text:
Relationship of rheumatoid arthritis and coronary artery disease in the Korean population: a nationwide cross-sectional study
Tae Hyub Lee1,
Gwan Gyu Song2,3,
Sung Jae Choi2,4,
Hongdeok Seok5 &
Jae Hyun Jung ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3835-35871,4
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is known to be associated with coronary artery diseases (CAD). Previous studies of the association between RA and CAD were reported mainly in non-Asian groups. We aimed to examine the prevalence of RA and the relationship between RA and CAD in South Korea.
We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional study by using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which collected data for four years between 2008 and 2012. A total of 25,828 eligible participants were included. To balance the distribution of baseline characteristics, we used propensity score-matching. A multivariable logistic regression model was employed and we calculated the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the odds of the participants with RA on CAD prevalence.
The prevalence of RA in Korea from 2008 to 2012 was 0.6% and RA was predominant among elderly women. The prevalence of CAD in patients with RA was significantly higher than in general population. After propensity score-matching to balance the confounding factors, RA was significantly associated with CAD (OR 2.97, 95% CI 1.15–7.68, P = 0.02).
The prevalence of RA in South Korea was comparable to the worldwide data, and the presence of CAD in RA patients was more than two-fold.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease and has been known to increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [1]. RA is associated with increased risks of myocardial infarction (MI), and considered as an independent risk factor for coronary artery diseases (CAD) [2]. Interestingly, clinical manifestations of CAD in patients with RA are somewhat different from those in the general population. CAD in patients with RA presents earlier, silently, and suddenly [3]. Several mechanisms have been introduced to explain these associations beyond traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors such as age, sex, hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, obesity, and smoking [4, 5]. The inflammatory pathways have been proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of both diseases by many in vivo and in vitro studies [6,7,8]. Additionally, genetic factors are known to enhance the CV risks in RA [9].
Although the relationship between RA and CAD is not fully explained, RA accelerates the process of atherosclerosis and worsens the CV outcomes [10]. Recent meta-analysis showed that CVD mortality in patents with RA is higher than that in the general population [11]. Hence, assessment of CV risks in patients with RA is important, and management of CAD is an essential part of RA treatment. However, CV risks in RA could differ according to race, and the need for population-specific CAD risk stratification in RA was proposed [12]. Epidemiologic studies investigating relationship between RA and CAD have been reported globally and shown different prevalence among the nations [13, 14]. Unfortunately, the association between RA and CAD were reported mainly in non-Asian groups and no data in South Korea have been reported yet [1, 2, 14]. Since some Asians appeared to have a higher risk for CAD, it is necessary to investigate whether CAD is more common in Korean RA patients than in non-RA patients [15]. We, therefore, investigated the prevalence of RA and the association between RA and CAD in South Korea using nationwide data.
Study design and population
We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional study by using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), which collected data for four years between 2008 and 2012. Voluntary participants, who provided written informed consents, were included in the KNHANES. The Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare conducted the KNHANES, which was a nationwide cross-sectional study. Households were randomly selected for participation, and sampled multi-stage stratification was based on geographical areas. The KNHANES was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 2000. The samples were determined by the household registries of the 2005 National Census Registry.
A total of 36,853 individuals participated in the 2008–2012 KHANES. A total of 11,025 participants who did not complete the health survey section regarding age, smoking, alcohol drinking, RA, HTN, DM, and/or dyslipidemia were excluded. Thus, the total number of eligible individuals was 25,828.
Main variables and covariates
The current diagnosis of RA was based on the self-reported data in response to the questions "Was your RA diagnosed by a physician" and "Are you being treated for RA?" The response was either "Yes" or "No." The participants who responded "Yes" to both questions were considered as RA patients. The presence of CAD was based on a "Yes" response to the questions, "Was your angina pectoris or MI diagnosed by a physician" and "Are you currently being treated for angina pectoris or MI?" Alcohol consumption status was defined as follows: 1) heavy drinkers (consumed an average of ≥ 7 units of alcohol for men and ≥ 5 units for women ≥ 2 days/week), 2) moderate drinkers (consumed more than one glass of alcohol per month over the past year), and 3) nondrinkers (never drank or had drunk less than one glass of alcohol per month over the past year) [16]. The smoking group comprised current smokers, and the nonsmoking group comprised former smokers and those who had never smoked. For obesity classification, we classified the participants into three groups: 1) low weight group for body mass index (BMI) lower than 18.5 kg/m2, 2) normal weight group for BMI between 18.5 and 25 kg/m2, and 3) obese group for BMI higher than 25 kg/m2, according to the guidelines of Korean practice [17]. HTN was defined as average systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or taking of antihypertensive medications. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured by standard methods using a sphygmomanometer while the patient was seated. Three measurements were recorded for all subjects at 5-min intervals, and the average of the second and third measurements was used in the analysis. We defined dyslipidemia as follows: hypercholesterolemia, total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dl; hypertriglyceridemia, triglyceride ≥ 150 mg/dl; and hypo-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterolemia (HDL-C), < 40 mg/dL in men, < 50 mg/dL in women, or currently taking any anti-dyslipidemic drug for the purpose of controlling blood lipid concentrations. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration was calculated according to the Friedewald equation, after the exclusion of participants whose triglyceride concentrations exceeded 350 mg/dl. DM was defined as a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level ≥ 126 mg/dL, diagnosis of DM by a clinician, or taking of an oral hypoglycemic agent or injected insulin.
According to the Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare and Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention guidelines, we used the survey-weighted statistical analyses. Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were used to compare for categorical variables, t-tests for normal distribution, and Kruskal-Wallis tests for non-normal distribution of continuous variables to compare the demographic variables. We calculated the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for CAD risk according to RA. We used the multivariable logistic regression model in which we adjusted for the confounding variables of age, sex, alcohol consumption and smoking status, BMI, HTN, dyslipidemia, and DM. The SPSS ver. 23.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for all statistical analyses, and the IBM SPSS Statistics Version 23 - Essentials for R Version 23.0.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for propensity score-matched analysis. A P value < 0.05 was considered significant.
Propensity score-matching
To balance the distribution of baseline characteristics, we used propensity score-matching. We estimated a propensity score for each study participant using the multivariable logistic regression model. In the model, potential confounders and variables associated with CAD, such as age, sex, alcohol consumption and smoking status, BMI, HTN, dyslipidemia, and DM were included. We then created an exchangeable comparison group of the patients with RA by matching each with one patient without RA. Our propensity score model discriminated well between the RA and non-RA groups. The model was fit to the data during all steps of the regression analyses (Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test χ2 = 4.56; P = 0.95, and relative multivariate imbalance L1 after matching =0.714). We then used the propensity score to match each patient with RA to another patient without RA, who had a similar propensity score, matching 238 of those patients with RA to another 238 patients without RA. Our assessment of the covariate balance after matching focused on these standardized differences. Before matching, the mean propensity score for the patients with RA was 0.009, and for the patients without RA was 0.022. After matching, the mean propensity score for the patients with RA was 0.022, and for the patients without RA was 0.022.
Prevalence of RA
Of the 25,828 KNHANES participants included in the present study, 10,915 were men (42.3%), 14,913 were women (57.7%), and 238 were patients with RA (0.9%). Baseline patient characteristics between the RA and non-RA groups were significantly different (Table 1). Old age and female gender were dominant in the RA group. While non-drinkers were more in the RA group, current smoker was more in the non-RA group. Prevalence of HTN, dyslipidemia, DM, and CAD were also higher in RA group than in the non-RA group. The overall adjusted prevalence of RA in Korea from 2008 to 2012 was 0.6% (95% CI 0.5–0.7%). The prevalence of RA increased with age (Table 2).
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants
Table 2 Prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in Korea
Association between RA and CAD
After propensity score-matching for all confounding variables such as age, sex, alcohol consumption, smoking status, BMI, HTN, dyslipidemia, and DM, baseline characteristics in the two groups were similar (Table 3). In an analysis with propensity score-matching, the prevalence of CAD was significantly higher in RA patients (OR 2.97, 95% CI 1.15–7.68, P = 0.02; Table 4).
Table 3 Baseline characteristics of the study participants after propensity score-matching
Table 4 Influence of rheumatoid arthritis on coronary artery disease
This nationwide study investigated the prevalence of RA in Korea and the association between RA and CAD. In this study, the prevalence of RA in Korea from 2008 to 2012 was 0.6%. RA was dominant among the aged women, and patients in the RA groups had more frequencies of HTN, dyslipidemia, and DM. Although smoking is known to be a risk factor for RA, in this study, current smokers were more common in the non RA group. This result is probably due to the fact that most of the RA patients were middle-aged women and smoking prevalence of middle-aged women is low in Korea. The prevalence of CAD in patients with RA was significantly higher than in general population. After the propensity score-matching, RA was significantly correlated with CAD.
Epidemiologic studies investigating RA showed a prevalence of 0.3–6.0%, which varied according to their countries [18,19,20,21,22,23]. An averaged prevalence of 0.5–1.1% was reported in the European and general populations of the United States; however, native Americans showed a higher prevalence of 5.3–6.0% [13]. Studies carried out in developing countries reported a lower RA prevalence of 0.1–0.5%. In Asia, most studies reported a prevalence of 0.1–0.3%; in contrast, one previous study suggested a relatively higher prevalence of 2.0–4.7% [24]. In this study, the prevalence of RA was 0.6%, which was comparable to that of the western population but higher than that of the other Asian populations. Early diagnosis of RA and higher life expectancy in Korea than in other Asian countries is considered to be responsible for the increased prevalence of RA.
The prevalence of RA was generally two to threefold higher in women [13]. In this study, RA was more prevalent in women; the sex ratio was about 4:1, with greater predominance in women than reported in other studies. Majority of the studies also revealed that RA onset peaked in the fifth decade or later [25,26,27,28]. In this study, the prevalence of RA increased with age; however, the exact disease onset could not be assessed.
We have shown that the prevalence of CAD in RA patients was higher than in non-RA patients using propensity score-matching. Previous studies reported that RA directly affected the coronary arteries and raised the risk of CVD by 2-fold [29, 30]. A recent study investigating co-morbidities in patients with RA suggested that the prevalence of CAD might be increased in Korean patients with RA [31]. In our study, we assessed and compared the risks of CAD on RA, using propensity-score matching between patients with RA and without RA. Therefore, we consider that this study is novel in assessing the risks of CAD on RA in an Asian population.
Regarding the relationship between RA and CAD, traditional risk factors could not fully explain the elevated risk of CVD in patients with RA. In addition to traditional risk factors, nontraditional risk factors were additively associated with atherosclerosis and CVD in RA patients. The most likely mechanism is high-grade inflammation in RA. Studies investigating the relationship between RA and CAD suggested a direct link between the degree of inflammation and the risk of CV events [32]. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 were well known to contribute to atherosclerosis development and played an important role in accelerating atherosclerosis in patients with RA [33]. Indeed, high-grade inflammation could increase metabolic risks such as insulin resistance, and directly impair endothelial function. Endothelial dysfunction promoted by such pro-inflammatory cytokines was characterized by decreased nitric oxide bioavailability [34, 35]. Further, oxidative stress and T cells were suggested to play a key role in inflammation and atherosclerosis development in patients with RA [36]. A recent study on anti-inflammatory therapy targeting the interleukin-1β innate immunity pathway with canakinumab suggests that reducing inflammation without affecting lipid levels reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease [37]. Consequently, further investigation of the role of anti-inflammatory therapy in patients with RA and CAD is required.
Some limitations are present in this study. First, the cross-sectional design precludes conclusions about causal relationships; thus, further prospective studies and intervention trials should be undertaken to establish a causal association between RA and CAD. The relationship of RA to CAD is important, since these two diseases possess common inflammatory pathways. Second, the current diagnostic status of RA and CAD was based on self-reports. Consequently, these data may have been influenced by systematic errors in individuals' consideration, which may have led to non-differential misclassification or overestimation. In particular, osteoarthritis (OA) can be confused with RA. However, in case of OA diagnosis in KNHANES, it is possible to prevent misdiagnosis to some extent because OA diagnosis was based on patients' pain and radiologic examinations.
The present study found that the prevalence of RA was 0.6%, which was similar to that reported worldwide, and the presence of RA was associated with an approximately 2-fold increased prevalence of CAD. Therefore, patients with RA would be better to be examined for CAD for early diagnosis and management.
The datasets generated during the current study are available in the KNHANES repository, http://www.cdc.go.kr/CDC/contents/CdcKrContentView.jsp?cid=60939&menuIds=HOME001-MNU1130-MNU1639-MNU1748-MNU1751.
CAD:
coronary artery diseases
CVD:
FPG:
fasting plasma glucose
HDL-C:
high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol
HTN:
LDL-C:
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
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No source of funding. The study was carried out on the investigators own expenses.
College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseouk-ro, Donjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
Tae Hyub Lee & Jae Hyun Jung
Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
Gwan Gyu Song & Sung Jae Choi
Department of Rheumatology, Korea University Guro Hospital, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308, South Korea
Gwan Gyu Song
Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123 Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15355, South Korea
Sung Jae Choi & Jae Hyun Jung
Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Busan Adventist Hospital, Sahmyook Medical Center, 170 Daeti-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49230, South Korea
Hongdeok Seok
Tae Hyub Lee
Sung Jae Choi
Jae Hyun Jung
THL: Study design; Manuscript preparation; Elaboration of article; Data analysis and interpretation. GGS: Elaboration of article and critical review; Data analysis and interpretation. SJC: Elaboration of article and critical review; Data analysis and interpretation. HS: Data collection; Data analysis and interpretation. JHJ: Study design; Manuscript preparation; Elaboration of article and critical review; Data interpretation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript to be published.
Correspondence to Jae Hyun Jung.
All participants in Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) signed an informed consent form and the institutional review board of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention approved the study (IRB: 2008-04EXP-01-C, 2009-01CON-03-2C, 2010-02CON-21-C, 2011-02CON-06-C, 2012–01 EXP-01-2C). The survey was conducted in accordance with the 2000 Declaration of Helsinki principles. Informed consent was waived because this study performed secondary analysis using the KNHANES dataset.
All authors consent to publish the manuscript in Advances in Rheumatology.
Lee, T., Song, G., Choi, S. et al. Relationship of rheumatoid arthritis and coronary artery disease in the Korean population: a nationwide cross-sectional study. Adv Rheumatol 59, 40 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42358-019-0084-6
Received: 06 March 2019


China doesn't have this context. Or, perhaps I should say, these hang-ups.
With pro wrestling only existing in mainland China for fourteen years, the majority of the population are unfamiliar with the nuances and expectations that accompany the art.
Herein Oriental Wrestling Entertainment have a near-blank slate to work upon, and an audience that needs education to be able to grasp, come to terms with, understand and, eventually, love pro wrestling. There's also a need to tailor the product to Chinese market trends and cultural tastes, and to navigate the waters of government approval if the company is to grow as large as they have made clear to me that they wish to become. The ways in which they've set out, thus far, to accomplish these domestic market goals may, however, be jarring to a first time international viewer familiar with the landscape of this performance art.
While the exact presentation of all four of OWE's shows, particularly from an online video standpoint, has evolved from each one to the next, there has been one specific constant that is remarkably unusual for pro wrestling.
Ring announcer, and VP, Michael Nee provides commentary to the audience throughout the shows, broadcast on the venues' loudspeakers. This is extraneous to the role he serves in hosting the shows, announcing matches, and translating English for the audience. This commentary has, at times, mentioned the moves and called some action, but is primarily geared towards things like leading chants in support of performers, booing the heels (all of whom, thus far, are the foreigners) and reacting loudly and excitedly to big moments. This serves as a lesson, of sorts, to the audience on how to participate and interact with professional wrestling's "theatre in the round." The efficacy of this educational tactic is difficult to measure, but having watched all four shows they've filmed, it appears that towards the end of each event the audience picks up on the interactivity of the show quicker, and more willingly.
"There's no background reference when it comes to wrestling for the Chinese audience," Michael Nee says in this article from the South China Morning Post, is a point that is driven home by the opening segments of the third show, if you watch them on QQ video, where a package is played that explains the rules of the matches to the audience. It scrolls text along with footage captured from the first show showing how a pinfall victory is attained, and that if you aren't back in the ring by a ten count you lose. This segment is part of a looping set which also shows highlights of their stars' previous outings, including excursions, and recaps things a bit. This plays in the venues, and not just on the stream.
Both of these would be highly unusual for attendees of a pro wrestling event outside of mainland China, with only Kaiju Big Battel standing out from the crowd for how their commentary is broadcast to the audience, but not the why.
Likewise, beyond the educational efforts, the presentation of OWE's shows would still be seen as quite unusual. Their goal isn't simply to present pro wrestling but "to make the wrestlers famous idols," which is why the Chinese articles, when run through translators, call the company a young men's action idol troupe. This is reinforced, from the events' opening moments, with dance routines and Kung-Fu weapons demonstrations from OWE's roster and musical performances by Chinese pop idol groups such as SNH48 and CKG48 interspersed with the actual matches at key moments throughout the event. Their events have a variety show feel to them, with the wrestling ring as the central focal point.
This Idol culture driven model is also incredibly lucrative, with this article echoing statements made to me by Mr. Nee during my talk with him in Las Vegas. The Shanghai-based SNH48 is fifteen times more lucrative than AKB48, the Japanese originator of this idol culture model, because of quirks of Chinese spending habits online. They will make frequent payments through services to support their favorites in the groups. While this is not immediately viable, the long term goal may be to use paid fan ranking votes to influence the direction of storytelling and main event positions, rewarding the audience for buying into the product and reinforcing this behaviour in a growing middle-class with newfound disposable income. It also allows them to easily expand into additional media, such as film, television, and music – all of which their executives and investors are familiar and successful in.
On the flipside, the WWE, the benchmark for China's understanding of what pro wrestling is, is seen to "have too much hate or conflict" in its content. This concern does not, as of this time, have any tangible impact on how the in-ring action is carried out, and seems directed at storytelling in the grander soap opera sense.
When you put all of this together with a language barrier and OWE's roster full of big, bold characters heavily influenced by both modern Chinese pop culture and their deep reserves of history and legend, you wind up with a product which is both remarkably engaging and feels very unfamiliar to an audience who have expectations.
OWE have made it clear that their ambitions are to be international, but one must wonder whether or not their uniquely Chinese characteristics could get in their own way when they expand, and whether or not they can train a foreign audience to appreciate the way they are training a domestic audience to appreciate pro wrestling.


text:
module DiscourseApi
  module API
    module Posts
      def create_post(args)
        args = API.params(args)
                  .required(:topic_id, :raw)
                  .optional(:created_at, :api_username)
        post("/posts", args)
      end

      def create_post_action(args)
        args = API.params(args)
                   .required(:id, :post_action_type_id)
        post("/post_actions", args.to_h.merge(flag_topic: false))
      end

      def get_post(id, args = {})
        args = API.params(args)
                  .optional(:version)
        response = get("/posts/#{id}.json", args)
        response[:body]
      end

      def wikify_post(id)
        put("/posts/#{id}/wiki", wiki: true)
      end

      def edit_post(id, raw)
        put("/posts/#{id}", post: {raw: raw})
      end

      def delete_post(id)
        delete("/posts/#{id}.json")
      end

      def destroy_post_action(post_id, post_action_type_id)
        delete("/post_actions/#{post_id}.json", post_action_type_id: post_action_type_id)
      end

      def post_action_users(post_id, post_action_type_id)
        response = get("/post_action_users.json", {id: post_id, post_action_type_id: post_action_type_id})
        response[:body]
      end
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
I have a very selfish reason (three, actually) for fighting Janet Barresi's reelection bid: my granddaughters. Haley is entering ninth grade, Ashley will be a seventh grader, and Katie just finished first grade. Their experiences in school have been defined by the reforms Janet Barresi has championed, their schools' cultures have been tainted by her reforms. There is a toxic climate of fear in schools that can only be changed with a change of Superintendent.
I will use her own words to highlight the damage she's done. She recently participated in two debates, one with all of the Democratic candidates, and one with her main Republican rival.
I want to start with the second debate, because it goes to this grandmother's heart like a stake.
During the open-question portion, a fifth grader asked both candidates a question. I'll quote the exchange:
"During an open question-and-answer period at the end, Caiden Catcher, a fifth-grader from Union Public Schools, told the candidates: "I tested for two weeks, and I also tested with a computer. I want to know how you will decrease testing." Barresi responded, "If you're a fifth-grader, I really don't know why you were tested for two weeks, because there should be only two — two tests that should take about an hour apiece. Perhaps those were tests given by your school district." Hofmeister then said, "I am so sorry you had to spend so much time testing and not learning. … I don't know the particular details of your school, but everywhere I go, I hear over and over again that schools are responding to mandates. "We need to have a leader who will listen and not dismiss. There's a practicality that you only understand when you are a part of it and you are there and you can see and feel the stress of it. It is toxic, and it needs to change.""
Look again at the Superintendent's words, her first words to this child: "IF you're a fifth grader…" Before addressing the question…IF? IF? "If you're too dumb to know what grade you're in? If you've made a mistake?"
Then, she contradicts the child who DID test for two weeks to explain that was wrong. This fifth grader is supposed to be the business of our Superintendent. Every public school student in Oklahoma should be the most important stakeholder for our leaders. Instead of responding to the child's concerns, instead of respecting the child, complimenting the courage it took to get up and ask that question, Barresi dismisses the child and the concern with her 'IF'. Also notice the slap at the school district, trying to instill distrust in the professionals closest to the students.
I was struck by the difference in tone from Hofmeister, even on the page: "I am so sorry…" She begins by acknowledging this student's concerns and feelings. I can see this little one's shoulders relaxing, that quick breath as someone listened to the question and responded with respect.
Barresi says over and over how she's in office to protect the students of Oklahoma, not the adults. Well, she had a very public opportunity to show us how she values our kids…she failed the test in my mind. I envisioned my Grands asking that question. I know they're the experts about how many tests they took, how long they tests…They know what those testing days feel like, the anxiety, the stress. This Granny might have launched herself toward the stage if the Superintendent had spoken so dismissively to my girls.
Oh, and by the way…guess what? The child is right. The Superintendent of Public Instruction is wrong. Is she smarter than a fifth grader? Guess not.
Earlier in the week candidates participated in a forum and I listened with interest, as this was one of the first appearances both she and her other phantom opponent, Brian Kelly, have attended.
Barresi's closing statement tells me everything I need to know about her delusional views of our schools, our kids, and the climate she has created in Oklahoma.
She rests her campaign on three pillars: Reading, Accountability and Parent Choice. And her record as a 'reformer'.
At least she left Horton the Wilders at home that evening, but she is still dead-wrong about early Reading. She said there was no bigger problem to overcome in our state. Nothing was more critical. She continues to misunderstand reading difficulties and special education, and told us that special education numbers would drop when we 'solved' reading. Dropouts would also magically disappear when all our children read at level.
The subtext here is she loves her punitive RSA…she believes flunking third graders on the results of one test is a good thing. Remember Katie? She could easily be caught in Barresi's buzz saw called RSA. She and her classmates will NOT be protected by the recent HB2625. Her mother and dad and teacher will NOT have the right to work together to decide the best placement for Katie if she 'fails' the reading/ELA test when she's a third grader. There is just as much research that shows children who are retained become our dropouts as there is showing remedial readers are dropouts. She said we need to move forward (punitive RSA), not roll back (HB2625) our efforts. How interesting, considering she recently fired all the REAC3H reading coaches around the state…great way to move forward.
Her second campaign issue is Accountability – more tests, more punishment. Earlier in the debate she stood confidently behind her A-F system of grading schools…confident and alone: the only candidate who had a good word for A-F. She told us it was great; she told us it was accurate. She stands behind it. She continues to ignore the independent research of the leading scientists in our state. Accountability also includes her teacher evaluation system that rolls out connected to test scores. She loves her high-stakes tests, and she reminded us all that ACT, which will be aligned with CCSS, can no longer be used in OK, since HB3399 specifically says our curriculum, our standards, our assessments must not resemble CCSS at all…really wish the moderator would have asked a follow-up question about that…
Her third issue is no surprise for those of us who paid attention, during her campaign in 2010, and during her 3-1/2 years. Parent Choice. Janet Barresi never met a charter or online charter she didn't love. Choice…If it's the choice to leave public schools. Parent Choice, if it's the choice to take a special education student out of a public school, use public funds to attend a private school, where there may or may not be IEP services available. She and Rep. Jason Nelson are firmly for parent choice…to leave, to abandon. He exhorted us to 'just trust parents' about vouchers. She trusts parents…UNTIL it comes to third graders' parents. Then, the choice and trust are turned off like a spigot. No trust is afforded parents who want to work with teachers to properly place their children for the next year. Parents obviously cannot be trusted to sit in a team and make that kind of decision. Her deep disconnect makes my head spin.
So, a vote for Janet Barresi, in her own words, is a vote for a leader who ignores the concerns of our children, even publically denies their concerns. A vote for Janet Barresi is a vote against my granddaughters and their friends. A vote for Janet Barresi is a vote against parents' ability to make educational decisions about their children, WITHIN public schools. A vote for Janet Barresi is a vote for more high stakes tests, and more high stakes. A vote for Janet Barresi is a vote against the public schools in Oklahoma.
Her own words are clear. Will we listen? Katie and I need you to listen and vote for a change. We're counting on you.
Posted by Fourth Generation Teacher at 9:51 AM
Melissa Thomas June 18, 2014 at 11:32 AM
Thank you so much for this post. It says everything that needs to be said. I hope all Oklahoma voters read it and vote with the children's best interest at heart.
Claudia Swisher June 18, 2014 at 4:35 PM
Thanks, Melissa. We're all in this together, huh?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home » INGREDIENTS
Super herbs are at the core of ancient healing practices and date back centuries. They contain effective adaptogens known for strengthening several aspects of one's health and for relieving unwanted stressors. Our beverages seamlessly integrate herbal nutrients into your diet, allowing you to feel more energized and engaged throughout your day and satisfied about what you're putting into your body for the years to come.
For centuries the people of Siberia, Russia, and Asia have used Chaga "The King of Medicinal Mushrooms" for its compelling health benefits. Chaga in the form of tea has gained popularity in the West, primarily for its ability to strengthen one's immune system. Its delightful flavor derives from the vanillin compound also found in vanilla bean but in fact tastes nothing like a mushroom. Chaga grows primarily on living birch trees in cold temperate environments and draws in its nutrients and energy components from the tree during its 3-5 year harvest.
Studies have shown that several of the health benefits include:
Stimulates And Regulates The Immune System
Nutritional Support In The Fight Against Cancer
Helps Protect The Liver
Anti-Aging And Skin Benefits
Potential in Battling Ulcers and Gastritis
Positive Effects on Cholesterol and Blood Pressure
The Ashwagandha herb is native to the dry regions of India, northern Africa, the Middle East, and mild climate areas of the US. Also referred to as "Indian Ginseng," Ashwagandha traditionally used for its rejuvenating properties and its ability to help the body adapt to emotional and physical stressors. Ashwagandha contains many useful medicinal chemicals including, alkaloids, choline, fatty acids, and amino acids.
Protects the Immune System
Helps Combat the Effects of Stress and Anxiety
Combats Fatigue, Depression, and Insomnia
Improves Concentration
Helps Reduce Brain-Cell Degeneration
Stabilizes Blood Sugar
Offers Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Benefits
Enhances Sexual Potency for Both Men and Women
Effective Anti-tumor Agent
Promotes New Nerve Growth
The turmeric plant is native to India and southeast Asia, in areas with warm weathered climates and considerate amounts of rainfall. Turmeric is a staple in Ayurvedic medicine, the world's oldest system of medicine formed in India over three thousand years ago, habitually used for its healing, disease-fighting, anti-inflammatory, and physical recovery abilities. A member of the ginger family, this super herb similarly comes from thick roots that grow off the stem of the turmeric plant. The roots are boiled in water, dried in an oven, and ground into a deep-orange-yellow powder widely consumed as a spice.
Anti-inflammatory Capacity
Fights flu, sore throats, stomach pains
Treats Gastrointestinal Issues
Treats Menstrual Issues
Prevents Cystic Fibrosis and Cancer
Detoxifies the Body
Improves Heart Health
Treats Depression
Hibiscus tea is enjoyed across the world and commonly consumed for its eternal health benefits. Often prescribed as a medicinal tea, hibiscus is rich in vitamin C, minerals and antioxidants––typically used to treat high blood pressure, high cholesterol, disturbed digestive systems and inflammatory problems, among other illnesses. The teas are prepared by boiling the tropical hibiscus flower until the colors drain from the petal.
Manages Blood Pressure
Protects Liver
Anti-cancer Properties
Anti-inflammatory & Antibacterial Agent
Relieves Menstrual Pain
Acts as Antidepressant Agent
Satiates Thirst
Treats hypertension and anxiety
Also known as fruit of the rose plants, Rose hips are the red seed-pods that grow on rose plants, in the late summer and autumn, after the flowers have fallen off. Although they may appear insignificant in comparison to a rosebud itself, rose hips are in fact the most nutritionally dense fruit among any plant. They are loaded with vitamin C, A, E, and B-complex, as well as minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium and zinc, and are commonly consumed to relieve arthritis pain, lower cholesterol, manage diabetes, regulate digestion, and to build stronger bones. Utilized for hundreds of years by Europeans and Americas, rose hips are versatile and desired for both their nutritional benefits and for their delightful flavor.
Prevent Chronic Diseases
Control Diabetes
Aid in Digestion
Improve Circulation
Enhance Bone Health
Originated in the tropical rainforests of Southern Asia, ginger has been used for thousands of years for both medicinal and culinary purposes. Ginger is very closely related to turmeric and similarly comes from the dense root of its plant. It contains significant nutrients and bioactive compounds that have powerful health benefits for one's body and brain. Gingerol, the leading compound found in the ingredient, is potent with antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties that help combat nausea, pain, and inflammation.
Helps Relieve Nausea
Fights Fungal Infection
Protects against Stomach Ulcers
Eases Menstrual Pains
Relieves Joint and Muscle Pain
Lowers Cholesterol Levels
Improves Brain Function
Blocks Bacterial Infections
Eases Inflammation
Promotes Proper Digestion
Chamomile has been used for its medicinal properties for thousands of years across western Europe, India and western Asia. The flower heads and leaves belonging to the Roman and German species of chamomile are common ingredients in herbal teas. Chamomile acts medically as a mood-booster, pain-killer, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-allergenic, and sedative. It is best known for calming anxiety, aiding with sleep, and settling stomachs.
Fights Stomach Aches, Colds and Feversa
Relieves Intestinal Gas
Aids Digestion
Lowers Menstrual Cramps
Native to the temperate areas of Africa, Europe and Asia, lavender is known for its extraordinary color, scent and health benefits. The buds, roots, leaves and flowers are packed with nutrients, and when brewed in tea can aid in stress relief and relaxation. Lavender supports tired muscles, works as an antiseptic, restores body cells, helps maintain cardiovascular and respiratory health, and treats insomnia, indigestion, inflammation, headaches.
Reduces Anxiety & Stress
Treats Sleep Issues
Anti-inflammatory Qualities
Antiseptic Ability
Protects Heart Health
Prevents Digestive Issues
A perennial grass native to India and tropical regions of Asia, lemongrass offers a variety of medicinal benefits and is in high demand due to its anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-microbial properties. Lemongrass in the form of tea is loaded with antioxidants and is great for digestion, boosting one's metabolism and burning fat. This herb is also full of essential vitamins and minerals that help the human body function, such as vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, vitamin C, folate, potassium, calcium magnesium, phosphorous, manganese, copper, zinc, and iron.
Prevents Cancer
Stomach Disorders
Treats Insomnia
Cures Fever
Treats Infections
Reduces Aches
Type-2 Diabetes
Prevents Rheumatism
Boosts Immunity
Treats Edema
Culinary Usage
Copyright Down To Earth Organics LLC 2018


I was searching for a Property and found this listing (MLS® #1900306). Please send me more information regarding 1820 Gemini Circle, Conway, SC, 29526. Thank you!
I'd like to request a showing of 1820 Gemini Circle, Conway, SC, 29526 (MLS® #1900306). Thank you!


Saba just dropped his monumental album Care For Me and it's greater than anyone could ever have expected. Saba has always been an incredible artist, but Care For Me is album of the year caliber material. Things are moving quickly for the West side Chicago artist, and as the album gains recognition his profile is spreading across the country. Here's a brief rundown of some of the highlights Saba has experienced a mere 6 days since the release of Care For Me.
He kicked off by immediately dropping his "Life" video after the project's release, getting a fantastic fan response with the beautifully directed visual. Saba and Pivot Gang are now on tour, including Joseph Chilliams, MFN Melo, and Jean Deaux, as well as local photography phenom Evan Brown. Their first stop is tonight in Philadelphia, and then they're moving from east coast, to south, to west and back again. You can check for stops in your city and find tickets to his Care For Me tour here.
As far as business is concerned, Care For Me started doing crazy numbers. Already with hundreds of thousands of plays across streaming platforms, the album charted at #45 on Billboard's hip-hop and R&B listings, and landed decisively as the number 2 rap album on itunes.
He's been hitting the promotional circuit as well, with an appearance on Sway In The Morning where he discusses the response to Care For Me, his writing and production process, and spits what you know to be an insane freestyle. Oh, and he met Cardi B. Expect many more promo spots to follow.
Don't step on Saba's shine. The man is on fire right now, and deserves every bit of love that he's getting. Long Live John Walt.


Michiganís Auburn Lull returns after 1999ís excellent ìAlone I Admireî (reissued by Darla in 2002) and early press reactions are on the spot for this new album, which indicate a deservedly and candid warm welcome back. Once associated with Michiganís fledgling space rock scene (Windy and Carl, Fuxa and Asha Vida), the memberís of Auburn Lull still retain the magic that made their early releases such a pleasure to listen to. The focus of the new recording remains as in the past, using spatial ambiance as itís main axis; drums, guitars, synths, bass and voice extended into a never ending westward gaze.
A track like ìDeteriorî willfully serves the purpose of making everything stand still and suddenly lift the all around into a direct shoot out into the stars, leaving all else behind. The rest of the album, like the opener, ìBuilding fiftyî, rely on progressive schemes that are rich in sound, ambiance and slow calculated rhythms. If there is only one small quip about this album is probably Auburn Lullís reluctance to rock out in full saturated shoegaze style, as they maintain their steady pose throughout the albumís eleven tracks.


text:
using Tralus.Framework.Module;
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using Mahan.Infrastructure.Module.BusinessLogics;

namespace Mahan.Infrastructure.Module.Controllers
{
    public class DeactivateAircraftRegisterController : TralusBusinessLogicViewController<AircraftRegister, DeactivateAircraftRegisterBusinessLogic>
    {
        protected override void OnAfterExecute()
        {
            RefreshDetailViewItems("IsActive");
        }
    }
}


text:
December 7, 2019 . Men's Basketball
No. 5 Virginia Hosts No. 7 North Carolina Sunday
How to Watch ACC Network | Watch Online | Listen Live | LIve Stats | Virginia Game Notes | North Carolina Game Notes | Virginia Athletics Master Plan
CHARLOTTESVILLE, Va. – No. 5 Virginia (7-1, 1-0) returns to ACC action against No. 7 North Carolina (6-2, 1-0) on Sunday (Dec. 8). Tipoff at John Paul Jones Arena is set for 4 p.m. on ACC Network.
For Openers
• Virginia meets its first ranked opponent of 2018-19.
• UVA and North Carolina meet for the 11th time as top-10 ranked foes with the Tar Heels owning a 6-4 advantage.
• The Cavaliers have not lost back-to-back games since dropping a home game vs. Duke (65-55) and road game at North Carolina (65-41) in the 2016-17 season.
• UVA's four-game winning streak vs. North Carolina is its longest since a four-game winning streak from 2001-03.
• The Virginia-North Carolina contest will be televised on ACC Network and streamed live on WatchESPN.com and ESPN app.
• The game will also be broadcast the Virginia Sports Radio Network, and online at VirginiaSports.com and Virginia Sports app.
• Live statistics will be located on VirginiaSports.com and the Virginia Sports app.
The Head Coach
• Three-time National and four-time ACC Coach of the Year Tony Bennett has a 261-90 (.744) mark in 11 seasons at Virginia and 330-123 (.728) career mark in 14 seasons.
• In 2018-19, Bennett led the Cavaliers to their first NCAA national championship, a share of their ninth ACC regular-season title and school-record 35 wins.
• Bennett became the 80th active Division I head coach to win his 300th career game against Marshall on Dec. 31, 2018.
• Bennett was named the USBWA Henry Iba National Coach of the Year for the third time in 2018 to rank second all-time behind legendary John Wooden, who captured the award six times.
All-Time vs. North Carolina
• UVA is 57-131 all-time vs. UNC in the series that began in 1910-11.
• UVA is 35-44 all-time against the Tar Heels in Charlottesville, including a 5-4 mark at John Paul Jones Arena.
• The Cavaliers have won six of the last seven regular-season meetings between the teams.
• UVA is 4-1 against UNC in its last five games and 7-3 in its last 10.
• Tony Bennett is 9-8 all-time vs. North Carolina, including a loss as head coach of Washington State in the 2008 NCAA Sweet 16.
• Virginia is 185-42 (.815), including a 4-0 mark in 2019-20, in 14 seasons at John Paul Jones Arena.
• UVA was 15-1 at JPJ last season and is 147-26 (.850), including a 112-11 (.911) mark the past eight seasons, at home under head coach Tony Bennett.
• Virginia is an ACC-leading 57-6 (.905) in league home games over the past seven seasons. Duke is second at 55-8 (.873).
• UVA has won 11 or more home games for 10 straight seasons.
UVA in the National Rankings
• As of Dec. 6, Virginia ranks first in the nation in scoring defense (43.9), field goal percentage defense (30.9) and personal fouls per game (11.1), and fifth in fewest fouls (89).
UVA Ranked No. 5 in Latest AP Poll
• UVA is ranked No. 5 in the latest Associated Press poll and No. 2 in the USA Today Coaches' poll.
• UVA has been ranked in the AP poll for 39 straight weeks and had been ranked in the top 10 in 35 of the last 36 polls.
Holding Foes Under 50
• UVA is 6-0 when limiting opponents to fewer than 50 points.
• UVA is 93-2 when achieving the mark in the Tony Bennett era.
• Bennett-coached teams are 118-3 when holding opponents to fewer than 50 points (25-1 in three years at Washington State).
• UVA is 3-0 when limiting opponents to fewer than 40 points (26-0 all-time under Bennett).
• UVA has three wins when scoring fewer than 50 points for the first time since 1981-82 (Maryland and NC State twice).
Last Time Out
• Sasha Stefanovic scored a game-high 20 points to lead Purdue to a 69-40 win over No. 5 Virginia on Wednesday, Dec. 4.
• Jahaad Proctor added 16 points and Matt Haarms added 11 as the Boilermakers handed Virginia its worst loss since a 35-point defeat (87-52) at Tennessee on Dec. 30, 2013.
• Purdue shot 13 of 25 from 3-point range and limited the Cavaliers to just 4 of 24 beyond the arc.
• UVA's 40 points were its fourth fewest scored in the shot clock era (since 1985-86).
• Jay Huff led UVA with 11 points and Mamadi Diakite added 10.
Last Time vs. North Carolina
• De'Andre Hunter and Kyle Guy each scored 20 points to lead then-No. 4 Virginia to a 69-61 win at then-No. 8 North Carolina on Feb. 11, 2019.
• Ty Jerome added his second career double-double with 15 points and 11 assists as UVA improved to 7-1 in true road games.
• UVA held a 36-29 lead at halftime, but North Carolina used a 17-3 lead to gain a 49-43 lead before the Cavaliers closed the game on a 12-2 run.
• Coby White led North Carolina with 17 points and Cameron Johnson added 16.
• UVA shot 53.3 percent from the field, including 55 percent from beyond the arc (10 of 18).
• The Cavaliers held the Tar Heels to 35.4 percent shooting.
Hoo Are These Cavaliers?
• The quartet of Mamadi Diakite, Kihei Clark, Braxton Key and Jay Huff lead Virginia into action this season.
• Diakite leads UVA in scoring (13.4 ppg) and is second in rebounding (7.0), while Clark is averaging 8.6 points, 4.8 rebounds and a team-high 4.9 assists.
• Key is averaging 10.3 points and a team-high 8.3 rebounds, but has missed the last two games with a wrist injury.
• Huff has tallied 10.4 points, 7.0 rebounds and team-high 12 blocks.
• Kody Stattmann and newcomers Casey Morsell and Tomas Woldetensae have absorbed the minutes left by Ty Jerome, Kyle Guy and De'Andre Hunter on the perimeter.
• Morsell, who scored a career-high 19 points against Arizona State en route to all-tournament honors, is averaging 5.3 points.
• Stattmann is averaging 4.5 points, but missed four games (Nov. 19-27) due to an illness.
• Woldetensae has started seven games and had six rebounds in wins over Columbia and Vermont.
• Justin McKoy chipped in six points on 3 of 3 shooting off the bench at Purdue, while walk-on Chase Coleman has averaged 6.7 minutes backing up point guard Kihei Clark.
• Francisco Caffaro has appeared in four contests and Jayden Nixon provides additional perimeter depth.
• Forward Kadin Shedrick is expected to redshirt this season, while Sam Hauser will sit out the season after transferring from Marquette.
• No. 5 Virginia hosts Stony Brook in nonconference action on Wednesday, Dec. 18. Tipoff at John Paul Jones Arena is set for 6:30 p.m. on ACC Network.


text:
La Tirreno-Adriatico 2010, quarantacinquesima edizione della corsa, si è svolta in sette tappe dal 10 al 16 marzo 2010 e ha affrontato un percorso totale di 1229 km con partenza da Livorno e arrivo a San Benedetto del Tronto. Il corridore italiano Stefano Garzelli, della squadra Acqua & Sapone, si è imposto in 30.51'26".

Tappe

Squadre e corridori partecipanti

Al via si sono presentate ventidue squadre ciclistiche, delle quali sedici rientrano nei "Pro Teams", Footon-Servetto e il Team RadioShack ne sono state escluse. Le altre sei squadre rientrano nella fascia "UCI Professional Continental Team".

Dettagli delle tappe

1ª tappa
 10 marzo: Livorno > Rosignano Solvay - 148 km

Risultati

2ª tappa
 11 marzo: Montecatini Terme > Montecatini Terme – 165 km

Risultati

3ª tappa
 12 marzo: San Miniato > Monsummano Terme – 159 km

Risultati

4ª tappa
 13 marzo: San Gemini > Chieti – 243 km

Risultati

5ª tappa
 14 marzo: Chieti > Colmurano – 216 km

Risultati

6ª tappa
 15 marzo: Montecosaro > Macerata – 134 km

Risultati

7ª tappa
 16 marzo: Civitanova Marche > San Benedetto del Tronto – 164 km

Risultati

Evoluzione delle classifiche
In questa edizione 2010, quattro differenti maglie vengono assegnate. Per la classifica generale, calcolata sommando il tempo alla fine di ogni frazione di ogni singolo ciclista ed assegnando dei bonus per i primi tre che tagliano i traguardi intermedi e quello finale (rispettivamente 3, 2 e un secondo e 10, 6 e 4 secondi), il leader riceve una maglia azzurra.

Oltre a questa, vi è una classifica individuale a punti, che assegna una maglia ciclamino. In tale classifica, i primi quattro ciclisti a transitare sui traguardi intermedi e i primi dieci su quello finale, acquisiscono dei punti: nel primo caso, i traguardi intermedi, ottengono rispettivamente 5, 3, 2 e 1 punto mentre nel secondo caso, rispettivamente 12, 10, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 e 1 punto. In caso di pari merito si tiene conto del numero delle vittorie di tappa, dei traguardi intermedi e della classifica generale.

Vi è anche una classifica della montagna che assegna una maglia verde. In questa graduatoria, i punti vengono assegnati ai primi quattro ciclisti che transitano sulla cima di alcune ascese designate come Gran Premi della Montagna. Diversamente dalla maggior parte delle gare ciclistiche, non vi è una categorizzazione delle salite ed ognuna assegna gli stessi punti: rispettivamente 5, 3, 2 e 1 punto.

La quarta maglia, la maglia bianca, contraddistingue la classifica dei giovani. Viene calcolata secondo lo stesso principio della generale, ma considera solo ciclisti nati dopo il 1º gennaio 1985.

Visto che le regole UCI limitano il numero di maglie assegnate a quattro, le precedenti sono le uniche magli assegnate ai ciclisti ed indossate durante le tappe. Oltre alle precedenti viene calcolata anche una classifica a squadre, calcolata sommando i tempi dei migliori tre corridori di ogni squadra al termine di ogni singola tappa.

Classifiche finali

Classifica generale

Classifica a punti

Classifica scalatori

Classifica giovani

Classifica a squadre

Punteggi UCI

Note

Collegamenti esterni

Ciclismo nel 2010
Tirreno-Adriatico

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The E-mail message field is required. Numerous questions with worked solutions are given throughout. The Quantum-Classical Transition Revisited 9. And importantly, as these are quantum, identical particles, we can never, ever tell the difference. This is just an example of the Pauli exclusion principle, which does not allow more than one particle in the same state. We choose these examples as not only are they perhaps the simplest to deal with from a mathematical point of view, but they are also of considerable physical interest.
Therefore, in order for eqn 4. Numerous questions with worked solutions are given throughout. Thank you so much pleasure to visit our website!!! Zu weiteren zahlreichen Spezialgebieten gibt es Ergänzungen im Internet beim Verlag der amerikanischen Originalausgabe, die eine Vertiefung des Stoffes ermöglichen. That is to say, we could tell which particle was which because they were localized within a solid. Imagine a sub-system again in contact with a very large reservoir, but now such that both energy and particles can flow between the sub-system and the reservoir. We know the form for the density of states and thus: 4r. Even if you know the density and total energy of all of the air in the room, there will be some small fluctuations in t.
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Thus there is a limit on the highest frequency in a solid. We maximize In n subject to the constraint that there is a fixed number of particles note that for photons and phonons the number of particles is not fixed - we will return to this point in a moment and also subject to the constraint that the energy is constant. These ideas can be illustrated by reference to Fig. Note that we need only specify g,-I levels now. For l he particles, the total number of microstates in a given macrostate, Q, is given by 1. A hollow cubical box with sides of length a has perfectly conducting walls, such that the electric field tangential to the surfaces of the walls must be zero.
Paramagnets and oscillators ; 4. You might like to consider whether the universe can be consi krl'd 10 bean example. Mars is somewhere between the two extremes. The text includes problems and worked solutions. As examples, we will derive the internal energy, the heat capacity, the entropy and the magnetization. First, recall that neither Zrot and Zyib depend on V, and so Zsp ex V. May show signs of minor shelf wear and contain limited notes and highlighting.
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution of Speeds 4. Let H denote a head, and T a tail. Show that the zero-point motion of an assembly of simple harmonic oscillators does not contribute to its cnt. Of these, this book relates to three core disciplines. Notice that at large magnetic fields the energy is proportional to - B. Indeed, for very weak fields· the energy is proportional to - B 2 , because for small x, tanh x -t X. But what do eqns 6.
We can also tell the difference between atoms of the same element, as long as they are localized in space. However, for indistinguishable particles there is a different relationship between the single-particle partition function ~nd that for the whole system - i. About this Item: Oxford University Press, 2001. It is trivial to show that the above formula reduces to the Ferllli-Dirac distribution for p 1 and the Bose-Einst. This is an important characteristic of the free energy F. People have various and curious ways of picking their numbers the date of the cat's birthday, phase of the moon, number of their bank account, etc. Die Bearbeitung und Anpassung an Anforderungen deutscher Hochschulen wurde von Prof.
Well, when we dealt with distinguishable particles we didn't worry if more than one of our N particles had the same wavefunction - by definition they could not - either they were intrinsically different particles like a helium atom as opposed to a xenon atom , or their separate wavefunctions were localized over different, particular regions of space. Now typically for a gas at, say, room temperature, the integers n r , ny, and n z are going to be large, because the energy of the particles puts them in very high quantum states. More about Adiabatic Expansions 4. There is only one way for all of them to be there just as there is only one way of getting 10 hl'ads when we flip a coin 10 times. Now, here comes another of those annoying bits of physics which, at the kv! Also, we have now introduced two other concepts for dealing with quantum statistics, the idea of fermions and bosons. Indistinguishability meallS that we cannot tell the difference between a particle in state labelled 2 and one in state labelled 4 in t.
On the other hand at high magnetic fields the magnetization tends to a constant: N tiB recall tanh x -+ 1 as x -+ 00. Le~ us now pr ~ c: b f f G Q Magnetic field Fig. As mentioned above, if we were to be pursuing the subject in a truly rigorous fashion, we would now need to resort to the method of ensembles developed by Gibbs. As the atoms contain an even number of fermions, their overall spin is integer, and thus they act as bosons, but we certainly can't create or destroy them in the way we can photons, and particle number is conserved. If each of the two particles are in different wells, such as the quadratic potentials shown in a , when we swap these localized and thus distinguishable particles, we can tell the difference. There are ;bbviously more possibilities than just those listed above.


The San Francisco Marathon is a loop course and Haskella��s home race, too. The race starts and finishes at the marina, so running across the roadbed of the Golden Gate Bridge, through the Presidio and into Golden Gate Park is a great highlight for first-timers, wea��re told. Also, if you do this one well, you could automatically qualify for the popular Boston Marathon.
Whether youa��re on a runnera��s high or just want to give the 2014 Beijing marathon a go to support a cause and donate to charity, Haskell says this one is a favourite as he clocked his personal best here. The race follows an undulating, urban route starting at the infamous Tiananmen Square, past the Forbidden City and the Olympic Village before ending at the Birda��s Nest stadiumA�a��the national stadium.
The ardent runner puts this one on the list primarily because it is considered the worlda��s largest marathon, apart from being the first one he ever ran. The 44-year-old race that took place on November 2 brought together various cultures and people from across the globe and they ran through the five boroughs of New York City: Staten Island, Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, and Manhattan. A tourist event, we say.
AnA� unusual race, Haskell tells us it is a different high to actually traverse the historic Great Wall in this marathon. A rather rigorous route, set atop the actual wall which traces many a valley and mountain, this race also has 5,000 steps to cover. Apparently quite demanding,A� so better not try this one as a beginner.A� a�?But the dramatic landscape, lush scenery and the feeling of racing on a historical monument, makes it that much more appealing and interesting,a�? shares Haskell, adding that he now understands why Genghis Khan decided to go around the wall rather than on it.


text:
layout: project-post
title: AI Wiki
date: 2018-03-15
tags: [web,ml]
status: publish
type: post
published: true
comments: true
author: andrey_kurenkov
projcategory: major_projects
projname: aiwiki
excerpt: A wiki specifically for AI, to centralize knowledge and documentation
image:
  feature: aiwiki2.png
  teaser: icon.png
what: A wiki specifically for AI, to centralize knowledge and documentation
why: Too many darn glossaries out there, so I decided to make one everyone can collaborate one
where: OpenAI hackathon, @home
when: February-April 2018
who: Me
links:
  - name: GitHub Repo
    url: https://github.com/andreykurenkov/theaiwiki
images:
  - name: aiwiki1
    file: aiwiki1.png
    alt: aiwiki1
  - name: aiwiki2
    file: aiwiki2.png
    alt: aiwiki2
  - name: aiwiki3
    file: aiwiki3.png
    alt: aiwiki3
---
I had it live on aiwiki.com for a while , as you can see on the screenshots. Used AWS for it.


text:
Q: Updating profile detail in database using PHP using query I can't seem to update the profile details in my database. It doesn't have any error, it just doesn't show in the database. I used session to help me store the username throughout the whole login time. This is my updateprof.php
 <?php
   session_start();
    ob_start();
    If (!isset($_SESSION["username"])){
        $_SESSION['username'] = $username;
            header("Location:logreg.php");
        }
    else {
    $username = $_SESSION['username'];
    }
 ?>

<?php
   $username = $_SESSION['username'];
   $mysqli = new mysqli("localhost", "mp01_user", "venture@1998", "mp01_game");
  $stmt = $mysqli-> prepare("SELECT username, name, email, gender, dob FROM users WHERE username= ?");
        $stmt->bind_param("s", $username);
        $stmt->execute();
        $stmt->bind_result($username, $name, $email, $gender, $dob);
        $stmt->fetch();

   echo "
";
   echo "<form action='profupdated.php?username=$username' method='post'>";
//Username
   echo "
UserID:	 <input type='text' name='username' value='". $username. "' style='width:380px; border:1px solid #999999' readonly>
";
//Name
   echo "
Name:	 <input type='text' name='name' value='". $name. "' style='width:380px; border:1px solid #999999' required>
";
//email
   echo "
Email:	<input type='text' name='email' value='". $email. "' style='width:380px; border:1px solid #999999' required>

";
//gender
   echo "
Gender: <input type ='text' name='gender' value='". $gender. "' style='width:380px; border:1px solid #999999;' required>
";
//dob
   echo "
Date of Birth: <input type='text' name='dob' value='". $dob. "' style='width:380px; border:1px solid #999999;' readonly>
";

//Submit Form
   echo "
	<input type='submit' name='submit' value='Update' />";
   echo "<input type='reset' value='Reset'  />
";
   echo "</form>
";

$stmt->execute();
$stmt->close();
$mysqli->close();

ob_end_flush()
?>

Once the user click on "Update", it will lead to profupdated.php?username=___ (the username) for example, profupdated.php?username=max
For profupdated.php:
   <?php
   session_start();
   ob_start();
      If (!isset($_SESSION["username"])){
        $_SESSION['username'] = $username;
            header("Location:logreg.php");
        }
   else {
   $username = $_SESSION['username'];
  }
 ?>

  <?php
        if( $_POST )
    {$connect = @mysql_connect("localhost", "mp01_user", "venture@1998");

  if (!$connect)
  {
    die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
  }

     mysql_select_db("mp01_game", $connect);

     $username=$_POST['username'];
     $name=$_POST['name'];
     $email=$_POST['email'];
     $gender=$_POST['gender'];
     $dob=$_POST['dob'];

     $username = mysql_real_escape_string($username);
     $name = mysql_real_escape_string($name);
     $email = mysql_real_escape_string($email);
     $gender = mysql_real_escape_string($gender);
     $dob = mysql_real_escape_string($dob);

    $query = "UPDATE `users` SET `name` = $name, `email` = $email, `gender`
   = $gender, `dob`=$dob WHERE `username` = $username";

  mysql_query($query);

   echo "
You have update successfully!
";

        echo "

 Please Click Here to login!";

    mysql_close($connect);
   }

?>

A: You say there is no error - this could be because you're not trying to catch an error.
Can you replace
mysql_query($query);

echo "
You have update successfully!
";

echo "

 Please Click Here to login!";

mysql_close($connect);

with
if(mysql_query($query) {
    /* If the query is successful, echo the success message and login link */
    echo "
You have update successfully!
";
    echo "

 Please Click Here to login!";
    mysql_close($connect);

} elseif (mysql_errno()){
    /* If the query is not successful - return the error */
    echo mysql_error($sql);
    mysql_close($connect);
}

This will catch any errors returned by the SQL.
Also - I see your switching between MYSQLi and MYSQL - I'd recommend you stick with one or the other for consistency.
On top of that - just as an FYI, the MYSQL extension was deprecated in PHP7 so I'd recommend you stick to MYSQLi.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


When school lets out and summer begins, parents start sweating. What will kids do all day long? How will they stay engaged? Will they lose all there knowledge from the school year? Will they say that they are "bored"? ROBOTS-4-U Summer Camps are a great way to keep the kids engaged all summer long.
Right now, ROBOTS-4-U Summer Camps is enrolling students. You can save 60% Off with Code: TEX1660M15 www.ROBOTS-4-U.com This discount expires 3/31.
Campers having a BLAST, while learning and playing in a dynamic environment. Learning about Robotics and Science, in an independent and exciting way! In this camp, kids can learn about ROBOTICS, Dynamic Art, BATTLE ROBOTS and DRONES, and more. The camp brings together S.T.E.A.M. education: Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Math.
These camps are designed for both boys and girls ages 7 to 14. The camps run 5 days. Each class is a ratio of 1 instructor to 16 participants. The times are Monday to Friday Times: 9:00-11:30a.m. and 12:30-3:00 p.m. Each Camper Individually uses a ROBOTICS or DYNAMIC ART Kit. Robot kits do not go home with campers but are available for purchase. Don't miss your chance to join this camp.
Disclosure: The writer may receive compensation for sharing this information.


Director, Rambam Grand Rounds Lecutures, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Past Director, Department of Neonatology, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Clinical Associate Professor, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Chair, National Statutory Committee for the Status of the Embryo and Fetus in the Medical Sciences.
President, International Friends Associations, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Past Director, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Professor of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Women's Division/Dr. Phillip and Sarah Gotlieb Chair, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
Laureate, the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry; Distinguished University Professor, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Tumor and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Chair, Scientific Advisory Board, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
Dean, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel; Past Director of Medical and Research Development, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Annie Chutick Professor in Medicine (Nephrology); Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
Bernice R. and Joseph Tanenbaum Chair in Preventive Medicine and Head, Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Rappaport Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
Director of J. Recanati Autonomic Dysfunction Center, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Associate Professor of Medicine and Physiology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
Director, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Paul N. and Rose Geyser Chair in Clinical Radiology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
Chief, Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Dresner Professor of Hemato-Oncology and Vice Dean for Clinical Appointments, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Director, Obstetrics Unit, Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Clinical Associate Professor, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
Nir Barzilai, M.D.: Albert Einstein College of Medicine, U.S.A.
The Ingeborg and Ira Leon Rennert Chair of Aging Research Professor of Medicine and Genetics; Director: Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA.
Emeritus Professor of Surgery, Paris South University; Director of the Henri Bismuth Hepatobiliary Institute, Paul Brousse Hospital, Paris; Honorary Consultant at Public Assistance Hospitals of Paris, Paris, France.
Kelvin J. A. Davies, Ph.D., D.Sc.: University of Southern California, U.S.A.
James E. Birren Chair of Gerontology, Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center of the Leonard Davis School of Gerontology; Professor of Molecular & Computational Biology, College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Baroness Ruth Deech, D.B.E.: House of Lords, U.K.
Chair, Bar Standards Board; Crossbench Peer; former Governor of the BBC; former Principal, St Anne's College, Oxford and former Chair of the Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority, UK.
Mark I. Evans, M.D.: Mount Sinai School of Medicine, U.S.A.
President, Fetal Medicine Foundation of America; Director, Comprehensive Genetics and Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA.
Edward A. Fisher, M.D., Ph.D.: NYU School of Medicine, U.S.A.
Leon H. Charney Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine; Director, Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, the NYU Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA.
Robert R. Goodman, M.D., Ph.D.: Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, U.S.A.
Associate Professor, Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA.
Head, Pitblado Chair in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Professor of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Henry Halperin, M.D., M.A., F.A.H.A., F.H.R.S.: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, U.S.A.
David J. Carver Professor of Medicine, Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology; Director, Image Guided Intervention, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Maryland, USA; Director, Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Maryland, USA.
Professor in Experimental Cardiovascular Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
Israel Prize Laureate; Laura Schwarz-Kipp Professor Emeritus of Professional Ethics and Philosophy of Practice and Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Editor, Philosophia (Springer).
Director, University of Toronto Transplantation Institute, Director, Multi Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada; CIHR/Novartis Chair in Transplantation and Professor of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Marshall A. Lichtman, M.D.: University of Rochester Medical Center, U.S.A.
Professor of Medicine (Hematology) and of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA; former Dean, University of Rochester School of Medicine; Past-President of the American Society of Hematology; former Executive Vice-President for Research and Medical Programs, The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society.
Professor of Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Director, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Joshua D. Milner, M.D.: National Institutes of Health, U.S.A.
David Robertson, M.D.: Vanderbilt University, U.S.A.
Director, Clinical & Translational Research Center, Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical & Translational Research; Elton Yates Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology and Neurology; Principal Investigator, Autonomic Disorders Consortium, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Fred Rosner, M.D., M.A.C.P.: Mount Sinai School of Medicine, U.S.A.
Teaching Attending Physician, Mount Sinai Services at Elmhurst Medical Center, Elmhurst, New York; Professor of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA.
Head of the Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
Murray B. Sachs, Ph.D.: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, U.S.A.
University Distinguished Service Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Maryland, USA.
Associate Professor of Neurology; Director of Neurophysiology, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.
Israel Prize Laureate; Clinical Associate Professor of Medical Ethics and Director of the Medical Ethics Unit and Senior Pediatric Neurologist, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
James McGill Professor of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Medicine, McGill University; Director, Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.
Jacob I. Sznajder, M.D.: Northwestern University, U.S.A.
Editor, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; Ernest S. Bazley Professor of Medicine and Cell and Molecular Biology; Chief, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
Charles Rebstock Professor of Biology, Professor of Genetics and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Part-time Full Professor of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Israel.
Rabbi Moses D. Tendler, Ph.D.: Yeshiva University, U.S.A.
Isaac and Bella Tendler Chair and Professor in Medical Ethics, Yeshiva University; Professor of Biology, Department of Biology, Yeshiva College, New York, USA.
Roy E. Weiss, M.D., Ph.D.: The University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, U.S.A.
Dean, Faculty of Medicine and Vice Provost Relations with Health Care Institutions, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Kevin J. Williams, M.D.: Temple University, U.S.A.
Professor of Medicine and Chief of the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laureate, the 2012 Nobel Prize in Medicine; Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Professor and Chairman, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA. Deceased October 5, 2008.


Apakah benar? Flat Earth Starside Chat – Emancipate Your Stolen Mind #bumidatar #flatearth Flat earth realization will free your stolen mind from the mental slavery of believing space ball physics and the monkey mindset of gravity created by mass and the ludicrous notion that everything is falling through infinite space for billions of years going nowhere fast. While stars do not prove flat earth, seeing the same stars all year round is proof we are not on a globe earth orbiting the sun, looking in opposite directions six months apart.Trust your senses so we can evolve and progress. Do not mistake the globe earth belief as science.


The University of Law Bristol can be found in Temple Quarter, Bristol's legal and financial district. Despite being compact, Bristol is a dynamic and exciting place to live. Known for the arts and culture, Bristol has something for everyone. Festivals are held year round, while galleries such as Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery exhibit everything from fossils to Banksy.


Carla Martin's witness tampering wasn't rare, just sloppy.
The reaction to the disclosure that the prosecution had coached some of its witnesses in the trial of Zacarias Moussaoui has been swift and surprisingly furious. Commentators and pundits across the political spectrum have professed shock and outrage; the prosecution has humbly apologized-even hinted at criminal sanctions for the offending lawyer-and Judge Leonie Brinkema, furious at what she described as "the most egregious violation" she has ever seen, has precluded the government from introducing a number of witnesses she has described as "irredeemably tainted." All this stems from the revelation that Carla J. Martin-an attorney with the Transportation Security Administration-did three main things regarding seven Federal Aviation Administration witnesses: First and worst, she e-mailed copies of trial transcripts to future witnesses, along with what amounted to instructions about shaping their testimony, in direct contravention of a judicial order. Second, she prepared some of her witnesses together rather than separately. And third, she advised a number of witnesses not to speak to the defense and may have also falsely informed the defense that several witnesses didn't want to be interviewed.
There is no question that this sort of behavior violates the spirit of fairness that is supposed to guide our criminal-justice system. There is also no question that what Martin did happens all the time-just not via e-mail.
What Martin did is beyond foolhardy. Rarely does one see such an incendiary combination of overt rule-breaking and (thanks to the indelible record of e-mail) demonstrable proof of that offense. Indeed, Judge Brinkema has already indicated that Martin will likely face both civil and criminal charges. Still, it is the lack of deniability of Martin's actions-as much as the conduct itself-that has created the government's problem.
The order in question was issued on Feb. 22, 2006, and based on Rule 615 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. It explicitly barred all but two of the prosecution's witnesses from being present in the courtroom prior to their own scheduled testimony. It further barred all but these two witnesses from reviewing the transcripts of other witnesses. By e-mailing these transcripts, Martin flagrantly and demonstrably violated that order. Had she gone about it some other way-as commonly happens-it is legitimate to wonder whether the government would have even come forward with its mea culpa.
The unfortunate reality is that in a competitive and charged prosecutorial environment, coaching witnesses generally, and even much of what Martin did specifically, is fairly commonplace. And while the national shock over Martin's actions suggests that Americans remain deeply confident in the criminal-justice system, and profoundly invested in rules of fairness, what seems to have gone unnoticed is that most of those rules have, in practice, long since gone by the wayside.
Witness-coaching isn't just commonplace, it's endemic. Every single day, in state and federal courts across the country, prosecutors and defense lawyers summon their witnesses and coach (most would prefer the term "prepare") their testimony. This preparation is not only permissible but important, and it routinely includes a discussion of the questions to be asked, and even helpful hints on improving the testimony. It is not at all uncommon to prod a witness's memory, dredging up old police reports, grand jury testimony, or prior conversations to get a witness to say what a prosecutor wants them to say, and in the way a prosecutor believes will be most effective. In the dozens of prosecutorial prep sessions I've witnessed over the years, I've seen prosecutors threaten, cajole, and remind witnesses in no uncertain terms of what they want said on the stand, often by referring to other evidence in the case and even the statements of other witnesses. "Don't worry about it, I have X to say Y" is as common a refrain in these sessions as, "What happened next?"
What guides such coaching sessions is not some abstract ideal of the independent witness, but rather the question of how any coaching could play later, on cross-examination. A good prep session, in other words, will effectively shape a witness's testimony to maximize its impact while minimizing the danger that cross-examination will pull back the curtain on what is actually happening. You coach just well enough to diminish the appearance of coaching.
And that's precisely why Martin's second blunder-the decision to prepare witnesses at the same time in the same room-isn't so much forbidden as plain stupid. Simultaneously preparing witnesses allows even a moderately skilled defense lawyer to later argue, accurately, that the witnesses came together and made up a story. That's why having people in the same room for prep sessions is rare-it's just hard to get away with. On the other hand, cluing individual witnesses in to what the other evidence is in the case, and how their testimony fits into the overall theory, isn't.
Nor, sadly, are lawyerly instructions to witnesses to avoid talking to the defense. Again, the name of the game here is not to avoid engaging in such conduct, but to avoid doing it in a way that can stick. Prosecutors know full well that having their witnesses talk to the defense can damage their cases, and they generally use all kinds of tools to avoid having that happen-most closely by guarding the identities of their witnesses and refusing for as long as possible to turn over their names. Prosecutors don't rely only on these structural disincentives, though. Like Martin, they regularly and explicitly discourage their witnesses from talking to the defense. They just do it in a way that has some plausible deniability.
The traditional formula for this instruction is as follows: "Now I can't tell you not to talk to the defense, but I want you to remember-you really, really don't have to, and so if someone comes asking to talk to you, you really can just tell them to call me instead and I'll take care of it." Prosecutors present this as simple and reasonable witness empowerment, and judges routinely sanction it, even as every witness with an IQ over 50 reads the statement for what it is: A direct instruction not to talk to defense counsel or his investigators. It's why-time after time-when defense lawyers and investigators knock on witnesses' doors, they're greeted with the predigested, and perhaps more honest, version of this little prosecutorial speech: "My DA told me not to talk to you." While it would be a better world if the defense had equal access to prosecutors' witnesses, Martin's real mistake wasn't in keeping her witnesses from the defense team. It was in doing so through lies, instead of mere manipulation.
Martin's actions in the Moussaoui case peel back the curtain behind which big criminal trials play out, and they offer a candid look at just a few of the ways that basic notions of fair play may fall prey to the corrupting influences of a competitive prosecutorial culture. But for all the recent scapegoating of Martin, her career as a lawyer is likely over, and the Moussaoui trial is on the ropes; it's wrong to portray her as a renegade outlier or pretend that what she did was an isolated incident. While it's certainly true that her conduct was flagrant and provable, the fact that most prosecutors aren't foolish enough to commit their folly to writing is hardly evidence that it doesn't happen. Indeed, if Martin's rather cavalier conduct shows anything, it is that these behaviors are sufficiently commonplace as to happen among the most elite prosecutors engaged in important federal cases. And if it happens there, just imagine what goes on down in the drab and common precincts where most criminal law is practiced.
Photograph of gavel on the Slate home page by PictureArts.
David Feige has written for the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, and the Washington Post. "Indefensible", his book about the criminal-justice system, will be published June 6.


The Statement of Advice is the document provided to a client where an adviser will summarise and prioritize their objectives, document the research, recommend what the client does, outline all fees, provide disclaimers and education guides and have the client agree, disagree or agree with changes on whether to proceed.
For SMSF advice this document is 25 to 35 pages long.
Retail clients who rely on personal advice may suffer significant loss if the advice is conflicted or is not of good quality. For this reason, the law imposes specific obligations on persons who provide personal advice to retail clients.
Failure to comply with the law may result in a civil penalty against an authorised representative and you as the adviser, may be subject to administrative sanctions for a breach of the obligations (e.g. being banned from providing financial services for a period of time).
A client, or ASIC, may take civil action for any loss or damage suffered as a result of a failure to comply with the best interests duty and related obligations.
ASIC is more likely to take the view that processes for complying with the best interests duty are not effective, if an advice model typically leads to a one-size-fits-all outcome that is, the processes do not allow each client's relevant circumstances to be taken into account, or result in advice that does not reflect the client's relevant circumstances.
The Statement of Advice document is complex and accountants will find it difficult.