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Your location search found the following 13 hotels in Fife. There are many hotels in Fife to choose from, but which hotel in Fife will suit you?


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Cancer Stem Cell News 2.23 June 12, 2013
Multifaceted Oncolytic Virus Therapy for Glioblastoma in an Immunocompetent Cancer Stem Cell Model
Scientists describe a murine glioblastoma stem cell model that recapitulates tumor heterogeneity, invasiveness, vascularity, and immunosuppressive microenvironment in syngeneic immunocompetent mice and should prove useful for a range of therapeutic studies. Using this model, they tested a genetically engineered oncolytic herpes simplex virus that is armed with an immunomodulatory cytokine, interleukin 12. [Proc Natl Acad Sci USA] Abstract
Targeting Treatment Resistant Breast Cancer Stem Cells with FKBPL and Its Peptide Derivative, AD-01, via the CD44 Pathway
FKBPL and its peptide derivative, AD-01, have already demonstrated tumor growth inhibition and CD44 dependent anti-angiogenic activity. Investigators explored the ability of AD-01 to target CD44 positive breast cancer stem cells. [Clin Cancer Res] Abstract
miR-27a Regulates Endothelial Differentiation of Breast Cancer Stem Like Cells
Researchers showed that vascular endothelial growth factor induced the expression of endothelial markers in breast cancer stem like cells. [Oncogene] Abstract
Downregulation of miR-140 Promotes Cancer Stem Cell Formation in Basal-Like Early Stage Breast Cancer
Investigators found that microRNA (miR)-140 has a critical role in regulating stem cell signaling in normal breast epithelium and in ductal carcinoma in situ. [Oncogene] Abstract
MicroRNA-128 Coordinately Targets Polycomb Repressor Complexes in Glioma Stem Cells
Researchers used a set of glioblastoma patient samples, glioma stem cells, and neural stem cells from a mouse model of glioblastoma. They characterized gene/protein expression and cellular phenotypes by quantitative PCR/Western blotting and clonogenic, cell-cycle, and DNA damage assays. They performed overexpression/knockdown studies by lentiviral infection and microRNA/small interfering RNA oligonucleotide transfection. [Neuro Oncol] Abstract
Brain Tumor Stem Cell Multipotency Correlates with Nanog Expression and Extent of Passaging in Human Glioblastoma Xenografts
The authors present a study detailing changes in brain tumor stem cell multipotency, invasive migration, and proliferation after serial passaging of human glioblastoma multiforme xenografts. [Oncotarget] Full Article
Non-Hematopoietic Cells Represent a More Rational Target of In Vivo Hedgehog Signaling Affecting Normal or Acute Myeloid Leukemic Progenitors
Recent work has shown that leukemic stem cell self-renewal in chronic myeloid leukemia is dependent on cell-intrinsic hedgehog (Hh) signaling, and early clinical trials suggest targeting this pathway is also therapeutic in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Researchers aimed to better understand Hh signaling in normal hematopoiesis and AML by molecularly and functionally analyzing over 200 primary human AML patient samples compared to non-leukemic controls. [Exp Hematol] Abstract
Establishment of a Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Line P6C with Stem Cell Properties and Resistance to Chemotherapeutic Drugs
Scientists established a CD44+ colorectal cancer stem cell line with particular emphasis on its self-renewal capacity, enhanced tumor initiation and drug resistance. [Acta Pharmacol Sin] Full Article
Assessment of Genetic Markers and Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells in Activation of Dendritic Cells
The authors aimed to determine the role of tailored cellular therapy for glioblastoma (GBM) with a poor prognosis and to compare the activity of dendritic cells that have encountered GBM cells. Detecting the correlations between methylation and expression of MGMT and PTEN genes and GBM cancer stem cells markers after co-cultures with a mononuclear cell cocktail were also aims for this study. [Hum Cell] Abstract
HER2 and Breast Cancer Stem Cells: More than Meets the Eye
The development of HER2 targeting agents has dramatically altered the natural history of HER2-positive breast cancer and is often cited as a prime example of the effectiveness of molecularly targeted therapy. Emerging data suggest that the remarkable clinical efficacy of these agents may be related to their ability to target the breast cancer stem cell (CSC) population. In addition to having significant implications for breast cancer therapy, these studies suggest the need to reevaluate the role of HER2 in regulating CSCs in other tumor types. [Cancer Res] Abstract
HIF Expression and the Role of Hypoxic Microenvironments within Primary Tumors as Protective Sites Driving Cancer Stem Cell Renewal and Metastatic Progression
This article reviews the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor hypoxia and their pro-tumor contributions such as immune suppression, development of nascent and more permeable tumor vasculature, selective cancer stem cell renewal, accumulation, mobilization and promotion of epithelial to mesenchymal transition leading to tumor cell metastasis. [Carcinogenesis] Abstract
Stemline Therapeutics' SL-401 Receives Orphan Drug Designation for the Treatment of Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm (BPDCN)
Stemline Therapeutics, Inc. announced that SL-401 has received Orphan Drug designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of BPDCN, a rare and aggressive hematologic malignancy for which there is no effective treatment. SL-401 is a novel targeted therapy directed to the interleukin-3 receptor present on tumor bulk and cancer stem cells of multiple hematologic cancer indications. [Stemline Therapeutics, Inc.] Press Release
ImmunoCellular Therapeutics Announces Recommendation of Data Monitoring Committee to Continue ICT-107 Phase II Trial following Interim Analysis
ImmunoCellular Therapeutics, Ltd. announced that the Data Monitoring Committee has completed a pre-specified interim analysis of the ICT-107 phase II clinical trial in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma and recommended that the company continue the trial to completion. The ICT-107 phase II trial is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of ICT-107, a 6-antigen dendritic cell vaccine targeting glioblastoma tumor and cancer stem cell antigens, as a potential treatment for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. [ImmunoCellular Therapeutics, Ltd.] Press Release
Cancer Stem Cell News is giving away a free registration for the MSC 2013 – Adult Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine in Cleveland! Gain a diverse, global perspective on regenerative medicine and adult stem cell therapy. Click here to enter.
From our sponsor: Learn about assays for cord blood. Download the free technical bulletin.
NEW European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Conference: Cancer Genomics
NEW Director of Cell Processing Facility (S L Collins Associates, Inc.)
Postdoctoral Fellow – Cancer Biology and Stem Cell (University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston)
Postdoctoral Position – Breast Cancer/Stem Cell Biology (University of Cincinnati College of Medicine)
Postdoctoral Associate – Salivary Gland Cancers (Yale School of Medicine)
Postdoctoral Fellow – Stem Cells and Cancer (Tsinghua University)
Postdoctoral Fellow – Stem Cell and Cancer Biology (Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine)
Postdoctoral Fellow – Stem Cells and Cancer (Albert Einstein College of Medicine)
PhD Studentship Opportunity – Tumor-Initiating Melanoma Cells (University of East Anglia)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


An evening talk in the church of St. Mary, Burnham Deepdale, with slides and poems by Sally Festing and Carl Suter on his lute.
Sally's poems will be available.
Font - Celebrating the Burnhams - An evening talk in the church of St. Mary, Burnham Deepdale, with slides and poems by Sally Festing and Carl Suter on his lute.


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Q: Microsoft Bot Framework Composer Teams package Send task module How do you use the Send task module Teams options? Should invoking open a new Teams Task module? Can I have an intent directly open a task module?

I have setup the following task, but nothing happens in Teams when this response is triggered. Should a Teams task message appear?

https://github.com/microsoft/botframework-components/tree/main/packages/Teams/dotnet

A: The following page details how the Teams task module message responses work.
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoftteams/platform/task-modules-and-cards/task-modules/task-modules-bots

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The distance between Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada and Limassol, Cyprus is approximately 9,413 km or 5,850 mi.
To reach Winnipeg, Manitoba in this distance one would set out from Limassol bearing 330.4° or NNW and follow the great circles arc to approach Winnipeg, Manitoba bearing 219.1° or SW .
Winnipeg, Manitoba has a warm summer continental/ hemiboreal climate with no dry season (Dfb) whereas Limassol has a Mediterranean hot climate (Csa).
Winnipeg, Manitoba is in or near the cool temperate steppe biome whereas Limassol is in or near the subtropical thorn woodland biome.
The annual mean temperature is 16.6 °C (30°F) cooler.
Total annual precipitation averages 47.6 mm (1.9 in) more which is equivalent to 47.6 l/m² (1.17 US gal/ft²) or 476,000 l/ha (50,888 US gal/ac) more. About 1 1/9 as much.
There are 1118 fewer hours of sunlight per year in Winnipeg, Manitoba. In whichever way circa 3h 03' less per day or about 2/3 as many.
The altitude of the sun at midday is overall 15.2° lower in Winnipeg, Manitoba than in Limassol.
The table shows values for Winnipeg, Manitoba relative to Limassol. You can also view this comparison the other way around from the perspective of Limassol vs Winnipeg, Manitoba.


I recently spent 4 fabulous days in the Crescent City – New Orleans LA – attending the annual International Franchise Association Conference. It was my first IFA event, and I had a blast. The city was winding up for Mardi Gras and was full of energy.
Current and future customers dropped by our booth to say hello, and ask questions about how we can help them, or what is next for SmarterU.
It was great to see InXpress, Metal Supermarkets and the CEOs of both Snipits and Spring Green among many others.
One of the unique things about this event is that the trade show area has restricted hours – closed during the sessions. Loved it! It was great to observe a sea of franchisors waiting to get in and start talking to exhibitors. It also allows the exhibitors to attend the sessions.
The sessions and roundtables were great learning opportunities for me. I came away with much more depth of understanding about the franchise industry and challenges. That's part of what SmarterU offers – we are deeply committed to working with the franchise industry in Canada and the US and understand their unique needs.
I'm already looking forward to next year's IFA conference!


Nick Diaz is without a doubt one of the worlds most talented fighters. He has fought every big name in his weight class, has never once in his career appeared to be outmatched. Questions regarding the Stockton California native have never been with regard to his ability. The Ceasar Gracie fighter has made headlines for both his amazing fighting skills, and also his strange behavior. Including his absence from press conferences, his involvement in a post fight brawl with Jason 'Mayhem' Miller during a nationally televised Jake Shields fight, the notorious incident in a Las Vegas emergency room where he and Joe Riggs had to be separated after punches were thrown, Post fight brawl with K J Noons's Father, then of course the two positive drug tests, for Marijuana metabolites.
to both control and to sell the fight.
Currently Nick is training full time with his younger brother Nate, who has a title fight coming up against Benson Henderson. Being the consummate teammate Diaz is always assisting Gilbert Melendez, Jake Shields, and his brother Nate prepare for their bouts. After toying with the idea of retiring following the Condit fight, Diaz again tested positive for a Marijuana. He was summarily suspended from competition until February of 2013. Once eligible, he will immediately become an instant contender for the title again. With St Pierre v Condit scheduled to happen in November the winner of that fight should be ready to go again around the time Diaz returns to action. Weather or not he deserves an immediate shot is debatable, however in a division that has no shortage of talent, Diaz should have no problem booking an exciting return fight.
Overeem looks to get conditional license.


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Published December 4th, 2003 | by Nik Huggins
Cinema Extreme: Extreme Cinema 5
Cinema Extreme propelled itself into the New Year last Saturday with another diverse smattering of directorial juvenilia. The Curzon Cinema in Soho was again awash with the usual journalistic types (and some fakers like me) and film school chancers, out to glean some insight into just how to make a dent in this industry and more importantly; how to turn that dent into a permanent mark.
This month the event was so well attended that it fully packed out the Curzon's larger auditorium (last months' barely packed the smaller of the two) and I was seemingly sandwiched between throngs of young would-be-filmmakers who all appeared to know each other, as if they were on a class day out. Their appetite for a healthy dose of quality short filmmaking was undoubtedly replenished following the dismal cinematic offerings witnessed on TV over the Christmas period.
And positively perky were the three films comprising this month's bill. Customarily well picked for their origin, quality and contrasting sensibilities, Denmark's Lars Von Trier, French filmmaker Patrice Leconte and our very own Hollywood stalwart Stephen Frears all had very interesting things to show and say in short.
Images of Relief, Lars Von Trier (1983)
Images of Relief (Befrielsesbilleder) was Lars Von Triers' Film School graduation short from 1983, and at little under an hour long it could almost qualify as a feature. Images of Relief takes place during the last days of World War 2. A German officer, staring defeat and death in the face within the claustrophobic and stifling atmosphere of an underground bunker regress's into childhood memories and ponders on his relationship with the wife that he has left at home. These scenes are interspersed with authentic newsreel footage of Danish collaboration on the streets of Copenhagen during the war. Von Trier, Dogme 95 exponent and director of Breaking the Waves and The Idiots, adapts a non-narrative framework awash with startling visuals to effectively replicate a succession of intimate memories. The opening shots of the underground bunker resemble a Sado-masochistic sex dungeon; the lighting is gaudy-red as the soldiers struggle to retain their sanity. This is contrasted with the calming open space of the forest in his memories. Fresh and wintry, here the officer confronts his adulterous wife amongst the trees and birdsong of his youth. Images of Relief is a daring and experimental endeavour. More for the imagery and staging than for the story, Von Triers' film has a complexity rarely witnessed in the short film. It is very reminiscent of the work of British director Derek Jarman in its style, structure and in the use of colloquial song, but it retains an idiosyncratically unsettling quality that has continued on into Von Triers' mature work.
Le Batteur De Bolero, Patrice Leconte (1992)
Le Batteur de Bolero is the quintessential short film from French, Oscar nominated director Patrice Leconte. It is brief, light and highly imaginative, taking a single idea and expanding upon it. The film opens as the camera moves across an orchestra, finally coming to rest upon the drummer in the back row as the classical piece "Bolero" cranks up. The camera remains stationery for the rest of the film, concentrating solely on the drummers' efforts to maintain the tempo of the music, whilst enduring the multiple distractions that he faces in the auditorium. This short is held together by a naturally funny central performance from French comedy actor Jacques Villeret, his expressions and pained commitment to the rhythm are highly amusing, and manage to turn some sight gags into a very impressive short film. The comedy element is derived solely from the drummers reactions displayed in his fully animated face.
The Burning, Stephen Frears (1968)
The guest speakers' own short film from 1968 preceded his witty questions and answers session. Frears' first proper foray into directing, The Burning, owes a lot in the uncomplicated manner of its style, and indeed in some respects its subject matter, to the work of his mentors. Frears early association with filmmakers such as Karel Reisz and Lindsay Anderson have clearly influenced this tale of racial tensions in post-colonial South Africa. A young boy, his grandmother and their black servants take a trip to visit relatives, only to discover when they arrive that the house is deserted and has been burgled by a group of Black South African militants, who subsequently return and burn the family car with the black chauffeur inside whilst the little boy looks on in horror. Frears' film is a mature work, cataloguing the unacceptable face of apartheid and oppression and its effects on peoples within the same community (for example the black South Africans are divided between "Kaffirs", the militants and those who serve the ruling white classes). Its socially motivated content, fully realised in the finale, is stirring but never overly melodramatic, and the entire piece is kept emotionally grounded throughout. The performances are expressive; the interplay between the little boy and his elderly grandmother is particularly well rendered. The Burning is an early indication that Frears' was to become a director who always has something relevant to say.
Stephen Frears Q and A
Stephen Frears is one of the UK's most enduring directors, who has tasted success on both sides of the Atlantic. He studied law at Cambridge University before working at the Royal Court theatre with members of the "British New Wave" such as Lindsay Anderson and Karel Reisz. His breakthrough movie My Beautiful Launderette centred on the homosexual love-affair between a Skinhead, street punk (a then unknown Daniel Day-Lewis) and a young Pakistani businessman. Billed as an attack on Margaret Thatcher's Britain, it was soon embraced by members of the right. Frears made successful forays into Hollywood with the Oscar nominated The Grifters and Dangerous Liasons. After some mixed success in the 1990's, where he turned his hand to the "Studio Picture" with disastrous results, Frears has delivered another bang up to date insight into modern Britain with Dirty Pretty Things, which takes the plight of asylum seekers in London as its subject matter.
He turned up after his impressive short, The Burning rounded things off to deliver an entertaining, cheeky and cantankerous insight into his career and his work:
Interviewer: What I'd first like to do is to ask Stephen a few Questions about his short film.
Stephen Frears: Can I just make a statement. I have only just discovered why you are all here. I thought you were here to see a screening of Dirty Pretty Things, I'm terribly sorry. Its nothing to do with me, I'm gob smacked.
Interviewer: You have heard of these Extreme Shorts mornings haven't you?
SF: Well I haven't come across this phrase Extreme Cinema before, its my own fault because I don't read e mails.
Interviewer: Well we saw this film of yours.
SF: High marks for endurance. I think I've got better.
Interviewer: Now when did you last see it?
SF: 1968 (the year it was produced). It was shot in 67 and I finished editing it in 68, and stopped looking at it in 68, and continued not looking at it ever since.
Interviewer:It's a shame because it really is a wonderful film, what inspired it?
SF: I can show you The Grifters (LAUGHS). It was a short story, and I must have read it and thought it was rather good and that it would make a rather good film, and I though that I should do something and try and have a go at making a film.
Interviewer: So what did you do then, did you actually approach the writer and get him to work on a script?
SF: I was at the time married to a woman that was working at Faber's the publisher and I can't remember the sequence of events but I guess we got the author to write a script. Then we raised money and made it.
Interviewer: How did you finance it?
SF: I put some money in myself and various other people gave me bits. You make a first film in order to get a job, to announce that you're a filmmaker, I guess I got work on the back of it and so therefore it was entirely successful. You set about making it in the way that you make any film, but I realise that the sources of funding are much more scarce nowadays.
Interviewer: What was the context in which you could make a short film in those days, there was the BFI, was there any other funding bodies?
SF: There was no real context, probably less than there is now, it was the usual smash and grab, you raise money you make a film.
Interviewer: How did you hire the actors in "The Burning"?
SF: Well the character of the old lady was an extremely distinguished South African and English actress, she played Juliet opposite Sir John Gielgud, she was a class act.
Interviewer: How did you get her to perform in your film then?
SF: She instinctively knew that I was a refined, mature… (LAUGHS). They were just around in London, the character of the Chauffeur was some kind of refugee in London, you just find them around. It emerged that I could make the film in Tangiers, and there was an ex-patriot community and so I found the child star of the film amongst them. Most interestingly when I went on the recce to Tangiers I flew back with Kenneth Williams!
Interviewer: What sort of exposure did the film get?
SF: it was a triumph, it played at the Curzon in Mayfair with "The Bride Wore Black", a film that Francois Truffaut made.
Interviewer: How did you assemble the crew for the film?
SF: Well there are always people around who are well disposed to making films. Eventually you discover that there are a whole group of people who are willing to work for very little money and make these kind of films, you really have to tap into the community, and I started to stumble into it. The cameraman was Australian and the sound recordist Christian Wangler I subsequently worked with a lot.
Interviewer: Where did your career lead after you made the film?
SF: On the strength of that I started to get more professional. I managed to get work with Yorkshire Television making children's films, it was a place where I could practice my work, so I was going up to Leeds all the time to produce half hour episodes. I did those for a year or so, and then I met a chap called Neville Smith and we wrote "Gumshoe" (Frears' first feature) and managed to make it into a film starring Albert Finney.
Interviewer: So within 4 years you had made your first feature film?
SF: I made a film before I was thirty, which is a major achievement but at the time it seemed like an enormous struggle.
Interviewer: And how did you finance that?
SF: well as soon as Albert Finney was on board, people queued up to finance it, in the end it was financed by Columbia Pictures.
Interviewer: Now you work at The National Film and Television School a lot between making films, and you're working with quite a lot of young directors making their first films. Do you see any parallels between the world you were in and the world that young filmmakers find themselves in today?
SF: Well right now its terrible, but you could say its better and worse. A lot of first films are getting made but not many second films, which seems to have its own particular cruelty. At a certain point I think people need protection, I was somehow very lucky I worked with Karel Reisz and Albert Finney and Lindsay Anderson and I became a sort of apprentice to them even before I had made this film and so I already had a gang of angels protecting me, and eventually I got to the BBC, which was like a nursery where you were protected. So really until I emerged at the end of the seventies I was in a very protected world, with remarkable, different values. So I was really protected for about 12 or 15 years. Then I discovered the horrors of capitalism.
Interviewer: With the arrival of Channel Four?
SF: No Channel Four was alright because it was made up of BBC people, then I made the fatal mistake of making a film that made money for Channel Four, whereupon everybody got over-excited.
Interviewer: And so Dangerous Liaisons was your first corporate film?
SF: Well My Beautiful Launderette turned out to be capitalist, it was of course about capitalism and it turned out to be a perfect Thatcherite specimen. Once you make money for people the game is up really.
Interviewer: And around about that time did you think that people began to see you differently because the French always viewed you as an Auteur. Do you think there is a distinction between the way Europeans see you work and the way Hollywood perceives your work?
SF: Well the values of the two places are completely different, but all I do is make films, and I try and do the same thing each time but people perceive each film in different ways. Its quite interesting trying to pick your way through, because when I am in Europe I tend to defend Hollywood and when I am in Hollywood I do… whatever!?
Interviewer: I Know you have a lot of scripts sent to you, what compels you to choose a certain script over another?
SF: Whether I like it or not. You simply think that's great, or people would like to see that, or I would like to go to the cinema to see that, that's all. Nobody ever believes me.
Interviewer: Can you tell us what you're planning to do next?
SF: No, because I am trying to set up the next thing I am going to do and I am very superstitious about mucking it up. But I would like to do something for television over here, and then a film with enormous stars!
Interviewer: But you said you would never go back to Hollywood again.
SF: I never said that, there are no rules in this business and there is no need to take a position on anything. I'm sorry am I saying the wrong things?
Interviewer: What advice can you give young filmmakers about how to proceed?
SF: I wouldn't presume to give anyone advice. It always helps when you have good material, it always fucks people up with embarrassment when material is good, it causes trouble and they find it harder to say no.
Interviewer: What do you get out of working with young filmmakers?
SF: First of all I don't have to make a film which is a tremendous relief, but also I find young people bright and in their questioning I always think that I learn rather more than they do, simply by being young they brighten the whole place up and I don't have to listen to boring people like me!
Last modified on January 18th, 2015


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This expanded electronic edition of the J-F-B Commentary is in the public domain.
[Table of Contents]
Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset and David Brown
Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)
Commentary by A. R. FAUSSETT
In the Hebrew Bible these Elegies of Jeremiah, five in number, are placed among the Chetuvim, or "Holy Writings" ("the Psalms," &c., @Lu 24:44), between Ruth and Ecclesiastes. But though in classification of compositions it belongs to the Chetuvim, it probably followed the prophecies of Jeremiah originally. For thus alone can we account for the prophetical books being enumerated by JOSEPHUS [Against Apion, 1.1.8] as thirteen: he must have reckoned Jeremiah and Lamentations as one book, as also Judges and Ruth, the two books of Samuel, &c., Ezra and Nehemiah. The Lamentations naturally follow the book which sets forth the circumstances forming the subject of the Elegies. Similar lamentations occur in @2Sa 1:19, &c. @2Sa 3:33. The Jews read it in their synagogues on the ninth of the month Ab, which is a fast for the destruction of their holy city. As in @2Ch 35:25, "lamentations" are said to have been "written" by Jeremiah on the death of Josiah, besides it having been made "an ordinance in Israel" that "singing women" should "speak" of that king in lamentations; JOSEPHUS [Antiquities, 10.5.1], JEROME, &c., thought that they are contained in the present collection. But plainly the subject here is the overthrow of the Jewish city and people, as the Septuagint expressly states in an introductory verse to their version. The probability is that there is embodied in these Lamentations much of the language of Jeremiah's original Elegy on Josiah, as @2Ch 35:25 states; but it is now applied to the more universal calamity of the whole state, of which Josiah's sad death was the forerunner. Thus @La 4:20, originally applied to Josiah, was "written," in its subsequent reference, not so much of him, as of the throne of Judah in general, the last representative of which, Zedekiah, had just been carried away. The language, which is true of good Josiah, is too strong in favor of Zedekiah, except when viewed as representative of the crown in general. It was natural to embody the language of the Elegy on Josiah in the more general lamentations, as his death was the presage of the last disaster that overthrew the throne and state.
The title more frequently given by the Jews to these Elegies is, "How" (Hebrew, Eechah), from the first word, as the Pentateuch is similarly called by the first Hebrew word of @Ge 1:1. The Septuagint calls it "Lamentations," from which we derive the name. It refers not merely to the events which occurred at the capture of the city, but to the sufferings of the citizens (the penalty of national sin) from the very beginning of the siege; and perhaps from before it, under Manasseh and Josiah (@2Ch 33:11 35:20-25); under Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim, and Zedekiah (@2Ch 36:3,4,6,7,10,11, &c.). LOWTH says, "Every letter is written with a tear, every word the sound of a broken heart." The style is midway between the simple elevation of prophetic writing and the loftier rhythm of Moses, David, and Habakkuk. Terse conciseness marks the Hebrew original, notwithstanding Jeremiah's diffuseness in his other writings. The Elegies are grouped in stanzas as they arose in his mind, without any artificial system of arrangement as to the thoughts. The five Elegies are acrostic: each is divided into twenty-two stanzas or verses. In the first three Elegies the stanzas consist of triplets of lines (excepting @La 1:7 2:19, which contain each four lines) each beginning with the letters of the Hebrew alphabet in regular order (twenty-two in number). In three instances (@La 2:16,17 3:46-51 4:16,17) two letters are transposed. In the third Elegy, each line of the three forming every stanza begins with the same letter. The stanzas in the fourth and fifth Elegies consist of two lines each. The fifth Elegy, though having twenty-two stanzas (the number of letters in the Hebrew alphabet), just as the first four, yet is not alphabetical; and its lines are shorter than those of the others, which are longer than are found in other Hebrew poems, and contain twelve syllables, marked by a cæsura about the middle, dividing them into two somewhat unequal parts. The alphabetical arrangement was adopted originally to assist the memory. GROTIUS thinks the reason for the inversion of two of the Hebrew letters in @La 2:16,17 3:46-51 4:16,17, is that the Chaldeans, like the Arabians, used a different order from the Hebrews; in the first Elegy, Jeremiah speaks as a Hebrew, in the following ones, as one subject to the Chaldeans. This is doubtful.
CHAPTER (ELEGY) 1
@La 1:1-22.
Aleph.
1. how is she . . . widow! she that was great, &c.--English Version is according to the accents. But the members of each sentence are better balanced in antithesis, thus, "how is she that was great among the nations become as a widow! (how) she who was princess among the provinces (that is, she who ruled over the surrounding provinces from the Nile to the Euphrates, @Ge 15:18 1Ki 4:21 2Ch 9:26 Ezr 4:20) become tributary!" [MAURER].
sit--on the ground; the posture of mourners (@La 2:10 Ezr 9:3). The coin struck on the taking of Jerusalem by Titus, representing Judea as a female sitting solitary under a palm tree, with the inscription, Judæa Capta, singularly corresponds to the image here; the language therefore must be prophetical of her state subsequent to Titus, as well as referring retrospectively to her Babylonian captivity.
Beth.
2. in the night--even in the night, the period of rest and oblivion of griefs (@Job 7:3).
lovers . . . friends--the heathen states allied to Judah, and their idols. The idols whom she "loved" (@Jer 2:20-25) could not comfort her. Her former allies would not: nay, some "treacherously" joined her enemies against her (@2Ki 24:2,7 Ps 137:7).
Gimel.
3. (@Jer 52:27).
because of great servitude--that is, in a state "of great servitude," endured from the Chaldeans. "Because" is made by VATABLUS indicative of the cause of her captivity; namely, her having "afflicted" and unjustly brought into "servitude" the manumitted bond-servants (@Jer 34:8-22). MAURER explains it, "Judah has left her land (not literally 'gone into captivity') because of the yoke imposed on it by Nebuchadnezzar."
no rest--(@De 28:64,65).
overtook her between . . . straits--image from robbers, who in the East intercept travellers at the narrow passes in hilly regions.
Daleth.
4. feasts--the passover, pentecost (or the feast of weeks), and the feast of tabernacles.
gates--once the place of concourse.
He.
5. the chief--rule her (@De 28:43,44).
adversaries . . . prosper; for the Lord--All the foes' attempts would have failed, had not God delivered His people into their hands (@Jer 30:15).
Vau.
6. beauty . . . departed--her temple, throne, and priesthood.
harts that find no pasture--an animal timid and fleet, especially when seeking and not able to "find pasture."
Zain.
7. remembered--rather, "remembers," now, in her afflicted state. In the days of her prosperity she did not appreciate, as she ought, the favors of God to her. Now, awakening out of her past lethargy, she feels from what high privileges she has fallen.
when her people fell, &c.--that is, after which days of prosperity "her people fell."
mock at her sabbaths--The heathen used to mock at the Jews' Sabbath, as showing their idleness, and term them Sabbatarians [MARTIAL, 4.4]. Now, said they ironically, ye may keep a continuous Sabbath. So God appointed the length of the captivity (seventy years) to be exactly that of the sum of the Sabbaths in the four hundred ninety years in which the land was denied its Sabbaths (@Le 26:33-35). MAURER translates it "ruin." But English Version better expresses the point of their "mocking," namely, their involuntary "Sabbaths," that is, the cessation of all national movements. A fourth line is added in this stanza, whereas in all the others there are but three. So in @La 2:19.
Cheth.
8. (@1Ki 8:46).
is removed--as a woman separated from the congregation of God for legal impurity, which is a type of moral impurity. So @La 1:17 Le 12:2 15:19, &c.
her nakedness--They have treated her as contumeliously as courtesans from whom their clothes are stripped.
turneth backward--as modest women do from shame, that is, she is cast down from all hope of restoration [CALVIN].
Teth.
9. Continuation of the image in @La 1:8. Her ignominy and misery cannot be concealed but are apparent to all, as if a woman were suffering under such a flow as to reach the end of her skirts.
remembereth not . . . last end--(@De 32:29 Isa 47:7). She forgot how fatal must be the end of her iniquity. Or, as the words following imply: She, in despair, cannot lift herself up to lay hold of God's promises as to her "latter end" [CALVIN].
wonderfully--Hebrew, "wonders," that is, with amazing dejection.
O Lord, behold--Judah here breaks in, speaking for herself.
for the enemy hath magnified himself--What might seem ground for despair, the elated insulting of the enemy, is rather ground for good hope.
Jod.
10. for--surely she hath seen, &c.
heathen . . . command . . . not enter . . . congregation--for instance, the Ammonites and Moabites (@De 23:3 Ne 13:1,2). If the heathen, as such, were not allowed to enter the sanctuary for worship, much less were they allowed to enter in order to rob and destroy.
Caph.
11. (@Jer 37:21 38:9 52:6).
given . . . pleasant things for meat--(@2Ki 6:25 Job 2:4).
relieve . . . soul--literally, "to cause the soul or life to return."
for I am become vile--Her sins and consequent sorrows are made the plea in craving God's mercy. Compare the like plea in @Ps 25:11.
Lamed.
12. The pathetic appeal of Jerusalem, not only to her neighbors, but even to the strangers "passing by," as her sorrow is such as should excite the compassion even of those unconnected with her. She here prefigures Christ, whom the language is prophetically made to suit, more than Jerusalem. Compare Israel, that is, Messiah, @Isa 49:3. Compare with "pass by," @Mt 27:39 Mr 15:29. As to Jerusalem, @Da 9:12. MAURER, from the Arabic idiom, translates, "do not go off on your way," that is, stop, whoever ye are that pass by. English Version is simpler.
Mem.
13. bones--a fire which not only consumes the skin and flesh, but penetrates even to my "bones" (that is, my vital powers).
prevaileth against--not as ROSENMULLER, "He (Jehovah) hath broken them"; a sense not in the Hebrew.
net--(@Eze 12:13); image from hunting wild beasts. He has so entangled me in His judgments that I cannot escape.
turned me back--so that I cannot go forward and get free from His meshes.
Nun.
14. yoke . . . is bound by his hand--(@De 28:48). Metaphor from husbandmen, who, after they have bound the yoke to the neck of oxen, hold the rein firmly twisted round the hand. Thus the translation will be, "in His hand." Or else, "the yoke of my transgressions" (that is, of punishment for my transgressions) is held so fast fixed on me "by" God, that there is no loosening of it; thus English Version, "by His hand."
wreathed--My sins are like the withes entwined about the neck to fasten the yoke to.
into their hands, from whom--into the hands of those, from whom, &c. MAURER translates, "before whom I am not able \ to stand."
Samech.
15. trodden, &c.--MAURER, from Syriac root, translates, "cast away"; so @2Ki 23:27. But @Ps 119:118, supports English Version.
in . . . midst of me--They fell not on the battlefield, but in the heart of the city; a sign of the divine wrath.
assembly--the collected forces of Babylon; a very different "assembly" from the solemn ones which once met at Jerusalem on the great feasts. The Hebrew means, literally, such a solemn "assembly" or feast (compare @La 2:22).
trodden . . . virgin . . . in a wine-press--hath forced her blood to burst forth, as the red wine from the grapes trodden in the press (@Isa 63:3 Re 14:19,20 19:15).
Ain.
16. (@Jer 13:17 14:17). Jerusalem is the speaker.
mine eye, mine eye--so @La 4:18, "our end . . . our end"; repetition for emphasis.
Pe.
17. Like a woman in labor-throes (@Jer 4:31).
menstruous woman--held unclean, and shunned by all; separated from her husband and from the temple (compare @La 1:8 Le 14:19, &c.).
Tzaddi.
18. The sure sign of repentance; justifying God, condemning herself (@Ne 9:33 Ps 51:4 Da 9:7-14).
his commandment--literally, "mouth"; His word in the mouth of the prophets.
Koph.
19. lovers--(@La 1:2 Jer 30:14).
elders--in dignity, not merely age.
sought . . . meat--Their dignity did not exempt them from having to go and seek bread (@La 1:11).
Resh.
20. bowels . . . troubled--(@Job 30:27; Isa 16:11 Jer 4:19 31:20). Extreme mental distress affects the bowels and the whole internal frame.
heart . . . turned--(@Ho 11:8); is agitated or fluttered.
abroad . . . sword . . . at home . . . as death--(@De 32:25 Eze 7:15). The "as" does not modify, but intensifies. "Abroad the sword bereaveth, at home as it were death itself" (personified), in the form of famine and pestilence (@2Ki 25:3 Jer 14:18 52:6). So @Hab 2:5, "as death" [MICHAELIS].
Schin.
21. they are glad that thou hast done it--because they thought that therefore Judah is irretrievably ruined (@Jer 40:3).
the day . . . called--(but) thou wilt bring on them the day of calamity which thou hast announced, namely, by the prophets (@Jer 50:1-46 48:27).
like . . . me--in calamities (@Ps 137:8,9 Jer 51:25, &c.).
Tau.
22. Such prayers against foes are lawful, if the foe be an enemy of God, and if our concern be not for our own personal feeling, but for the glory of God and the welfare of His people.
come before thee--so @Re 16:19, "Babylon came in remembrance before God" (compare @Ps 109:15).
1. How--The title of the collection repeated here, and in @La 4:1.
covered . . . with a cloud--that is, with the darkness of ignominy.
cast down from heaven unto . . . earth--(@Mt 11:23); dashed down from the highest prosperity to the lowest misery.
beauty of Israel--the beautiful temple (@Ps 29:2 74:7 96:9, Margin; @Isa 60:7 64:11).
his footstool--the ark (compare @1Ch 28:2, with @Ps 99:5 132:7). They once had gloried more in the ark than in the God whose symbol it was; they now feel it was but His "footstool," yet that it had been a great glory to them that God deigned to use it as such.
2. polluted--by delivering it into the hands of the profane foe. Compare @Ps 89:39, "profaned . . . crown."
3. horn--worn in the East as an ornament on the forehead, and an emblem of power and majesty (@1Sa 2:10 Ps 132:17; see on Jer 48:25).
drawn back . . . fight hand--(@Ps 74:11). God has withdrawn the help which He before gave them. Not as HENDERSON, "He has turned back his (Israel's) right hand" (@Ps 89:43).
4. (@Isa 63:10).
stood with . . . right hand--He took His stand so as to use His right hand as an adversary. HENDERSON makes the image to be that of an archer steadying his right hand to take aim. Not only did He withdraw His help, but also took arms against Israel.
all . . . pleasant to . . . eye--(@Eze 24:25). All that were conspicuous for youth, beauty, and rank.
in . . . tabernacle--the dwellings of Jerusalem.
5. an enemy--(@Jer 30:14).
mourning and lamentation--There is a play of similar sounds in the original, "sorrow and sadness," to heighten the effect (@Job 30:3, Hebrew; @Eze 35:3, Margin).
6. tabernacle--rather, "He hath violently taken away His hedge (the hedge of the place sacred to Him, @Ps 80:12 89:40 Isa 5:5), as that of a garden" [MAURER]. CALVIN supports English Version, "His tabernacle (that is, temple) as (one would take away the temporary cottage or booth) of a garden." @Isa 1:8 accords with this (@Job 27:18).
places of . . . assembly--the temple and synagogues (@Ps 74:7,8).
solemn feasts--(@La 1:4).
7. they . . . made a noise in . . . house of . . . Lord, as in . . . feast--The foe's shout of triumph in the captured temple bore a resemblance (but oh, how sad a contrast as to the occasion of it!) to the joyous thanksgivings we used to offer in the same place at our "solemn feasts" (compare @La 2:22).
8. stretched . . . a line--The Easterns used a measuring-line not merely in building, but in destroying edifices (@2Ki 21:13 Isa 34:11); implying here the unsparing rigidness with which He would exact punishment.
9. Her gates cannot oppose the entrance of the foe into the city, for they are sunk under a mass of rubbish and earth.
broken . . . bars--(@Jer 51:30).
her king . . . among . . . Gentiles--(@De 28:36).
law . . . no more--(@2Ch 15:3). The civil and religious laws were one under the theocracy. "All the legal ordinances (prophetical as well as priestly) of the theocracy, are no more" (@Ps 74:9 Eze 7:26).
10. (@Job 2:12,13). The "elders," by their example, would draw the others to violent grief.
the virgins--who usually are so anxious to set off their personal appearances to advantage.
11. liver is poured, &c.--that is, as the liver was thought to be the seat of the passions, "all my feelings are poured out and prostrated for," &c. The "liver," is here put for the bile ("gall," @Job 16:13; "bowels," @Ps 22:14) in a bladder on the surface of the liver, copiously discharged when the passions are agitated.
swoon--through faintness from the effects of hunger.
12. as the wounded--famine being as deadly as the sword (@Jer 52:6).
soul . . . poured . . . into . . . mothers bosom--Instinctively turning to their mother's bosom, but finding no milk there, they breathe out their life as it were "into her bosom."
13. What thing shall I take to witness--What can I bring forward as a witness, or instance, to prove that others have sustained as grievous ills as thou? I cannot console thee as mourners are often consoled by showing that thy lot is only what others, too, suffer. The "sea" affords the only suitable emblem of thy woes, by its boundless extent and depth (@La 1:12 Da 9:12).
14. Thy prophets--not God's (@Jer 23:26).
vain . . . for thee--to gratify thy appetite, not for truth, but for false things.
not discovered thine iniquity--in opposition to God's command to the true prophets (@Isa 58:1). Literally, "They have not taken off (the veil) which was on thine iniquity, so as to set it before thee."
burdens--Their prophecies were soothing and flattering; but the result of them was heavy calamities to the people, worse than even what the prophecies of Jeremiah, which they in derision called "burdens," threatened. Hence he terms their pretended prophecies "false burdens," which proved to the Jews "causes of their banishment" [CALVIN].
15. clap . . . hands--in derision (@Job 27:23 34:37).
wag . . . head--(@2Ki 19:21 Ps 44:14).
perfection of beauty . . . joy of . . . earth--(@Ps 48:2 50:2). The Jews' enemies quote their very words in scorn.
16, 17. For the transposition of Hebrew letters (Pe and Ain, @La 2:16,17) in the order of verses, see Introduction.
opened . . . mouth--as ravening, roaring wild beasts (@Job 16:9,10 Ps 22:13). Herein Jerusalem was a type of Messiah.
gnash . . . teeth--in vindictive malice.
we have seen it--(@Ps 35:21).
17. Lord--Let not the foe exult as if it was their doing. It was "the Lord" who thus fulfilled the threats uttered by His prophets for the guilt of Judea (@Le 26:16-25 De 28:36-48,53 Jer 19:9).
18. wall--(@La 2:8). Personified. "Their heart," that is, the Jews'; while their heart is lifted up to the Lord in prayer, their speech is addressed to the "wall" (the part being put for the whole city).
let tears, &c.--(@Jer 14:17). The wall is called on to weep for its own ruin and that of the city. Compare the similar personification (@La 1:4).
apple--the pupil of the eye (@Ps 17:8).
19. cry . . . in . . . night--(@Ps 119:147).
beginning of . . . watches--that is, the first of the three equal divisions (four hours each) into which the ancient Jews divided the night; namely, from sunset to ten o'clock. The second was called "the middle watch" (@Jud 7:19), from ten till two o'clock. The third, "the morning watch," from two to sunrise (@Ex 14:24 1Sa 11:11). Afterwards, under the Romans, they had four watches (@Mt 14:25 Lu 12:38).
for . . . thy . . . children--that God, if He will not spare thee, may at least preserve "thy young children."
top of . . . street--(@Isa 51:20 Na 3:10).
20. women eat . . . fruit--as threatened (@Le 26:29 De 28:53,56,57 Jer 19:9).
children . . . span long--or else, "children whom they carry in their arms" [MAURER].
21. (@2Ch 36:17).
22. Thou hast called as in . . . solemn day . . . terrors--Thou hast summoned my enemies against me from all quarters, just as multitudes used to be convened to Jerusalem, on the solemn feast days. The objects, for which the enemies and the festal multitude respectively met, formed a sad contrast. Compare @La 1:15: "called an assembly against me."
Jeremiah proposes his own experience under afflictions, as an example as to how the Jews should behave under theirs, so as to have hope of a restoration; hence the change from singular to plural (@La 3:22,40-47). The stanzas consist of three lines, each of which begins with the same Hebrew letter.
1-3. seen affliction--his own in the dungeon of Malchiah (@Jer 38:6); that of his countrymen also in the siege. Both were types of that of Christ.
2. darkness--calamity.
light--prosperity.
3. turneth . . . hand--to inflict again and again new strokes. "His hand," which once used to protect me. "Turned . . . turneth" implies repeated inflictions.
4-6. (@Job 16:8).
5. builded--mounds, as against a besieged city, so as to allow none to escape (so @La 3:7,9).
6. set me--HENDERSON refers this to the custom of placing the dead in a sitting posture.
dark places--sepulchers. As those "dead long since"; so Jeremiah and his people are consigned to oblivion (@Ps 88:5,6 143:3 Eze 37:13).
7-9. hedged--(@Job 3:23 Ho 2:6).
chain--literally, "chain of brass."
8. shutteth out--image from a door shutting out any entrance (@Job 30:20). So the antitype. Christ (@Ps 22:2).
9. hewn stone--which coheres so closely as not to admit of being broken through.
paths crooked--thwarted our plans and efforts so that none went right.
10-13. (@Job 10:16 Ho 13:7,8).
11. turned aside--made me wander out of the right way, so as to become a prey to wild beasts.
pulled in pieces--(@Ho 6:1), as a "bear" or a "lion" (@La 3:10).
12. (@Job 7:20).
13-15. arrows--literally, "sons" of His quiver (compare @Job 6:4).
14. (@Jer 20:7).
their song--(@Ps 69:12). Jeremiah herein was a type of Messiah. "All my people" (@Joh 1:11).
15. wormwood--(@Jer 9:15). There it is regarded as food, namely, the leaves: here as drink, namely, the juice.
16-18. gravel--referring to the grit that often mixes with bread baked in ashes, as is the custom of baking in the East (@Pr 20:17). We fare as hardly as those who eat such bread. The same allusion is in "Covered me with ashes," namely, as bread.
17. Not only present, but all hope of future prosperity is removed; so much so, that I am as one who never was prosperous ("I forgat prosperity").
18. from the Lord--that is, my hope derived from Him (@Ps 31:22).
19-21. This gives the reason why he gave way to the temptation to despair. The Margin, "Remember" does not suit the sense so well.
wormwood . . . gall--(@Jer 9:15).
20. As often as my soul calls them to remembrance, it is humbled or bowed down in me.
21. This--namely, what follows; the view of the divine character (@La 3:22,23). CALVIN makes "this" refer to Jeremiah's infirmity. His very weakness (@La 3:19,20) gives him hope of God interposing His strength for him (compare @Ps 25:11,17 42:5,8 2Co 12:9,10).
22-24. (@Mal 3:6).
23. (@Isa 33:2).
24. (@Nu 18:20 Ps 16:5 73:26 119:57 Jer 10:16). To have God for our portion is the one only foundation of hope.
25-27. The repetition of "good" at the beginning of each of the three verses heightens the effect.
wait--(@Isa 30:18).
26. quietly wait--literally, "be in silence." Compare @La 3:28 and @Ps 39:2,9, that is, to be patiently quiet under afflictions, resting in the will of God (@Ps 37:7). So Aaron (@Le 10:2,3); and Job (@Job 40:4,5).
27. yoke--of the Lord's disciplinary teaching (@Ps 90:12 119:71). CALVIN interprets it, The Lord's doctrine (@Mt 11:29,30), which is to be received in a docile spirit. The earlier the better; for the old are full of prejudices (@Pr 8:17 Ec 12:1). Jeremiah himself received the yoke, both of doctrine and chastisement in his youth (@Jer 1:6,7).
28-30. The fruit of true docility and patience. He does not fight against the yoke (@Jer 31:18 Ac 9:5), but accommodates himself to it.
alone--The heathen applauded magnanimity, but they looked to display and the praise of men. The child of God, in the absence of any witness, "alone," silently submits to the will of God.
borne it upon him--that is, because he is used to bearing it on him. Rather, "because He (the Lord, @La 3:26) hath laid it on him" [VATABLUS].
29. (@Job 42:6). The mouth in the dust is the attitude of suppliant and humble submission to God's dealings as righteous and loving in design (compare @Ezr 9:6 1Co 14:25).
if so be there may be hope--This does not express doubt as to whether GOD be willing to receive the penitent, but the penitent's doubt as to himself; he whispers to himself this consolation, "Perhaps there may be hope for me."
30. Messiah, the Antitype, fulfilled this; His practice agreeing with His precept (@Isa 50:6 Mt 5:39). Many take patiently afflictions from God, but when man wrongs them, they take it impatiently. The godly bear resignedly the latter, like the former, as sent by God (@Ps 17:13).
31-33. True repentance is never without hope (@Ps 94:14).
32. The punishments of the godly are but for a time.
33. He does not afflict any willingly (literally, "from His heart," that is, as if He had any pleasure in it, @Eze 33:11), much less the godly (@Heb 12:10).
34-36. This triplet has an infinitive in the beginning of each verse, the governing finite verb being in the end of @La 3:36, "the Lord approveth not," which is to be repeated in each verse. Jeremiah here anticipates and answers the objections which the Jews might start, that it was by His connivance they were "crushed under the feet" of those who "turned aside the right of a man." God approves (literally, "seeth," @Hab 1:13; so "behold," "look on," that is, look on with approval) not of such unrighteous acts; and so the Jews may look for deliverance and the punishment of their foes.
35. before . . . face of . . . most High--Any "turning aside" of justice in court is done before the face of God, who Is present, and "regardeth," though unseen (@Ec 5:8).
36. subvert--to wrong.
37-39. Who is it that can (as God, @Ps 33:9) effect by a word anything, without the will of God?
38. evil . . . good--Calamity and prosperity alike proceed from God (@Job 2:10 Isa 45:7 Am 3:6).
39. living--and so having a time yet given him by God for repentance. If sin were punished as it deserves, life itself would be forfeited by the sinner. "Complaining" (murmuring) ill becomes him who enjoys such a favor as life (@Pr 19:3).
for the punishment of his sins--Instead of blaming God for his sufferings, he ought to recognize in them God's righteousness and the just rewards of his own sin.
40-42. us--Jeremiah and his fellow countrymen in their calamity.
search--as opposed to the torpor wherewith men rest only on their outward sufferings, without attending to the cause of them (@Ps 139:23,24).
41. heart with . . . hands--the antidote to hypocrisy (@Ps 86:4 1Ti 2:8).
42. not pardoned--The Babylonian captivity had not yet ended.
43-45. covered--namely, thyself (so @La 3:44), so as not to see and pity our calamities, for even the most cruel in seeing a sad spectacle are moved to pity. Compare as to God "hiding His face," @Ps 10:11 22:25.
44. (@La 3:8). The "cloud" is our sins, and God's wrath because of them (@Isa 44:22 59:2).
45. So the apostles were treated; but, instead of murmuring, they rejoiced at it (@1Co 4:13).
46-48. Pe is put before Ain (@La 3:43,46), as in @La 2:16,17 4:16,17. (@La 2:16.)
47. Like animals fleeing in fear, we fall into the snare laid for us.
48. (@Jer 4:19).
49-51. without . . . intermission--or else, "because there is no intermission" [PISCATOR], namely, Of my miseries.
50. Till--His prayer is not without hope, wherein it differs from the blind grief of unbelievers.
look down, &c.--(@Isa 63:15).
51. eye affecteth mine heart--that is, causeth me grief with continual tears; or, "affecteth my life" (literally, "soul," Margin), that is, my health [GROTIUS].
daughters of . . . city--the towns around, dependencies of Jerusalem, taken by the foe.
52-54. a bird--which is destitute of counsel and strength. The allusion seems to be to @Pr 1:17 [CALVIN].
without cause--(@Ps 69:4 109:3,4). Type of Messiah (@Joh 15:25).
53. in . . . dungeon--(@Jer 37:16).
stone--usually put at the mouth of a dungeon to secure the prisoners (@Jos 10:18 Da 6:17 Mt 27:60).
54. Waters--not literally, for there was "no water" (@Jer 38:6) in the place of Jeremiah's confinement, but emblematical of overwhelming calamities (@Ps 69:2 124:4,5).
cut off--(@Isa 38:10,11). I am abandoned by God. He speaks according to carnal sense.
55-57. I called out of dungeon--Thus the spirit resists the flesh, and faith spurns the temptation [CALVIN], (@Ps 130:1 Jon 2:2).
56. Thou hast heard--namely formerly (so in @La 3:57,58).
breathing . . . cry--two kinds of prayer; the sigh of a prayer silently breathed forth, and the loud, earnest cry (compare "prayer," "secret speech," @Isa 26:16, Margin; with "cry aloud," @Ps 55:17).
57. Thou drewest near--with Thy help (@Jas 4:8).
58-60. Jeremiah cites God's gracious answers to his prayers as an encouragement to his fellow countrymen, to trust in Him.
pleaded--(@Ps 35:1 Mic 7:9).
59. God's past deliverances and His knowledge of Judah's wrongs are made the grounds of prayer for relief.
60. imaginations--devices (@Jer 11:19).
Their vengeance--means their malice. Jeremiah gives his conduct, when plotted against by his foes, as an example how the Jews should bring their wrongs at the hands of the Chaldeans before God.
61-63. their reproach--their reproachful language against me.
62. lips--speeches.
63. sitting down . . . rising up--whether they sit or rise, that is, whether they be actively engaged or sedentary, and at rest "all the day" (@La 3:62), I am the subject of their derisive songs (@La 3:14).
64-66. (@Jer 11:20 2Ti 4:14).
65. sorrow--rather, blindness or hardness; literally, "a veil" covering their heart, so that they may rush on to their own ruin (@Isa 6:10 2Co 3:14,15).
66. from under . . . heavens of . . . Lord--destroy them so that it may be seen everywhere under heaven that thou sittest above as Judge of the world.
@La 4:1-22. THE SAD CAPTURE OF JERUSALEM, THE HOPE OF RESTORATION, AND THE RETRIBUTION AWAITING IDUMEA FOR JOINING BABYLON AGAINST JUDEA.
1. gold--the splendid adornment of the temple [CALVIN] (@La 1:10 1Ki 6:22 Jer 52:19); or, the principal men of Judea [GROTIUS] (@La 4:2).
stones of . . . sanctuary--the gems on the breastplate of the high priest; or, metaphorically, the priests and Levites.
2. comparable to . . . gold--(@Job 28:16,19).
earthen pitchers--(@Isa 30:14 Jer 19:11).
3. sea monsters . . . breast--Whales and other cetaceous monsters are mammalian. Even they suckle their young; but the Jewish women in the siege, so desperate was their misery, ate theirs (@La 4:10 La 2:20). Others translate, "jackals."
ostriches--see on Job 39:14; Job 39:16, on their forsaking their young.
4. thirst--The mothers have no milk to give through the famine.
5. delicately--on dainties.
are desolate--or, "perish."
in scarlet embrace dunghills--Instead of the scarlet couches on which the grandees were nursed, they must lie on dunghills.
embrace--They who once shrank sensitively from any soil, gladly cling close to heaps of filth as their only resting-place. Compare "embrace the rock" (@Job 24:8).
6. greater than . . . Sodom--(@Mt 11:23). No prophets had been sent to Sodom, as there had been to Judea; therefore the punishment of the latter was heavier than that of the former.
overthrown . . . in a moment--whereas the Jews had to endure the protracted and manifold hardships of a siege.
no hands stayed on her--No hostile force, as the Chaldeans in the case of Jerusalem, continually pressed on her before her overthrow. Jeremiah thus shows the greater severity of Jerusalem's punishment than that of Sodom.
7. Nazarites--literally, "separated ones" (@Nu 6:2). They were held once in the highest estimation, but now they are degraded. God's blessing formerly caused their body not to be the less fair and ruddy for their abstinence from strong drink. Compare the similar case of Daniel, &c. (@Da 1:8-15). Also David (@1Sa 16:12 17:42). Type of Messiah (@So 5:10).
rubies--GESENIUS translates, "corals," from a Hebrew root, "to divide into branches," from the branching form of corals.
polishing--They were like exquisitely cut and polished sapphires. The "sapphires" may represent the blue veins of a healthy person.
8. blacker than . . . coal--or, "than blackness" itself (@Joe 2:6 Na 2:10).
like a stick--as withered as a dry stick.
9. The speedy death by the sword is better than the lingering death by famine.
pine away--literally, "flow out"; referring to the flow of blood. This expression, and "stricken through," are drawn from death by "the sword."
want of . . . fruits--The words in italics have to be supplied in the original (@Ge 18:28 Ps 109:24).
10. (@La 2:20 De 28:56,57).
pitiful--naturally at other times compassionate (@Isa 49:15). JOSEPHUS describes the unnatural act as it took place in the siege under Titus.
sodden--boiled.
11. fire . . . devoured . . . foundations--(@De 32:22 Jer 21:14). A most rare event. Fire usually consumes only the surface; but this reached even to the foundation, cutting off all hope of restoration.
12. Jerusalem was so fortified that all thought it impregnable. It therefore could only have been the hand of God, not the force of man, which overthrew it.
13. prophets--the false prophets (@Jer 23:11,21). Supply the sense thus: "For the sins . . . these calamities have befallen her."
shed the blood of the just--(@Mt 23:31,37). This received its full fulfilment in the slaying of Messiah and the Jews' consequent dispersion (@Jas 5:6).
14. blind--with mental aberration.
polluted . . . with blood--both with blood of one another mutually shed (for example, @Jer 2:34), and with their blood shed by the enemy [GLASSIUS].
not touch . . . garments--as being defiled with blood (@Nu 19:16).
15. They . . . them--"They," that is, "men" (@La 4:14). Even the very Gentiles, regarded as unclean by the Jews, who were ordered most religiously to avoid all defilements, cried unto the latter, "depart," as being unclean: so universal was the defilement of the city by blood.
wandered--As the false prophets and their followers had "wandered" blind with infatuated and idolatrous crime in the city (@La 4:14), so they must now "wander" among the heathen in blind consternation with calamity.
they said--that is, the Gentiles said: it was said among the heathen, "The Jews shall no more sojourn in their own land" [GROTIUS]; or, wheresoever they go in their wandering exile, "they shall not stay long" [LUDOVICUS DE DIEU], (@De 28:65).
16. Ain and Pe are here transposed (@La 4:16,17), as in @La 2:16,17 3:46-51.
anger--literally, "face"; it is the countenance which, by its expression, manifests anger (@Ps 34:16). GESENIUS translates, "the person of Jehovah"; Jehovah present; Jehovah Himself (@Ex 33:14 2Sa 17:11).
divided--dispersed the Jews.
they respected not . . . priests--This is the language of the Gentiles. "The Jews have no hope of a return: for they respected not even good priests" (@2Ch 24:19-22) [GROTIUS]. MAURER explains it, "They (the victorious foe) regard not the (Jewish) priests when imploring their pity" (@La 5:12). The evident antithesis to "As for us" (@La 4:17) and the language of "the heathen" at the close of @La 4:15, of which @La 4:16 is the continuation, favor the former view.
17. As for us--This translation forms the best antithesis to the language of the heathen (@La 4:15,16). CALVIN translates, "While as yet we stood as a state, our eyes failed," &c.
watched for a nation that could not save us--Egypt (@2Ki 24:7 Isa 30:7 Jer 37:5-11).
18. They--the Chaldeans.
cannot go--without danger.
19. The last times just before the taking of the city. There was no place of escape; the foe intercepted those wishing to escape from the famine-stricken city, "on the mountains and in the wilderness."
swifter . . . than . . . eagles--the Chaldean cavalry (@Jer 4:13).
pursued--literally, "to be hot"; then, "to pursue hotly" (@Ge 31:36). Thus they pursued and overtook Zedekiah (@Jer 52:8,9).
20. breath . . . anointed of . . . Lord--our king, with whose life ours was bound up. The original reference seems to have been to Josiah (@2Ch 35:25), killed in battle with Pharaoh-necho; but the language is here applied to Zedekiah, who, though worthless, was still lineal representative of David, and type of Messiah, the "Anointed." Viewed personally the language is too favorable to apply to him.
live among the heathen--Under him we hoped to live securely, even in spite of the surrounding heathen nations [GROTIUS].
21. Rejoice--at our calamities (@Ps 137:7). This is a prophecy that Edom should exult over the fall of Jerusalem. At the same time it is implied, Edom's joy shall be short-lived. Ironically she is told, Rejoice while thou mayest (@Ec 11:9).
cup--for this image of the confounding effects of God's wrath, see @Jer 13:12 25:15,16,21; as to Edom, @Jer 49:7-22.
22. (@Isa 40:2). Thou hast been punished enough: the end of thy punishment is at hand.
no more carry thee . . . into captivity--that is, by the Chaldeans. The Romans carried them away subsequently. The full accomplishment of this prophecy must therefore refer to the Jews' final restoration.
discover--By the severity of His punishments on thee, God shall let men see how great was thy sin (@Jer 49:10). God "covers" sin when He forgives it (@Ps 32:1,5). He "discovers," or "reveals," it, when He punishes it (@Job 20:27). @Jer 49:10 shows that Margin is wrong, "carry captive" (this rendering is as in @Na 2:7; compare "discovered," Margin).
@La 5:1-22. EPIPHONEMA, OR A CLOSING RECAPITULATION OF THE CALAMITIES TREATED IN THE PREVIOUS ELEGIES.
1. (@Ps 89:50,51).
2. Our inheritance--"Thine inheritance" (@Ps 79:1). The land given of old to us by Thy gift.
3. fatherless--Our whole land is full of orphans [CALVIN]. Or, "we are fatherless," being abandoned by Thee our "Father" (@Jer 3:19), [GROTIUS].
4. water for money--The Jews were compelled to pay the enemy for the water of their own cisterns after the overthrow of Jerusalem; or rather, it refers to their sojourn in Babylon; they had to pay tax for access to the rivers and fountains. Thus, "our" means the water which we need, the commonest necessary of life.
our wood--In Judea each one could get wood without pay; in Babylon, "our wood," the wood we need, must be paid for.
5. Literally, "On our necks we are persecuted"; that is, Men tread on our necks (@Ps 66:12 Isa 51:23; compare @Jos 10:24). The extremest oppression. The foe not merely galled the Jews face, back, and sides, but their neck. A just retribution, as they had been stiff in neck against the yoke of God (@2Ch 30:8, Margin; @Ne 9:29 Isa 48:4).
6. given . . . hand to--in token of submission (see on Jer 50:15).
to . . . Egyptians--at the death of Josiah (@2Ch 36:3,4).
Assyrians--that is, the Chaldeans who occupied the empire which Assyria had held. So @Jer 2:18.
to be satisfied with bread--(@De 28:48).
borne their iniquities--that is, the punishment of them. The accumulated sins of our fathers from age to age, as well as our own, are visited on us. They say this as a plea why God should pity them (compare @Eze 18:2, &c.).
8. Servants . . . ruled . . . us--Servants under the Chaldean governors ruled the Jews (@Ne 5:15). Israel, once a "kingdom of priests" (@Ex 19:6), is become like Canaan, "a servant of servants," according to the curse (@Ge 9:25). The Chaldeans were designed to be "servants" of Shem, being descended from Ham (@Ge 9:26). Now through the Jews' sin, their positions are reversed.
9. We gat our bread with . . . peril--that is, those of us left in the city after its capture by the Chaldeans.
because of . . . sword of . . . wilderness--because of the liability to attack by the robber Arabs of the wilderness, through which the Jews had to pass to get "bread" from Egypt (compare @La 5:6).
10. As an oven is scorched with too much fire, so our skin with the hot blast of famine (Margin, rightly, "storms," like the hot simoom). Hunger dries up the pores so that the skin becomes like as if it were scorched by the sun (@Job 30:30 Ps 119:83).
11. So in just retribution Babylon itself should fare in the end. Jerusalem shall for the last time suffer these woes before her final restoration (@Zec 14:2).
12. hanged . . . by their hand--a piece of wanton cruelty invented by the Chaldeans. GROTIUS translates, "Princes were hung by the hand of the enemy"; hanging was a usual mode of execution (@Ge 40:19).
elders--officials (@La 4:16).
13. young men . . . grind--The work of the lowest female slave was laid on young men (@Jud 16:21 Job 31:10).
children fell under . . . wood--Mere children had to bear burdens of wood so heavy that they sank beneath them.
14. Aged men in the East meet in the open space round the gate to decide judicial trials and to hold social converse (@Job 29:7,8).
16. The crown--all our glory, the kingdom and the priesthood (@Job 19:9 Ps 89:39,44).
17. (@La 1:22 2:11).
18. foxes--They frequent desolate places where they can freely and fearlessly roam.
19. (@Ps 102:12). The perpetuity of God's rule over human affairs, however He may seem to let His people be oppressed for a time, is their ground of hope of restoration.
20. for ever--that is, for "so long a time."
21. (@Ps 80:3 Jer 31:18). "Restore us to favor with Thee, and so we shall be restored to our old position" [GROTIUS]. Jeremiah is not speaking of spiritual conversion, but of that outward turning whereby God receives men into His fatherly favor, manifested in bestowing prosperity [CALVIN]. Still, as Israel is a type of the Church, temporal goods typify spiritual blessings; and so the sinner may use this prayer for God to convert him.
22. Rather, "Unless haply Thou hast utterly rejected us, and art beyond measure wroth against us," that is, Unless Thou art implacable, which is impossible, hear our prayer [CALVIN]. Or, as Margin, "For wouldest Thou utterly reject us?" &c.--No; that cannot be. The Jews, in this book, and in Isaiah and Malachi, to avoid the ill-omen of a mournful closing sentence, repeat the verse immediately preceding the last [CALVIN].
Send Addenda, Corrigenda, and Sententiae to the editor
This document (last modified 11 July 1998) from Believerscafe.com Christian Classics Electronic Library server, at @Wheaton College
This document (last modifiedNovember 04, 1998) from Believerscafe.com Home | Bible versions | Bible Dictionary | Christian Classics | Christian Articles | Daily Devotions


text:
Home/News/Body of teenager identified as Kenneth Nevada Williams in 1978
Body of teenager identified as Kenneth Nevada Williams in 1978
A body found in Southern California over four decades ago has finally been identified by DNA technology as a teenager from La Puente.
The remains of "John Doe 1978," discovered June 3, 1978 on a residential street in Long Beach, have been officially identified as Kenneth Nevada Williams, the Long Beach Police Department (LBPD) said in a statement Wednesday.
Williams, 15, ran away from his home in La Puente the same year his body was discovered. He was never reported missing.
At the time of his death, he had the word "paid" stamped on his hand.
"There was no identification, fingerprints were taken, the fingerprints did not match any database and unfortunately the victim was only identified as John Doe," LBPD detective Shea Robertson told ABC7 of the initial discovery of William's body.
John Doe 1978 was originally linked to convicted serial killer Randy Kraft. Sometimes known as the "Freeway Killer," Kraft raped, tortured, and murdered 16 young men in Southern California between 1972 and 1983. After an investigation, he was ruled out as a suspect.
The breakthrough in the 44-year-old case came in September when homicide detectives approached the Othram lab in Texas to create a 1978 DNA sample from John Doe for investigative genealogy. The sample was then matched against Williams.
Although police didn't reveal how Williams died, they promised to continue the investigation into his death.
"Justice delayed in this case need not be justice denied. Kenneth Nevada Williams is now a known victim and identifying his killer is the next step in solving this case," Donald Alway, deputy executive director of the FBI's Los Angeles Field Office, said in a statement.
Speaking to ABC7 earlier this week, Williams' sister, Roxanne Jones, said the family assumed the teen had started a new life elsewhere.
"He wanted to live in the city and go to clubs and have fun and he was just … he wasn't into drugs or anything like that, but you know, bright lights, big city," she told the outlet.
"As soon [the police] said there was a family DNA match, I knew who it was, who it had to be.
Williams' death is one of several cold cases that are moving closer to a solution thanks to advanced DNA technology. Last month, police in Marysville, WA, made an arrest in connection with the 1998 murder of Jennifer Brinkman after DNA from the murder weapon was linked to a suspect.
"Resolving this case has been a top priority for the Marysville Police Department for more than 24 years," Police Commissioner Erik Scairpon said at the time.
"We never gave that up or put it on the shelf. It was continually investigated in the belief that one day we would be able to achieve some degree of closure for the family and justice for Jennifer."
https://nypost.com/2022/12/16/body-of-teen-found-in-1978-idd-as-kenneth-nevada-williams/ Body of teenager identified as Kenneth Nevada Williams in 1978
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Q: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.commons.io.output.UnsynchronizedByteArrayOutputStream on using HSSFWorkbook I'm trying to implement reading from .xls file. I have the following code:
FileInputStream file = null;
    Workbook workbook = null;
    try {
        file = new FileInputStream(System.getProperty("user.home") + "/Downloads/" + fileName);
    } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }

    if (fileName.endsWith(".xls")) {
        try {
            **workbook = new HSSFWorkbook(file);**
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

This marked code line crashes.
I imported in pom.xml:
<dependency>
        <groupId>org.apache.poi</groupId>
        <artifactId>poi</artifactId>
        <version>5.2.0</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.apache.poi</groupId>
        <artifactId>poi-ooxml</artifactId>
        <version>5.2.0</version>
    </dependency>

but I got the error:
Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.commons.io.output.UnsynchronizedByteArrayOutputStream
I would appreciate help on this.
Thanks.

A: It worked for me
    <dependency>
        <groupId>commons-io</groupId>
        <artifactId>commons-io</artifactId>
        <version>2.11.0</version>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.apache.poi</groupId>
        <artifactId>poi</artifactId>
        <version>5.2.2</version>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.apache.poi</groupId>
        <artifactId>poi-ooxml</artifactId>
        <version>5.2.2</version>
    </dependency>

A: Add
<dependency>
    <groupId>commons-io</groupId>
      <artifactId>commons-io</artifactId>
    <version>1.4</version>
  </dependency>

to you pom

A: Change the dependency to
<dependency>
        <groupId>org.apache.poi</groupId>
        <artifactId>poi-ooxml</artifactId>
        <version>4.1.2</version>
</dependency>

I used the version 5.2.0 as well and was getting the same error and changing that fixed it.

A: When I read excel to XSSFWorkbook, it prompt error message that "commons.io.output.UnsynchronizedByteArrayOutputStream" finally fixed it by downgrad the version of poi from 5.2.3 to 5.2.2

A: It worked for me by removing this dependency
 <dependency>
  <groupId>commons-fileupload</groupId>
  <artifactId>commons-fileupload</artifactId>
  <version>1.4</version>
</dependency>

A: I recently upgraded Apache POI to 5.2.3 and was having the same ClassNotFoundException. Since the application was working fine before the upgrade, so I quickly did three things to debug:

*

*Search on stackoverflow.com ;-)

*Check to see from what version of Apache Commons IO has the
org.apache.commons.io.output.UnsynchronizedByteArrayOutputStream
class. In the JavaDoc, it was since 2.7.

*Check my maven dependency tree to find out what version of the Apache Commons IO I am using. Turns
out the commons-io I had was 2.2 and it was from the
commons-fileupload 1.4 in my maven pom.xml
Once I added the latest available Apache Commons IO 2.11.0 to my maven pom.xml and rebuild the application, the problem solved. I hope this help!
<dependency>
    <groupId>commons-io</groupId>
    <artifactId>commons-io</artifactId>
    <version>2.11.0</version>
</dependency>

A: Looks like you don't have commons-io dependency. please add this dependency
 <dependency>
        <groupId>commons-io</groupId>
        <artifactId>commons-io</artifactId>
        <version>2.11.0</version>
    </dependency>


text:
Q: PHP, Error in Shopping Cart Program I am trying to create a Shopping Cart in PHP. It worked fine. But then I removed all items from the Shopping Cart and it failed. I think it has something with the session, but I not complete sure.
I am getting this error:
Warning: mysqli_fetch_array() expects parameter 1 to be mysqli_result, boolean given in C:\Apache24\htdocs\phpshop\index.php on line 85
Call Stack
#   Time    Memory  Function    Location
1   0.0002  244096  {main}( )   ...\index.php:0
2   0.0017  255352  mysqli_fetch_array ( )

I used this Shopping cart tutorial to build this program.
cart.php code:
<?php

if(isset($_POST['submit']))
{

    foreach($_POST['quantity'] as $key => $val)
    {
        if($val==0)
        {
            unset($_SESSION['cart'][$key]);

        }
        else
        {
            $_SESSION['cart'][$key]['quantity']=$val;
        }
    }

}

?>

View cart

Go back to products page
<form method="post" action="index.php?page=cart">

            Name
            Quantity
            Price
            Items Price

        <?php

        $sql="SELECT * FROM products WHERE id_product IN (";

        foreach($_SESSION['cart'] as $id => $value)
        {
            $sql.=$id.",";
        }

        $sql=substr($sql, 0, -1).") ORDER BY name ASC";

line 85 about here --->  $query = mysqli_query($con,$sql);
        $totalprice=0;

        $numrows = mysqli_num_rows($query);

        if($numrows == 0)
        {

            header("Location: index.php");

        }

        while($row=mysqli_fetch_array($query))
        {
            $subtotal=$_SESSION['cart'][$row['id_product']]['quantity']*$row['price'];
            $totalprice+=$subtotal;
            ?>

                <?php echo $row['name'] ?>
                <input type="text" name="quantity[<?php echo $row['id_product'] ?>]" size="5" value="<?php echo $_SESSION['cart'][$row['id_product']]['quantity'] ?>" />
                <?php echo $row['price'] ?>$
                <?php echo $_SESSION['cart'][$row['id_product']]['quantity']*$row['price'] ?>$

            <?php

        }
        ?>

            Total Price: <?php echo $totalprice ?>

    <button type="submit" name="submit">Update Cart</button>
</form>

To remove an item, set it's quantity to 0.

index.php
<?php

session_start();

require("includes/connection.php");
if(isset($_GET['page'])){

    $pages=array("products", "cart");

    if(in_array($_GET['page'], $pages)) {

        $_page=$_GET['page'];

    }else{

        $_page="products";

    }

}
else{

    $_page="products";

}
?>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">

    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/reset.css" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/style.css" />

    <title>Shopping cart</title>

        <?php require($_page.".php"); ?>

Cart

        <?php

        if(isset($_SESSION['cart'])){

            $sql="SELECT * FROM products WHERE id_product IN (";

            foreach($_SESSION['cart'] as $id => $value)
            {
                $sql.=$id.",";
            }

            $sql=substr($sql, 0, -1).") ORDER BY name ASC";
            $query = mysqli_query($con,$sql);
            while($row=mysqli_fetch_array($query))
            {

                ?>

<?php echo $row['name'] ?> x <?php echo $_SESSION['cart'][$row['id_product']]['quantity'] ?>

                <?php

            }
            ?>

            Go to cart
            <?php

        }
        else
        {

            echo "
Your Cart is empty. Please add some products.
";

        }

        ?>

products.php
<?php

if(isset($_GET['action']) && $_GET['action']=="add")
{

    $id=intval($_GET['id']);

    if(isset($_SESSION['cart'][$id])){

        $_SESSION['cart'][$id]['quantity']++;

    }

    else
    {

        $sql_s="SELECT * FROM products WHERE id_product={$id}";

        $query_s=mysqli_query($con,$sql_s);

        if(mysqli_num_rows($query_s)!=0)
        {
            $row_s=mysqli_fetch_array($query_s);

            $_SESSION['cart'][$row_s['id_product']]=array
            (
                "quantity" => 1,
                "price" => $row_s['price']
            );

        }
        else
        {

            $message="This product id it's invalid!";

        }

    }

}

?>

Product List

<?php
if(isset($message)){
    echo "
$message
";
}
?>

    <?php

    $sql = "SELECT * FROM products ORDER BY name ASC";
    $query = mysqli_query($con,$sql);

    while ($row=mysqli_fetch_array($query)) {

        ?>

            <?php echo $row['name'] ?>
            <?php echo $row['description'] ?>
            <?php echo $row['price'] ?>$
            <a href="index.php?page=products&action=add&id=<?php echo $row['id_product'] ?>">Add to cart

        <?php

    }

    ?>

A: Your assignment of
$query = mysqli_query($con,$sql);

is failing and returning a boolean value of FALSE. This is because $con is not being set properly.
http://php.net/manual/en/mysqli.query.php
so, you are passing FALSE into mysqli_fetch_array as the $query
while($row=mysqli_fetch_array($query))

This is causing the error you reported
Warning: mysqli_fetch_array() expects parameter 1 to be mysqli_result, boolean given in C:\Apache24\htdocs\phpshop\index.php on line 85


text:
Ronnie Dunn Has High Praise for Modern Artists Chris Stapleton and Brett Eldredge
Frazer Harrison / Mike Coppola / Dia Dipasupil, Getty Images
Ronnie Dunn is a revered veteran of the country music industry, so he knows talent when he hears it. In an interview with his label, Big Machine Label Group, the legendary country star offers praise for two of the genre's most popular acts: Chris Stapleton and Brett Eldredge.
Dunn and Stapleton have actually been longtime writing partners! "I know Chris Stapleton and I'm glad to see him having success right now. We've written together a lot over the years and a great guy and very deserving," the Brooks & Dunn singer says.
He also enjoys Eldredge and his musical talent, even though it's far different from what Stapleton is putting out. "You know behind the scenes he's just a real good, sincere guy with a great voice, soulful voice," Dunn says of Eldredge.
Stapleton co-wrote one of the tracks that appears on Dunn's 2014 album, Peace, Love and Country Music, titled "Heart Letting Go," and Dunn and Eldredge have struck up a friendship over the past few years, sharing the stage together in 2015 during the CMA Songwriters Series in Nashville. The "Don't Ya" singer cites Brooks & Dunn's Greatest Hits album as having a major influence on his career.
"I got on stage the other day with Ronnie Dunn and to think back to that record that shaped me and I've got to sing with him a couple times now and become a friend of his," Eldredge says (quote via Sounds Like Nashville). "That's so weird but it's so strange and so unique and he's also been so great to me and Kix is the same. He's been such a good pal to me too, so I would say that's a huge record in my past and present."
Dunn recently released a single called "I Worship the Woman You Walked On" — the third from his 2016 album, Tattooed Heart.
How Well Do You Know '90s Country Music?
These Modern Acts Prove Traditional Country Music Is Alive and Well
Source: Ronnie Dunn Has High Praise for Modern Artists Chris Stapleton and Brett Eldredge
Filed Under: brett eldredge, chris stapleton, ronnie dunn
Categories: Country, Country Music News


There are a lot of myths surrounding the nature of women's drug and alcohol addiction along with myths that are connected with drug and alcohol detox. These long-held misleading ideas are most often more destructive in every aspect of your life and do not do anyone good.
More importantly, when you accept the false reality of these myths, they can pierce through your hopes of a successful rehabilitation and can hinder the effectivity of your recovery from a drug-free living.
Myth 1: Overcoming addiction is just a matter of willpower.
While it can be true that you need to have willpower in order to combat drug and alcohol addiction, it is impossible to do it on itself. Both the mental and emotional longing you get from your drug and alcohol dependence is both a psychological and physical problem that needs to be addressed with an effective strategy. It is something that cannot be cleared up with a simple cognitive control. There are only a few drug and alcohol addicted people who cease to use illegal substances simply because they want to. Getting an alcohol and drug detox for women should be medically supervised as it can be dangerous to anyone's life.
Myth 2: Women who suffer from addiction are immoral.
Drug and alcohol addiction is a complex problem that can happen to anyone. Immorality has nothing to do with the forceful and influential compulsion one gets from an addiction. And there are no scientific studies or facts that can back the myth otherwise. Addiction greatly changes a person's mental and physical balance and addiction can happen to almost anyone who has the predisposition. Addiction often becomes an escape for people become an escape from the harsh realities and stresses of everyday life.
Myth 3: Addiction can never be cured.
Your addiction can be an entrenched problem which is why every aspect of your addiction needs to be addressed. There has never been a scientific study that proves that addiction can never be cured. There are a lot of people who underwent women's detox and led a productive and happy life away from drug and alcohol dependence. Going through a detox that is medically administered along with an effective drug rehab and aftercare support has been proven to be powerful enough to get women on the road towards putting a lifelong end to their addiction.
Myth 4: You have to hit 'rock bottom' before you are considered for treatment.
Prolonged drug and alcohol addiction can sometimes be harder to treat than those who sought help immediately. You do not necessarily have to hit 'rock bottom' in order to be accepted in a facility. Countless drug and alcohol dependent people have successfully gained their life back because they acted much quicker on the problem. It is important to understand that the more time your loved one waits for intervention, the more difficult the drug and alcohol detox will be.
Myth 5: Women who take medications during drug rehab get addicted to the prescribed drugs.
It is true that drugs are often needed to mitigate the physical symptoms of withdrawal. But this does not necessarily mean that you will get addicted to the prescribed drugs. They are only used to lessen the physical effects of withdrawal. These drugs are often just used during the withdrawal stage.
Myth 5: If the treatment didn't work once, it will never work.
Hopelessness is often a tremendous feeling when you relapse to addiction. But this should not stop you from seeking help again. Sometimes addiction can be so deeply rooted that it needs to be addressed in various ways.


Acle United Women beat Harlow Town 1-0 in a tightly contested game at Bridewell Lane.
After a goalless first half in which Harlow were reduced to 10 players after a late tackle on Anna Larkins, who took no further part in the game, an 84th minute goal by Maryanne Hoy (her first for the club), saw Acle secured all three points.
 Last Man Standing - Match day 3 is void Due to the FA Cup games at the weekend, match day 3 has been declared void in terms of Rule 11 of the competition.
Solitary Goal Sinks Hellesdon  Acle United moved up to ninth in the table after a 1-0 victory over Hellesdon at Bridewell Lane this afternoon.


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TrentU Master's Candidate Emily Amon studies the effectiveness of Community Based Research
by Alannah | Jul 23, 2018 | Research
Emily Amon is a passionate community-based researcher. She has completed THREE environmental science community research projects during her Bachelor of Environmental Sciences and Studies undergraduate degree at Trent. Her current project as a Masters of...
TrentU PhD Candidate Studies the effects of temperature on Tree Swallows
by Alannah | May 14, 2018 | Research
Simon Tapper is a PhD candidate in Environmental and Life Sciences at Trent University. Originally from Ottawa, he completed his BSc at the University of Toronto in biological anthropology, and his master's in primatology at the University of Roehampton. Simon is...
How does Nitrogen Emission from the Alberta's Oil Sands affect forests? TrentU Graduate Adam Bird tells us
by Alannah | Apr 26, 2018 | Research
Adam Bird, from Orangeville, Ontario, completed his undergraduate degree at Trent University in Environmental & Resource Sciences. He recently completed research for his Masters of Science in the Environmental and Life Sciences program at Trent. He was studying...
I made my own Toilet Paper (and 4 other SUPER Random Acts of Green I've committed)
by Alannah | Apr 2, 2018 | News
My name is Lindsay Müller and I have been working with Random Acts of Green as its Executive Administrator since July 2017. I grew up with environmentalist parents, who recycled and brought cloth bags to the store way before it was cool. Being environmentally friendly...
Trent University Research Biologist Debbie Jenkins explores the ecology of arctic island-dwelling caribou and muskoxen in a changing environment
by Alannah | Mar 22, 2018 | Research
Debbie Jenkins, originally from North Bay, Ontario, is recently from Pond Inlet, Nunavut where she worked as a research biologist across the Canadian High Arctic islands for 7 years. She completed her Masters of Science at Trent University, studying habitat selection...


There was a lot of consternation in February when Calgary's sales were down by 6%. Many were jumping on the crashwagon, saying that Calgary had finally succumbed to the same fate as Vancouver and Toronto. Now in March, compared to last year, they are up 2.7% and compared to the 3-year average, they're up 7.8%.
Bidding wars have eased up slightly with only 10% of homes selling for list price or higher over the past 3 days. First-time buyers are seemingly being priced out, which in turn should help to moderate the price increases. The inventory shortage is still the overriding concern, however.
This entry was posted in Calgary SFH, First-time buyers, Market update. Bookmark the permalink.
Am I reading it wrong because I see less sales than last year?
1361 (pro-rated?) this year versus 1576 last year.
– I'm comparing only the first 14 days, not the entire month, so that in itself invalidates your comparison.
– The 1361 number would include 16 days in Feb. The last half of March will have much higher sales than the last half of Feb. Your 1576 number includes all of March 2012.


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>RR-2380
This research documents the characteristics of sexual assault incidents, victims, and perpetrators that increase risk for perceived retaliation against service women who are victims of sexual assault. The authors also explored the relationship between disclosure choices and retaliation and subsequently controlled for disclosure choices when identifying risk factors for retaliation.
Perceived Retaliation Against Military Sexual Assault Victims
by Coreen Farris, Terry L. Schell, Lisa H. Jaycox, Robin L. Beckman
Military Personnel,
What are the characteristics of sexual assault incidents, victims, and perpetrators that increase risk for perceived retaliation against service women who are sexually assaulted?
What is the relationship between disclosure choices and retaliation?
In response to the high and stable rates of perceived retaliation against military sexual assault victims, in 2014, Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel announced new procedures that would better prepare commanders, junior officers, and supervisors to "reduce the potential for retaliation."
This resolve was echoed by the U.S. Congress, which included in the National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year 2016 a directive to create a comprehensive strategy to prevent retaliation. The resultant DoD Retaliation Prevention and Response Strategy includes the goal of "creating a culture intolerant of retaliation" and plans to "hold supervisors and leaders appropriately accountable for preventing, detecting, and addressing retaliatory behavior." To guide this effort, it may be helpful to better understand the situations in which retaliation against military sexual assault victims is most likely to occur. Although fear of retaliation is often identified as a barrier to reporting sexual assault, little is known about the predictors of retaliation when it does occur. This research documents the characteristics of sexual assault incidents, victims, and perpetrators that increase risk for perceived retaliation against service women who have been sexually assaulted. Because telling others about the sexual assault increases the number of people who know about the assault and thus may retaliate against the victim, the authors also explored the relationship between disclosure choices and retaliation and subsequently controlled for disclosure choices when identifying risk factors for retaliation.
Perceived retaliation against victims is highest when an official report is filed, but silence does not preclude retaliation
While perceived retaliation (social and professional) was highest among female victims who filed an official report, risk did not drop to zero among those who told no one or disclosed only to covered reporters.
Failing to measure retaliation against victims who do not file an unrestricted report will exclude those for whom retaliation was successful in preventing the victim from reporting the crime.
Perceived professional retaliation was associated with workplace hazing and authority; perceived social retaliation was associated with multiple offenders and fellow service members
Among female sexual assault victims, perceived professional retaliation was associated with assaults that were hazing-related, occurred in the workplace, occurred when the victim was not using alcohol, and were perpetrated by multiple, familiar, and/or powerful offenders.
Perceived professional retaliation was a higher risk when the perpetrator had authority over the victim via the chain of command.
Assaults perpetrated by multiple, familiar, and or/or military offenders and assaults occurring in the workplace were associated with perceived social retaliation.
Leaders, providers, and advocates who work with victims should be aware of the markers of retaliation risk so that they are better prepared to monitor the environment and intervene to prevent and respond to retaliatory actions against sexual assault victims.
This research was sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office, and conducted within the Forces and Resources Policy Center of the RAND National Security Research Division.
This report is part of the RAND Corporation Research report series. RAND reports present research findings and objective analysis that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7249/RR2380
Document Number: RR-2380-OSD
Series: Research Reports
Farris, Coreen, Terry L. Schell, Lisa H. Jaycox, and Robin L. Beckman, Perceived Retaliation Against Military Sexual Assault Victims. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2021. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2380.html.
Farris, Coreen, Terry L. Schell, Lisa H. Jaycox, and Robin L. Beckman, Perceived Retaliation Against Military Sexual Assault Victims, RAND Corporation, RR-2380-OSD, 2021. As of January 31, 2023: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2380.html