text:
allman-brothers-poster00753.blog5.net
The Ultimate Guide To Allman brothers band poster
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[168] "We positive didn't got down to become a "jam band" but those lengthy jams just emanated from throughout the band, since we didn't want to simply play a few minutes and become around," said Allman.[169] Rolling Stone referred towards the team as "without issue the primary great jam band, and they took the jam to heights that it experienced not Formerly achieved."[170] Legacy[edit]
The Allman Brothers Band returned to touring, participating in larger venues, getting extra revenue and dealing with less friendship, miscommunication, and spiraling drug challenges.[5][seventy nine] This culminated inside of a backstage brawl in the event the band played With all the Grateful Useless at Washington's RFK Stadium in June 1973, which resulted while in the firing of 3 with the band's longtime roadies.[eighty] The band played arenas and stadiums Virtually only as their drug use escalated. In 1974, the band was regularly creating $a hundred,000 per exhibit, and was renting the Starship, a tailored Boeing 720B employed by Led Zeppelin as well as the Rolling Stones.[eighty one] "When [we] received that goddamn aircraft, it absolutely was the beginning of the end," stated Allman.
Wipe the Home windows was a modest vendor, showing up since it did if the team's sales experienced currently fallen off, and it had been in contrast unfavorably Along with the famous Focus on At Fillmore East. The studio compilation passed with barely a ripple, however, mainly because most supporters already had the stuff on the original albums.
For almost all of the eighties, the team was on hiatus, when the individual members sorted out their personal and Expert situations. In the course of Individuals many years, Gregg introduced two solo albums and obtained some chart good results with "I'm No Angel," whilst Dickey introduced the critically acclaimed but rather overlooked Pattern Disruptive.
[12] The team experienced quick chemistry, and Duane's eyesight for the "distinctive" band — 1 with two lead guitarists and two drummers — commenced evolving.[twelve] In the meantime, Phil Walden, the supervisor from the late Otis Redding and a number of other other R&B acts, was planning to broaden into rock acts.[thirteen] FAME proprietor Rick Hall turned discouraged Using the team's recording strategies, and made available the tracks recorded as well as their contract to Walden and Jerry Wexler of Atlantic Documents, who procured them for $ten,000.[14] Walden meant the impending group to become the centerpiece of his new Atlantic-dispersed label, Capricorn.[15]
In 2012, the Allman Brothers started their very own music Competition, The Peach, which characteristics numerous connected functions and plenty of genres in addition to two Allman Brothers performances. They performed a run for the Beacon in 2013 for each tradition and after ongoing to tour.
[167] His listening of region and string bluegrass developing up affected this significantly: "I performed mandolin, ukulele, and fiddle right before I at any time touched a guitar, which can be exactly where a great deal of the main keys I Perform originate from."[166] He later on characterized their fashion as "query and answer, anticipation and conclusion," which associated permitting each musician's downbeat to arrive in a special place, although also holding thing to consider of the bass guitar lines. [168]
AllMusic praised the band's historical past: "they went from remaining The united states's single most influential band to your shell of their former self investing on previous glories, to reach the 21st century resurrected as The most revered rock functions of their period."[five]
Ironically, Brothers and Sisters was a much less demanding history compared to the team's before releases, with a comparatively laid-back again sound, relaxed as compared to the groundbreaking work on the team's former four albums. But all this hardly mattered; depending on the popularity they'd set up with their very first 4 albums, and the crowd-satisfying nature of "Ramblin' Male" along with the Dickey Betts-composed instrumental "Jessica," the team was enjoying more substantial halls and greater crowds than previously. A whole variety of Southern rock functions experienced began to make critical inroads into your charts in the wake of the Allman Brothers. Labels including MCA as well as Island Data started in search of this exact same viewers, signing acts like Lynyrd Skynyrd, .38 Specific and the Outlaws, respectively, among the others. For the first time since the mid-'50s, the heyday from the rockabilly period, A significant part of the nation was listening to rock & roll using a distinctly Southern twang. The band began showing cracks in 1974, as Gregg Allman and Dickey Betts both commenced solo Occupations, recording albums separately from your group. Allman married Cher (2 times), an event that set him up in a Hollywood-based mostly Way of living that developed a schism with the remainder of the band. They could have survived all this, but with the growing pressure in the associates' other own routines -- prescription drugs and Alcoholic beverages experienced constantly been a big Element of the lives of a lot of the customers, but since the strain and exhaustion of touring continued, coupled with the need to produce new audio, these indulgences started to get out of control. Furthermore, Betts' Management of your team made an extra pressure for him.
The band didn't document dig this their very first album until eventually after they'd labored their sound out within the road, taking part in seriously close to Florida and Ga. The self-titled debut album was a strong blues-rock album and among the greater showcases for guitar pyrotechnics inside of a 12 months with greater than its share, amid albums by Product, Blind Religion, the Jeff Beck Group, and Led Zeppelin. It did not promote fifty,000 copies on its Preliminary launch, but The Allman Brothers Band amazed Anyone who read it and practically Absolutely everyone who reviewed it.
The band reformed once more in 1989, releasing a string of latest albums and touring intensely. A number of staff variations in the late nineties was capped through the departure of Betts. The group identified steadiness through the 2000s with bassist Oteil Burbridge and guitarists Warren Haynes and Derek Vans (the nephew in their first drummer) and became renowned for their thirty day period-extended string of displays at New York City's Beacon Theatre Every spring. The band retired permanently in Oct 2014 just after their closing demonstrate with the Beacon Theatre.
They ended up all again together by 1978, nonetheless, and more than the next four a long time the group issued a considerably uneven number of albums. Enlightened Rogues (1979) considerably redeemed their reputations -- produced by Tom Dowd, who experienced normally managed to find the absolute best exercise of your group, it experienced more energy than any document they'd issued in at least six years. Additionally, it restored The 2-guitar lineup, courtesy of Dan Toler (from Great Southern, Dickey Betts' solo band), who was brought in when Chuck Leavell (coupled with Lamar Williams) selected to remain in Sea Degree. By that time, nonetheless, the Allmans were fighting against time and musical developments. Disco, punk, and energy pop experienced basically stolen the thunder within the arena functions epitomized via the Allmans; whatever curiosity they attracted was a make a difference of nostalgia for their before releases.
"In Memory of Elizabeth Reed" is undoubtedly an instrumental that showcases the band's powerful emphasis on improvisation and jazz.
In 1989, the band was reactivated all over again, partly owing to PolyGram's selection to challenge the four-CD box set retrospective Goals. That set, coupled with the reissue of their full Capricorn catalog on compact disc while in the a long time primary up for the box's release, reminded a lot of more mature listeners of the band's greatness, and introduced the group to millions of people much too younger to acquire existed for Watkins Glen, much less the Fillmore reveals.
[156] Even with this, the team has continued to remove itself through the phrase. "The problem I have is a good deal of people affiliate it with rednecks and rebel flags and backward mentality. That has never been representative on the Allman Brothers Band," stated guitarist Warren Haynes.[156]
The band eventually arrived aside in 1976 when Allman observed himself in the midst of the federal drug scenario versus a supplier and agreed to testify against a pal and band staff. Leavell, Johanson, and Williams split to variety Sea Degree, which turned a reasonably productive band, reducing four albums for Capricorn over another four yrs, even though Betts pursued a solo job. All of them vowed by no means to operate with Gregg Allman all over again.


Here you have all manuals of my Curtas in high quality PDF and JPG files. Also you can download from the Download Page.
Language: English, Format: PDF, Page size: A4, File size: 5.61 Mb.
This manual belongs to my Curta S/N 78223.
Rechenbeispiele für die CURTA Rechenmaschine.
Language: German/Deutsche, Format: PDF, Page size: A4, File size: 14.9 Mb.
This manual belongs to my Curta S/N 59504.
Instrucciones para el uso de la Curta.
Language: Spanish/Español, Format: PDF, Page size: A4, File size: 5.44 Mb.
This manual belongs to my Curta S/N 509872.
Language: English, Format: Two JPG images, Resolution: 2500 x 4430, File size: 1.32 Mb and 1.53 Mb.
Fold-out instructions for the usage of the Curta. Belongs to my Curta S/N 78223.
Mode d'emploi succinet pour la Machine à Calculer CURTA.
Language: French/Français, Format: Two JPG images, Resolution: 2500 x 4430, File size: 1.48 Mb and 1.73 Mb.
Fold-out instructions for the usage of the Curta. Belongs to my Curta S/N 59504.
Language: English, Format: PDF, Page size: A4, File size: 5.16 Mb.
Issued by Automatic Business Machines Limited of London. It shows general techniques of Curta usage as well as specific usage in business, engineering and mathematics fields. It was a gift sent to me with my Curta S/N 558449.
Language: English, Format: JPG image, Resolution: 5000 x 1629, File size: 1.53 Mb.
This table allows your Curta to make squate roots with a precision of 5 digit quickly. Also this is a gift with my Curta S/N 558449.
Language: English, Format: Two JPG images, Resolution: 1000 x 650, File size: 223 Kb and 225 Kb.
Original Curta Guarantee. Data removed at request of original owner. Belongs to my Curta S/N 509872.


text:
For publications, search in Knowledge Repository.
For other web content, search in the top-right search box
Home	Research	Researchers
Alam, Dr Munirul
Infectious Diseases Division
2011 - till date
Senior Scientist, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (icddr,b)
Professor (Adj.), School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Bangladesh
Senior Scientist and Coordinator of the Research Group: Diarrheal Disease epidemiology and Ecology, Centre for Communicable Diseases (CCD), icddr,b.
Senior Associate (Faculty), Department of international Health, Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA
Staff Scientist, Laboratory Sciences Division (LSD), International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (icddr,b)
Consultant Microbiologist, Laboratory Sciences Division (LSD), International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (icddr,b)
Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka University, Bangladesh
Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka University, Bangladesh
Lecturer, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka University, Bangladesh
Cholera prediction modeling (Molecular Epidemiology and Ecology), WASH and Safe Water Intervention, Climate change, Microbiome and Health (Metagenomics), Microbial Forensics (PFGE & Comparative Genomics) and Pathogenesis
International Advisory Panels/ Committee/and Leadership
Member National Research Council Committee for Microbial Forensics, The National Academies, USA. 2013-
Scientific Council Member (Senior): CFWD, icddr,b 2011-12
Member, The PulseNet Asia Pacific Vibrio Sub-committee, The PulseNet International.2009--
DiscussionLeaderof the Workshop U.S.A International Perspectives on Global Science Policy and Science Diplomacy, Washington, DC (Feb 25 – 26, 2011)
WHO TeamMemberof Cholera Experts on Mission in Ukraine (2011)
Advisorof 'Conference Proceedings Advisory Panel' "AIUB 1st Conference for Young Public Health Professionals" (November 29-30, 2014)
Lead:Research team Visiting the cholera affected areas of Orissa, India at the joint invitation of International Vaccine Institute (IVI) and Regional Medical Research Centre (RMRC), Bhubaneswar, India
Lead:Research team providing technical and scientific assistance on cholera management/control, centre for molecular dynamics (CMDN), Katmandu, Nepal
Technical Committee Member: North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
International Fellowship/ Society Membership (National/International)
Fellow, American Academy of Microbiology (Since 2013)
Visiting Fellow, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia (2011 -2014)
Member American Society for Microbiology (ASM) 1994-
Member Executive Committee, Bangladesh Society of Microbiologists (BSM) 2002-
President: Graduate Microbiologist Association of Bangladesh 1997-98
Convener Graduate Microbiologist Association of Bangladesh 1996-
Jt. General Secretary(Ex.): Bangladesh Society of Microbiologists
Life Member Bangladesh Society for Microbiologists
Life Member Graduate Microbiologist Association (GMA), Bangladesh
Life Member and former Cultural Secretary: Japanese University Alumni Association in Bangladesh (JUAAB)
Chair - Co-Chair of Scientific Sessions of International Conference/Workshop
Chair:Plenary Session:3rd Public Health Foundation Bangladesh (PHFBD) Day & Scientific Seminar held at Dhaka, Bangladesh (December 2015)
Chair:Plenary Session: International Symposium 'Science Needs for Microbial Forensics: Developing Initial International Roadmap', Zagreb, Croatia(October 13-16, 2013) Organized by The USA National Academies, The UK Royal Society, the International Unions of Microbiological Societies, &the Croatian Academy of Science.
Chair:of Scientific Session. The 10th Annual Scientific Conference of CVASU, Chittagong, Bangladesh (April 6, 2010)
Co-Chair:Scientific Session (Vibrio), The 7th PulseNet Asia Pacific Meeting. The Public Health Laboratory Center (PHLC), Hong Kong. (December 20 -22, 2010)
Editorial activities:
Editor, Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology (Since 1997)
Editor, Stamford University Journal of Microbiology (Since 2011)
Editor, Journal of Ancient Dis. & Preventive Remedies (2013)
Associate Editor, Frontiers in Microbiology Journal (Since 2013)
Associate Editor, Bioinfo Genetic Programming (Since 2012)
Dhaka University Academic Award for Securing First-Class with the First Position in Bachelor of Science (Hons.) Exams.
Dhaka University Book Award for Academic Feat in the Bachelor of Science Examinations.
Dhaka University scholarship for Academic Feat in Master of Science Examinations.
Dhaka Univ. Scholarship [waiver of all tuition fees for academic feat in all BS and MS Examinations].
Japanese Govt. Monbukagakusho Scholarship for Doctoral Studies (PhD) in Japan (1992-1996).
UNESCO-ASM Award for Post-Doctoral study in the University of MD, USA (1997)
UNESCO-German Govt. Award for Post-Doctoral study in German Institute of Biotech (GBF), Braunshweig, Germany (1997)
Science and Technology Agency Fellowship for Post-Doctoral Studies (PhD) in Japan
Book/ Encyclopaedia/ Workshop Report/Article:
Science Need for Microbial Forensics - Developing Initial International Research Priorities(2014). Co-author of Book; Publisher: The US National Academies Press (USA).
Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh:Author of the Vibrionaceae Family: Cyanobacteria Bacteria and Fungi. Publisher: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. (Volume 2, Page 157-159).
U.S. and International Perspectives on Global Science Policy and Science Diplomacy: Report of a Workshop. Publisher. The National Academies Press, USA, 2011
A Journey into the Invisible World of Microbes- Book (Bengali) Edited by Munirul Alam Publisher: icddr,b
Popular Article:'Climate Change and its Impact on Health' – Edited by Munirul Alam and KSB Mannan. Publisher: icddr,b, April 2010; Vol:18 Issue 3, Page 6-7.
Keynote, Invited/Guest Speaker & Discussion Leader:
Invited Speaker. The89th Japanese Society for Bacteriology Annual Conference, Osaka (March 23-25, 2016)
Invited Talk: 2nd International South Asian Biotechnology Conference 2016(Biotechnology for sustainable Development), Dhaka, December 25-26, 2016.
Invited Speaker:International Seminar at North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh (January 5, 2016)
Invited Keynote Speaker:Role of Biotechnology as Key to Achieving Sustainable Development Goals". Symposium jointly Organized by Dept. of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Shah Jalal University of Science and Technology (SUST) and the American Society for Microbiology (December 10, 2015)
Keynote Speaker: International Conference and 29th Annual General Meeting of the Bangladesh Society of Microbiologists, Bangladesh, December 26-28, 2015
Invited for Series Lectures:On Metagenomics for Bioinformatics, Organized by Bioinfo Research Group, Department of Statistics,Rajshahi University(December 6-7, 2015)
Invited Speaker:National Institutes of Infectious Diseases (NIID) International seminar on Infectious Diseases. Tokyo, Japan (January 22-23, 2015)
Keynote Speaker:International Biennial Conference "VIBRIO-2014" held in Edinburgh, UK (April 1-4, 2014)
Invited Speaker: US-Japan Cholera Conference, Dhaka, Bangladesh (February 12-13, 2014)
Invited Discussant:AIUB 1st Conference for Young Public Health Professionals, Dhaka (Nov. 29-30, 2014)
Guest Speaker:American International University of Bangladesh (September 19, 2014)
Invited Speaker:IV Advance Course WHO-GFN South America, Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 30-June 1, 2012
Guest Speaker:Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge Univ, UK (May 22, 2012)
Guest Speaker: Centre for Molecular Dynamics (CMDN) & Kantipur Medical College, Tribhuban University, Nepal (July 12, 2012)
Invited Speaker:US-Japan Cholera Conference,Kolkata, India (Dec. 13-15, 2011)
Invited Speaker:International Conference on Global Warming, Ras-Al Khaima, UAE, (March 2011)
Span Foundation Organized Post Graduate LectureforSouthGujarat University Students, Surat, India (July 4, 2011)
Invited Discussion Leader: US Global Science Policy (Science Diplomacy), US National Academy of SciencesWorkshop in Palomar Hotel, Washington DC (February 25-26, 2011)
Guest Speaker: University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia (May 25, 2010)
Guest Speaker: National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Japan (May 7, 2010)
Invited Speaker:US-Japan Cholera Conference (EID) Oberoi Hotel, Kolkata, India(April 6 - 9, 2009)
Keynote (Opening) Speaker:25th Annual Conference of the Bangladesh Society of Microbiologists, Bangladesh, July 3-4, 2009.
Guest Speaker: Stamford University, Dhaka, Bangladesh (August 17, 2009)
Keynote Speaker:Intl. Conference on Biotechnology held in Dhaka, Bangladesh 7-8 June 2008
Guest Speaker: National Institute of Health, Thailand. (July 22, 2008)
Guest Speaker: George Washington University, Washington DC., USA (Sep 18, 2007)
Guest Speaker: National Institute of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam (June 27, 2007)
Invited Speaker: US-Japan Cholera Conferenceat Gifu, Japan(November 5-7, 2006)
Guest Speaker: Centre for Disease Control, Beijing, China (December 23, 2006)
Guest Speaker: Shahjalal Science & Technol. Univ., Sylhet (April 27, 2006)
Guest Speaker: Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (December 11, 2005)
Oral Presenter of Paper in many National and International Scientific Conferences
PhD Thesis Students Supervised: 3 (Ongoing (1))
M Phil Thesis Students Supervised: 1
MS Thesis Students Supervised: 75
Selected publications include:
Choi, SY., Rashed, SM., Hasan, NA., Alam, M., Islam, T., Sadique, A., Johura, F, Eppinger, M., Ravel, J., Huq, A., Cravioto, A., and RR. Colwell. 2016. Phylogenetic diversity of Vibrio cholerae associated with Endemic Cholera in Mexico, 1991 – 2008. mBio. (In Press)
George, C. M., S. Monira, D. A. Sack, M. Rashid, K.M. S. Rahman, T. Mahmud, Z. Rahman, M. Mustafiz, S. I. Bhuyian, P. J. Winch, E. Leontsini, J. Perin, F. Begum, F. Zohura, S. Biswas, T. Parvin, X. Zhang, D. Jung, R. B. Sack, and M. Alam . 2016. Randomized Controlled Trial of Hospital-Based Hygiene and Water Treatment Intervention (CHoBI7) to Reduce Cholera. Emerg. infect. Dis. 22(2) February 2016.
George CM, Jung DS, Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Monira S, Sack DA, Rashid MU, Mahmud T, Mustafiz M, Rahman Z, Bhuyian SI, Winch PJ, Leontsini E, Perin J, Begum F, Zohura,F, Biswas S, Parvin T, Sack RB, Alam M. 2016. Sustained Uptake of a Hospital-Based Handwashing with Soap and Water Treatment Intervention (Cholera-Hospital-Based Intervention for 7 Days [CHoBI7]): A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Jan 4. pii: 15-0502. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 26728766.
Rahaman, H, Islam, T., R. Colwell & Alam, M. 2015. (Review article) Molecular tools in understanding evolution of Vibrio cholerae. Frontiers in Microbiol. published: 06 October 2015 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01040: p1-13
Alam, M.,S.M. Rashed, S. B. Mannan, T. Islam, M. L. Lizarraga-¬Partida, G. Delgado, R. Morales, J. L. Mendez, A. Navarro, H. Watanabe, M. Ohnishi, N. A. Hasan, A. Huq, R. B. Sack, R. R. Colwell, and A. Cravioto. 2014. Occurrence in Mexico, 1998 – 2008, of Vibrio cholerae CTX+ El Tor Carrying an Additional Truncated CTX Prophage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (PNAS) doi/10.1073/pnas.1323408111.
Sameer M. Dixit, F. Johura, S. Manandhar, A. Sadique, R. M. Rajbhandari, S. B. Mannan, M. Rashid, S. Islam, D. Karmacharya, H. Watanabe, R. B. Sack, A. Cravioto and M. Alam. 2014. Cholera outbreaks (2012) in three districts of Nepal reveal clonal transmission of multi-drug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1. BMC Infect. Dis. 07/2014; DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-392.
Rashed, S.M., A. Iqbal, S. B. Mannan, T. Islam, M. Rashid, F. Johura, H. Watanabe, N. A. Hasan, A. Huq, O.C. Stine, R. B. Sack, R. R. Colwell, and M. Alam. 2013. Isolation of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor and O139 Bengal carrying ctxBET, Bangladesh. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2013 October; 19(10): 1713–1715. Doi:10.3201/eid1910.130626.
Monira, S., S. Nakamura, K. Gotoh, K. Izutsu, H. Watanabe, N. H. Alam, T. Nakaya, T. Horii, S. I. Ali, T. Iida, and M. Alam. 2013. Metagenomic profile of gut microbiota in children during cholera and recovery. Gut Pathogens. 5(1):1. doi: 10.1186/1757-4749-5-1.
Hasan, N.A, S. Y. Choi, M. Eppinger, J. B. Prosper, P.W. Clark, M. Alam, E. Taviani, B. J. Haley, A. Chen, E. Hine, Q. Su, L. J. Tallon, K. Furth, M. M. Hoq, H. Li2, C. M. Fraser-Liggett, A Cravioto, A. Huq, J. Ravel, T. A. Cebula and R. R. Colwell. 2012. Genomic Diversity of 2010 Haitian Cholera Outbreak Strains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (PNAS).
Hasan, B., Drobni, P, Drobni, M, Alam, M, Olsen B. 2012. Dissemination of NDM-1. Lancet. Infect. Dis.12(2): 99-100.
Hasan, B, Sandegren, L., Melhus, Å., Drobni, M., Hernandez, J., Waldenström, J., Alam M, & Björn Olsen. 2012. Antibiotic Resistance and Extended Spectrum ß-lactamases in Escherichia coli from Wild Birds and Free-range Poultry in Bangladesh. Emerg. Infect. Dis. Vol. 18, No. 12, p2055-2058. December 2012.
Alam, M.,M. Sultana, G. B. Nair, A. K. Siddique, N. A. Hasan, R. B. Sack, D. A. Sack, K. U. Ahmed, A. Sadique, H. Watanabe, C. J. Grim, A. Huq, and R. R. Colwell. 2007. Viable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae O1 in biofilms in the aquatic environment and their role in cholera transmission. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (PNAS) 104:17801-6.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: pydub.AudioSegment.from_file not finding file Hi I am trying to use Google Web Speech API for Speech Recognition, I want to convert a audio file to text. I have been able to compile this code on my raspberry pi 4 but when I compile it on my Windows computer I get an error of file not found.
Here is the error:
File "C:/Users/pc/Desktop/py_scripts/omg.py", line 15, in <module>
    sound = pydub.AudioSegment.from_file('sample.mp3')
File "C:\Users\pc\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python38\lib\site-packages\pydub\audio_segment.py", line 651, in from_file
    file, close_file = _fd_or_path_or_tempfile(file, 'rb', tempfile=False)
File "C:\Users\pc\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python38\lib\site-packages\pydub\utils.py", line 60, in _fd_or_path_or_tempfile
    fd = open(fd, mode=mode)
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'sample.mp3'

And here is the code I been using:
import ffmpy, urllib, pydub

sound = pydub.AudioSegment.from_file('sample.mp3')
sound.export('sample.wav', format="wav")
sample_audio = sr.AudioFile('sample.wav')
print("audio saved")

r = sr.Recognizer()

r.energy_threshold = 500

with sample_audio as source:
    r.adjust_for_ambient_noise(source, 0.25)
    audio = r.record(source)

key = r.recognize_google(audio)

print("key is : ", end="")
print(key)

A: is the sample.mp3 file in the working directory of the code?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


On 30 November 2016 NASA's Cassini spacecraft began a series of dives through Saturn's rings, the first stage in the probe's "grand finale" investigation of the gas giant planet.
Between then and 22 April 2017, Cassini will dive through the outer edge of Saturn's rings 20 times, once every seven days. This extraordinary manoeuvre will allow the spacecraft to get the closest look ever at Saturn's outer rings and its moons.
Prof. Carl Murray, from QMUL's School of Physics and Astronomy, has been working on the Cassini mission since 1990, when he joined the Imaging Science Subsystem Team. His work has focused on Saturn's rings and their gravitational interaction with the small natural satellites orbiting nearby. He is part of an international team that recently used thousands of images from Cassini to measure minute fluctuations in Saturn's gravitational field. These results will help provide a better understanding of the internal structure of the planet, and hopefully answer the question of what lies at the centre of Saturn.
Cassini's final task, on 15 September, will be to plunge into Saturn's atmosphere. That act of self-sacrifice will not only prevent the spacecraft, by then running out of fuel, from contaminating Saturn's potentially habitable moons, but it will also provide an unprecedented view of the planet's gravity, composition and atmosphere.


From the Gateway to India to its Silicon Valley, exploring Mumbai's slums and Bengaluru's (previously called Bangalore) colourful markets. Two eclectic and cosmopolitan cities, both colourful and lively.
Shot in Mumbai and Bangalore, India in March 2014.


text:
Bloody Nightmares #23: Dead 7 (2000)
What surprises me as I work my way through this collection of ultra low budget films is just how much variation there is in terms of quality and skill level, even when dealing with equally minimal resources. Actual talent shines very brightly when surrounded by mediocrity (at best), even when that talent is still in a developing stage. Dead 7 is a slasher movie with a zombie twist, and - though it was shot on video with the usual low budget trappings - it overcomes many of its limitations through the sheer efforts and talent of the production crew. It's a quite professional looking film, and when technical credits are solid it means a lot fewer distractions when actually watching.
I would be remiss if I didn't mention the ludicrous introduction featuring a leather-jacket adorned "punk" doing his best growly metal voice as he sits on a skull-covered table. He gives a brief plot synopsis and then ends with "..you are Dead 7". Whatever the hell that means. I'm guessing this section was tacked on by Brain Damage Inc. - the original distributor - so, i'm not going to hold it against actual director Garrett Clancy.
In fact, the watch-ability of this production is almost solely because of Clancy's directorial chops, as while it never quite feels like a feature film (these shot-on-video productions always have an amateur feel), his approach feels like that of an experienced director. There's a polish - and I almost hate to use that word - missing from most of the films in this collection, and there's very little of the sound problems, video glitches, terrible lighting and awful continuity which have typified the productions so far. It's actually rather refreshing.
The plot is fairly standard. Meth dealer Brownley Dawkins (Joe Myles), along with his cronie Franky, murder a crooked associate who has ripped them off, dumping his body in an abandoned mine shaft in the woods. Unfortunately for Franky, he accidentally leaves his wallet at the scene of the crime, and even worse the pair run into their respective girlfriends (along with tag-along Drusilla (Gina Zachory), a significantly more sympathetic friend) who they drag back with them. Meanwhile, the rather unstable Venus Equinox (Delia Copold) is searching the area for her deaf and mute brother Harley, who accidentally stumbles upon the group before being unceremoniously left to die in the shaft.
Jump ahead three years and.. guess what? The group start being killed off one by one by a mystery murderer who may or may not be the zombiefied corpse of poor Harley. Drusilla runs into the now totally batshit Venus, only then becoming aware of the heinous crime she was part of, but it's already too late for her pals who suffer death by stabbing, death by OD, and other nasty ways of disposal. Brownley - who likes to get off while looking at polaroids of his victims - finally confronts Venus, before meeting a terrifically ironic fate.
Won't win any points for originality, and certainly it's not actually scary - the victims are all pretty much reprehensible, and since their murders are always shown from the first person their deaths don't tend to be very creative. But it's all actually surprisingly entertaining, as there's some fun dialogue (and plenty of strange line deliveries), and smatterings of nudity and gore from a very game cast. No academy award winners here, but everyone is obviously trying hard, particularly Myles as Brownlee who gives the oddest, but somehow most enjoyable, performance.
As mentioned, the film looks fine - though relies rather heavily on only a few locations (it makes Brownley look rather silly to hide a body in what appears to be quite a popular hangout) and there are only a couple of scenes which feel underlit. I was actually very impressed by the score composed by Jon Greathouse, which suits the action very well without being repetitive, or relying on generic rock songs.
Dead 7 is presented full frame, shot on video. There appear to be a few dropped frames, but nothing too distracting and the film looks fine - despite being packed on a disc with three other movies. Oh, and being part of the Bloody Nightmares we of course get absolutely no extras and no chapter stops. Because apparently that would be too darn difficult.
A pleasant enough time waster, Dead 7 is one of the more adept of the no-budget offerings encountered in the Bloody Nightmares box-set. It's directed with style, but doesn't overwhelm with visual tricks, and it's easy to see why director Garrett Clancy has gone on to slicker fare - or, at least straight-to-dvd productions starring C. Thomas Howell. I would still hesitate to actually call it a good film, but it goes down easy and horror fans should get some decent kicks out of it.
Posted by Doug Tilley at 10:07 PM
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text:
/recommendto/form?webId=%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F22138714&title=International+Journal+of+Chinese+Linguistics&issn=2213-8706&eissn=2213-8714
International Journal of Chinese Linguistics — Recommend this title to your library
International Journal of Chinese Linguistics
Clause type anticipation based on prosody in Mandarin
Author(s): Yang Yang1,2, Stella Gryllia3, Leticia Pablos4,5, Lisa Lai-Shen Cheng6,7
Affiliations: 1 Center for Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies 2 Leiden University Centre for Linguistics 3 Leiden University Centre for Linguistics 4 Leiden University Centre for Linguistics 5 Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition 6 Leiden University Centre for Linguistics 7 Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition
Source: International Journal of Chinese Linguistics, Volume 6, Issue 1, Jul 2019, p. 1 - 26
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.18004.yan
Version of Record published : 02 Jul 2019
Mandarin wh-words such as shénme are wh-indeterminates, which can have interrogative interpretations ('what') or non-interrogative interpretations (i.e., 'something'), depending on the context and licensors. For example, when diǎnr ('a little') appears right in front of a wh-word, the string can have either a wh-question or a declarative interpretation (henceforth, wh-declarative). Yang (2018) carried out a production study and the results showed that wh-questions and wh-declaratives have different prosodic properties. To investigate whether and when listeners make use of prosody to anticipate the clause type (i.e., question vs. declarative), we conducted a sentence perception study and an audio-gating experiment. Results of the perception study and the gating experiment show that (1) Participants can make use of prosody to differentiate the two clause types; (2) Starting from the onset of the first word of the target sentence (wh-question/wh-declarative), participants already demonstrate a preference for the clause type that was intended by the speaker. The current study also sheds light on the clausal typing mechanism in Mandarin (e.g., how to mark a clause as a wh-question) by providing evidence of the role of prosody in marking clause types in Mandarin.
© John Benjamins Publishing Company
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Just days after WrestleMania festivities had come to an end, it was announced that WWE and Simon Gotch had come to terms on a "mutually agreed upon release". It had been almost exactly one year since Gotch's main roster debut and after months of struggles, his stint with WWE has come to an end. Gotch, who is now using the name Simon Grimm, spoke to Josh Barnett about the release this week.
The release obviously brings an end to Gotch's partnership with Aiden English. The duo known as 'The Vaudevillains' began teaming almost three years ago and rose to prominence in NXT, organically ascending the ranks before eventually winning the NXT Tag Titles in August 2015. On that night the team defeated then champions Blake and Murphy at the monumental NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn, a show that completely changed the brand's future and overall presence in the wrestling world.
Since the release there have been constant rumors of a backstage incident being the last straw for Gotch's time in WWE. Gotch disputes that anything serious took place though, "The actual story is that it happened at WrestleMania. I was sitting in catering and the chair I was in was kinda flimsy. I go to shift in it and it just collapses underneath me. Being a ham, my immediate reaction was to demand someone pin me. 'Someone pin me quick.' The guy who comes over, I think he works for us," Gotch continued.
Now a free agent, the newly named Simon Grimm is officially taking independent bookings and it will be interesting to watch the recent WWE alumnus adapt to a variety of new environments. You can read the full For The Win interview here.


Heck you don't even have to wear it !
This adaptive mouse requires only a tiny body sensor to be worn or manipulated. Cursor movement is enhanced over the LaZee Mouse and a new Range of Motion control provides sensitivity adjustment. Home can be initiated via any external switch. Microphone input on the PRO model can be muted externally.
While the concept of a headmouse isn't new, our implementation is. Rather than force a fixed package upon the user like glasses, hat, visor or headset; we built a generic package that can be used in ANY of those and more.
A Cost effective model that provides cursor control only. No clicking is provided, however it is compatible with all hardware and software clicking products.
Provides input for up to 2 external switches for activating clicks. Has ability to generate left & right clicks and drag from a single switch.
Provides input for external microphone for activating clicks. Has ability to generate left & right clicks and drag. Utilizes sound detection (not speech recognition).


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Next-generation game development is a go.
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare is an extremely popular franchise, and this year Infinity Ward might be developing Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 4. Multiple sources have said that the title won't be Call of Duty: Ghosts 2, so that only leaves a few options. According to a report by Dexerto, unless there's a new franchise in the works, it'll most likely be Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 4.


In a few days time the Food Bill which was passed by Parliament this week will become the Food Act 2014. The new Act intends to make it easier and less costly for many food businesses, while ensuring the food produced is safe.
Businesses do not need to make any immediate changes as the new Act is not the end of the law reform process. Over the next 21 months, MPI will be developing regulations, tools and guidance. There will be extensive consultation during the development time giving people the opportunity to have their say on the detail of the new food safety system.
Businesses that produce or sell medium risk foods – like non-alcoholic beverages, for example – will come under National Programmes. There are three levels of National Programmes, which are based on the level of food safety risk. They won't have to register a written plan, but will have to make sure they are following the requirements for producing safe food that will be set out in regulations. This includes having to register their business details, keep minimal records and have periodic checks.
Growing food for personal use and sharing it with others, including 'Bring a plate' to a club committee meeting or a lunch for a visiting sports team or social group, is outside the scope of the Food Act. The Act only covers food that is sold or traded.
Further information about the implementation of the new Food Act is available on the MPI website.


I'm perfect for you in everything: I look like a schoolgirl, bent like a doll, have 3 size and really wish I am in your hands) don't waste your time and call me!
Hi I'am interested in booking out all over night.
Hello Lilya, I try again. I'm coming to St.p to morrow 16.03, stay only one day, can I meet you?
I like Liaya,how to book?I am in st petersburger city center hotel.


"Vision of New Life," a play written by local playwright and theatre director Max Bush about Holland's early years, will be staged on Saturday and Sunday, Jan. 26 and 27, at 2 p.m. and 7 p.m. on both days at Hope College in the John and Dede Howard Recital Hall of the Jack H. Miller Center for Musical Arts.
Tickets are required, and are free but limited in quantity. They are available in advance at the college's A.C. Van Raalte Institute in the Theil Research Center. Any remaining tickets for "Vision of a New Life" will be available at the door.
Based on the writings of early settlers in Holland, "Vision of a New Life" portrays the rugged and challenging life of the Dutch immigrants on the outskirts of Western civilization. The production is sponsored by the Van Raalte Institute as one of a series of celebratory events in recognition of its 25th anniversary.
In the middle of the 19th century, an intrepid band of Dutch Calvinists, led by their pugnacious dominie, the Rev. Dr. Albertus C. Van Raalte, left the relative comfort and familiarity of their ancestral homes for a land of promise and uncertainty — the unknown wilderness of Western Michigan. Their new land of freedom, however, was plagued by malaria in the summer and unbearable dampness and cold during the winter.
When the Dutch immigrants arrived on the banks of Black Lake (now Lake Macatawa), they were greeted by people who were a new experience for them: native inhabitants, Catholics and Methodists. Sometimes helpfully and sometimes haltingly, these strangers showed the newcomers how to build a new life in the forests and swamps, and along the banks of the rivers and shores of the lakes. Difficulty in communication confounded the locals and the immigrants, and Dutch-speaking Europeans and Algonquin-speaking Native Americans; separatist Calvinists and New World Catholics; and transplanted urbanites and nomadic horticulturalists all had to find a way to live in harmony.
The Theil Research Center is located at 9 E. 10th St., between Central and College avenues, and is open weekdays from 8 a.m. to noon and from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. The Jack H. Miller Center for Musical Arts is located at 221 Columbia Ave., between Ninth and 10th streets.


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The U.S. communications hegemony
The Associated Press reports: The saga of Edward Snowden and the NSA makes one thing clear: The United States' central role in developing the Internet and hosting its most powerful players has made it the global leader in the surveillance game.
Other countries, from dictatorships to democracies, are also avid snoopers, tapping into the high-capacity fiber optic cables to intercept Internet traffic, scooping their citizens' data off domestic servers, and even launching cyberattacks to win access to foreign networks.
But experts in the field say that Silicon Valley has made America a surveillance superpower, allowing its spies access to massive mountains of data being collected by the world's leading communications, social media, and online storage companies. That's on top of the United States' fiber optic infrastructure — responsible for just under a third of the world's international Internet capacity, according to telecom research firm TeleGeography — which allows it to act as a global postmaster, complete with the ability to peek at a big chunk of the world's messages in transit.
"The sheer power of the U.S. infrastructure is that quite often data would be routed though the U.S. even if it didn't make geographical sense," Joss Wright, a researcher with the Oxford Internet Institute, said in a telephone interview. "The current status quo is a huge benefit to the U.S." [Continue reading…]
This entry was posted in NSA on July 3, 2013 by News Sources.
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"http://www.gardentotable.org.nz/support-our-work"
There are many ways you can support the work of Garden to Table!
We are always grateful for donations and ensure they are put to great use. You can make a one-off donation to Garden to Table by credit card by clicking here, sending a cheque to us at PO Box 90-428, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, or by direct credit to: Garden to Table Trust: 12-3427-0069617-02. All donations over $5 are tax-deductable.
We rely heavily on donations to help us support children all over the country.
$5: will help us send a set of TEN seed packets to school, to get their garden started.
$10: will help support a child in the Garden to Table programme for 1 YEAR
$45: will provide a school with the printed resources and recipes they need
$100: will help us train an ENTIRE SCHOOL to deliver the Garden to Table programme.
The Seed Fund is a group of 100 generous individuals and small businesses who support Garden to Table by donating $100 per month. A regular donation is of tremendous benefit, as it allows us to plan for the future with some degree of certainty. To find out more about how you can become a member of The Seed Fund please click here.
We welcome Regular Donations from as little as $5 per month. Every dollar is valued and makes a real difference to our work. If you would like to become a regular donor, please download and complete the form here.
Purchase Garden to Table Merchandise
We have some wonderful Garden to Table branded products that make ideal gifts! Please click here to visit our merchandise page. This is a practical and useful way to support the work of Garden to Table.
A fundraising event can be a fun and rewarding way to raise funds, and a great way to introduce children to volunteerism and community connectedness. Perhaps you're involved in a local marathon or sports event, or you would like to host a fundraising Garden Party for family and friends. We're happy to provide information and resources to support your event so please drop us a line at info@gardentotable.org.nz.
Bequests are for everyday people. Most bequests are made by ordinary, hardworking people who want to make a positive difference to their community or to a cause after they're gone. Including a charity in your will is easy and it can be as much, or as little, as you wish. To find out more about leaving a bequest, please click here.
You can also provide practical help by volunteering at a school, or volunteering for the Trust.
Contact us about the idea you have and how you think you can help!


Have you heard about the fafsa due date? Fafsa is thegrant money that is offered to candidates who belong to the poor families and do not able to continue their higher studies due to lack of financial support. If you also belong to a poor family and do not able to support your higher studies, then it is suggested that you apply for this aid. With fafsa grant you can easily finance your higher studies. In order to apply for this grant you need to be aware about some of the important factors. It is not easy to get the grant as it seems so.
There are some rules that you strictly need to adhere to. There is a due date for fafsa application and within that you need to make the application. If you apply after the deadline, then there is no chance for you to get the grant. Fafsa financial aid is provided to candidates in different forms – work and study programs, grants, loan etc. With fafsa financial aid you can complete your higher studies without any financial worries. You can study as much as you want. This money is provided by the US government and you need to apply for it every year. But you need to remember fafsa due date. If anyhow, the due date passes away, then it is possible that you do not get the money that year. The deadline varies from one place to another. You can get to know about it from the official website of fafsa.


Some electives for the upcoming Autumn term. What would you like to study?
This list made me realize how similar we (him and me) actually are despite apparent differences.
Please feel free to transform any of these below mentioned courses into reality. My only condition is that you should invite me to one or some of your sessions so that I feel special (nothing wrong with that, right, even you are faraway do drop me a note or a picture).
Transforming Bodies: how does literature depict the trans experience both in-species and interspecies?
The Art of the Competition: how are rivalry and opposition dealt with in literature?
Let Me Draw It Out: How to deal with authors who include maps and drawings?
Do you have any secret of not-so-secret courses that you have been planning? Or has a random one popped up in your head? Send me a note in the comment section I would love to hear about it.


As the world watches in horror as the Fukushima disaster continues to unfold, it forces a new look at an on-going global revolution in perhaps the least environmentally destructive fossil fuel -- natural gas.
The good economic news is that the fruits of this natural gas revolution may not be long in coming on-line especially given the seemingly unstoppable rise in the price of oil.
gas that has been largely unreachable in the past.
Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Latin America and even Europe. The entire planet is being resurveyed.
Authorities in Poland have awarded 70 concessions for exploratory drilling in the last two years.
The race for the best reserves is also in full swing in Canada, where the Chinese are leading the pack: The Chinese energy company PetroChina has just spent $5.4 billion (€3.9 billion) on a Canadian project.
In the United States, however, the natural gas revolution is the furthest along.
Newly discovered reserves there are already being exploited. About half of the natural gas consumed in the United States now comes from so-called unconventional sources. The country has already replaced Russia as the world's leading natural gas producer.
"We have twice as much gas as the Saudis have oil," boasts Texan investor T. Boone Pickens.
The euphoria is being fueled all the more by current global fears of new oil price shocks.
The crisis in the Middle East makes it painfully clear, once again, how dependent the world's economy is on petroleum reserves in the Arab world and how sensitively prices and growth react to any changes in the region.
When the unrest began in Libya, the international commodities markets fell into a panic within hours. This was not so much because Libya is such an important supplier on world markets. What had traders and dealers so concerned and triggered worldwide panic buys was the fear that the instability could spread to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia.
Together, the UAE and Saudi Arabia are sitting on the world's largest oil reserves.
Unrest with possible interruptions in delivery would drive the price of oil to astronomic heights.
Since the last major oil supply / price crisis in 1979, the industrialized nations have been trying to reduce their dependency on oil from the OPEC countries, with moderate success.
The world's thirst for energy is massive, especially with the growth of China and India, and there are few alternatives to oil. The situation in world oil makes the exploitation of the new natural gas reserves all the more important. Today's estimates of the volume of gas reserves considered exploitable are several times higher than a few years ago, with prognoses ranging from two to six times as high as earlier estimates.
So far, though, engineers have not pumped a single cubic meter of gas out of the earth in most places, except the United States.
And even if the prospects are promising, there is always the risk that instead of encountering so-called "sweet spots," or locations with high concentrations of natural gas, engineers will hit "dry holes." Nevertheless, the expectation is that the energy mix will soon shift significantly toward natural gas.
In its latest global energy forecast, ExxonMobil predicts that natural gas will replace coal as the most important source of electricity by 2030. And because only half as much CO2 is emitted during gas combustion as in coal combustion, the new boom will also have consequences for the world's climate, and for prices in the emissions trading market.
The business of trading pollution rights will likely come under pressure, which in turn will affect renewable forms of energy. The cheaper CO2 rights become, the harder it is for electricity produced with wind power or solar energy to compete in the market.
Hence, the new global gas rush is also triggering a cascade of effects that will change the world energy market and radically change companies.
Corporations like Exxon, BP and Shell, which have seen themselves primarily as oil producers for generations, are now investing billions in the gas industry. Electric utilities like Germany's RWE have to consider whether it will even be economically viable to use coal to generate electricity in the future.
The big European players, like Gazprom in Russia and Statoil in Norway, exploit their reserves and then transport the gas through thousands of kilometers of pipelines to the border of Germany or other European nations. From there, distributors like Ruhrgas or Wintershall feed the gas into their networks and sell it to municipal utilities or industrial customers.
It has been a profitable business for everyone involved. Prices were not even negotiated -- they were dictated.
Long-term agreements were in place with terms of up to 40 years, and they were based on the so-called gas-oil price link, which means that gas prices follow oil prices, only with a few months' delay. The distributors added a healthy margin of up to 30 percent for the distribution, storage and sale of the gas.
For a company like Ruhrgas, this meant that with its roughly €2 billion in annual profits, it was the most important subsidiary within the E.on group. But ever since efforts began to tap the new gas reserves, such astronomical profits have been a thing of the past.
For the first time, something resembling competition has developed in the gas industry. The volumes being traded on the spot markets are getting bigger and bigger. New competitors are buying up gas at favorable terms, which benefits consumers, who can now choose from among an average of 31 gas providers, as compared with only eight providers two years ago.
"It's a rapid development that's nothing short of a revolution for the international gas markets," says Ruhrgas CEO Schäfer.
Now he and his counterparts in the industry have little choice but to renegotiate the terms of their agreements with the producing companies in Moscow and Stavanger, Norway, in the hope of at least making up for some of their losses retroactively.
and now they'll just have to "endure a dry spell" together.
Geologists have long known that much larger reserves existed in addition to the known, easily exploitable gas wells. The problem was that there were no technologies to extract the gas from the porous rock at a reasonable cost.
- even continue drilling horizontally.
The engineers can control their high-tech moles with such great precision that they can reach a target location, down to the last meter, even when it's eight kilometers (about five miles) away. Once the target has been reached, an armada of vehicles, the "frack trucks," is dispatched to the well site. The trucks bring giant 2,400 horsepower pumps to the site, where about a dozen of these monsters are connected.
They force a fluid mixture into the gas deposit at a pressure of about 1,000 bar. The mixture consists of millions of liters of water, special sand and chemicals, including toxic substances.
Some of the chemicals are designed to kill bacteria that inhibit the flow of gas. The process produces enough pressure underground to fracture the rock. This creates fine cracks, some of them hundreds of meters long. The sand keeps the fractures open, hence the term "fracking," or fracturing. The fluid is pumped out of the well and the gas escapes like carbon dioxide from a soft-drink bottle: powerfully at first, and then more slowly for several months, until the pressure is so low that the fracking procedure has to be repeated.
It wasn't major corporations like Exxon, Shell and BP that developed this method, but small drilling companies funded by venture capital companies that believed in the revolution. They began drilling in Texas in the 1990s, in a formation called the Barnett Shale, now one of the largest natural gas fields in the world.
Today fracking is being used to pump natural gas out of about 3,000 wells in the United States, with 120 to 150 wells being added every month.
"It's become (normal) manufacturing," says Andrew Ross, managing director of Elixir Petroleum. The actual procedure lasts only about a week, and then the fracking team moves on to the next on a long list of wells usually leaving in its wake the kind of environmental destruction pictured above.
Production using this new method is generally more expensive than with a conventional gas well, but there has been some progress in bringing down costs.
The drilling engineers at Talisman Energy, for example, managed to cut costs in half in the Marcellus Shale field in the northeastern United States. With each new project, more and more gas floods into the market, which is already saturated today, as evidenced by price trends in the United States.
Almost every other commodity has become more expensive in the last year, while the price of natural gas has dropped by 27 percent. And the pricing pressure could continue if the gas supply keeps growing, says John Corben of the International Energy Agency in Paris.
"It will help keep prices down."
This is bad news for Russia.
The Kremlin derives a large share of its national budget from the exploitation of mineral resources.The Russians have invested billions in the infrastructure needed to develop key markets in Europe for the long term. But whether the investment will pay off is still unclear.
The old calculations, from the days when the gas-oil price link was still fully applicable, are now obsolete.
Even less clear is the outlook for the two other major European projects: South Stream, which will link Russia with Europe farther south, and, most of all, for Nabucco, the European Union alternative, which will transport gas from non-Russian suppliers and is intended to make Europe less dependent on Russia.
Companies within the Nabucco consortium are already in exploratory talks with the EU, with the goal of bringing together segments of the Nabucco and South Stream projects, currently competitors.
In addition to changing worldwide energy markets, the emergence of new gas sources is leading to shifts in the global balance of power. Indeed, the dominant position of classic production countries, especially Russia, could soon erode strongly. Poland, on the other hand, could become a relevant player in the global market.
Polish Foreign Minister Radoslav Sikorski already envisions transforming his country into the "next Norway" -- rich, important and independent -- particularly of its giant neighbor Russia.
The United States, for its part, is on a sure path to becoming a self-provider and even exporter instead of a gas importer. The new developments will "significantly improve the energy security of the United States," notes President Barack Obama.
The world market is expanding, the selection is broadening and the consuming countries are becoming less dependent on the producing countries. Germany still gets 40 percent of its natural gas from Russia, but it is quite possible that more and more gas will be coming from the United States in the future.
A gas rush has even erupted in Germany, a country with few natural resources. But the environmental consequences have aroused intense opposition in most communities where fracking is underway.
"It's up to the industry to take the initiative and explain the technology,"says Bruno Courme, managing director of Gas Shales Europe, a subsidiary of French energy conglomerate Total. "We have to answer questions," he says.
And there are many of them. One is about the ingredients of the fracking fluid that's injected into the rock.
Even more important: How contaminated is the sludge that shoots back up to the surface?
And how is it properly disposed of?
The wastewater contains large amounts of salt, and it often contains benzene, xylene and toluene all highly toxic substances that could contaminate groundwater.
The gas industry's engineers insist that contact with groundwater is highly unlikely, because the layers of rock containing the gas are so much deeper. But they do admit to other potential weak points, for instance, when the steel pipes in the borehole are not properly cemented together.
The US environmental authorities have documented a number of such accidents, in which wastewater has harmed the environment. Not everything is going swimmingly in the German gas production industry, either.
In Söhlingen, where Exxon is producing natural gas, wastewater containing toxic chemicals was leaked from the site about three years ago. Citizens' initiatives have since demanded that the authorities tighten their inspection regimens.
Many regulations of Germany's outdated mining law are not relevant to the new technologies. Green Party members of the German parliament, the Bundestag, want to change this. "Citizens need to be more involved," says Oliver Krischer, the party's energy policy expert.
The North Rhine-Westphalia state government is also pushing for a revision of the law and plans to launch an initiative in the Bundesrat, the upper legislative chamber that represents Germany's states.
One way or another, it will take years before the data from the exploratory drilling have been analyzed and producers have decided whether the German sites are worth exploiting.
Only one thing is clear, namely that gas's share of the energy mix worldwide will keep on growing and the fuel will become more important, which will also have consequences for the gas supply in Germany.
"Precisely this circumstance opens up new possibilities," says RWE executive board member Leonhard Birnbaum.
In all likelihood, gas-fired power plants will become increasingly common, replacing old coal plants. They would be the ideal supplement to a fluctuating flow of energy from renewable sources. Gas also offers new prospects as a fuel.
Logistics companies in the United States are already thinking about converting their fleets to natural gas. The old postulate that natural gas is too valuable to burn is no longer true. "A lot of things that didn't make much sense a few years ago" says Ruhrgas CEO Schäfer, now have to be "reevaluated."
Apparently, this also holds true for the national energy plan the German government unveiled last fall. Natural gas plays only a secondary role in the document, because the experts had based their assumptions on higher prices and smaller reserves. In the end, issues of geology are probably not as likely to hold up the gas revolution.
The biggest obstacle, says London antitrust expert Alan Riley, lies in the question of whether society will accept unconventional drilling for natural gas and, of course, whether the gas price will decouple itself from the oil price in the long term.
But at least one major player, Ruhrgas CEO Schäfer, told Spiegel On-Line he is convinced that the trend "is unstoppable, especially given the current price developments in the oil markets" and, sadly, the nuclear tragedy whose dimensions proliferate daily in Japan.
Since natural gas is not hydrogen, there will be some carbon dioxide produced when it is burned, though of course not as much as with coal. But still, if we abandon nuclear power and rush full-tilt to generate more and more of our energy (electricity, vehicle propulsion) with natural gas, the question arises: Is there still not at least potentially, a problem with CO2 building up in our atmosphere?We might also ask if we are bringing more and more radon to the surface along with methane and other light hydrocarbons, since shale may contain above-average concentrations of uranium.


Because they play on Monday night, the Pittsburgh Steelers won't have to submit their first practice report for the week until Thursday. However, judging by one Wednesday afternoon report, linebacker Ryan Shazier is trending in the wrong direction.
According to Chris Adamski of the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, Shazier, who has missed the last two games with a shoulder/next injury, was spotted wearing a sling after Wednesday's practice.
It should be noted that Shazier was photographed Wednesday in full pads.
On Tuesday, head coach Mike Tomlin listed Shazier as questionable for Monday night's game against the San Diego Chargers during his weekly press conference.
If Shazier is unable to play again this week, Sean Spence will more than likely start in his place once again with Vince Williams also likely to see some playing time alongside Lawrence Timmons.
Bryant is looking to make his 2015 debut Monday night after missing the first four weeks of the season due to him being suspended for violating the league's substance abuse policy.
Over the course of the last three weeks, Bryant spent time at a Houston-based rehabilitation and conditioning center run by former NBA player and coach John Lucas. During his Monday talk with the media, Bryant did say that he was able to keep his conditioning up while in Houston.
The Steelers have yet to activate Bryant back to their 53 man roster, but if he's going to play Monday night, that transaction will need to be made by 4 p.m. that afternoon.


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Faculty Profiles by Division
Select a Division Cardiology Endocrinology and Metabolism Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition General Internal Medicine Geriatric Medicine Hematology/Oncology Infectious Diseases Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine Renal-Electrolyte Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology ALL DEPARTMENT FACULTY
[Return To Index page]
Galen E. Switzer, PhD
Professor of Medicine, Psychiatry, and Clinical and Translational Science
Director, PhD Program in Clinical and Translational Science
Co-Director, VA Health Services Postdoctoral Fellowship Program
Email: gswitzer@pitt.edu
Office: 600 McKee Professional Building
230 McKee Place
E-mail: gswitzer@pitt.edu
Jessica Bruce
Address: 600 McKee Professional Building
Vidya Kuniyil
Email: vik46@pitt.edu
BA, Psychology, McPherson College, 1985
MA, Social Psychology, Arizona State University, 1989
PhD, Sociology, University of Colorado, Boulder, 1993
Postdoctoral Studies in Medical Sociology, University of Pittsburgh, 1996
Dr. Switzer is a leading expert in the motives and experiences of individuals who join an adult stem cell donation registry and volunteer to donate to a stranger. In collaboration with the US-based National Marrow Donor Program, UK-based Anthony Nolan Registry, and German-based DKMS, his research group has become internationally known for producing key findings about the experiences of registry members at critical points leading to donation, including motivations for joining the registry and factors associated with opting-out of the registry after having preliminarily matched a patient in need of a transplant. Dr. Switzer has also investigated all facets of the donation experience from the donor perspective. His research group is the most prominent group currently investigating Health Related Quality of Life among HSC donors and has produced important findings about donor experiences.Finally, for more than 20 years Dr. Switzer has developed and evaluated clinical and psychosocial research measures and compiled validated measures for research projects across multiple contexts. As part of his completed and ongoing projects, his research group has collected and analyzed questionnaire and interview data from >10,000 participants.
Educational Interest
Dr. Switzer is the Director of the PhD Program in Clinical and Translational Science and teaches graduate students through the Institute for Clinical Research Education (ICRE). He has extensive training and experience in qualitative and quantitative measurement and the administration of survey-based investigations. Dr. Switzer has trained and mentored many junior investigators in quantitative and qualitative methods and instructs a core ICRE course focused on Measurement in Clinical Research for our Certificate, MS, and PhD programs in clinical and translational science.
For my complete bibliography, Click Here.
Pulsipher, M.A. et al, Switzer, G.E. Higher risks of toxicity and incomplete recovery in 13-17 year old females after marrow donation: RDSafe peds results. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2019.
La Casta, A.H., Shaw, B.E., Anthias, C., Bruce, J.G., Pastorek, G., Billen, A., O'Leary, A., Switzer, G.E. Motives for joining an unrelated HSC donor registry: Description, categorization, and association with donor availability. Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41409-018-0278-2.
Switzer, G.E., Macis, M., Fabi, R., Abress, L., Confer, D., Bruce, J., Howe, K., Fowler, S., McNulty, M., Pastorek, G., Dew, M.A. Providing level-of-match information to perfectly matched unrelated donors: Evaluating acceptability and potential changes in donor availability. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2018; 24(10): 2110-2118.
Dew, M.A., Switzer, G.E. Listening to living donors. Transplantation. 2018; 102(5): 718-719.
Switzer, G.E., Bruce, J., Pastorek, G., Kiefer, D.M., Koyusingye, H., Drexler, R., Besser, R., Confer, D.L., Horowitz, M.M., King, R., Shaw, B., van Walraven, S.M., Wiener, L., Packman, W., Varni, J., Pulsipher, M.A. Parent versus child donor perceptions of the bone marrow donation experience. Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2017; 52(9): 1338-1341.
Switzer, G.E., Bruce, J.G., Kiefer, D.M., Kobusingye, H., Drexler, R., Besser, R.M., Confer, D.L., Horowitz, M.M., King, R.J., Shaw, B.E., Riches, M., Hayes-Lattin, B., Linenberger, M., Bolwell, B., Rowley, S.D., Litzow, M.R., Pulsipher, M.A. Health-related quality of life among older related HSC donors (>60 Yrs.) is equivalent to that of younger related donors (18-60 Yrs.): An RDSafe study. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2017; 23(1): 165-171.
Switzer, G.E., Bruce, J., Kiefer, D.M., Kobusingye, H., Drexler, R., Besser, R.M., Confer, D.L., Horowitz, M.M., King, R.J., Shaw, B.E., van Walraven, S.M., Wiener, L., Varni, J.W., Pulsipher, M.A. Health-related quality of life among pediatric hematopoietic stem cell donors. Journal of Pediatrics. 2016; 178: 178:164-170.e1.
Switzer, G.E., Bruce, J.G., Harrington, D., Haagenson, M., Drexler, R., Foley, A., Confer, D.L., Bishop, M., Anderlini, P., Rowley, S., Leitmen, S.F., Anasetti, C., Wingard, J.R. Health-related QoL of bone marrow versus PBSC donors: A Pre-specified subgroup analysis from a phase III RCT—BMTCTN protocol 0201. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2014; 20(1): 118-127.
Switzer, G.E., Bruce, J.G., Myaskovsky, L., DiMartini, A., Shellmer, D., Confer, D.L., Abress, L.K., King, R.J., Harnaha, A.G., Ohngemach, S., Dew, M.A. Race and ethnicity in decisions about unrelated hematopoietic stem cell donation. Blood. 2013; 121(8): 1469-1476.
Switzer, G.E., Dew, M.A., Harrington, D.J., Crowley-Matoka, M., Myaskovsky, L., Abress, L.K., Confer, D.L. Ethnic differences in donation-related characteristics among potential hematopoietic stem cell donors. Transplantation. 2005; 80(7): 890-896.
Sponsored Research/Activities
Title: Health-Related Quality of Life Among Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Disorders
Funding Agency: National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute
Grant Number: R01 HL131731
End Year: 2022
Title: Improving the Availability of Younger Unrelated Hematopoietic Stem Cell Donors
Title: Evaluation of a New High-Priority Donor Messaging
Funding Agency: National Marrow Donor Program
Title: Evaluation of a New High Priority Donor Messaging
Grant Number: not available
Title: The Role of Prospective Altruism in Stem Cell Donation
Funding Agency: Georgetown University
Title: The Role of Ethnicity in Unrelated Potential HSC Donor Decisions: An International Investigation of a Diverse Groupd of UK and US Potential Donors
Funding Agency: Anthony Nolan Trust
Title: The Role of Ethnicity in Unrelated Potential HSC Donor Decisions: An International Investigation of a Diverse Group of UK and US Potential Donors
Funding Agency: Anthony Nolan Research Institute
Grant Number: XNV 72-176
Title: International Comparisons of the Role of Race and Ethnicity in Hematopoietic Stem Cell donation Decisions
Title: University of Pittsburgh Clinical and Translational Science Institute (Team Science)
Funding Agency: National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Grant Number: UL1 TR001857
Title: Sponsored Health IT and Evidence-Based Prescribing Among Medical Residents
Funding Agency: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
Grant Number: R21 HS022927
Funding Agency: Templeton Foundation
Title: Examining Contraceptive Use and Unmet Need Among Women Veterans
Funding Agency: VA HSR&D
Grant Number: I01 IIR 12-124
Title: Understanding Women's Disparities in Satisfaction with VA Health Care (DISC Women)
Grant Number: SDR SDR 13-425
Title: Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion
Role: Associate Director
Grant Number: Center CIN 13-405
Title: University of Pittsburgh Clinical and Translational Science Institute - Research Education Core
Excellence in Teaching Award, University of Pittsburgh Institute for Clinical Research Education, 2018
Best Publication Award: Sociology of Mental Health Section, American Sociological Association. Handbook on the Sociology of Mental Health Aheshensel C.S. and J.C. Phelan (Eds.), (1999)., 2001
Dlin/Fischer Clinical Research Award for significant contributions to research, 1999
Associate: Center for Medical Ethics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 1993-present
University Fellow, University of Colorado, 1989-1991
Regents' Fellow, Arizona State University, 1987-1988
Magna Cum Laude, McPherson College, 1985
Outstanding Research Project, Regional Research Competition, 1985
Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine
Renal-Electrolyte
Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology
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Some weeks ago The New York Jewish Week published a plain-speaking but hard-hitting op-ed by Rabbi Abraham Unger entitled "Two Radical Proposals To Ensure A Jewish Future." Unger was responding to an essay by JTS Chancellor Arnold Eisen.
Community leaders have been worrying over "disappearing American Jewry" for decades. But not enough, apparently and alas, to have yet taken the steps necessary steps to stem and reverse the downward trend of American Jewish demographics.
The subject of disappearing American Jewry is now a too familiar, melancholy concern. With each passing year and each passing generation, it becomes more urgently so.
The answer is also familiar to us all: Education! Affordable Jewish education.


Who Loves Your Children More Than You Do?
Have you ever stopped to realize that God loves your children even more than you love them?
Most parents wonder how they can be a better parent. Fred and I have seven children, and I am by no means an expert, but perhaps I can share a few of the things that I learned along the way. First, being a parent is hard, and no parent is guaranteed perfect children.
I believe the most important thing we can do for our children is to pray for them. In fact, Fred and I prayed for each child as soon as knew we were expecting, and I have prayed for them every day since then.
If even our faith to believe in God is a gift from Him, then we obviously realize we can't control our children. Place them in God's hands, and then pray often for them.
My late husband, Fred, seemed to have unlimited faith to believe God would take care of our children, while I wasted hours worrying over them. Not long before his death, Fred said to me, "Baby, do you realize that most of the things you have spent your life worrying about, never happened?" And Fred was so right!
Parents, don't despair. There is no perfect parent, but our Father God is perfect. He loves our children even more than we do. In fact, He sent His Son, Jesus, to save our sons and our daughters!


Morton Ranch High School junior Roger Hebert recently achieved a perfect 300 game at the age of 16. His "300 Ring" was presented to him in January by the United States Bowling Congress' youth league. In addition, Hebert is the captain of the Morton Ranch varsity bowling team and currently holds the position for highest average in Katy ISD. Congrats Roger! Please mention you found this on www.KatyMagazine.com.
Roger Hebert received his 300 Ring for bowling a perfect game.