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Opinion: Soldier feels suicidal, deserts from U.S. Army, joins the French Foreign Legion instead, claims it was under duress
Legionnaires of the 1st Regiment of the French Foreign Legion near Marseille last year. (Claude Paris/Associated Press)
By Eugene Volokh
Contributor, The Volokh Conspiracy
American criminal law generally recognizes the defense of duress: The rules vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but one common formulation is that the defendant is excused from criminal responsibility if
"the defendant was under an unlawful and imminent threat of such a nature as to induce a well-grounded apprehension of death or serious bodily injury,"
"the defendant had not recklessly or negligently placed herself in a situation in which it was probable that she would be forced to perform the criminal conduct,"
"the defendant had no reasonable, legal alternative to violating the law, that is, a chance both to refuse to perform the criminal act and also to avoid the threatened harm," and
"a direct causal relationship may be reasonably anticipated between the criminal act and the avoidance of the threatened harm."
Duress is usually not a defense to a charge of murder, but it can apply to many serious offenses — the classic example is somehow who participates in a bank robbery because he is being held at gunpoint, or because he knows his family is being held at gunpoint.
But while there's a pretty well-established core to the defense, defendants naturally try to push the boundaries. Here's an unusual fact pattern, from U.S. v. Franks (U.S. Army Ct. Crim. App.) (decided Aug. 31, but just flagged in a Westlaw squibbing service a few days ago):
We hold that appellant's own fear of suicide does not support a defense of duress … [against a charge] of desertion with intent to shirk important service …
In spring 2008, appellant [Second Lieutenant Lawrence J. Franks] graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point and commissioned as a medical service corps officer. In January 2009, appellant reported to 2nd Battalion, 22nd Infantry Regiment (commonly referred to as the "Triple Deuce"), 1st Brigade Combat Team (1BCT), 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry) at Fort Drum. His duties included tracking and reporting on the medical readiness of the soldiers in the unit. His unit was on the [projected timeline] to deploy to Iraq in September 2009 as part of the "Surge." The unit had completed reset from a redeployment, had started a new training cycle, and was preparing for another deployment, but had not yet received deployment orders.
Appellant asserts he grew disillusioned with his assignment, became depressed, and developed suicidal ideations. He stated he wanted direct contact with patients and did not enjoy a "desk job." According to appellant, he had unreported and undiagnosed depression and suicidal ideations during high school and while attending West Point, but avoided his suicidal ideations through physical and athletic activities. He decided to join the French Foreign Legion … because he believed it would be more rigorous and challenging.
On 30 March 2009, after purchasing a round trip ticket, appellant left his unit and flew to France. Before he left, he paid his rent and left his military identification card, military identification tag, West Point class ring, cell phone, and keys to his office. Appellant left his military clothing and equipment … and asked his roommate to turn it in. He also wrote letters to his roommate and family indicating his suicidal ideations.
On 6 April 2009, appellant executed a five-year enlistment contract with the Legion. Appellant was provided a new identity by the Legion. During his enlistment, appellant deployed to Mali, Central African Republic, and Djibouti. He served as a team leader, as a medic, and on the security detail for a French Army BG.
Back in the United States, in January 2010, the Triple Deuce deployed to Afghanistan.
On 6 April 2014, appellant completed his five-year enlistment contract and was discharged from the Legion. The next day, appellant traveled to Wiesbaden, Germany and voluntarily surrendered to the U.S. Army. The government charged appellant with two specifications of desertion and one specification of conduct unbecoming an officer. A "sanity board" ordered pursuant to Rule for Court-Martial [hereinafter R.C.M.] 706 found that when appellant left his unit, he had a severe mental disease or defect—major depressive disorder—as well as recurrent, severe and active suicidal ideations and an alcohol use disorder. However, the sanity board found he understood the wrongfulness of his actions and could participate in his defense.
At trial, appellant admitted it was wrong to leave the Army for five years. He claimed, however, his "tunnel vision" and thoughts of suicide left him with two choices: commit suicide or join the Legion. Appellant reasoned that since France is an ally of the U.S. and the Legion was engaged in fighting terrorism, joining the Legion was not conduct unbecoming an officer. Appellant asserts at trial and on appeal he should be commended for his decisions….
Appellant's duress defense claim on appeal can be summarized as follows: appellant asserts that if one will kill himself if he does not commit a crime then he is under duress and cannot be criminally liable for committing the crime. While we reject appellant's argument, our conclusion should not be misinterpreted as a lack of understanding of the seriousness and gravity of the mental health issues of service members. Rather, our analysis focuses on whether appellant attempted to pursue a defense that was not available to him under current precedent….
The defense of duress applies when:
Appellant argues … that appellant's own suicidal ideations could … support a defense of duress. Appellant asserts that having only two choices, kill himself or join the Legion, he intentionally left his unit to avoid an overwhelming desire to kill himself. Appellant thought the "rigorous and regimented lifestyle would cause his suicidal ideations to diminish."
There are several problems with appellant's argument, and we hold the military judge did not err by denying appellant's request to instruct the panel on the duress defense. Under appellant's theory, appellant is threatening himself. The defense of duress does not exist if the accused can avoid the threatened harm. If one is threatening oneself, then one can remove the threat. As the accused can remove the "threat" by no longer threatening himself, the accused can avoid the harm if he possesses the ability to exercise that choice.
If appellant could not understand this dilemma because he suffered from a severe mental disease or defect, the appropriate defense would be lack of mental responsibility. This is not to say that everyone contemplating suicide is suffering from a severe mental disease or defect, but for a lack of mental responsibility defense to exist, this would need to be the case.
Appellant argues his case is similar to United States v. Hayes (Ct. App. Armed Forces 2012), where the accused claimed if he did not steal and send funds to his mother, his mother would commit suicide. There, the [court] did not rule out the possibility that a threat of suicide arising from another person could provide a basis for the defense of duress. See also United States v. Toney (7th Cir. 1994) (noting a threat of suicide may be a sufficient basis for coercion if the defendant took reasonable alternative steps to avoid the suicide); but see United States v. Stevison (7th Cir. 1972) (affirming the denial of a defendant's proposed coercion instruction where the defendant had not alleged that she had no opportunity, other than embezzling funds, to avoid her daughter's threatened suicide). The Hayes court, however, did not apply the defense of duress for one's own suicidal ideations.
Appellant argues the natural extension of Hayes would create a defense of duress for an accused's own suicidal ideations. Adopting this position could arguably make an accused's suicidal ideations a defense to any crime under the UCMJ except a homicide. Appellant is unable to cite one reported case that has adopted appellant's theory. Our research indicates every federal, state, and military court that has considered the issue has rejected the theory that a person's own compulsion or threat of suicide could raise a defense of duress.
Furthermore, this court does not read Hayes as broadly as appellant. Hayes involved a situation where an accused believed another person was going to commit suicide. The Hayes court applied "the 'possible defense' standard that is intended to serve as a lower threshold than a prima facie showing because it is intended as a trigger to prompt further inquiry during a guilty plea inquiry pursuant …, not to determine whether the defense is available or whether members in a contested case should be given an instruction." …
[Moreover], the facts of appellant's suicidal ideations did not reasonably raise a defense of duress…. [T]hree essential elements of duress are plainly absent based on appellant's own factual recitation and testimony: the immediacy between appellant's actions and the perceived threat; the opportunity to avoid the harm threatened; and the continuation of immediacy throughout the conduct in question. The defense of duress did not apply to the facts in appellant's case.
First, the defense of duress requires the accused be under a threat of death or serious bodily injury. The sheer length of time necessary to carry out appellant's plan shows the situation could not have had the requisite immediacy. Before leaving his unit, appellant conducted research into various foreign military organizations, to determine if they accepted U.S. citizens. Having determined his eligibility to enlist in the Legion, appellant settled some of his personal affairs, washed and organized his military property for turn-in, and purchased a plane ticket to France. Afterward, he went to the airport and flew to France and, after a review process and executing a contract, enlisted in the Legion.
Additionally, for the defense of duress to apply, there must have been "no other reasonable alternative" other than joining the Legion. The record reveals appellant had other choices. He did not seek to resign his commission in the Army or seek a branch transfer to what he would consider a more rigorous and demanding combat arms branch or unit.
Appellant could have sought mental health treatment, sought the advice of a chaplain, or checked himself into the hospital. Appellant's testimony that he did not seek mental health treatment because he did not want to be prescribed medication highlights this point. Appellant understood he could have sought mental health treatment but was allegedly concerned about the stigma of seeking treatment. However, he did not make any effort to seek assistance from outside the Army or from other professionals. Even accepting appellant's claims as true, this meant appellant understood he had options. Appellant chose to join the Legion because he preferred this course of action over seeking mental health treatment.
Lastly, the defense of duress requires the duress continue throughout the commission of the crime. Here, the threat of suicide would have had to remain throughout his entire five-year absence. Appellant himself specifically disavowed this claim and testified that once in the Legion, he continued to serve not because of his fear that he would commit suicide, but because he had not finished his enlistment contract with France.
Appellant took many steps to plan his desertion, had many opportunities to avoid or treat his suicidal ideations, and did not have suicidal ideations for the entirety of his five-year desertion. As the military judge rejected the defense of duress at trial, we likewise reject it here….
Senior Judge Campanella agreed that the defendant didn't make out a duress defense on the facts of the case, but concluded that the court should "not rule out the possibility that an accused's suicidal compulsion could be the basis of the defense of duress."
Applied to this case, I accept the inference that appellant, knowing his unit would deploy in the meantime, intended to shirk important service when he enlisted in a foreign army for five years. Recognizing that the trial court saw and heard the evidence, I therefore find the evidence factually sufficient and concur with this court's decision in this case.


The Vicky Grant School of Dance is a Cambridgeshire based theatre school offering classes in Classical Ballet, Modern Jazz, Tap, Street dance, Contemporary and Acting. The dance school is registered with the British Theatre Dance Association (BTDA) and offers London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) acting exams.
We have a steady flow of students successfully auditioning at vocational colleges and working professionally all over the world.
For the latest timetable of classes, please click here.
Whether you want to dance or act purely for pleasure, the social aspect, or dream of becoming a professional performer, contact us today!
We are very pleased to announce that Mr Oliver Scott, Founder of the Momentum Theatre Company (biography below), is joining the Vicky Grant School of Dance as Head of Acting, offering acting classes to children aged 8-18 years.
Vicky Grant, Principal, commented; "I have had the pleasure of working with Oliver for many years, both on and off the stage, and he is a fantastic actor, teacher and director. His classes are always full of energy and fun and I am so excited to have him on board."
Starting after the Easter holidays, the classes will run in similar terms to the dance school, with an exception of a slightly shorter Winter term due to Oliver's professional work during December. There will be a show for parents at the end of November for all students who take part in the acting classes.
All classes will be held on Monday's at One Leisure St Ives.
All students have a two-week trial period, if they do not like it, there is nothing to pay, if you would like to enrol them after the two-week trial, you need to pay the term fee and that will take you up to the Summer break.
If you would like to book your child onto a trial, please email info@vickygrant.com.
Oliver Scott is an Actor, Theatre Director and Teacher. Oliver graduated from Anglia Ruskin University in 2014 (With a First Class Drama degree) and then trained at the Guildford School of Acting (MA in Acting). Since graduating from Guildford he has worked in theatre and radio. He devised and directed a brand new production for Momentum Theatre Company titled 'A Night at the Bar(d)' which commemorated 400 years since the death of William Shakespeare. He has just finished appearing in and directing the spectacular pantomime 'Beauty and the Beast' at the Grange Theatre in Northwich, Cheshire.
Fun-filled energetic acting workshops for children aged 8-18 years!
We are excited to announce some fun-filled energetic acting workshops for children aged 8-18 years!
The workshops look at the basic techniques of acting through fun scenes and scripts and are dedicated to helping young, aspiring actors enhance their self-confidence and encourage both working in a team and as an individual.
Led by Mr Oliver Scott of the Momentum Theatre Company, and the head of acting in the Magical Musicals team, the workshops will be high-paced and a lot of fun!
Once we know the interest, we will split the groups by age; each group will have a 90-minute session and we will let you know the time slots that each group have as soon as we can. This is open to students and non-students of the dance school, so please feel free to forward this onto your friends!
*Special offer for Vicky Grant School of Dance students - £12.50 per 90 minute session.
Places are limited so please book today! Payment is required by the end of January 2017 - an invoice and reminder will be sent out via email.
To book your child a place, please email info@vickygrant with your child's name, date of birth and your contact details.


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Q: Timer based on Handler stops, Android, Kotlin I use Handler for creating a timer in a Widget.
I use the recommended constructor, i.e. passing a Looper to it.
    private val updateHandler = Handler(Looper.getMainLooper())

    @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
    private val runnable = Runnable {
        updateDisplay()
    }

    @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
    private fun updateDisplay () {
        updateHandler?.postDelayed(runnable, TIMER_MS)
        // some other code
    }

The TIMER MS is set to 3000 ms.
The timer runs fine for a while and execute the given code. However after a random time elapsed the timer stops working and no more execution of the given code happens.
Please advise what the problem could be ond how to fix it.
Alternatively, can I use some other timer? (The timer should go off every few second - this is the reason why I use Handler)
Thank you for any advice in advance

A: You can use CountDownTimer from Android framework to achieve the same. It internally uses Handler for timer
val timer = object: CountDownTimer(1000,1000){
    override fun onTick(millisUntilFinished: Long) {

    }

    override fun onFinish() {
    }
}
timer.start()

A: You could always try using a Coroutine for something like this:
class TimedRepeater(var delayMs: Long,
                    var worker: (() -> Unit)) {
    private var timerJob: Job? = null

    suspend fun start() {
        if (timerJob != null) throw IllegalStateException()
        timerJob = launch {
            while(isActive) {
                delay(delayMs)
                worker()
            }
        }
    }
    suspend fun stop() {
        if (timerJob == null) return
        timerJob.cancelAndJoin()
        timerJob = null
    }
}

suspend fun myStuff() {
    val timer = Timer(1000) {
        // Do my work
    }
    timer.start()
    // Some time later
    timer.stop()
}

I haven't tested the above, but it should work well enough.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Why is my timestamp not working in Windows event logs?
index=wineventlog Account_Domain=* ("EventCode=4625" OR "EventCode=4740") | stats count count(eval(EventCode=4740)) as LockedCount by user Account_Domain | search count>3 | eval Locked=if(LockedCount>1, "Yes", "No") | table _time user count Account_Domain Locked | rename user as "User" count as "Failed Authentication Attempts" Account_Domain as "Domain"
When I look at the log raw data, there is clearly a time stamp.
What is your inputs.conf for this?
Are your indexers using NTP? Do you have the TZ settings correct for this input?
My time zone settings are correct, as other inputs are correctly recording time.
The time shows up perfectly.
The stats command is only passing the count, LockedCount, user, and Account_Domain fields to downstream commands so there is no _time to display. Try using either eventstats or streamstats.
Okay, that made it work. Why is count in there twice?
The first counts all events and the second counts only those events where EventCode=4740.


Crosslake Evangelical Free Church started as a summer church that met from Memorial Day through Labor Day in the Fish and Game building in Crosslake. This continued from 1968 until 1981, when the church was organized and established. In the spring of 1983, on a 3 acre lot that was gifted to the church, constuction of the original building began. The first service was held in July of 1983 before the roof was even on. The dedication service was held in the completed building in October of 1983. The first addition was built in 1995 to accommodate a growing church congregation. The addition was twice the size of the 1983 original building.
Today, the church continues to thrive as a vital ministry in the lakes area. The church has also added a ministry center, which serves as home for the church offices and group meeting spaces. All of these resources enable us to continually share the love and grace of Christ with a world in need of change.
The Church is constructed of beautiful logs, many of which were donated by church members from their property, that gives the church both a warmth and charm. Since its orginal construction, the church has come to be known both far and wide as "The Log Church".
In May of 2013 the church voted and moved forward with a expansion and growth in our church. We are adding many classrooms, a large multi-purpose room, a youth room, a new entry area with an elevator attached and much more. It has been a joy to see this taken place and we look forward to how we can use this new space in months and years to come.


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Tag Archives: Pacific Isands
RNZ and the "Chinese shortwave foray into the Pacific"
(Source: Radio New Zealand via Mike Hansgen)
China is taking up a lot of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's former shortwave radio frequencies into the Pacific region.
In response to budget cuts, the ABC last year ceased shortwave broadcasting in the Asia-Pacific region ahead of a transition to FM transmission.
Since that withdrawal, frequencies on which Pacific Islanders listened to ABC radio for many years are being filled up by China Radio International.
Radio New Zealand Pacific is of course still broadcasting to the Pacific region on shortwave.
Its Technical Manager, Adrian Sainsbury, spoke to Johnny Blades about the Chinese shortwave foray into the Pacific.
https://podcast.radionz.co.nz/pacn/dateline-20180625-0503-china_shortwave_foray_into_pacific_helped_by_aus_withdrawal-128.mp3
Click here to listen to this story via RNZ.
This entry was posted in Broadcasters, International Broadcasting, News, Shortwave Radio and tagged ABC Cuts, ABC Shortwave, Mike (K8RAT), Pacific Isands, Radio Australia, Radio Australia Cuts, Radio New Zealand on July 8, 2018 by Thomas.
RNZI "continues to serve people across the Pacific region"
(Source: RNZ Press Release via London Shortwave)
Press release: Following the ABC's decision to cut shortwave radio transmission in the Pacific, Radio New Zealand International wants to reassure our listeners that we are committed to our Pacific broadcast partners.
Radio New Zealand International (RNZI) continues to serve people across the Pacific region, delivering essential day to day news and information and providing a vital lifeline in times of natural disaster.
RNZ CEO, Paul Thompson, has confirmed that there will be no reduction in Radio New Zealand's commitment to its Pacific broadcast partners. His reassurance comes as Radio Australia closes its international shortwave transmission service to Papua New Guinea and the Pacific.
Paul Thompson has emphasised the importance of RNZI's 25 year relationship with New Zealand's Pacific neighbours.
"Remote parts of Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu who may be feeling the loss of the ABC can rest assured RNZI will continue to provide independent, timely and accurate news, information and weather warnings as well as entertainment to its Pacific listeners."
RNZI has been broadcasting since 1990 to the Pacific and is regarded as the authoritative voice of the Pacific. It can be heard across the region and has proven to be a vital lifeline during times of disaster. In 2007 RNZI was named international Radio Station of the Year by the Association for International Broadcasting (AIB).
RNZI broadcasts timely cyclone and tsunami warnings via shortwave and can continue to be heard should local broadcasters go off-air due to a cyclone or other disaster.
Paul Thompson said the essential nature of Radio New Zealand's role in the Pacific has been regularly underlined by the positive feedback to RNZI following cyclone and tsunami alerts.
"A Vanuatu villager has told our reporter Koroi Hawkins that he knew to take shelter during Cyclone Pam just because of the warnings broadcast on RNZI. At times like this we are the essential voice of the Pacific " See attached photograph.
RNZI's coverage of the aftermath of Cyclone Pam in Vanuatu in 2015 won RNZI reporter Koroi Hawkins a silver medal at the prestigious New York Festival Radio Awards in 2016.
RNZI broadcasts in digital and analogue short wave to radio stations and individual listeners across the Pacific region.
Around twenty Pacific radio stations relay RNZI material daily, and individual short-wave listeners and internet users across the world tune in directly to RNZI content.
The RNZI signal can sometimes be heard as far away as Japan, North America, the Middle East and Europe. RNZI also provides rich content for online users through our website
How to listen to RNZI
Walter Zweifel, RNZI News Editor +644 474 1432
walter.zweifel@radionz.co.nz
Adrian Sainsbury, RNZI Technical Manager, +644 474 1430 adrian.sainsbury@radionz.co.nz
This entry was posted in Broadcasters, International Broadcasting, News, Shortwave Radio, What's On Shortwave and tagged Fiji, London Shortwave, New Caledonia, Pacific Isands, Radio New Zealand, Radio New Zealand International, Vanuatu, Why Shortwave on February 1, 2017 by Thomas.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Pink Panther 2 is the sequel to the 2006 remake of the beloved 1960s Pink Panther movie. It reintroduces an array of well-known characters and familiar slapstick comedy routines that featured in the first remake. The bungling French detective Inspector Clouseau (Steve Martin) is reinstated to the status of crime-solver extraordinaire by his boss, Inspector Dreyfus (Kevin Kline). But the seemingly charitable move is actually a ploy for Inspector Dreyfus to further his own career. He intends to swoop in and save the day after Inspector Clouseau botches the case.
Clouseau has been given the task of solving the high-profile murder of a famous soccer coach and recovering the missing Pink Panther diamond stolen from his grieving and beautiful fiance, Xania (Beyonce Knowles). As expected, Inspector Clouseau has several mishaps and adventures along the way, which hamper his crime-solving attempts. Fortunately, the hapless detective has the support of his loyal sidekick Ponton (Jean Reno) and adoring secretary Nicole (Emily Mortimer). They help him through a myriad of fumbles, misinterpretations and mispronunciations.
This movie contains frequent slapstick violence and accidental harm, some of which may be imitated by children. The violence includes people being hit, dragged behind cars, falling downstairs and running into things. There is no acknowledgement of the consequences or impact of the violence. Examples of more serious violence include the following:
A famous soccer coach is killed by a poisoned dart.
One of the characters is shot in the head and killed.
Xania holds Nicole hostage with a gun.
Inspector Clouseau is shot by Xania.
Children attack Inspector Clouseau, and he responds by holding them over a balcony.
Armed police use force.
Content that may disturb children
In addition to the violent scenes and scary visual images mentioned above, there are some scenes in this movie that could scare or disturb children under eight. For example:
Ponton is distressed about his separation from his wife and family.
Inspector Clouseau falls from a building.
Ponton's children inflict violence on Inspector Clouseau and cause property damage. Clouseau responds by holding the children over a balcony.
There are images of dead people in the movie, although they are not shown dying.
Clouseau receives an electric shock.
Fire engulfs a building.
From 8-13
Most children in this age group are unlikely to be disturbed by anything in this movie.
Children in this age group are unlikely to be disturbed by anything in this movie.
Sexual references
This movie contains a high level of sexual innuendo, female objectification and sexualised talk and imagery. For example:
Several times characters discuss 'sexy women' using descriptive language such as, 'cleavage', 'bending over', 'undulating thighs' and 'making babies with a woman all day long'.
There is a scene where innocent behaviour is misconstrued as a sexual act.
One of the characters takes a sexual enhancement pill.
Alcohol, drugs and other substances
There is some use of substances in this movie. For example, people drink wine over dinner.
Nudity and sexual activity
This movie contains some nudity and sexual activity. For example, a man squeezes a woman's buttocks, and there are women in low-cut and tight clothing.
The following products are displayed or used in this movie: Peugot, Radioshack, Landrover, Ebay and Smart car.
Coarse language
This movie contains some coarse language and name-calling.
Ideas to discuss with your children
Pink Panther 2 features a great array of Hollywood names, but fails to provide many genuine laughs for the audience. Very young children are likely to be disturbed by some scenes, but older children might enjoy the slapstick humour. The main message from this movie is that crime does not pay because the truth will be discovered in the end.
Values in this movie that you might wish to reinforce with your children include:
the importance of love and family
respect for others, even if they are different from you.
This movie could also give you the opportunity to discuss with your children the real-life consequences of:
damaging property
lying and deception
the violence seen in the film
saying denigrating things to people.
You could also discuss the portrayal of women in the film.
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Let's dig into the details of all seven key essentials to build a strong internet presence.
Having all of them in your website will be a great benefit for organization as a whole.
Next, you have to start your blog to turn the attention of potential customers towards your business. In the blog, you can not only put the description or updates of your business but also can engage with other website or blog owners. This will help you out in getting Backlinks which is an important part of SEO.
After the website, you have to make it establish and popular as much as you can. For this, it's important to make it enough visible. Social media is a trend now a days. To attach all the social media options such as Instagram, Google+, and Facebook in your home base. Also, make sure the profiles that you have created should be complete and professional. Otherwise, it will look unprofessional and thus will create a bad impression in the minds of your customers.
To make your website searchable and visible, it's important to optimize your pages. Incorporate long tail semantic search terms and various keywords that exactly what the customers are looking for. There are various keyword tools available online that would help you to find the most appropriate one. This tactic will help increase the chances of being discovered in the search engine.
As we know that having a website is not the end of the story. You must have to get indulge in other forums as well. You can even try a guest blog or comment, get engage with other expertise over there on different forums of your business interest.
Decide one thing; it may be YouTube, blogging or anything else that could help you to achieve your goals. Whatever it is, but being consistent is the key. Do it every day. Also, to attain certain credibility, always provide consistent value first to your accounts, no matter if it is Instagram or YouTube.
There are various growth tools available online that could help you to know if the efforts are paying off well. Keep an eye on the growth from day 1 and keep working accordingly until or unless you reach your goals. The tools will let you everything about the people visiting your website such as their location, browser or device they from where they accessed the site. Also, you will get to know their age as well. In addition to it, you can check the growth and engagement of people on social media by the number of subscribers, likes, comments, views etc. You will be able to make better decisions for your business, once you will get to know the main area or region from where you are getting huge engagement or traffic.
By now, you must have understood the importance of following these steps for the growth of your business. It is a time-consuming process. The results will not be in your side overnight. So, have patience, work endlessly, put all your efforts and get ready to be a brand!


Hi everybody welcome to the third module!Last week we talked about the definition of heritage and how this can sometimes invoke inequality. This week we will discuss the role of communities and the impact of heritage ownership. Please watch the video's we have prepared for you first and then proceed with the quizz and case study!Have fun!
the material heritage that comes from that.
And they can do that in very creative ways.
For example, I visited an exhibition not too long ago at the Galata Museo del Mare.
That's a maritime museum in Genova in Italy.
And they're a very, very nice museum.
And there's an exhibition, a permanent exhibition, on immigration.
to Argentina, to Brazil, etc.
So they have a very nice exhibition about that.
You go into the exhibition rooms, you become an immigrant yourself.
but you pass through all of the instances.
You kind of experience immigration yourself.
And it's fun, but it's also emotional.
South America back to their families in Italy.
So it's all very nice, really.
part of that exhibition, which is about immigration to Italy today.
the Middle East, into Sicily, Lampedusa, the south of Italy.
come out of this history of immigration that is in the past.
It's all very fun, and nice, and interesting.
And then the museum tell yous, wait a minute, this is happening today.
We Italians immigrated to other parts of the world.
Now there are people from other parts of the world who need to come to Italy.
How do you stand in this situation?
discussing, telling, talking to the public about this.
also the painful present, is addressed in a museum setting.


1 Death of Choking On A Giant Frog: GREETINGS, MORTALS. I AM DEATH OF CHOKING ON A GIANT FROG.
2 Jamie: Ah, I don't suppose you could help me find the detonator for this dynamite?
3 Jamie: Aha, here it is!
4 Death of Choking On A Giant Frog: DARN.
Sputtering fuses have so much more romance than simple blasting cap detonators, but they're hard to do in LEGO.
Last Modified: Thursday, 30 September 2010; 03:11:01 PST.


The 8th International Conference on the MCH (Maternity and Child Health) Handbook was held from October 22 to 25, in Nairobi, Kenya, under the initiative of Prof. Miriam K. Were, laureate of the first Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize. This is the first time that the conference is being hosted in Africa.
Those engaged in medical science and healthcare in 25 countries, mainly in Africa, participated in the Conference, which upheld the motto of "Tunza Jamii, Tunza Taifa,", which means "Care for the Family, Care for the Nation" in Kiswahili. With large support from the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation of Kenya, which is the country in which the Conference venue was located, discussion was held under the theme of the utilization of the maternal and child health (MCH) handbook to accelerate the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (*Note) Target 4: Reduce child mortality rate and Target 5: Improve of maternal health. Events commemorating the fourth anniversary of the Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize were also held. On the final day, there was a declaration of "Call for Action" by African participant countries for action in the future.
The MCH handbook, which allows for comprehensive management throughout the period of pregnancy, delivery and child-rearing, was invented in Japan. Prof. Were is engaged in activities to disseminate the MCH handbook in Africa, since she encountered it in Japan in 2009, the year following her receiving of the Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize.
Please refer to the article on Prof. Were's visit to Japan on the website of the Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize for the story about how she came to know about the maternal and child health handbook in Japan.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): These are the goals common to the international community in the area of development. They were compiled based on the UN Millennium Declaration adopted at the UN Millennium Summit held in New York in September 2000. MDGs include eight different goals, including the ending of extreme poverty and hunger, by 2015.
On the first day of the Conference (October 22), an opening ceremony was held, attended by the Minister of Public Health and Sanitation of Kenya, Ms. Beth Mugo. After the addresses by Chairperson prof. Yasuhide Nakamura (Osaka University) and Professor Kiyoshi Kurokawa (Chair of the Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize Committee), Mr. Yamada, Charge d'affaires of Japan to Kenya, gave a lecture by using his own copy of the MCH handbook, which attracted great interest from the audience.
In the afternoon, a session to share the experiences of countries already using the MCH handbook was held. With Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) taking the lead, eight countries, namely Indonesia, Palestine, Morocco, Bangladesh, Thailand, Laos, The Netherlands and Kenya, made presentations.
On the second day of the Conference (October 23), countries were divided into six different groups according to the region in Africa (countries other than those in Africa were allocated to each group to serve a supporting role). Toward the achievement of MDGs 4 and 5, a framework utilizing the MCH handbook was prepared. In the afternoon, each group made presentations on the results of discussion.
In the evening, there was a special session and reception commemorating the fourth anniversary of the Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize. In the special session, Japan made a presentation on the history of the Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize and the activities of the laureates after receiving the prize. Prof. Were expressed respect to the attainments of Dr. Noguchi, who overcame adversity, and gratitude to Japan for establishing an award named after him for Africa, and explained that she will aim to realize a healthy continent (Africa) while cooperating with relevant parties in Japan. It was confirmed anew that not only was the relationship between the relevant parties of both Japan and Kenya reinforced, but they are also encouraging one another.
On the third day of the Conference (October 24), about 70 participants in and out of Kenya were divided into five groups and observed medical facilities in Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, which actually utilize MCH handbooks. In Nairobi, almost all expectant and nursing mothers use MCH handbooks. It is widely understood that the handbooks should always be brought when visiting doctors, and there were also various improvement measures taken by each facility. Participants were actively questioning the staff of the facility and visiting mothers. Participants from Kenya did not participate in the observation but were formulating a strategy for the effective use of the MCH handbook (training, education activities, support for implementing policies, etc.).
In the afternoon, after the debriefing session of the morning activities, a panel discussion was held under the cooperation between the public and private sectors. The panel included a representative of the Kenya Healthcare Federation, which is a healthcare business consortium in Kenya, the Chair of the Christian Health Association of Kenya, a representative of the Partnership of Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (PMNCH) of WHO, and Dr. Were.
On the fourth and final day (October 25),based on the achievements of the four-day conference, African participant countries declared a "Call for Action" for action in the future. In the closing ceremony, there was a chorus of the children of Good Shepherd AGC and a performance of Maasai people by community health workers in Magadi, who were invited by Dr. Were. After acknowledgement remarks from the Nairobi Call for Action, from Asia (represented by Indonesia) and Africa (represented by South Sudan), Chairman Nakamura made closing remarks, and Dr. Sharif, Director of the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation of Kenya, delivered closing address.
African countries other than Kenya showed strong interests in the MCH handbook, and countries wherein the handbook is already diffused and countries considering the introduction shared their experiences, encouraging each other. Under the initiative of Prof. Were and the Government of Kenya, the Conference ended successfully.As seen by the fact that many African countries showed willingness to become as the venue for the next International Conference on the MCH Handbook, positive responses from all participants and the participants' determination on activities to diffuse the MCH handbook were felt largely.
Commemorating Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, who was born in Fukushima and made achievements worldwide, the memorial stamp of the second Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize will be released (scheduled to be on sale on May 31, 2013).
Following the memorial stamp was issued commemorating the first Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize in 2008, it was decided that a memorial stamp will be issued for the second award of prize in 2013.
With a wish to encourage Fukushima, which was stricken by the earthquake and tsunami, by issuing a memorial stamp of a prize named after Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, who is a hero of Fukushima, it was decided that the stamp will be issued by Japan Post Co., Ltd.
This is an issuance of a memorial stamp of great significance and preciousness. We wish for the issuance of this memorial stamp of the second Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize to be a valuable opportunity to call attention to Fukushima, where is the homeland of Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, and at the same time are determined to concentrate our efforts so as to make the second Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize an even more wonderful prize.
The stamp will be on sale from May 31, 2013, in post offices throughout Japan. We will occasionally update further details on our websites and newsletters.
The award ceremony of the second Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize will be held at the timing of the holding of the Fifth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD V) in June 2013. The logotype for the TICAD V was decided officially.
The logotype that is being used from the first TICAD is placed in the center. The shape of a V, representing the number five, that widens toward the top expresses the sustainable development and the potential of collaboration among the relevant parties engaged in the development of Africa. In addition, words such as "vibrant," "vigorous" and "vitality" can be imagined from the letter V. The three colors of red, green and yellow that are also used in the flags of many African countries respectively represent solidarity, agriculture/forests, and fertile land.
In 1896, a boy from a small village in Inawashiro, Fukushima, went to Tokyo. He later made great achievements throughout the world, such as in China, the U.S., Europe, South America and Africa. Behind his enthusiasm was support from his teacher and friends with whom he maintained communication throughout his life.
It seems that Dr. Noguchi was an attractive person with his remarkable intelligence and honest and frank personality. He had an amazing memory, able to immediately memorize a word by seeing it in a dictionary only once, and had had the skill of mastering several languages. Dr. Noguchi was also gifted with literary talents. When he returned to Japan after 15 years, he made calligraphy pieces in brush when asked that matched the characteristics of the requester. He also left more than 100 calligraphy pieces made with a writing brush.
Dr. Morinosuke Chiwaki (Director of Takayama Dental School, the current Tokyo Dental College, and established the basis for dental medicine in Japan), who looked after Dr. Noguchi after he went to Tokyo, forgave the naughtiness of Noguchi, which may usually have not been tolerated. He knew that Noguchi was a person with great potential. From his remaining letters, it can be read that Dr. Noguchi improved his character every day, and became a gentleman two to three years after having gone to the U.S. It was also lucky for Dr. Noguchi that he met persons of integrity such as Dr. Flexner of the Rockefeller Institute and Dr. Madsen of the Danish National Serum Institute.
"What I try every day is to become a man. I regard that studying comes next." This is a phrase Dr. Noguchi wrote in a letter. For him, it was more important to become a decent man than to acquire knowledge. It carries a lot of weight because these are the words of Dr. Noguchi, who was extremely intelligent and who engaged in academic pursuits.
Those who became acquainted closely with him were all lifetime friends of his. They were all so fond of him and almost enchanted by him, unable to help themselves becoming strongly involved in his life. Dr. Noguchi attracted many people, and being supported by the great love of people around him, became a bacteriologist acting throughout the world.
Photo of Dr. Noguchi before going to the U.S. again, with his teachers on the deck of Sado-maru.
From left to right, Dr. Kanae Watanabe, Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Dr. Saburo Ishizuka, Dr. Morinosuke Chiwaki, Mr. Sakae Kobayashi.
This story is based on Mr. Yasuo Yago's interview. He is the director of Hideyo Noguchi Memorial Hall and grandson of Mr. Yasuhei Yago, Dr. Noguchi's best friend. He told us interesting episodes which have never been shown in biography. If you are interested in Dr. Hideyo Noguchi's life, please visit our website.


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Movies & Movie Reviews
Film Review: Mission: Impossible - Rogue Nation
Written by: Jason Wheeler, Film Frenzy Senior Writer & Editor.
In July 2015, Christopher McQuarrie released the fifth installment in the Mission: Impossible series, titled Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation, based on the television series of the same name. Starring Tom Cruise, Jeremy Renner, Simon Pegg, Rebecca Ferguson, Ving Rhames, Sean Harris, Alec Baldwin, Jens Hulten, Simon McBurney and America Olivo, the film has grossed $379.7 million at the box office as of August 19. There has also been a sixth greenlit sequel, which Cruise said he would return for which was confirmed by Paramount.
Following the disastrous events of Ghost Protocol, CIA director Alan Hunley convinces the United States Senate that the IMF is a public threat and forces them to disband. In the field, Ethan Hunt must go rogue and shake the CIA while proving the existence of an organization of assassins and criminals known as The Syndicate.
A well-made film, Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation is a great addition into the franchise and very good as a sequel. The film, staying true its name, contains some impossibly crazy plots employed by both Hunt's side and The Syndicate, colliding into a cohesive and well-done action film. And part of what makes them crazy is that it shows how Lane and Ethan aren't so different in preparing complicated plans that center on them knowing the other will do just what's expected. For the former, he decides to keep Ethan alive following his witness of the murdering of an IMF agent because he's done his homework and knows that Ethan will make it personal. And doing so will allow Lane to manipulate him into doing anything he wants him to do. Lane expects Ethan to make things personal because he's been following him and knows about the events of the third film where Ethan's protégé, who was disguised as his wife, was killed in front of him, causing Ethan to come out of retirement and exact revenge.
As for Ethan, he's well aware that Lane will want the funds in the data drive that he won't risk losing it when Ethan shows him that only he can give him access due to him wiping it all. Ethan knows Lane really wants him and the money, which allows Ethan to manipulate and set a trap for Lane.
Said trap is also worth noting as it's a long foot chase through the streets of London where Lane is convinced he's just trying to kill Ethan and instead, Ethan is luring him into a bulletproof cell where he's gassed and turned over to the police. But what's more is that Lane is the first major villain in the series to be taken in alive. And the way the film portrays how Lane feels about his capture is near perfect: him continually shooting the bulletproof glass, convinced he can get through while the main theme blares away on trumpets triumphantly.
But in playing out all these plots, there's quite a bit of impressive stunt work combined with practical effects. With it being so well known that Cruise does his own stunts, seeing all the things that Ethan does attests to how seriously the man takes his work. And all this is seen in the very first scene of the film where Ethan is holding onto the door of a military airplane commencing takeoff. However, that's not CGI at all and Cruise was really clinging to the side of a plane as it took off, with the only computer generated effects being the digital removal of a harness he was strapped into. What's more is that it was the beginning of the film, which set the tone for just what kind of action and impressive work that would be following for the rest of the film. A notable example is the scene where Ethan is making it so that Benji can bypass security measures and has to hold his breath underwater. Said sequence is an unbroken six minutes where Cruise actually did hold his breath for all of it. It's quite possible that the man isn't human.
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4 stars for Mission: Impossible - Rogue Nation
the postings on this site are my own and don't necessarily represent WNI's positions, strategies or opinion
Movie Reviews & Recommendations
Movie Review: "Burn Your Maps"
by Bryan Ouellette3
11 Thrilling Movies Like Now You See Me That Everyone Must Watch
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11 Amazing Movies Like The Imitation Game: Troubled Minds


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Joel Madden Bio, Wiki, Net Worth, Height, Age, Married, Wife & Children
Quick Facts of Joel Rueben Combs
Full NameJoel Rueben Combs
Net Worth$16 Million
NicknameJoel Madden
Birthplace Waldorf, Maryland, USA
Ethnicity English, and Irish
ReligionChristian
ProfessionMusician, Singer, Songwriter, Guitarist
Active Year1995–present
Eye colourDark Brown
Hair colourBrown
BuildMesomorph
SpouseNicole Richie (M. 2010)
Height5 feet 9inches (1.75 m)
Body MeasurementMuscular
EducationLa Plata High School
Online PresenceInstagram (596k followers), Twitter (870K followers)
Children2 - Harlow Winter Kate Madden (born January 11, 2008); Sparrow James Midnight Madden (born September 9, 2009)
HoroscopePisces
Joel Madden is the lead vocalist for the American pop punk band, Good Charlotte, as well as a record producer, actor, DJ, and UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador who is best known for such musical hits, Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous and The Young & the Hopeless. Moreover, he is also part of the pop-rock collaboration of The Madden Brothers with his twin brother, Benji Madden.
Joel has maintained a lucrative amount of net worth and earns an impressive salary from his successful profession. Besides, he got married with the American television personality, Nicole Richie with whom he shares two lovely children who include a daughter, Harlow Winter Kate Madden, and a son, Sparrow James Midnight Madden. Read more to know more.
Who is Joel Rueben Combs? His Bio & Wiki
Joel Madden is one of the greatest musical artists with a melody voice in the field of music. In 2012, Joel became a judge on The Voice Australia and co-founded the band with his identical twin brother, Benji in 1995. Furthermore, Good Charlotte has a cameo in the 2001 comedy movie, Not Another Teen Movie, along with the famous American actor, Chris Evans.
#10yearchallenge
A post shared by Joel Madden (@joelmadden) on Jan 15, 2019 at 4:56pm PST
Joel Madden was born as Joel Rueben Combs on 11th March 1979, in Waldorf, Maryland, USA. Moreover, Joel is an American by his nationality and belongs to English, and Irish ethnicity. He was raised and grew up along with his older brother, Joshua, Sarah and twin brother, Benji by his parents, Robin Madden and Roger Combs. Concerning about Joel's education, Madden attended La Plata High School.
Also Read: Kurt Iswarienko Age, Wiki, Wedding, Height, Net Worth & Birthday
Inside of Joel Madden's Career
Talking about Joel Madden's profession, Joel started his career at the age of 16 along with his brother, Benji. They founded their own band, Good Charlotte in 1995. Moreover, the band was short-lived and the Joel eventually recruited fellow high schoolers, Aaron Escolopio, Billy Martin and Paul Thomas. They had taken the name, Good Charlotte from the children's book, Good Charlotte: Girls of the Good Day Orphanage by Carol Beach York, an author of juvenile novels.
Happy Birthday to my partner and best friend @benjaminmadden We've been to hell and back and landed on our feet because of you and our wives. All my better halves. I would not be a husband or father if you didn't push me to be the better version of myself. You lead quiet and by example. I'm blessed to follow my brother❤🙏🏼
A post shared by Joel Madden (@joelmadden) on Mar 11, 2019 at 10:55am PDT
Furthermore, Joel is now in a pop-rock duo, The Madden Brothers with his twin, Benji. Moreover, they released their 1st record, Greetings from California on September 16, 2014. Next, their album, Greetings from California comes from a conversation that the brothers had over breakfast one morning where they were reminiscing over how far they had come since the days of making music in their bedrooms. Later, in 2015, Joel starred as a guest in the American TV series, Empire.
How much is Joel Madden's Salary & Net Worth?
Joel Madden has an estimated net worth of $16 Million as of 2019. Moreover, he has earned a lucrative amount of earnings from his successful profession. However, the actual earnings haven't disclosed yet. But, we can assume that Joel earns an average earning of an American singer of $39,888 per year in the United States. Besides, his brother, Benji has the same amount of net worth of $16 Million as of 2019. Further, Joel's earnings are listed below;
2000 Estimated earnings from the album Good Charlotte with the Good Charlotte band (certified gold by RIAA and silver by BPI) $560,000
2002 Estimated earnings from the album The Young and the Hopeless with the Good Charlotte band (certified 3x platinum by RIAA, 2x platinum by Music Canada, and platinum by ARIA and BPI) $3,570,000
Estimated earnings from the album The Chronicles of Life and Death with the Good Charlotte band (certified platinum by RIAA and ARIA, and gold by BPI)
2007 Estimated earnings from the album Good Morning Revival with the Good Charlotte band (certified platinum by ARIA, gold by Music Canada, and silver by BPI) $190,000
Estimated earnings from the album Cardiology with the Good Charlotte band (certified gold by ARIA)
Furthermore, Joel and his wife, Nicole listed their Los Angeles CA house at $3,495,000. Moreover, the house based on 6,300 square feet which consist of 5 bedrooms, 4 full and 1 half bathroom. Back in May 2009, Joel bought the bizarrely mansard-roofed and shingle-sided hunting house for $1,912,000.
Joel Madden and his wife, Nicole Richie Listed their Laurel Canyon Mini-Compound House.
Moreover, Joel and his wife, Nicole purchased a house in Beverly Hills, California at $6.7 Million. Besides, the house captures 5,515 square feet with four bedrooms, four bathrooms, and three fireplaces plus an attached two-car garage, a backyard swimming pool, and a sports court.
Read More: Jill Talley Bio, Net Worth, Height, Age, Married, Spouse & Children
Who is Joel Madden's Wife? His Marriage & Children
Coming up to Joel Madden's personal life, Joel is a 40 years old married man. Furthermore, he started dating Nicole Richie, an American television personality. The duo is together since December 2006. Moreover, they also share a beautiful daughter, Harlow Winter Kate Madden (born on January 11, 2008) and a handsome son, Sparrow James Midnight Madden (born on September 9, 2009). Further, the couple confirmed their engagement in February 2010 and married on December 11, 2010.
Prior to Joel's marriage, Madden dated the American actress, Hilary Duff in July 2004. After a long period of tabloid consideration, Duff's mother, Susan announced their relationship in a June 2005 interview for Seventeen magazine. Later, in November 2006, Madden and Duff broke up because of misunderstandings between them.
2019 😍
A post shared by Joel Madden (@joelmadden) on Jan 5, 2019 at 5:27pm PST
Besides, Joel has not yet linked in any extra-marital relationship affair with any woman as presented. Further, he hasn't faced any controversies and rumors regarding his personal life and career. Hence, Joel is living a happy married life with his wife and children without any delays.
EmpireGood CharlotteGood Charlotte: Girls of the Good Day OrphanageGreetings from CaliforniaThe Madden Brothers
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The graduates of the Ist stage of Human Resources and Personnel Management study program can competently carry out HR activities in manufacturing enterprises and organizations, they can ensure the fulfilment of their staff and payroll agenda. Acquired knowledge enable them to independently create and implement projects and propose troubleshooting of problems related to providing organizations with required work force.
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What are the symptoms of STDs or STIs?
What causes STDs or STIs?
What are some types of and treatments for STDs or STIs?
Why are STDs and STIs of particular concern for pregnant women?
How do health care providers diagnose a STD or STI?
Is there a cure for STDs and STIs?
What are the treatments for STDs and STIs?
STDs, also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are typically caused by bacteria or viruses and are passed from person to person during sexual contact with the penis, vagina, anus, or mouth. The symptoms of STDs/STIs vary between individuals, depending on the cause, and many people may not experience symptoms at all.
Many STDs/STIs have significant health consequences. For instance, certain STIs can also increase the risk of getting and transmitting HIV/AIDS and alter the way the disease progresses. STIs can also cause long-term health problems, particularly in women and infants. Some of the health problems that arise from STIs include pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, tubal or ectopic pregnancy, cervical cancer, and perinatal or congenital infections in infants.
NICHD's research also focuses on understanding sexual risk-taking behaviors that increase the likelihood of individuals contracting STIs, on developing more effective educational interventions to prevent STIs, and on defining the consequences and optimal treatments for STIs, especially in pregnant women.
About Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
STDs/STIs are illnesses that pass from person to person during sexual intercourse, oral sex, or certain types of sex play. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites.
What are the symptoms of STDs/STIs?
People with STDs/STIs may feel ill and notice symptoms, such as sores or warts or painful urination. Or, they may not have any symptoms at all.
What causes STDs/STIs?
The major causes of STDs/STIs are bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Any STI can be spread through sexual intercourse, and some STIs also are spread through other sexual activity.
Why are these infections of concern for pregnant women?
Some infections can pass to the fetus during pregnancy or to the infant during delivery, causing short- and long-term health problems. Treatments can reduce or prevent transmission.
What are some types of STDs/STIs?
Approximately 20 different infections, including chlamydia, HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis, and Zika, are known to be transmitted through sexual contact. Treatments vary depending on the infection.
How are STDs/STIs diagnosed?
Health care providers use a variety of methods, such as physical exams, tests of sores or fluids, Pap smear tests, and blood tests, to diagnose STDs/STIs.
Is there a cure for these infections?
Viral STDs/STIs, such as HIV, genital herpes, hepatitis, and cytomegalovirus, cannot be cured. Some STDs/STIs caused by bacteria or parasites can be cured.
What are the treatments for these infections?
Treatments for STDs/STIs can help minimize or eliminate symptoms and reduce the risk of transmission.
Research
NICHD Research Information
NICHD conducts and supports research on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
NICHD Research Goals
Activities and Advances
Scientific Articles
Find a Study on Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
NICHD conducts and supports a variety of clinical research projects related to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
More Information
Find answers to other common questions about STDs/STIs, such as how to avoid getting an STD/STI, what are the links between STIs and infertility, and whether STIs can lead to cancer.
Links to websites of groups that study or provide information about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
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