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Family Planning in Nigeria by Gianni Dongo
Silence! Frustration etched on the surgeons' faces. ' Time of death.. 9.05 pm'.
In the end the bleeding had been too much for Funmi. Indeed the nature of the presentation made her prognosis poor. A magical night out with her village heartthrob had resulted in an abdominal pregnancy that had been slowly eating her intestines for weeks until this end.
She had felt the condom burst inside her back then in the heat of passion.
But what could she do?
Little was said when she collected the pack at a hastily arranged health outreach. It had seemed as though the nurses were more interested in registering large swathes than attending to her questions. John had reassured her that she wouldn't conceive if she took an tablet of Ampiclox™ .
It had felt better to listen to him than go back where she wasn't welcome. You aren't even 18 and you collected a pack she swore she had heard those eyes say.
Now she's 18 and no more.
Family planning involves all methods used to decide the number and spacing of children and to postpone conception as to a time that is personally desirable.
Family planning is a concept older than Nigeria itself and coincidentally was introduced during the nation's inception with the Family Planning Council of Nigeria now Planned Parenthood Federation of Nigeria (PPFN).
However a fertility rate of approximately 6 children per woman and contraceptive prevalence of about 13% with still high levels of abortions annually suggest that there is still a large unmet need for family planning methods in the country1.
The role of family planning in preventing maternal mortality can't be overemphasized and with Nigeria already contributing the second highest levels to global maternal deaths with maternal mortality rate currently at 814/100000 women of reproductive age, we have an emergency!2
Problems of family planning in Nigeria are far reaching and have some roots in the prevalent culture and attitudes towards sex, women, religion.
I will try to highlight some of the most pertinent from where I work.
To begin, there are serious deficiencies in the understanding and knowledge of the different types of contraceptives and what they do to the body.
A stark example of this was in the uproar created by some civil societies and religious groups in response to the plan by the present minister of health to increase contraceptive prevalence to 36% to combat rising populations in the midst of economic downturn3 (Nigeria's Population increases at a rate of 3% per year)1.They likened contraceptives to abortifacients. This can't be further from the truth.
Contraceptives work to prevent conception and implantation.
By law, the requisite for defining abortion is that implantation has occurred.
The different types of contraceptives available in Nigeria include; condoms, oral contraceptive pills, emergency contraceptive pills, intrauterine devices, implants, sterilization procedures for male and females, natural methods such as prolonged breast feeding and periodic abstinence.
These could be subdivided into Hormonal and Non-hormonal methods.
Hormonal methods tend to be the fulcrum of modern methods used widely in developed countries as they provide long lasting means of contraception that is freely reversible once conception is desired.
Problems associated with them include high costs most especially in third world countries like Nigeria and side effects.
All contraceptive methods have their specific efficacies, possible side effects and their mode of preventing pregnancies.
It is for this reason that health personnel and family planning volunteers must be adequately trained so that each client(as receivers of contraceptive methods are called) make fully informed choices.
In Nigeria, Condoms are by far the most widely known contraceptive4.
Condoms, however, have been associated with higher failure rates as a result of less than optimal usage and poor storage.
Condoms also have the problem of male-dependent use especially considering relatively low awareness and usage of female condoms.
Few have knowledge of longer acting contraceptive method and even fewer have knowledge of availability of emergency contraception5.
The burden of educating the populace rests with the health professionals and those trained accordingly. More must be done to ensure that information is dispersed freely and at all levels especially in the rural communities where the fertility rate is at its highest.
Family planning and sex education should be included in school curriculum with the risks involved with unsafe sexual practices laid bare for adolescents to assimilate especially in the Government schools which carry a significant proportion of the nation's school age youths.
There is no such program presently.
Such programs must also be administered by trained health professionals. A recent community strategy by Center for Development and Population Activities(CEDPA) in a village in Northern Nigeria between 2006-2008 to improve contraceptive acceptance recorded improved attitudes towards family planning among the inhabitants6. This proves that with the right education, preconceived fallacies can be corrected.
The perception that family planning is meant for married women even among health professionals and trained personnel has led to decreased utilization of these services by those young ladies who fall in the reproductive age group and who are in need of these services the most.
Nigeria's society is one in which discussions about sex and contraception with young people is still considered inappropriate even among health professionals despite increasing levels of sexual activity among teens evidenced by increased percentages of women between ages of 21-24 having had prior sexual encounters from 27% in 1990 to 32% in 20037.
Girls who access contraceptive methods are regarded as loose in many settings. It is such attitudes that contribute significantly to the unmet need for contraception and increased rates of abortions annually.
We must ensure that those charged with administering family planning services are trained to do away with prejudices and attend to all potential clients.
Every girl post-menarche is a potential nation builder and must be accorded this regard.
In Akoko-Edo Local Government Area where I have been working for a month, Maternity Centers are those entrusted with family planning services and the problems are immediately evident vis-à-vis the primary intention these centers serve. There is next to none utilization of these services by adolescents.
More must be done to create youth friendly centers especially in the rural areas in which this family planning methods are offered.
There is limited availability of diverse family planning services especially in the rural areas where I have been working. Studies done have shown that among the health facilities; availability of contraceptives is higher in private hospitals than government clinics or maternity centres8.
The Maternity Centers here in the rural setting have very limited modern contraceptive options with copper intrauterine device the only long acting method available. Women are therefore left with little or no option but to discontinue if there are side effects. Auxiliary methods offered include natural family planning methods which are less efficacious.
Religion and culture also play a major role in acceptance of these methods.
A study revealed that Catholics and Muslims access their contraception from patent medicine shops while other Christians utilize private and general hospitals9.
This might not be unrelated to religious objections to modern contraceptive methods. In situations like this, involvement of religious groups and provision of relevant information to them so as to be able to carry them along will go a long way in promoting maternal health of the nation.
In Nigerian societies where men are the main determinants of family size, more must be done to involve men in family planning methods.
The case for a political prioritization of family planning in Nigeria is self-evident.
Countries like Indonesia that have been able to half their fertility rates and increase contraceptive prevalence from below 5% in 1967 to about 60% in 2006 by focusing on community and rural based strategies have seen an increase in their maternal health indicators10.
We must also align this services to cater for adolescents who up till now have been neglected.
The next time we see a case of preventable maternal death in a hospital and we shed a tear, we must ask what are we doing to prevent this.
Prevention, they say, is better than cure.
Gianni Dongo is the second runner up of the Dr. SEA Essay Contest 2016
Contraceptive Review in Nigeria: Recommendation for Future Policy Decisions by Emmanuel Monjok, Andrea Smesny, John E Ekabua, E James Essien (2010)
CIA World FactBook (2016)
THISDAY newspaper September 3rd 2016.
Sexual activity and contraceptive use among female students of tertiary institution in Ilorin, Nigeria by Abiodun OM, Balogun OR (2009)
Emergency Contraception Knowledge and perception among female students in the Niger Delta of Nigeria by Akani CI, Enyindah CE, Babatunde S (2008)
Centre for Development and Population Activities: Community Strategies to increase family planning in Nigeria (2009)
National Population Commission: Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (2003)
Contraceptive prevalence among young women in Nigeria by Oye-Adeniran BA, Adewole IF, Odeyemi KA, Ekanem EE, Umoh AV (2005)
Sources of Contraceptive commodities for users in Nigeria by Oye-Adeniran BA, Adewole IF, Umoh AV (2005)
Mother and Child Safety
Blood Pressure don Marsh Fire
Teenage Pregnancy in Rural Cameroon, Case of Oku
Maternal Health in Pidgin Pt 1
Dr. Femi Olaleye on Breast Cancer


MBHB Partner Kevin E. Noonan, Ph.D., will speak at upcoming ACI Follow-on Biologics conference being held in New York on June 21-22. Dr. Noonan will be participating in the "Defining biosimilars: Proving (or disproving) interchangeability and biosimilarlity" presentation at 11:30 a.m. on Monday, June 21, 2010.
For more information about the ACI Follon-on Biologics Conference, click here.


Anxiety, panic, fear, angst, phobia: emotions at the forefront in order to save our lives but also sources of discomfort and uneasiness, suffering and psychic pain. The 3rd Conference organized by Italian Psychoanalytic Dialogues (I.P.D.) and International Neuropsychoanalysis Society (NPSA), with the endorsements of the Italian Psychoanalytic Society (SPI) and the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA), will address the conscious and unconscious dynamics underlying the emergence of anxiety, panic and angst, illustrating the recent neuroscientific contributions to the understanding of the complex interactions between neuronal functioning and psychic processes. The dialogue between the neuroscientist Joseph Le Doux and the psychoanalyst Stefano Bolognini (IPA Past President 2013-2017) will focus on the origins and transformations of anxiety and fear, with specific attention to their peculiarities in the human species and their evolution into panic, angst and phobias but from two different viewpoints, the neuroscientific and the psychoanalytic ones as well as from a theoretical and clinical perspective. On the second day of the Congress, focused on treatment Mark Solms (Chair Ipa Research Committee, NPSA President) and Anna Niccolò (SPI President) will promote a discussion among several experts on the different current treatment of anxiety: from psychoanalysis to psychotherapy, from a cognitivist approach to psychopharmacology.


10 It featured brand new material as well as re-recordings of the group's past hits.
Later in 2010 they released the group's first mixtape, Naughty by Nature: Tha Mixtape.In 2011 the group worked on their long-delayed seventh group album, and it finally saw release.Treach blamed Kay Gee for squandering the group's finances.In March 2012, following the release of a documentary on fellow New Jersey based hip hop group Sugar Hill Gang, Naughty by Nature performed in Asbury Park, NJ at the Garden State film festival.
You get home, wait a day, she's what you wanna know about.
I won't get into that, I'll do rta properly.
On June 11, 2011, Naughty By Nature became the first hip-hop group to perform at the esteemed baseball stadium Fenway Park.Chorus: You down with OPP (Yeah you know me).Now lady here comes a kiss, blow a kiss saken dating canada back to me, now tell me exactly, have you ever known a brother who have another like ah girl or wife.TB 1044, tblp 1044, naughty By Nature, naughty By Nature (LP, Album).1990s edit, the group's first hit as Naughty by Nature was a track called ".O is for Other, P is for People scratchin' temple.It's OPP, time other people's what you get.After the release of its first album, the group was mentored by fellow New Jersey native.6 Fellow rapper 2Pac also acted in the movie, and Treach would befriend him.


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... that it may be declared and enacted, That all and singular the rights and liberties asserted and claimed in the said declaration, are the true, ancient, and indubitable rights and liberties of the people of this kingdom...
The Continuation of Mr. Rapin's History of England: From the Revolution to ... - Page 19
de Nicolas Tindal - 1763
The British Encyclopedia: Or, Dictionary of Arts and Sciences ..., Volume 4
William Nicholson - 1809 - 700 pages
...Sect. 6. All and singular the rights and liberties asserted and claimed in the said declaration are the true, ancient, and indubitable rights and liberties of the people of this kingdom, and so shall be esteemed, allowed, adjudged, and taken to be; and all the particulars aforesaid shall be...
The Speeches of the Hon. Thomas Erskine: (now Lord Erskine), when ..., Volume 2
Thomas Erskine Baron Erskine - 1810 - 470 pages
...that all aad " singular the rights and liberties asserted and " claimed in the said Declaration are the true, ancient, " and indubitable rights and liberties of the people " of this kingdom, and so shall be esteemed, al" lowed, adjudged, deemed, and taken to be ; and '"• that all and every the...
The Parliamentary History of England, from the Earliest Period to the Year ...
William Cobbett - 1811 - 678 pages
...' bertiei asserted and claimed in the said, De' claration, are the true, ancient, and undubi' table rights and liberties of the people of ' this kingdom, and ought to be firmly and ' strictly holden and observed.' * And in the same bill, amuug that lung catalogue of grievances, which...
The Speeches of the Hon. T. Erskine (now Lord Erskine): When at ..., Volume 2
...that all and " singular the rights and liberties asserted and " claimed in the said Declaration arethe true, ancient, " and indubitable rights and liberties of the people " of this kingdom, and so shall be esteemed, al" lowed, adjudged, deemed, and taken to be; and " that all and every the particulars...
...that all and singular the rights and liberties asserted and. " claimed in the said Declaration are the true, ancient, and " indubitable rights and liberties of the people of this king" dom, and so shall be esteemed, allowed, adjudged, deemed, " and taken to be: and that all and...
Reflections on the Revolution in France: And on the Proceedings of Certain ...
Edmund Burke - 1814 - 258 pages
...may be declared and enacted, that all and singular the rights and liberties asserted and declared are the true ancient and indubitable rights and liberties of the people of this kingdom." You will observe, that from magna clutrta to the Declaration of Right, it has been the uniform policy...
...enacted, that all ami singular the rights and liberties asserted and claimed in the said declaration are the true, ancient, and indubitable rights and liberties of the people of this kingdom, and so shall Ье esteemed, allowed, adjudged, deemed, and taken to he ; and that all and every the particulars...
An Historical View of the English Government: From the Settlement ..., Volume 3
John Millar - 1818 - 516 pages
...clause, " that all and sinw gular the rights and liberties asserted and " claimed in the declaration, are the true, " ancient, and indubitable rights and liberties " of the people of this kingdom." After the revolution-settlement was compleated, the same spirit which had given rise to that great...
Pantologia. A new (cabinet) cyclopædia, by J.M. Good, O. Gregory ..., Volume 7
John Mason Good - 1819 - 736 pages
...Sect. C. All and singular the right* and liberties asserted and claimed in the said declaration are the true, ancient, and indubitable rights and liberties of the people of this kingdom, and so shall be esteemed, allowed, adjudged, and taken to be ; and all the particulars aforesaid shall...
American Edition of the British Encyclopedia: Or, Dictionary of ..., Volume 7
...Sect. 6. All and singular the rights and liberties asserted and claimed in the said declaration are the true, ancient, and indubitable rights and liberties of the people of this kingdom, and so shall be esteemed, allowed, adjudged, and taken to be ; and all the particulars aforesaid shall...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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32 Fula civilians killed in Mali attack
Armed Dozo hunters, linked to the Dogon ethnic group, ambushed the isolated village of Koumaga in the Mopti region on Saturday, killing dozens of Fulani herders, including children.
At least 32 civilians were killed and ten are missing following an attack in central Mali, believed to have been carried out by ethnic hunters, local officials said Sunday.
"They surrounded the village, separated the Fulani people from the others and killed at least 32 civilians in cold blood," said Abel Aziz Diallo, president of the local Tabila Pullaku association.
Another 10 people were missing, he added.
"The men were dressed in Dozo clothing but we wonder if they were all Dozo hunters," said an elected official from the region, speaking on condition of anonymity.
Malian authorities were not immediately available for comment.
Violence has increased over the past three years in central Mali between nomadic Fulani herders and Bambara and Dogon farmers, sparked by accusations of Fulanis grazing their cattle on Dogon land and disputes over access to land and water.
Central Mali is a vast area where the state is near-absent and jihadists, blamed for exacerbating the dispute, roam with little constraint.
The Bambara and Dogon ethnic groups accuse the pastoralists of colluding with jihadists.
The armed forces are facing increasing accusations of arbitrary arrests and extra-judicial killings in their fight against the insurgents.
"What is happening is very serious, we must avoid confusion. Just because we are Fulani does not mean we are terrorists," said Diallo.
#Mali
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JEE 2023: NTA holds back admit cards after flagging duplicity in credentials
After the National Testing Agency (NTA) discovered some 'duplicate credentials and images' ahead of the JEE 2023 examination, the agency on Tuesday announced that the admit cards of some candidates for the examination have been issued and for others will be issued after close scrutiny. The examinations for the candidates found eligible for the exam will be held from 28 January to 1 February.
As a result of the revelations, the agency decided to hold back the admit card of some students for review. The admit card of these candidates will go through 'close scrutiny' to ensure transparency in the process.
The examination organizing agency added that those who have been issued the admit cards can appear for the exam from 28 January to 1 February.
"The representations on duplicate credentials/images are under scrutiny and Admit Cards for some candidates have been issued. Others will be released after close scrutiny. Examination of other candidates found eligible will be held between 28th Jan to 1st Feb, 2023," the NTA tweeted.
The representations on duplicate credentials/images are under scrutiny & Admit Cards for some candidates have been issued. Others will be released after close scrutiny. Examination of other candidates found eligible will be held between 28th Janto 1st Feb, 2023 #JEEMAIN2023
— National Testing Agency (@DG_NTA) January 24, 2023
Admit cards are the identity of the candidate and they are not allowed to sit for the examination if the candidates don't produce the admit card on demand by the invigilator.
The candidates who aspire to get admission into the prestigious Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) will appear for the JEE (Mains) Exam 2023. National Testing Agency decided to conduct the first session of the exam from 24 January to 31 January, except for the Republic Day.
The second session of the exam is scheduled for April after which the admission process for the IITs will start.
The exam is conducted in centers all across the country and in order to cater to the lingual diversity of India, the NTA conducts the JEE examination in 13 languages which are, English, Hindi, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.
(With inputs from ANI)
Categories News Tags IIT, Indian Institute of Technology, JEE 2023, JEE 2023 admit cards, National Testing agency, News, nta, NTA releases JEE admit cards, top news
3 killed as 4-storey building collapses in Lucknow, several feared trapped
Laptops demand ebbs as pandemic eases


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Psycho; thriller, USA, 1960; D: Alfred Hitchcock, S: Vera Miles, Anthony Perkins, Janet Leigh, John Gavin, Martin Balsam, John McIntire, Simon Oakland, Vaughn Taylor
Pheonix, Arizona. Bank employee Marion steals 40.000 $ intended as a payment for a real estate deal and runs away with her car to a distant motel run by a sensitive lad, Norman Bates, who lives in the nearby house with his mother. But that evening, while she was taking a shower, Marion was stabbed to death. Other guests come to investigate the event: detective Arbogast gets also stabbed to death, but Marion's sister Lili and Sam discover that Norman's mother is actually dead and that he has a split personality, killing women because he imagines she is jealous at them. He gets arrested.
"The audience was not interested in the message of the film. The audience was not excited by brilliant acting. The audience was not enchanted by the the reputation of the novel. It was excited by pure film. That's why I'm proud of "Psycho" - because it's a film that belongs to us, the cineast", perfectly summed up the master of suspense in the interview with Truffaut in his book "Hitchcock". A magnificent masterpiece, "Psycho" is one of the most influential and hyped movies of Alfred Hitchcock's later career - here he leads even today interesting and undated moments, whose basis lies in the deep profile of the killer and stimulates the viewer to think. Hitchcock and the screenwriter Joseph Stefano frighten a lot, but they never do that in a banal way, but add humor while the ending is brilliantly focused and explains the psychology of the killer, so that everything has it's why and because. The most famous scene, the one with the murder under the shower, is pure black poetry as well as it "erases" the fake main protagonist, Marion, and presents a new one, Norman Bates, which may be the only unbalanced transition of the story, yet is stylistically inventive and original. Some of the dialogues and acting are shaky, but the style, the plot twist at the end and the bravura direction are so intense that they even change them towards their advantage, which make the film fresh even today. Janet Leigh won a Golden Globe as best supporting actress, while she was also nominated for an Oscar together with set decoration, cinematography and Hitchcock as best director, who should have won that award, but it went to "The Apartment".
Maison Ikkoku
The Wayward Cloud
Felicia's Journey
...Time to correct the Oscar mistakes...
Phantom of the Paradise
Samaritan Girl
Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith
Star Wars: Episode II - Attack of the Clones
Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace
Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honneamise
The Cotton Club
The Hudsucker Proxy
The Trouble with Harry
I Confess
There Was a Father
Revenge of the Pink Panther
The Girl and the Oak
Fist of the North Star: The Legend of Raoh: Martyr...
Pink Floyd The Wall
The 40 Year Old Virgin
The Seven Year Itch
Heart Condition
24 7: Twenty Four Seven


Develop custom capacity planning system for Octapharma.
Octapharma is one of the largest human protein products manufacturers in the world. Its core business is the development and production of human proteins from human plasma and human cell-lines.
Octapharma owns six state-of-the-art, highly regulated, production facilities manufacturing and distributing high-quality human protein products in Austria, France, Germany, Sweden and Mexico.
The company faced a unique and challenging planning environment. Planners had to concurrently balance market demands, regulatory constraints and plant capabilities.
Octapharma contracted Visual8 to design and develop an integrated production planning solution, which would provide decision support to the corporate planning team. The objective was to determine allocation of production in order to fulfil demand while balancing resources.
Commissioning was completed in five weeks and the system is now in use by the corporate planning group. Visual8 has transitioned to a supportive role and is excited to work with Octapharma on expanding the existing system and other future planning and scheduling endeavours.


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EU re-launches mammoth fiscal debates
European economy commissioner Paolo Gentiloni told press he expected the debates to start next year. (Photo: European Commission)
By Wester van Gaal
Brussels, 20. Oct 2021, 07:17
The European Commission has reignited its effort to overhaul the way the EU governs its economy.
Commission president Ursula von der Leyen first launched the effort in 2019, but it was suspended due to the pandemic.
The new rules should achieve at least two goals: reducing public debt throughout the union and allowing investment in green and digital technologies that amount up to €650bn annually, economy commissioner Paolo Gentiloni told press on Tuesday (19 October).
"We need economic governance rules that can tackle those challenges head-on," trade commissioner Valdis Dombrovskis added.
While the commission takes the initiative, most of the political weight lies with the member states, who will debate the rules next year - a process that is expected to last until the later part of 2022.
Particular attention will be paid to the 'Stability and Growth Pact' - a budgetary rule prohibiting countries from running a deficit upwards of three percent and limits the debt to GDP-ratio to 60 percent.
So-called frugal countries - The Netherlands, the Nordic countries, the Baltics and Austria - prefer a return to a similar rules-based system that caps debt and deficit to a specific ratio.
More indebted countries generally want more individual investment flexibility to "grow their way out of debt", as the Italian prime minister Mario Draghi described it recently.
In the past, this difference in views has led to bitter disagreements between the two camps, with breakthroughs only being forced through by the collective political weight of Germany and France, whose position in the upcoming debates remains unclear due to coalition talks and upcoming presidential elections, respectively.
The commission, meanwhile will act as a sort of referee.
To guide the debates and foster "consensus" the commission ended the communique with 11 open questions and invited stakeholders to send in ideas before December 2021.
Questions featured were: "How can one simplify the framework?" and "how can the framework be improved to ensure sustainable public finances in all member states?".
"It is our role to provide orientation; we have an open mind," a commission representative told press.
But some critics felt the questions were too vague to make a difference.
"Ending communication with 11 super-open questions is a particularly skilful way of telling people that you have really no intention to meaningfully structure a debate. Which bears the question of why to publish something at all," Lucas Guttenberg of the Delors Centre, a think-tank based in Berlin, tweeted.
When pressed about its non-committal attitude, a representative reflected on the commission's strategy by saying that the goal to simplify the rules "is intrinsically linked" to the issue of trust, implying that simpler rules inherently create more flexibility - or room for interpretation.
"Why is it that rules have become so complex? That has a lot to do with trying to regulate all the unknowns - and that tells you something about the level of trust between member states," he said.
"If the previous crisis has thought us one thing, it is that things will always be different than we expect them to be," he added, expressing hope that "there may be less of a need to try to regulate everything to the last comma."
Meanwhile, Gentiloni said he expected the debates will revolve around the "pace of the debt reduction" and not the debt ratio compared to GDP.
Current EU rules prescribe that indebted economies reduce debt higher than 60 percent of GDP by 1/20th a year.
Italy has a debt to GDP ratio of 160 percent, which in practice means it has to reduce debt by an unattainable five percent a year.
"Debt reductions is an important goal," Gentiloni said, adding: "but we have to make sure they are compatible with reality."
'Frugals' renew effort to reduce excessive debt
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Hawks to doves? Germany's new generation of economists
Euro countries start haggling on fiscal rules
Will the new Dutch government be more pro-EU?
Finance ministers of eight EU member states released a signed letter calling for a renewed effort to "reduce excessive debt" among member states. It is the starting point for renewed debates on debt and deficits in Europe.
1. Oct 2021, 07:05
Austrian official and fiscal hawk Alfred Katterl has said the EU's 'stability and growth pact' on national debt-limits should remain sacrosanct, but some economists disagree.
Economist Shahin Vallée says Germany has the resposability to lead the European debate on fiscal reforms in the face of the climate crisis. If they don't take up the mantle, the EU will continue failing during further crises.
For many Europeans, Angela Merkel's change looked sudden. But the groundwork started two years ago. Germany slowly ripened for the Merkel-Macron plan. This explains why it didn't meet massive public resistance in Germany.
The commission is expected to come forward with concrete proposals in the next months, and the debate is likely to heat up in June.
EU Commission extends borrowing curbs in 2023
The European Commission on Monday proposed to extend suspension of fiscal borrowing rule in 2023 — but advised prudence amid already rising real interest rates.
Big Agri's EU lobbying playbook on 'hunger' and a 'refugee crisis'
Over the last few decades, the fossil-fuel industry has shown that you do not need to all-out oppose EU legislation in order to resist it. Muddying the waters can be enough to ensure that action is paused, watered-down, or shelved.
Why is petrostate UAE going all in on green hydrogen?
The United Arab Emirates announced its ambition to become one of the world's premier trading hubs for green hydrogen. Interesting, to say the least, for a country that relies on the sale of fossil fuels for its prosperity.


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Dog General
Your First Dog Ever, What Kind of Dog Was It?
Thread starter Alpha1
Start date Oct 9, 2013
Pack Leader and Lover
I never had a dog growing up, so the very first dog I had was a Doberman Pinscher named Samantha. She was my boyfriend's dog, and we moved in together, so she became mine also. We eventually got married, and Samantha spent a lot of wonderful times with us.
She was a sweet girl, very smart and affectionate. Being a Dobie, she was often chilly in cool weather. We would have zip-together sleeping bags when we went camping, and she would always make her way all the way down to the bottom, where she was warmest and most cozy. We often wondered how she could breathe down there, but she had no troubles and was a good foot-warmer for us too. :love_heart:
We lost her to cancer in her later years, but she'll never leave our hearts. What was the first dog you ever had, can you share a bit about him/her?? :soppyeyes:
When I was young, my family had a German Shepherd / Airedale mix and a Pembroke Welsh Corgi. The Shepherd mix was an old gentle girl who was great with me, but she passed away from old age when I was 5; Corgi on the other hand was with us until I was 11 and was five years older than me, we lost him to a stomach tumor that started going out of control despite efforts to help.
Heidi (the shepherd mix), from what little I can remember, was really gentle and used to sleep on my bed up until a month or so before she passed away when I was little. I can't remember much though; she was a big runner from what my aunt has told me, she was ingenious at escaping yards and any kennels she encountered, which is why my grandpa was so ingenious about keeping dogs in the yard when he needed to. When we had her there was a large pen enclosing half the yard with walls shaped at the top so that she couldn't escape.
Corgi was a yappy little guy but I adored him. He wasn't fond of other dogs aside from Heidi but he was great with people. He wasn't quite as skilled as Heidi with escaping but he was still smart in his own right and affectionate with me. He was good company when I needed someone to play with when I was a kid since I didn't have many friends, and would always try to herd me and other family members to where he wanted us to go.
haopee
BACON of Light
Our first dog was a black and brown mutt who my mom got from a neighbor. Two decades ago, my mom left at about 2 pm at the afternoon and when she came back, she was carrying a little puppy with her. She told me that it was my dog and I was in cloud 9.
I gave her the name Apple... why I did so is not something I can recall. Apple lived for about 12 years- quite a long time for the average mutt. Sadly, I had not yet understood how dogs lived back then. Most of the time she was chained because we didn't have a house of her own. I visited her daily but I knew she wanted to be free. She was a gentle girl and she loved it when I sneak in treats for her to enjoy... she wasn't vaccinated, spayed nor was she dewormed. I didn't know the importance of it back then. She was strong and sturdy 'til the very end.
Goldfinch7
South Wales, UK
My first every family dog was a little Yorkie (rescued from Battersea Dogs Home) who suffered from Brittle Bone disease and lost a leg when it broke and wouldn't heal. He was a fiesty, playful, typical Yorkie and we loved him so much. He had to be helped on his way when he broke another leg that wouldn't heal and couldn't afford to loose a second leg, I think he was around 12 then - possibly older.
As a young boy I passed a dachshund kennels on my way home from school. I used to stop regularly at the kennels and chat to the owner about the dogs. I saved all my pocket money and eventually managed to buy one, called "Chicko" (that was the name already given by the kennels). We lived on a houseboat and my parents didn't have a lot of money. They said that I would have to return him. I didn't want to do that, so I left a note saying that I was "going away". I walked off with the dog, not sure where to go (my grandfather's?). My mother caught me up and we had a long discussion. It was finally agreed that I would give up all my pocket money to pay for the dog's food. At school, every time we had "free composition" I would write a new story about Chicko and an adventure I created for him.
We kept him for a number of years. Sadly, he was finally stolen by a schizopheniac who apparently drowned him (I'd prefer not to go into details about that part).
Oct 10, 2013 Original Poster
So sorry to hear about Chicko LPC, what a sad ending for the dog. At least you gave him a few good years of love and caring.
My family had Spotty a Dalmatian and Wolfie a German Shepherd Rottweiler mix when I was growing up. Wonderful dogs however we lost both to cancer a month apart when they were both 12 years old.
Happyflowerlady
Dog Mother
Northern Alabama
My parents had an older Collie when I was very young, and I loved Bonzo, but when I was about 12-13, I got my own dog. His name was Jet, and he was a purebred Labrador Retriever.
I had gone to spend that night with a close friend, and she acne I went to the high school football game that nite. At mid time, they had a drawing and gave away a purebred puppy from a local doctor, who also raised Labrador Retrievers. Out of all the people in the audience, they happened to pick the ticket that my friend Sheila had, and she (in total shock) went down to claim her new puppy , while saying that her folks were never going to let her keep it.
She was absolutely right, and her parents sent the puppy home with me. After that, Jet went everywhere, and his main happiness in life was running ahead of the horses when Sheila and I went riding.
I had him for many years, and he was one of the smartest dogs I have ever had.
InfectedMeatDuck
My first dog was a 4 week old miniature pinscher I got from a pet store. I know pet stores get their dogs from puppy mills and all but I was young at that time and my parents took most of the care. Unfortunately, he passed away a week after we got him. I miss him


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            /* ~Simple table~ */

            /* Messaging */
            .messaging{padding-top: 5px;}
            .messaging .itemIn,.messaging .itemOut{margin: 5px 0px 10px 0px; clear: left; position: relative;}
                .messaging .itemIn .text,.messaging .itemOut .text{padding: 7px 8px; border: 1px solid #d5d5d5; background-color: #FFF; margin-right: 70px; font-size: 11px; color: #333; line-height: 17px;
                    -moz-border-radius: 3px;-webkit-border-radius: 3px;-o-border-radius: 3px;-ms-border-radius: 3px;border-radius: 3px;}
                    .messaging .itemOut .text{margin: 0px 0px 0px 70px;}
                        .messaging .itemOut .text .info,
                        .messaging .itemIn .text .info{ margin-bottom: 5px;}
                            .messaging .itemOut .text .info .name,
                            .messaging .itemIn .text .info .name{ float: left; font-size: 11px; color: #005580; font-weight: bold; }
                            .messaging .itemOut .text .info .name{color: #333;}
                            .messaging .itemOut .text .info .date,
                            .messaging .itemIn .text .info .date{ float: right; font-size: 11px; color: #999; }
                .messaging .itemIn .image,.messaging .itemOut .image{position: absolute; display: block; right: 0px; top: 0px;}
                    .messaging .itemOut .image{right: auto; left: 0px;}
                .messaging .controls{margin-top: 20px; text-align: right;}
                    .messaging .controls .control{ padding: 0; marign: 0; display: block; padding-right: 10px;}
                        .messaging .controls .control textarea{width: 100%; padding: 4px; font-size: 11px;}

            /* Messaging */

            .row-form{border-bottom: 1px solid #DDD; border-top: 1px solid white; padding: 19px 16px; vertical-align: baseline;}
            .row-form:last-child{border-bottom: 0px;}
            .row-form:first-child{border-top: 0px;}
                .row-form [class^="span"]{line-height: 30px;}
                    .row-form input[type="text"],
                    .row-form input[type="password"],
                    .row-form textarea{ width: 100%; font-size: 11px; color: #454545; padding: 0px 7px 0px; border: 1px solid #D7D7D7;
                        box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; -moz-box-sizing: border-box; -ms-box-sizing: border-box;
                        display: inline-block; background: #FDFDFD; height: 26px; margin: 0px; line-height: 24px;
                    }
                    .row-form input[type="text"].input-mini,.row-form input[type="password"].input-mini{width: 50px;}
                    .row-form input[type="text"].input-small,.row-form input[type="password"].input-small{width: 90px;}
                    .row-form input[type="text"].input-medium,.row-form input[type="password"].input-medium{width: 150px;}
                    .row-form input[type="text"].input-large,.row-form input[type="password"].input-large{width: 210px;}
                    .row-form input[type="text"].input-xlarge,.row-form input[type="password"].input-xlarge{width: 270px;}
                    .row-form input[type="text"].input-xxlarge,.row-form input[type="password"].input-xxlarge{width: 530px;}

                    .row-form textarea{min-height: 100px;}

                    .row-form select{margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; color: #666; padding: 7px 5px 6px 5px; display: inline-block; line-height: 11px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; width: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 100%;
                                    background: #FFF;
                                    background: -moz-linear-gradient(center bottom , #EEE 0%, white 50%);
                                    background: -webkit-gradient(linear, center bottom, center bottom, color-stop(0%,#EEE), color-stop(50%,#FFF));
                                    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(center bottom, #EEE 0%,#FFF 50%);
                                    background: -o-linear-gradient(center bottom, #EEE 0%,#FFF 50%);
                                    background: -ms-linear-gradient(center bottom, #EEE 0%,#FFF 50%);
                                    background: linear-gradient(center bottom, #EEE 0%,#FFF 50%);
                                    filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#EEEEEE', endColorstr='#FFFFFF',GradientType=0 );
                    }
                        .row-form select optgroup{border-left: 1px solid #AAA; border-right: 1px solid #AAA;}
                        .row-form select option{padding: 3px;}

                    .row-form select[multiple]{min-height: 100px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px; background: none; background-color: #FFF;}
                    .row-form .select2-container,.select2-results{font-size: 11px;}
                    .row-form label.inline{font-size: 11px;}
                    .radio.inline, .checkbox.inline{padding-top: 0px;}

            .row-form span{font-size: 11px; color: #666;}

            .row-form input[type="checkbox"],
            .row-form input[type="radio"]{margin-left: 0px;}

            .formErrorContent{line-height: 19px !important;}

            .scrollBox{padding-right: 0px;}
            .scroll{overflow: hidden;}

        /* ~BOXES~ */

        /* ~USERS LIST~ */
        .users{position: relative; padding-left: 0px !important;}
            .users .item{clear: both; border-bottom: 1px solid #E4E8ED; padding: 8px 10px; position: relative; cursor: pointer;}
                .users .item:hover{background-color: #EDF1F5;}
                .users .item:last-child{border-bottom: 0px;}
            .users .item .image{position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 8px;}
            .users .item .info{padding-left: 42px; line-height: 32px;}
                .users .item .info a{font-size: 11px; color: #005580; font-weight: bold;}
                .users .item .info span{font-size: 11px; color: #738392; position: absolute; top: 8px; left: 50%;}
                .users .item .info span.text{left: auto; right: 10px; color: #333; font-weight: bold;}
                    .users .item .info .controls{position: absolute; right: 10px; top: 10px; opacity: 0.5;}
                        .users .item .info .controls:hover{opacity: 0.8;}
        /* ~USERS LIST~ */

        /* ACCORDION */
        .ui-accordion .ui-accordion-header{background-color: #F2F2F2; padding: 8px 10px 8px 30px; font-size: 12px; color: #005580; font-weight: bold; border: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid #E4E8ED;}
        .ui-accordion .ui-state-hover{background-color: #ededed;}
            .ui-accordion .ui-widget-content:last-child{box-shadow: none;}
            .ui-accordion .ui-accordion-header:last-child{border-bottom: 0px; box-shadow: none;}

        /* DIALOG */

        .dialog{ padding: 10px 0px 10px 10px !important; }
            .dialog .block{border: 0px; padding: 0px; padding-right: 10px; background: transparent; }

            .dialog .block input[type="text"],
                    .dialog .block input[type="password"],
                    .dialog .block textarea{ width: 100%; font-size: 11px; color: #454545; padding: 7px 7px 5px; border: 1px solid #D7D7D7;
                        box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; -moz-box-sizing: border-box; -ms-box-sizing: border-box;
                        display: inline-block; background: #FDFDFD; height: 26px; margin: 0px;
                    }
                    .dialog .block textarea{min-height: 100px;}

        /* SLIDER */
            .amount{line-height: 17px; font-size: 11px; color: #5A799C;}

        /* SIMPLE LIST */

            .sList{list-style: none; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;}
                .sList li{display: block; padding: 8px 10px 6px; background-color: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: 1px solid #E4E8ED; border-top: 1px solid #FFF; cursor: pointer;}
                .sList li:hover{background-color: #F9F9F9;}
                .sList .placeholder{background-color: #fff8c4; height: 20px }

        /* LIST */
            .withList{padding-top: 5px;}
            ul.list{list-style: none; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;}
                ul.list li{padding: 8px 5px 8px 45px; color: #333; border-top: 1px solid #FFF; border-bottom: 1px solid #D9D9D9; position: relative;}
                    ul.list li:first-child{border-top: 0px;}
                    ul.list li:last-child{border-bottom: 0px;}
                    ul.list li span.date{font-size: 11px; color: #666; display: block; position: absolute; left: 5px; top: 5px; width: 30px; line-height: 12px; text-align: center;}
                        ul.list li span.date b{color: #2E801E; display: block;}
        /* LIST */
        .block .footer,
        .block-fluid .footer{background-color: #F2F2F2; border-top: 1px solid #DAE1E8; padding: 5px 5px 4px; text-align: right; margin-top: 5px;}

        /* SORTABLE TABLES*/
        .dataTable{float: left;}

        .table-sorting{padding: 0px; position: relative; font-size: 12px; background-color: #FFF;}
        .table-sorting .dataTables_wrapper{float: left; width: 100%;}
            .table-sorting .dataTables_length{font-size: 11px; color: #333; line-height: 16px; width: 150px; float: left; padding: 5px;}
                .table-sorting .dataTables_length label,
                .table-sorting .dataTables_filter label{font-size: 11px; color: #333; padding: 0px; line-height: 16px; height: auto; margin: 0px;}
                    .table-sorting .dataTables_length label select{padding: 3px 2px 3px 5px; font-size: 11px; color: #333; width: auto; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px;}
            .table-sorting .dataTables_filter{font-size: 11px; color: #333; line-height: 16px; width: 150px; float: right; padding: 5px;}
                .table-sorting .dataTables_filter label input[type="text"]{font-size: 11px; padding: 3px 2px 3px 5px; color: #333; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; width: 100px; height: 15px;}

            .table-sorting .table{border-top: 1px solid #DDD; border-bottom: 1px solid #DDD;}
            .table-sorting .table td.dataTables_empty{font-size: 11px; text-align: center; color: #333;}

            .table-sorting .dataTables_info{float: left; font-size: 11px; color: #333; padding: 8px 10px; line-height: 16px;}
            .table-sorting .dataTables_paginate{padding: 5px 5px; text-align: right; float: right;}
                .table-sorting .dataTables_paginate a.paginate_disabled_previous,
                .table-sorting .dataTables_paginate a.paginate_disabled_next,
                .table-sorting .dataTables_paginate a.paginate_button,
                .table-sorting .paginate_enabled_next,
                .table-sorting .paginate_active,
                .table-sorting .paginate_enabled_previous{padding: 3px 5px; margin-left: 3px; font-size: 11px; color: #333;
                                                            border: 1px solid #DDD;
                                                            background: #F1F1F1;
                                                            background: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #F9F9F9 0%, #F1F1F1 100%);
                                                            background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0%,#F9F9F9), color-stop(100%,#F1F1F1));
                                                            background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #F9F9F9 0%,#F1F1F1 100%);
                                                            background: -o-linear-gradient(top, #F9F9F9 0%,#F1F1F1 100%);
                                                            background: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #F9F9F9 0%,#F1F1F1 100%);
                                                            background: linear-gradient(top, #F9F9F9 0%,#F1F1F1 100%);
                                                            filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#F9F9F9', endColorstr='#F1F1F1',GradientType=0 );
                                                          text-decoration: none;
                                                          cursor: pointer;
                                                         }

                .table-sorting .paginate_active{color: #fff;
                                                            border: 1px solid #416C9B;
                                                            background: #416C9B;
                                                            background: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #5B7EA4 0%, #416C9B 100%);
                                                            background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0%,#5B7EA4), color-stop(100%,#416C9B));
                                                            background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #5B7EA4 0%,#416C9B 100%);
                                                            background: -o-linear-gradient(top, #5B7EA4 0%,#416C9B 100%);
                                                            background: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #5B7EA4 0%,#416C9B 100%);
                                                            background: linear-gradient(top, #5B7EA4 0%,#416C9B 100%);
                                                            filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#5B7EA4', endColorstr='#416C9B',GradientType=0 );
                                                         }

                .table-sorting .dataTables_paginate .paginate_enabled_next:hover,
                .table-sorting .dataTables_paginate a.paginate_button:hover,
                .table-sorting .dataTables_paginate .paginate_enabled_previous:hover{box-shadow: inset 0 1px 3px #ccc,0 1px 0 white; color: #666;}

                .table-sorting .dataTables_paginate a.paginate_disabled_previous,
                .table-sorting .dataTables_paginate a.paginate_button_disabled,
                .table-sorting .dataTables_paginate a.paginate_disabled_next{cursor: default; color: #ccc;}

                .table-sorting .dataTables_paginate a.paginate_button_disabled:hover{box-shadow: none; color: #ccc;}

            .table-sorting .sorting_asc{background: url('../img/datatable/sort_asc.png') no-repeat center right; cursor: pointer;}
            .table-sorting .sorting_desc{background: url('../img/datatable/sort_desc.png') no-repeat center right; cursor: pointer;}
            .table-sorting .sorting{background: url('../img/datatable/sort_both.png') no-repeat center right; cursor: pointer;}
            .table-sorting .sorting_asc_disabled{background: url('../img/datatable/sort_asc_disabled.png') no-repeat center right;}
            .table-sorting .sorting_desc_disabled{background: url('../img/datatable/sort_desc_disabled.png') no-repeat center right;}

            /* ~GALLERY~ */

            .block.gallery a{display: inline-block;}
            .block.thumbs .thumbnail{width: 210px; display: inline-block;}

            /* ~GALLERY~ */

            /* ~WIDGETS~ */

            .sOrders{padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-size: 12px; position: relative; background-color: #F9F9F9;}
                .sOrders tr{border-bottom: 1px solid #E4E8ED; border-top: 1px solid #FFF;}
                .sOrders tbody tr:nth-child(2n+1){background-color: #FFF;}
                .sOrders tbody tr:last-child{border-bottom: 0px;}
                .sOrders tfoot tr{border-top: 1px solid #E4E8ED;}
                    .sOrders th{padding: 5px; font-size: 11px; color: #666; border-right: 1px solid #E4E8ED; text-align: left; background-color: #F1F1F1;}
                    .sOrders td{padding: 5px; border-right: 1px solid #E4E8ED;}
                        .sOrders td a{color: #005580;}
                        .sOrders td span{display: block;}
                            .sOrders td span.date{color: #2E801E; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;}
                            .sOrders td span.time{color: #999; text-align: center; font-size: 11px;}
                            .sOrders td span.price{color: #772E2C; font-weight: bold;}
                    .sOrders th:last-child, .sOrders td:last-child{border-right: 0px;}

            /* ~WIDGETS~ */

            /* ~WIDGET BUTTONS ~*/

            .widgetButtons{border: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 5px 0px;}
                .widgetButtons .bb{border: 1px solid #D5D5D5; padding: 5px; margin-top: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; margin-left: 5px; position: relative;
                                   -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 0 5px #D5D5D5; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 5px #D5D5D5; box-shadow: inset 0 0 5px #D5D5D5; background-color: #FFF; display: inline-block;}

            .widgetButtons .bb:first-child{margin: 0px;}
                .widgetButtons .bb a span[class^=ibb]{opacity: 0.8;}

            .widgetButtons .bb > a{display: block; float: left; padding: 20px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px;}

            .widgetButtons .bb a{
                color: #FFF;
                border: 1px solid #416C9B;
                background: #416C9B;
                background: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #5B7EA4 0%, #416C9B 100%);
                background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0%,#5B7EA4), color-stop(100%,#416C9B));
                background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #5B7EA4 0%,#416C9B 100%);
                background: -o-linear-gradient(top, #5B7EA4 0%,#416C9B 100%);
                background: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #5B7EA4 0%,#416C9B 100%);
                background: linear-gradient(top, #5B7EA4 0%,#416C9B 100%);
                filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#5B7EA4', endColorstr='#416C9B',GradientType=0 );
                -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #222, 0px 1px 0 #7797ba inset;
                -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #222, 0px 1px 0 #7797ba inset;
                box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #222, 0px 1px 0 #7797ba inset;
            }

            .widgetButtons .gray a,.wBlock.gray{
                color: #333;
                border: 1px solid #D9D9D9;
                background: #E5E5E5;
                background: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #F9F9F9 0%, #E5E5E5 100%);
                background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0%,#F9F9F9), color-stop(100%,#E5E5E5));
                background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #F9F9F9 0%,#E5E5E5 100%);
                background: -o-linear-gradient(top, #F9F9F9 0%,#E5E5E5 100%);
                background: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #F9F9F9 0%,#E5E5E5 100%);
                background: linear-gradient(top, #F9F9F9 0%,#E5E5E5 100%);
                filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#F9F9F9', endColorstr='#E5E5E5',GradientType=0 );
                -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #B5B5B5, 0px 1px 0 #FFF inset;
                -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #B5B5B5, 0px 1px 0 #FFF inset;
                box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #B5B5B5, 0px 1px 0 #FFF inset;
            }

            .widgetButtons .yellow a,.wBlock.yellow{
                border: 1px solid #D6AB00;
                background: #ECB200;
                background: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #F7CE00 0%, #ECB200 100%);
                background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0%,#F7CE00), color-stop(100%,#ECB200));
                background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #F7CE00 0%,#ECB200 100%);
                background: -o-linear-gradient(top, #F7CE00 0%,#ECB200 100%);
                background: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #F7CE00 0%,#ECB200 100%);
                background: linear-gradient(top, #F7CE00 0%,#E5E5E5 100%);
                filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#F7CE00', endColorstr='#ECB200',GradientType=0 );
                -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #D39E00, 0px 1px 0 #FFEB89 inset;
                -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #D39E00, 0px 1px 0 #FFEB89 inset;
                box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #D39E00, 0px 1px 0 #FFEB89 inset;
            }

            .widgetButtons .red a, .wBlock.red{
                border: 1px solid #AF2D1C;
                background: #CB2C1A;
                background: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #D96D3A 0%, #CB2C1A 100%);
                background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0%,#D96D3A), color-stop(100%,#CB2C1A));
                background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #D96D3A 0%,#CB2C1A 100%);
                background: -o-linear-gradient(top, #D96D3A 0%,#CB2C1A 100%);
                background: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #D96D3A 0%,#CB2C1A 100%);
                background: linear-gradient(top, #D96D3A 0%,#CB2C1A 100%);
                filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#D96D3A', endColorstr='#CB2C1A',GradientType=0 );
                -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #AF2D1C, 0px 1px 0 #FC9E76 inset;
                -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #AF2D1C, 0px 1px 0 #FC9E76 inset;
                box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #AF2D1C, 0px 1px 0 #FC9E76 inset;
            }

            .widgetButtons .green a, .wBlock.green{
                border: 1px solid #677C13;
                background: #829E18;
                background: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #ADC800 0%, #829E18 100%);
                background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0%,#ADC800), color-stop(100%,#829E18));
                background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #ADC800 0%,#829E18 100%);
                background: -o-linear-gradient(top, #ADC800 0%,#829E18 100%);
                background: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #ADC800 0%,#829E18 100%);
                background: linear-gradient(top, #ADC800 0%,#829E18 100%);
                filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#ADC800', endColorstr='#829E18',GradientType=0 );
                -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #677C13, 0px 1px 0 #DEF92F inset;
                -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #677C13, 0px 1px 0 #DEF92F inset;
                box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #677C13, 0px 1px 0 #DEF92F inset;
            }

            .widgetButtons .blue a, .wBlock.blue{
                border: 1px solid #7E8FC4;
                background: #73A4D9;
                background: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #90C2EE 0%, #73A4D9 100%);
                background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0%,#90C2EE), color-stop(100%,#73A4D9));
                background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #90C2EE 0%,#73A4D9 100%);
                background: -o-linear-gradient(top, #90C2EE 0%,#73A4D9 100%);
                background: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #90C2EE 0%,#73A4D9 100%);
                background: linear-gradient(top, #90C2EE 0%,#73A4D9 100%);
                filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#90C2EE', endColorstr='#73A4D9',GradientType=0 );
                -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #7E8FC4, 0px 1px 0 #B2DBFF inset;
                -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #7E8FC4, 0px 1px 0 #B2DBFF inset;
                box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #7E8FC4, 0px 1px 0 #B2DBFF inset;
            }

            .widgetButtons .bb a:active{
                -moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 1px #444 inset;
                -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 1px #444 inset;
                box-shadow: 0px 0px 1px #444 inset;
            }

            .widgetButtons .bb .caption{position: absolute; right: -5px; top: -5px; font-size: 11px; display: block; padding: 2px 2px; line-height: 13px;
                                        -moz-border-radius: 3px; -webkit-border-radius: 3px; border-radius: 3px; background-color: #416C9B; color: #FFF; border: 1px solid #416C9B;}

            .widgetButtons .bb .caption.gray{color: #333; border: 1px solid #D9D9D9; background: #E5E5E5;}
            .widgetButtons .bb .caption.yellow{ border: 1px solid #D6AB00; background: #ECB200; }
            .widgetButtons .bb .caption.red{ border: 1px solid #AF2D1C; background: #CB2C1A; }
            .widgetButtons .bb .caption.green{ border: 1px solid #677C13; background: #829E18; }
            .widgetButtons .bb .caption.blue{ border: 1px solid #7E8FC4; background: #73A4D9; }

            /* ~WIDGET BUTTONS ~*/

            /* ~Table users list~ */

            .listUsers{position: relative;}
                .listUsers .actions{margin: 5px 0px 0px 0px; text-align: center;}
                .listUsers .user{font-weight: bold;}
                .listUsers .about{margin: 0px;}
                .listUsers .info{margin: 0px; font-weight: bold;}
                    .listUsers .info .green{color: #2E801E;}
                    .listUsers .info .grey{color: #666;}
                    .listUsers .info .red{color: #772E2C;}

            /* ~Table users list~ */

            /* block widget */
                .wBlock{position: relative; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 5px 5px;
                        color: #FFF;
                        background: #416C9B;
                        background: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #5B7EA4 0%, #416C9B 100%);
                        background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0%,#5B7EA4), color-stop(100%,#416C9B));
                        background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #5B7EA4 0%,#416C9B 100%);
                        background: -o-linear-gradient(top, #5B7EA4 0%,#416C9B 100%);
                        background: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #5B7EA4 0%,#416C9B 100%);
                        background: linear-gradient(top, #5B7EA4 0%,#416C9B 100%);
                        filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#5B7EA4', endColorstr='#416C9B',GradientType=0 );
                        -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #222, 0px 1px 0 #7797ba inset;
                        -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #222, 0px 1px 0 #7797ba inset;
                        box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #222, 0px 1px 0 #7797ba inset;
                }

                    .wBlock .wSpace{background-color: #FFF; padding: 0px 5px; margin: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px;
                                    -moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 2px #999 inset; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 2px #999 inset; box-shadow: 0px 0px 2px #999 inset;}
                    .wBlock .dSpace{ margin: 5px 0px 0px; background-color: #365B85; padding: 3px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; float: left;
                                    -moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 2px #222 inset; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 2px #222 inset; box-shadow: 0px 0px 2px #222 inset; width: 45%; min-width: 82px; min-height: 72px;}

                    .wBlock .rSpace{width: 45%; float: right; margin: 5px 0px 0px;}

                    .menu .wBlock{margin-bottom: 0px;}

                    .wBlock.auto{ width: auto; margin-right: 20px; float: left;}
                        .wBlock.auto .dSpace,
                        .wBlock.auto .rSpace{width: auto;}

                        .wBlock .dSpace h3,
                        .wBlock .rSpace h3{margin: 2px 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: center; color: #c7e3fc; font-weight: normal; line-height: 14px;
                                           -moz-text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #333; -webkit-text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #333; text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #333;}
                        .wBlock .dSpace span,
                        .wBlock .rSpace span{display: block; text-align: center; color: #FFF; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;
                                            -moz-text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #333; -webkit-text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #333; text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #333;}
                            .wBlock .dSpace span.number{font-size: 30px; color: #FFF; font-weight: bold; line-height: 32px;}
                            .wBlock .dSpace span b,
                            .wBlock .rSpace span b{font-weight: normal; color: #c7e3fc;}
                        .wBlock .rSpace h3{text-align: left;}
                        .wBlock .rSpace span{text-align: left; margin-top: 2px;}

                        .wBlock.gray .dSpace{background-color: #555;}
                            .wBlock.gray .dSpace h3{color: #F5F5F5;}
                            .wBlock.gray .rSpace span,
                            .wBlock.gray .rSpace span b{color: #000; -moz-text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #FFF; -webkit-text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #FFF; text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #FFF;}
                            .wBlock.gray .rSpace span b{color: #555;}

                        .wBlock.green .dSpace{background-color: #677C12;}
                        .wBlock.yellow .dSpace{background-color: #9B7503;}
                        .wBlock.red .dSpace{background-color: #7F1C0F;}
                        .wBlock.blue .dSpace{background-color: #4A82BA;}

                        .wBlock.green .dSpace h3,
                        .wBlock.green .rSpace span b{color: #FFF;}

                        .wBlock.yellow .dSpace h3,
                        .wBlock.yellow .rSpace span b{color: #FFFCD6;}

                        .wBlock.red .dSpace h3,
                        .wBlock.red .rSpace span b{color: #FFE3E2;}

                        .wBlock.blue .dSpace h3,
                        .wBlock.blue .rSpace span b{color: #FFF;}

                        .wBlock.yellow .rSpace span,
                        .wBlock.green .rSpace span,
                        .wBlock.red .rSpace span,
                        .wBlock.blue .rSpace span{color: #FFF;}

            /* block widget */

            /* ~icons box~ */
            .the-icons{padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none;}
            .the-icons li{width: 25%; float: left; padding: 5px 0px;}
            /* ~icons box~ */

            /* ~Uploader~ */
            .plupload_header{display: none;}
            .plupload_container{padding: 0px;}
            .plupload_scroll .plupload_filelist{background-color: #F9F9F9;}
            .plupload_filelist_header, .plupload_filelist_footer{background-color: #F1F1F1;}

            /* ~Uploader~ */

            /* ~User profile~ */
            .ucard{border-top: 1px solid #CCC; position: relative; background: transparent; border: 0px;}
                .ucard .left{position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 10px;  text-align: right;}
                    .ucard .left h4{margin-top: 0px; font-size: 14px; color: #365B85; -moz-text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #FFFFFF; -webkit-text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #FFFFFF; text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #FFFFFF;}
                    .ucard .left .image{margin-bottom: 10px;}
                        .ucard .left .control{text-align: left; list-style: none; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;}
                            .ucard .left .control li a{color: #333; font-size: 11px;}
                .ucard .info{position: relative; margin-left: 130px;}
                    ul.rows{list-style: none; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;}
                        ul.rows li{padding: 8px 0px; position: relative; border: 1px solid #D9D9D9;border-top-color: #FFF; background-color: #F9F9F9;}
                            ul.rows li:first-child{border-top: 0px;}
                            ul.rows li:nth-child(2n){background-color: #F2F2F2;}
                                ul.rows li.heading{background: url("../img/backgrounds/menu-item.jpg") repeat-x scroll left top transparent; color: #FFF; padding-left: 10px; -moz-text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #333; -webkit-text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #333; text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #333;}
                                ul.rows li .title{width: 120px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 8px; color: #999;}
                                ul.rows li .text{margin-left: 120px;}
                                ul.rows li span[class^='icon']{margin-top: -1px;}
            /* ~User profile~ */

            /* ~Stream~ */
            .stream{position: relative;}
                .stream .item{border-bottom: 1px solid #E4E8ED; border-top: 1px solid #FFF; position: relative;}
                    .stream .item .image{position: absolute; width: 60px; padding: 5px 0px 5px 0px; left: 0px; top: 0px;}
                    .stream .item .info{margin: 5px 5px 5px 70px; font-size: 11px;}
                        .stream .item .info .name{font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold;}
                        .stream .item .info .title{color: #555; margin-bottom: 5px;}
                            .stream .item .info .title span{margin: 0px!important;}
                        .stream .item .info .actions{text-align: right; margin: 5px 0px 0px;}
                            .stream .item .info .actions a{color: #333; margin-left: 5px; opacity: 0.8;}
                            .stream .item .info .actions a:hover{opacity: 1;}
                                .stream .item .info .actions a span{margin: 0px !important;}

                        .text.gallery a{margin: 3px 3px 3px 0px;}
                        .text.friends a{font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 5px 3px 0px;}

                    .stream .answer{position: relative; padding-bottom: 5px;}
                        .stream .answer .arrow{background: url('../img/textarea_top_arrow.png') left top no-repeat transparent; position: absolute; left: 50%; top: -9px; width: 17px; height: 12px;}
                        .stream .answer .textarea{ padding-right: 16px;}
                            .stream .answer .textarea textarea{font-size: 11px; width: 100%;}
                        .stream .answer .actions{text-align: right;}

                .stream .item:first-child{border-top: 0px;}
                .stream .item:last-child{border-bottom: 0px;}
            /* ~Stream~ */

            /* ~Bootstrap modal~ */
            .modal{background-color: #F9F9F9;}
            .modal div[class^='block']{background: transparent; border: 0px;}
            .modal div[class^='row']{margin: 0px;}
                .modal .dr{margin: 5px 0px;}
                .modal .row-form{padding: 10px 15px;}
            /* ~Bootstrap modal~ */

            /* simple navigation */
            .sNavigation{position: relative; border: 1px solid #D5D5D5; margin-bottom: 20px;}
                .sNavigation ul{list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;}
                    .sNavigation ul li{background: #F2F2F2; border-top: 1px solid #FCFCFC; border-bottom: 1px solid #E4E8ED; position: relative;}
                        .sNavigation ul li a{display: block; padding: 8px 10px; font-size: 11px; color: #333; outline: none;}
                        .sNavigation ul li span.arrow{display: none; width: 12px; height: 17px; background: url('../img/menu-arrow-right.png') left top no-repeat; position: absolute; right: -12px; top: 10px;}
                            .sNavigation ul li a span{margin: -1px 0px 0px;}
                            .sNavigation ul li:hover a,
                            .sNavigation ul li.active a{background: #EDEDED; text-decoration: none;}
                            .sNavigation ul li.active span.arrow{display: block;}
                    .sNavigation ul li:first-child{border-top: 0px;}
                    .sNavigation ul li:last-child{border-bottom: 0px;}

            /* simple navigation */

            /* Toolbar */
            .toolbar{padding: 3px 5px 0px; position: relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #D5D5D5;}
                .toolbar .left{float: left; display: block;}
                .toolbar .right{float: right; display: block;}
                .toolbar .pagination{margin: 2px 0px 0px; line-height: 16px;}
                .nm{margin: 0px !important;}
            .bottom-toolbar{border-top: 1px solid #D5D5D5; border-bottom: 0px;}
            .nopadding-toolbar{padding: 0px;}
                .toolbar h4{background-color: #F1F1F1; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 10px;}
                .toolbar.clear{border: 0px;}
            /* Toolbar */

            /* ~Mails~ */

            .table .heading{background-color: #EDEDED !important; text-align: center; font-weight: bold; color: #333;}
                .table span[class^='icon']{margin-top: -1px;}
                .table .mails_container{display: none;}
                .table a{outline: none;}
            /* ~Mails~ */

            /* ~user short info~ */
            .ushort{text-align: right; position: relative;}
                .ushort > *{display: block; float: right; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 5px;}
                .ushort a{font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold;}
            /* ~user short info~ */

            /* ~uploads~ */
            .block.uploads,.block-fluid.uploads{position: relative;}
                .uploads .item{position: relative; padding-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 1px solid #D5D5D5;border-top: 1px solid #FFF;}
                .uploads .item:first-child{border-top: 0px;}
                .uploads .item:last-child{border-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;}
                    .uploads .item span[class^='icon']{margin-top: -1px;}
                    .uploads .item p{margin-bottom: 0px;}
                        .uploads .item .controls{position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; opacity: 0.8;}
                        .uploads .item .controls:hover{opacity: 1;}

            /* ~uploads~ */

/* ~Error pages~ */

    .errorPage{position: absolute; left: 50%; margin-left: -300px; width: 600px; text-align: center; top: 25%;}
        .errorPage .name{font-size: 220px; color: #ffffff; line-height: 190px; color/*|**/: #666;
                         text-shadow:0px 0px 0 rgb(232,232,232),1px 1px 0 rgb(217,217,217),2px 2px 0 rgb(203,203,203),3px 3px 0 rgb(188,188,188),4px 4px 0 rgb(173,173,173),5px 5px 0 rgb(158,158,158), 6px 6px 0 rgb(143,143,143),7px 7px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.2),7px 7px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0px 0px 6px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}
        .errorPage .description{font-size: 16px; color: #333; line-height: 30px; font-weight: bold;
                                -moz-text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #FFFFFF; -webkit-text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #FFFFFF; text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #FFFFFF;}
/* ~Error pages~ */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub