a lot of emergency services here, and I've seen the two drivers getting medical attention and being put onto the stretchers."
Police say both drivers were being taken to hospital with minor injuries (Image: Cleethorpes News 24)
A spokesperson for Humberside Police said: "We are in attendance to a two car collision on Hewitt's Avenue in Cleethorpes.
"Both drivers are being taken to hospital and their injuries are not thought to be life threatening.
"We want to thank the public for their patience whilst we deal with the incident."


The present invention relates to composite nonwoven fabrics suitable for use as air filtration media, for filtering particulate material from fluid streams.
Filter media typically utilized for HVAC air filters that perform at efficiencies less than 99.97% at a 0.3 micron challenge are either glass, cellulose or polymer based. Filters made with media in this performance range are typically referred to as "ASHRAE filters" since the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers writes standards for the performance of filter media in such applications. Polymer based filter media are typically spunbond or meltblown nonwovens that are often electrostatically enhanced to provide higher filtration efficiency at lower pressure drop when compared to glass or cellulose media manufactured by a wet laid paper-making process.
Electrostatically enhanced air filter media and media manufactured by the wet laid process, more specifically with the use of glass fibers, currently have limitations. Electrostatically treated meltblown filter media, as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,874,659 and 4,178,157 , perform well initially, but quickly lose filtration efficiency in use due to dust loading as the media begin to capture particles and the electrostatic charge thus becomes insulated. In addition, as the effective capture of particulates is based on the electrical charge, the performance of such filters is greatly influenced by air humidity, causing charge dissipation.
Filtration media utilizing microglass fibers and blends containing microglass fibers typically contain small diameter glass fibers arranged in either a woven or nonwoven structure, having substantial resistance to chemical attack and relatively small pore size. Such glass fiber media are disclosed in the following U.S. Patents: Smith et al., U.S. Pat. No. 2,797,163 ; Waggoner, U.S. Pat. No. 3,228,825 ; Raczek, U.S. Pat. No. 3,240,663 ; Young et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,249,491 ; Bodendorfet al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,253,978 ; Adams, U.S. Pat. No. 3,375,155 ; and Pews et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,882,135 . Microglass fibers and blends containing microglass fibers are typically relatively brittle, and thus when pleated, break resulting in undesirable yield losses. Broken microglass fibers can also be released into the air by filters containing microglass fibers, creating a potential health hazard if the microglass were to be inhaled.
It would be desirable to provide a means for achieving ASHRAE level air filtration while avoiding the above-listed limitations of known filtration media.
In a first embodiment, the present invention is directed to a composite fabric comprising a web of electroblown polymeric nanofibers solvent-bonded to a first support web comprising fibers of larger average diameter than the nanofibers spun from a material compatible with said nanofibers, in the absence of an adhesive between the webs.
Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to a process for forming a composite fabric, comprising electroblowing a web of polymeric nanofibers and a solvent therefor onto a moving support web comprising larger fibers spun from a material which is compatible with said nanofiber polymer, and applying a vacuum pressure between about 4 mm H2O and 170 mm H2O to the combined webs to solvent-bond the nanofiber web to the support web.
The term "nanofibers" refers to fibers having average diameters of less than 1,000 nanometers.
The term "filter media" or "media" refers to a material or collection of materials through which a particulate-carrying fluid passes, with a concomitant and at least temporary deposition of the particulate material in or on the media.
The term "ASHRAE filter" refers to any filter suitable for use in heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems for filtering particles from air.
The term "SN structure" refers to a multilayer nonwoven material containing a support or "scrim" (S) layer and a nanofiber (N) layer.
The term "SNS structure" refers to a multilayer nonwoven material containing a nanofiber layer sandwiched between two support layers.
Figure 1 is an illustration of a prior art electroblowing apparatus for forming nanofibers suitable for use in the present invention.
Figure 2 is an illustration of a processing line for production of SNS solvent-bonded fabrics according to this invention.
The invention relates to a composite nonwoven fabric suitable for use as a filter medium, comprising at least one nanofiber layer and at least one scrim layer. The nanofiber layer comprises a collection of substantially continuous organic polymeric nanofibers having diameters less than about 1 µm or 1000 nm. Such filter media can be used in filtration applications for removing particulate material from a fluid stream, in particular, particulate material from a gaseous stream such as air.
Filtration media suitable for use in air filtration applications, including ASHRAE filtration and vehicle cabin air filtration, can be made by layering one or more nanofiber layer(s) with a scrim layer to form an SNx structure, or by sandwiching one or more nanofiber layers between two scrim layers to form a SNxS structure, where x is at least one. Each nanofiber layer has a basis weight of at least about 2.5 g/m2, and the total basis weight of the nanofiber layers is about 25 g/m2 or more.
In the medium of the invention, the nanofiber layer has a thickness of less than about 100 µm; advantageously the thickness of the nanofiber layer is greater than 5 µm and less than 100 µm. The thickness of the nanofiber layer can vary depending on the density of the nanofiber polymer. The thickness of the nanofiber layer can be reduced without substantial reduction in efficiency or other filter properties if the solids volume fraction of the nanofiber layer is increased, such as by calendering or by collecting the nanofiber layer under high vacuum. Increasing the solidity, at constant layer thickness, reduces pore size and increases filtration efficiency.
The nanofiber layer in the present invention may be made in accordance with the barrier webs disclosed in U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2004/0116028 A1 , which is incorporated herein by reference.
The nanofiber layer is made up of substantially continuous polymeric fibers having diameters less than 1000 nm, advantageously between about 100 nm and about 700 nm, or even between about 200 nm and about 650 nm, or even between about 200 nm and about 500 nm, or even between about 300 nm and 400 nm. The continuous polymeric fibers of the nanofiber layer can be formed by the electroblowing process disclosed in PCT Patent Publication Number WO 03/080905A (corresponding to U.S. Serial No. 10/477,882, filed November 20, 2002 ), which is incorporated herein by reference. WO 03/080905A discloses an apparatus and method for producing a nanofiber web, the apparatus essentially as illustrated in Figure 1. The method comprises feeding a stream of polymeric solution comprising a polymer and a solvent from a storage tank 100 to a series of spinning nozzles 104 within a spinneret 102 to which a high voltage is applied through which the polymeric solution is discharged. Meanwhile, compressed air that is optionally heated in air heater 108 is issued from air nozzles 106 disposed in the sides or the periphery of spinning nozzle 104. The air is directed generally downward as a blowing gas stream which envelopes and forwards the newly issued polymeric solution and aids in the formation of the fibrous web, which is collected on a grounded porous collection belt 110 above a vacuum chamber 114, which has vacuum applied from the inlet of air blower 112.
The nanofiber layers deposited by the electroblowing process invariably have a significant quantity of the process solvent entrained therein. In previous embodiments of the composite fabric forming process, such as disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/639771, filed December 28, 2004 and incorporated by reference herein, in most cases a nanofiber layer was first deposited, and with the aid of vacuum chamber 114, most of the entrained processing solvent was removed prior to collecting the nanofiber layer into a roll. Then the nanofiber layer was manually combined with a scrim layer by adhesive bonding to form a composite SN or SNS fabric.
It has been discovered that depositing the electroblown nanofibers and processing solvent directly onto a scrim layer, especially a scrim layer containing larger fibers made of a material which is compatible with the nanofiber polymer, permits in situ bonding of the nanofiber layer directly to the scrim, without addition of a separate adhesive between the webs.
According to the present invention, "compatible" polymers are those which are freely soluble in the processing solvent, or where the scrim polymer is at least partially soluble in or swellable with the processing solvent, or where the nanofiber and scrim polymers have relative polarities which are not so dissimilar that the polymers will not adhere to one another in the absence of a separate adhesive. The present inventors believe that the "solvent-bonding" of the present invention occurs due to a range of solvent/polymer interactions, discussed below.
Suitable polymer/solvent combinations for electroblowing are described in WO 03/080905A , and include polyamide/formic acid. The use of a scrim containing a discrete layer of polymer fibers that are compatible with the electroblown fibers will be optimal in obtaining a good solvent-bond. In one embodiment, "compatible" polymers means that the different polymer fibers are made from polymers having substantially similar chemical make-ups, i.e. made from similar combinations of monomers. For example, nylon-6 fibers can be successfully solvent-bonded to nylon-6,6 fibers with a suitable electroblowing solvent for either one of them. It is not necessary that the chemically similar fiber polymers have the same molecular weight distributions, nor that the amounts of said monomers are necessarily the same, nor that all of the monomers are identical. The relative solubility of the chemically similar polymers in the processing solvent determines the efficacy of the solvent-bonding.
According to the solvent-bonding technique of the present invention, the nanofiber polymer can be chemically different from the scrim fiber polymer, so long as the scrim fiber polymer is compatible with the nanofiber polymer, such as where the scrim fiber polymer is at least partially soluble in or swellable with the electroblowing solvent. As described above, when both the nanofiber and scrim fibers are made from the same polymer, or polymers which are soluble in the same solvent, a solvent-weld bond can be formed between the two layers, when adjacent portions of the polymer fibers co-dissolve in the electroblowing solvent, which is subsequently removed. Likewise, even if the scrim polymer is not freely soluble in the processing solvent, so long as it is swellable by said solvent, a suitable solvent-bond can be obtained. Alternatively, even when the scrim fiber material is not soluble or swellable in the electroblowing solvent, sufficient "solvent-bonding" can be obtained due to the tackiness of the solvent-swollen nanofibers adhering to the scrim fibers prior to solvent removal, so long as the two polymers have compatible relative polarities, i.e. are not too dissimilar in polarity.
Accordingly, under these circumstances, the scrim fibers can be polymers, combinations of polymer fibers and natural fibers, such as cellulose, rayon, cotton and the like, or even all natural fibers, so long as the tacky, as-spun nanofibers can successfully adhere to at least some of the scrim fibers.
For example, polyamide nanofibers electroblown in formic acid can be successfully solvent-bonded to a polyester fiber scrim according to the present invention, even though polyester is only marginally soluble, if at all, in formic acid. However, polyamide nanofibers electroblown in formic acid do not adequately adhere or bond to fibers in a polypropylene scrim, which is highly non-polar (Comparative Example B, below). Thus, nanofibers formed from relatively polar polymers are not "compatible" with highly non-polar polymer scrim fibers, such as polyolefins, within the meaning of the present invention. It has been found that electroblown polymeric nanofibers can be successfully "solvent-bonded" to scrims containing at least a portion of fibers made from natural materials, such as cellulose fibers, rayon fibers, cotton fibers and the like. Such natural fiber materials are "compatible" within the meaning of the present invention.
Examples of suitably compatible combinations of polymers/solvents include, but are not limited to polyamides, such as nylon-6, nylon-6,6, nylon-6,10 in formic acid, meta-aramid in DMAc (dimethyl acetamide) and para-aramid in sulfuric acid, polyesters, such as PET (polyethylene terephthalate), PBT (polybutylene terephthalate) and PPT (polypropylene terephthalate) in trifluoroacetic acid/methylene chloride or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), PAN (polyacrylonitrile) in DMF (dimethyl formamide) or DMAc, PVA (polyvinylalcohol) in water, polyurethanes in DMAc, and PVdF in DMAc or DMF. There are other suitable solvent choices for some polyamides, such as HFIP (1,1,1,3,3,3-hexaflurorisopropanol), which also dissolves PET. Those skilled in the art of polymer solubility will appreciate that by matching solubility parameters from references (such as the CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters by Allan F M Barton), a range of suitable polymer/solvent electroblowing systems can be matched to scrim materials.
It is also likely that scrim layers having relatively rough surfaces will provide better bonding to the nanofiber layers than scrim layers having smooth surfaces, such as smooth bonded scrims.
Thus, according to the present invention, a composite fabric is made by solvent-bonding the nanofiber layer to the scrim by electroblowing a nanofiber layer in combination with the entrained processing solvent directly onto the substantially continuous scrim layer which is supported by the moving collection belt 110, to form an SN structure (Fig. 1).
When solvent-bonding the SN structures, it has been found that particularly robust bonding occurs when the nanofiber/solvent combination is deposited on the support layer over the vacuum chamber collector 114 at vacuum levels greater than about 60 mm H2O, such as at vacuum levels from about 60 mm H2O up to about 170 mm H2O, and advantageously between about 60 mm H2O to about 100 mm H2O.
The composite fabric of the invention can be made by forming a nanofiber layer onto the scrim in a single pass or by building up the nanofiber layer to the desired thickness or basis weight using multiple passes, e.g., in an electroblowing process. The electroblowing process allows a nanofiber layer of suitable basis weight for use in an air filter medium to be formed in a single pass because a higher polymer solution throughput is possible than previously known in the production of nanofibers. Depending on the polymer solution flow rate and the collection belt speed, single nanofiber layers having basis weights of between about 2.5 g/m2 and even up to 25 g/m2 can be formed in a single pass. The benefits in efficiency of such a new process are obvious to the skilled artisan. By forming the nanofiber layer in one pass according to the present invention, less handling is required, reducing the opportunity for defects to be introduced in the final filter medium and enabling the nanofiber layer to be solvent-bonded directly to the scrim layer without interrupting the process flow. Of course, those skilled in the art will recognize that under certain circumstances it can be advantageous to use multiple electroblowing beams to deposit multiple nanofiber layers of at least about 2.5 g/m2 in succession, in order to build-up the total nanofiber layer basis weight to as much as about 25 g/m2 or more. Variations in the spinning conditions to modify the nanofiber laydown rate, and therefore the basis weight of a single nanofiber layer, can be made in the collection belt speed, polymer solution flow rate and even by varying the concentration of the polymer in the solution.
In another embodiment of the invention, SNS composite fabrics can be formed and bonded in a continuous operation. In this embodiment (Fig. 2), a substantially continuous support or scrim layer 122 is supplied from supply roll 121 onto a moving collection belt 110 and is directed into spin cell 120 and under one or more electroblowing beams 102 to deposit one or more layers of nanofibers containing solvent onto the moving scrim, under moderate vacuum, to form an SN structure 123. The vacuum level of vacuum chamber 114 is maintained from about 4 mm H2O up to about 30 mm H2O with a vacuum blower 112, so as to aid in collection of the nanofiber layer, but not so high as to remove significant amounts of the processing solvent. Subsequently, a second scrim 125, which can be the same or different from the support scrim 122, is supplied from top scrim supply roll 124 and directed past a first tensioning roll 118, around consolidation roll 126 and deposited on top of the nanofiber layer(s) with light compression from the consolidation roll to form the multi-layered SNS composite fabric 127. The light compression acts to ensure full contact between the adjacent fabric layers to permit the solvent remaining in the nanofiber layer to soften and weld the fibers of the various layers together. The compression pressure is preferably maintained so as to ensure adequate contact and bonding between the layers, but not so high as to deform the individual fibers or to significantly reduce the overall permeability of the fabrics. Subsequently, the solvent-bonded SNS composite fabric 127 is directed over another tensioning roll 118, then over a second vacuum chamber 115, operating at higher vacuum levels to remove the remaining solvent and wound on wind up roll 130.
Those of skill in the art will recognize that the optimum vacuum levels in both vacuum chamber 114 and vacuum chamber 115 will depend largely upon the polymer/solvent combinations used in the electroblowing and bonding processes. For example, a more volatile solvent may require less vacuum in either or both stages to achieve the solvent-bonding and removal functions disclosed herein.
Advantageously, the scrim layers are spunbond (SB) nonwoven layers, but the scrim layers can be carded, wet laid, meltblown or otherwise formed and consolidated webs of nonwoven polymeric and/or natural fibers, woven polymeric and/or natural fiber fabrics and the like. The scrim layers require sufficient stiffness to hold pleats and dead folds. The stiffness of a single scrim layer is advantageously at least 10 g, as measured by a Handle-o-meter instrument, described below. Particularly high stiffness can be achieved by using an acrylic bonded carded or wet laid scrim comprising coarse staple fibers. The scrim layers may be multi-layered fabrics, such as laminates of layers of carded poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers and carded nylon fibers, or other such multilayer fabrics. Advantageously, the filtration medium of the invention has a total Handle-o-meter stiffness of at least 45 g, and a structure of SNxS, in which at least two scrim layers contribute to the stiffness, and the number of nanofiber layers, x, is at least one. In the case of an SNS structure, the two scrim layers can be the same, or can differ as to basis weight, fiber composition or formation technique. For example, the support scrim can be a spunbond polyamide nonwoven web, onto which is deposited a polyamide nanofiber layer, and the top scrim can be a woven, carded or spunbond layer made of a third polymer, so long as the third polymer is compatible with the nanofiber polymer. Another advantageous combination of layers is an electroblown polyamide nanofiber layer solvent-bonded to a wet laid nonwoven scrim made from PET fibers, cellulose fibers, or even blends of PET and cellulose fibers. Another advantageous combination of layers is electroblown polyvinyl alcohol fibers bonded to a composite wet laid layer of PVA and rayon fibers.
The composite fabric of the invention can be fabricated into any desired filter format such as cartridges, flat disks, canisters, panels, bags and pouches. Within such structures, the media can be substantially pleated, rolled or otherwise positioned on support structures. The filtration medium of the invention can be used in virtually any conventional structure including flat panel filters, oval filters, cartridge filters, spiral wound filter structures and can be used in pleated, Z-filter, V-bank or other geometric configurations involving the formation of the medium to useful shapes or profiles. Advantageous geometries include pleated and cylindrical patterns.
The initial pressure drop (also referred to herein as "pressure drop" or "pressure differential") of the filter medium is advantageously less than about 30 mm H2O, more advantageously less than about 24 mm H2O. The pressure drop across a filter increases over time during use, as particulates plug the filter. Assuming other variables to be held constant, the higher the pressure drop across a filter, the shorter the filter life. A filter typically is determined to be in need of replacement when a selected limiting pressure drop across the filter is met. The limiting pressure drop varies depending on the application. Since this buildup of pressure is a result of dust (or particulate) load, for systems of equal efficiency, a longer life is typically directly associated with higher load capacity. Efficiency is the propensity of the medium to trap, rather than to pass, particulates. In general the more efficient filter media are at removing particulates from a fluid flow stream, the more rapidly the filter media will approach the "lifetime" pressure differential, assuming other variables to be held constant.
It has been discovered that the solvent-bonded composite fabrics of the present invention provide an unusual combination of fluid permeability and efficiency as compared both to conventional wet laid microglass media for air filtration application and to the adhesive bonded composites of US Provisional Application No. 60/639771 .
The filter medium of the present invention has an efficiency of at least about 20%, meaning that the medium is capable of filtering out at least about 20% of particles having a diameter of 0.3 µm in air flowing at a face velocity of 5.33 cm/sec. For use in ASHRAE filters, advantageously, the medium of the invention is capable of filtering out at least about 30% and up to about 99.97% of 0.3 µm particles in air flowing at a face velocity of 5.33 cm/sec.
The higher the air permeability of the filter medium, the lower the pressure drop, therefore the longer the filter life, assuming other variables are held constant. Advantageously, the Frazier air permeability of the filter medium of the invention is at least about 0.91 m3/min/m2, and typically up to about 48 m3/min/m2.
The filter medium of the present invention is advantageously substantially electrically neutral and therefore is much less affected by air humidity as compared with the filters disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,874,659 and 4,178,157 , described above, which owe their performances to the charges associated therewith. By "substantially electrically neutral" is meant that the medium does not carry a detectable electrical charge.
Filtration Efficiency was determined by a Fractional Efficiency Filter Tester Model 3160 commercially available from TSI Incorporated (St. Paul, Minnesota). The desired particle sizes of the challenge aerosol particles were entered into the software of the tester, and the desired filter flow rate was set. A volumetric airflow rate of 32.4 liters/min and a face velocity of 5.33 cm/sec were used. The test continued automatically until the filter was challenged with every selected particle size. A report was then printed containing filter efficiency data for each particle size with pressure drop. Efficiencies reported in the data below are for 0.3 micrometer particle challenge only.
Pressure Drop was reported by the Fractional Efficiency Filter Tester Model 3160 commercially available from TSI Incorporated (St. Paul, Minnesota). The testing conditions are described under the Filtration Efficiency test method. Pressure drop is reported in mm of water column, also referred to herein as mm H2O.
Basis weigh was determined by ASTM D-3776, which is hereby incorporated by reference and reported in g/m2.
Thickness was determined by ASTM D177-64, which is hereby incorporated by reference, and is reported in micrometers.
Fiber Diameter was determined as follows. Ten scanning electron microscope (SEM) images at 5,000x magnification were taken of each nanofiber layer sample. The diameter of eleven (11) clearly distinguishable nanofibers were measured from the photographs and recorded. Defects were not included (i.e., lumps of nanofibers, polymer drops, intersections of nanofibers). The average fiber diameter for each sample was calculated.
Stiffness was measured using a "Handle-o-meter" instrument manufactured by Thwing Albert Instrument Co. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). The Handle-o-meter measures in grams the resistance that a blade encounters when forcing a specimen of material into a slot of parallel edges. This is an indication of the stiffness of the material, which has an inverse relationship with the flexibility of the material. The stiffness is measured in both the longitudinal direction (machine direction) of the material and the transverse direction (cross-machine direction).
Frazier Permeability is a measure of air permeability of porous materials and is reported in units of ft3/min/ft2. It measures the volume of air flow through a material at a differential pressure of 0.5 inches (12.7 mm) water. An orifice is mounted in a vacuum system to restrict flow of air through sample to a measurable amount. The size of the orifice depends on the porosity of the material. Frazier permeability is measured in units of ft3/min/ft2 using a Sherman W. Frazier Co. dual manometer with calibrated orifice, and converted to units of m3/min/m2.
Nanofiber layers were made by electroblowing a solution of nylon-6,6 polymer having a density of 1.14 g/cc (available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware) at 24 weight percent in formic acid at 99% purity (available from Kemira Oyj, Helsinki, Finland). The polymer and solvent were fed into a solution mix tank, the solution transferred into a reservoir and metered through a gear pump to an electroblowing spin pack having spinning nozzles, as described in PCT Patent Publication No. WO 03/080905 . The spin pack was 0.75 meter wide and had 76 spinning nozzles. The pack was at room temperature with the pressure of the solution in the spinning nozzles at 10 bar. The spinneret was electrically insulated and applied with a voltage of 75 kV. Compressed air at a temperature of 44°C was injected through air nozzles into the spin pack at a rate of 7.5 m3/minute and a pressure of 660 mm H2O. The solution exited the spinning nozzles into air at atmospheric pressure, a relative humidity of 65-70% and a temperature of 29°C. The polymer solution throughput of the nanofiber-forming process was about 2 cm3/min/hole. The fibers formed were laid down 310 mm below the exit of the pack onto a porous scrim on top of a porous belt moving at 5-12 m/minute. A vacuum chamber pulling a vacuum of 100-170 mm H2O beneath the belt assisted in the laydown of the fibers. A 40 g/m2 basis weight spunbond PET nonwoven material (Finon C 3040) obtained from Kolon Company (S. Korea) was used as the scrim. The scrim had a stiffness of 35 g in the longitudinal direction and 55 g in the transverse direction.
The SN structure produced was challenged at various particle sizes for filtration efficiency and pressure drop using a TSI tester 3160, and the results are given in Table 1.
A filtration medium having an SN structure was formed as in Example 1 by depositing a nylon nanofiber layer containing solvent, having a basis weight of about 3 g/m2 on a Finon C 3070 spunbond PET scrim having a basis weight of about 70 g/m2. The average diameter of the nanofibers was about 400 nm. The nanofiber web was collected on the scrim under a collector vacuum pressure of 60 mm H2O to form the composite SN fabric, and the composite fabric was passed through a dryer at 110°C and at a vacuum pressure of 20 mm H2O. The composite fabric was pleated to form a pleated filter medium. The solvent-bonding process resulted in a good bond of the nanofiber web to the scrim with no delamination and good abrasion resistance of the nanofiber layer to hand rubbing of the pleated medium. The pressure drop and the efficiency of the filtration medium before and after pleating are listed in Table 2.
A filtration medium was formed as in Example 3, with the exception that the nanofiber layer was collected on the scrim under a collector vacuum pressure of 80 mm H2O. The composite fabric was pleated to form a pleated filter medium. The solvent-bonding process resulted in a good bond of the nanofiber web to the scrim with no delamination and fair abrasion resistance to hand rubbing of the nanofiber layer of the pleated medium. The pressure drop and efficiency of the filtration medium before and after pleating are listed in Table 2.
A filtration medium was formed as in Example 3, with the exception that the nanofiber layer was collected on the scrim under a collector vacuum pressure of 40 mm H2O. The composite fabric was pleated to form a pleated filter medium. The solvent-bonding process resulted in a good bond of the nanofiber web to the scrim with no delamination, but the nanofiber layer was easily abraded by hand rubbing of the pleated medium. The pressure drop and efficiency of the filtration medium before and after pleating are listed in Table 2.
A filtration medium was formed as in Example 3, with the exception that the nanofiber layer was collected on a spunbond PP scrim. No bonding was evident.
A filtration medium was formed by depositing a nylon nanofiber layer containing solvent, having a basis weight of about 3 g/m2 onto a Finon C 3070 spunbond PET scrim from Kolon Company. The nanofiber layer was collected on the scrim under a vacuum pressure of 4 mm H2O, and a top scrim of a two-layer carded fabric (HDK Industries, Inc., Greenville, S.C.) was applied. The carded fabric had a layer of carded nylon fibers and a layer of carded PET fibers. The carded nylon fiber layer was directed into contact with the nylon nanofiber layer, to form a composite SNS fabric. The composite SNS fabric was passed through a consolidation nip to effect solvent-bonding of the nanofiber layer to both top and bottom scrim layers. Subsequently, the solvent-bonded composite was passed through a dryer at a temperature of 90°C and a vacuum pressure of 20 mm H2O. The composite fabric was pleated to form a pleated filter medium. The solvent-bonding process resulted in a good bond of the nanofiber web to the scrims with no delamination on handling, and only slight delamination by rubbing two layers of the pleated medium together. The pressure drop and efficiency of the filtration medium before and after pleating are listed in Table 2.
A filtration medium was formed as in Example 5, except that the basis weight of the nanofiber layer was 5 g/m2. The composite fabric was pleated to form a pleated filter medium. The solvent-bonding process resulted in a good bond of the nanofiber web to the scrims with no delamination on handling, and no delamination by rubbing two layers of the pleated medium together. The pressure drop and efficiency of the filtration medium before and after pleating are listed in Table 2.
A filtration medium was formed as in Example 5, except that the bottom scrim was a Finon F 5070 spunbond PET scrim and the collector vacuum pressure was 5 mm H2O. The composite fabric was pleated to form a pleated filter medium. The solvent-bonding process resulted in a good bond of the nanofiber web to the scrims with no delamination on handling, and only slight delamination by rubbing two layers of the pleated medium together. The pressure drop and efficiency of the filtration medium before and after pleating are listed in Table 2.
A filtration medium was formed as in Example 7, except that the collector vacuum pressure was 10 mm H2O. The composite fabric was pleated to form a pleated filter medium. The solvent-bonding process resulted in a good bond of the nanofiber web to the scrims with no delamination on handling, and no delamination by rubbing two layers of the pleated medium together. The pressure drop and efficiency of the filtration medium before and after pleating are listed in Table 2.
A filtration medium was formed as in Example 7, except that the collector vacuum pressure was 20 mm H2O. The composite fabric was pleated to form a pleated filter medium. The solvent-bonding process resulted in a good bond of the nanofiber web to the scrims with no delamination on handling, and only slight delamination by rubbing two layers of the pleated medium together. The pressure drop and efficiency of the filtration medium before and after pleating are listed in Table 2.
A filtration medium was formed by depositing a 3 g/m2 layer of polyamide nanofibers on a 30 g/m2 spunbond PET base scrim (Finon C 3040) according to the present invention, and a preformed 70 g/m2 spunbond PET top scrim (Finon C 3040) was adhesive laminated to the nanofiber layer to form an SNS structure. The pressure drop and efficiency of the filtration medium before pleating is listed in Table 2.
As discussed above, Comparative Example A which was deposited under only 40 mm H2O vacuum, had insufficient resistance to abrasion, in contrast to Examples 3 and 4 of this invention, which demonstrated fair to good abrasion resistance. Comparative Example B that utilized a highly non-polar PP spunbond scrim could not achieve sufficient bonding of the scrim and nanofiber layers for use as a filtration medium.
Comparative Example C, which was adhesive laminated, demonstrated reduced efficiency and increased pressure drop, as compared to the identical SNS structure of Example 10, formed according to the in-line solvent-bonding lamination process of the present invention.
A process for forming a composite fabric, comprising electroblowing a web of polymeric nanofibers and a solvent therefor onto a moving support web comprising larger fibers spun from a material which is compatible with said nanofiber polymer, and applying a vacuum pressure between 4 mm H2O and 170 mm H2O to the combined webs to solvent-bond the nanofiber web to the support web, wherein said nanofibers have average diameters of less than 1,000 nanometers, and wherein a material is compatible with said nanofibers if it is freely or partially soluble in or swellable with said electroblowing solvent or is not so dissimilar in polarity from the nanofibers that adherence in the absence of separate adhesive is prevented.
The process of claim 1, wherein the applied vacuum pressure is between 60 mm H2O and 170 mm H2O, to form a solvent-bonded nanofiber web/support web composite fabric.
The process of claim 1, wherein the applied vacuum pressure is between 4 mm H2O and 30 mm H2O, and further comprising depositing a second support web comprising larger fibers spun from a material which is compatible with said nanofiber polymer on said nanofiber web, to form a support web/nanofiber web/support web composite fabric, and passing said composite fabric through a consolidating nip, to solvent- bond the composite.
The process of claim 3 , further comprising drying the solvent- bonded composite fabric under vacuum to remove the solvent.
The process of claim 1, wherein the nanofiber polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes, polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinyl alcohol, and the support web comprises fibers selected from the group consisting of polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl alcohol, natural fibers and combinations thereof.
The process of claim 1, wherein the compatible material is polymeric.
The process of claim 5, wherein both the nanofibers and the support web fibers are polyamides.
The process of claim 6, wherein the nanofiber polymer and the polymer fibers of said support web are different polymers.
The process of claim 6, wherein the support web comprises a combination of different polymeric fibers.
The process of claim 9, wherein the support web comprises multiple layers of different polymeric fibers.
The process of claim 1, wherein the support web is a woven fabric or a nonwoven web.
The process of claim 11, wherein the support web is a nonwoven web selected from the group consisting of spunbond fibers, meltblown fibers, carded fibers, wet laid fibers and combinations thereof.
The process of claim 1, wherein the nanofiber web comprises polyamide nanofibers having average fiber diameters between 200 nm and 500 nm, having a basis weight of at least 2.5 g/m2, and the support web comprises at least one layer of spunbond fibers.
The process of claim 1, wherein the nanofiber web comprises polyamide nanofibers having average fiber diameters between 200 nm and 500 nm, having a basis weight of at least 2.5 g/m2, and the support web comprises a bi-layer structure of carded polyamide fibers and carded polyester fibers, and wherein the nanofiber web is solvent-bonded to the carded polyamide fiber layer.
The process of claim 5, wherein said nanofibers are polyamide and the support web comprises a blend of PET and natural fibers.
The process of claim 15, wherein said natural fibers are cellulose.
The process of claim 5, wherein said nanofibers are polyamide and the support web fibers are all natural fibers.
The process of claim 17, wherein said natural fibers are cellulose.
The process of claim 5, wherein said nanofibers are polyvinyl alcohol and said support web comprises a blend of polyvinyl alcohol fibers and rayon fibers.


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Q: How to add specific directory for a file during tar file generation? When I create .tar file using tar command in UNIX, what tar command option I need to use for adding specific directories hierarchy which does not exist for the file.
For example:
Test_File.tar
L MAIN
  L SUB1
    L Process.txt

But, the MAIN and SUB1 directories doesn't exist and should be added only in the tar file.

A: Ok here is my answer based on this related one!

*

*Let's do this example in /var/tmp/example
mkdir -p /var/tmp/example && cd "$_"

*Create our file Process.txt
echo "Hello" > Process.txt

*Create our temporary folder structure following your example.
    mkdir -p MAIN/SUB1

*Makes a symlink from our file and put it into the temporary folder structures. (to avoid to copy the file)
    ln -s $(readlink -f Process.txt) MAIN/SUB1/

*Create our archive with the 'h' tar option to 'dereference' the symlinks !
 tar -chf archive.tar MAIN

A: Simply specify the full path to it starting from the current directory:
tar -cpf file.tar MAIN/SUB1/Process.txt

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Queens-HipHop.com: (Audio)[ @Noreaga ] N.O.R.E.'s the Slime Father! Bin Laden Listened to NORE?! No Beef with Prodigy?
(Audio)[ @Noreaga ] N.O.R.E.'s the Slime Father! Bin Laden Listened to NORE?! No Beef with Prodigy?
Via RadioPlanet.tv. Nore is a funny dude lol. NORE called into Shade 45 Saturday (May 7) to talk to Whoo Kid about being the "slime father" and more!
Is NORE really the originator of the SLIME movement? Did Osama Bin Laden listen to NORE?! Is there really no beef between Noreaga and Mobb Deep's Prodigy? Is there beef between Capone and Prodigy? How much weight has he lost lately? Is he still losing and ready to get on the mic and kick some as*?!
Find out who NORE shot in this exclusive RadioPlanet.tv audio interview!
Look out for cart wheeling Karate Joe!


As if taxes weren't bad enough, those drab forms don't help anything. Add some color, why don't you? Maybe a cute graphic of a sole proprietor with all their dependants.
The design of your form affects more than just atmosphere. For web forms especially, the look and feel of a form can actually improve your conversion rate. Subtle visual cues can lead the reader's eye, and the best designers know just how to do it.
If you're interested in getting your form made by a top freelance designer, below we list the ten best in the industry, all available for hire today.
When it comes to a designing a paper or web form, both of which are heavily dependent on visuals, sometimes it takes more than just hiring a freelance designer and hoping for the best. Another option is to commission a form design contest.
In a design contest, you first specify what you're looking for, and then top designers from all over the world submit samples based on what you describe. You get to browse their work, select finalists, give the designers feedback and finally choose whichever one you like best. If you're still unclear on how you want your form to look, a design contest is perfect for generating ideas and inspiration.
Then again, maybe you already know what kind of form you want. In that case, all you have to do is hire the freelance designer whose style best matches your vision.
How did we choose these as the top form designers?
Whether you're using forms strategically to boost conversions, or simply as an extra touch to satisfy customers, you want them to look their best and reflect well on your brand. That's why we didn't cut any corners with our assessment of the top freelance form designers above. Here's how we selected the best of the best.
If you're browsing our community of designers, you can see their level clearly displayed in their site portfolio, just so you know whether you're dealing with an seasoned expert or a promising young player.
Forms have particular nuances other fields of design don't. There's a degree of marketing knowledge in eliciting sign-ups, and even paper forms require understanding the particulars of typography, proportions and how to optimize legibility. More than just overall design skill, we narrowed down our list to designers who have had previous successes in form design, according to their clients' feedback.
Choosing the best freelancer to hire is more than just how well they handle the assignment. You also want a form designer who communicates with you throughout the process, meets deadlines and supports a pleasant work relationship. For the top form designers above, we looked at the feedback from their previous clients and removed anyone who was anything less than professional.
Are you ready to hire a top freelance form designer?
Great form designers can get your clients excited about signing their name or giving up their email. Choose the best freelance designer to give your customers that satisfaction.
Want more form designer choices?
If the form designers above didn't match your style, we have plenty more to choose from.


The Reverb Muzzle Brake is a compact muzzle compensator that will work with any round under 9mm in diameter (i.e. 300 Blackout, 5.56mm, etc) on 1/2 x 28 tpi threaded barrels.
The Reverb Muzzle Brake is a compact muzzle compensator that will work with any round under 9mm in diameter (i.e. 300 Blackout, 5.56mm, etc) on 1/2 x 28 tpi threaded barrels. The design features three slots on each side to help keep the muzzle down under both single shots and rapid fire. The Reverb Muzzle Brake is manufactured from 8620 steel, heat treated, and coated in black oxide. It is marked "MA" and "9mm" to denote that it is made right here in the USA by Manticore Arms for any weapon up to 9mm caliber and comes with a crush washer. It is 1.75" long, weighs 2.6 ounces, and is a standard 22mm diameter allowing for the use of most standard NATO muzzle accessories.


St Leonard (AD 485-560) is believed to have been a Frankish nobleman raised at the court of Clovis, King of the Sallan Franks. Later, while Clovis was hunting nearby, Clothilde his wife went into labour; St Leonard prayed with him through the night and, following safe delivery (possibly of their daughter, also Clothilde), Clovis offered him as much land as he could ride around in one day on a donkey. St Leonard used the land to establish a monastery at Noblat near Limoges, where he became Abbot. In old age be retreated to the surrounding forest and lived as a hermit. He died around 560. Patron saint of prisoners, pregnant women, country dwellers and horses, he is usually depicted with prison chains.
ST LEONARD'S WIDER FAME began with Bohemund, heroic crusading son of a Norman Duke. Prince of Antioch after its capture, he quarrelled with the (Eastern Christian) Emperor of Byzantium, and was captured and for three years Imprisoned by (Moslem) Seljuk Turks. A pilgrimage to Noblat followed his 1103 release - which he attributed to his prayers to St Leonard. Noblat soon became a place of pilgrimage for other freed captives Including Richard Coeur de Lion, and a stop on the Limoges route (one of four main ways through France) for pilgrims to the shrine of St James the Apostle (Santiago) at Campostela in north-west Spain.
IN ENGLAND St Leonard's fame spread quickly - as Bohemund's story was told to fellow Normans, lords of manors responding to William I's call for a stone church in every parish. Starting from the south coast at Deal and Hythe and Hastings, over 100 churches were named after St Leonard - as were St Leonards-on-Sea (Hastings), St Leonards (north of Bournemouth, Hampshire), St Leonard (near Aylesbury), St Leonard's Street (near Maidstone) and St Leonard's Forest (south of Crawley, Sussex). Other villages took the name from their parish church - Chapel St Leonards (on the Lincoln coast), Berwlck St Leonard (Wiltshire), Drayton St Leonard (Oxford), Upton St Leonards and Leonard Stanley (both near Gloucester), and Burton Leonard (In Yorkshire near Boroughbridge). 18 English monasteries are known to have been dedicated to St Leonard - Including one 'daughter house' to the monastery at St Leonard de Noblat at Great Brlcett (Suffolk) - as well as over 30 hospitals stretching as far north as Durham and Wigton (Cumbrla). There still are hospitals at Sudbury and St Leonards (Hampshire), a hospice in York, residential homes in Bognor, Aylesbury and Mundford, schools in Horsham, Padtham, and Heath and Reach, riding schools In Launceston (Cornwall) and Toton (Nottingham), and a yoga studio In Lancaster. Paintings depicting St Leonard can be found in churches other than those dedicated to him - including Chilham (Kent), North Tudderiham, Old Buckenham and Sandringham (Norfolk), and Great Rudbaxton (Pembroke). In 13th century Worcester, and perhaps elsewhere, St Leonard's Day on 6th November was a half Holy Day and only essential work was allowed.
Clovis (466-511) succeeded his father as king of the Sallan Franks in 481. They came from the land of the Sala (Yssl) river in northern Holland near the North (salt) sea - as opposed to the Riparlan Franks who lived along the banks of the Rhine. Clovis' grandfather Merovech or Merovius (of Tournal, now In Belgium) had in 451 helped Aetius Roman commander at Aries and Theodoric king of the Goths drive Attila the Hun from north-east France. By 481 the Goths (originally from Scandinavia) dominated southern Europe: the West or Visigoths ruled Italy, Spain and France south of the Loire: the East or Ostragoths surrounded the Roman Emperor exiled In Byzantium -and were soon to take Italy from their cousins. North-east France still had a Roman overlord, Syagrius, successor to his Roman general father. In 487 Clovis defeated Syagrius in his capital Soissons, following this up with the capture of Rheims - and later of Pans and the area down to the Loire. In all three towns he left the inhabitants in peace and particularly honoured the resident bishops, the most prominent being Archbishop Remi (St Remigius) in Rheims.
In 491 Clovis secured the submission of the Thuringians and the Riparlan Franks. In 493 he married Clothilde (St Clothilde) daughter of one of three Christian brothers who were kings of Burgundy. Around 498 at her behest Clovis was baptised by Remiglus, with 3,000 subjects - presumably including the 13 year old St Leonard. Clovis was well aware that this conversion would gain him the support of the papacy and the Emperor for his further expansion. First he needed to defeat his north eastern neighbours, the Alemans who ruled Alsace. After several attempts he finally expelled them (to the Alps) In 507. Moving at once to attack his southern neighbours he met the Visigoth army at Vougle near Poitiers and defeated it utterly, personally slaying king Alaric II: his victory began the expulsion of the Goths from south Europe (and the defeat of the Arian heresy which the Goths had embraced). Clovis immediately ordered the release of all clergy, widows and 'serfs of the church' Imprisoned by his army. In 508 he met the emperor Anastasius at Tours, where he was created an honorary Roman consul and made large gifts to St Martin's monastery. Later he issued the code of Salle Law. He died peacefully in 511, succeeded, French style, by his four sons the last of whom outlived St Leonard by one year.
A KEY CHRONICLER of events was St Gregory of Tours, who wrote a history of the Franks while Metropolitan bishop (Archbishop) of Tours 573-594. He does not mention Abbot Leonard but does record his contemporary Abbot Avitus of St Mesmin de Micy, who died In 524 and was presumably the leader of the group joined by St Leonard In 507. Clovis' order to release those wrongly Imprisoned by the Goths (and by his own armies) might well have involved St Leonard. Equally his victory left a large area needing bishops In whom he had confidence - leading to his offer to St Leonard. By 573 there were 11 Metropolitans and 118 suffrage bishops In the Frankish kingdoms. St Gregory also mentions Bertha (daughter of Clovis' grandson Charibert king of Paris) and her marriage to Ethelbert king of Kent: her firm support of St Augustine In 597 makes Bertha a key link In the conversion of Britain.
BRITAIN proved less strong than the Franks in resisting Saxon invaders. Later, Norsemen invaded both countries: some settled in northern France, becoming the Normans who defeated the Saxon Harold at Hastings, and built (or rebuilt) most of our parish churches (Including most of those listed above and dedicated to St Leonard in the century following Bohemund).