text:
What the Betamax Case Teaches Us About Readability
The Betamax SL6500! I totally had this model!!!
Several really smart people in our industry are arguing very publicly right now about a company called Readability and how great and/or evil their service is. One side thinks what Readability does is wrong, and by extension, that the company's founders are immoral. The other side says Readability is providing a valuable service, and although they may not have gotten everything right yet, their intent is good.
There are two issues at the center of the controversy:
1. When you save a "cleaned" version of an article (e.g. no ads, homogenized layout) to Readability and then try to share it publicly via Readability's share tools, the shared link is to the Readability version of the article and not the source. When someone clicks over, they don't even hit the original content creator's server.
This seems quite bad to me, and it might even be illegal. By facilitating the public retransmission of an author's content in a format not authorized by the author, it would seem that Readability is committing copyright violation, en masse. When courts ruled in 1984 that it was ok for someone to make a personal copy of a television broadcast using their VCRs, they did not also rule that people (or VCR companies) could then re-transmit that copy to someone else, without commercials, or however else they saw fit.
This issue seems straightforward to me, and as of this writing, the folks at Readability have apparently changed their tune and decided to do the right thing; although I just downloaded a new Readability Chrome extension and I still see the old behavior.
So, that's it for the first issue. Bad for publishers? Yes. Bad for readers? Only in that it's bad for publishers.
Update: Rich from Readability tells me that the only reason I'm still seeing this behavior is that I am clicking the link when I'm already signed in to Readability and the item is already in my reading list. I then tested clicking the link from another browser and it indeed went to the original article, albeit framed with a Readability callout on top. I'm fine with this. So, this problem appears to be resolved.
2. Readability collects voluntary fees from its users (suggested amount: $5 per month) and then attempts to redistribute 70% of this revenue back to publishers, providing said publishers have signed up for their service. This is proving controversial because Readability is "collecting fees on behalf of publishers" without their consent, only distributing the fees back to the publishers if they sign up, and deciding themselves what the details of this arrangement are.
I've thought about this a bit — as someone who runs a company that also returns revenue back to content creators (90% in our case, with prior consent) — and I think detractors might be looking at this the wrong way. As I see it, Readability has no obligation to return any revenue to publishers. Unless I'm missing something, they are even within their rights to help individual users make offline, ad-free versions of articles for personal use per the same principles in the Betamax case. A VCR allows me to watch a show later, in another context, while skipping the ads, so why shouldn't Readability allow me to do the same thing?
The anger about the financial side of Readability seems to come from the opinion that the company is "keeping publishers' money" unless they sign up, but I guess I look at it differently: I don't think it is the publishers' money. I think it is Readability's money. Readability invests the time and resources into developing their service and they are the ones who physically get users to pay a subscription fee. It's hard to get users to pay for content and they are the ones who are actually doing it. They realize that the popularity of their service is a direct result of content creators' efforts so they are voluntarily redistributing 70% of it back to publishers in the only way it is feasible to: based on pageviews from publishers who register themselves.
If you are a publisher and you don't sign up, Readability doesn't take your money. It's all accounted for and available to you once you sign up. I'm not even sure if there is an expiration date on this collection, but there should be. If I were Readability, I'd probably put something like a year limit on it such that if it wasn't claimed within that time period, it would go onto the company's balance sheet as revenue.
Readability has no universal contract with the publishing industry, nor do they need one; much as the makers of VCRs had no contract with TV or movie studios. When a reader signs up to pay their monthly fee, Readability then has a contract with the reader. That contract does not say "we will use 70% of your fee to pay your favorite publishers". It says (paraphrased) "we will take your fee, keep 30%, and give the rest of it away to your favorite publishers, as long as they claim it." The fact that certain publishers may not want to claim this 70% or may take umbrage as to the details of the arrangement does not change the contract between Readability and its customers. It also does not hurt the publisher any more than other competitive services like Instapaper do.
I would feel very differently about this whole case if our fair use laws weren't as they are today, but courts have told us that "personal archiving" is a legal activity. As such, it's legal — and perfectly moral — for a company to create a service which makes personal archiving easier whilst charging a monthly fee for it. That Readability sees a future in which personal archiving may hurt publisher revenues and pushes forward an experiment to counteract those effects should be applauded.
Finally, this whole episode is a good reminder that the problems of the publishing industry haven't gone away just because the world has gone digital. In fact, personal archiving is an example of a way it's gotten worse. You never needed a "reading layout" with a magazine or a newspaper because they were already optimized for reasonably efficient reading. Now layouts are optimized for "time on site". You also never needed a separate service to help you "Read Later" a magazine or newspaper because you could, you know, just read it later. As digital publishing continues to try and balance profits with audience satisfaction, you can expect many more debates like this from smart people like Anil, Gruber, and Zeldman. Just as it's important for us to defend upstarts who fight the status quo, it's also important to hold them to as high of a standard as we hold ourselves.
34 comments on "What the Betamax Case Teaches Us About Readability". Leave your own?
zwei says:
Quoting a comment I received on my latest blog post. (from a community liaison on the Readability team) http://zweigand.blogspot.com/2012/03/how-readability-could-nullify-naysay.html
"One reason there's a 12-month cut-off for publishers that haven't signed up is pretty much exactly to be able to give it away and *not* to have it get stuck as in escrow for someone who will never come to collect it."
Doesn't sound like a scumbag company to me. It sounds like they haven't got everything figured out yet, and are just not ready to talk until they do.
Jemaleddin says:
I think what bothers people about #2 is that they're claiming that they're collecting on behalf of sites that will never see the money. There's a real lack of transparency there. This feels very disingenuous. And I thought I read that they fixed #1.
This whole shebang makes me sleepy.
Kenneth Reitz says:
FYI, the sharing behavior was only a problem on the mobile version of the site.
On the "standard" version of the site, when you click on a Readability link, you get a "diggbar"-style view of the original page. However, if you're logged into Readability as a user you'll get see the Readability-hosted view.
Nick Jones says:
So, what you're saying is, Mr. Rogers made Readability possible.
http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/112878
-b- says:
Ask Readability where they're opt-out tag was. I asked them months ago in a rant.
Using your VCR analogy, Google also archives the Internet and also recognizes the disallow call in a robots.txt file….
What's more curious to me, socially how we put aesthetics above copyright.
I called it out then and also why why when Zeldman and Anil are on the board.
Just last week Pinterest announced an ignore meta tag that stops their scraper from grabbing your content.
Finally, Safari Reader and Readablity are like ok cause there's no content repurposing like what Readability does.
Though I'm pretty sure my VCR didn't reformat the content. It just recorded it.
The problems I have with Readability are their "forgiveness over permission" model and their subscription fee transparency. A publisher must actively opt-out, there is no permission sought to be this arbitrary middleman between a reader's good will (monthly subscription fee) and the publisher's "earmarked" revenue. A paying subscriber is sold on the fact that their fees are being used to support writers/publishers they read and enjoy, while in reality a publisher may not even be aware someone is collecting money on their behalf and without their permission.
Readability's site back in mid-2011 stated (via archieve.org) "70% of all membership fees go directly to the people who make the content." Many users still tout this as fact. The website and service has since downplayed the 70% figure (it's no longer prominently displayed on their main page) and also placed the qualifier "earmarked", which I personally feel is a weasel word akin to "up to". Up to 70% of the subscription fees may potentially go to publishers, but as a subscriber, one never truly know how much of it goes where. I don't know who's partnered with readability, who gets any of the "earmarked" fees, what publishers are actually aware of readability, or what publishers have opted out. In short, a lack of transparency — saying 70% is "earmarked" gives them a lot of wiggle room to fulfill claims through technicalities but not in spirit.
The majority of readability's detractors have no problem with creating a better reading experience or storing articles for later reading. It's the middleman aspect and lack of transparency with subscription fees that get people upset.
Chas. Owens says:
The VCR certainly reformatted the tv show: it allowed you to control time (tv doesn't). Some higher-end VCRs even had a button that would auto fastword over commercials or between two points you chose.
Gabe says:
Nice write up. I don't think argument #2 captures the entire debate though. I think it's fair to say that Readability is using the sales tactic of paying back publishers to get more customers. It's using customer guilt over argument #1 to sell more subscriptions. In effect they are claiming to represent the interests of publishers that have never contracted with Readability so that people will feel more comfortable using their service.
A more appropriate analogy might be to have a charity car wash on behalf of all charities, as long as they contact you and sign up to get their cut. I'm pretty sure that would be illegal in most parts o the US.
heikkipekka says:
"SHARE WHAT YOU'RE READING. Readability provides built-in native sharing support. You can post a favorite article along with your own comments on Facebook, Twitter or by email to your friends." (from Readability App Store description)
Is copying ones text in full to your own site and publishing it illegal? If so how is Readability's sharing different? Because you use Readability's site?
I think fair use would let me copy the whole text in means for academic criticizing, for example. Right? But for just sharing?
Another thing related to TV broadcasting: in Finland we have online services that record everything that comes out from the free national TV channels (14 in total) and make it available for paid subscribers for a period of time. For example, a company called TVkaista (tvkaista.fi) lets subscribers watch everything from those 14 channels for 4 weeks before those recordings are deleted (all of it can be permanently saved before deleting to a computer or other device, like an iPad or iPhone). They say their online service compares to a legal DVR device at home and their service is just a virtual recorder online but naturally no consumer DVR device can record 14 channels at the same time so it's controversial issue here. But like Readability with text they copy the content to their own servers, and like old Betamax users they let users control time and skip ads and whatever but not share it publicly.
Joe Clark says:
You seem to think Readability can be used solely if you pay for it.
Thanks for the same take on this situation. A good dispassionate response was sorely needed. I think you nailed this issue of linking to original vs reformatted. However I feel you're off the mark on the subscription issue a bit.
Readability bills the subscription as a way to pay publishers, not a way support the app. It's one thing to have a subscription for the app and say "hey, we're not alone here, we're going to use some of this money to pay the publishers." But that's not what they're doing. The assumption based on how they present it, is that the money is for the publishers first and foremost, and they take 30% for their own administrative costs. The way it is now, a naive user would expect their money is going to publishers, not waiting to be claimed for a year, then effectively disappearing (if they donate it, great, but the process needs to be much more transparent).
Those in the Readability camp seem to feel that Readability is getting unfairly painted as having nefarious intent, which may be valid observation, but it's important to understand that it's happening because Readability doesn't present itself in a way that seems completely above board in the first place. If they had used the same business with a different approach I think they would find much less opposition.
zwei: Thanks for the additional info. Sounds good to me.
Jemaleddin: Would more explicit language about how the system works be enough to quiet this concern for you? In other words, if Readability explained clearly up front that publishers need to sign-up for your money to go to them, would this be enough? Or is even that too big of a jump?
-b-: I'm sure Readability wouldn't be against some sort of opt-out tag. They probably just haven't done it yet. I'm not very bullish on every site having their own opt-out tag format. That doesn't scale very well.
Gabe: Yep, that's a good point. The charity car wash thing works decently as an analogy in theory, but most charity car washes are for one charity so it's easy for the car washers to make the payment to the charity without much fuss. Readability is dealing with tens of thousands of potential payees so it's just not plausible to do that.
heikkipekka: The potentially illegal part is that you are redistributing someone else's content to another person. Storing your own personal, cleaned copy on Readability's servers is probably not illegal, but if you then point tens of thousands of people to that copy of the content, that might be against the law.
Joe: Who, me? No I don't.
Rob: I think that's a great criticism. Perhaps Readability should modify their pitch as you suggest. Should be more like Newman's Own products, where its obvious you are buying the product and also obvious that the company donates a percentage of profits to good causes.
Phil D. says:
Great article, I think the VCR comparison is an interesting one for these services. But just one quibble with your statement that Readability might be engaging in possiy illegal conduct. Just because the Supreme Court ruled that you CAN do 1 thing (copy tv programs for personal use) does not automatically mean that you can't do something else that goes beyond the scope of the decision (redistribute the content in an abbreviated fashion). And even if the Court had addressed that activity, it wouldn't be binding because that was not the issue being appealed and decided in the case. Just spouting off what I remember from law school anyways. But you have some great point in here, especially about the subscription money being Readability's entirely. Very interesting
Mike: I'm not sure – I think being upfront about what they're doing would actually lower the number of people involved. There really is something sketchy about saying, "we're collecting money for people entirely unaffiliated with this site, who we will not make an effort to contact, and promising to take 30%, but more realistically keeping 70%." Does that appeal to anyone?
And given their track record, I don't feel like I have any reason to believe that they're acting in good faith.
Phil D.: True, but other courts have held that you can't rebroadcast content that you don't have the rights to rebroadcast. This is why ABC, for instance, couldn't rebroadcast the Final Four in its entirely… just highlights as part of a news program (fair use).
Jemaleddin: What you describe wouldn't bother me at all. I understand I am putting what amounts to the cost of a beer down every month to help support Readability and some publishers and so I wouldn't care so much if not 100% of it went exactly where I'd like it to go. It would all be going to a good place, in my mind.
(That said… I don't subscribe to Readability, nor do I use it… I just don't get a lot of value from it)
Mike: So it wouldn't bother you, but it also doesn't appeal to you. Meanwhile the idea appeals to me but keeping 70% bothers me. That really doesn't sound like a good situation for them. :-)
[And while Anil was wrong to frame this as an Instapaper vs. Readability spat, for those of us that are aware of the back story (they partnered, the partnership didn't work out, they split amicably, then Readability created a feature-for-feature competitor and released it for free), it's hard to imagine thinking of these guys as trustworthy.]
Jemaleddin: Correct. Although I don't think what Readability is doing is evil, I just am not the type to either save articles for later or clean them for now. That may change, but as of right now, I just don't do it much. I use Instapaper as my main client to do this, but even then, I probably save one article or so per month. As such, that amount of activity doesn't push me into the "paying customer" bucket just yet. There is a difference between thinking Readability just isn't quite worth it yet (for yourself and for audiences as a whole) and thinking they are nefarious. I don't think they are nefarious… I just think the appeal of their value prop right now is limited. In other words, I wouldn't be an investor, but I also wouldn't be a detractor.
I get the rebroadcasting restriction laws, but whether linking to web content is tantamount to airing a tv program would be debatable (you can make a good argument for either side).
But this is where I have always come down on the issue of Readability:
If you take Readability and subtract the payments given to publishers, you get Instapaper.
Grover Saunders says:
While I'm not at all prepared to weigh in on the Readability issue itself (and probably never will, though I can't see any good reason to assume malice on their part), I'm not sure your comparison to the Betamax decision is accurate. Perhaps you know more about it than I do, but I'm not under the impression that courts have actually acknowledged that creating personal archiving is a legal activity, especially in the Betamax case. My understanding of the Betamax case was that they ruled in favor of Sony not because they decided that recording shows was okay, but that there were significant non-infringing uses that outweighed the infringement.
Phil D.: Agreed on the similarity to Instapaper. Reasonable people should consider them similar products, and as such, competitors.
Grover: Interesting point. From my reading, it appears a few of the justices were conflicted as to whether use inside the home by the end user to record TV was "fair use" but they were then persuaded to toss that issue aside since the lawsuit wasn't brought against end users in the first place. Regardless, however, it's generally accepted today that making a personal copy of something (whether movie, tv show, printed piece) for your own personal use later is "ok". To your point, I'm not sure where this is codified, but it seems like the de-facto standard.
@Chas,
Betamax and VCRS or DVRs record the broadcast signal into a medium that you could do things with, but they didn't and don't make it B/W or sepia and 2x fwd'd doesn't remove the commercials.
Kevin Fox says:
Mike: "I don't think it is the publishers' money. I think it is Readability's money. Readability invests the time and resources into developing their service and they are the ones who physically get users to pay a subscription fee."
Except of course that publishers invest the time and resources into developing content of such high quality that users will pay money simply to have it delivered in a format they prefer.
As long as servers talk to individual browsers the broadcasting analogy doesn't hold up. Site owners have a 1:1 relationship with their readers, and choosing to keep their site open so that any reader can get the site's content does not, in so doing, mean giving up copyright or the ability to prevent others from hosting their content and monetizing it, even if the rehoster graciously offers to cut the publisher in on the deal.
Michael Batz says:
Interesting analogy, but I think you miss an important point because of how you couch what Readability does.
I look at it this way: Readability is two things, an ad-stripping text reader app, and a redistribution network.
The text-reader app is free, and in exchange for providing this reading tool, they take a cut of my donations to publishers. In this respect, they are a middle-man. They tax me 30% for this dual service: they give me a nice interface and they handle the difficult challenge of micro-payments to a bunch of different publishers.
This is an important point: I'm not giving Readability money to use as they see fit (as you suggest), but rather we have agreed that they will take 30% of what I am donating.
They market this as 30% us/70% them, so I consider that the terms of our agreement. Oh, but wait, there's that sneaky word in there: "earmarked." Hrm. Don't you think it's kind of messed up that these issues have been on the table for over a year, yet you still have to postulate what they're doing with this unclaimed but "earmarked" cash? I mean, come on. It is frankly inexcusable.
If they had a clear policy with a bunch of conditions that detail what they do and how they end up keeping some greater percent than 30%, then I would insist on open accounting that detailed what percent they actually keep. Am I actually being taxed at 30% or 50% or 80%? This seems important.
One of the reasons why this matters so much is scale. Let's talk actual dollars since the abstraction of %s obfuscates the issue. At $1.40 per month in "subscriptions", they get $5 per year, which is the cost of the Instapaper app. At their recommended $5 subscription rate, they make $18 off of me, which happens to be roughly close to the $17 Marco would make if I bought Instapaper and subscribed ($3/3 months) for a year. At $10/month, they make $36 off me, or wait, maybe they make $60 off me, or $100 off me, since I have no idea what was "earmarked." Needless to say, I don't want Readability to make $100 off my $120 donation to content creators.
That one of their most prominent advisors can pen two thousand words of fanboy this and can't we all get along that without ONCE ADDRESSING THIS CENTRAL CONCERN tells me everything I need to know.
Kevin: Just because publishers are creating the initial value, that doesn't mean Readability (and others) can't create additional value after the fact. Clearly if readers are paying for the service, they believe value has been created. Also, don't mix issues 1 and 2. I agree that issue 1 is bad… that's where the broadcasting to others part comes into play. I do not believe that Readability should be able to broadcast a version of someone else's content to anyone else other than the original saver of the content, for personal use.
Michael: I agree that the wording of their pitch is problematic. As I mentioned to the commenter above, I would much rather it work more like Newman's Own. When you buy a Newman's Own product, you know you are first and foremost buying the product, and then proceeds from the product will then be redistributed fairly amongst x organizations.
Cheap says:
So on the basis of this argument, I should be able to go to local library, photocopy an entire book, then charge people for the photocopy, and if the publisher or author comes along and asks for it, I can give them 70% and that's both legal and morally ok?
brad bell says:
"rebroadcasting restriction laws?"
When did rebroadcasting become illegal? After the cable industry established themselves? Cable companies are a rebroadcasting industry that worked! Hence the irony of them suing internet TV rebroadcasters to death.
I pay and use Instapaper daily, whose main purpose is reading on the tube. It's a metaphorical DVR to overcome network failings. Stripping ads we never see anyway is a matter of bandwidth and storage limitations and good, functional design.
Wasn't Readability essentially a tool to help people in their 40s who couldn't read web pages easily because the type was too damned small, and the designer did not take enough care to ensure embiggening worked right? Years ago I wrote them an emotional fan note of thanks because design fucking matters. The physical world, of course, is a micro-type catastrophe. Readability = reading glasses.
(I must say #2 seems like an admission of guilt about something not quite defined, a recovered memory from the 20th century perhaps. It undermines the faith of customers, investors, publishers, everybody. It seems crazy and foolish and anachronistic.)
I think it's not that similar to a VCR but closer to a VCR company.
What I mean is, I think the situation here is closer to, for example a VCR company that pre-recorded your favorite shows for you, edited all the commercials and smoothed over the whole recording to make it seamless.
Now you've stopped paying for cable and just paid for this service.
Nik Cubrilovic says:
"Readability has no universal contract with the publishing industry, nor do they need one; much as the makers of VCRs had no contract with TV or movie studios. "
They actually do – the private copying levy as part of the Fairness in Music Licensing Act. 2% of price of devices and 3% of all media goes back to the content creators. See:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_copying_levy
Brad: It doesn't matter when rebroadcasting became illegal. It's illegal.
Nik: That's really interesting! Hadn't heard of the private copying levy before. I went through USC Chapter 10 though and I don't see any reference to VCRs. It seems to be aimed at audio recordings. That doesn't mean it doesn't apply to video recordings too, somehow, but I just couldn't find it in the code. Are you aware that it covers VCRs?
Boris Mann says:
So, we're building a reader. Is it the fact that Readability isn't using RSS an issue? The permalink cloaking is definitely an issue, but how much of is the reformating-from-the-published page?
I don't see #2 as an issue, other than Gruber thinks no one should attempt to collect money on his behalf. Or that he shouldn't have to sign up to collect free money. Or something.
Fadi El-Eter says:
How come everyone expects everything to be free in this day and age? I'm sure that Readability is there to make money – same as all of us! Isn't that the whole point?
Fadi El-Eter:
The computer and the network reduce transaction costs to a point approaching zero. People don't expect to pay analog costs for digital goods.
Arie Putranto says:
This is all going nowhere. Since one thinks on the Readability's side, another one thinks on the side of the publisher, and bunch of others takes side.
I … am not using readability, not being publisher. But I know what I feel when a man take my stuff and make money out of it without my permission, and then another person tells me that it's not my money.
I WOULD BE MAD if someone do that. I even could stab someone if that happened in my real life


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Next year I am implementing a Golden Pineapple in place of a student of the month award. I want to focus each month on a different character trait. Then at the end of that month I will select the student who has showed the most growth in that area.
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This story reminded me of my friend C.W. Kuttappa, the legendary traffic police officer of old Mysore in the 1950s who used to race around town looking for traffic offenders.
The very mention of his name would put terror into the hearts of drivers of overloaded vehicles, and 'double-riding' cyclists or pedalling without a lamp at night. They were all mercilessly hauled up and fined.
Old Mysoreans still remember how Kuttappa stopped Maharaja Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar's car as His Highness' driver had not switched on the lights despite the dark evening.
The Maharaja expressed his regret before chastising the driver. And applauded Kuttappa for his sense of duty.
My friend, the science writer G.T. Narayana Rao, told me the story of his encounter with Kuttappa during the Dasara holidays in 1956.
As the in-charge Commander of the National Cadet Corps (NCC) in the then State of Coorg (Kodagu), GTN had come from Mercara to Mysore to receive the cadets returning by train after their annual training camp at Bangalore.
All the cadets and the officer leading them boarded the waiting bus at the railway station.
The officer said that he would meet the situation should it ever arise.
As expected, a few kilometres off the City, Kuttappa's squad stopped the bus. A policeman started counting the number of heads, verified the licence and issued the official chargesheet to the driver.
"Yours is a case of transgression of rules," said Kuttappa in a firm tone. The driver turned back at the officer.
The NCC officer, a three-starred Captain in uniform, got down from the bus to meet Kuttappa who gave him a smart salute. The Captain argued that the bus was carrying defence personnel and so the driver could not be punished for any traffic offence.
"Sorry, sir. The case is between the driver and the State Government. No exemption to anyone," said Kuttappa.
The situation had become tight.
Never heard of this Kuttappa from my folks. Nice to know about it.
Kuttappa the great.i never heard of him.affter all he is a kodava .
I am surprised that many kodava's do not know CW Kuttappa. He is Chatandagudi wothiah Kuttappa,started his Traffic police service at market square-the intersection between Sayyaji rao road and shivarampet in Mysore,there was no statue square then.
His only daughter is Prof.of English at Maharani's college-may be retired now.His soninlaw Pandanda Somiah is professor at Gangothri(Mysore University.
We are proud of thatha Chotangada Wuthaiah Kuttappa. He was a great soul. His younger daughter is retired prof of sociology, Maharaja's college, Mysore. Older daughter lives in Mysore.


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text:
Article #: 1H9r1A
Voyaging from the past into the future
Posted: 7 February 2019
Reference #: 1H9r1A
This year Tuia 250, commemorating 250 years since the first Māori/non-Māori meetings, will recognise the extraordinary voyaging traditions and cultures of the Pacific and the feats of the early European explorers. Resources to encourage participation in the themes of Tuia and the other study topics – first encounters, New Zealand history, and legacy for learning – will be available, acknowledging that valuable lessons can be learned from the past.
Tā Hec Puhipi's story
Tā Hec explains how the compass is used.
Sitting on Tā Hekenukumai ('Tā Hec') Puhipi's table next to his recliner is a rudimentary-looking device that seems to be of no practical use. The flat piece of cardboard with faded diagonal lines and points made in pencil makes little sense at first – until you see the double-hull waka, held in place by a paper clip, sliding diagonally along a slit in the cardboard.
It's a star compass, and it has been the key tool of Tā Hec's trade ever since he began reviving traditional navigation techniques in Aotearoa in the mid-1980s.
"We're clever buggers, us Māoris," the former bridge builder laughs as he demonstrates this simple yet sophisticated device.
How it works is ingenious. Te kāpehu whetū – the Māori star compass – divides the 360 degrees around a canoe in the open ocean into 32 different whare (houses). The location of these houses depends on where the sun, moon and stars set and rise. A navigator keeps the canoe on a course relative to those observations.
Navigators know the arcs of the sun and that stars cross the sky at different heights depending on the time of year. At night the rising and setting of the stars is used to align the canoe in a direction of travel through the night until the Earth's own star, the sun, rises. The sun is used at dawn and dusk.
Tā Hec, who is also known as Sir Hector Busby, says that traditionally there were only eight houses, but over the years he's added more for accuracy. He swears by his technology.
"This sort of stuff isn't going to inspire the next generation of sailors, but it'll ensure that our traditions are kept alive, which is the most important thing."
Tā Hec dropped out of school at the age of 15 and worked in a bakery and on labour gangs. Later in life, the now 86-year-old turned to bridge building and taught himself geometry and trigonometry, disciplines that he would embrace to help him navigate the Pacific oceans by more traditional means.
"The Hawaiians and Mau [Pius Mau Piailug, who was a world-renowned expert of traditional wayfaring methods] used to scratch their heads over my design. It's simple and could match any of the modern navigational instruments. It's just not as fast," he says.
Tā Hec says it's important to keep traditions such as navigation without instruments alive. The knowledge had almost been lost, but thanks to his mentor Mau, who revived the custom and passed on his teachings to others like Tā Hec, wayfaring will survive beyond this generation.
"I once read a book by Elsdon Best where he disputed the traditional navigation techniques that guided Polynesian migratory travel throughout the Pacific. I recall thinking at the time, 'I'm going to prove you're wrong', and we have."
Tā Hec is one of four master navigators in Aotearoa. In the early 1990s he built the waka hourua (double-hulled canoe) Te Aurere and has sailed more than 30,000 nautical miles, visiting Hawaii, French Polynesia, the Cook Islands, New Caledonia and Norfolk Island, as well as making three circumnavigations of the North Island since 1992.
His reputation soon spread and he became revered for his knowledge of traditional voyaging techniques and is now widely acknowledged for revitalising Māori nautical practice. He is regularly visited by local schools and groups from New Zealand and throughout the Pacific.
Tā Hec is of Te Rarawa, Ngāti Kuri and Ngāti Kahu descent. He was made Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit in 2014 for his services to Māori and knighted in 2018 for reviving traditional navigation.
Incorporating voyaging into everyday classroom learning
This year Aotearoa New Zealand will acknowledge 250 years since the first sustained onshore meetings between Māori and non-Māori with a national commemoration called Tuia – Encounters 250 (Tuia 250).
Tuia 250 is about the people and place of Aotearoa New Zealand – what brought the people together, the challenges they face and how they will weave their cultures and values into a future they will be proud to leave for the next generation.
Tuia 250 will recognise the extraordinary voyaging traditions and cultures of Te Moana Nui a Kiwa (the Pacific), the exceptional feats of Pacific voyagers, their mātauranga (knowledge), innovation and non-instrument navigation prowess and their decisions to settle in Aotearoa many generations ago.
Tuia 250 will also acknowledge the feats of European explorers, the technology they developed and their first encounters with the people of this place when James Cook, Tupaia and others on HMS Endeavour arrived and sailed around Aotearoa in 1769.
Tā Hec's compass shows where the sun, moon and stars set and rise. For example, if the waka is supposed to travel north and the location of the sun and the stars at each time of the day aligns with the compass, the waka is travelling in the right direction.
The Ministry of Education is supporting the commemoration through Tuia Mātauranga, a national education programme that supports teaching and learning and local curriculum development.
Ministry of Education's Parent Information and Community Intelligence Acting Deputy Secretary Rose Jamieson says that Tuia Mātauranga is an opportunity for students to learn more about our histories and have conversations about multiple perspectives on our history and our future. Voyaging is one of the first Tuia study topics introduced to schools in 2019.
Throughout the year there will be resources available to support participation in the themes of Tuia and the other study topics: first encounters, New Zealand history, and legacy for learning.
"Traditional navigation concepts are still relevant today and in the future. There are always lessons we can learn from those who have gone before us," says Rose.
Proving just how relevant these traditional methods are today, the US Naval Academy made headlines in 2015 when they reinstated celestial navigation lessons to combat potential hacking of their computer navigation systems. Locally, the Royal New Zealand Navy continues to teach and regularly practise celestial navigation. They use this method to navigate their way home as a back-up for GPS failure.
Rose says knowledge of traditional navigation techniques promotes learning and discovery across the curriculum.
"It draws on science, maths, technology, and innovation. It requires an understanding of and reverence for cultural practices, the environment and people to enable collaboration to achieve a task that might be impossible alone.
"Schools and students can seek out expertise within their own community, to reinvigorate the sharing of knowledge between elders and the young, and ensure these traditional skills and practices are preserved for coming generations."
Rich learning opportunities, using voyaging as a context, could be:
In mathematics, understanding angles, trigonometry and geometry and how they can be applied to help us navigate our way or solve problems.
In science, developing an understanding of the natural environment: wave patterns, cloud formations, animal behaviour and the changes in these signals.
In technology, reviewing the tools and instruments used in Pacific wayfaring, European navigation and modern navigational devices. Designing an instrument that suits a particular purpose.
In early learning, students can explore the physical properties of material. Do they sink or float? What is the best way to join materials so that they stay together in the water?
In health and physical wellbeing, investigating ways in which traditional practices, in particular, Pacific voyaging, and migration stories, explore their own stories of who they are and where they have come from, to develop a sense of whakapapa and identity.
Jack Thatcher's story
Master navigator Jack Thatcher teaching on board Ngāhiraka Mai Tawhiti. He wants to make sure traditional knowledge about navigation is retained.
On the maiden voyage of the Te Aurere to Rarotonga in 1992, Jack Thatcher was a bug-eyed 30-year-old seeking adventure.
He'd never sailed a traditional seafaring waka before. Today he's clocked up roughly 60–70,000 nautical miles by traditional means and has students to whom he's passing on his knowledge.
Some of the best lessons he learnt are from the maiden voyage of Te Aurere.
"My first storm was something I'll always remember. It's a time when you can be at your lowest and have moments of absolute terror," Jack recalls.
He was on the first shift of the day and master navigator Mau Piailug wanted to change course to north-west.
Not wanting to question Mau's expertise, the crew changed course, but their support boat questioned this, noting that the weather updates from New Zealand recommended staying on an easterly course.
A debate ensued and the course was reset easterly for Rarotonga.
"Mau heard the response from the support boat and said: 'They say I don't know which way to go'," Jack recalls vividly.
Not long after resetting their course, Mau told the crew to pull all the sails, tie all the gear to the side of the waka and set anchor. The crew were dubious about their instructions but reluctant to question the master navigator until curiosity got the better of one of them and he asked what they were doing.
"And Mau pointed to the clouds in the north-east and then to the south and said, 'This one storm and this one storm come together and make big storm'."
An increasingly nervous crew asked the master navigator if they could reset the course as he had first proposed. Mau was adamant a lesson needed to be learnt, says Jack, and the rest of the day was spent watching these weather events converge where Mau had told them to set anchor.
By nightfall they were in the eye of gale force winds; the swell had risen dramatically to
25 metres and the waves were smashing against the waka – at one stage tipping it on its side.
"I jokingly tell people I was screaming. But I couldn't tell you if I wasn't."
Jack says he was frightened, but as he was being tossed from side to side on the waka he looked up and caught Mau's relaxed demeanour and what he saw changed his world.
Ngāhiraka Mai Tawhiti, a traditional double-hulled waka, named after Tā Hec's late wife. These days it's based in Tauranga.
"I'm thinking, 'he's not even afraid' and I thought, 'if he's not afraid, I have nothing to be afraid of either' and made it my life lesson."
Jack went on to learn many other lessons about wayfaring, which he has passed on to students in the traditional navigational skills and techniques training programme he set up in Tauranga.
He currently has a class of 15 students, who have spent the past three years learning the things he has learned from a lifetime of sailing.
It's his single purpose in life, he says, to keep the traditions alive.
"I've seen tutū [rebellious] kids kicked out of school come into my programme and go from boys to men. Along the way they've learned that they can learn maths and science, the ways of their ancestors, their reo, tikanga and culture and become leaders in their communities," says Jack.
He hopes learning about traditional navigation will instil a sense of pride.
Jack is also teaching his students how to be kaitiaki or guardians of the ocean and to take an active interest in the changing environment around them.
One noticeable difference, he says, is the change in the ocean's temperature.
"If I had my way, all voyaging vessels would be fitted with some kind of thermometer so we can study what's happening when there's a waka on the ocean.
"I study ocean temperatures to understand the movements of cyclones and I know their fuel is warmer currents because the heat feeds the cyclone. As soon as the temperature drops, they die off or become tropical storms that perish out at sea."
Jack is one of four pwo (master) navigators in Aotearoa to be recognised by the late Pius Mau Piailug of Micronesia.
He is of Ngāti Porou, Te Aitanga a Hauiti, Te Whānau a Tuwhakairiora, Ngāti Awa, Ngaiterangi, Ngāti Ranginui and Ngāti Pukenga descent.
Posted: 1:41 pm, 7 February 2019
Māori and Pacific education
Students design play space around Māori astronomy
A play space based on Māori astronomy and designed by students in consultation with local Iwi has been built at a South Auckland school.
Iwi-based kaupapa supports learning
A Ngāti Toa learning hub, Te Puna Mātauranga, is supporting Māori education achievement through a unique model of collaboration between schools, whānau and Iwi.
Student-led te reo Māori initiative boosts confidence
Auckland primary school has found that a student-led te reo Māori initiative is helping students and teachers to become confident in their use of the language
A play space based on Māori astronomy and designed by students in consultation with local Iwi has been built at a South Auckland school. Read more
A Ngāti Toa learning hub, Te Puna Mātauranga, is supporting Māori education achievement through a unique model of collaboration between schools, whānau and Iwi. Read more
Auckland primary school has found that a student-led te reo Māori initiative is helping students and teachers to become confident in their use of the language Read more
Mātauranga and the Living World
Science Learning Hub
Te Reo Manahua Māori Online Programme
Te Reo Puāwai Māori Online Programme
AgriKids 2020 Season Now Open!
NZ Young Farmers
Kaitao Intermediate School 50th Jubilee
Kaitao Intermediate School
CORE Education Ltd New Zealand (nationwide)
Kaihuawaere Ngaio Māori / Māori medium facilitator (2 positions)
Listed: 07 March 2019
Closes: 26 March 2019
General, Facilitator,
Full time, Fixed term, Start Date: 01/04/2019, End Date: 31/12/2020 (Funding for this role is derived directly from external funding for this period only.)
New Zealand Qualifications Authority New Zealand (nationwide)
Service moderator
Listed: 15 November 2018
Government,
Part time, Contract, Start Date: 10/02/2019, End Date: 10/02/2020, FTTE up to: 0.1
Education Review Office New Zealand (nationwide)
Kaiarotake / review officer – Māori Medium (2 positions)
Listed: 31 October 2018
Closes: 09 November 2018

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Spurrier: I was only five when it came out, so I don't think I saw it straight away. I remember watching it on VHS at a sleepover for a friend's birthday - I was probably 9 or 10. Definitely at the right level of mental malleability to be well and truly shaken by its creepiness, creativity and brilliance. I think part of Jim Henson's legacy lies in his genius for disregarding all notion of differentiating stories for kids vs stories for adults. There's no reason they can't work on every level. Henson, like Roald Dahl and Hayao Miyazaki, knew that kids find value in stories about darkness and grossness just as effectively as adults can - often moreso, frankly - and that an "all ages" story can be truly ageless.
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Chittock: The folks at the Henson Company are incredibly collaborative and supportive at every step of the process. Thereare guiding principles and core concepts established from the onset and then a natural back and forth as the series continues.
Nrama: Who from the original movie are slated to appear in Coronation?
Nrama: And that son is a young Jareth.
If Jareth is the one needing saving from the Goblins - who is the Goblin King in this story?
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Nrama: And who is the other young woman in this series?
Spurrier: That would be Maria - the mother of the stolen baby. She's about as different from Sarah as it's possible to get. She's a fiery, angry working-class woman, and she won't stop until she gets back her kid. And unlike Sarah, it's not her own impetuousness that caused the kid's loss in the first place, but the callousness and venality of someone else - the child's father.
Nrama: What are your big goals for this series?
Spurrier: To tell a fitting sequel story to one of my favorite movies. No pressure.
The trick is to walk a tightrope between slavishly repeating the beats and ideas of the movie - that's just fanfic, ultimately, and nobody wants that - and going completely off-age with something iconoclastic, which is just as much of a no-no.
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Chittock: As with any comic in our Henson line, we want to above all honor Jim Henson's legacy and tell new stories worthy of the film and its passionate fan base. We could not be prouder of the whole team and the work they're doing on this one.


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4.Calling an IT technician when problems arise results in paying high premiums for service. Managed services are available for a fixed, monthly price, which helps SMBs maintain predictable IT spend.
5.When your network goes down, revenue-generating activities come to a halt. Many studies illustrate the effects of downtime on small business. For long-term downtime, The University of Texas has found that only 6% of companies survive a catastrophic data loss, and Gartner estimates that only 35% of SMBs have a comprehensive disaster recovery plan. With someone managing and monitoring your technology, your infrastructure is inherently stronger. Also, your provider should offer affordable disaster recovery options.


Having only opened its doors in summer 2016 the Park Hyatt Mallorca – inspired by traditional Majorcan mountain villages and exuding timeless elegance and authentic charm – has already taken an International Property Award for "Best Hotel Architecture Spain". As the first Park Hyatt Resort in Europe, this 5-star property has 142 luxuriously appointed rooms and suites. Located on the east coast of the Balearic island it is a little piece of paradise. Thoroughly pampered with a choice of temperature-controlled outdoor pools, guests can enjoy continued sensual pleasure in their rooms which feature the extravagant Classic Duo bathtub made of superior KALDEWEI steel enamel – just perfect for sharing.


Whether walking to the bus or light rail stop or walking all the way to work or the grocery store, walk commuting is a great way to get around in a city such as Minneapolis. Now that we've hit the middle of winter, walk commuting requires a bit more forethought to stay safe and warm. Here are some tips on how to have a safe and warm commute this winter.
Winter shoes should have visible treads rather than a smooth sole. Hiking boots are a great option as most will keep your feet dry, come up past the ankles to keep snow out of the shoe and are made to support active feet. It is also important to have warm socks; this can mean layering thinner socks or wearing warmer winter socks. If the ice is keeping you down you can invest in ice cleat slip-ons for your winter boots - these are spikes or metal wiring attached to a shoe via rubber slip on that breaks up ice and can keep you from slipping.
Sierra Trading Post suggests wearing a wicking layer, a warm layer, and then an outer layer. When it comes to pants, it might be worth purchasing long underwear or leggings to wear underneath your jeans or other pants, as your legs will also be exposed to the weather and the wind when walking and jeans or khakis do not retain heat well, particularly if wet. It is also good to have a change of clothes in your bag or office, a shirt and pants, in case of rain or snow.
Wear a good winter jacket, or layer fleece and a windbreaker, this will keep your core warm. The other main winter outerwear accessories to have are: a hat or headband, gloves or mittens, scarf or gaiter or ski mask. It is a good idea to have your ears, hands, and neck covered. It is also a good idea to have a water bottle, sunglasses, and sunscreen and chapstick. A full water bottle is good idea even in the winter to keep hydrated, sunglasses are great for the unexpected sunny day, and chapstick for windy days.
Pay attention to other road users. Listening to music while walking is great but make sure you can hear and see everything that is going on around you.
Plan your route in advance and avoid shortcuts as these paths might be located where snow and ice removal is less consistent.
If you are walking everyday or regularly taking a specific route, find a coffee shop or library with bathrooms on your route to stop in and warm up before continuing on.


Netflix has always been completely free of ads, and proudly so. In fact, during its China launch in April, CEO Reed Hastings said, "Our focus and our expertise is really in commercial free." A month later, users in the United States started seeing ads before and after watching a video.
Was Hastings lying? Is Netflix going to become just like any other TV network, where you have to sit through commercials while watching a television show or movie? Let's sort the fact from fiction.
Over the past few days, some people have been reporting how Netflix has been testing ads that run before and after you play a video. Well, it's true, but not in the way you think. The bad news is that Yes, Netflix is thinking of running ads after a video. The good news is that these ads will be trailers for other shows, particularly Netflix Originals such as Orange Is the New Black.
Pretty soon, the media was all over it. Cord Cutters News caught the information first, VICE's Motherboard sought confirmation from Netflix, and pretty soon, the whole Internet was going bananas.
No advertising coming onto Netflix. Period.
Just adding relevant cool trailers for other Netflix content you are likely to love.
Netflix has been pretty clear that these advertisements will not feature any third-party advertisers, which means you won't see random commercials, even if it's one of the best Super Bowl commercials ever.
What you will see are trailers and teasers. Yup, trailers, much like what you see when you go to the movie theater, even though cinema is dying because of you Are You Responsible for the Death of Cinema? Are You Responsible for the Death of Cinema? Cinema is in its death throes. But why? Do we blame the directors of crappy films? The alternative viewing options now available? Or are you personally responsible? Let's figure this out. Read More . It makes sense for Netflix to do this since it is investing heavily in creating original shows like House of Cards, releasing entire seasons on the same day for fans keen on binge-watching A Short Guide To Binge-Watching [Weird & Wonderful Web] A Short Guide To Binge-Watching [Weird & Wonderful Web] Netflix and Amazon Prime Instant Video have turned binge-watching into a mainstay of the mainstream. Before you begin binge-watching TV you should arm yourself with some important information. This short guide helps. Read More .
There is ongoing discussion about whether these trailers qualify as ads. A common point being raised is that no one thinks trailers included on a DVD or shown at the theater are "advertisements", so why is Netflix being treated differently?
Helping users discover the right content is still a challenge for Netflix, which was the main thought behind its last redesign. That's what these trailers will do. But it's skewed in favor of Netflix, which is both platform and content provider in this case. After all, it is in Netflix's best interest for you to watch the TV shows they made over TV shows someone else made. With that conflict of interest, can you be sure that Netflix is recommending the best possible show for you?
In case you don't trust Netflix, just so you know, there are other ways to find the perfect movie to watch right now How To Find the Perfect Movie to Watch Right Now How To Find the Perfect Movie to Watch Right Now Hollywood churns out so many movies that it's very difficult to sort the wheat from the chaff. Luckily, we're here to help you find the perfect movie to watch right now. Read More .
Could Netflix Add Ads In the Future?
Netflix has always stressed the importance of being ad-free, but there is a problem with this picture. Recently, the chief executive of WPP — the world's largest marketing company and an investor in several content producers — pointed out that while Netflix's ad-free model is powerful, it isn't yet profitable. And it has promised $9.5 billion over the next five years to owners of the content currently being streamed.
"In those circumstances Netflix will have to raise subscription prices, and we know what happened last time, or have alternative revenue generation opportunities, one of which will be advertising," said WPP's Sir Martin Sorrell, referring to when Netflix lost 800,000 subscribers over a price hike.
Commenting on an Australian Netflix competitor called Stan, a PriceWaterhouseCoopers analyst said video advertising is inevitable on streaming services. Video advertising is forecasted to grow at "36 percent per annum for the next five years", which makes it too lucrative to ignore.
However, eventually turning to ads might be a problem, even if does turn out to be a necessity. People hate ads Publishers Need to Stop Whining About Adblock Publishers Need to Stop Whining About Adblock Ad-blocking seems like a natural option for any consumer because of a simple reason: it's an easy way to get rid of an annoyance. Read More , especially on services like Netflix. The main reason being that several Netflix users have come from the ad-free experience of piracy.
Would You Use Netflix for Free with Ads?
What makes Netflix great The Ultimate Netflix Guide: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Netflix The Ultimate Netflix Guide: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Netflix This guide offers everything you need to know about using Netflix. Whether you're a new subscriber or an established fan of the best streaming service out there. Read More is an ad-free, premium experience. And this ad-free policy has made it popular, with the company boasting a userbase of over 60 million subscribers, according to its Q1 2015 earnings. Go through the Reddit discussion and you'll find several users saying they would be willing to pay more if it meant the continuation of a service completely devoid of advertising.
The big question is whether Netflix will introduce ads in the future. Most users are clear that they won't pay for it, but what if it was free? As part of the streaming generation The End of Ownership: Netflix, Spotify, and The Streaming Generation The End of Ownership: Netflix, Spotify, and The Streaming Generation Streaming media is convenient, but you're giving up something important: ownership of digital media. Read More , would you be okay with a free Netflix powered by ads? Please let us know your thoughts in the comments below. And in the meantime, calm down.
Explore more about: Netflix, Online Advertising, Television.
For a free version they may ad ads.
But when i pay for it then i don't want to see ads.
The ads that i see are commercial ads.
I find this a waist of my money.
Not sure when this article was written, but as of today, 5/27/2018, Netflix is running commercials. Just started watching first episode of The Break with Michelle Wolf. Ten minutes in she said, "watch these commercials" and the commercials started running, beginning with one for Amazon, so no, it wasn't a trailer for another Netflix show. I subscribe to Netflix, Amazon Prime, Hulu, HBO Now and Sling TV. I do not need them all and Netflix will be the first to go if they are running commercials. Sling is going get cut next because it has lousy content.
I would pay even 5 more dollars a month for no ads. Anything but ads. Please.
I would cancel my subscription if they implemented ads. I'd rather a price increase. Netflix is an incredible value and I'd gladly pay a little more to keep it as is. I've always thought that the people who flipped out over the last price hike were being ridiculous. Netflix is currently $8.99 a month for new users and you get unlimited streaming, original shows that are actually very good, and no ads. That's a steal. But if they implemented true ads (I don't consider the trailers ads) it would greatly impact the value, in my opinion. Ads are one of the reasons I will never subscribe to Hulu.
Netflix will be at a great disadvantage if they ever adopt an ad model similar to the one Hulu Plus employs. H+ has always displayed ads, so people understand it's part of the deal. Netflix, on the other hand, would alienate a lot of customers if they foisted ads on them after having been an ad free service. The blow could be soften with a price drop to match H+, but many people would probably abandon ship.
Display ads but make the service free? I think people would complain, but in the end "free" would salve all their wounds.
At one time, cable TV (all of it, not just HBO-style premium channels) was supposed to be ad free based on billing for cable subscriptions. Clearly, that did not work out. There was too much money to be made.
I view these ads as inevitable, just as they are on discs, in movie theaters and on television. As it happens, I subscribe to Netflix to get discs, not for its streaming service. I don't really care what the streaming service does; knowing that the streaming service will get progressively worse is reason enough to continue my efforts to expand my library of local content.
Trailers for movies are still ads. By definition: "Advertising (or advertizing) is a form of marketing communication used to persuade an audience to take or continue some action..." Which means Netflix is trying to persuade viewers to watch other content, regardless of whether it might be interesting. Forcing viewers to watch ads while paying a premium price is just wrong. Youtube has ads, has videos and is also free. I watch it and don't mind the ads as they can be skipped. I would be probably watch free Netflix with ads, however my internet is limited and slow.
I would not pay extra nor would I keep paying what I am to watch with ads. I still have my contacts in the black market world, still download my shows that air every week from that as apposed to waiting for the season to come to netflix. I subscribe to netflix due to it's cost and ease of use, and of course the original content as their stuff is a far cry better then anything network/basic cable has to offer. I do think they could have different price structures though, half price subscriptions for those that wouldn't mind minimal ads, free for those users that wouldn't mind how often ads played..


An eye-catching store for plush animals, and a good place to be if God becomes angry at the human race.
Estes Ark. Highly visible on Highway 34 on the East side of Estes Park - Across from Lake Estes on the North side.
I had tried to check out this place before but they had closed for the season and it was up for sale.
Sunday I passed by it and it was open. It's under new ownership. I'm not sure if it is any different than it was though. The view from the ark is beautiful. There was mostly teddy bears but it was still very neat. If you collect teddy bears, this is your heaven. This ark is built better than I would have expected (I'm not sure what I was expecting?). The wood on the inside is beautiful.
I was so disappointed to see this giant gem was closed until May 2015. It's actually for sale for just under $1.4 million. The building from the outside is structurally awesome.
Located in the quaint village of Estes Park, Colorado, surrounded by the Rocky Mountains, rests ESTES ARK. This innovative store is built in the form of Noah's biblical Ark, and houses over 10,000 plush animals of all species. The Ark measures 100 feet long, 50 feet wide and 30 feet tall with a complete walk around deck.
The Shining Hotel - TV Miniseries, Estes Park, CO - 1 mi.
Fallen Park Ranger Memorial, Estes Park, CO - 4 mi.
Baldpate Inn: 20,000 keys, Estes Park, CO - 5 mi.
Fish Windows, Boulder, CO - 28 mi.


Holding down a job while studying for a qualification can seem like an unenviable task. Not only do you have to balance your lifestyle to accommodate additional workloads, but there is also the chance of mental exhaustion!
Still, it is possible, and despite the demands on your time, there are the advantages to consider, such as helping your career plans and giving you a step up on the career ladder.
Here are some tips to help you, if you are considering, or are currently studying while holding down a job.
#1 Consider distance learning – For many courses, you don't need to set foot in an educational establishment. By taking a correspondence course (done through snail mail) or an online MBA programme, as examples, you have the flexibility to study at your own pace, with a longer time frame to complete the course.
#2 Speak to your employer – In some cases, your employer may allow you time off to study. Provided the course directly impacts your performance at work, your employer may also consider funding or part-funding the course fees.
#3 Schedule your study time – Whether you take an online or a college course, you still need to map out your time effectively. Knowing what your workload is on a weekly or monthly basis will help you allocate your time. Markdown deadlines, and future exam dates too, so you know what you are dealing with. Use a wall planner or a time-management app on your smartphone to help you, giving you a visual representation of the commitments you will be facing.
#4 Take a break – All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy, and it will also tire him out! Within your schedule, set yourself time for leisure activities, social time, and relaxation. Cramming your mind with study after a day working is not going to help you, and you won't be able to give your course tutor or employer your best if you burn yourself out.
#5 Find a good time to study – As part of your time-management, look at the optimum time to study. For some people, this will be the first thing in the morning, perhaps before they go to work. For others, it may be the last thing at night before bedtime. It may be that sometime over the weekend is better, especially if you don't have work commitments on those days. Know when your mind is at its best (and least tired), and use those times to study.
#6 Speak to your tutor – If you do find yourself struggling, don't be afraid to speak to your tutor. Your tutor wants to see you succeed, so they may offer you a course of action that will ease your stress, such as extending the deadline for your essays.
#7 Find a support group – You won't be the only mature student on the course, so there will be others facing the same pressures you are. Whether you are studying online or off, make contact with other people on your course, and benefit from the mutual support you can give each other.
Be honest with yourself, your employer, and your tutor, and you should be able to study while working at the same time.
It won't be easy, you will get stressed occasionally, but remember to focus on the endgame; the qualification and skills you receive, and you should have all the incentive you need to keep going.
Are you having a tough time balancing your work and study and what are you doing to overcome this? Share your thoughts and comments below.


Orthoceras fossil bear with turquoise inlaid eyes and heartline.
"This amazing bear was living in this fossil for eons until Bernard Laiwakete saw it and brought it out!
"Fetishes carved from Orthoceras and other ancient fossils will often show fissures and cracks. Sometimes the fossil is so fragile that when being carved, the rock splits partially or completely across. In a few cases the pieces have been reunited which adds to their wabi-sabi. After all, these fossils are millions of years old!!


text:
require 'spec_helper'

module Omnibus
  describe NetFetcher do
    let(:project_dir) { '/tmp/project' }

    let(:software) do
      double(Software,
        downloaded_file: 'file.tar.gz',
        name: 'file',
        source: { url: 'https://get.example.com/file.tar.gz', md5: 'abcd1234' },
        checksum: 'abc123',
        source_uri: 'http://example.com/file.tar.gz',
        project_dir: project_dir,
      )
    end

    let(:cache_dir) { '/cache' }

    before do
      Config.cache_dir(cache_dir)
    end

    subject { described_class.new(software) }

    describe '#fetch_required?' do
      context 'when file is not downloaded' do
        before { allow(File).to receive(:exist?).and_return(false) }

        it 'returns true' do
          expect(subject.fetch_required?).to be_truthy
        end
      end

      context 'when the file is downloaded' do
        before { allow(File).to receive(:exist?).and_return(true) }

        context 'when the shasums differ' do
          before do
            allow(subject).to receive(:digest).and_return('abcd1234')
            allow(subject).to receive(:checksum).and_return('efgh5678')
          end

          it 'returns true' do
            expect(subject.fetch_required?).to be_truthy
          end
        end

        context 'when the shasums are the same' do
          before do
            allow(subject).to receive(:digest).and_return('abcd1234')
            allow(subject).to receive(:checksum).and_return('abcd1234')
          end

          it 'returns true' do
            expect(subject.fetch_required?).to be(false)
          end
        end
      end
    end

    describe '#version_guid' do
      it 'returns the shasum' do
        expect(subject.version_guid).to eq('md5:abcd1234')
      end
    end

    describe '#clean' do
      before do
        allow(FileUtils).to receive(:rm_rf)
        allow(subject).to receive(:extract)
      end

      context 'when the project directory exists' do
        before { allow(File).to receive(:exist?).and_return(true) }

        it 'extracts the archive' do
          expect(subject).to receive(:extract)
          subject.clean
        end

        it 'returns true' do
          expect(subject.clean).to be_truthy
        end

        it 'removes the project directory' do
          expect(FileUtils).to receive(:rm_rf).with(project_dir)
          subject.clean
        end
      end

      context 'when the project directory does not exist' do
        before { allow(File).to receive(:exist?).and_return(false) }

        it 'extracts the archive' do
          expect(subject).to receive(:extract)
          subject.clean
        end

        it 'returns false' do
          expect(subject.clean).to be(false)
        end
      end
    end

    describe '#version_for_cache' do
      before do
        allow(software).to receive(:source).and_return({
          url: 'https://url',
          md5: 'abcd1234',
        })
      end

      it 'returns the download URL and md5' do
        expect(subject.version_for_cache).to eq('download_url:https://url|md5:abcd1234')
      end
    end

    shared_examples 'an extractor' do |extension, command|
      context "when the file is a .#{extension}" do
        before do
          software.source[:url] = "https://example.com/file.#{extension}"
        end

        it 'is the right command' do
          expect(subject.send(:extract_command)).to eq(command)
        end
      end
    end

    describe '#extract' do
      before do
        described_class.send(:public, :extract)
      end

      context 'when the downloaded file is a folder' do
        before do
          allow(FileUtils).to receive(:cp_r)
          allow(File).to receive(:directory?).and_return(true)
          allow(subject).to receive(:extract_command)
          software.source[:url] = 'https://example.com/folder'
        end

        it 'copies the entire directory to project_dir' do
          expect(FileUtils).to receive(:cp_r).with("#{cache_dir}/folder", project_dir)
          subject.extract
        end
      end

      context 'when the downloaded file is a regular file' do
        before do
          allow(FileUtils).to receive(:mkdir_p)
          allow(FileUtils).to receive(:cp)
          allow(File).to receive(:directory?).and_return(false)
          allow(subject).to receive(:extract_command)
          software.source[:url] = 'https://example.com/file'
        end

        it 'copies the file into the project_dir' do
          expect(FileUtils).to receive(:cp).with("#{cache_dir}/file", "#{project_dir}/")
          subject.extract
        end
      end
    end

    describe '#extract_command' do
      before { Config.source_dir('/tmp/out') }

      context 'on Windows' do
        before do
          Config.cache_dir('C:')
          stub_ohai(platform: 'windows', version: '2012')
        end

        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', '7z',      '7z.exe x C:\\file.7z -o/tmp/out -r -y'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'zip',     '7z.exe x C:\\file.zip -o/tmp/out -r -y'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'tar',     'tar xf C:\\file.tar -C/tmp/out'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'tgz',     'tar zxf C:\\file.tgz -C/tmp/out'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'tar.gz',  'tar zxf C:\\file.tar.gz -C/tmp/out'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'bz2',     'tar jxf C:\\file.bz2 -C/tmp/out'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'tar.bz2', 'tar jxf C:\\file.tar.bz2 -C/tmp/out'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'txz',     'tar Jxf C:\\file.txz -C/tmp/out'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'tar.xz',  'tar Jxf C:\\file.tar.xz -C/tmp/out'
      end

      context 'on Linux' do
        before do
          Config.cache_dir('/')
          stub_ohai(platform: 'ubuntu', version: '12.04')
          stub_const('File::ALT_SEPARATOR', nil)
        end

        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', '7z',      '7z x /file.7z -o/tmp/out -r -y'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'zip',     'unzip /file.zip -d /tmp/out'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'tar',     'tar xf /file.tar -C/tmp/out'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'tgz',     'tar zxf /file.tgz -C/tmp/out'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'tar.gz',  'tar zxf /file.tar.gz -C/tmp/out'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'bz2',     'tar jxf /file.bz2 -C/tmp/out'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'tar.bz2', 'tar jxf /file.tar.bz2 -C/tmp/out'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'txz',     'tar Jxf /file.txz -C/tmp/out'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'tar.xz',  'tar Jxf /file.tar.xz -C/tmp/out'
      end

      context 'when gtar is present' do
        before do
          Config.cache_dir('/')

          stub_ohai(platform: 'ubuntu', version: '12.04')
          stub_const('File::ALT_SEPARATOR', nil)

          allow(Omnibus).to receive(:which)
            .with('gtar')
            .and_return('/path/to/gtar')
        end

        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', '7z',      '7z x /file.7z -o/tmp/out -r -y'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'zip',     'unzip /file.zip -d /tmp/out'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'tar',     'gtar xf /file.tar -C/tmp/out'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'tgz',     'gtar zxf /file.tgz -C/tmp/out'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'tar.gz',  'gtar zxf /file.tar.gz -C/tmp/out'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'bz2',     'gtar jxf /file.bz2 -C/tmp/out'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'tar.bz2', 'gtar jxf /file.tar.bz2 -C/tmp/out'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'txz',     'gtar Jxf /file.txz -C/tmp/out'
        it_behaves_like 'an extractor', 'tar.xz',  'gtar Jxf /file.tar.xz -C/tmp/out'
      end
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


WW2 6 pounder HE projectiles?
Thread: WW2 6 pounder HE projectiles?
3. The weight of the projectiles, plus the weight of HE they contained.
The only one I have a note of (in this article: http://quarryhs.co.uk/Molins.htm ) is the Mk 10T which weighed around 3 kg, but that's all I know about it.
In the table the cartridges marked as M indicate that the HE shell fitted were produced for the 6pr 10cwt gun but in order to fit the 6pr 7cwt gun the cartridge cases had to be modified. These were known as hybrid rounds.
There may have been other marks but this was the situation by 1955.
I have got one of the photos upside down and am unable to correct this in this reply so you will have to read these comments with the upcoming photos.
Thank you very much, that's excellent!
So, the 10 cwt projectiles seem straightforward with only very minor differences in the two Marks shown. This info shows that the 10 cwt HE were longer than the 7 cwt.
N.B. The HE projectile I have in a 10 cwt case (shown in my article I linked to above) is stamped "XT" and is therefore presumably the long 7 cwt, not the correct 10 cwt.
The 7 cwt are clearer - up to a point: the Mark IT is obviously the "short" one shown in the photos below, the "long" one (still shorter than the 10 cwt) could be the Mark VIIT or the Mark XT.
There appears to be one 7 cwt HE which is not covered here: the one for the naval Molins gun. Campbell's Naval Weapons of WW2 lists the projectile as 2.72 kg and the MV as 655 m/s. This doesn't appear to match any of the others - does anyone know more?
Also, on the subject of muzzle velocities: the only figure for the 7 cwt HE I have is 820 m/s. However, it seems unlikely that all of the types, with weights varying from 2.41 through 2.85 to 2.98 kg, would all be fired at the same velocity. Does anyone have figures?
Information updated: what I am missing now are the muzzle velocities for the different 6pr 7cwt HE loadings.
Mark VIIT: length 183 mm; weight 2.85 kg total (inc No. 244 fuze*); 188 g HE. Also used in the 6 pr 10 cwt.
Mark XT: length 181 mm; weight 2.98 kg total (inc No. 244 fuze*); 186 g HE. Also used in the 6 pr 10 cwt.
Muzzle velocities not known: one figure of 820 m/s quoted for HE, Mark of shell unspecified.
Ammunition for the naval autoloading 6 pr 7 cwt Molins gun not yet identified: Campbell (Naval Weapons of WW2) states projectile weight 2.72 kg (that's a straight conversion of 6 lbs – questionable?); MV 655 m/s.
Projectile weights 2.85 or 2.97 kg; muzzle velocities 727 or 718 m/s respectively.
Now for some critical thoughts and reality checks!
6pr 7cwt Mark IT HE: the latest table posted above gives the HE weight as 182.5 g, compared with 102.5 g in the previous table. Given the shorter shell body, does it seem likely that it could have been stuffed with virtually the same weight of HE as the Mk VII and Mk X? Nope. I'm inclined to stick with the 102.5 g weight unless further proof becomes available.
6pr 7 cwt naval Molins HE: does it seem likely that this weighed 2.72 kg as listed in Campbell, implying a purpose-designed shell? Given that there was a choice of existing HE shells available, one of them would surely have been picked - probably the 2.85 kg Mark VII or 3 kg Mark X.
6pr 10cwt: given that the case was loaded with 7cwt HE shells (the Mk VII and Mk X) which presumably replaced the original shells on the assembly line at some point, do we know what the original 10cwt shells looked like? Did any of them survive?
The Mark 44 fuze had a different diameter from the later Mark 244, so not interchangeable.
The Marks 4T and 5T seem to be the original ones, developed in the early 1930s.
The Marks 7 and (especially) 10T are the ones used in the 6pr 7cwt.
The table states an MV with the Mk 10T of 700 m/s, but nothing for the others.