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Keywords: international financial institutions x
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Public and Welfare (2)
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Global Governance and International Standard Setting
Kern Alexander, Rahul Dhumale, and John Eatwell
in Global Governance of Financial Systems: The International Regulation of Systemic Risk
Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter assesses the evolution of international standard setting in financial markets by examining the characteristics of the various international bodies, such as the Basel Committee on Banking ... More
This chapter assesses the evolution of international standard setting in financial markets by examining the characteristics of the various international bodies, such as the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and the International Organization of Securities Commissions, that are involved in international standard setting. Topics discussed include international financial institutions, supervisory structures for financial conglomerates, the Financial Action Task Force, and financial crises from the 1990s and onwards.Less
Kern AlexanderRahul DhumaleJohn Eatwell
This chapter assesses the evolution of international standard setting in financial markets by examining the characteristics of the various international bodies, such as the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and the International Organization of Securities Commissions, that are involved in international standard setting. Topics discussed include international financial institutions, supervisory structures for financial conglomerates, the Financial Action Task Force, and financial crises from the 1990s and onwards.
Keywords: international financial institutions, financial markets, financial regulation, international standards, Basel Committee, financial conglomerates, International Organization of Securities Commissions
The United States and the International Financial Institutions: Power and Influence Within the World Bank and the IMF
in US Hegemony and International Organizations: The United States and Multilateral Institutions
Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Examines the role of the US in international financial institutions with particular reference to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Describes the extraordinary influence of the ... More
Examines the role of the US in international financial institutions with particular reference to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Describes the extraordinary influence of the US on these institutions as a function of both formal means (e.g., US financial contributions) and informal practices and conventions that have developed over time, with the informal mechanisms of influence often being more important than the formal ones. However, it is also argued that, notwithstanding the weight of US influence, it would be inaccurate to consider the World Bank and the IMF as mere instruments of US power and policy, and that their remaining credibility and legitimacy rest in part on their ability to create some political distance between themselves and their most powerful state patron. US domestic political conditions are also important. Within the country, the division of authority between Executive and Congress sometimes enhances and at other times constrains US influence; the effective exercise of US power also requires interlocutors in host governments who share the technical mind‐set and ideological predispositions of the US and international financial institutions. The different sections of the chapter: analyse the formal and informal structures of power in the World Bank and IMF; look at the US in relation to the financing, lending decisions, staffing and management of these institutions; and discuss formal power structures and informal exercises of influence.Less
Examines the role of the US in international financial institutions with particular reference to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Describes the extraordinary influence of the US on these institutions as a function of both formal means (e.g., US financial contributions) and informal practices and conventions that have developed over time, with the informal mechanisms of influence often being more important than the formal ones. However, it is also argued that, notwithstanding the weight of US influence, it would be inaccurate to consider the World Bank and the IMF as mere instruments of US power and policy, and that their remaining credibility and legitimacy rest in part on their ability to create some political distance between themselves and their most powerful state patron. US domestic political conditions are also important. Within the country, the division of authority between Executive and Congress sometimes enhances and at other times constrains US influence; the effective exercise of US power also requires interlocutors in host governments who share the technical mind‐set and ideological predispositions of the US and international financial institutions. The different sections of the chapter: analyse the formal and informal structures of power in the World Bank and IMF; look at the US in relation to the financing, lending decisions, staffing and management of these institutions; and discuss formal power structures and informal exercises of influence.
Keywords: finance, financial contributions, global organizations, IMF, influence, international financial institutions, International Monetary Fund, lending decisions, management, power structure, staffing, US, US domestic politics, World Bank
Order, Justice, the IMF, and the World Bank
in Order and Justice in International Relations
Woods's chapter focuses primarily on procedural justice within the international financial institutions. She argues that the procedures adopted by these institutions are central to the debate about ... More
Woods's chapter focuses primarily on procedural justice within the international financial institutions. She argues that the procedures adopted by these institutions are central to the debate about global economic justice, and thus it is essential to explore how these bodies make decisions and implement them. Her conclusions suggest that, notwithstanding recent and important reforms, the institutions still suffer from weaknesses in representation and accountability. Unless these bodies attend to these deficiencies, the range and scope of their activities should be circumscribed.Less
Woods's chapter focuses primarily on procedural justice within the international financial institutions. She argues that the procedures adopted by these institutions are central to the debate about global economic justice, and thus it is essential to explore how these bodies make decisions and implement them. Her conclusions suggest that, notwithstanding recent and important reforms, the institutions still suffer from weaknesses in representation and accountability. Unless these bodies attend to these deficiencies, the range and scope of their activities should be circumscribed.
Keywords: accountability, decision‐making, economic justice, IMF, implementation, international financial institutions, procedural justice, representation, transparency, World Bank
The global politics of poverty reduction
in The Politics of Poverty Reduction
Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Especially in poorer countries and regions, international financial institutions (multilateral, bilateral, and increasingly international NGOs) have been important in financing the implementation of ... More
Especially in poorer countries and regions, international financial institutions (multilateral, bilateral, and increasingly international NGOs) have been important in financing the implementation of the pro-poor ideas, policies, and structures described in previous chapters. They have attempted to make their aid more effective – and since the 1990s more pro-poor – by attaching policy conditions to their aid, which is achieved through a combination of liberalization, good governance, and commitment to poverty reduction. This idea forms the basis of the Washington institutions' Poverty Reduction Strategy documents. However, as this chapter shows, what really matters in practice is not adherence to formal conditionality but trust between international financial institutions and recipients; and this is determined more by personal relationships than by technical performance criteria. In spite of this personalization of the aid relationship, this chapter finds that aid does influence policy (for example, the level of the PPE and PPI indices developed in Chapters 5 and 6) and thereby, in the poorer countries, plays a significant part in reducing poverty. Indonesia, Ghana, Uganda, and Bolivia, and outside the study's sample also Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and India, would have had totally different poverty trajectories in the absence of support from the international financial institutions.Less
Especially in poorer countries and regions, international financial institutions (multilateral, bilateral, and increasingly international NGOs) have been important in financing the implementation of the pro-poor ideas, policies, and structures described in previous chapters. They have attempted to make their aid more effective – and since the 1990s more pro-poor – by attaching policy conditions to their aid, which is achieved through a combination of liberalization, good governance, and commitment to poverty reduction. This idea forms the basis of the Washington institutions' Poverty Reduction Strategy documents. However, as this chapter shows, what really matters in practice is not adherence to formal conditionality but trust between international financial institutions and recipients; and this is determined more by personal relationships than by technical performance criteria. In spite of this personalization of the aid relationship, this chapter finds that aid does influence policy (for example, the level of the PPE and PPI indices developed in Chapters 5 and 6) and thereby, in the poorer countries, plays a significant part in reducing poverty. Indonesia, Ghana, Uganda, and Bolivia, and outside the study's sample also Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and India, would have had totally different poverty trajectories in the absence of support from the international financial institutions.
Keywords: international financial institutions, IMF, World Bank, aid, conditionality, trust
The World Wakes up to the IASC
Kees Camfferman and Stephen A. Zeff
in Financial Reporting and Global Capital Markets: A History of the International Accounting Standards Committee, 1973-2000
Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
This chapter is organized as follows. The second section reviews developments in selected European board member countries. The third section traces the origins of the International Accounting ... More
This chapter is organized as follows. The second section reviews developments in selected European board member countries. The third section traces the origins of the International Accounting Standards Committee's (IASC) greatest success, the decision in June 2000 by the European Commission to propose the required application of IASC standards in the consolidated financial statements of all listed companies in the European Union (EU), starting in 2005. The fourth section discusses the different responses to the IASC in several non-European board member countries, while the fifth section treats the support given to the IASC by international financial institutions such as the World Bank. Finally, the last section shows how several national standard setters created an intensive form of cooperation among themselves, known as the G4+1, which some saw as a potential rival of the IASC.Less
Kees CamffermanStephen A. Zeff
This chapter is organized as follows. The second section reviews developments in selected European board member countries. The third section traces the origins of the International Accounting Standards Committee's (IASC) greatest success, the decision in June 2000 by the European Commission to propose the required application of IASC standards in the consolidated financial statements of all listed companies in the European Union (EU), starting in 2005. The fourth section discusses the different responses to the IASC in several non-European board member countries, while the fifth section treats the support given to the IASC by international financial institutions such as the World Bank. Finally, the last section shows how several national standard setters created an intensive form of cooperation among themselves, known as the G4+1, which some saw as a potential rival of the IASC.
Keywords: World Bank, G4+1, European Commission, European Union, international financial institutions
The multilateral framework for international assistance
Graciana del Castillo
in Rebuilding War-Torn States: The Challenge of Post-Conflict Economic Reconstruction
Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, International
This chapter presents the large number of actors involved in post-conflict economic reconstruction and focuses on the key role played by the UN and the international financial institutions (IFIs). ... More
This chapter presents the large number of actors involved in post-conflict economic reconstruction and focuses on the key role played by the UN and the international financial institutions (IFIs). The chapter discusses the UN operational capacity, critically analyzes past reforms, and proposes institutional arrangements and expertise the UN lacks and which are essential to deal effectively with economic reconstruction. The chapter also discusses the policy advice and technical assistance provided by the Bretton Woods Institutions (the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank) to help post-conflict countries to set up their macro- and micro-economic framework and establish market-based policies and institutions. The chapter makes a critical evaluation of these institutions' role in financing reconstruction through their own institutional financial arrangements and through catalyzing financing from other donors. The chapter analyzes the relationship between the UN and the IFIs during reconstruction, as well as the cooperation and coordination among the UNDG.Less
This chapter presents the large number of actors involved in post-conflict economic reconstruction and focuses on the key role played by the UN and the international financial institutions (IFIs). The chapter discusses the UN operational capacity, critically analyzes past reforms, and proposes institutional arrangements and expertise the UN lacks and which are essential to deal effectively with economic reconstruction. The chapter also discusses the policy advice and technical assistance provided by the Bretton Woods Institutions (the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank) to help post-conflict countries to set up their macro- and micro-economic framework and establish market-based policies and institutions. The chapter makes a critical evaluation of these institutions' role in financing reconstruction through their own institutional financial arrangements and through catalyzing financing from other donors. The chapter analyzes the relationship between the UN and the IFIs during reconstruction, as well as the cooperation and coordination among the UNDG.
Keywords: multilateral framework, UN reform, international financial institutions, IFIs, Bretton Woods, IMF, World Bank, policy advice, financing arrangements, UN Development Group
Financing HIV: the roles of international financial institutions
Maureen Lewis and Susan Stout
in The HIV Pandemic: Local and Global Implications
Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The role of the international financial institutions is of particular relevance, given their influence on government investment priorities. Despite assumptions to the contrary, the World Bank and the ... More
The role of the international financial institutions is of particular relevance, given their influence on government investment priorities. Despite assumptions to the contrary, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund placed no ceilings on government spending. Both institutions are far more concerned with good government and the effective management of money, especially the efficient disbursement of funds. This chapter focuses on the role of international financial institutions, the effects of increased spending on macroeconomic and fiscal health, the constraints to this additional spending and, finally, the implications for the international financial institutions and other actors in reaching the twin objectives of sound economic policy and developing effectiveness in the effort to halt transmission of HIV and improve the treatment of AIDS.Less
Maureen LewisSusan Stout
The role of the international financial institutions is of particular relevance, given their influence on government investment priorities. Despite assumptions to the contrary, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund placed no ceilings on government spending. Both institutions are far more concerned with good government and the effective management of money, especially the efficient disbursement of funds. This chapter focuses on the role of international financial institutions, the effects of increased spending on macroeconomic and fiscal health, the constraints to this additional spending and, finally, the implications for the international financial institutions and other actors in reaching the twin objectives of sound economic policy and developing effectiveness in the effort to halt transmission of HIV and improve the treatment of AIDS.
Keywords: international financial institutions, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, macroeconomic stability, fiscal challenges, effective management
Deep Integration and Trade Agreements: Good for Developing Countries?
Nancy Birdsall and Robert Z. Lawrence
in Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century
Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter looks at financial crises as a challenge to the international financial system and investigates the "public bad" nature of the phenomenon. The conclusion: excessive financial volatility ... More
This chapter looks at financial crises as a challenge to the international financial system and investigates the "public bad" nature of the phenomenon. The conclusion: excessive financial volatility is a global public bad. Instability is not purely a technical by‐product of the production of financial services. Rather, it is the outcome of market failures, for reasons not yet fully understood. Having laid out this diagnosis, the chapter looks at how existing institutions and policies deal with international financial instability, both to limit its acuity and to deal with its implications. The main emphasis is on drawing lessons from recent experiences (Europe, Mexico, and East Asia) and recent theoretical advances, especially those that have improved our understanding of crises. The chapter presents five main proposals. (1) Proceed with caution in promoting capital liberalization; (2) avoid the restrictive macroeconomic policies, huge loans, and deep structural policies of recent packages; (3) complement today's ex post conditionality with ex ante conditionality; (4) suspend debt repayment in the event of a major crisis accompanied by a collapse of the exchange rate; and (5) end the monopoly of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) by creating regional IMFs.Less
Deep Integration and Trade Agreements : Good for Developing Countries?
Nancy BirdsallRobert Z. Lawrence
This chapter looks at financial crises as a challenge to the international financial system and investigates the "public bad" nature of the phenomenon. The conclusion: excessive financial volatility is a global public bad. Instability is not purely a technical by‐product of the production of financial services. Rather, it is the outcome of market failures, for reasons not yet fully understood. Having laid out this diagnosis, the chapter looks at how existing institutions and policies deal with international financial instability, both to limit its acuity and to deal with its implications. The main emphasis is on drawing lessons from recent experiences (Europe, Mexico, and East Asia) and recent theoretical advances, especially those that have improved our understanding of crises. The chapter presents five main proposals. (1) Proceed with caution in promoting capital liberalization; (2) avoid the restrictive macroeconomic policies, huge loans, and deep structural policies of recent packages; (3) complement today's ex post conditionality with ex ante conditionality; (4) suspend debt repayment in the event of a major crisis accompanied by a collapse of the exchange rate; and (5) end the monopoly of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) by creating regional IMFs.
Keywords: capital controls, capital liberalization, exchange rate management, financial instability, financial stability, global public goods, International Monetary Fund (IMF, pecuniary externalities, Regional international financial institutions (IFIs)
International Finance: A Survey
H. Kent Baker and Leigh A. Riddick (eds)
Economics and Finance, Financial Economics, International
This book reflects the new diversity of interest in international finance that summarizes and synthesizes developments in the many and varied areas that are now viewed as having international ... More
This book reflects the new diversity of interest in international finance that summarizes and synthesizes developments in the many and varied areas that are now viewed as having international content. The book attempts to differentiate between what is known, what is believed, and what is still being debated about international finance. The book consists of five major topics: (1) exchange rates and risk management, (2) international financial markets and institutions, (3) international investing, (4) international financial management, and (5) special topics. The chapters cover market integration, financial crises, and the links between financial markets and development in some detail as they relate to these areas.Less
International Finance : A Survey
This book reflects the new diversity of interest in international finance that summarizes and synthesizes developments in the many and varied areas that are now viewed as having international content. The book attempts to differentiate between what is known, what is believed, and what is still being debated about international finance. The book consists of five major topics: (1) exchange rates and risk management, (2) international financial markets and institutions, (3) international investing, (4) international financial management, and (5) special topics. The chapters cover market integration, financial crises, and the links between financial markets and development in some detail as they relate to these areas.
Keywords: international finance, exchange rate behavior, international financial markets and institutions, international investing, international financial management
From Water Sector Reforms to Law and Policy Reforms
Philippe Cullet
in Water Law, Poverty, and Development: Water Sector Reforms in India
Law, Public International Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter analyzes the policy context within which water law reforms are introduced. It examines the basic principles that underlie existing water sector reforms, in particular the concept of ... More
This chapter analyzes the policy context within which water law reforms are introduced. It examines the basic principles that underlie existing water sector reforms, in particular the concept of integrated water resources management, the focus on water conservation, water as a basic need, water as an economic good, decentralization and participation, and governance and institutional changes. It considers the policy framework that has steered water sector reforms over the past two decades. It focuses in particular on the international policy framework and the role of development banks in fostering the adoption of these principles at the national level. It then analyzes water policies adopted at the national and state level, and discusses the shift towards an emphasis on water law reforms as one of the key elements contributing to the overall process of reform in the water sector.Less
This chapter analyzes the policy context within which water law reforms are introduced. It examines the basic principles that underlie existing water sector reforms, in particular the concept of integrated water resources management, the focus on water conservation, water as a basic need, water as an economic good, decentralization and participation, and governance and institutional changes. It considers the policy framework that has steered water sector reforms over the past two decades. It focuses in particular on the international policy framework and the role of development banks in fostering the adoption of these principles at the national level. It then analyzes water policies adopted at the national and state level, and discusses the shift towards an emphasis on water law reforms as one of the key elements contributing to the overall process of reform in the water sector.
Keywords: integrated water resources management, economic good, basic needs, individual rights to water, privatization, institutional reforms, international financial institutions, Dublin Principles
Boom, Bust, and Beating: International Financial Institutions, Crises, and Violence against Women
Jacqui True
in The Political Economy of Violence against Women
Chapter 6 examines how the liberalization of the global financial system, particularly international development loans, and the collapse of credit in the United States and Europe, which brought about ... More
Chapter 6 examines how the liberalization of the global financial system, particularly international development loans, and the collapse of credit in the United States and Europe, which brought about the global financial crisis in 2007, have accentuated women's poverty and inequality, further exacerbating sexual and gender-based violence. This chapter consists of two main parts. The first part examines the practices of international financial institutions and their development lending as part of the problem rather than the solution to ending violence against women. High levels of domestic violence have been reported in the wake of the financial crisis in many countries as the crisis spills over into housing mortgage foreclosures, job losses, stress, and poverty. The second part analyzes the neoliberal financial logic of boom and bust and how these economic cycles affect gendered relations in societies facing economic crisis and escalate the risk factors for heightened violence against women.Less
Boom, Bust, and Beating : International Financial Institutions, Crises, and Violence against Women
Chapter 6 examines how the liberalization of the global financial system, particularly international development loans, and the collapse of credit in the United States and Europe, which brought about the global financial crisis in 2007, have accentuated women's poverty and inequality, further exacerbating sexual and gender-based violence. This chapter consists of two main parts. The first part examines the practices of international financial institutions and their development lending as part of the problem rather than the solution to ending violence against women. High levels of domestic violence have been reported in the wake of the financial crisis in many countries as the crisis spills over into housing mortgage foreclosures, job losses, stress, and poverty. The second part analyzes the neoliberal financial logic of boom and bust and how these economic cycles affect gendered relations in societies facing economic crisis and escalate the risk factors for heightened violence against women.
Keywords: finance, neoliberal policies, international financial institutions, global financial crisis
Paris Club: Intergovernmental Relations in Debt Restructuring
Enrique Cosío‐Pascal
in Overcoming Developing Country Debt Crises
Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter describes the unique way negotiations within the Paris Club are carried out, with the debtor in essence as supplicant to the creditors who then announce their joint decision on relief, ... More
This chapter describes the unique way negotiations within the Paris Club are carried out, with the debtor in essence as supplicant to the creditors who then announce their joint decision on relief, after which the debtor undertakes a series of bilateral renegotiations of each loan with each creditor following the guidelines of the Club's 'Agreed Minute'. The process has a high cost in administrative time of debtor country governments for each rescheduling, especially under the 'short leash' approach extensively used in the 1980s and 1990s which required numerous return visits to the Club to restructure each subsequent year or two of debt‐servicing obligations. The point of the 'short leash' was (and is) political: to add to the pressure on the debtor government to make the policy changes that the IFIs demand as a condition for disbursement of the various tranches of their loans.Less
Paris Club : Intergovernmental Relations in Debt Restructuring
This chapter describes the unique way negotiations within the Paris Club are carried out, with the debtor in essence as supplicant to the creditors who then announce their joint decision on relief, after which the debtor undertakes a series of bilateral renegotiations of each loan with each creditor following the guidelines of the Club's 'Agreed Minute'. The process has a high cost in administrative time of debtor country governments for each rescheduling, especially under the 'short leash' approach extensively used in the 1980s and 1990s which required numerous return visits to the Club to restructure each subsequent year or two of debt‐servicing obligations. The point of the 'short leash' was (and is) political: to add to the pressure on the debtor government to make the policy changes that the IFIs demand as a condition for disbursement of the various tranches of their loans.
Keywords: sovereign debt restructuring, Paris Club, international organizations, international financial institutions
J. E. M. Thirkell, K. Petkov, and S. A. Vickerstaff
in The Transformation of Labour Relations: Restructuring and Privatization in Eastern Europe and Russia
Business and Management, HRM / IR, International Business
This chapter considers the role of international agencies in fostering and supporting particular reform projects. The principal financial institutions are the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and ... More
This chapter considers the role of international agencies in fostering and supporting particular reform projects. The principal financial institutions are the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, and it is these institutions which form the core of the analysis in this chapter. The functions of this chapter are fivefold: to consider the role of international financial institutions in Eastern Europe; to analyse the transference of the neo-liberal model and the mechanisms by which it is imposed; to investigate the strategic choices of governments and the role of international financial institutions as shadow partner; to look at the economic alternatives to neo-liberalism; and to examine the implication for labour relations.Less
J. E. M. ThirkellK. PetkovS. A. Vickerstaff
This chapter considers the role of international agencies in fostering and supporting particular reform projects. The principal financial institutions are the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, and it is these institutions which form the core of the analysis in this chapter. The functions of this chapter are fivefold: to consider the role of international financial institutions in Eastern Europe; to analyse the transference of the neo-liberal model and the mechanisms by which it is imposed; to investigate the strategic choices of governments and the role of international financial institutions as shadow partner; to look at the economic alternatives to neo-liberalism; and to examine the implication for labour relations.
Keywords: international financial institutions, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, Eastern Europe, transference, shadow partner, economic alternatives, labour relations
Equity in a Global Public Goods Framework
J. Mohan Rao
The current institutions of the world economy already have embedded a concern for distributive justice. Kapstein's historical perspective provides an argument in defense of this statement. This ... More
The current institutions of the world economy already have embedded a concern for distributive justice. Kapstein's historical perspective provides an argument in defense of this statement. This chapter argues that a just economic order has long been valued as a global public good, especially after the Second World War, when the Bretton Woods system was designed. For leaders reflecting on the causes of the war, the links between economic distress and global conflict were all too evident. Kapstein shows that the postwar architecture relied on two pillars: creating wealth and distributing it. Wealth was to be created primarily through free international trade, while redistributing it was the responsibility of domestic institutions. Yet this approach became less and less effective over time. Distributive policies have the character of an international public good, and as such, ways had to be found to ensure that these policies would not be underprovided, as they are if we rely on domestic action alone. The only way forward now, Kapstein argues, is to address these concerns at the international level.Less
The current institutions of the world economy already have embedded a concern for distributive justice. Kapstein's historical perspective provides an argument in defense of this statement. This chapter argues that a just economic order has long been valued as a global public good, especially after the Second World War, when the Bretton Woods system was designed. For leaders reflecting on the causes of the war, the links between economic distress and global conflict were all too evident. Kapstein shows that the postwar architecture relied on two pillars: creating wealth and distributing it. Wealth was to be created primarily through free international trade, while redistributing it was the responsibility of domestic institutions. Yet this approach became less and less effective over time. Distributive policies have the character of an international public good, and as such, ways had to be found to ensure that these policies would not be underprovided, as they are if we rely on domestic action alone. The only way forward now, Kapstein argues, is to address these concerns at the international level.
Keywords: distribution, fairness, global public goods, international financial institutions, international trade, justice, Bretton Woods
The International Executive
John H. Barton
in International Law and the Future of Freedom
10.11126/stanford/9780804776691.003.0006
This chapter explores the institutions and institutional changes needed to meet human rights demands, focusing on international executive power. It first discusses the functions of the domestic ... More
This chapter explores the institutions and institutional changes needed to meet human rights demands, focusing on international executive power. It first discusses the functions of the domestic executive, and how the power of that executive is both facilitated and controlled by the governmental structure within which the executive operates. The chapter then turns to the differences between the international executive and the domestic executive, and to the appropriate methods to facilitate and control the international executive. Next, it considers the implications of this analysis in the context of functional organization, of the United Nations, of the international financial institutions (IFIs), and of the G-7/G-8. The chapter concludes with integrated recommendations.Less
This chapter explores the institutions and institutional changes needed to meet human rights demands, focusing on international executive power. It first discusses the functions of the domestic executive, and how the power of that executive is both facilitated and controlled by the governmental structure within which the executive operates. The chapter then turns to the differences between the international executive and the domestic executive, and to the appropriate methods to facilitate and control the international executive. Next, it considers the implications of this analysis in the context of functional organization, of the United Nations, of the international financial institutions (IFIs), and of the G-7/G-8. The chapter concludes with integrated recommendations.
Keywords: human rights, international executive power, national executives, functional organization, United Nations, international financial institutions, G7
Dirk Schoenmaker
in Governance of International Banking: The Financial Trilemma
Chapter 7 lays down a framework for global governance. In the game-theoretic framework applied throughout this book, we propose a backward-solving approach. The endgame of resolution is setting the ... More
Chapter 7 lays down a framework for global governance. In the game-theoretic framework applied throughout this book, we propose a backward-solving approach. The endgame of resolution is setting the incentives for the supervisory agency. So, resolution and supervision should be lifted in tandem to the regional or international level. The Chapter outlines the potential for turning existing international bodies, such as the Bank for International Settlements and the International Monetary Fund, into international institutions for financial stability. At the regional level, Europe is contemplating a fully-fledged banking union to match its monetary union. The Chapter critically analyses the expansion of the ECB's narrow mandate for monetary stability to a wider mandate for financial stability and supervision.Less
Chapter 7 lays down a framework for global governance. In the game-theoretic framework applied throughout this book, we propose a backward-solving approach. The endgame of resolution is setting the incentives for the supervisory agency. So, resolution and supervision should be lifted in tandem to the regional or international level. The Chapter outlines the potential for turning existing international bodies, such as the Bank for International Settlements and the International Monetary Fund, into international institutions for financial stability. At the regional level, Europe is contemplating a fully-fledged banking union to match its monetary union. The Chapter critically analyses the expansion of the ECB's narrow mandate for monetary stability to a wider mandate for financial stability and supervision.
Keywords: global governance, international financial institutions, fiscal backstop, financial stability, supervision, resolution, deposit insurance
Taking Stock of Proposals for More Ordered Workouts
Jürgen Kaiser
This chapter compares six proposals of civil society, financial sector, or academic parentage. The five proposals besides the SDRM that are reviewed include: Christoph Paulus's call for an ... More
This chapter compares six proposals of civil society, financial sector, or academic parentage. The five proposals besides the SDRM that are reviewed include: Christoph Paulus's call for an international model law for sovereign bankruptcy that individual governments would adopt to govern how they would treat their creditors in a crisis; Richard Gitlin's call for a Sovereign Debt Forum to develop an agreed set of 'best practices' for negotiations and create an institutional capacity to facilitate such negotiations through mediation and informal adjudication; mediation, more generally, as used in other areas of dispute resolution; the Fair and Transparent Arbitration Process comprising independent ad hoc arbitration panels, as proposed by a number of northern NGOs; and the proposal of groups of southern NGOs and academic authors for an international insolvency arbitration court.Less
This chapter compares six proposals of civil society, financial sector, or academic parentage. The five proposals besides the SDRM that are reviewed include: Christoph Paulus's call for an international model law for sovereign bankruptcy that individual governments would adopt to govern how they would treat their creditors in a crisis; Richard Gitlin's call for a Sovereign Debt Forum to develop an agreed set of 'best practices' for negotiations and create an institutional capacity to facilitate such negotiations through mediation and informal adjudication; mediation, more generally, as used in other areas of dispute resolution; the Fair and Transparent Arbitration Process comprising independent ad hoc arbitration panels, as proposed by a number of northern NGOs; and the proposal of groups of southern NGOs and academic authors for an international insolvency arbitration court.
Keywords: sovereign debt workouts, international financial institutions, debt sustainability framework
BRICS Collective Financial Statecraft: Four Cases
Roberts Cynthia, Leslie Armijo, and Saori Katada
in The BRICS and Collective Financial Statecraft
10.1093/oso/9780190697518.003.0003
Political Science, Political Economy, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines four ideal types of collective financial statecraft of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) in four case studies occurring between 2007 and mid-2016. The ... More
This chapter examines four ideal types of collective financial statecraft of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) in four case studies occurring between 2007 and mid-2016. The first type is inside reforms of existing institutions, illustrated by the BRICS' attempt to gain greater influence within the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. A second type is inside reforms of markets, defined as resisting or reallocating the political power accruing to states that possess currency and financial market power. The associated case profiles the BRICS' opposition to sanctions against Russia over its intervention in Ukraine. A third type of BRICS collective action occurs via the outside option to create new parallel institutions such as the New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). Finally, a fourth type combines the choice of an outside option with a market-based venue. The chapter examines BRICS support of greater internationalization of China's currency, rivaling the U.S. dollar and thus altering international financial markets. The BRICS have cooperated successfully in most of their attempts.Less
BRICS Collective Financial Statecraft : Four Cases
Roberts CynthiaLeslie ArmijoSaori Katada
This chapter examines four ideal types of collective financial statecraft of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) in four case studies occurring between 2007 and mid-2016. The first type is inside reforms of existing institutions, illustrated by the BRICS' attempt to gain greater influence within the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. A second type is inside reforms of markets, defined as resisting or reallocating the political power accruing to states that possess currency and financial market power. The associated case profiles the BRICS' opposition to sanctions against Russia over its intervention in Ukraine. A third type of BRICS collective action occurs via the outside option to create new parallel institutions such as the New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). Finally, a fourth type combines the choice of an outside option with a market-based venue. The chapter examines BRICS support of greater internationalization of China's currency, rivaling the U.S. dollar and thus altering international financial markets. The BRICS have cooperated successfully in most of their attempts.
Keywords: BRICS, IMF, World Bank, reform, outside-option, global markets, international financial institutions
The Covenants and Financial Crises
in The Human Rights Covenants at 50: Their Past, Present, and Future
Law, Public International Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter identifies three key elements for effectively implementing the Covenants in times of financial crisis: a people-oriented, rights-based perspective, a process to foster coherence, and a ... More
This chapter identifies three key elements for effectively implementing the Covenants in times of financial crisis: a people-oriented, rights-based perspective, a process to foster coherence, and a new paradigm for bridging the gap between human rights and international financial regulations. It first analyses the anatomy of different types of financial crises from a rights-holder perspective and identifies the key actors and their potential impacts. It shows that, while financial crises share commonalities, their triggers, involved actors, and effects may vary substantially, leading to a complex web of relationships and responsibilities and norm fragmentation. This feeds into an expansion of focus from people to process and coherence with an analysis of the human rights responsibilities of international financial institutions and their members. The chapter concludes by suggesting translational human rights as a new paradigm for bridging the identified conceptual gaps and conflicting interests, and to pave the way for a more active role of the Covenants.Less
This chapter identifies three key elements for effectively implementing the Covenants in times of financial crisis: a people-oriented, rights-based perspective, a process to foster coherence, and a new paradigm for bridging the gap between human rights and international financial regulations. It first analyses the anatomy of different types of financial crises from a rights-holder perspective and identifies the key actors and their potential impacts. It shows that, while financial crises share commonalities, their triggers, involved actors, and effects may vary substantially, leading to a complex web of relationships and responsibilities and norm fragmentation. This feeds into an expansion of focus from people to process and coherence with an analysis of the human rights responsibilities of international financial institutions and their members. The chapter concludes by suggesting translational human rights as a new paradigm for bridging the identified conceptual gaps and conflicting interests, and to pave the way for a more active role of the Covenants.
Keywords: ICESCR, ICCPR, financial crisis, international financial regulation, Greece, Argentina, international financial institutions, translational human rights, equality and non-discrimination
Global Markets, Global Citizens, and Global Governance in the Twenty-first Century1
Nancy Birdsall, Christian Meyer, and Alexis Sowa
in Towards a Better Global Economy: Policy Implications for Citizens Worldwide in the 21st Century
Economics and Finance, International, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The politics, rules, and institutions of cooperation among nations have not kept up with the demands from global citizens for changes in the global political order. Whether norms and policies can ... More
The politics, rules, and institutions of cooperation among nations have not kept up with the demands from global citizens for changes in the global political order. Whether norms and policies can make the global politics of managing the global economy more effective, more legitimate, and more responsive to the needs of the bottom half of the world's population, for whom life remains harsh, remains to be seen. There is some cause for optimism, however: citizens everywhere are becoming more aware of and active in seeking changes in the global norms and rules that could make the global system and the global economy fairer-in processes if not outcomes-and less environmentally harmful.Less
Nancy BirdsallChristian MeyerAlexis Sowa
The politics, rules, and institutions of cooperation among nations have not kept up with the demands from global citizens for changes in the global political order. Whether norms and policies can make the global politics of managing the global economy more effective, more legitimate, and more responsive to the needs of the bottom half of the world's population, for whom life remains harsh, remains to be seen. There is some cause for optimism, however: citizens everywhere are becoming more aware of and active in seeking changes in the global norms and rules that could make the global system and the global economy fairer-in processes if not outcomes-and less environmentally harmful.
Keywords: global economic governance, role of citizens, citizen activism, public opinion, global middle class, international financial institutions, World Bank, IMF, United Nations, fairness


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Home Annus horribilis : Living in Modi's India
Annus horribilis : Living in Modi's India
Joyce Sebastian
When the first set of COVID-19 lockdowns was enforced around the world back in March, it should not have come as a surprise.
It had been more than two months since China had informed the World Health Organisation (WHO) that several cases of pneumonia of unknown cause had been detected in Wuhan city. On March 8, 100 countries reported cases of coronavirus and the worldwide toll touched the 1,00,000-cases mark. Countries such as Iran and Italy were already struggling under the weight of this unprecedented crisis, and three days later the WHO declared that "COVID-19 can be characterised as a pandemic".
In what was the most severe step taken by any country in the battle against the coronavirus, India announced a three-week total lockdown on March 24. "There will be a total ban on coming out of your homes… Every state, every district, every lane, every village will be under lockdown," Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced in a televised address. A 1.3 billion-strong population was given less than four hours' notice before the order took effect at 12:01 a.m.
March 24 is also a significant date for another reason. On this day, Delhi's Shaheen Bagh was cleared after 101 days of peaceful sit-in protests against the controversial Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA). It was a leaderless and self-disciplined movement led mainly by women – Muslim women who had been helpless spectators to years of threats, harassments and violence. Through their occupation of Shaheen Bagh, these women, and those who offered support to them from around the country and the world, were doing more than speaking truth to power. They were exercising a newfound sense of autonomy and agency. For 100 days, they gathered as a community, read out the preamble of the Constitution, waved the tricolor and sang songs of patriotism.
It was an important moment in India's history. It was a euphoric moment for the women at the protest site for theirs was the loudest voice to be heard in the country at that time. It was also a major thorn in the side of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Built on the principles of care and compassion, the anti-CAA protests exhibited a kinder and more inclusive alternative to the segregationist and hate-filled version of democracy employed by the BJP.
The sit-in at Shaheen Bagh was India's longest citizenship protest and when it was cleared on the morning of March 24, it was as a part of measures to curb the spread of coronavirus.
Months later, Delhi once again became the epicenter of demonstrations. Farmers from the nearby states of Punjab and Haryana congregated at the borders of the national capital to protest a set of three newly passed farm laws.
Simmering since September, this is again the biggest such protest in many years. Realising that they have more to lose than gain from the new regulations, these farmers are waging the protest of their lifetime.
Interestingly, this protest is being played out against the background of the coronavirus pandemic – the same reason behind the systemic crackdown on the Shaheen Bagh gatherings.
So in a sense when the farmers of Punjab and Haryana decided to go up in arms about the farm laws, it was an indication that the culture of protests in India had come full circle.
Throwing social distancing concerns to the wind, thousands of farmers are rallying at the Singhu, Tikri and Ghazipur borders for the revocation of the new agri-business laws. For these farmers, the black laws enacted by the Narendra Modi-government spell more trouble than the threat of contracting the coronavirus.
"The government has already tied a noose around our necks with these laws… we cannot afford to be afraid of coronavirus," Livemint quoted a farmer as saying on Dec. 9.
Another farmer said, "We are losing our rights. We do not have time to worry about coronavirus."
At both Shaheen Bagh and farmers' protests, the tenacity of the participants and the high mobilisation potential within the respective communities have laid bare some major chinks in the armour of the BJP, chief of which are the party's discriminatory, exclusionist, pro-hate and pro-corporate approaches and the direct attempt to stifle dissent in the name of lockdown.
With both protests, the BJP has been at the forefront of misrepresentation of peaceful and constitutional agitations. If the protesters at Shaheen Bagh were anti-nationalist, the farmers are "Khalistani terrorists".
As for the outward display of BJP's suppression tactics, early this year, the Modi government went out of its way in orchestrating attacks against varsities, thrashing students, arresting activists who supported citizenship protests, and branding them as Urban Naxals, Maoists and traitors.
A similar show of authoritative strength erupted in November against the farmers. The "annadata", or the providers, of the country were met with lathis and water cannons when they marched into the national capital to exercise their democratic right to register protest.
In the digital space, BJP's IT Cell has worked overtime to vilify and denigrate the dissenters. Supported by a crew of stooges and lackeys, they have put all their efforts in mocking the protesters and insinuating falsehoods. A certain actress, who is infamous for her baseless rants and her allegiance to the ruling party at the centre, went to the extent of claiming that 82-year-old Bilkis Bano from Shaheen Bagh, who Time magazine included in its list of the most influential people this year, was available as a hired protester for Rs. 100.
Journalism is supposed to be the fourth pillar of democracy, serving as a mirror to the world and reflecting the true realities of the people. Unfortunately, a major chunk of mainstream Indian television media could not stop itself from jumping into the muck of hatred propagated by the BJP. A good number of prime-time television journalists have been observed to fall at the feet of their dear leaders and their corporate sponsors in deference and pay daily obeisance.
The discussion here is limited to two protests – one before coronavirus and another one after the pandemic was declared, but it is enough to show that it is really a matter of shame that all of these gross injustices happened in a strange year punctuated by stranger events.
Under this government, any type of resistance is demonized. We have seen this in excruciatingly painful detail from the manner in which the farmers and citizenship protesters have been treated. The government expects that we, the people of this country, conform, comply and toe the line. No matter how arbitrary and questionable their decision-making skills, it is demanded of us to move according to their ill-conceived plans.
Circling back to the quick imposition of the nationwide lockdown by the Modi government, the lockdown was necessary, but how much did it help in minimising the number of cases is open to debate. The numbers point towards a massive failure in COVID-19 efforts. India is the second worst-affected country in the world. The timing, the planning, the execution, all of it was way off the mark. The lockdown also led to a mass exodus of millions of migrant workers struggling to reach their home states. Unemployment, hunger, lack of access to healthcare, crashing economy were some of the other visible effects of this poorly planned and hastily implemented move.
The lockdown was supposed to be a solution to a crisis, not a crisis in itself.
Any recap of the events of this year is not complete if these incidents are not included and if we do not question the prime minister's exhortation to become "aatmanirbhar" or self-reliant.
Contrast this with New Zealand, where lockdown was implemented on the same day as India. At the time of announcing the lockdown, New Zealand's Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern said, "I say to all New Zealanders: the government will do all it can to protect you."
Isn't this the confidence we ask from our leaders in moments of extreme difficulty? Instead our government absolved itself of all responsibility and passed the buck to the citizens to tackle the situation.
This year, as the world shut down around us and we spent our days in limbo and lockdown, at least some of us must have thought about Kashmir, where lockdown and communication blackout was enforced much before the pandemic even existed.
The BJP has consistently hid behind a series of lockdowns and shutdowns to establish its vile electoral tactics. At the time of writing this piece, 500 days had passed in Jammu and Kashmir without the people there being allowed to use high-speed internet. The Modi government did not just revoke special status in the valley, it also imposed the biggest crackdown on life there.
The hasty implementation of nationwide lockdown was a sneaky political fix meant to efface chaotic and bureaucratic nightmares and expunge it from public memory.
It's been a very long, bleak, exhausting year. Annus Horribilis 2020 – this has been a year for the ages. This is the year the world came to a grinding halt and shut down. At some point or the other this year, we have all experienced the entire gamut of five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance.
Through the course of the year, as citizens of this country, our government owed it to us to make this horrible time bearable – our personal pain and grief aside, of course. But instead the government made the going even tougher and inflicted unnecessary trauma in the form of arbitrarily passed laws, suppression of rights and guileful hate-mongering.
From politics to policy to people, there are lessons to be learned from this annus horribilis. The Modi government is already at work dishing out a pretend version of the year where it excelled in every respect. Going into 2021, it is on the people to hold this government accountable, especially as we look towards the planning and implementation of a vaccine distribution programme. Shouldn't be difficult, right, considering we are, after all, "too much of a democracy", according to a powerful official?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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[ARCHIVED THREAD] - Night Vision Scope- which rifle
I just got a Gen II Cobra night vision scope. I can't decide which rifle to put in on. The choice is between a preban Eagle Arms EA15 20" or a Savage 110FP in 30-06. I was thinking the 30-06 but the scope is only 3X, so the rifle, it seems, would outshoot the scope. Also, on a moonlit night I can see a long way with it, but on a cloudy night you are restricted to approx 300 meters using the built in IR light, so maybe I should put it on the AR (EA15). Also, I was told that with the lens cover on for daytime use, the image is off so I can't zero it during the day. Is that true? If so, I am going to have a hell of time finding a range at night to zero it. Thanks in advance for input.
Personally I would put it on the AR. I can't think of a reason why you could'nt zero it during the day, when I was in the Army we used the day covers and zeroed our PVS-4's. Besides that it is an image you are looking at, not the actual object as with a conventional scope, with an NVD it's more like looking through a camcorder at a screen. Can't hurt to try anyway.
From the Cobra Website - [;)]
Night Vision FAQ's
1. Q: What are the differences between Generation I, Generation II and Generation III night vision devices?
A: The main difference between various night vision devices is the intensifier or photocathode tube. Generation I devices use a photocathode tube which amplifies ambient light by accelerating electrons and striking the phosphorescent screen which in turn provides an image that is magnified and easily viewed by the night scopes ocular or eyepiece. Generation II devices use a micro-channel plate to achieve lower image distortion as well as higher light amplification characteristics. Generation III adds Gallium Arsenide to the Intensifier tube and a special protective film on the micro-channel plate, which increases the life of the tube. Today, Generation II and III devices, while superior in light amplification to Generation I, are priced in the neighborhood of $1,500 USD to $10,000 USD, well beyond the reach of the average consumer. Generation I devices are the most reasonably priced Night Vision products and thus provide the greatest value to consumer and other enthusiasts seeking night vision capabilities.
2. Q: What is the effective viewing range of the Night Vision Device?
A: It varies anywhere from 10 to 400 ft. The maximum viewing distance depends on the conditions of use. Overcast conditions, fog, rain etc. may reduce the effective distance of a night vision viewer. An Infra-red illuminator will increase your viewing range, especially in enclosed spaces like a warehouse, garage or other enclosed parameters.
3. Q: Can I use a Night Vision device in extremely low light, or absolutely no light conditions?
A: While it is true that your Night Vision device needs some available light to work, it is still possible to see a bright image in low light or no light conditions with the use of an Infrared Illuminator, which can be either built-in or attached to the device. On most of the Cobra product line, the Infrared Illuminator is either standard, or available as an option.
4. Q: What is the maximum effective distance of the Infrared Illuminator?
A: It varies from model to model, but typically, anywhere between 75 and 250 ft.
6. Q: What type of light source can be harmful to a Night Vision Device?
A: Your night vision device is designed to be used to assist your viewing in the dark. It may be harmful and will likely damage the device if you use it during the daytime or whenever there is sufficient light to see the object. Also keep in mind that strong direct light, such as projectors, car headlamps, strong flashlights and so on, may be harmful to your night vision unit if you direct you device at the source of these intense lights.
7. Q: How do I generally focus a Night Vision Device?
A: It is recommended to start focusing from the eyepiece (ocular lens) and then move to the front lens (objective lens). You may have to adjust each lens several times before getting a sharp image.
8. Q: Are Cobra products shockproof?
A: No. Night Vision products are sensitive to impact and should be treated as, for example, a photographic camera, or a camcorder.
9. Q: Can a Night Vision device and/or Infrared Illuminator be harmful to an individual?
A: Night vision products produced by Cobra Optics comply with FDA regulations in terms of safety for an electronic device, similar to other electronic devices such as televisions, and radios. Individuals
Damn, did not realize that Gen II might present a hassle when traveling abroad. Maybe I should have gotten the Gen I, but I have heard they tend to emit a bit more radiation that Gen II or III. Thanks for the input guys. Gen I is a lot less expensive, but I thought the Gen II would be worth it. What is the address for the Cobra website?
Put it on the AR, and use A.R.M.S. mounts so you have a return to zero system enabling you to remove it during the day and reattach as needed without rezeroing.
I really doubt you'll get anything near 900 feet with an active IR spot light that's mounting on a NVRS.
If you go with a large 10 or 15 watt light with a large battery and a 8-9" reflector you'll be in that area.
I'd put it on the AR.
you will need a good flash supressor on the ar.
mattsd, that's what I have been told. They said the A2 flash hider doesn't work well enough so I am going to get a Vortex or Phantom now that, with y'alls inputs, I am going to put the scope on the AR. I am told they both work real well. Do you think the extra money for Gen II is worth it compared to Gen I.


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Усть-Кира́н  — село в Кяхтинском районе Бурятии. Административный центр сельского поселения «Усть-Киранское».

География
Расположено в устье реки Киран, на левом берегу реки Чикой, в 30 км к северо-востоку от города Кяхта.

История
Началом села считается возведение в 1862 году Я. А. Немчиновым в устье реки Киран, где уже с 1825 года существовали дачи кяхтинских купцов, церкви Преображения Господня, к которой начали подселятся русские крестьяне и местные буряты. Выросшее село стало называться Спас Преображенским. Яковом Андреевичем Немчиновым также была построена пристань на Чикое.

Осенью 1868 года в селе было открыто приходское училище, от которого берёт начало нынешняя средняя школа. Занятия проходили в доме священника Иннокентия Шастина. В первый год в училище обучалось 10 детей. Училище открылось и в первый год содержалось за счёт священника. В 1870-е годы стала действовать мельница.

В 1930 году была организована сельхозартель имени Ворошилова, впоследствии колхоз. В селе Усть-Киран появляются пионерский лагерь, изба-читальня, народный дом, амбулатория. В 1937 году пришёл первый трактор. В 1939 году создан Усть-Киранский сельсовет. В ноябре 1939 года в селе открылся детский санаторий.

В мае 1940 года в Усть-Киран из Заиграевского района переведён детский дом с особым режимом. На 1 октября 1941 года в детском доме воспитывалось 34 мальчика.

В 1954 году колхоз имени Ворошилова объединился с хозяйствами соседних сёл Киран, Бурдуны, Мурочи, Хилгантуй и стал называться колхозом имени Ленина. В 1969 году Усть-Киранская восьмилетняя школа становится средней общеобразовательной.

Население

Инфраструктура
Средняя общеобразовательная школа-интернат, детский сад, фельдшерско-акушерский пункт, Дом культуры, почтовое отделение.

Религия
Церковь Преображения Господня — освящена в 1862 году, закрыта в 1930-х годах и затем разобрана.  В 2006 году установлена недалеко от кладбища на 500 метров юго-западнее от исторического места.

Объекты культурного наследия
 Могильник «Водяная» — в 3 км западнее села Усть-Киран, в пади Водяная, у подножья западного склона сопки. Памятник археологии.

Известные жители
 Лушников, Алексей Михайлович — купец 1-й гильдии, общественный деятель города Кяхта.
 Осеева, Елизавета Петровна ― советская бурятская певица, Заслуженная артистка Бурятской АССР (1988), солистка Бурятской филармонии.

Примечания

Населённые пункты Кяхтинского района

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Croner Recognised as Feefo Gold Trusted Merchant
Home / Employment Law, HR and Health & Safety Blog / Croner Recognised as Feefo Gold Trusted Merchant
National Human Resources and Health & Safety Consultancy, Croner, have been awarded a Feefo Gold Trusted Service award, an independent seal of excellence that recognises businesses for delivering exceptional experiences, rated by real clients.
Croner use Feefo to collect genuine ratings and reviews from a variety of businesses who use their HR, Health & Safety, and Reward services. Every comment left on the platform is taken on board as a way of gaging clients' satisfaction, and ensuring constant improvement. A badge of honour, the Trusted Service Award remains unique as all the awards are based purely on the interactions with verified customers. This feedback has been collated by the Feefo review platform, with the accolades being awarded based upon performance. The award's criteria meant that at least 50 reviews were to be collected, with a service rating of between 4.5 and 5. Croner Group Ltd have received just over 400 reviews left by clients to date, with a notable customer rating of 4.7/5. Paul Holcroft, Head of Legal and Advisory at Croner, says: "We are delighted to be recognised as a Gold Trusted Merchant by Feefo. Our teams work tirelessly to constantly better our provision, and this award from Feefo is testimony to the excellent level of service our clients receive. "We greatly appreciate every comment left by each of our clients, and we're more committed than ever to continue providing an exceptional service which meets clients' needs and expectations." Andrew Mabbutt, CEO at Feefo, says: "We would like to offer our congratulations to all the winners of this year's Feefo Trusted Service award. We are so proud that so many businesses are putting customer service first. "We have been working closely with all our customers to build trust and transparency online, and ultimately helping shoppers buy with confidence and make better decisions."


April 2019 Swim Schedules Online - Adventure Sports Unlimited, Inc.
Please plan accordingly, we are unable to provide a refund or credit if you choose to drop from the schedule after the start of classes.
TIP: On desktop computers, use Ctrl+F (Cmd+F on Mac) and type in your child's first name in addition to the first letter of their last name to quickly find their time. The schedule may be large than some mobile devices. Use your fingers to either zoom in/out or scroll across the schedule grid.
Once you have found your child(ren)'s class time please complete the Acknowledgement Form. It let's us know you are aware of your child's pending swim class and saves us from having to make a phone call. Please keep in mind, even if you choose not to respond, you child will remain in the schedule. Once scheduled we DO NOT remove or move a participant from the schedule unless otherwise directed.
New signups or returning participants interested in joining the schedule are encouraged to contact the Swim Office directly.
TIP: On desktop computers, use Ctrl+F (Cmd+F on Mac) and type in your child's first name in addition to the first letter of their last name to quickly find their time. The schedule may be larger than some mobile devices. Use your fingers to zoom in/out or scroll across the schedule grid.


Installs or removes hardware and/or software, using supplied installation instructions and tools including, where appropriate, handover to the client. Conducts tests, corrects malfunctions, and documents results in accordance with agreed procedures. Reports details of all hardware/software items that have been installed and removed so that configuration management records can be updated. Provides assistance to users in a professional manner following agreed procedures for further help or escalation. Reviews change requests. Maintains accurate records of user requests, contact details and outcomes. Contributes to the development of installation procedures and standards.


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«Шэньси Голи» () — бывший китайский футбольный клуб, выступавший в г. Сиань, провинция Шэньси. Принимал домашние матчи на стадионе провинции Шэньси, вместимостью 50,100 человек. Был основан 28 февраля 1996 года и в течение девяти сезонов играл в высшем дивизионе Китая - Суперлиге. Наивысшим достижением стало девятое место в Лиге Цзя-А в сезоне 2001 года. В 2005 году команда была объявлена банкротом, исключена из всех официальных соревнований Китайской футбольной ассоциации и расформирована.

Изменение названия
 1996-2004 — «Шэньси Голи» 陕西国力
 2004 — «Нинбо Голи» 宁波国力
 2005 — «Харбин Голи» 哈尔滨国力

Результаты
За всё время существования

:  на групповой стадии
:  без понижения в классе

Достижения
 Чемпион Лиги Цзя-Б : 2000

Примечания

Ссылки
История «Шэньси Голи»

Футбольные клубы Китая, прекратившие существование
Футбольные клубы Китая
Футбольные клубы, основанные в 1996 году


(Chicago, IL) – For the first time ever, Flossmoor Station Restaurant and Brewery is releasing limited edition bottles of its 12-month barrel aged Wooden Hell Private Reserve! For those not lucky enough to try the original, this 9.1% ABV barleywine was brewed in collaboration with former Flossmoor Brewmaster and Wooden Hell founder Matt Van Wyk last year, the first time since 2006. More than 80% of the batch was released during Flossmoor Station's annual Pre-Dark Lord Day in May. The remainder has been aging in Woodford Reserve Bourbon barrels ever since.
However, if you want to skip the lines, the Station is having a limited Wooden Hell Private Reserve presale on Saturday, December 16. The one-day presale will begin for Flossmoor Station Mug Club members at 10 a.m. and open to the public at noon. Each bottle costs $25, and 4 bottles must be purchased to participate in the presale. The bottles must be picked up Thursday, December 21 through Sunday, December 24. Must be 21 or over and present valid I.D. with receipt when picking up bottles.
The Wooden Hell Private Reserve tapping will be on Wednesday, December 20 at 11:30am, followed by the bottle release on Thursday, December 21 at 11:30am. However, if you want to skip the lines, the Station is having a limited pre-sale. Each bottle costs $25, and 4 bottles must be purchased to participate in the pre-sale. LIMIT (1) ORDER PER PERSON.
The bottles may be picked up from Thursday, December 21 at 11:30am through Sunday, December 24 at 6pm. Must be 21 or over and present valid I.D. with receipt when picking up bottles.


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NGO UCMC website
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About press center
, August 30, 2017
ProZorro launches risk indicators system to monitor tenders automatically – Ukrainian Ministry of Economic Development, Transparency International Ukraine
Максим Нефьодов, перший заступник міністра економічного розвитку і торгівлі України
Віктор Нестуля, директор програми інноваційних проектів Transparency International Україна
Дмитро Паламарчук, розробник методології обрахунку ризик-індикаторів
Іван Лахтіонов, проектний менеджер Transparency International Україна
Kyiv, August 30, 2017.
ProZorro e-procurement system launches risk indicators system to monitor tenders automatically. E-system of anonymous auctions has already reduced risks of malpractices, but it does not make them impossible. The risk indicators system will analyze the data automatically and reveal suspicious tenders. "It will help to make assessment of each tender: information quality, probability of participation based on statistics, the logic of participants' actions etc. […] Our aim is to improve the overall quality of the procedure and reduce risks of unfounded disqualification, to increase accessibility of tenders for market players, to reduce the number of unintentional faults in the documents in order to make more visible those players who violate the rules intentionally. Because these malpractices result in excessive spending of our money, the taxpayers' money," said Maksym Nefyodov, Deputy Minister of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine, at a press briefing at Ukraine Crisis Media Center.
The methodology was developed in cooperation with experts from Hungary, UK, and the Czech Republic. It is based on Open Data Standard and makes use of experience of other countries. According to developers, the system is unique. "It is completely automatic and eliminates the human factor – everything is analyzed by the computer," says Victor Nestulia, Director of Innovation Projects at Transparency International Ukraine.
As of today, the system includes 16 indicators, later their number will be increased to 60. The developers noted that reaction of one indicator does not always point out to a violation. It can be a result of careless preparation of documents or specifics of certain market fields: if there are a few players on the market, naturally there is lack of competition on tenders. If a number of indicators point out to violations, the specialists will start analyzing the details. However, several indicators are always a sign of violation, such as untimely publication of winner's documents, unjust disqualification (a participant receives a refusal after having been allowed to participate), when the tender had no clear requirements but the winner is chosen etc., explained Ivan Lakhtionov, a Project Manager at Transparency International Ukraine. "Now the activists have a proper toolkit for analysis, and these risk indicators will help everyone who has at least some expertise in this field to reveal violations. So, I call everyone to join the monitoring," he said. The developers also suggest that the customers monitor their tender proposals through risk indicators system in order to reveal possible faults and avoid problems.
The results of monitoring and cases of suspicious tenders will be reported to the State Audit Service and law enforcement authorities. A draft law expanding the SAS mandate in this field is already registered in the Parliament (#4738). "This is significantly more efficient than monitoring thousands of tenders manually. Moreover, people will have fewer doubts why law enforcement officers paid attention to the tender of a certain businessman because e-system cannot be biased against someone," Nefyodov noted.
The risk indicators system will be tested and improved on the basis of further ProZorro experience and users' comments.
Victor Nestulia also added that all ProZorro-related services are to be integrated into a single system.
Tags: ProZorro Transparency International Ukraine боротьба з корупцією Максим Нефьодов МЕРТ тендерні закупівлі
SCHEDULE OF PRESS-BRIEFINGS IN UKRAINE CRISIS MEDIA CENTER FOR JULY 18, 2019
Topic: "Presentation of the interim report of the Mission of the World Congress of Ukrainians on the parliamentary elections in Ukraine"
Yevhen Cholii, Head of the International Mission of the Ukrainian World Congress on Election Observation of 2019 in Ukraine
Topic: "Reimbursement of Insulin: Achievement or Challenge"
Olexander Linchevsky, Deputy Minister of Health of Ukraine
Tetyana Dumenko, Director of the State Enterprise "State Expert Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine"
Iryna Kondratska, Expert of the Ministry of Health on Endocrinology, associate professor of the Department of Diabetes at the Shupik National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education
Shehnaz Karadeniz, chairman of the International Diabetes Federation Europe
Lyudmyla Petrenko, President of the International Diabetic Association of Ukraine
Victoria Stakhovska, Endocrinologist, Zhytomyr
Svitlana Olifer, a patient with diabetes, a member of the International Diabetic Association of Ukraine
Topic: "Decentralization of Kiev. The discussion on the reform of local self-government in the capital»
Sergii Gusovsky, deputy of Kyiv city council, chairman of the deputy group "Kiev team" in the Kiev city council
Victoria Ptashnyk, People's Deputy of Ukraine, member of the Committee on Economic Policy, the Constitutional Commission, the Council for Judicial Reform under the President of Ukraine
Ludmyla Buimister, Consultant on Alternative Energy and Sustainable Development
Anna Bondar, Chairman of the Directorate of Technical Regulation in Construction at the Ministry of regional development
Markiv's sentence, "Normandy format" and more – Weekly Update on Ukraine #22, 8-14 July
Zelenskyi's lustration draft: pre-election populism or a step towards political repressions?
ANNOUNCEMENT: Press Briefing "EU and NATO in the New Rada: What Reforms Ukraine is Expecting for?"
News on the topic
41% of Ukrainians are ready to entrust the formation of the Anti-Corruption Court to Western experts – survey
Success of reforms in Ukraine rated 2,66 on a five-point scale – opinion poll
Top international anti-corruption experts call to ensure maximum independence of Ukraine's anti-corruption agencies
More news on the topic
UCMC press center is a platform that allows civic activists, experts, politicians, authorities, diplomats and members of international community to conduct briefings regarding events and processes taking place in Ukraine.
NGO Ukraine Crisis Media Center has no effect on media content produced during events at the UCMC press center, provides no guarantees and will not be liable for the content of information distributed by participants during the events held at the UCMC press center, including, but not limited to the participants distributing unreliable, untruthful, incomplete, inaccurate, invalid information during UCMC press center's events or expressing their personal opinion. Furthermore, UCMC will not be liable for any damage resulting from such distribution or related to it or losses incurred by third parties.
Ukraine Crisis Media Center


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Click the button below to add the Wholesale Lot of Assorted Baby, Infant, Toddler Accessories Approx. 122 Pieces to your wish list.


Snedeker treated for rare bone condition | Kalhaar Blues & Greens Golf Course, Ahmedabad.
Brandt Snedeker appears to have finally found the cause of his recurring rib fractures: a condition known as low bone turnover.
The medication, Forteo, is an anabolic osteoporosis treatment designed to increase bone mineral density.
He said that the medication can take up to two years to "make a big difference," and that he has encountered some side effects, including nausea and dizzy spells at night.
"But hopefully in the grand scheme of things, it will be worth the investment," he said.
Bone turnover, or remodeling, is a natural process by which the body, in very basic terms, sheds mature bone and replaces it with new, supple bone, according to the A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. (Adults remodel about 10 percent of their bone tissue annually.) If, as in Snedeker's case, the turnover rate is too slow, it can lead to brittle bone structure.
The condition is highly unusual for a man of Snedeker's age, said Dr. Donald A. Bergman, a New York City-based specialist and past president of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists.
"It's generally seen in the elderly, because as you get older, you have fewer and fewer of these bone-forming cells," he said.


recently saw your testimony on you tube and it moved me deeply... I praise God for you as I realized that I need your help and prayer. I would impose upon you to read my storey and ask for prayer if I may.. Thank you sir.
At the age of 13 I gave my life to Jesus but there was nobody to explain what would follow... As a result I was molested by a man on the same day I gavr my life to Jesus.


text:
var streamz = require('../streamz');
var Promise = require('bluebird');
var inspect = require('./lib/inspect');
var assert = require('assert');

// Simulate a connection pool
function getPool(poolSize,queryDelay) {
  return {
    queue : [],

    available : poolSize,

    getConnection : function() {

      var next = function() {
        if (this.available && this.queue.length) {
          this.available--;
          this.queue.shift().resolve();
        }
      }
      .bind(this);

      var release = function() {
        this.available++;
        next();
      }
      .bind(this);

      var defer = Promise.defer();
      this.queue.push(defer);

      next();

      return defer.promise
        .then(function() {
          return {
            query : Promise.delay(queryDelay),
            release : release
          };
        });
    }
  };
}

describe('callback and promise',function() {
  var poolSize = 10,
      items = 50,
      queryDelay = 100;

  var input = streamz(),
      end = streamz(),
      pool = getPool(poolSize,queryDelay);

  var i = items;
  while(i--) input.write(i);
  input.end();

  var concurrent = 0,
      maxConcurrent = 0;

  var main = streamz(function(d,cb) {
    var self = this;
    maxConcurrent = Math.max(maxConcurrent,concurrent++);
    return pool.getConnection()
      .then(function(connection) {
        cb(null,'callback'); // signal we have received connection
        return connection.query
          .then(function() {
            concurrent--;
            connection.release();
            self.push('manual');
            return 'promise';
          });
      });
  });

  input
    .pipe(main)
    .pipe(end);

  var done = inspect(end);

  it('maximum concurrency controlled by callbacks',function() {
    return done.then(function() {
      assert.equal(maxConcurrent,poolSize);
    });
  });

  it('promise, manual push and callback values were pushed',function() {
    return done.then(function(d) {
      ['promise','callback','manual'].forEach(function(key) {

        var count = d.filter(function(d) {
          return d == key;
        }).length;

        assert.equal(count,items);
      });

    });
  });
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Battery Bank Tutorial: Joining Batteries Via Series or Parallel for Increased Power. Share Tweet Share Share Pin Copy Link What is a bank of batteries? No, it's not some kind of financial battery establishment. A battery bank is the result of joining two or more batteries together for a single application. What does this accomplish? Well, by connecting batteries, you can increase the voltage... 29/10/2015�� As we know to charge any mobile we need 5V , so we have old mobile battery of 3.7V & rechargeable cell of 1.2V it will together produce 4.9V which is sufficient to charge any mobile. Therefore, here we introduce key size power bank which can charge any mobile wherever you want.
In addition, in emergencies, it is possible "with a little care and sensible treatment, to make emergency chargers that allow any single cell Lithium ion battery to be charged from any 5V "USB" power source.


text:
package org.smartdeveloperhub.harvester.org.backend;

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.smartdeveloperhub.harvester.org.backend.pojo.Membership;
import org.smartdeveloperhub.harvester.org.backend.pojo.Person;
import org.smartdeveloperhub.harvester.org.backend.pojo.Position;
import org.smartdeveloperhub.harvester.org.frontend.core.membership.MembershipVocabulary;

import com.hp.hpl.jena.ontology.OntModel;
import com.hp.hpl.jena.rdf.model.Resource;
import com.hp.hpl.jena.rdf.model.Statement;

public class MembershipPublisher extends OntologyInstanceReader implements MembershipVocabulary{

	private static final Logger LOGGER=LoggerFactory.getLogger(MembershipPublisher.class);

	public MembershipPublisher(OntModel ontModel) {
		super(ontModel);
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
	}

	public Membership getMembership(String membershipId) {

		long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
		Membership membership = new Membership();
		//ResIterator iter = ontModel.listSubjectsWithProperty(ontModel.getProperty(TYPE),membershipId);
		Resource membershipResource  = ontModel.getResource(membershipId);
	    if (membershipResource!=null){

		    membership.setUri(membershipId);

		    Statement membershipOnStmt = membershipResource.getProperty(ontModel.getProperty(MEMBERSHIPON));
		    if (membershipOnStmt !=null){
		    	Resource membershipOnRes= membershipOnStmt.getResource();
		    	if (membershipOnRes!=null){
//		    		String orgId=membershipOnRes.getProperty(ontModel.getProperty(ORGID)).getString();
//		    		membership.setMembershipon(orgId);
		    	    membership.setMembershipon(membershipOnRes.getURI());
		    	}
		    }

		    Statement memberStmt = membershipResource.getProperty(ontModel.getProperty(MEMBER));

		    if (memberStmt !=null){
		    	Resource memberRes= memberStmt.getResource();
		    	if (memberRes!=null){
//		    		String personId=memberRes.getProperty(ontModel.getProperty(PERSONID)).getString();
//		    		membership.setMember(personId);
		    		membership.setMember(memberRes.getURI());
		    	}
		    }

		    Statement positionStmt = membershipResource.getProperty(ontModel.getProperty(POSITION));
		    if (positionStmt!=null){
		    	PositionPublisher posPublisher = new PositionPublisher(ontModel);
		    	Resource positionResource=positionStmt.getObject().asResource();
		    	if (positionResource!=null){
		    		Position position= posPublisher.getPosition(positionResource.getURI());
		    		membership.setPosition(position);
		    	}
		    }
		}
	    long stopTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
		long elapsedTime = stopTime - startTime;
		LOGGER.debug("- Load the membership, elapsed time (ms)..: {}",elapsedTime);
	   return membership;
	}
}


text:
La BR-222 es una carretera transversal federal brasileña, que actualmente se extiende desde Fortaleza, capital de Ceará, hasta la ciudad de Marabá, en Pará, interconectando, además de Ceará y Pará, los estados de Piauí y Maranhão. Su longitud actual es de 1819,8 km.

Pasa por grandes centros urbanos, como Fortaleza (donde tiene un pequeño tramo duplicado de 14 km hasta la carretera de circunvalación de Fortaleza), conectando regiones económicamente ricas, como el sureste del estado de Pará con el resto de Brasil. En su curso actual, integrará, luego de la federalización de la Estrada do Rio Preto en el municipio de Marabá, las regiones mineras al territorio nacional. La duplicación de la carretera está siendo realizada en concreto por el gobierno federal a través del DNIT, entre Caucaia y Porto do Pecém en Ceará.

Véase también
 Lista de carreteras de Brasil

Referencias

Carreteras de Brasil