text:
Un orbital atómico (OA) es una función de onda monoelectrónica  que, por lo tanto, describe el comportamiento de un único electrón en el contexto de un átomo. Se obtiene en el marco de la Mecánica Cuántica aplicada al tratamiento de átomos (junto a la teoría atómica, constituye una de las bases de la Química Cuántica) y corresponde a una determinada solución particular espacial de la ecuación de Schrödinger independiente del tiempo para el caso de un electrón sometido al potencial coulombiano generado por el núcleo atómico (y los restantes electrones en átomos poli-electrónicos). La ecuación de Schrödinger que describe el comportamiento de un electrón en un átomo, tiene solución exacta únicamente para el caso del átomo de hidrógeno (extensible a iones atómicos a los que se les extraen todos los electrones menos uno, identificados como "átomos hidrogenoides"). El concepto de orbital atómico aplicado a un electrón en un átomo poli-electrónico es una aproximación, que se obtiene tras desacoplar el movimiento de cada par de electrones y tratarlos como si cada uno se moviera en un campo electrostático promedio (aproximación de Hartree-Fock).

En todos los casos el orbital atómico espacial queda definido por tres números cuánticos, que aparecen naturalmente en la solución general de la ecuación de Schrödinger atómica  y señalan unívocamente a un estado electrónico específico.  Esos tres números cuánticos hacen referencia a la energía total del electrón (, número cuántico principal), al módulo del momento angular orbital  (, número cuántico de momento angular orbital) y al módulo de su proyección  (, número cuántico magnético) sobre el eje z del sistema de referencia externo (laboratorio).

Como toda función de onda en mecánica cuántica, el orbital atómico  carece por sí mismo de significado físico, pero según la interpretación de Born, su módulo al cuadrado () representa la densidad de probabilidad de hallar a ese electrón en cada punto del espacio (o más brevemente, una densidad electrónica) y permite calcular la probabilidad de encontrarlo en un cierto volumen del átomo.

La superposición de todas las densidades electrónicas asociadas a cada uno de los distintos orbitales atómicos, de simetría esférica centrada en el núcleo atómico, da lugar a la corteza electrónica, representada por el modelo de capas, el cual se ajusta a cada elemento químico según la configuración electrónica correspondiente.

Introducción

El orbital atómico  contiene toda la información disponible sobre el comportamiento espacial de un electrón dentro del átomo, en el estado definido por los tres números cuánticos ,  y . A través de la descripción ondulatoria de la mecánica cuántica y de la densidad de probabilidad asociada, se define el tamaño, forma y orientación de una región del espacio disponible para un electrón. Cada orbital con diferentes valores de n presenta una energía específica para el estado del electrón en los átomos hidrogenoides.

La probabilidad de encontrar un electrón en un punto del espacio se define a través de sus coordenadas espaciales. En coordenadas cartesianas dicha densidad de probabilidad se denota como . Al suponer en los átomos simetría esférica, se suele trabajar alternativamente con la función de onda  expresada en términos de coordenadas esféricas, donde  y la densidad electrónica .

Fundamentos físicos

La función de onda solución de la Ecuación de Schrödinger atómica

En el modelo atómico surgido tras aplicar la mecánica cuántica a la descripción del movimiento interno de los electrones en los átomos (modelo posterior al modelo atómico de Bohr y otros derivados como el modelo atómico de Sommerfeld), se denomina orbital atómico a cada una de las funciones de onda mono-electrónicas que describen los estados estacionarios espaciales de un electrón en el átomo de hidrógeno e iones atómicos hidrogenoides. Es decir, son los estados estacionarios físicos representados como función de la posición espacial , , que se obtienen resolviendo la ecuación de Schrödinger independiente del tiempo para el átomo , es decir, las funciones propias del operador hamiltoniano, .  Las mismas no representan la posición concreta de un electrón en el espacio atómico, que no puede conocerse con exactitud dada su naturaleza mecano-cuántica, sino que a partir de ellas se define una región del espacio en torno al núcleo atómico en la que la probabilidad de encontrar al electrón es elevada.

Los números cuánticos que definen el estado de un electrón en un átomo

En el caso del átomo de hidrógeno e iones hidrogenoides, la ecuación de Schrödinger (ES) electrónica se puede resolver de forma exacta, encontrando que las funciones de onda  solución de la ES están determinadas por los valores que pueden asumir los tres números cuánticos  ,  y . Estas condiciones de cuantización surgen de las restricciones que imponen las condiciones de contorno al movimiento electrónico dentro del átomo; no todos los pares de estado (descripto por la función de onda) y valor de energía asociado son posibles físicamente. Veamos qué valores pueden asumir estos tres números cuánticos y a qué magnitudes del electrón se asocian.

 El valor del número cuántico n  (número cuántico principal, toma valores 1,2,3...) define el nivel de energía total y el tamaño del orbital atómico. Cuanto mayor sea n, mayor será el volumen asociado al orbital atómico correspondiente y también la energía del electrón. Para  el electrón se encuentra en su estado basal o fundamental, al que corresponde la energía más baja posible y es por lo tanto el estado más estable del electrón.
 El valor del número cuántico l (número cuántico azimutal, asociado al momento angular total, toma valores 0, 1, 2,... hasta n-1) define la forma del orbital y el momento angular del electrón , cuyo módulo  viene dado por:la notación de los orbitales atómicos (procedente de la espectroscopia atómica) es la siguiente:

 Para  = 0, orbitales s
 Para  = 1, orbitales p
 Para  = 2, orbitales d
 Para  = 3, orbitales f
 Para  = 4, orbitales g;
y surge en relación con las líneas del espectro de un elemento atómico (en inglés, s por sharp, p por principal, d por diffuse y f por fundamental) hasta  = 3 y luego sigue asignando el tipo de orbital por orden alfabético (g, h, etc.).

3. El valor de  (número cuántico magnético, toma valores 0, ± 1, ± 2, ... ± ) define la orientación del orbital atómico frente a un campo magnético externo. Para la proyección  del momento angular total sobre el eje z del campo externo, se verifica:
Posteriormente se definió la necesidad de incluir ad hoc un cuarto número cuántico  (ausente en las soluciones de la ecuación de Schrödinger atómica) para determinar completamente el estado de un electrón. En la mecánica cuántica relativista el espín surge de forma natural en las soluciones de la ecuación de Dirac , no hace falta introducirlo a mano. El momento angular de espín , adopta para el electrón un valor único s = 1/2 que determina que  y define la existencia de 2 estados electrónicos diferentes a través del número cuántico  (que toma los valores +1/2 o -1/2) donde . Cuando no se tiene en cuenta el espín electrónico se dice que el orbital atómico es un orbital espacial, mientras que si se considera el estado de espín, se denomina espín orbital atómico.

Un orbital atómico se puede descomponer en una parte radial y otra angular, empleando como sistema de coordenadas esféricas como sigue:

donde  representa la parte radial del orbital atómico, que depende de la distancia r del electrón al núcleo, e   representa su componente angular, correspondiente a armónicos esféricos de la forma

Donde N es un factor de normalización y  un polinomio asociado de Legendre. Para la representación gráfica de la variación angular de un orbital atómico se emplea el módulo al cuadrado de esta función compleja   que es proporcional a la densidad de probabilidad electrónica o densidad electrónica y define un volumen que encierra la mayor parte de la probabilidad de encontrar al electrón o, si se prefiere, el volumen o región del espacio en donde el electrón pasa la mayor parte del tiempo.

Más allá del átomo de hidrógeno: átomos con más de un electrón

En sentido estricto, los orbitales atómicos son funciones de onda que tratan de describir -de forma coherente con la descripción de la mecánica cuántica- los estados estacionarios de un único electrón sometido a un campo eléctrico de simetría central (o eventualmente de dos electrones, cuando el orbital atómico espacial se combina con cada uno de los dos estados de espín electrónico incorporando  y da lugar a los espín orbitales atómicos). Cabe señalar que dado que el núcleo no está descrito de forma explícita al tomarse como punto de referencia para el movimiento interno electrónico, los OA ni siquiera describen de forma completa al átomo de hidrógeno. En sistemas atómicos de más de un electrón, el acoplamiento entre el movimiento de pares de electrones que se repelen entre sí y se refleja en el término de repulsión inter-electrónica del Hamiltoniano  poli-electrónico correspondiente, impide resolver en forma exacta analítica la Ecuación de Schrödinger atómica. Estas construcciones matemáticas no son adecuadas, por su origen mono-electrónico, para tener en cuenta la correlación instantánea entre electrones (y así, cuando se usa una aproximación orbital en sistemas de más de un electrón, se introduce el error de correlación electrónica) ni la antisimetría que debe tener la función que describe al conjunto de los electrones ante el intercambio entre ellos, exigida por la estadística de Fermi (tener en cuenta que los electrones son fermiones). Son así, descripciones aproximadas del comportamiento de un único electrón inmerso en el campo electrostático de Coulomb generado por el núcleo y los restantes electrones, que saliéndose de su sentido estricto, han mostrado ser de enorme utilidad en el terreno de la química cuántica, de forma que se utilizan no solo para describir sistemas atómicos poli-electrónicos, sino también para sistemas poli-electrónicos polinucleares (como las moléculas).

También, más allá de su sentido estricto, los químicos se refieren a ellos como entes físicos más que como construcciones matemáticas, con expresiones como «en un orbital caben dos electrones».

Forma de los orbitales atómicos y de la densidad electrónica asociada

Existen distintas maneras de representar en 3D la forma de los orbitales atómicos espaciales y la densidad electrónica asociada a ellos. Por simplicidad, en algunas imágenes solo se representa su componente angular, obviando evidenciar el comportamiento radial que puede presentar nodos (puntos o planos donde el OA se anula y la densidad electrónica también, que es una función siempre positiva, asociada como se mencionó al módulo cuadrado de la función OA).

Orbitales s

Los orbitales "s" tienen simetría esférica alrededor del núcleo atómico. En la figura siguiente se muestran distintas formas alternativas para representar la nube electrónica asociada a un orbital s: en la primera, la probabilidad de encontrar al electrón (representada por la densidad de puntos) disminuye a medida que nos alejamos del centro; en la segunda, se representa el volumen esférico en que el electrón pasa la mayor parte del tiempo y por último se observa el electrón.

Orbitales p

La forma geométrica de los orbitales p es la de dos esferas achatadas hacia el punto de contacto (el núcleo atómico) y orientadas según los ejes de coordenadas. En función de los valores que puede tomar el tercer número cuántico ml (-1, 0 y 1) se obtienen los tres orbitales p simétricos respecto a los ejes X, Z  e y. Análogamente al caso anterior, los orbitales p presentan n-2 nodos radiales en la densidad electrónica, de modo que al incrementarse el valor del número cuántico principal la probabilidad de encontrar el electrón se aleja del núcleo atómico.
El orbital "p" representa también la energía que posee un electrón y se incrementa a medida que se aleja entre la distancia del núcleo y el orbital.

Orbitales d

Los orbitales d tienen orientaciones más diversas. Cuatro de ellos tienen forma de 4 lóbulos de signos alternados (dos planos nodales, en diferentes orientaciones del espacio), y el último es un doble lóbulo rodeado por un anillo (un doble cono nodal). Siguiendo la misma tendencia, presentan n-3 nodos radiales. Este tiene 5 orbitales y corresponde al número cuántico l (azimutal)

Orbitales f

Los orbitales f tienen orientaciones aún más exóticas, que se pueden derivar de añadir un plano nodal a las formas de los orbitales d. Presentan n-4 nodos radiales.

Orbitales g
Según la aproximación orbital en las descripciones mecánicas cuánticas de la estructura atómica, los elementos con orbitales g parcialmente llenos se encuentran en el hipotético bloque g. Sin embargo, los efectos de acoplamiento espín-órbita reducen sustancialmente la validez de la aproximación orbital para elementos de número atómico alto. Así, un elemento en la columna etiquetada como g1 podría tener exactamente un electrón g de capa de valencia (como sugiere el nombre), pero también es posible que tenga más o ninguno. Presentarían n-5 nodos radiales.

Tabla de orbitales

La tabla siguiente muestra todas las configuraciones orbitales para el hidrógeno, como funciones de onda, desde el 1s al 7s. Los átomos polielectrónicos irían alojando sus electrones en dichos grupos de orbitales.

Véase también

 Mecánica cuántica
 Química cuántica
 Configuración electrónica
 Orbital molecular

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Configuración electrónica
Física atómica
Química cuántica


text:
Who I've worked with
Tonkotsu arrives in Ealing Broadway's Dickens Yard development in late November…complete with bar top made from recycled chopsticks
Ceviche Family comes back to Nourish PR
Revamped The Greene Oak in Windsor promises charming atmosphere and hyper seasonal, uber local food
Just over 6 years after opening its first restaurant in Soho, top notch ramen outfit Tonkotsu is set to open its tenth restaurant in Ealing. Located in the new Dickens Yard development, the restaurant will serve its signature homemade noodle ramens, gyozas and Japanese appetisers alongside a selection of craft beer, sake and cocktails. The 50-cover restaurant spans two floors, and features an open kitchen, both ground-floor and basement seating, as well as a bar top created from recycled chopsticks – once used in their other restaurants.
Ken Yamada, co-founder of the group with business partner Emma Reynolds, said today, "It's staggering to think we're opening our tenth site here – home to thousands of Japanese people and in the heart of a beautiful new development. Ealing is our most neighbourhood site to date, and there is already so much support for our arrival." MD Stephen Evans added, "With the creation of Dickens Yard and the opening of Crossrail, Ealing has further strengthened its position as a busy, cosmopolitan centre and one we are very proud to be part of."
Tonkotsu was launched in 2012 by co-founders Ken Yamada and Emma Reynolds. As well as the soon-to-be ten locations across London, Tonkotsu also have a ramen bar in Selfridges Birmingham, and have further plans to open in Peckham early next year. They have just opened their 9th site in Stratford, just outside the busy shopping centre in East London, to critical acclaim.
Tonkotsu Ealing opens for softs on Friday 30th November (evening) and booking is very much encouraged. Limited to 100 people over 2 sittings. Max table size of 4 (50% off food).
www.tonkotsu.co.uk
© 2017 Nourish PR | Site Web Wise Media

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Oslo House is placed on a mountainside, in a residential state surrounded by pine trees and vegetation, designed by Ramon Esteve Estudio.
The road shaped the entire building - its floors, walls and ceilings, becoming the main motif of the project by KWK PROMES.
The new residence is built within a heavily wooded site in the Hollywood Hills.
Kengo Kuma's take on the traditional Japanese style.
Berlin based artist, who specializes in single line tattoos.


Winemakers / Owners, Micole and Teri would like to invite you to join our exclusive wine club and become a part of the Ramona Ranch Family. Included with your membership are special pre-release wines, limited production offerings, award winners and wines exclusive to our Wine Club.
Join us at harvest activities, wine and dinner pairings and exclusive happenings at the winery throughout the year!
Your membership will continue until cancelled in writing or via email to teri@ramonaranch.com. Cancellations of club shipments must be received in writing or via email at least 30 days prior to shipping date. Cost of shipments will vary depending on varietal of wines, shipping and applicable taxes.
Your credit card will be charged prior to each shipment. Member discounts apply to active club members only. Wine shipments require a signature by someone 21 years of age or older. We can only ship to states that allow direct to consumer wine shipments – ask us and we can let you know if it is possible to ship to your state.
Exclusive invitation to wine club events and pick up parties; save shipping cost and make new friends!


Bar mops are perfect for general maintenance cleaning in any facility. Various constructions and designs are available to meet any user's needs. Offering great durability and absorbency, bar mops also bring added value from multiple uses.


text:
LogicGate Honored as Finalist in 2019 Stevie Awards for Great Employers
Greg Kester
LogicGate
Chicago, IL – September 9, 2019 – LogicGate is proud to announce we have been named a finalist in the fourth annual Stevie Awards for Great Employers. Winners in the Gold, Silver, and Bronze categories will be announced at a ceremony on September 20, 2019, in New York.
The Stevie Awards for Great Employers recognize the world's best employers and the human resources professionals, teams, achievements, and HR-related products and suppliers who help to create and drive great places to work.
Finalists will be celebrated and awards presented to winners at a gala ceremony at the Marriott Marquis Hotel in New York City on Friday, September 20.
More than 600 nominations from organizations in 24 nations were submitted this year for consideration in a wide range of HR-related categories, including Achievement in Workplace Safety & Compliance, Employer of the Year, Chief Human Resources Officer of the Year, Human Resources Team of the Year, and Employee Relations Solution Provider of the Year, among others. LogicGate was named a finalist in the Employer of the Year category for Other Industries.
"We're incredibly proud of the workplace culture we've built at LogicGate, so it's a great honor to be recognized by the Stevie Awards in this regard," says Matt Kunkel, LogicGate's CEO. "We recognize how hard it is to get people and culture right. Our congratulations go out to all of the nominees."
More than 60 professionals worldwide participated in the judging process to select this year's Stevie Award winners.
"We're gratified by the number of outstanding nominations we received in the competition this year. The dedication the Stevie Award finalists have to making workplaces great for employees was evident in every nomination," said Michael Gallagher, president and founder of the Stevie Awards.
Details about the Stevie Awards for Great Employers and the list of 2019 Stevie finalists are available at www.StevieAwards.com/HR.
About LogicGate
Headquartered in Chicago, LogicGate is a leading GRC process automation platform enabling organizations to centralize their governance, risk, and compliance programs. The agile and highly configurable self-service platform allows organizations to operationalize mission-critical risk and compliance activities without support from consultants or corporate IT. For more information, visit logicgate.com or follow us on Twitter at @LogicGate.
About the Stevie Awards
The Stevie Awards are conferred in seven programs: the Asia-Pacific Stevie Awards, the German Stevie Awards, The American Business Awards®, The International Business Awards®, the Stevie Awards for Women in Business, the Stevie Awards for Great Employers and the Stevie Awards for Sales & Customer Service. Stevie Awards competitions receive more than 12,000 entries each year from organizations in more than 70 nations. Honoring organizations of all types and sizes and the people behind them, the Stevies recognize outstanding performances in the workplace worldwide. Learn more about the Stevie Awards at www.StevieAwards.com.
8 Questions to Help You Select the…
ERM Programs: Up to the Challenge?
Announcing LogicGate's 2020 ERM Report


text:
from south.db import db
from django.db import models
from ella_newman.models import *

class Migration:

    def forwards(self, orm):

        # Adding model 'DevMessage'
        db.create_table('newman_devmessage', (
            ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
            ('title', models.CharField(_('Title'), max_length=255)),
            ('slug', models.SlugField(_('Slug'), max_length=32)),
            ('summary', models.TextField(_('Summary'))),
            ('details', models.TextField(_('Detail'), blank=True)),
            ('version', models.CharField(_('Version'), max_length=32)),
            ('author', models.ForeignKey(orm['auth.User'], editable=False)),
            ('ts', models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, editable=False)),
        ))
        db.send_create_signal('newman', ['DevMessage'])

        # Adding model 'AdminSetting'
        db.create_table('newman_adminsetting', (
            ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
            ('user', CachedForeignKey(orm['auth.User'], null=True, verbose_name=_('User'), blank=True)),
            ('group', CachedForeignKey(orm['auth.Group'], null=True, verbose_name=_('Group'), blank=True)),
            ('var', models.SlugField(_('Variable'), max_length=64)),
            ('val', models.TextField(_('Value'))),
        ))
        db.send_create_signal('newman', ['AdminSetting'])

        # Adding model 'AdminUserDraft'
        db.create_table('newman_adminuserdraft', (
            ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
            ('ct', CachedForeignKey(orm['contenttypes.ContentType'], verbose_name=_('Model'))),
            ('user', CachedForeignKey(orm['auth.User'], verbose_name=_('User'))),
            ('data', models.TextField(_('Data'))),
            ('title', models.CharField(_('Title'), max_length=64, blank=True)),
            ('ts', models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True, editable=False)),
        ))
        db.send_create_signal('newman', ['AdminUserDraft'])

        # Adding model 'DenormalizedCategoryUserRole'
        db.create_table('newman_denormalizedcategoryuserrole', (
            ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
            ('user_id', models.IntegerField(db_index=True)),
            ('permission_id', models.IntegerField()),
            ('permission_codename', models.CharField(max_length=100)),
            ('category_id', models.IntegerField()),
            ('root_category_id', models.IntegerField()),
            ('contenttype_id', models.IntegerField()),
        ))
        db.send_create_signal('newman', ['DenormalizedCategoryUserRole'])

        # Adding model 'AdminHelpItem'
        db.create_table('newman_adminhelpitem', (
            ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
            ('ct', CachedForeignKey(orm['contenttypes.ContentType'], verbose_name=_('Model'))),
            ('field', models.CharField(_('Field'), max_length=64, blank=True)),
            ('lang', models.CharField(_('Language'), max_length=5)),
            ('short', models.CharField(_('Short help'), max_length=255)),
            ('long', models.TextField(_('Full message'), blank=True)),
        ))
        db.send_create_signal('newman', ['AdminHelpItem'])

        # Adding model 'CategoryUserRole'
        db.create_table('newman_categoryuserrole', (
            ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
            ('user', models.ForeignKey(orm['auth.User'])),
            ('group', models.ForeignKey(orm['auth.Group'])),
        ))
        db.send_create_signal('newman', ['CategoryUserRole'])

        # Adding ManyToManyField 'CategoryUserRole.category'
        db.create_table('newman_categoryuserrole_category', (
            ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', primary_key=True, auto_created=True)),
            ('categoryuserrole', models.ForeignKey(orm.CategoryUserRole, null=False)),
            ('category', models.ForeignKey(orm['core.Category'], null=False))
        ))

        # Creating unique_together for [user, var] on AdminSetting.
        db.create_unique('newman_adminsetting', ['user_id', 'var'])

        # Creating unique_together for [slug, ts] on DevMessage.
        db.create_unique('newman_devmessage', ['slug', 'ts'])

        # Creating unique_together for [user_id, permission_codename, permission_id, category_id, contenttype_id] on DenormalizedCategoryUserRole.
        db.create_unique('newman_denormalizedcategoryuserrole', ['user_id', 'permission_codename', 'permission_id', 'category_id', 'contenttype_id'])

        # Creating unique_together for [group, var] on AdminSetting.
        db.create_unique('newman_adminsetting', ['group_id', 'var'])

        # Creating unique_together for [ct, field, lang] on AdminHelpItem.
        db.create_unique('newman_adminhelpitem', ['ct_id', 'field', 'lang'])

    def backwards(self, orm):

        # Deleting model 'DevMessage'
        db.delete_table('newman_devmessage')

        # Deleting model 'AdminSetting'
        db.delete_table('newman_adminsetting')

        # Deleting model 'AdminUserDraft'
        db.delete_table('newman_adminuserdraft')

        # Deleting model 'DenormalizedCategoryUserRole'
        db.delete_table('newman_denormalizedcategoryuserrole')

        # Deleting model 'AdminHelpItem'
        db.delete_table('newman_adminhelpitem')

        # Deleting model 'CategoryUserRole'
        db.delete_table('newman_categoryuserrole')

        # Dropping ManyToManyField 'CategoryUserRole.category'
        db.delete_table('newman_categoryuserrole_category')

        # Deleting unique_together for [user, var] on AdminSetting.
        db.delete_unique('newman_adminsetting', ['user_id', 'var'])

        # Deleting unique_together for [slug, ts] on DevMessage.
        db.delete_unique('newman_devmessage', ['slug', 'ts'])

        # Deleting unique_together for [user_id, permission_codename, permission_id, category_id, contenttype_id] on DenormalizedCategoryUserRole.
        db.delete_unique('newman_denormalizedcategoryuserrole', ['user_id', 'permission_codename', 'permission_id', 'category_id', 'contenttype_id'])

        # Deleting unique_together for [group, var] on AdminSetting.
        db.delete_unique('newman_adminsetting', ['group_id', 'var'])

        # Deleting unique_together for [ct, field, lang] on AdminHelpItem.
        db.delete_unique('newman_adminhelpitem', ['ct_id', 'field', 'lang'])

    models = {
        'core.category': {
            'Meta': {'unique_together': "(('site','tree_path'),)", 'app_label': "'core'"},
            '_stub': True,
            'id': ('models.AutoField', [], {'primary_key': 'True'})
        },
        'newman.devmessage': {
            'Meta': {'ordering': "('-ts',)", 'unique_together': "(('slug','ts',),)"},
            'author': ('models.ForeignKey', ["orm['auth.User']"], {'editable': 'False'}),
            'details': ('models.TextField', ["_('Detail')"], {'blank': 'True'}),
            'id': ('models.AutoField', [], {'primary_key': 'True'}),
            'slug': ('models.SlugField', ["_('Slug')"], {'max_length': '32'}),
            'summary': ('models.TextField', ["_('Summary')"], {}),
            'title': ('models.CharField', ["_('Title')"], {'max_length': '255'}),
            'ts': ('models.DateTimeField', [], {'auto_now_add': 'True', 'editable': 'False'}),
            'version': ('models.CharField', ["_('Version')"], {'max_length': '32'})
        },
        'newman.adminsetting': {
            'Meta': {'unique_together': "(('user','var',),('group','var',),)"},
            'group': ('CachedForeignKey', ["orm['auth.Group']"], {'null': 'True', 'verbose_name': "_('Group')", 'blank': 'True'}),
            'id': ('models.AutoField', [], {'primary_key': 'True'}),
            'user': ('CachedForeignKey', ["orm['auth.User']"], {'null': 'True', 'verbose_name': "_('User')", 'blank': 'True'}),
            'val': ('models.TextField', ["_('Value')"], {}),
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April | 2010 | モーニングBerryz48…the morning after….. "Always wear protection before reading…(^q^)."
Is today national SPAM Day?…this is most saddening (+_+).
~AKB48♥ to be guest of honor @ Anime Expo 2010 in L.A.~!!!!!
~Coverboy Kimutaku♥ w/ AKB48 in latest issue of Popeye~!
~Arashi♥ giveaway results….and the winner is?!!!..


Almost half of all trainees in Hamburg companies are not originally from Hamburg. These trainees have to find housing in Hamburg which is very difficult due to their low income and their often very young age. In the first year of apprenticeship, the average tariff training allowance was 664 euros gross and averaged 737 euros gross over the entire training period. About 30% of all trainees in Hamburg are minors at the beginning of the training.
In the Hamburg housing market, inexpensive housing is difficult to find, not all landlords are willing to rent to young people without collateral. For students in Hamburg there are over 3,950 affordable rooms in the 23 student dormitories of the Studentenwerk. In Hamburg there are about 38,000 apprentices – but until now no comparable facilities have been found.
However it is more than just a cheap living space.
Hamburg's trainees need further support and consulting services that can be permanently implemented via a Auszubildendenwerk. In this way, the attractiveness of the dual training in Hamburg can also be strengthened and the need for skilled workers to be secured sustainably.
In the year 2008 the Association " Ausbildungsstart " was founded, since 2010 "Stiftung Azubiwerk" (non-profit Realization Society). The aim is to improve the living conditions of the trainees with different projects. The most important project is the first residence for apprentices in Hamburg-Wandsbek.
The Auszubildendenwohnheim will offer young people in the training of cheap housing and contribute to a better networking of the trainees. This dormitory will be the basis to offer even more affordable housing for trainees and other support services in the future.
Trainees are confronted with numerous problems. Often the necessary support cannot be guaranteed by parents or companies.
In addition, Azubiwerk will offer advice on financial grants.
The successful completion of training is of high importance to all Apprentices. Azubiwerk will therefore offer or provide assistance to all Apprentices: through close cooperation with chambers, institutions and social partners, free support and assistance in training problems can be ensured. For this, Azubiwerk creates the necessary structures and networks.


Being a good friend means standing by and supporting your friend, even when times are tough. But if your friend is going through a divorce, it can be hard to know what to say. Here's how to be supportive.
You can be sure that your friend thought long and hard about the impact the divorce would have on her children before making a decision. While divorce is difficult on everyone involved, including children, the truth is that divorce is sometimes the best thing for kids, says Darci Walker, PsyD, of Core Parenting in Portland, Oregon. "It isn't divorce itself that has long-term negative effects on kids. It is the conflict between the parents." Sometimes getting divorced is the key to allowing parents to engage with each other in a healthy way. Yet even so, the decision to divorce often comes with guilt. Even if your friend is confident that divorce is the right decision for the family, there will almost certainly still be underlying feelings of guilt and doubt. You should try to assuage those feelings, rather than stoke them. These are signs your marriage could be headed for divorce.
When a friend is going through a divorce, it can feel comforting to put them in the "other" bucket—their marriage was different; ours is strong. But keep in mind your friend may not have seen the divorce coming either. Dr. Walker advises: "In order to be a supportive friend, we need to sift through our own issues, beliefs, and automatic assumptions and remember that what we think we know isn't necessarily true. And that supporting our friend though a trying time means suspending our reactions and following their lead," says Dr. Walker. Instead of trying to distance yourself from the divorce, try to think if it from your friend's perspective: Divorce can happen to anyone, even someone who think she is in a happy marriage.


First you need to finely grind the almonds and then blend with water in your blender, then when done you need to filter the pulp by using a strainer, so you can separate all of it from the liquid – easy but messy and time consuming.
So it there another way you may ask?
Oh yes, yes there is!
Soyabella is a multifunctional milk maker. You can create some fresh and super tasty almond milk within a couple of minutes and with almost no mess. All you need is a handful of pre-soaked almonds (you can use them without pre-soaking but for best result soaking for a minimum of 4 hours is advised)… you pop them into the grinder compartment of the Soyabella, fill the carafe with water and grind… 3 – 5 10 second pulses later and you can enjoy a wonderful fresh almond milk. It is that easy!
I am still going to try it for soya milk. I've ordered myself some nice organic soya beans but there seems to be some sort of delay with my order (the joy of long distance shopping, hey).
Have you ever made nut milk at home?
What do you think about Soyabella?
*Soyabella featured in this post was provided for free for review purpose.
Thank You for this review. I am ordering a soyabella from Tribest, so this review was just what I needed, thank you.
I've always played around with the idea of making my almond milk but never had a recipe. Will give it a try! thanks for sharing it.
I make almond milk too and much easier to store than dairy milk. Soyabella looks like a cool gadget and will check it out. Thank you sharing!
Cool gadget and lovely looking milk.
And I have a soy milk maker – used to make soy milk all the time. Since it strains as well as grinds, that should be easier – I just have to remember how to switch off the heating element.
I really like the idea of this. We have tried all sorts of milk over the past few years. Making our own milk would be very interesting. I hope the soya milk goes well.
I find this to be extremely interesting. So easy too!


Ford might have had many "better ideas," but making the top of the gas tank double as the trunk floor in early Cougars and Mustangs wasn't one of them. The design provided no barrier between the rear seat passengers and fuel supply in a wreck, added nothing to the body's structural integrity and exposed the tank to risk of puncture.
Enter "Tank Armor," an 11-gauge steel plate custom fit to sit on top of the fuel tank in your cat's trunk, strengthening the trunk floor and providing added protection to occupants if the car is involved in an accident.
I ordered a Tank Armor kit for my 1967 Cougar from Autoworks International, of El Cajon, Calif. On its Web site, Autoworks says it sells Tank Armor to fit 1965 to 1970 Mustangs and 1967 to 1968 Cougars. Because I installed a larger, 22-gallon 1970 Cougar tank on my '67 project car, I called Autoworks first to confirm that the '69-'70 Mustangs kits fit Cougars; they do.
In fact, all the kits are interchangeable from Mustang to Cougar, assuming an original fuel tank. Regarding my tank swap: The '70 tank bolts in with only a few modifications (cutting a small piece off the end of the 1970 filler neck and drilling new holes in the mounting base on the neck to allow it to fit the four screw holes in the 1967 trunk back). Note that the 1970 tank sits slightly higher in the trunk than the 1969 tank, which sits higher than the 1967 to 1968 tanks.
The tools you'll need for the Tank Armor installation are a socket wrench; 7/16-inch deep socket; 7/16-inch open/box end wrench; flat head screwdriver; 5/16-inch socket for removing screws that hold the filler neck to the back of the trunk; a power drill and 5/16-inch drill bit; and a hacksaw or cutoff wheel.
The kit includes the armor plate, bolts, washers and nuts to replace the original screws that held the tank down, and a padded collar to sit between gas tank and bottom of Tank Armor around the filler neck. I also purchased separately four pieces of zinc-coated 1/8-inch by 1-inch by 36 inch steel bar from a home improvement chain to reinforce the area underneath the trunk (image A). To accommodate the added thickness, I bought longer bolts—1-inch, 5/16-inch head and 7/16-inch nut.
Cautionary note: You can't be too careful when working around gasoline—don't smoke and do all your cutting or drilling far away from the gas tank. Wear safety glasses or a face shield, and gloves when doing any cutting or drilling.
1. Remove the trunk mat and all contents in the trunk to reveal the top of the tank.
2. Use the 7/16-inch socket to remove all old screws holding the fuel tank in the trunk.
3. Use the flathead screwdriver to loosen the clamps around the black rubber hose that connects the filler tube to the fuel tank. Gently twist the black hose to make sure it's loose and will detach from the tank.
4. Use the 5/16-inch socket to remove the screws holding the filler neck flange to the back of trunk (image B).
5. With the filler neck unattached, twist it to disconnect the black hose from the tank.
6. Peel the backing off the padded collar from the Tank Armor kit and carefully align the adhesive backing around the fuel tank collar where black hose connects.
7. Lift the Tank Armor (you might need a friend to help—it's a bit heavy) and carefully place it over top of the fuel tank, and line up the hole in the tank armor to fit over the collar on the fuel tank (image C).
8. Once you've set the Tank Armor in place, line up its pre-drilled holes with the holes in the fuel tank rim. You can use a thin Phillips head screwdriver if you need to get the tank armor holes to line up with the holes in the trunk—just insert the screwdriver into both holes and carefully pry to shift the tank armor into place.
9. Take the bolts from the Tank Armor kit and screw them down through the Tank Armor and holes in tank and trunk.
10. Re-attach the black rubber hose to the fuel tank and reattach the filler neck to the back of the trunk, tighten all screws you removed earlier and replace the gas cap.
11. With all bolts in, if you decide not to make your own extra reinforcing steel bars underneath, then you can just get under the car with socket wrench and 5/16-inch deep socket, washers and nuts, and screw the washers and nuts onto the ends of the bolts protruding through from above. With all nuts tightened, you're done with the installation.
12. If you do want to add the steel bar stock to reinforce the underside lip of the trunk around the tank, you have some cutting and hole drilling to do before you attach the washers and nuts.
13. Get a felt tip pen or grease pencil to use for marking your steel bars, and make sure the bars are in reach as you get under the car from the back of the trunk (you may want to wear safety glasses or goggles, as a lot of loose dirt and crud can drop on you while you're under the car). Look up and locate the bolts sticking down around the edges of the fuel tank. Hold one of the steel bars along one of the four sides and determine how long you want the bar to be, then mark where to cut it. Repeat this step to mark each bar for cutting, but cut the bars one at a time and check the fit again before you cut the next. Make your cuts with either a hacksaw or a cutoff wheel, if you have an air compressor or a Dremel-style cutoff tool. You may find you'll need to work around some obstacles, such as the fuel line and fuel sending unit harness. Once you have a bar cut to length, get back under the car and hold the bar along side the bolts, and mark the bar for the center of each bolt. Use your 3/16-inch drill bit (or a bit at least big enough to fully accommodate the bolt) and drill one hole, then test fit it under the car. Mark where you need to drill the next hole, and repeat the process with each bolt and with each bar in turn (yep, you're going to be crawling under the car a lot!).
14. Once you have a bar cut and drilled, get your washers and nuts within reach, get under the car, position the bar, get a washer and nut and bolt the bar in place. Get your socket wrench and 7/16-inch deep socket, washers and nuts, and tighten a washer and nut onto each bolt. With all nuts tightened, you're done.


Zhang, X., Cheng, Q., Sun, L., Xu, M., and Via, B. (2015). "The effect of layer moisture content distribution on lumber surface and bonding interface properties," BioRes. 10(1), 68-78.
This study investigated the effect of drying on moisture content (MC) distribution through ash lumber thickness, as well as the effect on wood surface and bonding at the interface. After the drying of lumber, the wood surface contact angles and free energy were collected over 6 days, and the MC difference (between surface and core) was measured. At the same time, the isocyanate adhesive strength, as well as the elemental composition of carbon (C1s), nitrogen (N1s), and oxygen (O1s) on the lumber surface and at the bonding interface, were tested daily. Both the wood surface contact angle and free energy changed with a change in MC difference. The O1s concentration at the bond interface decreased with increased MC difference, and the adhesive strength declined accordingly. To attain the best bond interface, the MC difference between the surface and core should be controlled within the range of 0.5 to 1%.
There are differences in wood moisture content between the core and surface layers after drying. The active groups on the wood surfaces change with moisture movement from the core to surface until the piece reaches equilibrium. This process is known as wood surface passivation. The wood surface contact angle, free energy, and bonding strength may be influenced by the active groups changing during the storage period when moisture is not in equilibrium. If the moisture difference between the core and surface layers is high, the internal force (stress) in wood increases and this leads to drying defects and influences wood glue properties (Bergman 2010).
Understanding and improving the bond interface between wood and adhesive is very important for the wood products industry. The bond interface is one of the most important factors and accounts for 70% of all wood product applications (Collett 1972; Gardner et al. 1991; Gu and Cheng 2003; Kamke and Lee 2007; Custodio et al. 2009). Furthermore, the quality of the glueline depends on adhesive type, manufacturing process, and bond quality (Gu 2003). The adhesive quality is affected by other factors such as the contact angles and surface free energy (Qian 1999).
The wettability measurement is a useful method for determining the thermodynamic behavior of the surface substrate and the physical processing of wood such as drying and aging impacts on wettability (Gardner et al. 1991; Shi and Gardner 2001; Tang et al. 2012; Yang et al. 2014). The lumber surface functional groups (such as OH-) are important factors in determining adhesive quality. The free energy at the substrate surface is defined as the energy that is required to produce one unit of surface area without putting more stress upon the surface (Qin 2003). Furthermore, these wood surface properties change during drying and can be classified into three inactivation mechanisms: (a) exudation of extractives to the surface, which lowers the wettability or hides the surface, (b) reorientation of wood surface molecules, which reduces wettability or places for bonding, and (c) irreversible closure of large micro-scale pores in cell walls (Christiansen 1990; Shupe et al. 1998).
The solid surface free energy is very close to the liquid critical surface tension according to the Zisman theory. Therefore, the solid surface free energy can be estimated by measuring the critical surface tension as a numerical value (Stamm 1959). The change in lumber surface moisture content (MC) influences both surface radicals and the MC difference through the thickness and also depends on the lumber surface MC. The moisture content difference is defined as the difference between the MC of the middle and average of the top and bottom layers of the lumber.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the lumber surface and the bonding interface functional groups by MC differential through the lumber thickness during six consecutive storage days after drying, to investigate the interaction between MC difference and the presence of functional groups on the bond surface, and to provide evidence for the theory of the glue strength of lumber.
The ash lumber (Fraxinus spp.) used in this study originated in Pennsylvania, USA. The nominal thickness was 25.4 mm (4/4"), and the average thickness was 23.8 mm. The lumber was bought and donated by the Innovation and Practice Base of North East Forest University and the International Famous Furniture Design Research Institute in Dongguan, China. Flat sawn and quartersawn lumber were cut from the same tree at the same height because the cutting directions can affect the water conduction direction, which could influence liquid wettability due to wood extractives migrating to the wood surface with moisture flow during drying (Christiansen 1990).
Aqueous polymer isocyanate (API) glue was prepared in the authors' laboratory. The main components of the API were polyvinyl acetate emulsion (PVAC) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), with the ratio of (PVAC:SBR=85:15 wt%). Fine calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was used as filler (20 wt%). Some properties of the API included pH=6.8, solids content=41.77%, and viscosity=170 mps at 30 oC. Also, isocyanate was used as hardener (API:isocyanate=100:12.5 wt%). All the components were added in a wide neck flask and stirred before use. The isocyanate (purity: 98%, grade: reagent), glycerin (purity: >98%, grade: reagent), and amino-formaldehyde (purity: 98%, grade: reagent) were purchased from Shanghai Rocky Adhesives Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
The method of testing for MC differences through the thickness of the lumber was in accordance with the drying quality standard (State Forestry Administration 2009). When the lumber thickness was less than 50 mm, it was divided into three even layers (two surface and one core). The method used to make the layered MC specimens is shown in Fig. 1, and the ash lumber drying curve is shown in Fig. 2. The ending surface MC was 7.56% (average of three samples), and all lumber was dried using the same wood drying schedule (Fig. 2). Considering that wood is isomeric in every direction, all specimens were selected from the same tested lumber piece in order to lower the variation in measurements. But even within a piece of lumber, variation can be considerable. For example, contact angles tend to be slightly greater on latewood than earlywood (Shupe et al. 1998).
where is MC difference and W1, W2, and W3 represent the top, middle, and lower layer MC, respectively. Three pieces of lumber were selected and placed into a chamber with consistent temperature (25 °C) and humidity (60%) to investigate the wood surface property changes when the MC changed with time. Two pieces of wood were cut from each lumber every day for the MC difference determination. Thus, the change in MC of each layer was measured daily. Then, the MC difference between the surface and core was calculated.
Three groups of testing lumber were selected. The changes of the surface contact angles were tested every day while the lumber was being conditioned in the chamber for 6 days. As wood naturally possesses porosity, the surface is not smooth and liquid osmosis penetrability is very high. In order to decrease measurement error, 10 pictures were taken from each piece of lumber and 30 pictures were taken daily for each liquid treatment to calculate the average contact angles. The pictures were taken immediately after the liquid was dropped on the wood surface and the angle measured.
where Y is the stress (%), S is the width of the specimen before it was cut to tooth shape (mm), S1 is the tooth width of the specimen after its MC reaches equilibrium (mm), and L is the tooth length (mm). The sample cutting diagram is shown in Fig. 3. The normal compression shear strengths of the specimens that changed with MC, MC differences, and stress were analyzed daily for six days.
The C1s, N1s, and O1s contents on both the lumber surface and bonding interface were tested daily for six days during the MC difference measurements, using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (ESCA-750, Shimadzu; Kyoto, Japan). Small specimens were mounted onto a holder with double-sided adhesive tape. The C1s, N1s, and O1s spectra bands were collected daily (Liu et al. 2010).
The surface wetting ability was evaluated using the surface contact angle. The lumber surface contact angle and free energy is shown in Table 1. The dried wood surface MC was 7.56% (Fig. 2), and it increased to 9.80% after 6 days. The surface free energy exhibited a downward trend during the six day period. From day one to day three, the average decline was 2.00 mJ/m2/d. After the 4th day, the rate dropped to 1.53 mJ/m2/d. The MC increased after the wood had been conditioned for three days. The surface free energy declined quickly after the third day. This can be attributed to the lumber's ability to absorb water, which caused a reaction between the functional groups on the lumber surface and the hydroxide radicals from the water, allowing the surface free energy to decline.
* The data in the parentheses are the standard deviations.
The MC differences showed fluctuating tendencies under the same storage conditions, as shown in Fig. 4. From day 1 to 2, MC differences increased slowly. After the second day, they exhibited a downtrend, meaning that the difference of the MC between the core and the surface was decreasing. The lumber surface absorbed the water from the atmosphere. On the third day, the MC differences reached their minimum, and then began to increase gradually. However, throughout the process, the intensity change was slow. The MC differences increased to their largest peak and then decreased, exhibiting an oscillating trend.
The C1s, N1s, and O1s contents on the lumber surface layers and the bonding interfaces were measured using an XPS, while the MC core to surface differences were simultaneously measured during the 6 day testing period. The results of the XPS wide scan spectra for the three elements, which were measured 6 times in 6 days, are shown in Fig. 5. The C1s, N1s, and O1s content percentages of the lumber surfaces and bonding interfaces are summarized in Table 2.
The element contents changed considerably with exposure to time and conditioning to the new equilibrium MC%. However, the peak values were not maintained for the complete storage duration (Fig. 5). The C and O contents did not change significantly in the first 3 days, as shown in Table 2. However, the contents began to change considerably on the 4th day. They increased 3% on the 4th day, then decreased about 1% on the 5th day and increased 5% on the 6th day. The C1s change with time on the surface was unstable. The main reason for the instability was probably that the specimens were heavily affected by the drying schedule and the MC was asymmetric, allowing greater change in the C1s. At the same time, the O1s content changed unregularly. Generally, the C1s, O1s, and N1s contents changed significantly as more storage time passed. This testifies that the MC difference through the lumber thickness affected the contents heavily due to the migration of water to the surface layer. This water movement also acted to transport low molecular weight extractives to the surface region resulting in surface active groups changes.
C, H, O and N elements exist in high concentrations both in wood and in the adhesive used in this study. In the chemistry characterization of the adhesive and wood (Li 2003b), it is very important to analyze the state change for the element C in order to define the peak of absorption. The goal of such an analysis is to determine the C combinations as well as estimate the lumber surface chemistry component and its change. For the elemental changes on the bonding interface, C1s, O1s, and N1s changed substantially. Compared with those located on the lumber surface, C1s and N1s inside of the piece increased, but the O1s content decreased because the glue reacted with the lumber among their functional groups (Liu et al. 2010).
Aqueous polymer isocyanate (API) can glue the lumber together and create a very strong crosslinked interface because of the following three reasons (Gu 2003): First, lumber is a porous material that contains a lot of the free water in the lumen and bound water in the cell wall and consists of hydroxide, carboxyl, ester, aether, and other functional groups. The hydroxyl groups from water react with API to produce strong ammonia-ester and urea bonds which is important for a strong interface (Cai and Deng 2003). The proposed reaction processes are given below.
Second, the API penetrates into the lumens of the tracheids just below the surface. When the lumber is glued together, the adhesive forms numerous nail-like bonds that enhance the glue strength effectually. Third, the polar groups in the lumber and the API react with each other to form hydrogen bonds, which helps to create a stronger bonded interface (Cheng 2004).
The normal compressing shear strength, stress, MC and MC differences between the core and surface are shown in Fig. 6. Both the MC and MC difference affected the bond quality. The internal stresses increased slightly on day 2 but then stabilized through the remaining 4 days. When the stress was consistent, the normal compression shear strength of the specimens decreased with increasing ∆MC between the surface and core. This differential reached a maximum value after conditioning for three days. When the MC was greater than 9%, the normal compression shear strength decreased with increasing MC.
The MC difference effects on O1s and N1s on the bonding interface are shown in Fig. 7. O1s content at the bonding interface was highest after being conditioned for 2 to 3 days and at a MC difference of 0.6%. O1s content decreased with exposure time and as the ∆MC increased (Fig. 7a). The N1s content at the bonding interface was highest at 5 to 6 days of conditioning, during which the MC difference was near 1.4%. The N1s content increased gradually with exposure time and the MC difference increased as well (Fig. 7b).
The MC difference impacts on C1 content at the bonding interface are shown in Fig. 8. The C1s content increased to a peak at 5 to 6 days coupled with a ∆MC of approximately 0.5 to 1.0%. Furthermore, the C1s content increased gradually with the time. However, the C1s decreased if the MC differential was more than 1.0%. It is hypothesized that forces within the board exceed bondline resistance and the active groups of wood surfaces change too much at the moisture differences greater than 1%, resulting in wood drying and surface glue defects.
The wetting ability and free energy on the lumber surface decreased with increasing conditioning time over the course of a six-day conditioning period.
The O1s content percentage on the bonding interface decreased gradually as the MC difference increased.
The C1s content percentage on the bonding interface increased with time when the MC difference was less than 0.5 to 0.8%; however, it decreased when the MC difference was greater than 1.0%.
The N1s content percentage on the bonding interface was at its largest volume after the studied lumber was conditioned for 5 to 6 days. When the MC difference was less than 1%, the N1 content increased gradually as the conditioning time and MC difference increased.
This research was supported by the program of Exploitation of the Lumber Drying Technology for Common Wood Species in Guangdong Province. This is a Major Science and Technology Program located in the Guangdong Province, Program Number: 2011A080404002.
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Gu, J. (2003). Bonding Theory and Adhesive Foundation, Science Press, Beijing.
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Li, J. (2003a). Wood Spectroscopy, Science and Technology Press, Beijing.
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Liu, D., Chen, H., Chang, P. R., Wu, Q., Li, K., and Guan, L. (2010). "Biomimetic soy protein nanocomposites with calcium carbonate crystalline arrays for use as wood adhesive," Bioresource Technology 101(15), 6235-6241.
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Shupe, T. F., Hse, C. Y., Choong, E. T., and Groom, L. H. (1998). "Effect of wood type and veneer side on loblolly pine veneer wettability," Forest Products Journal 48(6), 95-97.
Stamm, A. J. (1959). "Bound water diffusion into wood in the fiber direction," Forest Products Journal 9(1), 27-32.
State Forestry Administration. (2009). "Drying quality of sawn timber," GB/T6491-1999, China Standard Press.
Tang, L., Zhang, R., Zhou, X., Pan, M., Chen, M., Yang, X., Zhou, P., and Chen Z. (2012). "Dynamic adhesive wettability of poplar veneer with cold oxygen plasma treatment," BioResources 7(3), 3327-3339.
Yang, X., Zhang, R., Tang, L., Chen, M., Li, Y., and Zhou, X. (2014). "Dynamic wettability of different adhesives on wheat straw surface modified by cold oxygen plasma treatment," BioResources 9(1), 1578-1587.
Article submitted: May 30, 2014; Peer review completed: August 28, 2014; Revised version received and accepted: November 1, 2014; Published: November 7, 2014.


With spring finally coming into season, your liquor cabinet may be in need of a refresh. In this gallery, we highlight a selection of notable new releases for the season, including a new premium tequila from DeLeon and a collaboration from OH MY! Teakoe Tea and Mythology Distillery.
Knob Creek has unveiled a label upgrade for its core expressions of bourbon, straight rye whiskey and single barrel reserve.
Añejo Reserve is the latest release from premium tequila distillery DeLeón. It is made from 100 percent Highland Blue Weber agave sourced from the Los Altos region of Jalisco, Mexico.
Mixed martial arts superstar Connor McGregor launched his signature Irish whiskey brand in February, the first expression of which is a blend of grain and single malt.
Iron Smoke CASKet Strength Straight Bourbon Whiskey is a 120 proof unfiltered small batch bourbon available in limited quantities.
The new premium expression from North Carolina-based Ben's American Sake, Kiyoshi is a Junmai Daigino, a classification of sake recognized for its purity and high quality ingredients. Only two batches were brewed for this limited release.
This Colorado Crafters Collaboration from OH MY! Teakoe Tea and Mythology Distillery blends Teakoe's Slopeside Spiced Plum tea with Mythology's Chatter Wolf rye vodka. This limited release debuted earlier this month at the Mythology Distillery in Denver, Colorado.
Aged in used Amontillado Sherry oak casks, Fords Gin Officers' Reserve is designed to offer a full-bodied flavor complement for cocktails. The product is now available for a suggested retail price of $34.99 for a 750 ml bottle.
Previously known for its clear whiskeys and signature stainless steel gas can packaging, Stillhouse is now moving into the vodka category with its latest release. Stillhouse Classic Vodka will be available on shelves nationwide by April 1 with 750 ml cans priced at $21.99.
Set for release in late April, the newest Kentucky whiskey expression from Wilderness Trail is a Kentucky straight bourbon made with rye small grain.
Last month, Spanish liquor brand Puerto de Indias released its Strawberry Gin at retailers in New York, Florida and Illinois. The suggested retail price is $26.99 for a 750 ml bottle.
Available exclusively to Flaviar members via lottery system, Son of a Peat "Batch 02" is the second edition of the craft distillery's potent (47.2 percent ABV) peat-heavy blend malt Scotch.
The History of Lovers and The Ninth are the two latest premium gins from Louisville-based Copper & Kings American Brandy Co. The former has robust botanical aromatics, while the latter has bold blood orange flavors. Each is priced at $35 for a 750 ml bottle.
Available in limited quantities, Courvoisier Sherry Cask Finish is a blend created specifically for the U.S. market. The product is 80 proof and available for a suggested retail price of $39.99 for a 750 ml bottle.
The first batch of 2019 from Booker's Bourbon, dubbed "Teresa's Batch," is aged over six years and has notes of brown sugar.
Available in select bars and retailers in Hawaii, Ko'olau Distillery's Old Pali Road Whiskey blends a bourbon-style mash with four-year old American whiskey and pure Hawaiian water. This release is limited to 1,800 bottles.


We Provide Classes for 11th & 12, Bcom, MBA, CA & CS .
Rohit Classes conducts classes in BCom Tuition, CA Coaching and Class 11 Tuition. It is located in Raja Park, Jaipur. It takes Regular Classes- at the Institute.


Is accountable for consistent, safe, high quality care of all laboring patients assigned from admission to post delivery. Is familiar with vaginal and C-section births, fetal monitoring and provide care for patients who receive various types of anesthesia. Will demonstrate expertise in providing care for patient during PACU period as well as newborn care first two hours of life.
TNCC (Trauma Nursing Core Course) certification required; must be received within one year of employment if not already certified.
NIHSS (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale) certification required; must be received within 3 months of employment if not already certified.


Luchadores de Lucha Libre: Dr. Wagner Jr.
Juan Manuel Gonzalez Barron is a Mexican professional wrestler who has achieved fame in CMLL and worldwide as Dr. Wagner, Jr. He is the son of Dr. Wagner and brother of Silver King.
Dr. Wagner, Jr. first started wrestling for the Universal Wrestling Association in April 1986 at 20 years of age. The elder Wagner achieved his success in CMLL, and so would it be for the son who adopted his gimmick.
On the day that Dr. Wagner, Jr. was to make his in-ring debut as his father's tag-team partner, Wagner Sr. was involved in a car accident that killed his long-time partner Angel Blanco, leaving Wagner Sr. disabled and unable to continue his wrestling career. When he regained his mobility he took up a job as a taxi driver to earn a living, but continued to actively follow the career of his sons, including his in-ring namesake and a wrestler best known in the United States as Silver King. The two real-life brothers would actually team together to win the CMLL World Tag Team Titles in February 1997, although the titles were vacated six months later when Silver King left CMLL to join the growing lucha roster of World Championship Wrestling.
Wagner's star has continued to rise in Mexico ever since. He has won a variety of different titles for the CMLL promotion. Besides holding the CMLL World Light Heavyweight title he has also been a Trios championship at least four times, including with Gran Markus. Jr. & Hijo del Gladiador and also with Blue Panther & Black Warrior. He has also wrestled extensively in Japan, challenging (and ultimately being defeated by) Jushin Liger for the IWGP Junior Heavyweight belt and tagging with various partners such as his brother and Kendo Kashin, the latter of which he won the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team championship with. He has also competed in the U.S. as recently as January 2006, teaming with Rey Bucanero in a losing effort against L.A. Park & Místico at an FMLL show in Chicago. He is most popular when competing in the famed Arena México though, where his charismatic style and popular gimmick cause fans to blow airhorns three times and chant "WAG-NER!" when he's in the ring. Given the fan reaction in Mexico and increasing awareness of the lucha libre style in the United States, his star will surely continue to rise.
In the 2007 Dr.Wagner Jr to be one of the polemics wrestlers in Mexico due to its constant mass media declarations diverse in where he expressed its anger with the CMLL not to program it in fights against Mistico, Atlantis, Ultimo Guerrero or Hijo del Perro Aguayo.
In October 8 of the 2007 sport newspaper "Estadio" publish an interview with Dr.Wagner Jr in where the same one confirmed his departure of the CMLL, which untie surprise during several days and speculations on their future and were not up to one week later that the magazine "Super Luchas" publish another interview with the own Wagner in where this it confirmed his departure of the company and that as of that date was going to be an Free Agent but who was going to fulfill all the presentations that even tapeworm pending with the CMLL.
Dr.Wagner Jr also denied the rumors on his possible incorporation to the AAA (the other big lucha libre company in Mexico) and is speculated on that along with the their brother Silver King fought in shows of TNA that were carried out in the month of December in Mexico City and Monterrey.


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Lissotesta beta is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

Distribution
This species occurs in New Zealand.

References

beta

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


 I repent, renounce and break the curse for all oaths taken, curses and ritual enacted, and regalia worn by my ancestors involved with the Eastern Star. In the Name of Jesus Christ I smash and destroy the power of the pentagram (symbol of the Eastern Star), from my family line and myself. I declare that the Blood of Jesus Christ covers us.
 l sever every cord that binds my family or myself to Freemasonry through the Eastern Star and renounce and break the curse of mutual obligation.
 I renounce this oath: "…I bind myself to the most solemn secrecy respecting the work of the Order and to that performance (of its goals)" "The obligation of our Order, voluntarily assumed, is perpetual, from the force of which there is no release" I declare that my family is released through the power of the Blood of Jesus Christ.
 I repent on behalf of the women in my ancestral lines that knelt before the altar of the Eastern Star and knowingly, or in ignorance gave themselves to the gods of Freemasonry.
 I renounce and break the power of the curse of false light, purity and joy. I declare that "The Joy of the Lord is my strength" and the fruit of the Holy Spirit is mine.
 I renounce and break all the oaths and rituals of Freemasonry (see oaths).
 I renounce Typhon, the god of winter, and all its effects.
 I renounce violent death, and conspiracy from my ancestral line and myself.
 I renounce all soul ties with Typhon and break the curses and resulting dismemberment, fracturing and shattering of health, life, relationships, personality, soul, finances and in every area of life. I do this in Jesus Christ's Holy Name.
 In the Name of Jesus Christ the Nazarene, I call my body, mind, soul and spirit into alignment with the perfect plan and will of the Ancient of Days for my life.
This entry was posted in Freemasonry, Renunciation Prayer to Renounce Eastern Star Curses and tagged abuse, breaking curses prayer, curse, curses freemasonry, deliverance from witchcraft prayer, deliverance ministry dallas, Eastern Star, eastern star renunciation prayer, Freemasonry, Healing Deliverance, Prayer against curses, prayers against curses, prayers to break generational curses, prayers to remove curses, renunciation prayers, ritual, satan, satanic, secret, Traci Morin. Bookmark the permalink.


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FBI Nabs Wanted Motorcycle Club Member
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. (December 11, 2020) - Federal authorities were looking for a man who is wanted as part of an ongoing investigation into the Pagan's Motorcycle Club. Dominic Quarture was taken into custody Thursday evening, according to the FBI. Richard Lee White III was in custody earlier in the day.
Thirty other members and associates of the Pagan's Motorcycle Club are in federal custody after they were charged with drug trafficking and firearms charges, U.S. attorney Scott Brady announced Wednesday.
RELATED | Feds Charge Pagans MC Members
"The Pagan's have used violence to control cocaine, heroin and meth trafficking in Allegheny, Westmoreland, Erie, Fayette and Washington counties," Brady said in a video that was released on Youtube.
Following a yearlong investigation, law enforcement executed search warrants on 11 locations, finding several firearms including an Uzi; "significant amounts" of heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine and fentanyl; and $28,000 in cash and jewelry.
"This is the most significant motorcycle club prosecution in this office since the 1980's," Brady said. "It is a good day for the good guys."
R. Joseph Rothrock, assistant special agent in charge of the FBI's Pittsburgh division, said the members engaged in a "wide array of organized criminal activity, which included significant narcotics and firearms trafficking and violence."
The investigation, which was widespread, also resulted in identifying large-scale suppliers of narcotics not only to members and associates of the Pagan's, but to drug traffickers and suppliers within the greater Pittsburgh region.
Labels: 1%er News, Biker News, Harley-Davidson, Motorcycle Club, Pagans MC
Hells Angels Lend a Hand at Christmas Giveaway
Retired Undercover Cop Decides to Write a Book
Ex-Hells Angels Charter President Denied Jail Release
Dutch Court Upholds Ban on Hells Angels MC
Bandidos MC Members Rides Into Salvation Army
Former Hells Angels Prez Wants House Arrest
Feds Charge Pagan's MC Members
Mongols MC Targeted in Police Operation
Motorcycle Club Leaders Arrested
Bandidos Clubhouse Search Results in Charges


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Redman, Mary Mary, Lecrae, TobyMac, Houghton, Grammy Award Winners 2013 In Christian Music
(Photo : Matt Redman)
The 55th Grammy Awards 2013 took place last Sunday, February 10, 2013, in Staples Center in Los Angeles, CA. Numerous awards were handed in various categories.
Regarding the Christian music, UK based worship leader Matt Redman walked away with two Grammys. Redman received one Grammy in Best Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music Performance: "10,000 Reasons (Bless The Lord)."
Redman received the second Grammy for the Best Contemporary Christian Music Song "10,000 Reasons (Bless The Lord)." Redman wrote the song along with Jonas Myrin. However, the surprise was that Redman/ Jonas Myrin were the only one to win in this category. Indeed, there were two songs which won, since this category revealed a tie between Redman's "10,000 Reasons," and Israel Houghton/Micah Massey's "Your Presence Is Heaven."
Mary Mary walked away winning in the category Best Gospel Song for their "Go Get It."
Best Gospel Album category win went to Lecrae for his latest project titled Gravity.
TobyMac took home a Grammy Award for the Best Contemporary Christian Music Album for Eye on It.
Watch Matt Redman's 10,000 Reasons (Bless the Lord) in the video below.
Watch Mary Mary "Go Get It" in the video below.
Tags : Grammy Awards Matt Redma Israel Houghton TobyMac Mary Mary Lecrae
Previous Britt Nicole Pregnant!
56th Annual Grammy Awards Nominees - Christian / Gospel
Grammy Awards 2014: Complete Christian Artists Categories & Nominees, See Here


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Musician, Producer
Family & Companions
P Diddy, Puff Daddy, Sean Puffy Combs, Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs, Sean John Combs
New York City, New York, USA
A talented producer who introduced such best-selling hip-hop artists as Lil' Kim and The Notorious B.I.G., Sean "Puff Daddy/Puffy/P.Diddy/Diddy" Combs transformed himself from a sharp business mogul into a top recording artist and talented actor. After becoming the youngest executive at Uptown Records when he was just 19, Combs jumpstarted numerous fledgling careers, only to be summarily...
Draft Day (2014)
Muppets Most Wanted (2014)
Get Him to the Greek (2010)
The Black List: Volume One (2008)
Misa Hylton-Brim
Fashion designer, stylist. Mother of Justin; separated shortly after Justin's birth in 1993.
Kim Porter
Model. Mother of Christian; split in 1998; reconciled in 2001.
Actor, singer. Reportedly began dating in early 1998, though both denied relationship; began dating publicly in 1999; reportedly split in late 2000; announced break up February 2001.
Emma Hemming
Model. Brazilian; both claim to be just "good friends".
"Everybody has to be accountable, even myself. I have to be accountable and I have to be responsible to bring my son up the right way, and I have to be accountable and responsible even for the music that I put out. I have to do whatever I could do to put as much positivity out there. And it may, and I'm not talking about just going out there and making a record stop the violence, I'm talking about making records that give you a good feeling. Making sure that I understand what's coming out of one of my artist's mouths. And how I could use my intelligence, my wisdom of things that I've seen to try to make sure that they, that you get your point across as an artist. Also at the same time maybe you could say it in another way and get your point across, to where it won't look like you think this is all right, because this is not all right."---Combs discussing the fallout of the March 9, 1997 murder of his cohort Notorious B.I.G. in an interview with Kurt Loder for MTVNEWS.com, March 31, 1997.
"He's got vision. There are very few people who [do], and he's got it in abundance."---Mogul Donald Trump on Combs as a businessman to People, October 18, 1999.
A talented producer who introduced such best-selling hip-hop artists as Lil' Kim and The Notorious B.I.G., Sean "Puff Daddy/Puffy/P.Diddy/Diddy" Combs transformed himself from a sharp business mogul into a top recording artist and talented actor. After becoming the youngest executive at Uptown Records when he was just 19, Combs jumpstarted numerous fledgling careers, only to be summarily fired due to internal power struggles. He soon formed his own company, Bad Boy Entertainment, which became responsible for launching the career of Notorious B.I.G., a.k.a. Biggie Smalls, widely considered to be the greatest rapper of all time. But tragedy struck when Biggie was gunned down in a drive-by, leaving Bad Boy without its top-selling artist and Combs without his close friend. Combs paid tribute to his fallen friend with the hit single "I'll Be Missing You" (1997), which also ushered in his career as a recording artist. Combs entered into other entrepreneurial ventures like opening the soul food restaurant Justin's and starting the very successful Sean John clothing line. He later became an executive producer of the MTV series "Making the Band" and "I Want to Work for Diddy" (VH1, 2008-10), while demonstrating his acting bona fides in "Monsters Ball" (2001) and "A Raisin in the Sun" (ABC, 2008), all of which confirmed his status as a multi-faceted and self-taught talent who never failed to surprise fans.
Born on Nov. 4, 1969 in a Harlem housing project in New York City, Combs was raised by his cab driver father, Melvin, and his mother, Janice. But when Combs was three years old, Melvin was shot and killed in Central Park in a drug deal gone bad; he was allegedly an associate of former drug kingpin, Frank Lucas - portrayed by Denzel Washington in "American Gangster" (2007) - who claimed Combs' father was at his house a couple of times a week. Relocating with his mother and sister, Keisha, to Mount Vernon at 12 years old, the young Combs had a relatively privileged lifestyle thanks to his mother's long hours and numerous jobs - an effort she made to ensure her son would not suffer the same fate as his father. After attending St. Charles Borromeo School, a Catholic elementary school in Harlem, he went to the private all-boys school, Mount St. Michael Academy, in the Bronx before getting into prestigious Howard University in Washington, DC. But after a year, Combs decided his formal education was finished and began pursuing a career in the music business.
Combs proved a sharp businessman even in his early years, coming up with ways to make money off of the paper delivery business by taking over an older boy's route and offering him a percentage of profits. His keen business sense and unrelenting drive led him to make the most of his friendship with Mount Vernon hip-hop celebrity, Heavy D. In 1987, Combs' alliance with Heavy D landed him a meeting with Uptown Records executive Andrew Harrell, who offered the ambitious young man an intern position at his company. Impressed with the self-starter's work ethic and his closeness to the urban youth culture, Harrell began giving the eager Combs more responsibilities and artistic freedom. In 1989, Combs became the youngest executive in the industry after being named Vice President of A&R for Uptown. Harrell's faith in the young man soon paid off, as Combs' work in shaping the image and sound of artists that included Jodeci and Mary J. Blige would move millions of units and jumpstart major careers. Despite his success - or perhaps because of it - internal power struggles led to Combs getting the axe from Uptown in late 1992. But Harrell did assist Combs in forming his own company, Bad Boy Entertainment.
In 1994, Bad Boy had its first hit, Craig Mack's "Flava in Ya Ear," turning an unknown rapper into a platinum-selling artist almost overnight. That same year, the soon-to-be legendary Notorious B.I.G. - a.k.a. Biggie Smalls - released his debut album, Ready to Die. Helped by their noted success, Bad Boy was able to negotiate a deal with Arista Records the following year by which Bad Boy would have full creative control while Arista sponsored 50 percent of the company. In 1995, Notorious B.I.G. scored his first big crossover hit, "Big Poppa," the hit video for which featured Combs flanked by women in a hot tub. Meanwhile, Combs produced the Grammy-winning album, CrazySexyCool (1994), by TLC, which went on to sell over 15 million units. But while Combs was riding high, the good times suddenly turned bad amidst the violent atmosphere of the gang-influenced hip-hop world. On the way back to his hotel from the Los Angeles-held Soul Train Music Awards on March 9, 1997, Notorious B.I.G. - Combs' best-selling artist and closest friend - was gunned down in a drive-by shooting and later died in a nearby hospital.
Though the loss was no doubt a great one for Combs and the Bad Boy family, he turned his grief into millions when he released the tribute song "I'll Be Missing You," a hip-hop remake of The Police hit "Every Breath You Take," featuring Wallace's widow, singer Faith Evans. The lead was taken by Combs, who poured out his heart in his lyrics and proved a capable rapper in an early acclaimed effort. While critics argued that the song borrowed too heavily from the 1983 hit song, record buyers came out in force to support the effort, keeping the song at No. 1 for 11 straight weeks. Later that year, Combs released his debut album, No Way Out (1997), which included "I'll Be Missing You" as well as his follow-up hit, "It's All About the Benjamins," which featured extensive cameos from Biggie and Lil' Kim. Criticized for relying too much on guest stars and writing and performing very little of his own material, Combs' debut and his 1999 sophomore effort Forever did play more like compilation albums than unified records.
Though B.I.G. sound-alike Shyne became a hit artist in 2000, Bad Boy failed to generate the kind of sales it previously had - even dependable Lil' Kim had disappointing returns. Late 2000 saw a turnaround when Combs' teen pop group, Dream, hit the shelves. A sweet-voiced quartet of girls really in their teens, Dream had a big hit with "He Loves Me Not" and looked set to continue their success through 2001. Though music made him millions and secured his place as a top American businessman, Combs was anxious to branch out into other ventures. In 1997 he opened Justin's, a Caribbean and soul food restaurant named after his eldest son. This New York City flagship would be followed by an Atlanta branch in 1998; the same year that he launched his fashion line Sean John and inked a development deal with Dimension Films, forming Bad Boy Films. While Bad Boy Films failed to produce anything until 2002, Combs began an acting career when he was cast in but subsequently dropped out of Oliver Stone's "Any Given Sunday" (1999), in a role later essayed by Jamie Foxx.
But just as he was elevating his game, Combs ran head-on into serious legal trouble following a highly publicized shooting at Club New York in 1999, where he was partying with then-girlfriend Jennifer Lopez and rapper Shyne. Three bystanders were wounded at 2:55 a.m. after Shyne fired shots into the crowd. Combs fled with Lopez in their Lincoln Navigator and were pulled over by police, who found a stolen 9mm automatic underneath the seat - a weapon later determined to be unassociated with the shootout. Combs, Lopez, bodyguard Anthony Jones and driver Wardel Fenderson were arrested. Lopez was soon cleared of any wrongdoing, while Combs, Jones and Fenderson were charged with criminal possession of a weapon and criminal possession of stolen property. Prosecutors sought a higher bail for Combs due to his "history of violence," which stemmed from his arrest for aggravated assault following his beating of Interscope Records executive Steve Stoute earlier in the year. In March 2001, Combs was acquitted of all charges, including an additional one for bribery following accusations of such from Fenderson, while the 22-year-old Shyne landed a 10-year sentence. The bad "gangsta" publicity surrounding the unfortunate event helped spell the end of the then famous union of Puff Daddy and Lopez - one of the most celebrated couples at that time - as rumors flew that Lopez was simply not willing to risk her growing mainstream stardom and be guilty by association to the then thuggish world of hip-hop.
After announcing that he was a new man and would heretofore be referred to as P. Diddy - a nickname bestowed upon him by B.I.G. - rather than Puff Daddy, Combs finally made his big screen debut as a crime lord in Jon Favreau's comedy "Made" (2001). He followed up with "Monsters Ball" (2001), in which he played a death row inmate sent off to the electric chair by a corrections officer (Billy Bob Thornton) who later falls in love with his widow (Halle Berry). In 2002, Combs stepped in as the new executive producer of the MTV reality series "Making the Band" for its second season, giving the show - which took a group of unknowns and attempted to forge a new professional singing group out of them - an increased air of legitimacy. Combs also appeared on camera as a Donald Trump-like figurehead doling out advice and tasks to the aspiring musicians. Meanwhile, he made his stage debut in the revival of the Lorraine Hansberry drama, "A Raisin in the Sun" (2004), playing Walter Lee Younger - a role originated by Sidney Poitier - to largely positive reviews.
The following year, during the media fanfare surrounding his hosting of the popular MTV Video Music Awards in Miami, Combs adopted yet another new moniker, proclaiming himself "Diddy," claiming that he had gone under so many aliases that people did not really know what to call him anymore. But he rankled a British DJ who also went by the name Diddy, which led to an out-of-court settlement and the retention of Combs' moniker, P. Diddy, in England. After a co-starring role in the straight-to-DVD sequel "Carlito's Way: Rise to Power" (2005), he executive produced the reality series, "Celebrity Cooking Showdown" (NBC, 2006), which featured nine celebrities who compete to prepare a three-course meal following training from expert chefs. The series was canceled after three episodes due to poor ratings. While serving as a producer on shows like "Run's House" (MTV, 2005-08), "If I Were King" (MTV, 2008) and "Rip the Runway" (BET, 2008), he starred in the made-for-cable adaptation of "A Raisin in the Sun" (ABC, 2008), which received strong reviews from all corners and several Emmy Award nominations. Meanwhile, he executive produced and starred in "I Want to Work for Diddy" (VH1, 2008-10), a reality competition that conducted a nationwide search to discover the young man or woman who would be most worthy to become his personal assistant. After releasing albums like The Saga Continues (2001) and Press Play (2006) throughout the years, Combs was set to drop his next one, Last Train to Paris, in July 2010. In the meantime, Combs next co-starred in "Get Him to the Greek" (2010), playing an ambitious record company executive who uses an eager new intern (Jonah Hill) to escort a hard-partying, out-of-control rock star (Russell Brand) to his comeback gig. This coincided with a collaboration album, Last Train To Paris released under the name Diddy - Dirty Money. Combs also appeared in Joaquin Phoenix's quirky faux documentary "I'm Still Here" (2010), Ivan Reitman's sports drama "Draft Day" (2014) and family comedy sequel "Muppets Most Wanted" (2014). Though Combs released occasional singles and appeared on or produced tracks for other artists, hip-hop fashions largely passed him by in the 2010s. He remained a key figure in hip-hop history, however, as seen in his appearances in the documentary miniseries "The Defiant Ones" (HBO 2017) about the partnership between Jimmy Iovine and Dr. Dre.
Lockdown, USA (2006)
Carlito's Way Rise To Power (2005)
Fade to Black (2004)
Monster's Ball (2002)
Lawrence Musgrove
Backstage (2000)
Rhyme & Reason (1997)
The Show (1995)
Strictly Business (1991)
Producer (Feature Film)
Dope (2015)
Co-Executive Producer
Undefeated (2011)
Notorious (2009)
Men in Black: International (2019)
Song Performer
Ocean's Eight (2018)
Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018)
Baywatch (2017)
Trolls (2016)
Ride Along 2 (2016)
Dirty Grandpa (2016)
Southpaw (2015)
Get Hard (2015)
Horrible Bosses 2 (2014)
What to Expect When You're Expecting (2012)
Brooklyn's Finest (2009)
Dance Flick (2009)
Step Up 2 The Streets (2008)
The Wackness (2008)
Music Supervisor
Love Don't Cost a Thing (2003)
The Fighting Temptations (2003)
Bad Boys II (2003)
The Wild Thornberrys Movie (2002)
Barbershop (2002)
8 Mile (2002)
Save the Last Dance (2001)
Rush Hour 2 (2001)
Song ("You Don'T Have To Worry")
Soul Food (1997)
High School High (1996)
Training Day (2001)
Director (Special)
Diddy Runs the City (2003)
Super Bowl's Greatest Commercials (2004)
The 2003 MTV Movie Awards (2003)
2003 Vibe Awards: Beats, Style, Flavor (2003)
The 45th Annual Grammy Awards (2003)
Spike TV Presents GQ Men of the Year Awards 2003 (2003)
3rd Annual BET Awards (2003)
MTV Bash (2003)
The 2003 MTV Video Music Awards (2003)
The 2002 MTV Europe Music Awards (2002)
Johnnie Cochran: The Best Defense (2002)
The 17th Annual Stellar Gospel Music Awards (2002)
Anatomy of a Scene: Monster's Ball (2002)
The 29th Annual American Music Awards (2002)
The Cosby Show: A Look Back (2002)
The NBA All-Star Read to Achieve Celebration (2002)
16th Annual Soul Train Music Awards (2002)
United We Stand (2001)
Puffy On Trial: Victory or No Way Out? (2001)
4th Annual Soul Train Christmas Starfest (2001)
The VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards (2001)
Hard Rhymes, High Stakes (2001)
The Source Hip-Hop Music Awards 2001 (2001)
Aaliyah: The E! True Hollywood Story (2001)
Sean "Puffy" Combs (2001)
MTV20: Live and Almost Legal (2001)
Staying Alive 3 (2001)
The 2001 Billboard Music Awards (2001)
The 2001 Essence Awards (2001)
Staying Alive, Music to Live For (2001)
100 Greatest Pop Songs (2000)
25 Years of No. 1 Hits: Arista Records' Anniversary Celebration (2000)
Greatest Rock & Roll Moments: 2000 (2000)
9 Days That Rocked the 90's (1999)
1999 Grammy Awards (1999)
Paris Fashion Collections (1999)
THE SOURCE HIP-HOP MUSIC AWARDS (1999)
MTV 2 Large New Year's Eve Party (1999)
True Life: I Am Driving While Black (1999)
NetAid: A Concert Special (1999)
1999 MTV Europe Music Awards (1999)
NetAid (1999)
Savion Glover's Nu York (1998)
Nickelodeon's 11th Annual Kids' Choice Awards (1998)
The 1998 World Music Awards (1998)
Motown 40: The Music Is Forever (1998)
The Late Show With David Letterman 5th Anniversary Special (1998)
Where It's At: The Rolling Stone State of the Union (1998)
American Music Awards 1998 (1998)
R & B '97: Year in Review (1998)
The 1998 VH1 Fashion Awards (1998)
The Year in Rock 1997 (1997)
Soul Train Music Awards: 11th Anniversary (1997)
The Power of One (1997)
Producer (Special)
Music (Special)
The 2003 Radio Music Awards (2003)
Billboard's Rock 'n' Roll New Year's Eve (2001)
Song Performer ("It'S All About The Benjamins")
Misc. Crew (Special)
Hired to model for a Baskin-Robbins print ad at age two (date approximate)
Following his father's murder, mother purchased a home in Mount Vernon, New York
Relocated from Harlem to Mount Vernon at age twelve (date approximate)
Made friends with Mount Vernon rap star Heavy D
Through Heavy D, joined up with Uptown Records executive Andre Harrell, who gave him an intern position
At age 19, became the youngest executive in the music business as vice president of A&R for Uptown
Made headlines when a celebrity basketball game he promoted at CCNY in Harlem was oversold, resulting in a crush that claimed nine lives and left another twenty-nine injured
Worked with Mary J. Blige, shaping her sound and image and ending up with the hit album "What's the 411?"
Fired from Uptown Records
Bad Boy had its first hit with the Craig Mack single "Flava in Ya Ear"
Bad Boy released the debut album by Notorious B.I.G. (a.k.a. Christopher Wallace)
Bad Boy artist Notorious B.I.G. has his first hit with the hip-hop smash "Big Poppa"
On March 9, Combs' partner and friend Christopher 'Notorious B.I.G.' Wallace gunned down in Los Angeles after the Soul Train Music Awards
Opened the Carribean and soul food restaurant Justin's in New York City
Along with Mase and Notorious B.I.G., scored a hit with "Mo Money, Mo Problems"
Released debut album "No Way Out" featuring the hit "It's All About the Benjamins" and the Notorious B.I.G. tribute "I'll Be Missing You"
Inked a development deal with Dimension, forming Bad Boy Films
Launched the clothing label Sean John, adding fashion designer to his many undertakings
Recorded "Come With Me", a single based around Jimmy Page's guitar riff in the Led Zeppelin classic "Kashmir"
Opened a branch of Justin's in Atlanta
Was cast in and dropped out of the Oliver Stone drama "Any Given Sunday"; replaced by Jamie Foxx
After filming a video with NAS featuring a crucifixion scene he later regretted, assaulted Interscope executive Steve Stoute whom he believed to have allowed the video to air on MTV
On December 27, was detained along with girlfriend Jennifer Lopez and protege Shyne in connection with a shooting at Club New York; later indicted on weapons charges
Entered the lucrative pop music realm with his girl group Dream; the quartet have a hit with "He Loves You Not"
Along with Bad Boy artists Lil' Kim and Lil' Cease, was hit with a $200 million invasion of privacy suit stemming from a track on Lil' Cease's album that sampled dialogue from a telephone conversation
Hit with a child support suit from longtime girlfriend Kim Porter, mother of his son Christopher
Acquitted of all charges relating to the December 1999 shooting at Club New York
Film acting debut, "Made"
Acted in the feature drama "Monster's Ball"
Signed a three year distribution deal with Arista Records. The agreement allowed Combs to retain ownership of his company "Bad Boy" while Universal assumed the promotion and marketing cost for Bad Boy's musical acts
Completed his first New York Marathon, raising more than $2 million for various children's charities
Made his stage debut in the revival of the Lorraine Hansberry drama "A Raisin in the Sun"; played the role of Walter Lee Younger which was originated by Sidney Poitier
Executive produced "Celebrity Cooking Showdown," (NBC) a reality competition featuring celebrities paired up with professional chefs
Once again played the role of Walter Lee Younger in ABC's "A Raisin in the Sun"
Co-starred with Jonah Hill and Russell Brand in "Get Him to the Greek"
Released the album <i>Last Train to Paris</i> as the group Diddy - Dirty Money
Released the mixtape <i>MMM (Money Making Mitch)</i>
Jessie Smalls
Born in 1921; died in 1994; Smalls was Combs' primary caretaker while his mother worked to put him through private school.
Melvin Combs
Cab driver. Deceased; fatally shot in Central Park on January 26, 1972 at age thirty-three in what was believed to be a drug deal gone wrong.
Janice Combs
Keisha Combs
Born in 1971.
Justin Combs
Christian Casey Combs
Born on April 1, 1998;.
"I can be in the restaurant business; I can be on stage, in the boardroom, on the dance floor, in the stands."---Combs quoted in an interview with Vanity Fair, August 2000.
"He was the kind of guy that most people would find annoying if they didn't understand his purpose. People misconstrued the energy as being, 'This guy's a pain in the ass' or whatever. He was always a go-getter, willing to do whatever it took."---Heavy D on Combs in his up and coming early years as quoted in Vanity Fair, August 2000.
"Only a foolish man would bet against Combs' making an excellent actor."---Profiler Steven Daly chronicling Combs' rise and noting his latest endeavors into the feature film arena, Vanity Fair, August 2000.
"No more Puff Daddy. The first week in June we're going to have a name change ceremony. I'm not doing it as serious as Prince [but] I just want something fresh. I'm rockin' with P. Diddy now. My man Biggie [late Bad Boy artist Notorious B.I.G.] gave me that name."---A post-aquittal Combs on his new moniker, quoted in an interview with MTVNEWS.com, March 28, 2001.
"Fashion is about leaving on your jacket when other people are too hot to bother."---Combs quoted to US Weekly, October 28, 2002.
"I've had ups and downs, successes and failures. It's important for kids to know that. Sometimes people forget. I can't really forget the things I've been through in the last five years. Everything hasn't always been peachy-keen, so this year has been a relief."---Combs to In Touch, June 28, 2004.