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Services Available to Alumni
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Alumni Library Access
All alumni have access to the library during our public hours (M-F 8-8; Sat 9-5). Alumni may also pick up an alumni library card at the circulation desk if they need to check out materials.
If alums are studying for the bar exam or anticipate needing after-hours access to the library for work assignments, etc., alumni can go to main campus to get an AU Alumni One Card. It will then need to take it to the WCL Facilities office in YT05 to get it coded for library access. This will entitle alums to 24/7 access to the law library.
Alumni Cards
Alumni cards enable graduates to borrow circulating materials from the law library. Cards are available at the circulation desk. Please stop by the circulation desk and talk to one of the circulation managers about an alumni card.
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HeinOnline Law Journal Database
WCL's Pence Law Library is the first law school in the country to offer its alumni access to HeinOnline's Law Journal database. This database has more than 1,700 law and law-related journals with a broad range of coverage. Alumni can search the database by keyword, article title, author, subject, and/or state or country published. Articles can be downloaded in a searchable PDF format. Alumni access to HeinOnline is available through the CareerLink home page that can be accessed using a personal login and password. To request a CareerLink account, send an e-mail to careerdevelopment@wcl.american.edu including your full name, date of graduation, degree program, and your primary e-mail address (which will become your CareerLink username). Registration may take up to two business days.
Other Pence Databases
In addition to HeinOnline, WCL alumni have access to several interdisciplinary article databases, including JSTOR, Project Muse, and Academic Search Premier. To access these databases, alumni should e-mail Cozette Conrad at cozette@american.edu. She can arrange access to the AU alumni online community.
Due to license restrictions, WCL cannot offer remote access to other subscription-based databases to graduates, but Pence staff members welcome and encourage the use of the library's website and catalog at http://library.wcl.american.edu/. The new Encore catalog interface allows alumni to search the library's collections to access content from many places, including articles from HeinOnline.
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Alumni may use electronic databases and resources anywhere in the library. Wireless access and several computers are available for patrons' use. Available databases include ProQuest Congressional, BloombergBNA topical materials, and CCH Intelliconnect.
Recent Graduates have access to Lexis & Westlaw for extended periods after graduation.
Starting with May 2017 WCL graduates, access is available to Lexis and Westlaw for 6 months and 18 months respectively.
Contact reference@wcl.american.edu for more information.
Reference librarians are happy to assist graduates with research at their firms and offices to provide assistance with complicated research projects related to legislative history, regulatory issues, international and foreign law, and other topics. To contact a reference librarian, email reflib@wcl.american.edu.
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Q: How to access Microsoft Graph from Asp.net Core 1.1 MVC I'm taking a summer development course and have been working on writing an API that will allow the user to log in to a personal, work, or school Microsoft.com account and do basic CRUD operations on the events in their calendar. Things like querying for all events within a date range or events that have a specified Open Extension property, etc.
Having finished that, I'm now working on writing a front end for it using ASP.net Core 1.1 MVC. The basic goal here is to list the results of the user's query with a few details, then allow the user to select an event to view all its details, edit it, or delete it. There would be a separate view to allow creation of new events. However, the authentication method I was using prior to switching from a basic console application to ASP.net Core 1.1 MVC (from the Microsoft Graph UWP Snippets located here) does not seem to work with ASP.net Core 1.1. Specifically, line 58 from the link above (AcquireTokenSilentAsync()).
I've done a good bit of digging before deciding to come and ask a question here, but I honestly feel like I'm getting nowhere/have been wasting time that I need to be spending on development. For reasons related to the course the professor is very hands-off, so asking him for assistance isn't an option.
How would one go about setting up an ASP.net Core 1.1 MVC app to allow access to the logged-in user's calendar? I've honestly not been able to find much, and since my API is currently very dependent on the token returned from the above Authentication method (it is used with both the HttpClient and GraphServiceClient used in my API) I'm going to need to figure something out soon.
UPDATE: I found a tutorial for using OpenIdConnect to log a user in to their Microsoft.com account in Asp.net MVC 6, however I'm not sure if there is a way to get at the authentication token that I need to use the Graph Client/HttpClient. Additionally, I haven't been able to find a similar tutorial for ASP.net Core 1.1 MVC. I'll keep digging and post anything I find here.
UPDATE 2: Wasn't having luck with that, have switched to attempting to use the OAuth 2.0 Authorization Code Grant Flow. Currently having a bit of trouble understanding how to get the authorization code to get the access token. If I set responseMode=query, do I actually have to query my application's redirect url (in this case localhost:xxxx/) that was created when I registered my app, or is the response automatically returned after the user logs in/consents to letting my app access their data?
UPDATE 3: I'm getting closer to having a functioning authentication process by following the steps in the link in Update 2. At this point I guess I'm just curious if my original method of authentication (almost identical to what is contained in the link in my original post) could have worked, or if I was going to find myself in this position no matter what.

A: I managed to use most of this sample repository: Microsoft Graph Webhooks Sample for ASP.NET Core to connect to Microsoft Graph API. It demonstrates using webhooks and MS Graph subscriptions, but it's how it gets the access token that is useful for us.
The relevant code snippet:
AuthenticationResult authResult = await authContext.AcquireTokenAsync(GraphResourceId,
    new ClientCredential(AppId, AppSecret)); // For sample purposes only. Production apps should use a client certificate.
return authResult.AccessToken;

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Why socialists and communists crave nationalized healthcare
November 5, 2013 / Brian Sussman / No Comments
The following is an enlightening article penned in 2008. It illustrates why power hungry dictators, despots, rulers and regimes desire to control the distribution of healthcare. The author, Anna Ebeling, was born, raised, and educated in the former Soviet Union.
The utopian ideal of equality of circumstances has captured people's imagination since ancient times. If only everybody could have the same of everything the world would be different. There would be no envy, no crime, no poverty, no greed, and no unhappiness. From Plato to Karl Marx, many thinkers looked to the state for the creation of that heaven on earth. In our own times, this dream has remained alive in the form of the welfare state, and today it shows itself most distinctly in the appeal of government-managed health care.
Isn't it obvious, many ask, that government can supply medical care more fairly and less expensively than the selfish profit-oriented free market? Let us remind ourselves that in the Soviet Union the road to medical-care hell was paved with the same good intentions. In October 1917, the Marxist dreams of coming to political power came true in Russia. Now that everyone was to be equal in all aspects of their lives, people would no longer die in the streets from illness. Free medical care would be available for all, rather than reserved only for the "greedy rich."
But what did the Bolsheviks destroy and what did they create?
In Old Russia, medical care was a consumer-oriented business. Doctors' incomes and their standard of living were totally dependent upon professionalism and reputation in the wider community. Patients decided which doctor to use, which hospital to go to, and which pharmaceutical products to trust. Doctors worked hard to establish their reputation, an important part of which came from providing charity care for the poor. As in the West, all Russian doctors upon graduation from medical school took the Hippocratic Oath, in which they swore never to reject anyone who needed medical assistance—and as a rule they were loyal to their oath.
In Russian urban areas, there were charity hospitals and out-patient care for the poor and their families. In rural areas, peasants would often pay doctors with a chicken, potatoes, bread, or in the form of domestic services—or received their medical treatment for free. Under the private medical system in Old Russia, doctors were able to earn a comfortable living and therefore could afford to be generous in supplying charity services to those who were in need.
Expectations of high income, along with the status of being a member of a respected profession, generated strong competition for acceptance into medical schools. The best were accepted as students, and the most qualified were hired as professors. At the beginning of the 20th century, the quality of Russian medical care and medical research was internationally recognized. Was it a perfect system? Of course not. But contrary to the socialist myth-makers, medical care in Imperial Russia was widely available and provided in a fairly cost-efficient manner. Both the profit motive of the competitive marketplace and the spirit of charity assured the provision of quality medical services throughout Russian society.
This, then, was the system the Bolsheviks wanted to destroy. Unfortunately, many Russian intellectuals, including medical doctors themselves, were infected with the socialist disease. Seeing so much poverty in a still underdeveloped Russia, many doctors turned their back on the free market and came to believe that government management could create a better society through planned equality of living conditions, education, and certainly medical care. Thus, guided by wrong ideas, the members of the medical profession helped to destroy with their own hands a health-care system that, while certainly not perfect, provided people with skilled treatment, regardless of their income or social background.
In 1917, like everything else, medical services were nationalized by the new socialist government. Gradually, small medical practices disappeared and a network of big, factory-like hospitals and out-patient clinics were established all around the country. Everyone was registered in both out-patient clinics and hospitals according to their government-assigned residence. Patient choice was completely taken away by the Soviet State, which took full responsibility for centrally planning each individual's medical expenses and health care.
With the elimination of private expenditures for health services, the form and amount of medical care were now dependent upon the budgetary priorities of the State. All members of the medical industry were put on low fixed monthly salaries and were mandated to examine and treat an overwhelming daily quota of patients. Medical research became dependent upon inadequate annual budgetary allocations from the government. Doctors' and nurses' incomes no longer depended on their professional skills or the number of patients they treated. Total unionization of the medical profession made it practically impossible for anyone to be fired. Without markets and prices determining the value and availability of health care, the government imposed a rationing system for medical services and pharmaceutical products.
Specialized services (mammograms, ultrasounds, and so forth) were available only in a few select hospitals where the doctors were supposed to treat patients as well as participate in research. For example, in the case of brain or cardiovascular surgery and treatment, there were only a few specialized hospitals available in the entire country. People sometimes died waiting in line to be admitted for these treatments.
Medical care became a producer-oriented industry, instead of the consumer-oriented market that it had been in Old Russia. But even the State cannot kill the market, just as the State cannot repeal the laws of God and nature. The market was simply driven "underground," and thus became the black market. The black-market response to State-rationing occurred immediately. Doctors' services and pharmaceutical products (both domestic and foreign-made), as well as access to medical-testing equipment, became available for bribes. Unfortunately, only the wealthy elite could afford expensive black-market medical services, while the poor majority could no longer count upon charity.
In the world of "free" medical care in the Soviet Union, people often had to have connections to obtain many of the medicines prescribed by physicians to save their family members and friends. Indifferent and often hostile nurses and orderlies had to be bribed to change a patient's bedpan or to provide ordinary attention that any American would take for granted during a stay in a hospital.
Hospital wards were crowded and far from antiseptically clean. Anesthetics and basic painkillers were frequently unavailable. The crying of patients in pain could sometimes be heard from outside a hospital by passersby.
Some Are More Equal than Others
Not surprisingly, those in the political elite did not want to be treated in the medical system provided for "the people." One of the greatest myths about the Soviet Union was its supposed equality for all. No society was so divided into privileged groups and classes as was Soviet society. Where an individual stood in the political hierarchy of the Communist Party and the bureaucratic structure of the socialist economy determined his access to all the essentials as well as the luxuries of life.
Special hospitals were created all around the Soviet Union. These were reserved for the members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, the Council of Ministers, the local and regional Party elites, and so forth. The "servants of the people," as a result, received a qualitatively different level of medical care than "the masses." The privileged few had access not only to Soviet-made drugs and medications but also to Western European and American medicines and equipment, which could never be within the reach of the ordinary "proletarian" patient.
Affirmative Action, Soviet Style
The nature and quality of medical education were affected, as well. Bribes and connections determined both the hiring and admission processes in medical schools. Skills and professionalism mattered very little, and service to the community did not matter at all.
This poor medical care was reinforced by the fact that entrance into higher education in the Soviet Union was dictated by a system of affirmative action that had been introduced shortly after the triumph of the Socialist Revolution in 1917. At first belonging to a social class —worker, peasant, or intellectual—determined the entry quotas into colleges, universities, and technical schools. But the Soviet affirmative action system was soon expanded to include gender and ethnic classifications as well. A young person's professional and career opportunities were greatly influenced not by his individual merit but by whether he was, for example, a Russian, an Uzbek, a Georgian, a Lithuanian, a Jew, or somebody else. Every class, gender, and ethnic group had its own quota for admission and hiring into institutions of higher learning.
Connections, bribes, class, gender, and ethnicity heavily determined who were admitted into and graduated from medical schools throughout the Soviet Union. Thus the supplies of hospitals, physicians, medical equipment, and pharmaceuticals all became victims of socialist central planning and political priorities just like everything else in the "workers' paradise." At the end of the 20th century, Russia was infamous for having one of the worst health-care systems in the world.
In bitter situations, Russians often respond with jokes and anecdotes. In one of them, an American and a Soviet doctor are talking. The American says, "Dear colleague, our profession is imperfect. You treat the patient from one disease and he dies from another." The Soviet doctor replies, "No, dear colleague, this is not the case with me. Mine die from whatever I treat them."
It is easy to say that the present system is imperfect and a radical change will make it perfect in a relatively short period of time. But there are always lessons from history from which to learn. Sometimes, your neighbor's history warns you which path never to follow.
Read more: http://www.fee.org/library/detail/socialized-health-care-the-communist-dream-and-the-soviet-reality/#ixzz2jobMEAgr
Posted in Category: Commentary, Politics, Tagged:
Brian Sussman
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Reminder: The deadline to submit your game to the 2018 IGF is fast approaching!
Don't forget: The submission deadline for the 2018 Independent Games Festival Main Competition ends Monday, October 2nd (10/2) at 11:59 PM PT!
Until then, organizers are accepting submissions for the 2018 Independent Games Festival, the signature competition for indie games, to be held for its 20th year during GDC 2018 in San Francisco next March.
While the deadline for all submissions to the IGF this year will be October 2nd, the finalists will be announced in early January 2018. Finalists' games will once again be playable at the packed IGF Pavilion on the Game Developers Conference 2018 Expo Floor, and will compete for over $50,000 in prizes.
The Independent Games Festival is the longest-running and highest profile independent video game festival, summit and showcase. It has served as a springboard for several games that have gone on to become critical and cultural hits. Previous IGF prize winners from the past 19 years include Quadrilateral Cowboy, Her Story, Papers, Please, Spelunky, Minecraft, Limbo, World of Goo, Braid, Castle Crashers, Everyday Shooter and many more of the game industry's breakthrough independent titles.
For a complete list of information on the 2018 Independent Games Festival, including submission specifics and frequently asked questions, please visit the official Independent Games Festival website. The Independent Games Festival is a part of the 2018 Game Developers Conference, which will be held from March 19th through March 23rd, 2018 at the Moscone Center in San Francisco.


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September 19, 2016 | ט״ז באלול תשע״ו
Bava Kamma 111
The case of stealing from a convert who subsequently dies and the money as well as the sacrifice is brought to the kohen. Cases are brought where the money and the sacrifice are brought to 2 different rotations of kohanim and what is done is discussed and argued depending on the situation. The asham brought after stealing is compared to the asham brought for meila- misuse of consecrated property. The tenth perek starts with a discussion of someone who eats the stolen item from the robber – can the owner demand the money back from the one who consumed it or only from the robber himself. It depends on whether or not the owner has given up on getting his item back or not. In the case where he gave up, the owner cannot demand it from the one who consumed it as the combination of the owner having given up and the change of ownership allows it to change ownership and therefor the original owner has no claim with the third party – he can only claim it from the robber. But if he had not given up, then the one who consumed is considered as if he stole it from the original owner as it was still in his possession at the time of consumption.
http://media.dafyomi4women.org/podcast/BavaKamma/BavaKamma111.mp3
דמינח ניחא לה בכל דהו כריש לקיש דאמר ריש לקיש טב למיתב טן דו מלמיתב ארמלו
that it is satisfactory for her to have any kind of marital arrangement, and even had she taken into consideration the possibility of entering a levirate bond with this yavam who is afflicted with boils she still would have accepted betrothal to her husband. This is in accordance with the statement of Reish Lakish, as Reish Lakish says that women have a saying: It is better to sit as two bodies [tan du], i.e., to be married, than to sit lonely like a widow.
נתן את הכסף ליהויריב וכו׳ תנו רבנן נתן אשם ליהויריב וכסף לידעיה יחזיר כסף אצל אשם דברי רבי יהודה וחכמים אומרים יחזיר אשם אצל כסף
§ The mishna teaches: If the robber gave the money to the priestly watch of Joiarib and then gave the guilt-offering to the priestly watch of Jedaiah, the following priestly watch, to sacrifice on his behalf, he has fulfilled his obligation. By contrast, if he first gave the guilt-offering to the priestly watch of Joiarib and then gave the money to the priestly watch of Jedaiah, if the guilt-offering is extant, then members of the priestly watch of Jedaiah, who received the money, should sacrifice it. The Gemara quotes a baraita that records a dispute between tanna'im concerning this case. The Sages taught (Tosefta 10:18): If the robber gave the guilt-offering to the priestly watch of Joiarib and then gave the money to the priestly watch of Jedaiah, they should return the money to be with the guilt-offering, i.e., with the priestly watch of Joiarib; this is the statement of Rabbi Yehuda. And the Rabbis say the opposite: They should return the guilt-offering to be with the money, and the priestly watch of Jedaiah will sacrifice it.
היכי דמי אילימא דיהיב ליה אשם ליהויריב במשמרתו דיהויריב וכסף לידעיה במשמרתו דידעיה זה זכה בשלו וזה זכה בשלו
The Gemara asks: What are the circumstances of this dispute? If we say that he gave the guilt-offering to the priestly watch of Joiarib during the priestly watch of Joiarib and the money to the priestly watch of Jedaiah during the priestly watch of Jedaiah, then this one acquired that which belongs to it and that one acquired that which belongs to it. Why would the court remove what was given lawfully to the priestly watch?
אמר רבא הכא במאי עסקינן דיהיב אשם ליהויריב במשמרתו דיהויריב וכסף לידעיה במשמרתו דיהויריב רבי יהודה סבר כיון דלאו משמרת דידעיה היא לידעיה קנסינן ליה הלכך יחזיר כסף אצל אשם ורבנן סברי שלא כדין הוא עבוד בני יהויריב דקיבלו אשם מקמי כסף הלכך לדידהו קנסינן להו ויחזור אשם אצל כסף
Rava said: With what are we dealing here? We are dealing with a case where he gave the guilt-offering to the priestly watch of Joiarib during the priestly watch of Joiarib and the money to the priestly watch of Jedaiah also during the priestly watch of Joiarib, and the dispute is as follows: Rabbi Yehuda holds that since this is not the priestly watch of Jedaiah, we penalize Jedaiah; therefore, the priestly watch of Jedaiah must return the money in their possession to be with the guilt-offering held by the Joiarib watch. And the Rabbis hold that the members of the priestly watch of Joiarib acted unlawfully when they accepted the guilt-offering before the robber paid the money, since payment for the robbery must be given before the guilt-offering can be offered. Therefore, we penalize them, and the guilt-offering in their possession returns to be with the money held by the Jedaiah watch.
תניא אמר רבי לדברי רבי יהודה אם קדמו בני יהויריב והקריבו את האשם יחזור ויביא אשם אחר ויקריבוהו בני ידעיה וזכו הללו במה שבידן
It is taught in a baraita on this topic (Tosefta 10:18): Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi says: According to the statement of Rabbi Yehuda, that if during the Joiarib watch the robber gave the guilt-offering to the Joiarib watch and the money to the Jedaiah watch, the money should return to the priestly watch of Joiarib, if the members of the priestly watch of Joiarib went first and sacrificed the guilt-offering before receiving the money from the priestly watch of Jedaiah, then the robber should go back and bring another guilt-offering, and the members of the priestly watch of Jedaiah, who are already in possession of the money, should offer it, and those members of the priestly watch of Joiarib acquired that offering that is in their possession.
אמרי למאי חזי אשם פסול הוא אמר רבא לעורו
The Sages say: For what purpose is that offering useful? It is a disqualified guilt-offering, since it was sacrificed before the payment for the robbery was given, and had to be entirely burned on the altar. Rava said: The baraita is referring to acquiring its hide, which the members of the priestly watch of Joiarib keep.
תניא אמר רבי לדברי רבי יהודה אם קיים אשם יחזיר אשם אצל כסף
It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi says: According to the statement of Rabbi Yehuda, if the guilt-offering is still extant, i.e., if the priestly watch of Joiarib did not already sacri-fice it, then the priestly watch of Joiarib should return the guilt-offering to be with the money, and the priestly watch of Jedaiah will sacrifice it.
והא רבי יהודה יחזיר כסף אצל אשם אית ליה הכא במאי עסקינן כגון דנפק משמרתו דיהויריב ולא תבעו והא קא משמע לן דאחולי אחילו גבייהו
The Gemara questions this: But Rabbi Yehuda holds that they should return the money to be with the guilt-offering. The Gemara explains: With what are we dealing here? With a case where it happened that the priestly watch of Joiarib exited at the close of their Temple service and they did not demand the money from the priestly watch of Jedaiah. And this statement of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi teaches us this: That by doing so, the members of the priestly watch of Joiarib waived their rights to the money in favor of the priestly watch of Jedaiah. Consequently, they are required to give the guilt-offering to the priestly watch of Jedaiah to sacrifice.
תניא אידך אמר רבי לדברי רבי יהודה אם קיים אשם יחזור כסף אצל אשם פשיטא הכי אית ליה
It is taught in another baraita that Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi says: According to the statement of Rabbi Yehuda, if the guilt-offering is still extant, i.e., if the priestly watch of Joiarib did not already sacrifice it, the money must return to be with the guilt-offering. The Gemara asks: Isn't that obvious? This is what Rabbi Yehuda holds explicitly; what novelty did Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi teach?
הכא במאי עסקינן כגון דנפיק משמרתם דהני ודהני ולא תבעו מהו דתימא אחולי גבי הדדי קא משמע לן דאמרינן כיון דלא תבעי להדרו ברישא
The Gemara explains: With what are we dealing here? With a case where it happened that the priestly watch of these and of those, i.e., both Joiarib and Jedaiah, exited at the end of their Temple service, and they did not demand of the other the item in possession of the other watch. Lest you say that they waived their rights in favor of each other, so that the money stays in possession of the Jedaiah watch, Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi teaches us that we say: Since the Jedaiah watch did not demand the guilt-offering from the Joiarib watch after the latter exited, let them go back to the first, standard scenario, returning the money to Joiarib to be with the guilt-offering.
שהמביא גזילו עד שלא הביא אשמו [וכו׳] מנהני מילי אמר רבא דאמר קרא האשם המושב לה׳ לכהן מלבד איל הכפרים אשר יכפר בו מכלל דכסף ברישא
§ The mishna teaches: For one who brings his stolen item to the priests before he brings his guilt-offering has fulfilled his obligation, but one who brings his guilt-offering before he brings his stolen item has not fulfilled his obligation. The Gemara asks: From where are these matters derived? Rava said: This is as the verse states: "But if the man has no kinsman to whom restitution may be made for the guilt, the restitution for guilt that is made shall be the Lord's, even the priest's; besides the ram of the atonement, whereby atonement shall be made for him" (Numbers 5:8). Learn by inference that the money must be returned first, before the guilt-offering is brought.
אמר ההוא מרבנן לרבא אלא מעתה מלבד עלת הבקר הכי נמי מכלל דמוספין ברישא
Having understood that the inference is that the wording "besides the ram of the atonement" indicates that the ram must be brought after the money is given, one of the Sages said to Rava: If that is so, then in a different verse, which states concerning the additional offerings sacrificed on the first day of Passover: "You shall offer these besides the burnt-offering of the morning, which is for a continual burnt-offering" (Numbers 28:23), so too should one learn by inference that the additional offerings are brought first, before the morning burnt-offering?
והתניא מנין שלא יהא דבר קודם לתמיד של שחר תלמוד לומר וערך עליה העלה ואמר רבא העולה עולה ראשונה
But isn't it taught in a baraita: From where is it derived that no sacrifice shall precede the daily morning offering? The verse states: "And the fire on the altar shall be kept burning on it, it shall not be extinguished; and the priest shall kindle wood upon it every morning, and he shall prepare the burnt-offering upon it and shall cause the fats of the peace-offerings to go up in smoke upon it" (Leviticus 6:5). And Rava says: "The burnt-offering," with the definite article, is referring to the first burnt-offering, i.e., the daily morning offering, which is first both chronologically and in terms of importance.
אמר ליה אנא מאשר יכפר בו נפקא ליה ועדיין לא כיפר
Rava said to him: I do not hold that the tanna derives this halakha from the wording of: "Besides the ram of the atonement," but I hold that the tanna derives it from the phrase in the same verse: "Whereby atonement shall be made for him" (Numbers 5:8), which is written in the future tense, indicating that he will achieve atonement in the future by bringing the ram of atonement, but as of now, when he is giving payment for the robbery, the offering did not yet atone for his sin.
נתן לו את הקרן וכו׳ תנו רבנן מנין שאם הביא מעילתו ולא הביא אשמו אשמו ולא הביא מעילתו שלא יצא
§ The mishna teaches: If he gave the principal to him but did not yet give the additional one-fifth payment, his not giving it does not preclude sacrificing the offering. The Gemara now clarifies the source of this halakha. The Sages taught in a baraita on the topic of the guilt-offering brought by one who misuses consecrated property, which is accompanied by repayment of the value of the item and an additional fifth of its value: From where is it derived that if he brought his payment for his benefit from misuse of consecrated property but did not bring his guilt-offering, or if he brought his guilt-offering but did not bring his payment for his benefit from misuse of consecrated property, that he did not fulfill his obligation?
תלמוד לומר באיל האשם ונסלח לו
The baraita continues: The verse states: "With the ram of the guilt-offering [ha'asham], and he shall be forgiven" (Leviticus 5:16). The baraita interprets the phrase: "The ram of the guilt-offering," to be referring to two entities: The ram, i.e., the offering, and the payment, represented by the words "the guilt-offering"; this teaches that forgiveness and atonement are achieved only after both the ram of the guilt-offering is sacrificed and the restitution of the monetary payment is given.
ומנין שאם הביא אשמו עד שלא הביא מעילתו שלא יצא תלמוד לומר באיל האשם האשם בכבר
The baraita continues: And from where is it derived that if he brought his guilt-offering before bringing his payment for his benefit from misuse of consecrated property that he did not fulfill his obligation? The verse states: "With the ram of the guilt-offering," indicating that the guilt-offering was already brought.
יכול כשם שאיל ואשם מעכבים כך חומש מעכב תלמוד לומר באיל האשם ונסלח לו איל ואשם מעכבים בהקדש ואין חומש מעכב
The baraita continues: One might have thought that just as the ram and guilt-offering, i.e., payment, preclude his achieving atonement, so too, payment of the additional one-fifth of the value precludes his achieving it. Therefore, the verse states: "With the ram of the guilt-offering, and he shall be forgiven," which teaches that the ram and guilt-offering, i.e., payment, preclude his achieving atonement with regard to consecrated property, but the payment of the additional one-fifth does not preclude his achieving it.
וילמד הקדש מהדיוט והדיוט מהקדש
The Gemara clarifies: And let the halakha of misuse of consecrated property be learned from the halakha of common money, i.e., payment for robbery of a convert who died without heirs, and let the halakha of common money be learned from the halakha of misuse of consecrated property.
הקדש מהדיוט מה אשם דהתם קרן אף אשם דהכא קרן והדיוט מהקדש מה הקדש אין חומש מעכב אף הדיוט נמי אין חומש מעכב
In what manner? The halakha of misuse of consecrated property can be learned from the halakha of common money as follows: Just as the word "guilt" that is written there, in the context of robbery of a convert, is referring to the principal, i.e., the payment itself, so too, the word "guilt" that is written here, in the context of misuse of consecrated property, is referring to the principal. And the halakha of common money can be learned from the halakha of misuse of consecrated property as follows: Just as with regard to the halakha of misuse of consecrated property the additional one-fifth payment does not preclude his achieving atonement, so too, with regard to the halakha of common money as well, the additional one-fifth payment does not preclude his achieving atonement.
הדרן עלך הגוזל עצים
מתני׳ הגוזל ומאכיל את בניו והניח לפניהם פטורין מלשלם ואם היה דבר שיש בו אחריות חייבין לשלם
MISHNA: In the case of one who robs another of food and feeds it to his children, or who left a stolen item to them and then died, the children are exempt from paying the victim of the robbery after their father's death. But if the stolen item was something that serves as a legal guarantee of a loan, the heirs are obligated to pay.
גמ׳ אמר רב חסדא גזל ולא נתייאשו הבעלים ובא אחר ואכלו ממנו רצה מזה גובה רצה מזה גובה מאי טעמא כל כמה דלא נתייאשו הבעלים ברשותיה דמריה קאי
GEMARA: Rav Ḥisda says: If one robbed another, and the owners of the stolen item have not yet despaired of retrieving it, and another person came, took it from the robber and ate it, if the owner wishes he may collect from this one, i.e., the first robber, and if he wishes he may collect from that one, i.e., the second robber. What is the reason that he may collect from whomever he chooses? It is because as long as the owners did not despair of retrieving it, it remains the possession of its owner, so that when the second robber stole it from the first, he was in fact stealing from the original owner. Nevertheless, since the first robber was already obligated to return the item, his obligation remains in force and the owner may demand payment from him if he wishes.
תנן הגוזל ומאכיל את בניו והניח לפניהם פטורין מלשלם תיובתא דרב חסדא אמר לך רב חסדא כי תניא ההיא לאחר יאוש
The Gemara questions this opinion based on what we learned in the mishna: In the case of one who robs another of food and feeds it to his children, or one who left a stolen item to them as an inheritance, the children are exempt from paying the victim of the robbery after their father's death. This appears to be a conclusive refutation of the opinion of Rav Ḥisda, who holds that one who steals from a thief is obligated to pay the owner. The Gemara answers: Rav Ḥisda could have said to you: When that mishna is taught, it is addressing a case where it is after the owners had already despaired of retrieving the item, whereas Rav Ḥisda was referring to a case where the owners had not yet despaired.
אם הניח לפניהם פטורין מלשלם אמר רמי בר חמא זאת אומרת רשות יורש כרשות לוקח דמי
§ The mishna stated that if one left a stolen item to his children as an inheritance, the children are exempt from paying the owner. Rami bar Ḥama said: That is to say that the domain of an heir is comparable to the domain of a purchaser. Just as an item that is purchased leaves the domain of the seller, an item that is inherited leaves the domain of the deceased and is considered the property of the heir. Since the owner has despaired of retrieving the item and the item has changed domains, it is entirely the property of the new owner, and he is exempt from payment.
רבא אמר רשות יורש לאו כרשות לוקח דמי והכא במאי עסקינן כשאכלום
Rava disagreed and said that the domain of an heir is not comparable to the domain of a purchaser. Consequently, the item has not undergone a complete change of ownership and the heir would be required to return it. And as for the explanation of the mishna, here we are dealing with a case where they had already consumed the stolen goods, so there is nothing to return to the owner.
הא מדקתני סיפא אם היה דבר שיש בו אחריות חייבין לשלם מכלל דרישא בגזילה קיימת עסקינן אמר לך רבא הכי קאמר אם הניח להם אביהם אחריות נכסים חייבין לשלם
The Gemara questions the opinion of Rava: From the fact that the latter clause teaches: If it was something that serves as a legal guarantee, and is, therefore, an existing commodity, the heirs are obligated to pay, it may be inferred that in the first clause we are also dealing with a stolen item that is extant. This is contrary to Rava's statement that the mishna is discussing stolen goods that have been consumed. The Gemara answers: Rava could have said to you that this is what the mishna is saying: If their father left them guaranteed property, i.e., land, they are obligated to pay from that property, even if the stolen item is not extant.
והא מתני ליה רבי לרבי שמעון בריה לא דבר שיש בו אחריות ממש אלא אפילו פרה וחורש בה חמור ומחמר אחריו חייבין להחזיר מפני כבוד אביהן
The Gemara asks: But didn't Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi teach Rabbi Shimon, his son, that this mishna is not referring only to something that may actually serve as a legal guarantee, i.e., land? Rather, it is referring even to a cow that he plows with, or a donkey that he drives by directing it from behind, which the heirs are obligated to return because of the honor of their father. This indicates that the mishna is referring to stolen property that is extant, and not to land.
אלא אמר רבא כי שכיבנא רבי אושעיא נפיק לוותי דתריצנא מתניתין כוותיה דתני רבי אושעיא הגוזל ומאכיל את בניו פטורין מלשלם הניח לפניהם גזילה קיימת חייבין אין הגזילה קיימת פטורין הניח להם אביהם אחריות נכסים חייבין לשלם
Rather, Rava said: When I die, Rabbi Oshaya will come toward me from his place in heaven in order to greet me, as I explain the mishna in accordance with his opinion and thereby honor him. As Rabbi Oshaya taught in a baraita: In a case of one who robs another and feeds the stolen goods to his children, the latter are exempt from paying the owner. If he left a stolen item to them as an inheritance, if the stolen item is extant, the heirs are obligated to return it to the owner; if it is not extant, they are exempt. If their father left them guaranteed property, i.e., land, they are obligated to pay the owner. Rava explains the mishna as being consistent with the baraita of Rabbi Oshaya, although this explanation is not consistent with Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi's interpretation.
אמר מר אין הגזילה קיימת פטורין נימא תיהוי תיובתא דרב חסדא אמר לך רב חסדא כי תניא ההיא לאחר יאוש
The Gemara analyzes the baraita of Rabbi Oshaya. The Master said in the baraita that if the stolen item is not extant, the heirs are exempt from payment. Let us say that this baraita is a conclusive refutation of the opinion of Rav Ḥisda, who says that heirs are obligated to pay for stolen goods that they consumed. The Gemara answers: Rav Ḥisda could have said to you that when that baraita is taught, it is referring to a case where it is after the owners had already despaired of retrieving the item, whereas Rav Ḥisda was referring to a case in which the owners had not yet despaired.
אמר מר גזילה קיימת חייבין לשלם נימא תיהוי תיובתא דרמי בר חמא אמר לך רמי בר חמא כי תניא ההיא
The Gemara continues: The Master said in the baraita that if the stolen item is extant, the heirs are obligated to pay. Let us say that this baraita is a conclusive refutation of the opinion of Rami bar Ḥama, since according to his understanding, the heirs should be exempt from payment because the stolen item is considered to have changed ownership when they inherited it. The Gemara answers: Rami bar Ḥama could have said to you that when that baraita is taught,
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We focus on providing services to our grower and berry industry clients, to provide objective data and information, and empower them to make better informed decisions in their farming operations. We adhere strongly to principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) which emphasizes a knowledge based decision-making system that accounts for environmental and biological realities in farm management. We strive to provide our clients with the knowledge they need to use the most efficacious and least harmful practices possible. Staying on the cutting edge of agricultural research and utilizing novel technologies, we are uniquely positioned to provide field-driven data and recommendations without an incentive to sell product.
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Many people believe that robbery and theft are simply different terms for the same crime. There are significant legal differences in the way robbery and theft offenses are defined and how they are punished. Pennsylvania prosecutors often push for harsh penalties in these types of cases. If you have been arrested and charged with theft or robbery in Philadelphia, you may be facing years in prison, probation, thousands of dollars in fines, and a felony record.
You urgently need legal help from an aggressive criminal defense attorney who has experience handling theft and robbery cases. For a free legal consultation with an experienced theft and robbery defense attorney, call Lauren Wimmer, an experienced robbery and theft defense attorney at (215) 712-1212 for a free consultation. Lauren Wimmer represent adults and juveniles against the charges of robbery and theft throughout every district and neighborhood in Philadelphia.
Threatens a person with serious bodily injury.
Uses force, no matter how slight, to physically take property away from someone.
Robbing a bank or financial institution (bank robbery).
Stated simply, robbery involves allegations of taking property away from its lawful owner by force, threats, violence, or intimidation. Robbery is often described as theft, plus one or more of the above elements.
In Pennsylvania, there is also a related robbery offense known as robbery of a motor vehicle (stealing a car), which is charged under 18 Pa.C.S. § 3702.
Each of these offenses has its own definition. For example, retail theft, or shoplifting, specifically involves stealing from a store or altering price tags, while theft from a motor vehicle specifically involves stealing property out of another person's vehicle. The broad element that all theft offenses share is the unlawful taking of information, money, or property, whether tangible or intangible.
Receiving stolen property (RSP) is also commonly charged alongside theft. You can be convicted of RSP for knowingly possessing stolen property, or possessing property you should know is stolen. If police arrest someone for theft and they still have the stolen property, they will likely be charged with RSP on top of the theft charges.
Sentencing for robbery and theft in Pennsylvania can be very severe, particularly in cases involving robbery of a vehicle. While felonies carry higher maximum fines and longer maximum sentences, misdemeanors are also serious charges, as they can lead to incarceration, fines, and a criminal record – among other unpleasant and damaging consequences.
Pennsylvania penalties for theft depend heavily on the value and nature of the stolen property, as explained below.
» The value of the stolen property was at least $2,000 but less than $100,000.
» The stolen property was an "automobile, airplane, motorcycle, motorboat or other motor-propelled vehicle," regardless of the car or other vehicle's financial worth.
» The value of the stolen property was at least $100,000, but less than $500,000.
» The stolen item was a firearm, regardless of the gun's actual monetary value.
First Degree Felony – With some exceptions, theft is a first degree felony if the value of the stolen property was $500,000 or more.
Otherwise, theft is a generally a misdemeanor, as explained below.
Third Degree Misdemeanor – The value of the stolen property was less than $50.
Second Degree Misdemeanor – The value of the stolen property was at least $50 but less than $200.
First Degree Misdemeanor – The value of the stolen property was at least $200 but less than $2,000.
In robbery and theft cases, the prosecutor must prove that the defendant's actions and intentions matched each individual element of the crime's legal definition. These crimes are serious and it is strongly recommended that you speak with an experienced criminal defense attorney who can challenge the prosecution's case every step of the way. Contact our experienced criminal defense team or call for a free consultation at 215-712-1212 as soon as possible. This allows us to challenge the prosecution's evidence against you, scrutinize police procedures during your arrest, detention, and question to see whether any of your constitutional rights were violated.
No matter how serious the charge or how challenging the circumstances, Lauren Wimmer is ready to put her time and resources toward defending your reputation, innocence, and future. For a free and confidential legal consultation, call today.


text:
#ifndef GRID_HASH_INCLUDED
#define GRID_HASH_INCLUDED

#include "list.h"
#include "int.h"

#include <stddef.h>

/*  Use for initialising a hash item statically. */
#define GRID_HASH_ITEM_INITIALIZER {0xffff, GRID_LIST_ITEM_INITILIZER}

struct grid_hash_item {
    uint32_t key;
    struct grid_list_item list;
};

struct grid_hash {
    uint32_t slots;
    uint32_t items;
    struct grid_list *array;
};

/*  Initialise the hash table. */
void grid_hash_init (struct grid_hash *self);

/*  Terminate the hash. Note that hash must be manually emptied before the
    termination. */
void grid_hash_term (struct grid_hash *self);

/*  Adds an item to the hash. */
void grid_hash_insert (struct grid_hash *self, uint32_t key,
    struct grid_hash_item *item);

/*  Removes the element from the hash it is in at the moment. */
void grid_hash_erase (struct grid_hash *self, struct grid_hash_item *item);

/*  Gets an item in the hash based on the key. Returns NULL if there's no
    corresponing item in the hash table. */
struct grid_hash_item *grid_hash_get (struct grid_hash *self, uint32_t key);

/*  Initialise a hash item. At this point it is not a part of any hash table. */
void grid_hash_item_init (struct grid_hash_item *self);

/*  Terminate a hash item. The item must not be in a hash table prior to
    this call. */
void grid_hash_item_term (struct grid_hash_item *self);

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Kolkata, capital of the Indian state of West Bengal, was officially Known as Calcutta since 2011. The third most productive metropolitan area in India, after Mumbai and Delhi. Located on the east bank of the Hooghly River, during the British Rule in India, Kolkata was the capital of India until 1911. Kolkata port is the oldest operating port in India. Kolkata is also home to numerous palaces, monuments, and temples bearing architectural significance. This city had a population of 4.5 million in the year 2011.
The only city in India and few in the world, Kolkata tram is operating since 1902 holds the history. Being the motherland of great authors and poets, Kolkata is known for its literary, artistic, and revolutionary heritage. This city has been called the City of Furious, Creative Energy as well as the cultural capital of India. Many people have contributed to Nobel laureates in the arts, the sciences, and other areas. Durga Puja is the most awaited and fascinating festival of Kolkata. During the Navratri festival, it is hugely celebrated throughout India.
Kolkata is the main commercial and financial hub of North-East India. Kolkata is home to many industrial units operated by large public- and private-sector corporations such as TCS, Cognizant, IBM, Du Pont, PWC, KPMG. In earlier Kolkata had no growth of start-up culture, but in the last few years, many startups coming up like TaxMantra, Surgerica, and many others. After growth in startups, many coworking companies have set up coworking space in this city like Nook, Mycube, Easy Daftar, Cokarya etc.
Looking out for coworking space, office space, virtual office, and office space for rent in Kolkata? Find out the best coworking space in Kolkata, office space for rent in Kolkata, office space in Kolkata, virtual office in Kolkata.Cokarya coworking space, My cube office space, coworking space in Kolkata.


In just four days, the world's attention will turn to Rio de Janeiro and the Games of the XXXI Olympiad. At the same time, sports enthusiasts will turn to social media to express their support for the Games, for their countries' teams and for their favorite athletes.
Individuals, news outlets, and official Olympic sponsors are generally free to post and tweet about the games and athletes during the roughly month-long blackout period which began last week and ends on August 24. However, non-sponsor brand owners in the United States could face potential legal action if they are not careful.


text:
The History of Waterford Virginia
A National Historic Landmark
About Waterford
Visiting Loudoun County
Visiting Waterford
Waterford area historical sites and dates
Map Showing Construction Dates for Waterford's Buildings
1853 Map
1875 Map drawn for Charles Janney
1875 Map of the village
Waterford timeline
African-American timeline
Development timeline
African-American Experience & Timeline
Slavery and freedom
Slavery and freedom — John Devine's recollections
second-street-school
Catoctin Farmers Club
Barn building – 1923
Phillips Farm
Loudoun Mutual Insurance Company
Furniture manufacturing
Shopping in 1870
Washing Clothes in waterford in the 1800s
Land grants
Pioneers settlers
Quakers shape the town
Waterford in 1760
Waterford is a Quaker settlement
Battle at Waterford – 1862
Epilogue 1865
Three women journalists
Waterford News
Williams Williams hostage
Automobile stories
Ice houses
Town government in the 1800s
Town ordinances in 1875
The village in 1926
The village in the 1930s
Toasts on July 4th, 1832
Waterford Foundation History
The mill and its race as it appeared early in the 20th century. The additions at the rear of the building have since been removed.
The Old Mill of Waterford
This account is a merging of an article by Ruth Bentley and John E. Divine in a 1982 Waterford Foundation booklet and an excerpt from the book, When Waterford & I Were Young, by John E. Divine. This book shares the author's experiences and love of Waterford as he grew up in the early 1900s. About this book
More on Waterford's mills »
Waterford Mill—Historic Structure Report »
In 1928, the octogenarian Mary Dutton Steer wrote in her Early Memories of Waterford, "The ever-changing owners of the ever-busy mill." As one examines the records of ownership, the truth of her statement becomes apparent.
Mill wagon circa 1900 at the tanyard
Amos Janney settled in the Loudoun Valley in 1733 and soon after built a log mill on Catoctin Creek, not far from the present location of the Old Mill. His son, Mahlon, developed this family mill into a larger operation by 1762, when he erected a larger mill of wood on a stone foundation, at the site of the present mill. Mahlon's new mill was a custom mill, grinding not only wheat grown on his own land but also providing services for other farmers settling around "Janney's Mill."
Excerpt from the book, When Waterford & I Were Young, by John E. Divine
No matter who the mill owner, there was always interesting activity in that end of town. In my time, "Parks and Recreation" was phrase unheard of, so each youngster made his or her entertainment wit what was at hand. Quite often it revolved around the mill. The large wheat and shelled-corn bins offered fun when we could jump from height of several feet to sink into the grain. This could be done only if we managed to sneak by the miller to the upper floors where the bins were. got one of the better beatings of my life one day when I got caught in the bin and then didn't get out quick enough when the miller's assistant told me to leave. Then there was the cob bin, which offered hiding places an. ample 2mmimition for corn cob wars.
There was another use for the corn cobs, incidentally. Sarah Rucker Gordon (1896-1992) remembered it was one of her family jobs as a chit to go to the mill around suppertime, especially in the summer when there might not be a good bank of coals in the cook stove, and buy-for five cents-a large sack of dry cobs for a quick fire start in the stove or to increase the speed of one.
Teams of four or six horses would haul in wheat or corn to be ground into flour or meal. I even saw a yoke of oxen come to the mil one day, the only ones I ever saw in Waterford. Henry Clapham, farmer from near Milltown north of the village, had this team, and it was a sight to see those two oxen go swinging along. [Some historians occasionally refer to "Milltown" as an early name of the village that is now Waterford. I have seen no evidence to persuade me of that. There is, however, a tiny settlement called Milltown about two miles north of Waterford (at the intersection of modern Rts. 681 & 692).]
In my youth a metal-clad frame elevator was attached to the west o creek end of the mill. This also housed a cider mill in the early to mid 1920s where the men pressed cider one day a week in the fall months. A row of horse stables stood about forty feet behind the elevator. In my time, I can remember the miller owned only one four-horse team. But a historian writing of Civil War days recorded that Samuel C. Means [Samuel Carrington Means (1827-1884)], the prosperous miller of that time, had 28 horses at the outbreak of war to haul his products across the Potomac to Point of Rocks for shipment or the B&O Railroad or C&O Canal, and for other mill-related hauling.
Mahlon eventually erected a larger, two-story mill "of wood and of stone" on a near-by site, which he eventually bought from his Uncle Francis in 1762 "with improvements thereon." For more than half a century after the family's arrival the tiny settlement that developed around the structure was known simply as Janney's Mill. Over the years many other mills were built in the area, but the one Waterford now calls simply "the mill" remained the best known.
The Janneys, Amos and son Mahlon, built and ran the first two mills in unbroken line from 1738 until 1808. This represents the longest period in which one family operated the business in the 150 years of its existence. Mahlon Janney leased and then sold his mill to Jonas Potts several years before he died in 1812; ownership changed hands many times after that." It was apparently Thomas Phillips who around 1831 rebuilt Mahlon's mill into the three-story brick structure that stands today.
The Mill Race
The millrace was quite an engineering feat for its 18th-century builders, both in design and construction in diverting water to drive the mill. Adam across the main body of Catoctin Creek started water on its way toward the mill carried by nearly a mile of race.
White Lily Flour Sack from the Waterford Mill
On its course, it picked up waters of Balls Run through a curious contraption called The Chute. This had overhead bridging supporting swinging gates that turned the water of the run at the race junction but also allowed flood waters to push open the swinging gates. Two small lift gates, one between the dam and the chute, and one between the chute and the mill, were used to flush the race of silt. I can remember some nights during a summer thunderstorm seeing the miller or his helper, with lantern in hand, going up the race to lift the gates to release the flood, his lantern bobbing as he rushed to get to each gate.In the mill's later years a gasoline or kerosene engine was added for power so that grinding would not be interrupted in times of drought. The old overshot waterwheel and later turbine were giving way to a more modern way of milling. But the noisy exhaust from the engine never matched the distinctive rhythmic rumble of the big wheel. The romance of water-driven mills was gone and with it waterground meal and Waterford's White Lily flour, that being the trade name of the product that came from the mill.
Mill race and weigh station with John Wesley Church in the background
A Succession of Owners
A succession of owners ran the mill through the first half of the nineteenth century. Thomas Phillips built the present building in 1838, but he was an investor, not a miller, and soon sold it. In the late 1850's, Samuel Means operated, then owned, the business. Apparently these were the most productive years for the mill, and Means grew quite prosperous. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Means had six teams on the road hauling his products to market.
During the war, the Confederates drove Means from his home and business, and appropriated all his livestock and goods. Means was ruined, and after the war sold the mill. The mill changed owners a number of times until 1922, when it was bought by William S. Smoot, who operated it until his death in 1936. As Mr. Smoot's health declined he was forced to reduce mill operations. He used only the first two floors, and discontinued tolling operations (in which for every six bushels of wheat the farmer brought in, he received two barrels of flour. The miller kept the rest, to store and sell.) The mill machinery became rusty and the burrs (millstones) dull.
Advertisement for the Old Mill
The End of the Mill
Edward Chamberlin, a local resident who was deeply interested in preserving and restoring Waterford, had some years before embarked on a program of buying up abandoned or deteriorating Waterford properties. He was concerned about the decline of the mill operation and the deterioration of the equipment, and after Mr. Smoot's death made arrangements to continue operating the mill.
However, since he knew nothing about the operations of a mill, Mr. Chamberlin enlisted the help of George Babson and Festus Foster to upgrade and supervise. Albert White was employed as salesman and "Shipping Department" and a Mr. Tinsman and his son Tom employed as millers. Soon the mill was producing com meal, flour, bran, and middlings (mixed flour and fine bran) under the name of "Quaker Town Products". Tolling was resumed. Mill products were trucked by Mr. White to markets in Washington and Baltimore. But the expense and bother of keeping the machinery in order, the mill race open, and the bums sharpened, outweighed the profits from sales, and in the fall of 1938 the mill was turned back to the Smoot family. William S. Smoot, Jr., having just returned from college, tried his hand at operating it but soon found himself in the same straits as his predecessors. In April, 1939, he declared bankruptcy and closed the mill for the last time.
The mill had had a long and honorable life as the principal business of the community, but was not kind to many of its owners.In 1943, when the Waterford Foundation was formed, one of the organization's paramount objectives was to buy the Mill. The month after the Foundation was incorporated, the owner was asked what he wanted for it, with or without machinery. In August, 1944, the Board of Directors empowered D. M. Myers to purchase the Mill for a price not to exceed $2,000, and by November, he had done so.
A committee was immediately appointed to consider the utilization, protection, and repair of the Mill. Ardent advocates of putting the Mill back into operation and producing water-ground meals cried for the committee to consider this possibility. But the first decision the committee made was to recommend that the frame and metal storage end of the building be tom down and sold for scrap. The Board of Directors awarded the contract to Max Davis, at that time Loudoun County's outstanding (and only) junk man, and by July, 1945, his men had gotten to work.
Meanwhile, the Board had become enthusiastic about getting the building in good enough shape to open it during the annual exhibit in the fall of 1945. But these plans went awry when Davis' men bogged down on the demolition job, and Meloy Fishback, the contractor who had been hired to replace the weak flooring on the first floor, discovered that lumber would not be available (Lumber was scarce because of heavy demands during World War II). Sadly it was agreed that the Mill could not be ready in 1945, and solemn pledges were made to have repairs completed in time for the 1946 exhibit. But problems in getting the work done continued. By the end of 1945, the Board gave up on Max Davis and sold the back end of the building for $300 to Howard Thomas, on the condition that he take it down and haul it away. And after repeated attempts to obtain kiln dried lumber, the Board decided to patch and strengthen the existing flooring. The frustrations of the group were great. At last, in the spring of 1946, both contractors made their appearance and substantial work was accomplished. But as each Board member came up with another bright idea (spray painting the exterior masonry), or uncovered something that just had to be done (installing fluorescent lighting!), many more repairs were made than had been originally planned. Furthermore, work was deferred while the Mill committee deliberated on what interior changes would have to be made if it was decided to use the first floor as a tea room. Finally, when the work was completed in April, Mr. Fishback, whose patience, no doubt, had been tried for months, announced that he would do no more work on the mill, since changes were constantly being made in the plans.Undeterred, the Board continued generating idea after idea about things to do with, for, and to the Mill. Fenton Fadeley was appointed chairman of a new committee to plan the use of the mill. (Faint voices were still heard crying for the operation of the Mill as a mill.)
The Mill committee decided that the floors were safe enough to open the building that fall, and Mr. Fishback was persuaded to return and make essential repairs at a cost of $400.The debut of the Mill in 1946 was a huge success, and so delighted were the Directors with the results that they bubbled over with ideas about opening the building for the sale of handicrafts on weekends during good weather, and (once again) serving tea to visitors. Since the revival of early handicrafts was one of the primary objectives of the Foundation, it was decided to use the mill for craft classes, and by 1947, the mill was the scene of regular classes in rug hooking and braiding, wood working, tole painting, and lamps shade making.
In 1948, the question was raised of whether the south wall was settling because of stagnant water standing around the foundation near the old mill wheel. As recorded in the January, 1948, minutes, "the possibility of removing the old mill wheel was brought up, whereupon the meeting was hastily adjourned." The advocates of operating the mill as a mill were still making their views felt.
Intense discussion about the safety of the building took place at the February meeting, when Paul Rogers, counsel to the Board, reported that he had consulted an eminent engineer, who had found the building unsafe for any use. The expert said, "there is a definite movement from month to month, caused by the north wall pushing to the south and forcing the south wall steadily outward; the force comes from the top more than from the foundation, and it will become progressively worse until one day the entire structure will over-balance and then even the vibration of a truck going by could bring it to the ground." Panic! However, Allen McDaniel, the president of the Foundation, reported that he had some time before installed wires to measure the actual deflection of the building, and had discovered a six inch deflection southward from the top story, three inches on the second floor, and practically none on the first floor. He thought stagnant water in the mill race could be causing sinking of the foundation, and engineers he had consulted felt that the building could be made secure by filling in the mill race. (Farewell to the dreams of reopening the mill as a real grist mill).
The Board agreed to seek more extensive engineering opinions, and several weeks later another consultant reassured the Board that there was nothing to indicate that the building was collapsing. The building had been checked weekly and no further deflection or the slightest evidence of movement had been found. The Structural Clay Products Institute made a study of the building, and presented three alternatives for its strengthening. The Board favored a plan which contemplated the removal of the roof at the third floor level (horrors!) but it was decided to defer any repairs until a complete restoration job could be accomplished. Since the cost of this was estimated to be $7500, and the still struggling Foundation had only about $1100 available, these grandiose plans were shelved for the nonce.
But not for long. So many complaints were received about the Mill not being open during the 1948 exhibit, that the Mill committee decided to repair the first floor and block off the upstairs and the platform. Meanwhile, the Board decided to repair the top two stories without changing the building. Pending complete restoration, tie rods were to be installed on the top floor to strengthen the entire structure.
Spring of 1949 saw the Mill a beehive of activity. Mr. Fishback, eating his words, was back again, installing the tie rods, removing the old flooring on the first floor, leveling the joists, and laying new flooring. The Board, now more conscious of the need to preserve all they could, agreed to move, but stoutly opposed removal of the old burr at the foot of the stairs, even if it interfered with laying the new floor or access to the staircase (and it is still there today.)
But, alas, all was not yet perfect. In June, Mr. Fadeley vividly described the dreadful problems he had encountered in attempting to remove the pool of stagnant water under the mill wheel. With great difficulty equipment had been brought in at the bridge, the mill race and the area beneath the mill wheel cleaned out, and the upper part of the race filled with earth. Whereupon the entire basement of the mill filled with water. The Hamilton Fire Department was called to pump it out, but in 24 hours the basement was full again. It became apparent that there was a spring under the mill wheel (which any mill builder or operator would have known, since that is one of the characteristics of a good mill site). The spring had been opened by the cleaning and a strong stream of water had been released, with no outlet except the mill basement. Frantically, the dirt was dug out again and pipe laid from the spring down the race and away from the mill foundation. The problem was solved, and there was now a source which could supply a mill with water whenever the Foundation could afford to put plumbing in.
In 1955, ex- President McDaniel reported that his measurements showed no change in the deflection of the mill walls since the dire days of 1948, when imminent collapse was predicted.
Comparative quiet and tranquility descended on the mill in the ensuing years. The building, clearly stable, was used for the crafts exhibits, classes were held regularly, and for a while the building was open for sales and, yes, for tea during the summer. From time to time the question arises of reactivating the mill wheel, cleaning out the mill race, etc. But the expense of repairing the dam and restoring the mill and mill race has always far exceeded the resources of the organization, and the idea is always reluctantly abandoned.
In 1975, to ensure its protection, the Foundation gave a preservation easement on the mill to the National Trust for Historic Preservation.The building has been used to display traditional 18th and 19th-century crafts during the annual Homes Tour and Crafts Exhibit for the past 55 years.
Copyright © Waterford Foundation
Waterford Virginia 18th, 19th, and 20th Century History. Contact Us


Auto Tundra is the result of cross-breeding an original Lowryder plant with Dutch Passion's own Passion #1. Auto Tundra is a small, bushy plant with a short life-cycle.
Auto Tundra will grow in all environments and goes from germination to harvest in just 10 weeks. It is a robust and hardy plant that demonstrates very good resistance to a range of pests. It smokes very softly with a pronounced taste of spice and citrus fruits, most notably lemon and grapefruit. The high is quite mild and has an uplifting quality.


text:
Lightning Is the Only Way – Chapter 198: Close Combat Bahasa Indonesia
After some seconds, Gravis finished thinking. His attention returned to the two people from the Earth Guild, who still stood in the same position. Gravis admired their patience in some way. Even when he showed complete disregard, they had still waited patiently. Others would have gotten so angry that they would have attacked by now.
"Anyway…" Gravis said and trailed off.
BZZZZZZ!
Gravis condensed another lightning spear. Every condensation of such a spear cost Gravis around 10% of his lightning and 20% of his Spirit. Together with the upkeep of the earlier spear and the miscellaneous attacks at the beginning, he had used up around 25% of his lightning and 45% of his Spirit. Yet, he didn't care.
"I'm coming," said Gravis with a smile.
The explosion did not come from the lightning spear, but from Gravis bursting forward with all his power. His body had become incredibly powerful, and when he used his full acceleration, he would destroy the surrounding ten meters of earth. If his lightning spear would dissipate when it left him, then it just had to remain inside his hand. He reached the two people in no time at all.
The eyes of the two experts widened in shock. 'Fast!' they both shouted in their minds. Yet, they were prepared for Gravis. They had waited for this for several minutes by now. After Gravis threw his attack, they would counterattack!
Yet, Gravis never threw his spear. He came closer and closer until he was only five meters away, but he didn't throw his spear even then! The eyes of the two people widened again. Was Gravis suicidal? Resisting one's own element was a prerequisite of using it, but that didn't hold true for concentrated attacks using Spirit. A concentrated explosion of one's element still damaged the attacker severely.
Sadly, they didn't know that Gravis was utterly immune to lightning. Even worse, he was not only immune to lightning but actually absorbed it. This was the same ability that the physical manifestation of lightning had had. Yet, in comparison to the manifestation, Gravis wasn't able to control lightning, which had a will inside it.
The reason why this manifestation had been so threatening was, for one, its ability to absorb lightning, but that wasn't the actual danger. The real danger had been that the manifestation could command all lightning in the world to come towards it. Gravis didn't have this ability. Without this, he couldn't steal Heaven's lightning, as long as it didn't attack him first with it.
By exploding the spear close to him, he could even absorb around half of it, basically cutting the cost in half. Gravis closed in, and the two experts braced for impact.
Gravis slammed the lightning spear into the barrier, and it immediately exploded, destroying the surroundings. The sound of the explosion damaged the two experts' ears since it had been so close, but the sound was the least of their worries right now. The explosion was way more powerful than they had thought, even if their Will-Auras had weakened it.
The barrier immediately crumbled, which allowed the lightning to directly attack the Guild Master's towering shield. The Vice-Guild Master pulled his weapon back and was entirely focused on holding the Guild Master's back, infusing Energy into him. Using the shield to block an attack was way more expensive regarding Energy than using the barrier.
CRK!
The shield cracked, which actually surprised Gravis. Yes, his saber would probably also crack if it stoically blocked such a powerful attack, but this was a shield! It was supposed to be able to handle something like that!
What Gravis didn't know was that this shield was only supposed to block attacks of the initial stage of Spirit Forming. Making a shield was supremely expensive, and why would the Earth Guild Master of the Middle-Continent require a shield to block something so powerful? Cultivators at the Seed-Stage didn't exist in the Middle-Continent, after all. There was no reason to spend so much money on something like that.
Gravis' fully concentrated attack, together with his Destruction Lightning, had reached the power of a concentrated attack of someone at the Seed-Stage. The shield was not made for something like that. Thus it cracked. Some of the Formation Arrays got damaged, which required the use of even more Energy from the user to counteract.
After around two seconds, all lightning vanished. Gravis had initially been stopped at a distance of around two meters from the two people, but they got pushed back so hard that they now were at a distance of about 50 meters again. Gravis rubbed his chin in interest. 'I expected a stronger defense.'
Meanwhile, the Guild Master was breathing heavily while the Vice-Guild Master was frozen in place. If the barrier hadn't been broken, the Guild Master would have "only" needed around 25% of his Energy to resist that attack. Sadly, with the barrier broken and his shield damaged, he had used up over 55% of his Energy. On top of that, him needing to distribute the Energy to counteract the Formation Array's failing also cost him a lot of Spirit.
He looked at the casually standing Gravis with a shocked gaze. "What… are you?" he asked. He was sure that Gravis wasn't in the Seed-Stage. He would have felt that from his Spirit. On top of that, the Energy inside of Gravis had never moved, not even when he had condensed the Lightning Spear. From what the Guild Master had seen, it looked like Gravis just created lightning out of nothing.
Of course, that wasn't true. The Energy that the Guild Master felt was only the inherent Energy inside Gravis' body. Naturally, Gravis didn't use that Energy but the lightning inside his dantian. Sadly, the two people weren't able to feel the lightning inside of him.
Step. Step. Step.
Gravis started walking over to the two shocked people with a grin. "I think I have tested my Energy attacks enough. Let's see how good you are at blocking melee attacks," he said.
They both narrowed their eyes. Gravis was getting closer, which also opened an opportunity for them to counterattack. They only had to hit him once.
Gravis stopped when he was only one meter away from the towering shield. Yet, nothing happened. "Even now, you're not attacking?" Gravis asked.
Both experts said nothing. Yes, Gravis was inside their range, but as long as he kept being vigilant, they wouldn't be able to hit him. They had to hit him when he attacked.
Gravis remained there for a couple of seconds until he smirked arrogantly. "I know what you're planning," he said slowly. "You're waiting until I use my saber as an attack so that I can't block with it, right?"
The two experts weren't shocked by this. It was rather obvious, but it didn't matter that Gravis knew what they were planning. He had to attack them to win. There was no way around that.
"But I wonder…" Gravis said and trailed off. "There is a fatal flaw in that tactic. Have you tho-"
SWISH!
The Vice-Guild Master's spear suddenly stabbed at Gravis, who swiftly and casually stepped to the side. He went through too many life and death fights to fall for such a surprise attack. Normally, Gravis would immediately counterattack since a dodged attack would create an opening, yet he didn't. He wanted to play with them some more.
"Don't interrupt others. It's rude!" Gravis said with a sneer.
The Vice-Guild Master gritted his teeth but readied himself again for another strike. He had to wait for an opportunity.
"Anyway," continued Gravis. "As I was saying, that tactic has a fatal flaw. You counterattack when I attack with my weapon, right?"
They didn't answer.
"So, what if I don't attack with my weapon?"
Gravis kicked the shield with his full power, keeping his saber ready for a block. A thunderous sound reverberated into the surroundings as the experts were pushed back for over a hundred meters. Gravis had an incredibly powerful body. Judging by how far they have been shoved with this kick, Gravis found out that neither of the two had a body at the Spirit Forming Realm. Gravis was actually a little disappointed in that fact.
The two people were shocked again, something that had happened quite a lot today. This youngster had a body at the Spirit Forming Realm? Slowly, their confidence vanished. Judging by how energetic Gravis still was, they could infer that he still had a lot of Energy and Spirit. On top of that, he also had a powerful body.
Who were they kidding? Their tactic might have worked against someone normal at the Spirit Forming Realm, but not against someone who also had such a powerful body. Even if Gravis used up all his Spirit and Energy, he could still fight them easily with his body. On top of that, a body's stamina was vastly superior to one's Energy or Spirit storage. Gravis could fight with his body on full power for hours.
They would have emptied their whole Energy storage multiple times over before Gravis' stamina was used up even once. What were they supposed to do?
"Let's continue!" Gravis shouted and then burst forward again.
BANG CLANK!
Gravis kicked the shield another time while blocking a stab from the spear with his saber. Earth cultivators had the ability to increase their weapons' weight, but that didn't even come close to counteracting Gravis' physical strength. Gravis got pushed back for five meters, while the two experts flew for another hundred meters. On top of that, the more someone increased their weapon's weight, the more Energy they had to invest, and the Vice-Guild Master had given his best, just now.
Gravis burst forward again.
When Gravis came close, the earth under him suddenly gave way, making him lose his balance. This was one of the fighting techniques of the Earth Guild. The opponent would lose their balance and show an opening. After Gravis lost his balance, the Guild Master's gigantic club, which hadn't been swung until now, came crashing down on him.
CRRRR!
Gravis angled his saber above him, making the club slide to the side, creating an ugly grating noise in the process. If he hadn't had the advantage in physical power, this parry would have gone wrong. A block used the whole body's power, including the placement of the bones, to be as stable as possible. A parry, on the other hand, required finesse.
"Oho, not bad," said Gravis with a grin, "but what now? That only works once, you know?"
The two looked at Gravis in panic.
They were running out of options quickly!


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace Himmelsk.Social.Api.Core.LinkedIn.Commands.Companies.Parameters {
    public enum ShareVisibility {
        Anyone,
        ConnectionsOnly
    }

    public static class ShareVisibilityExtensions {
        public static string GetString(this ShareVisibility visibility) {
            switch (visibility) {
                case ShareVisibility.Anyone:
                    return "anyone";
                case ShareVisibility.ConnectionsOnly:
                    return "connections-only";
                default:
                    throw new NotImplementedException("Visibility is not supported: " + visibility.ToString());
            }
        }
    }
}


text:
George Arthur Miller (Marylebone, Londres, 23 d'octubre de 1868 – Putney, Londres, 22 de desembre de 1951) va ser un jugador de polo anglès. De jove estudià al Marlborough College i al Trinity College. Era germà del també jugador de polo George Arthur Miller.

En acabar els estudis es traslladà a l'Índia per treballar en l'empresa familiar. Allà tingué el primer contacte amb el polo. El 1908 va prendre part en els Jocs Olímpics de Londres, on guanyà la medalla d'or en la competició de polo, com a integrant de l'equip Roehampton. En aquest equip també hi competien George Arthur Miller, Patteson Nickalls i Herbert Haydon Wilson.

Va lluitar a la Primera Guerra Mundial i no fou desmobilitzat fins al 1919, amb el rang de tinent coronel.

Referències

Alumnes de la Universitat de Cambridge
Jugadors de polo anglesos
Medallistes britànics als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1908
Esportistes londinencs
Alumnes del Trinity College (Cambridge)
Morts a Anglaterra

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Review of FOUNDATION by Mercedes Lackey (see her website)
THE COLLEGIUM CHRONICLES VOL. ONE
DAW, October 2008
Mags works in the jewel mines under Valdemar until, one day, a Herald shows up with a Companion (Companions are intelligent, psychic horses who really-really love their chosen people), takes Mags away from all of that and enrolls him in Herald school. At Herald school, Mags makes friends, manages to impress one of the King's chief advisors, and becomes the protoge of the King's Herald.
Author Mercedes Lackey (see more BooksForABuck.com reviews of novels by Lackey) has created some wonderful tales in the Valdemar universe. Unfortunately, this is not one of them. Instead of plot, we get the poor orphan boy saved and finding love. He finds love from his Companion (Companions have got to be wonderful fantasies for teen girls who love horses and the idea of unreserved (and unearned) love), respect from everyone around him, and a host of talents that make him stand out despite his efforts to stay hidden.
There's nothing wrong with the poor orphan boy story. We all have fantasies, after all, about being recognized as wonderful. Still, it doesn't make a novel. Lackey gives us the basic tools for a plot--we have strange and dangerous visitors, Heralds angry over the way traditions are being changed, haunts, and Mags's own background--supposedly he was born of bandits. For me, at least, she simply didn't deal with the plants she put in place. Perhaps these will be dealt with later in the series and FOUNDATION is intended merely to start things off. Many writers have learned that it's sometimes necessary to delete the first couple of chapters--they had to be written to give the author the background to the story but the reader doesn't need them. To me, FOUNDATION felt like the chapters that should have been deleted.
Buy Foundation: Book One of the Collegium Chronicles (A Valdemar Novel) from Amazon


Best phones under 20000 in India are now more capable than ever. You can find that the latest and best phones under 20000 offer great performance, premium design, and incredible camera performance. If you are looking to buy gaming smartphones under 20000 in India, it has now become a reality with new handsets that feature 6GB RAM and powerful processors like Snapdragon 660, Snapdragon 675 and you can even find a flagship grade processor i.e. Snapdragon 845 and HiSilicon Kirin 970. In case you are brand conscious, you can easily find some of the best smartphones under 20000 from brands like Samsung, Oppo, Asus, Realme, and Xiaomi. As you might expect, you will get some premium features like FHD+ display, quick charging support, USB Type-C port, 4G VoLTE connectivity, and dual cameras with the latest mobiles under 20000. With the luxury of some extra budget in hand, you can now choose your favourite from our curated list of top 10 best smartphones under 20000 in India.
Poco is the best phone under 20000 Rs. Poco is a sub-brand from Xiaomi that has launched the F1 as its first offering in the country. It has a 6.18-inch display with an 18.7:9 aspect ratio and Corning Gorilla Glass 3 protection on top. Powering the Poco F1 is the Snapdragon 845 processor and it comes in different RAM and storage options. It has a dual camera setup on the back consisting of a 12-megapixel primary camera and a 5-megapixel depth sensor. At the front, it has a 20-megapixel selfie camera. The F1 runs on MIUI 10 on top of Android 9 Pie. The phone packs in a 4000mAh battery and has support for Qualcomm's Quick Charge 3. It is a dual hybrid SIM slot and has support for 4G as well as VoLTE. In terms of connectivity, the Poco F1 has Bluetooth 5 and dual-band WiFi 802.11 b/g/n/ac. It also packs an IR camera sensor for 3D Face unlock.
The F1 is the first product from Poco, and sports powerful specifications including the Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 processor along with a big 4000mAh battery. But the most interesting bit about the Poco F1 is the pricing. With prices starting at Rs. 19,999, the F1 is by far the most affordable smartphone running the flagship Qualcomm processor.
Honor Play is one of the best phone under 20000 Rs. The phone comes with a 6.30-inch touchscreen display with a resolution of 1080×2340 pixels and an aspect ratio of 19.5:9.Honor Play is powered by a octa-core HiSilicon Kirin 970 processor. It comes with 4GB of RAM. The Honor Play runs Android 8.1 and is powered by a 3,750mAh battery. The Honor Play supports fast charging. As far as the cameras are concerned, the Honor Play on the rear packs a 16-megapixel primary camera with an f/2.2 aperture and a second 2-megapixel camera with an f/2.4 aperture. The rear camera setup has phase detection autofocus. It sports a 16-megapixel camera on the front for selfies, with an f/2.0 aperture.
The Honor Play runs EMUI 8.2 based on Android 8.1 and packs 64GB of inbuilt storage that can be expanded via microSD card (up to 256GB). The Honor Play is a dual-SIM (GSM and GSM) smartphone that accepts Nano-SIM and Nano-SIM cards. Connectivity options on the Honor Play include Wi-Fi 802.11 a/ac, GPS, Bluetooth v4.20, USB Type-C, 3G, and 4G. The Honor Play supports face unlock with 3D face recognition. It was launched in Black, Blue, and Violet colours.
Kirin 970 AI Flagship Octa-Core Processor.
3750mAH lithium Polymer battery with 9V 2A Fast Charge technology.
EMUI 8.2 based on Android Oreo 8.1.
Redmi Note 7 Pro is the one of the best phone under 20000 Rs which increased the bar in this price segment with its power packed features. The phone comes with a 6.30-inch touchscreen display with a resolution of 1080×2340 pixels at a pixel density of 409 pixels per inch (ppi) and an aspect ratio of 19.5:9.Redmi Note 7 Pro is powered by a Qualcomm Snapdragon 675 processor. It comes with 4GB/6GB of RAM.
The Redmi Note 7 Pro runs Android Pie and is powered by a 4,000mAh non-removable battery. The Redmi Note 7 Pro supports Quick Charge 4+ fast charging. As far as the cameras are concerned, the Redmi Note 7 Pro on the rear packs a 48-megapixel primary camera with an f/1.79 aperture and a pixel size of 1.6-micron and a second 5-megapixel camera. It sports a 13-megapixel camera on the front for selfies.
The Redmi Note 7 Pro runs MIUI 10 based on Android Pie and packs 64GB/128GB of inbuilt storage that can be expanded via microSD card. The Redmi Note 7 Pro is a dual-SIM smartphone that accepts dual Nano-SIMs.
Connectivity options on the Redmi Note 7 Pro include Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac, GPS, Bluetooth v5.00, Infrared, USB OTG, USB Type-C, 3G, and 4G with active 4G on both SIM cards. The Redmi Note 7 Pro supports face unlock. It was launched in Classic Space Black, Nebula Red, and Neptune Blue colours. It bears a glass body.
With the Galaxy A50, Samsung tries to recreate its dominance in the upper levels of the Indian mid-range smartphone market and manages to enter in the list of best phones under 20000 Rs. It leads the current pack of the refreshed A-series with features like three cameras, u-shaped notch design and a 4,000mAh battery.
The Samsung Galaxy A50 mobile features a 6.4″ (16.26 cm) display with a screen resolution of 1080 x 2340 pixels and runs on Android v9.0 (Pie) operating system. The device is powered by Octa core (2.3 GHz, Quad core, Cortex A73 + 1.7 GHz, Quad core, Cortex A53) Exynos 9610 processor paired with 4 GB of RAM. As far as the battery is concerned it has 4000 mAh.
Over that, as far as the rear camera is concerned this mobile has a 25MP + 5MP + 8MP camera. Other sensors include Light sensor, Proximity sensor, Accelerometer, fingerprint sensor. For graphical performance that can make games run smoothly, this phone has got a Mali-G72 MP3 GPU. On board storage is at 64 GB with the option to expand the memory up to 512 GB. Design is one of the most important factors when it comes to mobiles and Samsung Galaxy A50 comes with a premium gradient design. This phone is 7.7 mm slim and weighs 166 grams. It has an On-Screen fingerprint sensor which is rare under this price segment.
Oppo K1 is among the few best smartphone under 20000 to offer an in-display fingerprint sensor. Infact it is the cheapest smartphone in Indian market to offer an in-display finger print sensor. The Oppo K1 sports a 6.4-inch FHD+ (1080×2340) Super AMOLED display with a 19.5:9 aspect ratio, over 90 per cent screen-to-body ratio and Gorilla Glass 5 on top. The display looks stunning with punchy and saturated colours and good viewing angles. Powering the Oppo K1 is a capable octa-core Snapdragon 660 chipset coupled with 4GB of RAM.
Like most Oppo phones, the Oppo K1 is also a selfie-centric smartphone with a 25MP AI camera housed inside the droplet notch. The sensor is offered with a f/2.0 aperture and typical beautifying modes to make selfies look smooth and bright. The dual camera system on the back includes a 16MP primary camera with a wide f/1.7 aperture and a 2MP secondary camera for depth sensing. The Oppo K1 houses a 3,600mAh battery with support for 10W charging over micro-USB port.
The Xiaomi Mi A2 is one of the best android phones under 20000 Rs. It has a 5.99-inch display with 18:9 aspect ratio and 1080 x 2160 full HD+ resolution. The phone has a pixel density of 403 pixels per inch. The display also provides certain features like Eye Mode, Night Mode, Standard mode, and colour temperature adjustment support. Under the hood, the phone is powered by a Qualcomm Snapdragon 660 octa-core processor. It has Adreno 512 GPU. The phone runs on Android 8.1 (Oreo)/ Android One OS out of the box.
The Mi A2 has 4/6GB of RAM and 64/128 GB of internal storage expandable via a microSD card slot. The smartphone offers a host of connectivity options including GPS, USB 2.0 Type C, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 5.0, and Infrared port. The phone has dual 12 MP + 20 MP rear cameras with autofocus, LED flash, touch focus, face detection, HDR, geo-tagging, 2x optical zoom, and panorama for clear pictures. It has a 20 MP front camera for clicking selfies. The phone has a rear-mounted fingerprint sensor, accelerometer, gyroscope, proximity sensor, and compass sensors. The Mi A2 has a non-removable Li-Ion 3010 mAh battery. The smartphone is available in Gold, Blue and Black colours.
Vivo V11 is among the best mobile under 20000 Rs. The phone comes with a 6.30-inch touchscreen display with a resolution of 1080×2340 pixels. Vivo V11 is powered by a 2.2GHz MediaTek Helio P60 processor. It comes with 6GB of RAM.The Vivo V11 runs Android 8.1 Oreo and is powered by a 3,315mAh battery.
As far as the cameras are concerned, the Vivo V11 on the rear packs a 16-megapixel primary camera and a second 5-megapixel camera. It sports a 25-megapixel camera on the front for selfies. The Vivo V11 runs Funtouch OS 4.5 based on Android 8.1 Oreo and packs 128GB of inbuilt storage with a dedicated slot. The Vivo V11 is a dual-SIM smartphone. Connectivity options on the Vivo V11 include Wi-Fi 802.11 ac, GPS, Bluetooth v5.00, USB OTG, 3G, and 4G. Sensors on the phone include accelerometer, compass/ magnetometer, proximity sensor, and fingerprint sensor. It was launched in Nebula and Starry Night colour.
Samsung Galaxy M30 is one of the best android phone under 20000Rs. The phone comes with a 6.40-inch touchscreen display and an aspect ratio of 19.5:9.Samsung Galaxy M30 is powered by a 1.6GHz octa-core Samsung Exynos 7904 processor. It comes with 4/6 GB of RAM. The Samsung Galaxy M30 runs Android 8.1 Oreo and is powered by a 5,000mAh battery. The Samsung Galaxy M30 supports proprietary fast charging.
As far as the cameras are concerned, the Samsung Galaxy M30 on the rear packs a 13-megapixel primary camera with an f/1.9 aperture; a second 5-megapixel camera with an f/2.2 aperture and a third 5-megapixel camera with an f/2.2 aperture. It sports a 16-megapixel camera on the front for selfies, with an f/2.0 aperture. The Samsung Galaxy M30 runs Samsung Experience v9.5 based on Android 8.1 Oreo and packs 64/128 GB of inbuilt storage that can be expanded via microSD card (up to 512GB) with a dedicated slot. Connectivity options on the Samsung Galaxy M30 include Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac, GPS, Bluetooth v5.00, USB Type-C, Micro-USB, 3G, and 4G with active 4G on both SIM cards. Sensors on the phone include accelerometer, ambient light sensor, compass/ magnetometer, proximity sensor, and fingerprint sensor. The Samsung Galaxy M30 supports face unlock.
Realme 2 pro deserves to be in a top 10 smartphones under 20000 Rs. list. The Realme 2 Pro features a tiny 'dewdrop' notch on a 6.3-inch, full-HD+ display. The 6.3-inch full-HD+ display is protected by Gorilla Glass 3 and has rounded edges and fairly slim bezels all around. The polycarbonate body feels sturdy and is comfortable to use. The rear fingerprint sensor is quick at authentication and face unlock is equally snappy.
The specifications of the Realme 2 Pro are pretty solid. All variants get the Qualcomm Snapdragon 660 SoC, which is a powerful octa-core chip. The phone is available in three RAM and storage configurations to suit your budget. You have a choice between 4GB of RAM with 64GB of storage; 6GB of RAM with 64GB of storage; 8GB of RAM and 128GB of storage. The top-end variant of the Realme 2 Pro is the first phone in this price segment to have 8GB of LPDDR4X RAM. Other specifications include Bluetooth 5, dual-band Wi-Fi 802.11ac, USB-OTG, a gyroscope, an ambient light sensor, a proximity sensor, a compass, and an accelerometer. Realme 2 Pro comes in 3 color schemes : Blue Ocean, Black Sea, Ice Lake.
Asus Zenfone Max Pro M2 smartphone was launched in March 2019. The phone comes with a 6.26-inch touchscreen display with a resolution of 1080×2246 pixels and an aspect ratio of 19:9. Asus Zenfone Max Pro M2 is powered by a 1.8GHz octa-core Qualcomm Snapdragon 660 processor. It comes with 3GB of RAM. The Asus Zenfone Max Pro M2 runs Android Oreo and is powered by a 4,000mAh battery.
As far as the cameras are concerned, the Asus Zenfone Max Pro M2 on the rear packs a 12-megapixel primary camera and a second 5-megapixel camera. It sports a 8-megapixel camera on the front for selfies. Asus Zenfone Max Pro M2 based on Android Oreo and packs 32GB of inbuilt storage that can be expanded via microSD card with a dedicated slot. Connectivity options on the Asus Zenfone Max Pro M2 include Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n, Bluetooth v4.20, Micro-USB, and FM radio. Sensors on the phone include gyroscope, proximity sensor, and fingerprint sensor. It was launched in Silver, Black, and Blue colours.
We Hope that you find the best phones under 20000 Rs with good Camera, Processors, Design. And if not then don't worry again too because for the user's convenience, we are regularly updating this site so that you get to know about every new smartphone that comes under 20000 Rs.