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FEDERATION OF TEACHERS v. UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT
Court of Appeal, Second District, Division 3, California.
A.B.C. FEDERATION OF TEACHERS et al., Petitioners and Respondents, v. A.B.C. UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT, etc., et al., Respondents and Appellants.
John H. Larson, County Counsel, Donovan M. Main, Deputy County Counsel, Los Angeles, for appellants and respondents. Levy, Koszdin, Goldschmid & Sroloff, and Henry R. Fenton, Los Angeles, for petitioners and respondents.
This is an appeal by the A.B.C. Unified School District, the Governing Board of A.B.C. Unified School District, and Charles W. L. Hutchison, Superintendent of the A.B.C. Unified School District (hereinafter collectively referred to as District) from a judgment of the superior court granting a writ of mandate in favor of petitioners A.B.C. Federation of Teachers, American Federation of Teachers, Local # 2317, AFL-CIO; Patricia Alviso, Christine Colton, James England, Carol Large, Metha Morrison and Donald Teague (hereinafter collectively referred to as Teachers). The judgment ordered issuance of a writ of mandate commanding the District to pay each of the above six continuation high school teachers an additional sum of $515 plus 7 percent interest for the 1975-1976 school year and awarded costs and $1,500 in attorney's fees to petitioners pursuant to Government Code section 800.
The facts (as disclosed by the pleadings and the findings of the court) showed that the above Teachers were employed during the entire 1974-1975 and 1975-1976 school years as probationary or permanent certificated employees assigned to the El Dorado Continuation High School. Each of the teachers had the same assignment and duties during the 1975-1976 school year as he or she had during the previous school year 1974-1975. Before July 1, 1973, El Dorado Continuation High School teachers, including the petitioners, were required to perform "extra service" by making home calls to absentee students. This requirement was eliminated on or about July 1, 1973, and the extra monthly mileage allowance the teachers had been receiving for use of their cars in making such calls was discontinued.
For "several school years prior to the 1975-1976 school year, the salary schedule in effect in the . . . District . . . provided extra pay to those certificated employees employed within the El Dorado Continuation High School, in addition to the basic annual rate provided in the District's salary schedule. . . . " (Finding No. 10.) The District policy providing for this extra pay was Policy No. 4142. According to the District's Answer to Petition for Writ of Mandate, "(o)n or about December 3, 1973 the governing Board of the . . . District adopted Policy No. 4142 entitled 'Pay Schedule Extra Pay for Extra Service Assignments' which provided an annual rate of $515.00 for the El Dorado High School teachers to be added to their basic annual salary rate. The adoption of Policy No. 4142 . . . continued in effect existing policy and practice . . . ." In accordance with the District's policy provision, the Teachers received that increment of $515 during the 1974-1975 school year.
On March 18, 1975, the Teachers received letters from the District advising them of their election and employment as certificated employees for the 1975-1976 school year. The Teachers, as requested, notified the District of their acceptance of employment on or before May 9, 1975. The deadline for permanent teachers to notify their districts, according to state law, was July 1. (Ed.Code, s 13260.)1
On August 4, 1975, the Governing Board of the District amended Board Policy No. 4142 to delete the extra pay provided the continuation high school teachers.2 The Teachers filed a grievance in accordance with the District grievance procedure demanding payment of the $515 stipend. On December 8, 1975, the Teachers' counsel wrote a letter explaining their position. The Teachers claimed that the extra pay for extra services assignments policy, which was not revised until August 4, 1975, was binding upon the District and entitled the continuation high school teachers to the $515 additional stipend for 1975-1976 expressly provided for in that schedule.3
On March 29, 1976, the Teachers received a letter from the District denying their grievance. On June 14, 1976, the Teachers filed a petition for writ of mandate in the Los Angeles Superior Court alleging that the District "arbitrarily and capriciously and in abuse of (its) discretion" refused to pay the Teachers the additional sum of $515 to which they became entitled on July 1, 1975, the beginning of the school year, pursuant to Board Policy No. 4142, as it then existed.
In its answer, the District claimed that mandamus was an inappropriate remedy; that the District's action was in effect a termination of an extra duty assignment, hence proper under Education Code section 13338; and was taken to avoid a violation of the uniformity requirements of Education Code section 13506. Both sides also filed declarations and points and authorities.
On August 10, 1976, the matter came to trial. The District's counsel submitted the case on the moving papers without personally appearing. Verified pleadings and declarations were received in evidence by stipulation. After the case was argued by the Teachers' counsel, Henry R. Fenton, he was sworn and testified with respect to the attorney's fees incurred by the Teachers, including the number of hours spent in preparation, the number of court appearances, the hourly fee scale, and the reasonable value of his services. The total exceeded $1,500.
After making findings of fact, the court concluded that the District had abused its discretion; that as of July 1, 1975, Board Policy No. 4142 became part of each teacher's employment contract for the 1975-1976 school year; that pursuant to those employment contracts, the Teachers became entitled to the $515 increment in compensation during the 1975-1976 school year, in addition to their regular salary; that the change in the Teachers' duties on or about July 1, 1973, did not justify the District's action and "does not constitute a defense." The court concluded that mandate was an appropriate remedy and granted the petition as prayed. It found the District's action to be arbitrary and capricious and awarded the Teachers attorney's fees of $1,500. This appeal followed.
The District contends that (1) the $515 stipend was extra pay for extra service which could be terminated at any time; (2) mandamus was an inappropriate remedy; and (3) attorney's fees pursuant to Government Code section 800 should not have been granted. The Teachers respond that (1) they were entitled to the $515 stipend because the automatic renewal of their contracts included that compensation for the rendition of the same duties they had been performing; (2) mandamus was an appropriate remedy; and (3) the attorney's fees were properly granted. We have examined the record and conclude, for the reasons that follow, that the judgment should be affirmed.
The Teachers Were Entitled to the $515 Stipend
The District contends that the $515 stipend was not part of the Teachers' salaries but was extra pay for extra duty assignments which it could terminate at any time under the authority of Education Code section 13338. The Teachers respond, and we agree, that they were entitled to the extra pay as of July 1, 1975, as an integral part of their employment contracts, and the Board's action in deleting that pay on August 4, 1975, constituted improper reduction of their fixed compensation after the beginning of the school year.
As our Supreme Court recently noted in City and County of San Francisco v. Cooper, 13 Cal.3d 898, 930, fn. 18, 120 Cal.Rptr. 707, 728, 534 P.2d 403, 424:
" . . . Past cases clearly indicate . . . that a school board may not lower salaries fixed by its salary schedule after the beginning of the school year. (See, e. g., Rible v. Hughes (1944) 24 Cal.2d 437, 444, 150 P.2d 455, 154 A.L.R. 137; Abraham v. Sims (1935) 2 Cal.2d 698, 711, 34 P.2d 790, 42 P.2d 1029; Aebli v. Board of Education (1944) 62 Cal.App.2d 706, 748-751, 145 P.2d 601; cf. Ed.Code, s 13510.) This proposition follows from the fact that such salary schedules become an integral part of each teacher's employment contract. (See, e. g., Holbrook v. Board of Education (1951) 37 Cal.2d 316, 331-332, 231 P.2d 853; Rible v. Hughes, supra, 24 Cal.2d 437, 443, 150 P.2d 455."
This time limit within which school boards, by statutory authority, can fix the compensation to be paid to teachers4 was expressed in Abraham v. Sims, 2 Cal.2d 698, 711, 42 P.2d 1029, 1034. Our Supreme Court said in this respect:
"The power of the trustees to raise or reduce the salaries of permanent teachers cannot be doubted, provided it is reasonably exercised and no attempt is made after the beginning of any particular school year to reduce the salaries for that year. . . . " (Emphasis added.)
In Rible v. Hughes, 24 Cal.2d 437, 150 P.2d 455, the court pointed out that although a school board "may exercise its discretion in adopting salary schedules fixing the compensation to be paid to permanent teachers . . . the schedule must be adopted prior to the beginning of the school year; . . . " (Id. at p. 444, 150 P.2d at p. 458.) Since the school year, as defined by statute, "begins on the first day of July and ends on the last day of June" (Ed.Code, § 5101), the compensation must be fixed by that date.
Such a limitation follows from the contractual and legal relationship of the individual teacher and the Board. As was stated in Fry v. Board of Education, 17 Cal.2d 753, 760, 112 P.2d 229, 234:
"While it is true that the relation between the Board and a teacher is that of employer and employee, and that this relationship is created by contract, the terms of that contract are to be found in the authority granted the Board by law. (Martin v. Fisher, 108 Cal.App. 34, 291 P. 276.) The rules and regulations of the Board, and the resolutions of the Board fixing the status of teachers, are integral parts of that contract. The contract is contained in the statutes, the rules and regulations of the board, the resolutions appointing plaintiffs, and the resolutions of the Board."
It is clear, therefore, that whether or not the Board Policy No. 4142 adopted by board resolution in December 1973 is defined as a salary schedule is not determinative. In any event, it would form an integral part of the contract so long as it was "in effect at the date of the making or renewal of a teacher's contract of employment." (Rible v. Hughes, supra, 24 Cal.2d at p. 443, 150 P.2d at p. 458.) In Rible, the court pointed out that under the statutory provisions which were the predecessors of Education Code sections 13258 and 13502 (teacher tenure acts), "the contract of employment of a permanent teacher is automatically renewed from year to year upon the same terms unless, prior to renewal, the school board acts to change such terms. . . ." (Ibid.)
It is undisputed that all of the teachers had been rehired by operation of law, having perfected their right to employment by notifying the District, as requested, of their intent to accept the renewed employment. (See, e. g., Ed.Code, §§ 13258-13260, 13304, 13443, 13447.) The March 18, 1975, letter from the District notifying each teacher of "election or employment as a certificated employee of the ABC District for the 1975-1976 School Year" specifically stated that: "Section 13258 of the Education Code provides that each person so elected shall be deemed reelected from year to year and no formal contract need be issued." As of July 1, 1975, Board Policy No. 4142 provided a $515 annual stipend for continuation high school teachers. That provision had been an integral part of the previous contracts with these teachers who had all received the increment in the 1974-1975 school year. Since the school board did not change that provision prior to renewal of the contract, it was bound to abide by the provision of the contract then in force. Renewal of the Teachers' contracts for the 1975-1976 school year occurred as of July 1, 1975, the beginning of the school year. (Ed.Code, § 5101.)5 Thus, the District's unilateral action in amending the Board policy on August 4, 1975, could have no effect on the contractual right of the Teachers to receive that annual stipend for performance of the same duties during the year 1975-1976.
The District's argument that the Board's action constituted merely termination of extra pay for extra duty assignments pursuant to section 13338 is not persuasive.6 That section provides:
"In the event a permanent employee of a school district has tenure as a full-time employee of the district, any assignment or employment of such employee in addition to his full-time assignment may be terminated by the governing board of the district at any time."
It is clear that this provision does not authorize a board to reduce the pay for the same services. The court made a finding of fact, the evidentiary support for which is not challenged, that there was no change in duties from the previous year 1974-1975. The only change in any duties had occurred more than two years before when the extra service of personal home calls to absentees was eliminated in July 1973. The Board resolution (authorizing the $515 stipend) which became a term of the contract was first passed in December 1973, several months after this change.
Mandamus Was An Appropriate Remedy
The District contends that "[t]he trial court erred in concluding that mandate was an appropriate remedy." The contention is without merit.
It is an "established principle that mandamus may issue to compel the performance of a ministerial duty or to correct an abuse of discretion. (Fns. omitted.)" (Glendale City Employees' Assn., Inc. v. City of Glendale, 15 Cal.3d 328, 344, 124 Cal.Rptr. 513, 524, 540 P.2d 609, 620.) In Glendale, our Supreme Court said (id. at p. 343, 124 Cal.Rptr. at p. 523, 540 P.2d at p. 619):
"The usual remedy for failure of an employer to pay wages owing to an employee is an action for breach of contract; if that remedy is adequate, mandate will not lie. (See Elevator Operators etc. Union v. Newman (1947) 30 Cal.2d 799, 808, 186 P.2d 1 and cases there cited.) But often the payment of the wages of a public employee requires certain preliminary steps by public officials; in such instances, the action in contract is inadequate and mandate is the appropriate remedy. (See Tevis v. City & County of San Francisco (1954) 43 Cal.2d 190, 272 P.2d 757; (mandate to compel officials to approve payroll): Ross v. Board of Education (1912) 18 Cal.App. 222, 122 P. 967 (mandate to compel officials to approve payment); cf. Flora Crane Service, Inc. v. Ross (1964) 61 Cal.2d 199, 37 Cal.Rptr. 425, 390 P.2d 193 (mandate to compel controller to certify that funds have been appropriated).) . . . ."
And Witkin explains the principle as follows:
"(I)f recovery on the claim requires the performance of some ministerial duty by the defendant, such as drawing a warrant, an ordinary civil action is an inadequate remedy. The rule is, therefore, that if the amount of the claim is fixed by law, and the act of drawing and paying the warrant is a ministerial duty, mandamus will lie to compel it." (5 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (2d ed.1971) Extraordinary Writs, § 74, p. 3850.)
Here, the claim was for the fixed amount of $515 and required a ministerial act as described.
Our Supreme Court pointed out in Caminetti v. Board of Trustees, 1 Cal.2d 354, 356, 34 P.2d 1021, 1022, that "[t]he propriety of the remedy of mandate against a school board to collect salary due a teacher is established by several cases. (See Ross v. Board of Education, 18 Cal.App. 222, 122 P. 967.)" In Ross, cited both in Caminetti and Glendale, the plaintiff sought to compel the Board of Education to approve a demand for $100, being the balance due in salary under a contract. The Board contended, as the District does here, that the plaintiff should have sued for damages for breach of contract. Rejecting that argument, the court pointed out the need to compel officials to approve payment and held (18 Cal.App. at p. 225, 122 P. at p. 968):
"[T]he remedy by mandamus will be denied only when the party seeking relief has a plain remedy at law which is not only speedy, but adequate in the sense that in and of itself it is capable of directly affording and enforcing the relief sought; and if it be found that the remedy at law, although it could and might result in a judgment for plaintiff, is nevertheless inherently incapable of compelling the performance of the specific act which forms the subject matter of an application in mandamus, it cannot be said that the remedy at law is equally convenient, beneficial, and effective to the extent that it will supersede the remedy by mandamus. (Fremont v. Crippen, 10 Cal. 211, 70 Am.Dec. 711; Babcock v. Goodrich, 47 Cal. 488; Raisch v. Board of Education, 81 Cal. 542, 22 P. 890; Robertson v. Trustees, 136 Cal. 403, 69 P. 88.)" (See also Frost v. Trustees of Cal. State University and Colleges, 46 Cal.App.3d 225, 228-229, 120 Cal.Rptr. 1; Goldsmith v. Board of Education, 63 Cal.App. 141, 147, 218 P. 296.)
Moreover, the court recently said in Coan v. State of California, 11 Cal.3d 286, 291, 113 Cal.Rptr. 187, 191, 520 P.2d 1003, 1007:
"Although a claim for payment of salary is in effect a money claim, mandamus is a proper remedy where the dispute concerns the proper construction of a statute or ordinance giving rise to the official duty to pay the salary claim."
Here, the official duty to pay the $515 salary claim arises out of the District's legal duty not to reduce teachers' salaries after the beginning of the school year, an obligation imposed through Education Code provisions, and District salary schedules and policies. In the instant case, therefore, mandamus was appropriate.
The Award of Attorney's Fees Was Not An Abuse of Discretion
The District contends that the trial court erred in awarding the Teachers attorney's fees pursuant to Government Code section 800. We disagree.
Government Code section 800 provides that in a civil action to review an administrative determination by a public entity, the court may award reasonable attorney's fees not to exceed $1,500 to a prevailing party where the complainant "is personally obligated to pay such fees" and the administrative determination resulted from "arbitrary or capricious action or conduct by a public entity or an officer thereof in his official capacity."
The trial court found that "(b)y refusing to pay (Teachers) the additional sum of $515.00 to which they became entitled on July 1, 1975, even after it was made clear to the (District) by counsel for the (Teachers) that they were required to pay this additional sum, the (District) acted arbitrarily and capriciously and became subject to an award for reasonable attorneys fees against them pursuant to Government Code Section 800."
" A finding that governmental conduct is arbitrary and capricious is essentially one of fact" (Midstate Theatres, Inc. v. Board of Supervisors, 46 Cal.App.3d 204, 212, 119 Cal.Rptr. 894, 899; Madonna v. County of San Luis Obispo, 39 Cal.App.3d 57, 62, 113 Cal.Rptr. 916) and will be sustained on appeal unless an abuse of discretion is shown. The District claims that the court's finding cannot be sustained because there is no evidence or finding that the District's action "was based upon ulterior or improper motives." No such finding is necessary. As was explained in Madonna, id. at pp. 61-62, 113 Cal.Rptr. at p. 919:
"The phrase 'arbitrary or capricious' has no precise meaning, and the code does not undertake to define it. However, conduct not supported by a fair or substantial reason may be categorized as arbitrary and capricious. (Bedford Investment Co. v. Folb, 79 Cal.App.2d 363, 366, 180 P.2d 361.) The courts often characterize unsubstantiated determinations as arbitrary. (See Stewart v. State Personnel Board, 250 Cal.App.2d 445, 447, 58 Cal.Rptr. 280; Lorimore v. State Personnel Board, 232 Cal.App.2d 183, 186, 42 Cal.Rptr. 640.)"
Similarly, the court in Midstate, supra, 46 Cal.App.3d at page 211, 119 Cal.Rptr. at page 899, pointed out that "(h)owever well intended, a stubborn insistence on following an unauthorized course of action could well be found to be arbitrary and capricious." The fact that the District's legal counsel may have advised the District that it could deny the Teachers' legitimate grievances and refuse to reinstate the $515 stipend did not preclude the trial court from finding that the District's conduct was arbitrary and capricious. Here, neither the District nor its counsel relied upon the authority of an appellate opinion which was subsequently disapproved. (See, e. g., Gassman v. Governing Board, 18 Cal.3d 137, 148-149, 133 Cal.Rptr. 1, 554 P.2d 321.)
Indeed, the law was well settled that teachers' salaries could not be reduced retroactively after the beginning of the school year, commencing on July 1. The District conceded in its pleadings that it was without authority to make the reduction as to the special education teachers; in fact, it reinstated the stipend for them in response to their filing a grievance. Notwithstanding, the District refused to reinstate the stipend for the continuation high school teachers. There was no basis for asserting that the deletion of the extra pay could be justified as a termination of an extra assignment pursuant to Education Code section 13338. It was undisputed that the alleged extra duty assignment of home calls was terminated more than two years earlier.
The trial court made a specific finding of fact that the Teachers are "personally obligated to pay attorneys fees in an amount not less than $1,500.00 in respect of this matter, and said amount is reasonable." That finding is supported by the testimony at trial of the Teachers' attorney, Fenton, with respect to the amount of fees incurred and the fee arrangement. Fenton testified that 51 hours of attorney time had already been spent prior to that day's preparation and court appearance; that there were three court appearances in all; that the normal hourly charge of his office ranged from $40 to $50; and that the reasonable value of his work in this matter was $50 per hour. As Fenton had previously indicated to the court, even before he testified under oath, the total amount of the Teachers' obligation "even at the rate of $40 an hour (was) in excess of $1500." There was, therefore, sufficient evidence in the record to support the trial court's decision.
Rutherford v. Board of Trustees, 37 Cal.App.3d 775, 112 Cal.Rptr. 560, and Olson v. Hickman, 25 Cal.App.3d 920, 102 Cal.Rptr. 248, the cases cited by the District, do not compel a contrary conclusion. In Rutherford, the court, in upholding a denial of such fees, pointed out that allegations of "arbitrary or capricious action" and of petitioners' personal obligation to pay attorney fees of $1,500 "should have been placed before the court in some fashion." (37 Cal.App.3d at p. 782, 112 Cal.Rptr. at p. 564.) (Emphasis added.) Unlike Rutherford, those requirements were met here by the petition alleging such arbitrary and capricious action and by the above cited testimony showing such an obligation. Furthermore, the sworn testimony of Fenton was comparable to the declaration filed by the petitioner in Olson v. Hickman which that appellate court deemed sufficient to evoke Government Code section 800 (25 Cal.App.3d at p. 924, 102 Cal.Rptr. 248). Thus, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding the Teachers attorney's fees in the amount of $1,500 pursuant to Government Code section 800.
1. All Code section references, unless otherwise designated, are to the former Education Code sections in effect at the time herein relevant and prior to the Reorganized Education Code, effective April 30, 1977.
2. The Board also deleted the same extra stipend paid to special education teachers within the district. On October 1, 1975, the Teachers' counsel wrote a letter of grievance on behalf of the special education teachers demanding the payment of the $515 on the ground the teachers were entitled to that stipend when Board Policy No. 4142, as it existed on July 1, 1975, became incorporated into their employment contract. On November 3, 1975, the Board voted to reinstate the $515 stipend for the special education teachers.
3. In correspondence with the District, the Teachers' counsel pointed out that the Teachers had become entitled to re-employment during the 1975-1976 school year pursuant to provisions of the Education Code (e. g., Ed.Code, §§ 13258, 13443, 13447) and had perfected their rights to reemployment by notifying the District of their intent to remain in the service of the District prior to July 1, pursuant to Education Code section 13260; and that "it is a basic doctrine of contract law with respect to certificated employees that any rules, regulations and policies that are in effect at the time that the employees are reelected to employment and certainly at the time that the new school year begins on July 1, become part of the employment contract. . . . "
4. Education Code section 13502 provides as follows:"The governing board of any school district shall fix and order paid the compensation of persons in public school service requiring certification qualifications employed by the board unless otherwise prescribed by law."
5. That cut-off date was further established by other statutes. Thus, for example, under section 13260, a teacher who has received such a letter as was mailed on March 18, 1975, informing him of his election, must notify the governing board of the district of his intentions to remain, prior to July 1, or he is deemed to have declined employment and his services as an employee of the district may be terminated on June 30 of that year.
6. At trial, the District also argued that its deletion of the stipend could be justified on the grounds that it was a legally permissible remedy to an apparent violation of the principle of uniformity mandated by Education Code section 13506. The District has not argued this on appeal. We, therefore, deem the argument abandoned. In any event, the District could not have prevailed on these grounds. Section 13506 specifically states: "This section shall not apply to . . . teachers of special day and evening high school classes, . . ." Continuation education classes and schools were specially adopted and authorized by statute, "in order to meet the special educational needs of pupils to provide: . . . a specially designed program of individualized instruction and intensive guidance services to meet the special needs of pupils with behavior or severe attendance problems." (See Ed.Code, ch. 6, art. 4, §§ 5950-5958.) Moreover, evidence was also presented of other differences in the duties of special education teachers such as making home telephone calls to absentees and acting as counselors which might be used to support a reasonable classification.Furthermore, a similar argument, based on grounds that a change after the beginning of the school year was required to conform with the principle of uniformity, was rejected in Aebli v. Board of Education, 62 Cal.App.2d 706, 748-751, 145 P.2d 601. The court held that once a contract is made by the Board with the teacher at the beginning of the school year, the Board cannot thereafter go back during such year (or subsequent years) and amend that contract through unilateral action by reducing the pay agreed to be made to the teacher.
POTTER, Associate Justice.
ALLPORT and IBANEZ (Judge of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, assigned by the Chairperson of the Judicial Council), JJ., concur.


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Q: API protection from spoof referrer I have a project with a rails-api backend and an angular repo running on a separate, nginx server. The front end makes normal JSON requests to the API, but I have some internal methods that I want only our front end to make. So far I've been using referrer protection as a whitelist for our front end servers, but I know that can be spoofed.
How can I prevent an attacker from creating accounts through these internal methods and flooding the server with requests?
The other solution i considered was to send a CSRF token token to the front end on every request and then require the front end to send that with every request. I don't like that idea either, as the attacker can also make a request to this endpoint to get the CSRF token everytime he makes a request.
Am I missing anything obvious here? How people are tackling this issue?

A: I don't hear anything in your description that makes your use case different from a regular, non-angularized app.
If I have a regular rails app serving a "signup" page, there's nothing preventing a malicious user from scripting an infinite loop of signups on that page. This seems to be the problem you're describing, but the problem seems different because of the distinction you're making in your head between APIs that are intentionally public and those that are for internal use.
The typical solution for this is to use a captcha or something, to make sure you've got a human on the other end of the API request.

A: Frontend js sources are available to any user. Even obfuscated, the can be used for reverse engineering.
It seems to be your application architecture issue, that your front-end allows user to make some actions, that are restricted for him.
Probably you should provide more information about your app here. Or review and change apps architecture.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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BS Hodler I - Marktplatz HITrental Apartment	Basel - Studio
› Basel › HITrental Marktplatz Apartments › BS Hodler I - Marktplatz HITrental Apartment
Stay in this spacious studio in the center of Basel and take the opportunity to explore city life and all the sights from here.
The modern studio, named after the Swiss painter Ferdinand Hodler, offers unique comfort and makes your holiday a memorable experience. The pretty studio has a spacious living/bedroom which is equipped with two small double beds and a sofa with pull-out function. There is also a sitting area with a dining table and chairs. The open kitchen has everything you need to prepare a delicious meal. You will find a dishwasher, oven, fridge with freezer compartment, a Nespresso machine and many other small extras. Of course the studio has a private bathroom with shower and toilet. The studio also has a terrace where you can relax and unwind. The studio is facing the inner courtyard and despite its location in the middle of the city you can enjoy wonderful peace and quiet.
The price of the studio includes all additional costs, WI-Fi Internet, TV with international channels, bed linen and towels. There is also a shared laundry room with three washing towers for free use. The studio is located in a new building which is completely wheelchair accessible. Of course there is a passenger lift.
At Rümelinsplatz 1, where the studio is located, you live right in the center of Basel in an excellent location. Not far from the studio are for example the market place and the Barfüsserplatz. Together with Münsterplatz, these two squares are among the most famous in the city of Basel. Basel's imposing town hall is located on the market square and every weekday the market takes place here, where you can buy many delicacies and specialities from the region, Switzerland and the whole world. Barfüsserplatz with its eight tram lines is an important traffic junction of Basel. There are also regular events here, such as the Basel Autumn Fair, the Christmas Market and a large flea market every second and fourth Wednesday of the month.
From the studio you can also reach the Rhine and Münster, Basel's landmark, in about 6 minutes on foot. The Basel Exhibition Centre, where famous trade fairs such as Baselworld or Art Basel regularly take place, is 1.5km from Rümelinsplatz and can be reached by tram in less than 10 minutes. There are also many museums in the immediate vicinity, such as the Art Museum, the Natural History Museum and the Historical Museum. Of course, there are also various shopping facilities, restaurants and bars in the immediate vicinity.
2 Double beds, 1 Sofa bed double.
1 TV, TV Satellite (Languages: Spanish, English, German, French, Russian), 1st floor, lift, iron, internet (Wi-Fi), hair dryer, balcony, 45 m² property, pet-friendly (Dangerous breed dogs not allowed), central heating.
5 m Town centre - Basel Stadtzentrum
20 m Restaurant - Grünpfahl
50 m Restaurant - Coccodrillo
100 m Restaurant - Yooji's
100 m shops - Coop City
250 m river - Rhein
1.3 km train station - Basel SBB
8 km airport - Basel-Mulhouse
10 km Water park - aquabasilea
BS Van Gogh III - Marktplatz HITrental Apartment Basel - Studio
Would you like to explore the beautiful city on the Rhine alone or in a couple and are still looking for accommodation? Then the pretty studio apartment in the heart of Basel is the right choice for you! The studio apartment called "Van Gogh III" extends over 45m2 and is a real oasis of well-being. In the...
BS Van Gogh II - Marktplatz HITrental Apartment Basel - Studio
Explore Basel's city life from this stylish studio apartment in the heart of Basel and feel at home during your holidays! This modern studio apartment, named after the Dutch artist Vincent Van Gogh, captivates with its stylish design and elegant furnishings. The apartment has a spacious living/bedroom...
BS Van Gogh I - Marktplatz HITrental Apartment Basel - Studio
The charming studio in the heart of Basel is ideal for expats and business travellers who are looking for furnished accommodation for a longer period of time in the city on the Rhine. The cosy studio, named after the famous painter and draughtsman Vincent Van Gogh, offers enough space for four people on...
BS Hodler III - Marktplatz HITrental Apartment Basel - Studio
Living between Marktplatz and Barfüsserplatz - experience Basel city life first hand in this pretty 1.5 room apartment for four people! The apartment "Hodler III", named after the painter Ferdinand Hodler, has 1.5 rooms and offers space for a total of four guests. In the large living/bedroom there are...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This delicious Easter hot cross bun trifle is easy and quick to make. An excellent last minute dessert using store-bought ingredients.
If the thought of making dessert on top of all the other Easter food prep is stressing you out then I have just the thing! This easy trifle recipe can be assembled at the last minute using store-bought ingredients. Cheat's trifle? You bet!
Since my Nutella chocolate trifle was such a success this Christmas, I decided an Easter trifle definitely deserved its own post.
Hot cross buns – oh how I love them – are the obvious choice for the base. Add white chocolate custard, tinned pears, whipped cream and a little booze and you have a delicious dessert that's ready in next to no time.
Start by making the white chocolate custard. Pour the store-bought custard into a bowl and add finely chopped white chocolate. Heat in the microwave, in 40 second bursts, stirring until the chocolate melts completely. Alternatively heat the custard in a saucepan, take off the heat then add the chocolate. Cool slightly before using.
Slice the hot cross buns in half. Use the tops to line the sides of a trifle bowl, lightly pressing the buns against the sides of the bowl. Cut the remaining buns into small cubes and use half to line the centre of the bowl. Drizzle with a little spiced rum (see substitutes in recipe notes).
Top with sliced pears – I used tinned pears in juice, cut into cubes. Pour the custard over the pears – if you have time chill the trifle at this stage.
Add the remaining cubed hot cross buns and drizzle with the rest of the rum.
Whisk the double cream, icing sugar and vanilla until you have just firm peaks then transfer to a piping bag fitted with a large open star tip and pipe over the trifle. Alternatively whisk until you have soft peaks and spoon over the trifle.
Drizzle with chocolate or caramel sauce and top with more hot cross buns if you like. Add orange zest or sprinkles and serve.
• You can use (store-bought) pound cake instead of the hot cross buns or leftover cake scraps should you have any. You could freeze cake scraps from levelling cakes for just such a recipe.
• Substitute the rum with orange liqueur such as Cointreau, Triple Sec or Grand Marnier. You can also use Marsala wine or sherry.
• If you would rather not use any alcohol, you could use a little cooled tea instead. Something herbal like spiced apple or cinnamon would work well.
• This trifle is best eaten soon after it is assembled. Any leftovers will keep for another day in the fridge.
• Instead of pears you could use stewed apples or fresh orange segments.
• You could add white chocolate curls, mini chocolate eggs or Creme Eggs as decorations.
HAVE YOU MADE MY HOT CROSS BUN TRIFLE?
Hot Cross Cinnamon Buns – perfect for Easter!
This show-stopping Easter trifle is so easy to make using store-bought ingredients. See recipe notes for tips and substitutes.
Heat the custard in a saucepan, take off the heat then add the chocolate. Leave for a couple of minutes then stir until the chocolate melts and custard is smooth. Cool slightly before using.
Slice five hot cross buns in half. Use the tops to line the sides of a trifle bowl, lightly pressing the buns against the sides of the bowl.
Cut the remaining buns into small cubes and use half to line the centre of the bowl. Drizzle with 2 tablespoons spiced rum (or see notes for substitutes).
Drain the tinned pears and cut into cubes. Add to the trifle.
Pour the custard over the pears – if you have time chill the trifle at this stage.
Add the remaining cubed hot cross buns and drizzle with rest of the rum.
Whisk the double cream, icing sugar and vanilla until you have just firm peaks.
Transfer to a piping bag fitted with a large open star tip and pipe over the trifle. Alternatively whisk until you have soft peaks and spoon over the trifle.
Drizzle with chocolate or caramel sauce and top with more hot cross buns if you like. Add orange zest / sprinkles / mini chocolate eggs and serve.
• You can use Madeira cake instead of the hot cross buns or leftover cake scraps should you have any. You could freeze cake scraps from levelling cakes for just such a recipe.
• Substitute the rum with orange liqueur such as Cointreau, Triple Sec or Grand Marnier. You can also use Marsala Wine.
Girlfriend, this looks AMAZING! I have to confess I loateh traditional trifle – jelly and fruit cocktail – ugh!!! Modern versions like this obliterate horrible 80s memories of when I first moved here and trifle was what we'd get as a "special treat". A great use of hot cross buns here, something I also am only just coming to terms with!


This day long, hands-on writing workshop/fellowship is designed to inspire thoughtful conversation, to provide insightful feedback, to instill a spirit of community, and to ignite the imagination.
Morning and afternoon writing prompts and sharing sessions will be interspersed with a fun lunch (provided) and reinvigorating beach walk, and the day will end with a happy hour and open mic.
To register for this workshop, go to the Retreats & Workshops page of our website beachshackwriters.com, click the black box link for Two Writing Prompts & A Picnic, fill out the I'm Interested form information, and click Apply.
Two Writing Prompts & a Picnic will be facilitated by Beach Shack Writers director and developmental editor, Cindy Whitman. Recently serving as editor and contributing writer at KA Confidential magazine, and now as editor at Pink magazine, Cindy has worked with writers and published authors from coast-to-coast. A graduate of the MFA Writing Seminars at Bennington College, and a Judge's Special Mention award recipient in the Pirate's Alley/Pen Faulkner Medal for the Personal Essay, Cindy has been awarded writing fellowships to The Cottages at Hedgebrook, The UCross Foundation, and The Vermont Studio Center.


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9 Glenelg Street, South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Get Directions
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South Bank Parklands
The South Bank Parklands are a wonderful part of Brisbane city. Located just across the Brisbane River from the CBD (an easy walk across Victoria Bridge) they offer a place to rewind and relax, to dine or enjoy some of the attractions. Set in 17 hectares, the lush parklands reflect rainforest, lagoon and beach environments and The Arbour, a stunning a flower-covered walkway, winds through the precinct.
It's hard to imagine now, but the south bank of the river was once home to the CBD. Severe flooding in 1883 prompted the European settlers to relocate the CBD to where it is today, over on the north banks. By 1930, South Bank had been re-established as a bustling river port and industrial zone that was buzzing with markets, wharves, dance halls and theatres. However, over time development slowed and the area spiralled into disrepair. This all changed in 1984, when South Bank was selected as the site for World Expo 88.
World Expo 88 was immensely successful and breathed new life into South Bank – it attracted 18 million people over its six month run and it showcased the area's potential as a public space. Once the expo was over, the people of Brisbane lobbied to keep it as public parkland. Today, South Bank is one of Brisbane's most vibrant, busy and cherished spaces attracting ten million visitors annually.
As well as the tranquillity and beauty of the parklands you can grab a bite to eat on Little Stanley Street, soak up some culture on Grey Street or relax on the river's edge at River Quay. There are restaurants, cafés, bars, boutiques, museums, galleries, a vibrant performing arts centre, the Wheel of Brisbane, a cinema and, of course, Rydges South Bank is right next to the Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre for your accommodation needs.
The precinct is home to more than 150 events each year and can be split into four distinct areas. The sprawling Parklands are known for its expansive green lawns, towering Ficus trees and colourful gardens. They are also home to family-friendly experiences and activities including free swimming facilities, walking tracks, playgrounds and picnic and barbecue areas.
Little Stanley Street is a bustling retail and dining strip that overlooks the Parklands. The cafes, bars and restaurants offer an array of international cuisines styles and atmospheres for a casual snack, something more formal or anything in-between. The street also has several chic boutiques that offer the latest in fashion, jewellery and homewares.
Grey Street is Brisbane's cultural boulevard, home to the city's major cultural institutions including the Queensland Performing Arts Centre, Queensland Art Gallery, Gallery of Modern Art, State Library and Queensland Museum and Sciencentre.
River Quay is South Bank's award-winning dining precinct and green space. On the edge of the Brisbane River it was specially designed to celebrate Queensland's warm climate and outdoor lifestyle. With uninterrupted views of the river and city skyline, River Quay is a popular destination for kicking back with a book or a picnic. There's also dining options in the suite of outdoor restaurants.


text:
From The Great North American Sticky Bun Hunt
By Leo Woodland
FirstPreviousPage 27 of 141NextLast
May 21: Erie to Geneva-on-the-Lake, Pennsylvania
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YOU REMEMBER I wondered if there was a schism in the Amish community, whether some were less prepared to live in the 18th century? I wasn't far off the mark.
Anthony's Cafe is on a corner going down towards the lake in Conneaut, one of those towns visitors never know how to pronounce. There on the table next to us was a man with a magnificent beard that begged to be photographed. I raised the idea and the man who owned it barely acknowledged me. In fact, I'm not sure he acknowledged me at all. Instead, a bright-eyed chap with a far less glorious beard said: "They don't like having their picture taken."
They?
I didn't ask the question but he could read my thoughts.
"The Amish - they don't like it."
"Sorry," I said to Sobersides. "I didn't realise. All the Amish we saw in Pennsylvania had small black beards and dressed in blue. And they were happy to chat." Again he didn't even look at me.
"He's old-school Amish," Brighteyes explained.
"It means he doesn't have electricity in his home. Some branches have telephones or use a tractor. He's old-school: you can tell from the colour of his hat band."
There are many strange things in the world of religion and I suppose distinguishing your beliefs by your hat band is no odder than much else. I would have liked to ask more but the tone was difficult and I beat a retreat.
Two questions I'd like to have asked were:
[] Who was Brighteyes and why would Sobersides talk to him and not to me?
[] If you refuse to have electricity in your house, how do you justify eating in a cafe that uses it for cooking and lighting?
But, sadly, I can't bring you the answers.
Signposting in the USA is excellent. Just as well or I'd have assumed this was the main highway...
THE WAITRESS was a lively, bright-eyed girl called Amanda.
"You doing the Underground Railroad or the other route?" she asked. Most people ask how many miles we ride a day; this time we were being questioned by someone with detailed knowledge.
"Oh, we gedda lodda cyclists," she said. "There are two routes and they merge for a while here."
I asked why she didn't have a guest book. I said it would make an interesting addition for the cafe and that it would give a sense of community to those who used it, showing who was a day or two ahead and offering a chance to leave messages for those who followed.
"Hey, that's a really cool idea."
And that's just what the boss said as he came out from the kitchen to say goodbye.
"We'll have it here within 24 hours," he said. "I'm really grateful for the idea."
GENEVA-ON-THE-LAKE, by the way, is tawdry. Distinctly upmarket people used to build cabins here. So upmarket that anyone else was riffraff. It is now the riffraff who dominate. The main street is a circus of cheap motels, hamburger joints, restaurants with silly names, anything that makes easy money. Geneva-on-the-Make.
We were glad to ride on to the state park in the neighbouring town of Geneva, which is beyond doubt embarrassed by the hamburger fat and pinball noise up the road. We were charged $25 to camp on a pitch with no water and a quarter-mile walk to the toilets. Every time we pointed out the site's deficiencies to the state trooper (or whatever it said on the side of his car), he said: "Yes, sir, that's what everyone else complains about."
AMERICAN FLAGS SEEN: 250
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Snow _ Girl ive been Hurt By me!
Snow 'Girl I've been hurt ' Reggaeton remix.
Is he real, have you found another love?
How long must we play this masquerade?
Girl, is there something you should tell me?
Albums has song "Girl I've Been Hurt"


Splashing massive funds on overseas players is not going down well.
The demonstration was held against proposed reforms to the Common Agricultural Policy.
Our collective inability to recognise the enormity of a growing food crisis caused by climate change is to our detriment, writes Gerry Crilly.
There's the roads, of course.
MEP Liam Alyward said the vote is just the beginning of the reform and now is the time to work on giving countries flexibility within the policy.
Hundreds braved the weather to picket outside Dublin Castle.
Yesterday farmers held a rally outside Minister Simon Coveney's constituency office in Cork.
The Minister was speaking about proposed CAP payment reforms.
The Irish Farmers' Association said the outcomes of Minister Coveney's meetings with EU ministers have not reflected his stated aims.
As EU leaders gather in Brussels for the first of a two-day summit, just what is at stake, and where is the money going to come from?
The farmers are protesting against possible cuts to Common Agricultural Policy funding.


text:
Close My Eyes è un film del 1991 diretto da Stephen Poliakoff.

La pellicola ha per interpreti principali Clive Owen, Alan Rickman e Saskia Reeves.

Trama
1985. Uno studente di urbanistica, Richard Gillespie, cammina attraverso una via con degli alti edifici, diretto da sua sorella maggiore Natalie, a cui non è molto legato in quanto entrambi hanno vissuto con un genitore diverso dopo il divorzio. Recentemente Natalie ha comprato un appartamento alquanto rumoroso con il suo amante solo per poi essere lasciata da lui nel giro di due mesi. Inoltre, la donna si sente infelice nel suo lavoro di responsabile acquisti. Su insistenza di Richard, vanno a fare una passeggiata a notte fonda, e Natalie sembra tirarsi un po' su. Nel suo appartamento, Richard si sveglia nel bel mezzo della notte, a causa della forte musica proveniente dall'appartamento dei vicini, e trova la sorella ancora in piedi e di nuovo in una fase di depressione estrema. I tentativi di Richard di rallegrarla terminano quando Natalie lo abbraccia in un abbraccio piuttosto appassionato, sebbene ella si scusi subito e come giustificazione dice che voleva solo qualcuno da abbracciare. Richard non sembra reagire.

Tra il 1987 e il 1990 Richard diventa un urbanista di successo incredibile e un gran casanova, mentre la carriera di Natalie si inaridisce in una successione di lavori amministrativi di basso livello che lei odia. Il loro incontro successivo avviene nel 1991. Richard, dedito all'ambiente e l'urbanistica sostenibile, ha un colloquio di lavoro per la rivista Urban Alert ("Allarme Urbano"), istituito al fine di mettere pressione ai pianificatori delle zone portuali perché considerino i bisogni dei residenti della zona. Il direttore, Colin, è alquanto scettico riguardo alle intenzioni di Richard, ma comunque lo assume per lavorare con la sua vice, Jessica. Nel frattempo, Natalie si candida per lavorare come segretaria di un analista borsistico molto potente e ricco, di nome Sinclair Bryant. Non ottiene il posto ma in seguito sposa Sinclair.

Richard, che non si è fatto vedere al matrimonio, finalmente va a far visita a Natalie nella sua sontuosa casa a Petersham, e resta sorpreso nel vedere che la sorella sia cambiata, diventando un po' più "snob". Viene presentato a Sinclair e i due vanno enormemente d'accordo poiché entrambi sono dotati di una grande intelligenza, e sembrano avere interessi simili in campo letterario (Marcel Proust) e un simile atteggiamento riguardo alla vita. Tuttavia, Natalie non è del tutto felice della sua vita perché si sente insignificante in confronto a Sinclair. Poco dopo la visita di Richard a casa sua, la donna va a visitare l'appartamento del fratello. Mentre cercano di evitare che scaturisca l'attrazione che provano l'uno verso l'altra, si ritrovano nudi sul pavimento. Natalie cerca di farsi aiutare da Richard a impedirle di fare l'amore. Egli la ferma e cammina verso l'altro lato della stanza. Alla fine soccombono ai loro desideri e hanno un rapporto sessuale.

Successivamente, cercano di evitarsi. La cosa risulta difficile poiché Sinclair invita Richard a casa per un ritrovo sociale, e i due fratelli, ancora attratti l'uno dall'altra, concordano su un nuovo incontro per risistemare le cose. Intanto, al lavoro, in cui Richard si è dimostrato piuttosto bravo, Colin ha contratto l'AIDS e informa l'ufficio. Dopo questa rivelazione, Richard e Colin hanno difficoltà a interagire a vicenda perché tutti e due fanno finta che non ci sia niente che non vada. Richard e Natalie si incontrano nuovamente nell'appartamento dei genitori di Sinclair e hanno un rapporto sessuale, nonostante in seguito Natalie resta fermissima sul fatto che la loro relazione debba finire perché, dopotutto, sono fratello e sorella. Nel corso del fine settimana, Sinclair deduce che Natalie ha una relazione extraconiugale perché non era a Nuneaton dove diceva di essere (cerca di chiamarla quando la lavastoviglie allaga la cucina), ma quando ritorna insiste a dire di essere stata dove ha detto. Quanto a Richard, Colin è prossimo alla morte e allora lo porta fuori dall'ospedale un'ultima volta per affrontare uno sgradevole urbanista per via di alcuni fatti che intendono pubblicare nella loro rivista. I due uomini lo tengono sotto torchio e Colin mangia un mezzo sandwich, offrendo l'altra metà a Richard (che dà un morso senza problemi), e poi offrendolo all'urbanista che è terrorrizzato persino a toccarlo per via della malattia di Colin.

Le cose vanno di male in peggio in quanto Richard sviluppa un'ossessione per Natalie e quando si presenta inaspettatamente a casa loro trova solo Sinclair, il quale lo trascina subito di gran fretta ad una gita in barca che aveva organizzato per sé e gli fa il terzo grado sulla tresca di Natalie. Sinclair non sospetta ancora di Richard, e non crede che lui non sappia chi sia, ma rispetta la sua decisione di non rivelare l'identità dell'amante della sorella. Saputo che Sinclair e Natalie hanno intenzione di trasferirsi in America (a causa della recessione), Richard perde del tutto il suo autocontrollo, molesta Natalie in pubblico in un hotel e poi tenta di suicidarsi assumendo un'ingente quantità di sonniferi, senza successo, poiché Natalie arriva inaspettatamente al suo appartamento. Richard viene invitato alla loro festa di addio a condizione che si comporti bene. Richard è al servizio di Jessica (la nuova direttrice responsabile, dal momento che Colin è morto), ma l'abbandona subito arrivando a braccare Natalie. Quando la trova, le annuncia che vuole ucciderla, trascinandola via dal luogo ove si tiene la festa, arrivando fino in campagna. I due lottano in mezzo alla strada, con Richard che accusa Natalie di averlo usato, ma poi le salva la vita quando entrambi stanno per essere investiti da un furgone per le consegne. Allora Natalie si scusa per averlo usato e dice che lei e Sinclair non stanno lasciando il paese, dopotutto, ma volevano lo stesso fare la festa. Tornano scompigliati mentre gli ospiti se ne stanno andando rapidamente. Compare Sinclair e, anche se non vuol sentire la loro confessione, fa capire benissimo che sa tutto, e che li perdona.

Infine i tre camminano presso il fiume di un parco, sotto il sole di un tramonto d'autunno.

Produzione

Cast
Alan Rickman è Sinclair, un ricchissimo, intellettuale, e un po' eccentrico agente di cambio (o forse analista borsistico) che sposa Natalie dopo averla incontrata quando si candida per lavorare da lui come sua segretaria.
Clive Owen è Richard, il fratello di Natalie e (quando si incontrano la prima volta nel 1985) uno studente di urbanistica, nella cui carriera ottiene un enorme successo, ma nel 1991 si arrende a lavorare per "Allarme Urbano" (nell'originale Urban Alert) - una rivista con lo scopo di sottolineare le inadeguatezze e le ingiustizie dello sviluppo dell'area di Docklands.
Saskia Reeves è Natalie, la bella sorella maggiore di Richard. Ha lavorato attraverso una serie di lavori amministrativi di basso livello, che odiava, prima di incontrare Sinclair. Durante il matrimonio con lui diventa socia in una agenzia per il lavoro. Lei e Richard non sono mai stati insieme da bambini, perché ognuno di loro ha vissuto con un genitore diverso quando i loro si sono separati.
Karl Johnson è Colin, il capo di Richard e il direttore responsabile di "Allarme Urbano".
Lesley Sharp è Jessica, la collega di Richard che egli tenta (ma non riesce) a sedurre.
Kate Garside è Paula, una ragazza che lavora nel ristorante da cui di solito i dipendenti di "Allarme Urbano" ordinano i pasti, e con cui Richard ha una breve relazione.
Niall Buggy è Geof, un urbanista alquanto viscido dell'area di Docklands, che è la bestia nera di "Allarme Urbano".

Riprese
Il film è stato girato principalmente a Londra e, nello specifico, nel distretto di Docklands, mentre la magione di Sinclair e Natalie è stata filmata a Marlow. La grande festa che è il palcoscenico per il climax del film è stata girata a Polesden Lacey a Bookham, Surrey. Le scene finali lungo il fiume sono a Henley on Thames, nell'Oxfordshire.

Collegamenti esterni

Film drammatici
Film che trattano il tema dell'incesto

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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School contract registers: are they necessary?


Put your ear to the ground and you will hear the cries for "more leaders!" Civic organizations are shriveling and dying because no one wants to be "the leader." City council elections are being won by write-in candidates because no one runs for the office. Work teams are at each other's throats and less-than-productive. The same few people seem to be making all the decisions for the majority.
ISU Extension and Outreach Community and Economic Development has an educational program, Developing Dynamic Leaders, that focuses on maximizing the strengths and skills of each individual. This two-part leadership program is highly interactive and guaranteed to bring out the creativity within you. The sessions will make you more valuable in your job, in volunteer groups, and in your community. The need for effective leadership in business, community organizations, and government is greater than ever before. You owe it to yourself to ratchet your leadership skills up a notch or two.
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Controversy is normal and expected in community organizations. Leaders need to understand controversy and conflict in order to keep groups together and active.
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People's natural reaction to change is to resist. An understanding of what happens when change is presented, and tools for mitigating resistance are important for leaders.
Review a real economic development project, from how the community and prospects find one another to the ground breaking and beyond, with a professional in the field. Analyze the role of local leadership.
Project review and analysis—what can we learn?
Understanding the dynamics of the local community, how to find and engage influentials, identifying and overcoming barriers, building participation and support in the community.
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Contact Jane Goeken, one of our Field Specialists. She will ask you to form a local steering committee and to determine program specifics and logistics. Registration is handled through your local County Extension office.
Availability varies. At least six months lead time is requested in order to schedule, plan, and market the program.


text:
BAINBRIDGE ISLANDER
Woman will climb Mount Rainier for breast cancer, MS research and her friend
Nathan Pilling
BAINBRIDGE ISLAND – Barb McAllister was flying high. In 2002, she held a prominent position in the Environmental Protection Agency, and while she was a bit of a workaholic, life was good, she said.
Then life took a turn: She got a call at her desk in Seattle.
From the nurse on the other end of the line: Invasive breast cancer.
She would take leave and go home to prepare for the journey of a lifetime. During her year of treatment, she went through a divorce with her husband of 23 years, she took an early-out retirement and left her government career of 26 years. She'd learn that her youngest son was struggling with addiction.
It was, as she describes it, her "dark night of the soul" experience.
"You kind of go on a spiritual journey of regrouping and finding out, 'Who am I really?'" the Bainbridge woman said.
She survived the cancer and reinvented herself. She took on a second career as a life and business coach, worked through those dark times and learned quite a bit about herself and life along the way, she said. She learned to slow down, to become more mindful, to be honest about her struggles, to be open with others.
In a way, her cancer was a gift.
"My life is way better than it was 15 years ago," she said. "I'm peaceful, happy, I'm able to navigate difficult situations with a fair amount of grace now."
She'd go on to become close with Danielle Bogardus, the daughter of a friend, and inspired her. In July, Bogardus, who grew up on the island, plans to climb Mount Rainier as part of Climb for Hope, a fundraiser for breast cancer and multiple sclerosis research, in McAllister's honor, while sharing her story.
"With a lot of breast cancer survivors or people dealing with MS, the diagnosis comes, they go through treatment, then what?" Bogardus said. "The story's kind of lost. It's actually really powerful bringing someone to the table who has now had a period of time to be able to step away from it and put that perspective back into it."
"For me, everything that Barb has gone through, she's faced it with such honesty," she said. "She talks about the struggles that she still has sometimes with how you present it or what you say and you catch yourself painting a little bit different story or whatnot to try and appease the people that you're trying to talk to or make sure that you can still fit in. But at the end of the day, this is a journey, and if we can all be honest with each other about the difficult stuff that we go through, that will allow us to not feel so isolated within those situations."
Bogardus and her climbing group will ascend Mount Rainier July 21-26. When she climbs during that week, she'll have her mind on the mountain — she realizes there are big repercussions for not being fully present during a climb like this one — but once she summits at sunrise one of those mornings, she'll likely also spare a thought toward McAllister and her story as she looks out from the mountaintop, Bogardus said.
Rainier will be her first snow climb, but she feels she's ready.
"I'm so excited. I'm thrilled," she said. "I have always wanted to do it, but I never wanted to force a situation, just because with that kind of deal I think you have to be invited in. For me this felt like my invitation. I feel good about it."
To donate to the fundraising effort, visit crowdrise.com/o/en/campaign/mt-rainier-2019/daniellebogardus.


Marx applied his theory of history to the society and economy of his time in order to discover the laws of motion of capitalism and to identify contradictions between the forces and relations of production. He was concerned with long-run trends in the economy; when he examined the present, it was always in the context of the present as history. In his analysis of capitalism, he formulated certain principles that have become known as Marxian laws and are treated with much the same reverence by some Marxists as the laws of supply and demand are by some orthodox economists. The Marxian laws of capitalism include the following: a reserve army of the unemployed, a falling rate of profit, business crises, increasing concentration of industry into fewer firms, and increasing misery within the proletariat.
In his analysis of the economics of capitalism, Marx used, with a few exceptions, the basic tools of classical economics, particularly Ricardian theory. Thus, he assumed (1) a labor cost theory explaining relative prices, (2) neutral money, (3) constant returns in manufacturing, (4) diminishing returns in agriculture, (5) perfect competition, (6) a rational, calculating economic man, and (7) a modified version of the wages fund doctrine. In most of his analysis he rejected the Ricardian assumptions of fixed coefficients of production, full employment, and the Malthusian population doctrine.
It is important to realize that part of the difference between Marx and Ricardo in their analysis of the economics of capitalism does not proceed from any difference in their basic analytical framework; rather, it comes from a difference in their respective ideologies. Because Marx was critical of capitalism, he examined it with a view to finding faults or contradictions in the system; Ricardo basically accepted it and saw it as a harmonious working-out of the economic process. The chief actor in the Marxian model, as in the Ricardian model, is the capitalist. The capitalist's search for profits and reaction to changing rates of profits explain, in large part, the dynamics of the capitalist system. But whereas capitalists in the Marxian system rationally and calculatingly pursue their economic advantage and sow the seeds of their own destruction, in the Ricardian system these same rational and calculating capitalists, in following their own self-interest, promote the social good. Although the classical economists' long-run prediction of a stationary state is certainly pessimistic, such a state is not the fault of the capitalistic system; rather, in their view, it follows from Malthusian population doctrine and historically diminishing returns in agriculture. For Marx, however, the capitalistic system produces undesirable social consequences; as the contradictions in capitalism become more manifest over time he said, capitalism .as a phase of history will pass away.
Marx rejected Malthusian population theory. In classical analysis this theory had been essential to explain the existence of profits. The classical economists maintained that capital accumulation leads to an increased demand for labor and a rise in the real wage of labor. If wages continued to rise with capital accumulation, the level of profits would fall. The Malthusian population doctrine, however, explained why wages do not rise to a level at which profits cease to exist: any increase in wages will lead to a larger population and labor force, and wages will then be pushed back to a subsistence level. The Malthusian population theory, therefore, not only accounts for the existence of profits in the classical system but also partly explains the forces determining wage rates.
Rejecting the Malthusian theory meant that Marx had to find some other vehicle to explain the existence of surplus value and profits. In the Marxian model, increased capital accumulation will increase the demand for labor. As wage rates rise, what keeps surplus value and profits from decreasing to zero? Marx's answer to this question lies in his concept'of the reserve army of the unemployed, which plays the same theoretical role in his system as does the Malthusian population theory in the classical model. According to Marx, there is always an excess supply of labor in the market, which has the effect of depressing wages and keeping surplus value and profits positive. He saw the reserve army of the unemployed as being recruited from several sources. Direct recruitment occurs when machines replace humans in production processes. The capitalists' search for profits leads them to introduce new machines, thereby increasing the capital intensity in the economy. The workers displaced by the new technology are not absorbed into other areas of the economy. Indirect recruitment results from the entry of new members into the labor force. Children finishing school and housewives who desire to enter the labor market as their family responsibilities change find that jobs are not available and enter the ranks of the unemployed. This reserve army of the unemployed keeps down wages in the competitive labor market.
The size of the reserve army and the level of profits and wages vary, in Marx's system, with the business cycle. During periods of expanding business activity and capital accumulation, wages increase and the size of the reserve army diminishes. This increase in wages ultimately leads to a reduction in profits, to which the capitalist reacts by substituting machinery for labor. The unemployment created by this substitution of capital for labor pushes down wages and restores profits.
The concept of the reserve army of the unemployed is counter to several aspects of orthodox analysis. Ricardo had suggested the possibility of short-run technological unemployment in a new chapter, "On Machinery," in the third edition of his Principles. In the classical system, technological unemployment, or any unemployment other than frictional unemployment, is not possible in the long run. Marx's assumption of long-run, persistent technological unemployment amounts to a rejection of Say's Law, which predicted full employment of resources. Most orthodox economic theorists have never been willing to accept Marx's reserve army of the unemployed for the following reasons. The notion of the reserve army implies the existence of an excess supply of labor—a labor market that is not cleared. But if quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded and competitive markets exist, economic forces will push down wages until quantity supplied equals quantity demanded and the market clears. Because Marx assumed perfectly competitive markets, an orthodox theorist would argue that the logic of Marx's own system invalidates his concept of persistent technological unemployment.
A Marxist would counter this argument by pointing out that the orthodox framework is one of comparative statics—that is, it assumes that as the forces of supply and demand work to lower wages and reduce unemployment, other things remaining equal and that, in particular, no replacement of people by machines takes place as the labor market clears. The Marxists would admit that the orthodox analysis is theoretically correct, given the static framework of orthodox theory, but they would argue that a more dynamic analysis of the labor market would allow for permanent disequilibrium. Modern orthodox macroeconomists who focus on dynamic search theory would agree that something that might look like long-run disequilibrium in a comparative static framework might exist, although they would argue that excess labor supply suggests that an average above-competitive equilibrium wage exists in an economy.
One possible means of exploring the validity of Marx's concept of a reserve army of the unemployed is to examine the level of unemployment over time. This procedure will not, however, give an unequivocal answer, as the definition of unemployment used for statistical measurement contains some anomalies. In most countries, unemployed persons are considered to be the part of the labor force that is seeking jobs but cannot find them. Some members of the population are not seeking jobs precisely because they have been unable to find work in the past and have therefore dropped out of the labor force. For example, a worker who preferred to be employed might spend several months actively seeking work and then decide to drop out of the labor force. If employment opportunities should improve, that worker might reenter the labor force. The ratio of those actively in the labor force to the total population, often called the participation ratio, varies directly with the level of business activity. A person who is working part-time but who would prefer full-time employment is usually considered to be employed. A Marxist would claim that both the dropout and the part-timer help to push down wage rates and should be included in the reserve army of the unemployed.
Even if a satisfactory statistical measure of the size of the reserve army of the unemployed were available, it is not clear that this would validate or invalidate the Marxian notion that such a reserve army prevents wages from rising so that surplus value and profits are eliminated. How much unemployment is required to produce a positive rate of surplus value and profits? The issue is further clouded, perhaps hopelessly, by the fact that the Marxian model assumes competitive markets, not the oligopolistic firms and labor unions of the modern economy. Thus, empirical work may never resolve the issue of whether or not there exists a reserve army of the unemployed.


To ensure that all content our authors provide is unique, every submitted article goes through our proprietary 3-fold Plagiarism Check. If a piece of content isn't unique, we ask the author to revise it to uphold this promise. New authors are frequently curious about this system, so today, we're providing a brief look into Textbroker's plagiarism checking process.
Modern search engines take a lot of factors into account when helping users find what they're looking for online including the website's quality, how many people visit the site, and the uniqueness of the page's content. Textbroker's clients frequently use the content they purchase from our authors to get more traffic, or visits, to their webpage from people using search engines. Even if a client is not explicitly trying to move her website up in the search rankings, duplicate content can quickly lower a site's reputation, doing more harm than good.
This is why Textbroker offers a unique content promise to our clients. When someone comes to us to purchase content, they obviously want it to be unique since it would be much easier to copy content themselves if they didn't care about uniqueness. To ensure that all content our authors provide is unique, every submitted article goes through our proprietary 3-fold Plagiarism Check. If a piece of content isn't unique, we ask the author to revise it to uphold this promise. New authors are frequently curious about this system, so today, we're providing a brief look into Textbroker's plagiarism checking process.
When an author submits a finished order, the content is immediately sent through a series of automated plagiarism checkers. These programs check the content for similarity to tens of millions of pages across the internet and report back to our system the degree of similarity to any matching documents. Obviously, pieces of content on the same subject will have some similarities, but that doesn't mean they're copied. This is why content that shows no similarity to any pages on the internet will be sent straight to the client while orders displaying noticeable similarity to other pages will be sent to Textbroker staff for manual review.
This example shows content that would be sent back to the author for revision. The first three highlighted words are not a problem; those words probably occur together millions of times across the internet and don't represent a copied thought or idea. The second set of highlighted words, beginning with "When he saw these men … ," is not acceptable. Any completely copied sentences or uncommon phrases not specifically requested by the client are considered plagiarism and will be sent back for revision. The second block of highlighted words is a problem, too; even though it's not a complete sentence, it is highly unlikely that two different people would use the exact same descriptions of the man's clothing. This kind of similarity can hurt a website's search rankings as well.
While this content doesn't contain any explicitly copied sentences, an order containing a large amount of flags like this might be sent back as well. This type of flagging can be indicative of a type of spinning where, instead of writing unique content based on information found elsewhere, an author simply uses a thesaurus or other tool to swap out some of the words in their content. Because this does not change the structure or add additional value to the text, this can hurt a site's search rankings and does not comply with Textbroker's uniqueness promise. Keep in mind that results like this are always reviewed by staff to make sure the content really does appear to be spun. Some highly technical orders may contain a lot of flags without actually being spun.
The content above does have some words in common with other sources on the internet, but these flagged words could easily be used in content about a wide variety of topics and are really not possible to rephrase. A trained staff member would look at this content and quickly realize it is not plagiarized, and the content would immediately be passed on to the client. Things like proper nouns, addresses, and unalterable legal disclaimers are often flagged as copied by the checks, but we do our best to avoid sending articles for revision for these things.
Content uniqueness is important to us at Textbroker, and we want it to be important to our authors as well. For more tips on writing unique content, including rewrites, based on information found online, check out our Rewrites and Recaps blog post. If you're an author and have any questions about our plagiarism checks, please email us at authors@textbroker.com.
This is an excellent article. In my mind, authors are creative, visual thinkers. Having a simple explanation such as this is invaluable. Now I can visualize before writing, which is a great help. Thanks Y'all!


In order to protect your source code and content, you are recommended to use the Archiver tool to archive your resources into UNG archives. It implements data encrypting to avoid unauthorized access and provides a password protection.
If you pass a project name during engine initialization, this means the engine will store its rewritable data (such as logs, cache and configuration files) in user profile (in C:\Users\<username> on Windows or in /home/<username> on Linux) rather than <UnigineSDK/bin/ or <UnigineSDK/data/ folders.


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Clusters of galaxies are the largest gravitationally bound objects in the universe. Their formation and evolution are complex, large-scale events, involving many interacting physical processes, which span a significant fraction of the age of the universe. In addition to being intrinsically complex and interesting, their properties permit us to constrain many quantities of cosmological interest, such as the ratio of baryonic to dark matter and the rate of expansion of the universe. Despite the name "cluster of galaxies," the galaxies themselves contribute the least, only a few percent, to the total mass of a cluster. The remainder consists of diffuse, hot gas (the intracluster medium, or ICM) and an unseen, presumably collisionless component which is needed to explain the gravitational stability of clusters (the dark matter).
At the University of Illinois, graduate students involved in this work include Hsiang-Yi (Karen) Yang (now at the University of Michigan) and Paul Sutter (now at the Institute for Astrophysics in Paris), and postdocs include Alessandro Gardini (now at the University of Oslo).
Early in the history of the Universe, baryons ("ordinary" matter made of protons and neutrons) and dark matter were distributed almost uniformly throughout space. However, in some places the density of matter was slightly greater than average, and in some places it was slightly less. As the Universe expanded, gravity tended to pull together the matter in the denser regions, evacuating the less-dense regions. This process, called gravitational instability, was responsible for the formation of galaxies and clusters of galaxies.
Current thinking, backed by considerable evidence from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation and the large-scale distribution of galaxies, holds that dark matter is "cold," ie. dark matter particles move at much less than the speed of light. Under these conditions gravitational instability tends to build large objects through mergers of smaller ones. We see many examples of merging galaxies and clusters of galaxies, such as the Bullet Cluster shown above. Because of the enormous lengths of time these mergers take (billions of years for clusters), we essentially see only "snapshots" of these mergers at different stages and must piece together how they work from these snapshots and our understanding of the laws of physics.
Together with Donald Lamb and John ZuHone at the University of Chicago and Craig Sarazin, Scott Randall, and Daniel Wik at the University of Virginia, we have used large computer simulations to study the effects of head-on and offset mergers on the observable properties of clusters, the generation and mainenance of turbulence in the intracluster medium, scatter in the relationship between cluster mass and X-ray temperature, and the generation of rings of dark matter. We have also looked at the detectability of head-on mergers viewed along the line of sight. In general, mergers can have dramatic effects on the observed brightness and temperature of individual clusters, but when considered as members of the larger population of clusters, these merging clusters have surprisingly little effect on the overall mass-observable statistics of the population. Mergers play an important role in seeding and driving turbulence because the dark matter does not feel pressure forces and takes longer to settle down after a merger. As it relaxes, its gravitational interaction with the baryons continues to pump energy into the intracluster medium. These motions can take previously stable gas configurations and make them convectively unstable, promoting the development of turbulent eddies.
Many, perhaps all, galaxies host supermassive (more than 106 solar masses) black holes at their centers. When gas falls into a black hole, it generally does not fall straight in, because it has orbital angular momentum that must be dissipated. Instead it spirals into the hole in the form of an accretion disk, transferring its angular momentum to gas that is farther out through the action of viscosity (thought to be generated by magnetic fields and turbulence). Even so, not all of the gas makes it into the black hole; some of it is funnelled by magnetic fields into a pair of powerful jets that carry the gas away from the black hole at speeds close to the speed of light. Galaxies that host such an actively "feeding" black hole are said to harbor an active galactic nucleus or AGN. AGN are regarded as the root cause of a variety of interesting phenomena, such as quasars and radio lobes.
One major puzzle about galaxy clusters is why many of them have central gas densities and temperatures such that the gas should radiate away its internal "heat" over a time shorter than the age of the Universe, but nevertheless these clusters show no evidence of such cooling. The answer probably is that some form of heat input must be counterbalancing the radiative cooling, but what is this source of heat? Its rate must be tuned to the cooling rate, or else it would overheat the cluster. It must also heat in a distributed way that does not upset the stability of these clusters. One possible answer, which my group and others are investigating, is provided by AGN.
Most galaxy clusters have at their centers a single very massive elliptical galaxy known variously as a cD galaxy, brightest cluster galaxy (BCG), or giant elliptical galaxy. Often these cD galaxies have an AGN at their centers. The jets produced by these AGN are known to slow down and form enormous buoyant bubbles as they collide with the intracluster medium. One idea is that since the rate of heat deposition due to these bubbles depends on the strength of the AGN jets, and since the jet strength depends on the black hole accretion rate, and since the black hole accretion rate depends on the cooling of the surrounding intracluster gas, this scenario provides a nice feedback loop that could explain how these "cool core" clusters maintain their balance.
Computer simulations can help us to understand how this might work. However, a major problem is that the black hole accretion disk in an AGN is a billion times smaller than the spatial resolution we can achieve today in galaxy cluster simulations. Thus, rather than directly solving the equations that describe the motion of matter in the accretion disk, we must come up with a set of ad-hoc equations that model the feedback loop and use them inside a direct simulation of the cluster environment. Our group is comparing a number of these candidate models to determine which ones best fit observations. The ultimate goal is to use the most successful models in large cosmological simulations so that we can study the impact of AGN feedback on the cluster population as a whole.
Galaxy clusters are pervaded by magnetic fields with strengths on the order of a microgauss (about 1% of the Earth's magnetic field). Because the intracluster medium is very hot, it is almost completely ionized, and therefore it behaves as a plasma that can interact with this field. The intracluster magnetic field is not strong enough to push around the plasma in dramatic ways like the Sun's magnetic field can, but it does affect the way the plasma conducts heat, and it plays an important role in accelerating electrons and protons at shock fronts. Our group and others are trying to understand the origin of the intracluster magnetic field by performing magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of cluster formation that include different candidate sources of magnetic field, such as magnetized AGN jets.


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See: Named Concept/Class Cluster, Classification Task, Statistical Classification.
WordNet
categorization: the act of distributing things into classes or categories of the same type
a group of people or things arranged by class or category
the basic cognitive process of arranging into classes or categories
restriction imposed by the government on documents or weapons that are available only to certain authorized people
http://www.predictionworks.com/glossary/
Classification/Classifier: The act of labeling a test case into one of a finite number of output classes.
(Dextre Clarke et al., 2008) ⇒ Stella Dextre Clarke, Alan Gilchrist, Ron Davies and Leonard Will. (2008). "Glossary of Terms Relating to Thesauri and Other Forms of Structured Vocabulary for Information Retrieval." Willpower Information
grouping together of similar or related things and the separation of dissimilar or unrelated things and the arrangement of the resulting groups in a logical and helpful sequence
(Woodley, 2005b) ⇒ Mary S. Woodley, Gail Clement, and Pete Winn. (2005). "DCMI Glossary." Dublin Core Metadata Initiative.
A logical scheme for arrangement of knowledge, usually by subject. Classification schema are alpha and/or numeric; for example, Library of Congress Classification, Dewey Classification, Universal Decimal Classification.
(Zaiane, 1999) ⇒ Osmar Zaiane. (1999). "Glossary of Data Mining Terms." University of Alberta, Computing Science CMPUT-690: Principles of Knowledge Discovery in Databases.
QUOTE: Classification:The process of dividing a dataset into mutually exclusive groups such that the members of each group are as "close" as possible to one another, and different groups are as "far" as possible from one another, where distance is measured with respect to specific variable(s) you are trying to predict. For example, a typical classification problem is to divide a database of companies into groups that are as homogeneous as possible with respect to a creditworthiness variable with values "Good" and "Bad."
Retrieved from "http://www.gabormelli.com/RKB/index.php?title=Classification&oldid=505954"


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Farmers have felt the effects of many fertilizers more than doubling in price in recent months. | Liying Qian/Missouri Business Alert
Agriculture Economy Industries Latest News
Indicators in Focus: Farmers watch as fertilizer prices soar
Colman Mitchell	 January 6, 2022 January 11, 2022 0 Comments Fertilizer, Indicators In Focus, Patrick Westhoff
Indicators in Focus examines measures of business and economic activity that will help tell the story of 2022.
After fertilizer prices reached new record highs in late 2021, the agriculture sector is watching the price of that key input with great interest in the new year.
Agriculture has not been immune from pandemic-driven supply chain issues and price spikes. Prices of many fertilizers have more than doubled over the last year, according to DTN, which tracks agricultural data. That makes it more expensive to produce some of Missouri's most important commodities, like corn and soybeans.
Patrick Westhoff, a University of Missouri professor who specializes in agricultural economic forecasting, said strong international demand for American crops has contributed to the situation. Increased costs of chemicals that go into fertilizers has also fueled the price rise.
"Fertilizer is probably one that is getting a lot of people's attention," Westhoff said. "Right now, the price of the most common types of fertilizer that people use here in the Midwest have in some cases doubled in the last several months.
Westhoff cited other factors in the fertilizer price surge, including restrictions on fertilizer exports from some countries and the increased price of natural gas — a key input in producing fertilizer.
Hear more: Part 1 of a look at key 2022 indicators from the Market Dives podcast
That all has caused costs to rise for farmers. A September report from MU's Food & Agricultural Policy Research institute estimated the cost to produce a bushel of corn has increased 22% from 2020 to 2021, while soybean production costs rose 21% over that period.
Meanwhile, the end of record-high government subsidies is putting added financial pressure on farmers. These payments helped offset pandemic hardships, but with the payments going away, farmers have significantly less support to offset the rising input costs.
"We had a record level of government payments to the farm sector in 2020 — $46 billion, which was not only a record, but a record by tens of billions of dollars over the previous standard," Westhoff said.
"This year's payments are much smaller because we took away some of those special one-time ad hoc programs. And those … will probably decline even further in 2022."
Tags:Fertilizer, Indicators In Focus, Patrick Westhoff
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