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Dr. Carrie Anderson
Dr. Anderson is a planetary astronomer in the Planetary Systems Laboratory at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Her research focuses on the remote sensing of planetary atmospheres, primarily in the areas of thermal structure and composition, using space- and ground-based data. This includes radiative transfer analyses of the outer planets, including the effects of aerosols and condensates, as well as data analysis techniques in the visible, near-IR, mid-IR, far-IR, and submillimeter spectral regions. Dr. Anderson's research also includes transmission spectroscopy measurements of thin ice films using her SPECtroscospy of Titan-Related ice AnaLogs (SPECTRAL) high-vacuum ice chamber located in her Spectroscopy for Planetary ICes Environments (SPICE) laboratory.
Dr. Anderson's most recent research highlight includes her discovery of a chemically new, high-altitude ice cloud residing in Titan's south polar stratosphere during Titan's early southern winter season, chemically consistent with co-condensed hydrogen cyanide and benzene. During her 12-year tenure on the Cassini Composite InfraRed Spectrometer (CIRS) team, Dr. Anderson also discovered additional ice clouds in Titan's stratosphere, including a co-condensed ice mixture containing hydrogen cyanide and cyanoacetylene, methane ice clouds formed via subsidence in Titan's lower stratosphere, the solid-state photochemical formation of dicyanoacetylene ice -- co-condensed with hydrogen cyanide ice -- in Titan's early northern spring stratosphere, as well as the discovery that Titan's photochemical aerosol is chemically uniform throughout the atmosphere at altitudes below the stratopause. Dr. Anderson has been heavily engaged in the Phase E part of the Cassini/Huygens mission in the Saturn system, through both data analyses and Cassini CIRS instrument operations.
Dr. Anderson is heavily engaged in technology maturation efforts for planetary flight instruments as well as planetary flight mission concepts. She is currently the Institutional PI on the Submillimeter Solar Observation Lunar Volatiles Experiment (SSOLVE), which is a submillimeter heterodyne flight spectrometer that is currently under development to study the Moon's exosphere. She is PI on the Venus Wideband Submillimeter Heterodyne Spectrometer, which is a submillimeter heterodyne flight spectrometer that is currently under development to study Venus' middle atmosphere. She is also the PI of the Enceladus Ice Spectrometer (EIS), which is a far- and mid-IR flight spectrometer that is currently under development to study Enceladus' plumes. She is also the Deputy Project Scientist and Planetary Science Lead on the Astrophysics MIDEX mission concept called the Orbiting Astronomical Satellite for Investigating Stellar Systems (OASIS). Lastly, she is the Deputy Project Scientist and Planetary Science Lead on the Astrophysics Probe mission concept called the Single Aperture Large Telescope for Universe Studies (SALTUS).
Cassini CIRS Co-Investigator
NASA, GSFC
SELFI instrument Deputy Principal Investigator
Cassini Participating Scientist
Associate Chief of the Planetary Systems Laboratory
Research Space Scientist
NASA Postdoctoral Fellow
NASA/ORAU, GSFC
Cassini CIRS team member
2000 - B.S., Physics, Arizona State University
2003 - M.S., Astronomy, New Mexico State University
2006 - Ph.D., Astronomy, New Mexico State University
The American Astronomical Society, 2001 - Present
Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society, 2001 - Present
2018: Filmed by BBC and NOVA for their new 5-episode miniseries called "The Planets"
2017: SOC member of the NASA HQ-directed Planetary Science Vision 2050 Workshop
2017 -- 2018: ADS User's Group Committee member
2016: Lead an unsolicited proposal request to NASA HQ for a STDT Mission Design Concept Ice Giant JPL-parallel study
2016 -- present: Deputy Instrument PI of the Sub-mm Enceladus Life Fundamentals Instrument (SELFI)
2016 -- present: Science member of GSFC-led Enceladus NF-4 Mission proposal team
2013 -- present: Founder and lead of the Spectroscopy for Planetary ICes Environments (SPICE) laboratory
2012, 2010: Titan Through Time workshop local organizing committee member
2011: Explore@NASA Goddard organizing committee member
2011 -- present: International Commission of Planetary Atmospheres Environment and their Evolution (ICPAE) member
2011 -- 2016: NASA GSFC Science Director's Women and Minorities Science Forum member
2008 -- present: Various NASA Review Panels (CDAPS, OPR, PATM, SSW, NESSF) and/or Panel Chair
2008 -- present: Journal manuscript peer reviewer for Icarus, GRL, Planetary & Space Science, and other journals
NASA GSFC Peer Award for recognition of exceptional dedication and outstanding contributions to GSFC's Solar System Exploration Division and its members - August 2019
NASA Honor Group Achievement Medal for the CIRS Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer Team - June 2018
NASA Robert H. Goddard Exceptional Group Achievement Award for Mission Support - March 2016
NASA Honor Exceptional Scienti c Achievement Medal - July 2015
NASA Robert H. Goddard Exceptional Achievement for Engineering Team - March 2015
NASA Robert H. Goddard Exceptional Achievement Award for Science - April 2013
NASA Honor Early Career Achievement Medal- June 2012
NASA Special Act Award- July 2010
10/01/2018 - 09/30/2021 FLARE Internal Scientist work package, NASA GSFC
Ices and Aerosols in Titan's South Polar Winter Stratosphere as Inferred from Cassini CIRS
; Principal Investigator
10/01/2017 - 09/30/2020 ROSES Maturation of Instruments for Solar System Exploration (MatISSE), NASA HQ, NASA NRA #: NNH16ZDA001N-MATISSE
Picture this SELFI: A Maturation Project for a Submillimeter Enceladus Life Finder Instrument (SELFI)
; Co-Investigator
10/01/2017 - 09/30/2020 FLARE Internal Scientist work package, NASA GSFC, NASA NRA #: ISFM
Laboratory Investigations of the Optical and Chemical Properties of Titan's Stratospheric Ices
10/01/2014 - 09/30/2017 ROSES Cassini Data Analysis Program (CDAP), NASA HQ, NASA NRA #: NNH13ZDA001N
Titan's Particulate Properties and Thermal Structure from Cassini CIRS: Seasonal Variations
Aerosol and Ice Properties of Titan's Stratosphere from a Combined Cassini CIRS and DISR Analysis
10/01/2012 - 09/30/2015 ROSES Cassini Data Analysis Program (CDAP), NASA HQ
Cassini/CIRS Studies of Saturn's Storm Systems
Infrared Spectra and Optical Constants of Titan Candidate Ices Relevant to Cassini Data
; Collaborator
10/01/2011 - 09/30/2014 ROSES Planetary Atmospheres (PATM), NASA HQ
Analogs of Titan's Aerosol: Combined Laboratory, Modeling, and Observational Analyses in the Far-IR
Titan's Thermal Structure and Particulate Properties from Cassini CIRS
Titan's lower atmosphere and surface from Cassini CIRS infrared spectra
Meridional and Temporal Variations of Titan's Stratospheric Gases and Particulates from Cassini CIRS
Investigating the Optical Properties of Coupled Aerosol and Ice Cloud Particles in Titan's Stratosphere
; Institutional PI
04/01/2019 - 03/31/2022 ROSES Development and Advancement of Lunar Instrumentation (DALI), NASA HQ, NASA NRA #: NNH18ZDA001N-DALI
Submillimeter Solar Observation Lunar Volatiles Experiment (SSOLVE)
10/01/2019 - 09/30/2022 NASA GSFC internal Radical Innovation Initiative program, NASA GSFC
Wideband Imaging Submillimeter Heterodyne Spectrometer (WiSHES)
; Co-I/Science lead
Bower, D., G. Chin, T. Livengood, et al. T. Hewagama, C. Anderson, M. Ugelow, C. I. Honniball, P. Racette, and S. Aslam. 2022. "The CORGIE Instrument Suite: Understanding Hydrogeologic Cycles on Planetary Bodies Through In Situ Characterization of Surface-Atmosphere Interactions." Optimizing Planetary In Situ Surface-Atmosphere Interaction Investigations Workshop, Boise, Idaho, LPI Contribution No., 2685: id. 7008.
Ugelow, M. S., and C. M. Anderson. 2022. "Optical Properties of Cyanoacetylene Ices in the Far- to Near-infrared with Direct Relevance to Titan's Stratospheric Ice Clouds." The Planetary Science Journal, 3 (4): 77 [10.3847/psj/ac596f]
Rodriguez, S., S. Vinatier, D. Cordier, et al. G. Tobie, R. K. Achterberg, C. M. Anderson, S. V. Badman, J. W. Barnes, E. L. Barth, B. Bézard, N. Carrasco, B. Charnay, R. N. Clark, P. Coll, T. Cornet, A. Coustenis, I. Couturier-Tamburelli, M. Dobrijevic, F. M. Flasar, R. de Kok, C. Freissinet, M. Galand, T. Gautier, W. D. Geppert, C. A. Griffith, M. S. Gudipati, L. Z. Hadid, A. G. Hayes, A. R. Hendrix, R. Jaumann, D. E. Jennings, A. Jolly, K. Kalousova, T. T. Koskinen, P. Lavvas, S. Lebonnois, J.-P. Lebreton, A. Le Gall, E. Lellouch, S. Le Mouélic, R. M. Lopes, J. M. Lora, R. D. Lorenz, A. Lucas, S. MacKenzie, M. J. Malaska, K. Mandt, M. Mastrogiuseppe, C. E. Newman, C. A. Nixon, J. Radebaugh, S. C. Rafkin, P. Rannou, E. M. Sciamma-O'Brien, J. M. Soderblom, A. Solomonidou, C. Sotin, K. Stephan, D. Strobel, C. Szopa, N. A. Teanby, E. P. Turtle, V. Vuitton, and R. A. West. 2022. "Science goals and new mission concepts for future exploration of Titan's atmosphere, geology and habitability: titan POlar scout/orbitEr and in situ lake lander and DrONe explorer (POSEIDON)." Experimental Astronomy, [10.1007/s10686-021-09815-8]
Livengood, T. A., C. Anderson, D. C. Bradley, et al. B. T. Bulcha, G. Chin, N. Ehsan, T. Hewagama, P. E. Racette, and M. D. Shappirio. 2020. "Submillimeter Solar Observation Lunar Volatiles Experiment at the South Pole (SSOLVE@SP)." Lunar Surface Science Worksop 2020 (LPI Contrib No. 2241), id. 5058.
Chin, G., S. Aslam, C. Anderson, et al. M. K. Barker, D. M. Bower, T. Hewagama, and T. Livengood. 2020. "The CORGIE (Confirming Orbital Remote-Sensing with Ground Information Experiments) Consortium." Lunar Surface Science Workshop 2020 (LPI Contrib. no 2241),
Nna Mvondo, D., C. M. Anderson, and R. E. Samuelson. 2019. "Detailed infrared study of amorphous to crystalline propionitrile ices relevant to observed spectra of Titan's stratospheric ice clouds." Icarus, 333: 183-198 [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2019.05.003]
Nixon, C. A., T. M. Ansty, N. A. Lombardo, et al. G. L. Bjoraker, R. K. Achterberg, A. M. Annex, M. Rice, P. N. Romani, D. E. Jennings, R. E. Samuelson, C. M. Anderson, A. Coustenis, B. Bézard, S. Vinatier, E. Lellouch, R. Courtin, N. A. Teanby, V. Cottini, and F. M. Flasar. 2019. "Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) Observations of Titan 2004–2017." The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 244 (1): 14 [10.3847/1538-4365/ab3799]
Anderson, C. M., R. E. Samuelson, and D. Nna Mvondo. 2018. "Organic Ices in Titan's Stratosphere." Space Science Reviews, 214 (125): 1-36 [10.1007/s11214-018-0559-5]
Anderson, C. M., D. Nna Mvondo, R. E. Samuelson, J. L. Mclain, and J. P. Dworkin. 2018. "The SPECTRAL Ice Chamber: Application to Titan's Stratospheric Ice Clouds." The Astrophysical Journal, 865 (1): 62 [Full Text (Link)] [10.3847/1538-4357/aadbab]
Jennings, D. E., F. M. Flasar, V. G. Kunde, et al. C. A. Nixon, M. E. Segura, P. N. Romani, N. Gorius, S. Albright, J. C. Brasunas, R. C. Carlson, A. A. Mamoutkine, E. Guandique, M. S. Kaelberer, S. Aslam, R. K. Achterberg, G. L. Bjoraker, C. M. Anderson, V. Cottini, J. C. Pearl, M. D. Smith, B. E. Hesman, R. D. Barney, S. Calcutt, T. J. Vellacott, L. J. Spilker, S. G. Edgington, S. M. Brooks, P. Ade, P. J. Schinder, A. Coustenis, R. Courtin, G. Michel, R. Fettig, S. Pilorz, and C. Ferrari. 2017. "Composite infrared spectrometer (CIRS) on Cassini: publisher's note." Applied Optics, 56 (21): 5897 [10.1364/ao.56.005897]
Jennings, D. E., F. M. Flasar, V. G. Kunde, et al. C. A. Nixon, M. E. Segura, P. N. Romani, N. Gorius, S. Albright, J. C. Brasunas, R. C. Carlson, A. A. Mamoutkine, E. Guandique, M. S. Kaelberer, S. Aslam, R. K. Achterberg, G. L. Bjoraker, C. M. Anderson, V. Cottini, J. C. Pearl, M. D. Smith, B. E. Hesman, R. D. Barney, S. Calcutt, T. J. Vellacott, L. J. Spilker, S. G. Edgington, S. M. Brooks, P. Ade, P. J. Schinder, A. Coustenis, R. Courtin, G. Michel, R. Fettig, S. Pilorz, and C. Ferrari. 2017. "Composite infrared spectrometer (CIRS) on Cassini." Applied Optics, 56 (18): 5274 [10.1364/ao.56.005274]
Gautier, T., M. G. Trainer, M. J. Loeffler, J. A. Sebree, and C. M. Anderson. 2017. "Environmental temperature effect on the far-infrared absorption features of aromatic-based Titan's aerosol analogs." Icarus, 281: 338-341 [10.1016/j.icarus.2016.07.015]
Doose, L. R., E. Karkoschka, M. G. Tomasko, and C. M. Anderson. 2016. "Vertical structure and optical properties of Titan's aerosols from radiance measurements made inside and outside the atmosphere." Icarus, 270: 355-375 [10.1016/j.icarus.2015.09.039]
Coustenis, A., D. E. Jennings, R. K. Achterberg, et al. G. Bampasidis, P. Lavvas, C. A. Nixon, N. A. Teanby, C. M. Anderson, V. Cottini, and F. M. Flasar. 2016. "Titan's temporal evolution in stratospheric trace gases near the poles." Icarus, 270: 409-420 [10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.027]
Anderson, C. M., R. E. Samuelson, Y. L. Yung, and J. L. McLain. 2016. "Solid-state photochemistry as a formation mechanism for Titan's stratospheric C4N2 ice clouds." Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (7): 3088-3094 [10.1002/2016gl067795]
Jennings, D. E., R. K. Achterberg, V. Cottini, et al. C. M. Anderson, F. M. Flasar, C. A. Nixon, G. L. Bjoraker, V. G. Kunde, R. C. Carlson, E. Guandique, M. S. Kaelberer, J. S. Tingley, S. A. Albright, M. E. Segura, R. D. Kok, A. Coustenis, S. Vinatier, G. Bampasidis, N. A. Teanby, and S. Calcutt. 2015. "EVOLUTION OF THE FAR-INFRARED CLOUD AT TITAN'S SOUTH POLE." The Astrophysical Journal, 804 (2): L34 [10.1088/2041-8205/804/2/l34]
Anderson, C., R. Samuelson, R. Achterberg, J. Barnes, and F. Flasar. 2014. "Subsidence-induced methane clouds in Titan's winter polar stratosphere and upper troposphere." Icarus, 243: 129-138 [10.1016/j.icarus.2014.09.007]
Sebree, J. A., M. G. Trainer, M. J. Loeffler, and C. M. Anderson. 2014. "Titan aerosol analog absorption features produced from aromatics in the far infrared." Icarus, 236: 146-152 [10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.039]
Sebree, J., W. Brinckerhoff, C. Anderson, et al. M. Loeffler, S. Getty, V. Pinnick, X. Li, M. Trainer, and A. Schmitt. 2014. "LABORATORY SIMULATIONS OF TITAN'S SURFACE COMPOSITION AND ITS RELATION TO ATMOSPHERIC HAZE LAYERS." Proceedings of the 69th International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy, [10.15278/isms.2014.fe02]
West, R., P. Lavvas, C. M. Anderson, and H. Imanaka. 2013. "Titan's Haze." Cambridge University Press/Cambridge Planetary Science Series
Nixon, C. A., N. A. Teanby, C. M. Anderson, and S. Vinatier. 2013. "Nitrogen in the Stratosphere of Titan from Cassini CIRS Infrared Spectroscopy." The Early Evolution of the Atmospheres of Terrestrial Planets, 123-143 [10.1007/978-1-4614-5191-4_10]
Jennings, D. E., C. M. Anderson, R. E. Samuelson, et al. F. M. Flasar, C. A. Nixon, G. L. Bjoraker, P. N. Romani, R. K. Achterberg, V. Cottini, B. E. Hesman, V. G. Kunde, R. C. Carlson, R. de Kok, A. Coustenis, S. Vinatier, G. Bampasidis, N. A. Teanby, and S. B. Calcutt. 2012. "FIRST OBSERVATION IN THE SOUTH OF TITAN'S FAR-INFRARED 220 cm –1 CLOUD." The Astrophysical Journal, 761 (1): L15 [10.1088/2041-8205/761/1/l15]
Cottini, V., C. Nixon, D. Jennings, et al. C. Anderson, N. Gorius, G. Bjoraker, A. Coustenis, N. Teanby, R. Achterberg, B. Bézard, R. de Kok, E. Lellouch, P. Irwin, F. Flasar, and G. Bampasidis. 2012. "Water vapor in Titan's stratosphere from Cassini CIRS far-infrared spectra." Icarus, 220 (2): 855-862 [10.1016/j.icarus.2012.06.014]
Jennings, D. E., C. M. Anderson, R. E. Samuelson, et al. F. M. Flasar, C. A. Nixon, V. G. Kunde, R. K. Achterberg, V. Cottini, R. de Kok, A. Coustenis, S. Vinatier, and S. B. Calcutt. 2012. "SEASONAL DISAPPEARANCE OF FAR-INFRARED HAZE IN TITAN'S STRATOSPHERE." The Astrophysical Journal, 754 (1): L3 [10.1088/2041-8205/754/1/l3]
Vinatier, S., P. Rannou, C. M. Anderson, et al. B. Bézard, R. de Kok, and R. E. Samuelson. 2012. "Optical constants of Titan's stratospheric aerosols in the 70–1500cm−1 spectral range constrained by Cassini/CIRS observations." Icarus, 219 (1): 5-12 [10.1016/j.icarus.2012.02.009]
Gautier, T., N. Carrasco, A. Mahjoub, et al. S. Vinatier, A. Giuliani, C. Szopa, C. M. Anderson, J.-J. Correia, P. Dumas, and G. Cernogora. 2012. "Mid- and far-infrared absorption spectroscopy of Titan's aerosols analogues." Icarus, 221: 320-327.
Barnes, J. W., L. Lemke, R. Foch, et al. C. P. McKay, R. A. Beyer, J. Radebaugh, D. H. Atkinson, R. D. Lorenz, S. Le Mouélic, S. Rodriguez, J. Gundlach, F. Giannini, S. Bain, F. M. Flasar, T. Hurford, C. M. Anderson, J. Merrison, M. Ádámkovics, S. A. Kattenhorn, J. Mitchell, D. M. Burr, A. Colaprete, E. Schaller, A. J. Friedson, K. S. Edgett, A. Coradini, A. Adriani, K. M. Sayanagi, M. J. Malaska, D. Morabito, and K. Reh. 2011. "AVIATR—Aerial Vehicle for In-situ and Airborne Titan Reconnaissance." Experimental Astronomy, 33 (1): 55-127 [10.1007/s10686-011-9275-9]
Anderson, C. M., and R. E. Samuelson. 2011. "Titan's aerosol and stratospheric ice opacities between 18 and 500 _m: Vertical and spectral characteristics from Cassini CIRS." Icarus, 212: 762 [Full Text (Link)] [10.1016/j.icarus.2011.01.024]
Vinatier, S., B. Bézard, R. de Kok, et al. C. M. Anderson, R. E. Samuelson, C. A. Nixon, A. Mamoutkine, R. C. Carlson, D. E. Jennings, and E. A. Guandique. 2010. "Analysis of Cassini/CIRS limb spectra of Titan acquired during the nominal mission II: Aerosol extinction profiles in the 600–1420cm−1 spectral range." Icarus, 210 (2): 852-866 [10.1016/j.icarus.2010.06.024]
Killen, R. M., A. E. Potter, R. J. Vervack, et al. E. T. Bradley, W. E. McClintock, C. M. Anderson, and M. H. Burger. 2010. "Observations of metallic species in Mercury's exosphere." Icarus, 209 (1): 75-87 [10.1016/j.icarus.2010.02.018]
Anderson, C., R. Samuelson, G. Bjoraker, and R. Achterberg. 2010. "Particle size and abundance of HC3N ice in Titan's lower stratosphere at high northern latitudes." Icarus, 207 (2): 914-922 [10.1016/j.icarus.2009.12.024]
Hesman, B. E., D. E. Jennings, P. V. Sada, et al. G. L. Bjoraker, R. K. Achterberg, A. A. Simon-Miller, C. M. Anderson, R. J. Boyle, C. A. Nixon, L. N. Fletcher, and G. H. McCabe. 2009. "Saturn's latitudinal C2H2 and C2H6 abundance profiles from Cassini/CIRS and ground-based observations." Icarus, 202 (1): 249-259 [10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.013]
Hesman, B. E., D. E. Jennings, P. V. Sada, et al. G. L. Bjoraker, R. K. Achterberg, A. A. Simon-Miller, C. M. Anderson, R. J. Boyle, and L. A. Fletcher. 2009. "Saturn's Latitudinal C2H2 and C2H6 Abundance Profiles from Cassini/CIRS and Ground-Based Observations." Icarus, 202: 249-259.
Anderson, C., E. Young, N. Chanover, and C. McKay. 2008. "HST spectral imaging of Titan's haze and methane profile between 0.6 and 1 μm during the 2000 opposition." Icarus, 194 (2): 721-745 [10.1016/j.icarus.2007.11.008]
Anderson, C. M., N. J. Chanover, C. P. McKay, et al. P. Rannou, D. A. Glenar, and J. J. Hillman. 2004. "Titan's haze structure in 1999 from spatially-resolved narrowband imaging surrounding the 0.94 μm methane window." Geophysical Research Letters, 31 (17): [10.1029/2004gl019857]
Chanover, N., C. Anderson, C. McKay, et al. P. Rannou, D. Glenar, J. Hillman, and W. Blass. 2003. "Probing Titan's lower atmosphere with acousto-optic tuning." Icarus, 163 (1): 150-163 [10.1016/s0019-1035(03)00075-7]
Anderson, C. M. 2002. "Ratio of sodium to potassium in the Mercury exosphere." Journal of Geophysical Research, 107 (E6): 5040 [10.1029/2000je001493]
Talks, Presentations and Posters
Cassin's Journey in the Saturn System
Guest speaker at the National Capital Astronomers, Inc. meeting at the UMD
Astronomy Observatory.
The Saturn System seen through the Eyes of Cassini
Guest speaker at the Department of Astronomy at the University of Maryland, College Park's Open House at the UMD Observatory.
Cassini's 13-year Journey in the Saturn System
Invited speaker at the American Association of Physics Teachers
Cassini's Journey in the Saturn System
DC AwesomeCon
Cassini's Grand Finale: Unveiling Saturn's Mysteries
Planet Walk on the Baltimore and Annapolis Trail
Into Cassini's Rings with NASA
Escape Velocity 2018
An Ode to Saturn
Bus Boys and Poets, sponsored by the DC Science Cafe
The Saturn System seen through Cassini's Eyes
North County High School
Cassini's Mission: Unveiling the Saturn System Mysteries
Girlscouts of America
The Organic Inventory at Titan's Poles Inferred from nearly 15 Years of Cassini Observations
Geological Society of Washington Meeting
Solid-State Photochemistry as a Formation Mechanism for Stratospheric Clouds on Titan and Earth
614 lab lunch seminar
Titan's Winter Polar Stratospheric Clouds from CIRS Observations and Laboratory Analyses
68th Cassini PSG
The Cloud-Driven Origin of Organic Soup in Titan's Atmosphere
United States Naval Academy Xi Seminar
Newly-Discovered Ice Cloud in Titan's South Polar Stratosphere
GSFC Office of the Director Science Chat
Saturn's moon Titan: a future abode for life?
Library of Congress lecture series
Cassini's View of Titan's Exotic Atmosphere
NRL's Space Science/Remote Sensing colloquium series
Cassini's Unveiling of Titan's Murky Atmosphere
University of Wisconsin Board of Visitors
Aerosol and Ice Properties of Titan's Stratosphere from a Combined CIRS and DISR Analysis
Cassini Project Science Group
Titan's Aerosol and Cloud Condensation Properties in the Far-IR between 2005 and 2010
Titan book meeting
Cloud Condensation in Titan's Lower Stratosphere
Fifth Workshop on Titan Chemistry -- Observations, Experiments, Computations, and Modeling
Particulate Properties in Titan's Atmosphere between 20 and 560 cm-1
GSFC Visiting Science Committee seminar
Ice Clouds and Aerosols in Titan's Stratosphere from Cassini/CIRS
NRL/RIOS Lunch Seminar
Titan's Tropospheric Methane and Lower Atmospheric Haze Distribution from HST/STIS Observations
UMD Planetary Lunch Seminar
The Seasonal Evolution of Titan's Stratospheric Ice Clouds as observed by Cassini CIRS (contributed talk)
COSPAR
Update on the Chemical Composition of Titan's High Altitude South Polar (HASP) Stratospheric Ice Cloud (contributed talk)
CIRS Team Meeting
Titan's High Altitude South Polar (HASP) Stratospheric Ice Cloud as observed by Cassini CIRS (contributed talk)
Division for Planetary Sciences meeting
Titan's High Altitude South Polar (HASP) Cloud (contributed talk)
Cassini Project Science meeting
Variations in Titan's Stratospheric Aerosol and Ices Spanning Northern-to-Early Southern Winter as Observed by Cassini CIRS (contributed talk)
Titan through Time 4 workshop
Update on Titan's Stratospheric Ices (contributed talk)
Cassini CIRS team meeting
Solid-State Chemistry as a Formation Mechanism for C4N2 Ice and Possibly the Haystack (220 cm-1 ice emission feature) in Titan's Stratosphere as Observed by Cassini CIRS (contributed talk)
Monstrous ice Cloud System in Titan's Present South Polar Stratosphere (contributed talk)
GSFC Science Directorate's Seminar
New Ice Cloud Found in Titan's Present South Polar Stratosphere (contributed talk)
The Organic Soup at Titan's Poles Inferred from Cassini Observations (contributed talk)
Astrobiology Science Conference
Laboratory Investigations of Titan's Stratospheric Ice Cloudsv (contributed talk)
From Interstellar Ices to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
C4N2 ice in Titan's atmosphere: reality or Myth? (contributed talk)
Re-visiting the formation of CH$_{4}$ clouds in Titan's winter polar stratosphere (contributed talk)
Titans' Haystack: the 220 cm-1 ice cloud feature (contributed talk)
GSFC Science Directorate seminar series
Titan's Haystack: the 220 cm-1 ice cloud feature (contributed talk)
Cassini PSG
Titan's Tropopause Temperatures from CIRS: Implications for Stratospheric Methane Cloud Formation (poster)
Titan's Tropopause Temperatures from CIRS: Implications for Stratospheric Methane Cloud Formation (contributed talk)
CH4 Ice in Titan's Stratosphere (contributed talk)
Titan's Stratospheric Condensibles at High Northern Latitudes during Northern Winter (contributed talk)
Titan's Particulates at 85N: the Aerosol, the Haystack, and the Ice Clouds (contributed talk)
Spectral and Vertical Distribution Properties of Titan's Particulates from Thermal-IR CIRS Data: Physical Implications (contributed talk)
Infrared Spectra and Optical Constants of Nitrile Ices Relevant to Titan's Atmosphere (contributed talk)
Titan's Stratospheric Ice Clouds from Cassini CIRS (contributed talk)
GSFC Solar System Exploration Division seminar
Problems with Collision-Induced Absorption Involving CH4 on Titan (contributed talk)
CH4 spectroscopic Workshop
Latitudinal Dependence of Titan's Lower Stratospheric Organic Ice Clouds (contributed talk)
Nitrile Ices in Titan's Lower Stratosphere
Titan through Time workshop
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Aerosols and Ices in Titan's Stratosphere from Cassini CIRS (contributed talk)
SSED Director's Planetary Science seminar
Ice Clouds and Aerosols in Titan's Stratosphere from Cassini/CIRS (contributed talk)
Planetary Science-Astrobiology Seminar Series
Cassini CIRS detection of condensed HC3N in Titan's lower stratosphere (poster)
Aerosol and ices in Titan's stratosphere from Cassini/CIRS (poster)
Titan after Cassini-Huygens Book meeting
HC3N Ice Particle Size and Abundances in Titan's Stratosphere from CIRS (contributed talk)
Altitude distribution and wavenumber dependence of Titan's photochemical aerosol from Cassini/CIRS observations (poster)
Titan's tropospheric methane and lower atmospheric haze distribution from HST/STIS observations (poster)
EGU
Titan's lower atmosphere haze and methane profile from visible and NIR HST spectral imaging (poster)
Titan's haze structure in 1999 and 2004 from spatially-resolved narrowband imaging between 700 and 1000 nm (poster)
Diurnal Variations in the Dust Vertical Distribution in the Atmosphere of Mars (poster)
Characterizing the Methane and Haze Distribution in Titan's Lower Atmosphere (poster)
Characterizing the Haze in Titan's Lower Atmosphere (poster)
New Mexico Symposium
Probing Titan's Lower Atmosphere
JPFP Technical Exchange Symposium
The Nature of the Haze in Titan's Lower Atmosphere (poster)
Ratio of Sodium to Potassium in the Mercurian Exosphere (poster)
Selected Public Outreach
Titan's Organic Stratospheric Ice Clouds from Cassini CIRS 10 / 2019 - 10 / 2019
Invited talk for the Women in Space Exploration group at the University of Maryland College Park.
My Career Path in Astronomy and Physics 10 / 2019 - 10 / 2019
Invited speaker at a Women in Physics (WIP) professional development luncheon at the University of Maryland College Park.
The Saturn System seen through the Eyes of Cassini 8 / 2019 - 8 / 2019
Guest speaker for the University of Maryland College Park Observatory Open House
The Saturn system seen through the eyes of Cassini. 6 / 2019 - 6 / 2019
Invited speaker for NASA GSFC's "Reach for the Stars," which is a Girl Scout Astronomy Club summit
A Tour of the Solar System 5 / 2019 - 5 / 2019
Guest speaker to a group of 105 3rd graders
Into Cassini's Rings 5 / 2018 - 5 / 2018
Served on the 30-minute panel at Escape Velocity 2018
The Submillimeter Enceladus Life Fundamental Instrument (SELFI) 7 / 2018 - 7 / 2018
Gave a hyperwall talk at NASA GSFC's annual Science Jamboree
Harassment, Bias, and Bullying in Astronomy and Planetary Science panel 9 / 2018 - 9 / 2018
Served on a Women in Science panel in the Astronomy Dept. at University of Maryland. The abstract read as follows:
Harassment, Bias, and Bullying in Astronomy and Planetary Science - The Astronomy Department Equity/Diversity/Inclusion committee presents the first colloquium of the semester - a panel discussion about harassment, bias, and bullying in science. Join Dr. Carrie Anderson, Marcia Segura, and Dr. Amy Simon, as they discuss their personal experiences over the course of their academic and professional careers. We will also discuss audience examples and questions and how these situations can be handled.
Cassini's Grand Finale: Unveiling Saturn's Mysteries 5 / 2017 - 5 / 2017
Gave two invited seminars at the annual Baltimore and Annapolis Trail Planet Walk.
Cassini CIRS' Greatest Hits video 9 / 2017 - 9 / 2017
Interviewed by NASA GSFC's TV studio about Cassini CIRS. This is a short video highlighting CIRS' biggest findings from Saturn, Titan, and some of the icy moons. This will be a way to look back at what the CIRS team has accomplished since Cassini first arrived in the Saturn system, and to emphasize Goddard's contribution as NASA prepares to celebrate the end of the mission.
Cassini's Spectacular Grand Finale at Saturn Panel 6 / 2017 - 6 / 2017
Served on Cassini's Spectacular Grand Finale at Saturn Panel at Awesome Con D.C. 2017.
Cassini's Mission: Unveiling the Saturn System Mysteries 6 / 2017 - 6 / 2017
Gave an invited outreach talk to a group of 44 Senior Girl Scouts, Girl Scout leaders, and amateur astronomers from around the country, all gathered for this year's NASA GSFC Girl Scouts "Reach for the Stars" week of astronomy training.
NASA GSFC Reflects on 20 Years of Cassini video 9 / 2017 - 9 / 2017
The people behind Cassini's Composite InfraRed Spectrometer (CIRS) reflect on their years-long experiences working with their team - relationships formed, children born, challenges conquered, and their feelings as the Cassini mission comes to an end. CIRS was built and is operated a NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Cassini is making its final dive into Saturn on September 15, 2017.
Fifth annual STEAM Fair and reception on Capitol Hill 7 / 2017 - 7 / 2017
Invited to participate in the fifth annual STEAM Fair and reception on Capitol Hill on Tuesday, July 18th, by the Women's Congressional Policy Institute, the Co-Chairs of the Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues, Rep. Susan Brooks and Rep. Lois Frankel, and the Vice-Chairs of the Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues, Rep. Mimi Walters and Rep. Brenda Lawrence. Anderson was invited to represent NASA, with a focus on its efforts on STEAM education and careers for women and girls.
Cassini's Grand Finale video podcast 9 / 2017 - 9 / 2017
Interviewed for a video podcast by Ghost Giraffe about Cassini's Grand Finale
https://youtu.be/86dD5JP5qFM
Skype interview about being a female scientist as NASA 9 / 2017 - 9 / 2017
Interviewed via Skype by a Florida 6th grader about my career at NASA, and what it is like to be a woman in my field
NASA's Cassini Mission 9 / 2017 - 9 / 2017
Gave an outreach talk to 50 2nd graders about NASA's Cassini Mission
Guest speak at Walt Whitman High School 3 / 2017 - 3 / 2017
Invited by STEMfems to guest speak at Walt Whitman High School in Bethesday, MD. This group encourages more girls to pursue careers in STEM fields.
An Ode to Saturn 3 / 2017 - 3 / 2017
Gave a presentation about the Cassini mission at Bus Boys and Poets, for their DC Science Cafe Event.
Cassini's 13-year journey in the Saturn System 7 / 2017 - 7 / 2017
Organized and served on the Cassini panel at AwesomeCon 2018.
Why does the Earth need the Sun and the Moon? 9 / 2016 - 9 / 2016
Guest speaker to 130 first graders about the importance of the Sun, Earth, and Moon.
Interviewed live on the Roundhouse radio morning show in Vancouver BC 10 / 2016 - 10 / 2016
Interviewed live on the Roundhouse radio morning show in Vancouver BC regarding my recent web feature on my Cassini CIRS discovery of an "impossible" cloud, made of C4N2 ice, in Titan's stratosphere. Worked with Liz Zubritsky, in the NASA GSFC Office of Communications, who posted a web feature on my CIRS discovery of an "impossible" cloud, made of C4N2 ice, in Titan's stratosphere. In this story, she states that the researchers propose that the cloud forms through "solid-state" photochemistry, which takes place entirely within pre-existing ice particles – a process with some similarities to the formation of nacreous clouds on Earth. The story (http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-scientists-findimpossible-cloud-on-titan-again) is featured prominently on the front page of www.nasa.gov and on the Goddard and Cassini webpages. The story was picked up by Astronomy magazine, The Daily Mail (U.K.), International Business Times, Space.com, the Washington Post, Popular Mechanics, NASA JPL, News Atlas, Weather Network, NBCUniversal, and many more including India and Canada.
Interviewed for Earthzine magazine on women in STEM fields 11 / 2016 - 11 / 2016
Interviewed for Earthzine magazine, special Halloween article on women in STEM fields.
Bower, D., G. Chin, T. Livengood, et al. T. Hewagama, C. Anderson, M. Ugelow, C. I. Honniball, P. Racette, and S. Aslam. 2022. "The CORGIE Instrument Suite: Understanding Hydrogeologic Cycles on Planetary Bodies Through In Situ Characterization of Surface-Atmosphere Interactions." Optimizing Planetary In Situ Surface-Atmosphere Interaction Investigations Workshop, Boise, Idaho, LPI Contribution No. 2685 id. 7008
Ugelow, M. S., and C. M. Anderson. 2022. "Optical Properties of Cyanoacetylene Ices in the Far- to Near-infrared with Direct Relevance to Titan's Stratospheric Ice Clouds." The Planetary Science Journal 3 (4): 77 [10.3847/psj/ac596f]
Rodriguez, S., S. Vinatier, D. Cordier, et al. G. Tobie, R. K. Achterberg, C. M. Anderson, S. V. Badman, J. W. Barnes, E. L. Barth, B. Bézard, N. Carrasco, B. Charnay, R. N. Clark, P. Coll, T. Cornet, A. Coustenis, I. Couturier-Tamburelli, M. Dobrijevic, F. M. Flasar, R. de Kok, C. Freissinet, M. Galand, T. Gautier, W. D. Geppert, C. A. Griffith, M. S. Gudipati, L. Z. Hadid, A. G. Hayes, A. R. Hendrix, R. Jaumann, D. E. Jennings, A. Jolly, K. Kalousova, T. T. Koskinen, P. Lavvas, S. Lebonnois, J.-P. Lebreton, A. Le Gall, E. Lellouch, S. Le Mouélic, R. M. Lopes, J. M. Lora, R. D. Lorenz, A. Lucas, S. MacKenzie, M. J. Malaska, K. Mandt, M. Mastrogiuseppe, C. E. Newman, C. A. Nixon, J. Radebaugh, S. C. Rafkin, P. Rannou, E. M. Sciamma-O'Brien, J. M. Soderblom, A. Solomonidou, C. Sotin, K. Stephan, D. Strobel, C. Szopa, N. A. Teanby, E. P. Turtle, V. Vuitton, and R. A. West. 2022. "Science goals and new mission concepts for future exploration of Titan's atmosphere, geology and habitability: titan POlar scout/orbitEr and in situ lake lander and DrONe explorer (POSEIDON)." Experimental Astronomy [10.1007/s10686-021-09815-8]
Livengood, T. A., C. Anderson, D. C. Bradley, et al. B. T. Bulcha, G. Chin, N. Ehsan, T. Hewagama, P. E. Racette, and M. D. Shappirio. 2020. "Submillimeter Solar Observation Lunar Volatiles Experiment at the South Pole (SSOLVE@SP)." Lunar Surface Science Worksop 2020 (LPI Contrib No. 2241) id. 5058
Chin, G., S. Aslam, C. Anderson, et al. M. K. Barker, D. M. Bower, T. Hewagama, and T. Livengood. 2020. "The CORGIE (Confirming Orbital Remote-Sensing with Ground Information Experiments) Consortium." Lunar Surface Science Workshop 2020 (LPI Contrib. no 2241)
Nna Mvondo, D., C. M. Anderson, and R. E. Samuelson. 2019. "Detailed infrared study of amorphous to crystalline propionitrile ices relevant to observed spectra of Titan's stratospheric ice clouds." Icarus 333 183-198 [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2019.05.003]
Nixon, C. A., T. M. Ansty, N. A. Lombardo, et al. G. L. Bjoraker, R. K. Achterberg, A. M. Annex, M. Rice, P. N. Romani, D. E. Jennings, R. E. Samuelson, C. M. Anderson, A. Coustenis, B. Bézard, S. Vinatier, E. Lellouch, R. Courtin, N. A. Teanby, V. Cottini, and F. M. Flasar. 2019. "Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) Observations of Titan 2004–2017." The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 244 (1): 14 [10.3847/1538-4365/ab3799]
Anderson, C. M., R. E. Samuelson, and D. Nna Mvondo. 2018. "Organic Ices in Titan's Stratosphere." Space Science Reviews 214 (125): 1-36 [10.1007/s11214-018-0559-5]
Anderson, C. M., D. Nna Mvondo, R. E. Samuelson, J. L. Mclain, and J. P. Dworkin. 2018. "The SPECTRAL Ice Chamber: Application to Titan's Stratospheric Ice Clouds." The Astrophysical Journal 865 (1): 62 [Full Text (Link)] [10.3847/1538-4357/aadbab]
Jennings, D. E., F. M. Flasar, V. G. Kunde, et al. C. A. Nixon, M. E. Segura, P. N. Romani, N. Gorius, S. Albright, J. C. Brasunas, R. C. Carlson, A. A. Mamoutkine, E. Guandique, M. S. Kaelberer, S. Aslam, R. K. Achterberg, G. L. Bjoraker, C. M. Anderson, V. Cottini, J. C. Pearl, M. D. Smith, B. E. Hesman, R. D. Barney, S. Calcutt, T. J. Vellacott, L. J. Spilker, S. G. Edgington, S. M. Brooks, P. Ade, P. J. Schinder, A. Coustenis, R. Courtin, G. Michel, R. Fettig, S. Pilorz, and C. Ferrari. 2017. "Composite infrared spectrometer (CIRS) on Cassini: publisher's note." Applied Optics 56 (21): 5897 [10.1364/ao.56.005897]
Jennings, D. E., F. M. Flasar, V. G. Kunde, et al. C. A. Nixon, M. E. Segura, P. N. Romani, N. Gorius, S. Albright, J. C. Brasunas, R. C. Carlson, A. A. Mamoutkine, E. Guandique, M. S. Kaelberer, S. Aslam, R. K. Achterberg, G. L. Bjoraker, C. M. Anderson, V. Cottini, J. C. Pearl, M. D. Smith, B. E. Hesman, R. D. Barney, S. Calcutt, T. J. Vellacott, L. J. Spilker, S. G. Edgington, S. M. Brooks, P. Ade, P. J. Schinder, A. Coustenis, R. Courtin, G. Michel, R. Fettig, S. Pilorz, and C. Ferrari. 2017. "Composite infrared spectrometer (CIRS) on Cassini." Applied Optics 56 (18): 5274 [10.1364/ao.56.005274]
Gautier, T., M. G. Trainer, M. J. Loeffler, J. A. Sebree, and C. M. Anderson. 2017. "Environmental temperature effect on the far-infrared absorption features of aromatic-based Titan's aerosol analogs." Icarus 281 338-341 [10.1016/j.icarus.2016.07.015]
Doose, L. R., E. Karkoschka, M. G. Tomasko, and C. M. Anderson. 2016. "Vertical structure and optical properties of Titan's aerosols from radiance measurements made inside and outside the atmosphere." Icarus 270 355-375 [10.1016/j.icarus.2015.09.039]
Coustenis, A., D. E. Jennings, R. K. Achterberg, et al. G. Bampasidis, P. Lavvas, C. A. Nixon, N. A. Teanby, C. M. Anderson, V. Cottini, and F. M. Flasar. 2016. "Titan's temporal evolution in stratospheric trace gases near the poles." Icarus 270 409-420 [10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.027]
Anderson, C. M., R. E. Samuelson, Y. L. Yung, and J. L. McLain. 2016. "Solid-state photochemistry as a formation mechanism for Titan's stratospheric C4N2 ice clouds." Geophysical Research Letters 43 (7): 3088-3094 [10.1002/2016gl067795]
Jennings, D. E., R. K. Achterberg, V. Cottini, et al. C. M. Anderson, F. M. Flasar, C. A. Nixon, G. L. Bjoraker, V. G. Kunde, R. C. Carlson, E. Guandique, M. S. Kaelberer, J. S. Tingley, S. A. Albright, M. E. Segura, R. D. Kok, A. Coustenis, S. Vinatier, G. Bampasidis, N. A. Teanby, and S. Calcutt. 2015. "EVOLUTION OF THE FAR-INFRARED CLOUD AT TITAN'S SOUTH POLE." The Astrophysical Journal 804 (2): L34 [10.1088/2041-8205/804/2/l34]
Anderson, C., R. Samuelson, R. Achterberg, J. Barnes, and F. Flasar. 2014. "Subsidence-induced methane clouds in Titan's winter polar stratosphere and upper troposphere." Icarus 243 129-138 [10.1016/j.icarus.2014.09.007]
Sebree, J. A., M. G. Trainer, M. J. Loeffler, and C. M. Anderson. 2014. "Titan aerosol analog absorption features produced from aromatics in the far infrared." Icarus 236 146-152 [10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.039]
Sebree, J., W. Brinckerhoff, C. Anderson, et al. M. Loeffler, S. Getty, V. Pinnick, X. Li, M. Trainer, and A. Schmitt. 2014. "LABORATORY SIMULATIONS OF TITAN'S SURFACE COMPOSITION AND ITS RELATION TO ATMOSPHERIC HAZE LAYERS." Proceedings of the 69th International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy [10.15278/isms.2014.fe02]
West, R., P. Lavvas, C. M. Anderson, and H. Imanaka. 2013. "Titan's Haze."
Nixon, C. A., N. A. Teanby, C. M. Anderson, and S. Vinatier. 2013. "Nitrogen in the Stratosphere of Titan from Cassini CIRS Infrared Spectroscopy." The Early Evolution of the Atmospheres of Terrestrial Planets 123-143 [10.1007/978-1-4614-5191-4_10]
Jennings, D. E., C. M. Anderson, R. E. Samuelson, et al. F. M. Flasar, C. A. Nixon, G. L. Bjoraker, P. N. Romani, R. K. Achterberg, V. Cottini, B. E. Hesman, V. G. Kunde, R. C. Carlson, R. de Kok, A. Coustenis, S. Vinatier, G. Bampasidis, N. A. Teanby, and S. B. Calcutt. 2012. "FIRST OBSERVATION IN THE SOUTH OF TITAN'S FAR-INFRARED 220 cm –1 CLOUD." The Astrophysical Journal 761 (1): L15 [10.1088/2041-8205/761/1/l15]
Cottini, V., C. Nixon, D. Jennings, et al. C. Anderson, N. Gorius, G. Bjoraker, A. Coustenis, N. Teanby, R. Achterberg, B. Bézard, R. de Kok, E. Lellouch, P. Irwin, F. Flasar, and G. Bampasidis. 2012. "Water vapor in Titan's stratosphere from Cassini CIRS far-infrared spectra." Icarus 220 (2): 855-862 [10.1016/j.icarus.2012.06.014]
Jennings, D. E., C. M. Anderson, R. E. Samuelson, et al. F. M. Flasar, C. A. Nixon, V. G. Kunde, R. K. Achterberg, V. Cottini, R. de Kok, A. Coustenis, S. Vinatier, and S. B. Calcutt. 2012. "SEASONAL DISAPPEARANCE OF FAR-INFRARED HAZE IN TITAN'S STRATOSPHERE." The Astrophysical Journal 754 (1): L3 [10.1088/2041-8205/754/1/l3]
Vinatier, S., P. Rannou, C. M. Anderson, et al. B. Bézard, R. de Kok, and R. E. Samuelson. 2012. "Optical constants of Titan's stratospheric aerosols in the 70–1500cm−1 spectral range constrained by Cassini/CIRS observations." Icarus 219 (1): 5-12 [10.1016/j.icarus.2012.02.009]
Gautier, T., N. Carrasco, A. Mahjoub, et al. S. Vinatier, A. Giuliani, C. Szopa, C. M. Anderson, J.-J. Correia, P. Dumas, and G. Cernogora. 2012. "Mid- and far-infrared absorption spectroscopy of Titan's aerosols analogues." Icarus 221 320-327
Barnes, J. W., L. Lemke, R. Foch, et al. C. P. McKay, R. A. Beyer, J. Radebaugh, D. H. Atkinson, R. D. Lorenz, S. Le Mouélic, S. Rodriguez, J. Gundlach, F. Giannini, S. Bain, F. M. Flasar, T. Hurford, C. M. Anderson, J. Merrison, M. Ádámkovics, S. A. Kattenhorn, J. Mitchell, D. M. Burr, A. Colaprete, E. Schaller, A. J. Friedson, K. S. Edgett, A. Coradini, A. Adriani, K. M. Sayanagi, M. J. Malaska, D. Morabito, and K. Reh. 2011. "AVIATR—Aerial Vehicle for In-situ and Airborne Titan Reconnaissance." Experimental Astronomy 33 (1): 55-127 [10.1007/s10686-011-9275-9]
Anderson, C. M., and R. E. Samuelson. 2011. "Titan's aerosol and stratospheric ice opacities between 18 and 500 _m: Vertical and spectral characteristics from Cassini CIRS." Icarus 212 762 [Full Text (Link)] [10.1016/j.icarus.2011.01.024]
Vinatier, S., B. Bézard, R. de Kok, et al. C. M. Anderson, R. E. Samuelson, C. A. Nixon, A. Mamoutkine, R. C. Carlson, D. E. Jennings, and E. A. Guandique. 2010. "Analysis of Cassini/CIRS limb spectra of Titan acquired during the nominal mission II: Aerosol extinction profiles in the 600–1420cm−1 spectral range." Icarus 210 (2): 852-866 [10.1016/j.icarus.2010.06.024]
Killen, R. M., A. E. Potter, R. J. Vervack, et al. E. T. Bradley, W. E. McClintock, C. M. Anderson, and M. H. Burger. 2010. "Observations of metallic species in Mercury's exosphere." Icarus 209 (1): 75-87 [10.1016/j.icarus.2010.02.018]
Anderson, C., R. Samuelson, G. Bjoraker, and R. Achterberg. 2010. "Particle size and abundance of HC3N ice in Titan's lower stratosphere at high northern latitudes." Icarus 207 (2): 914-922 [10.1016/j.icarus.2009.12.024]
Hesman, B. E., D. E. Jennings, P. V. Sada, et al. G. L. Bjoraker, R. K. Achterberg, A. A. Simon-Miller, C. M. Anderson, R. J. Boyle, C. A. Nixon, L. N. Fletcher, and G. H. McCabe. 2009. "Saturn's latitudinal C2H2 and C2H6 abundance profiles from Cassini/CIRS and ground-based observations." Icarus 202 (1): 249-259 [10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.013]
Hesman, B. E., D. E. Jennings, P. V. Sada, et al. G. L. Bjoraker, R. K. Achterberg, A. A. Simon-Miller, C. M. Anderson, R. J. Boyle, and L. A. Fletcher. 2009. "Saturn's Latitudinal C2H2 and C2H6 Abundance Profiles from Cassini/CIRS and Ground-Based Observations." Icarus 202 249-259.
Anderson, C., E. Young, N. Chanover, and C. McKay. 2008. "HST spectral imaging of Titan's haze and methane profile between 0.6 and 1 μm during the 2000 opposition." Icarus 194 (2): 721-745 [10.1016/j.icarus.2007.11.008]
Anderson, C. M., N. J. Chanover, C. P. McKay, et al. P. Rannou, D. A. Glenar, and J. J. Hillman. 2004. "Titan's haze structure in 1999 from spatially-resolved narrowband imaging surrounding the 0.94 μm methane window." Geophysical Research Letters 31 (17): [10.1029/2004gl019857]
Chanover, N., C. Anderson, C. McKay, et al. P. Rannou, D. Glenar, J. Hillman, and W. Blass. 2003. "Probing Titan's lower atmosphere with acousto-optic tuning." Icarus 163 (1): 150-163 [10.1016/s0019-1035(03)00075-7]
Anderson, C. M. 2002. "Ratio of sodium to potassium in the Mercury exosphere." Journal of Geophysical Research 107 (E6): 5040 [10.1029/2000je001493]


There are loads of restaurants to recommend in Victoria, so whatever kind of cuisine you fancy there should be something for you to get your teeth into. Victoria restaurants are, though, pretty hit or miss so make sure you get the right ones. And how do you do that? By taking a look at our recommended Victoria restaurants, that's how.
This Wilton Road venue is one of the finest restaurants in Victoria thanks to its informal atmosphere and excellent modern European cuisine.
The Dining Room at the Goring is considered by many foodies and restaurant critics to be one of the best in London.
Ebury Wine Bar and Restaurant is a popular venue that boasts an impressive range of wines accompanied by Modern European dishes on the a la carte menu. An extensive bar menu is also available throughout the day.
If delicious Cantonese food served from one of the plushest restaurants in London is your thing then you can't go far wrong with dinner here, at the Grosvenor Hotel Victoria.
Greenwood is a large venue that is home to a pub, restaurant and sports lounge.
On the ground floor, an impressive choice of craft beers and guest ales are available from the bar; whilst the food menu offers signature dishes such as wild rabbit, pig cheek & celeriac pizza; Brixham hake with pak choi & Thai broth; and spiced king scallop and shrimp burger.
Upstairs you'll find the sports lounge that boasts five screens showing sports throughout the day and night. Greenwood also has an American 8-ball pool table and two shuffleboard tables. A lighter food menu is also available.
This excellent Italian restaurant in Victoria not only serves some brilliant food, but does so from one of the most charming settings London has to offer.
Oliveto's sister restaurant, Olivo is similar in offering a menu that is simple, innovative and freshly prepared. It offers stylish and chic dining without being pretentious.
The world's only Michelin-starred South Indian restaurant can be found right in the midst of Victoria, and here it is. A gorgeous combination of traditional and contemporary cooking, this is food of the highest order.


As of late, Thursdays have been dubbed date night. I'm a pretty big fan of intentional hang out time with the man I love. The weather today was perfect! It almost felt more like summer than spring, seeing as it was seventy degrees out this afternoon. Even after Eddie got off of work, it was still rather warm so we got ourselves some Starbucks and found a place to sit outside, enjoy the weather, and watch the sunset. Simple but excellent.
Thursdays just might be my new favorite day of the week.


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A brief treatment of the Peloponnesian War follows. For full treatment, see Ancient Greek civilization: The Peloponnesian War.
The Athenian alliance was, in fact, an empire that included most of the island and coastal states around the northern and eastern shores of the Aegean Sea. Sparta was leader of an alliance of independent states that included most of the major land powers of the Peloponnese and central Greece, as well as the sea power Corinth. Thus, the Athenians had the stronger navy and the Spartans the stronger army. Further, the Athenians were better prepared financially than their enemies, owing to the large war chest they had amassed from the regular tribute they received from their empire.
Athens and Sparta had fought each other before the outbreak of the Great Peloponnesian War (in what is sometimes called the First Peloponnesian War) but had agreed to a truce, called the Thirty Years' Treaty, in 445. In the following years their respective blocs observed an uneasy peace. The events that led to renewed hostilities began in 433, when Athens allied itself with Corcyra (modern Corfu), a strategically important colony of Corinth. Fighting ensued, and the Athenians then took steps that explicitly violated the Thirty Years' Treaty. Sparta and its allies accused Athens of aggression and threatened war.
On the advice of Pericles, its most influential leader, Athens refused to back down. Diplomatic efforts to resolve the dispute failed. Finally, in the spring of 431, a Spartan ally, Thebes, attacked an Athenian ally, Plataea, and open war began.
The years of fighting that followed can be divided into two periods, separated by a truce of six years. The first period lasted 10 years and began with the Spartans, under Archidamus II, leading an army into Attica, the region around Athens. Pericles declined to engage the superior allied forces and instead urged the Athenians to keep to their city and make full use of their naval superiority by harassing their enemies' coasts and shipping. Within a few months, however, Pericles fell victim to a terrible plague that raged through the crowded city, killing a large part of its army as well as many civilians. Thucydides survived an attack of the plague and left a vivid account of its impact on Athenian morale. In the meantime (430–429), the Spartans attacked Athenian bases in western Greece but were repulsed. The Spartans also suffered reverses at sea. In 428 they tried to aid the island state of Lesbos, a tributary of Athens that was planning to revolt. But the revolt was headed off by the Athenians, who won control of the chief city, Mytilene. Urged on by the demagogue Cleon, the Athenians voted to massacre the men of Mytilene and enslave everyone else, but they relented the next day and killed only the leaders of the revolt. Spartan initiatives during the plague years were all unsuccessful except for the capture of the strategic city Plataea in 427.
In the next few years the Athenians took the offensive. They attacked the Sicilian city Syracuse and campaigned in western Greece and the Peloponnese itself. In 425 the picture was bleak for Sparta, which began to sue for peace. But led by Brasidas, hero of the Battle of Delium, a Spartan force gained important successes in Chalcidice in 424, encouraging Athenian subject states to revolt. In a decisive battle at Amphipolis in 422, both Brasidas and the Athenian leader Cleon were killed. This set the stage for Cleon's rival Nicias to persuade the Athenians to accept the Spartans' offer of peace.
The so-called Peace of Nicias began in 421 and lasted six years. It was a period in which diplomatic maneuvers gradually gave way to small-scale military operations as each city tried to win smaller states over to its side. The uncertain peace was finally shattered when, in 415, the Athenians launched a massive assault against Sicily. The next 11 years made up the war's second period of fighting. The decisive event was the catastrophe suffered by the Athenians in Sicily. Aided by a force of Spartans, Syracuse was able to break an Athenian blockade. Even after gaining reinforcements in 413, the Athenian army was defeated again. Soon afterward the navy was also beaten, and the Athenians were utterly destroyed as they tried to retreat.
By 411 Athens itself was in political turmoil. Democracy was overthrown by the oligarchical party, which was in turn replaced by the more moderate regime of the Five Thousand. At the end of 411 the rebuilt Athenian navy, fresh from several victories, acted to restore democratic rule. However, the democratic leaders refused Spartan peace offerings, and the war continued at sea with the Spartan and Athenian fleets trading costly victories. The end came in 405 when the Athenian navy was destroyed at Aegospotami by the Spartan fleet under Lysander, who had received much aid from the Persians. The next year, starved by an impenetrable blockade, Athens capitulated. Athens' defeat was perhaps the worst casualty in a war that crippled Greek military strength, and thus the most culturally advanced Greek state was brought into final eclipse.


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CHORDS & TABS
CHORDS: Stephanie Poetri – Do You Love Me Piano & Ukulele Chord Progression and Tab
Stephanie Poetri
This is the chords of Do You Love Me by Stephanie Poetri on Piano, Ukulele, Guitar and Keyboard.
Dm7 G7 Am
Ooh yeah
Oh-oh
Picking petals off of daisies
Thinking 'bout you on the daily
I just wanna be the one you want
I just wanna be the one you love
Got me thinking you could save me
Everybody think I'm crazy
I just wanna be the one you touch
I just wanna be the one you trust
Dm7 G7
Do you love me, love me, love me, love me, love me, yeah? (Yeah)
Do you love me, love me, love me, love me, love me, not? (Love me, not)
Do you love me, love me, love me, love me, love me, yeah? (Do you love me?)
Do you love me, love me, love me, love me, love me, not?
This love ticket is a one-way
Know your heart is my destination
Not now but maybe someday
We could have a different conversation
Even though I know you got somebody
And I got somebody too
Still counting down the hours
Till I'm out of petals on this flower
Do I ever cross your mind?
Heaven knows you been on mine
You're driving me crazy
Do you love me, love me, love me, love me, love me, yeah? (Do you love me? Do you love me?)
Do you love me, love me, love me, love me, love me, not? (Do you love me not?)
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CHORDS: EDEN – Question Mark Piano & Ukulele Chord Progression and Tab CHORDS: Falling In Reverse – The Drug In Me Is Reimagined Piano & Ukulele Chord Progression and Tab
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CHORDS: Stephanie Poetri – I Love You 3000 Piano & Ukulele Chord Progression
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Laurie Galassi 17:34 (125lbs / 14lbs / 65lbs), Pat Barber 18:22, Rob Orlando 18:23 (with 20lb vest), Rebecca Voigt 23:39 (115lbs / 16lbs / 65lbs), Elyse Umeda 24:07 (125lbs / 14lbs / 65lbs), Kristan Clever 26:26 (115lbs / 16lbs / 65lbs). Post time to comments.
Happy July 4th everyone. Please have fun and be safe.


text:
Sound Dragon
Guitar gadgets, tools and other geeky stuff
Ableton Live Rig for Gigging Bass Guitarists
I play bass guitar in a three-piece reggae rock pop band called Cabstars. Having decided not to have a horn section or keyboards, but needing something in the mid-range more than just guitar for our live sound, I decided to investigate the use of synthesisers. I first wrote about this in my music blog.
Using Ableton to play Backing tracks (NOT what we wanted!)
Internet research revealed video teach-ins for the use of Ableton Live to play backing tracks, to "enhance the sound". This one – skip the first minute – shows you how to work like a DJ but also with some live instruments, and only the drummer listening to the click track.
We tried loading the stems of our released tracks into Ableton then muting the stems we play ourselves (drums, vocals, bass and guitar…) and have Ableton play what remained. That should give you the same sound as your album when playing live right….? Yeah – and lots of people do this (to save money on the number of musicians travelling to gigs). But it's a lot more complicated than that (of course).
But I couldn't find any detailed videos – or DIY blogs showing you how use Ableton as a playable instrument in a live band. So I hope this is helpful to those of you who are on this same road! I also made a rather lame video, which I need to upgrade as I've worked out a simpler way of organising Ableton, plus get a bit better at making videos ;-)… But it does show you the basic set-up, so might help….
Ableton Parameters/Limitations
We'd thought in terms of using Ableton to play synth loops in particular parts of our songs – to beef up a chorus, for an intro, or a break in the middle. But we didn't realise that in order to do that, the whole song still has to be played to a click (like a train on a rail track).
Also, unless you play exactly according to the backing track, you have to trigger these loops at exactly the right moment, which runs counter to the excitement of a gig. Triggered just one beat out, destroys that excitement. So you're still actually only muting the tracks you don't want to play yourself, so that even if you're playing everything except the synth (in our case), you'd still be band playing to a backing track – which we didn't want to be. This took a while for us to understand.
With EDM, and bands playing with a DJ as part of their set-up, they play to the triggering of loops, whereas we're a reggae rock band, so we don't…. But if that's what you're doing, then there are some great videos showing how it's done.
McMillan 12-Step "Foot Organ"
The first problem was how to play notes at the same time as playing bass. As I'd seen other bass guitarists doing, I bought a McMillan 12-Step one-octave chromatic scale keyboard foot controller.
This is amazingly robust – their promo video shows a van being driven over one! This links easily to Ableton Live via USB, and to other midi devices via the McMillan Midi Expander. I used it with my Dave Smith Tetra synth, playing pad sounds to fill things out. This worked really well.
The 12-Step can be set to play single notes legato – continuously until changed, or only when pressed, and a wide range of note and chord combinations. It also has other note-playing parameters through varying pressure and rolling to one side or the other – like swells and tone bending. But it was tiring to play while standing. I found it most effective playing pedal tones, or one note per bar.
12-Step can trigger Ableton clips (when in the "Clip" preset, as in the photo above) so it is possible to make up loops like a keyboard player – and use 12-Step to play them using its clip-playing preset. But really, McMillen's other foot controller the SoftStep2 is better for this. It meshes easily with Ableton and can manage most of Ableton's looping and other functions. Having both would be very cool.
I decided to use Ableton Live to play synths and audio clips. I already had a Push Controller, which would make it easy to select patches and clips without peering at the laptop, especially on a dark stage.
I tried triggering loops of pre-written chord sequences, as I didn't like having to play them with them feet – and found it tiring to be repeating them throughout a song. But we didn't want to have to use a click track. So I bought the Ableton Beat Seeker plugin to see how that performs. I had to write an automation clip so it would do a two bar count-in at the set tempo, then follow our drummer (and stop making a click). Just following the drummer risked Beat Seeker halving or doubling the beat, which didn't happen if it started off at the correct tempo. But amazingly, after a while with this, we rarely follow the Ableton click intro, and it just works…
But then, having worked out how to use loops, I decided I preferred playing pads and clips. We're not an EDM type of band, so triggering loops risks very unmusical miscues, whereas pads underpin and fill out what we're playing.
But BeatSeeker is still useful because it shapes the delays, modulations and other time-based effects within the synth pads. Our drummer Lloyd Johnson uses an Alesis 4 Pad Controller which accepts midi clock from Ableton and Beat Seeker. So my Ableton pads, audio clips and audio effects, and Lloyd's drum effects now conform exactly to his playing regardless of whether he pulls or pushes the beat (which is a vital function with a good reggae drummer).
Focusrite Saffire 40 Interface
A Thunderbolt soundcard interface was required (for my MacBook Air – running OSX 10.10.5 Yosemite), so I bought the excellent Focusrite Saffire 40 . This can be seen mounted in my bass head's SKB: a 6u SKB above my bass amp – a cool-running class D 1000 watt Warwick LWA 1000. Two Samson S-Direct Plus DI boxes are velcroed onto the top of the Saffire allowing minimum length unbalanced jack-to-jack lines to provide standard XLR balanced line outputs from the Saffire to a stage box. The 12-Step and Push (inside a padded carry bag) fit neatly into the SKB's remaining 3u, along with all the cabling.
My first challenge was how to set this up so it could all be played – while being quick to set up and without risk of being knocked over. Some serious research led to adapting drummers' hardware to suit.
Gibraltar Hardware to create a stable stand
I decided to use a snare drum stand and various other Gibraltar Hardware drum bits form a stand for it all. Velco ensures that the laptop can't be knocked off. Small stages make it vital to have a really stable stand for these vulnerable bits of kit. It needs to be close to me at the right height so I can play it – plus close to the drummer so that Ableton BeatSeeker can pick up his beat.
I have (of course) modified this still further. I will write another blog giving you details of this – and will notify all followers of this blog as soon as it's posted.
If you have any comments or questions, please leave them below and I'll respond. Hope this is useful to you!!
Tagged on: abletonlive BeatSeeker McMillan12Step Push
Hugh 20 November 2016 21 November 2016 Uncategorized 1 Comment
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Wessex supply all the equipment needed to start a professional framing workshop with excellent customer support from our experienced staff. With any machinery bought from Wessex Pictures you get free basic training but for furthering your knowledge training courses are available at our fully equipped National Training Centre facility in Leatherhead. Follow up advice is always at hand with any problems you might encounter to get you back up and running as soon as possible.
The five main areas of machinery are frame mitring, frame joining, mountcutting, board cutting and drymounting/laminating. In this section you will find a range of machines for each of the above jobs with full descriptions of each machine so that you can make an informed decision on your purchases.
As well as the main machinery we have a wide range of related products such as shrinkwrap machines (for packing), compressors (to run some of the machines), dust extractors and hand tools essential for the modern workshop.
Dan-list has been making the Morsø mitiring machine for over 100 years.
A range of products for maintenance or adding to your machine.
A range of saws and underpinners, perfect for the busy framer.
British manufacturer of a range of mountcutters and multi-material cutters.
Wheel replacements and a wide variety of keencut blades.
A wide range of framing equipment, which has been produced since 1976.
A range of Cassese parts available for your Cassese equipment.
A range of multi-material cutters, designed with the proffesional framer in mind.
A selection of replacement parts for your fletcher products.
A range of automatic and manual machinery, perfect for the professional framer.
We offer a Tacwise glue gun and cartridges, which produces a strong permanent bond.
We supply a range of low noise Bambi compressors, along with air hoses and relevant fittings.
These are perfect to keep your workshop clean, when using fine dust producing machinery.
A range of workshop tools for all of your framing requirements.


This is a brief report of naucon'99. Our naucon has a special meeting once a year. In the meeting lasting for 2 days, the attendance discuss something related with Nausicaa, Mr.Miyazaki and his works. This year, 9 people joined at the meeting, naucon'99.
Naucon'99 members, except those who joined later, gathered at Tokyo Station. And we took Touhoku Shinkansen (super express) YAMABIKO 43 to Fukushima, which is located at South Touhoku region about 200km north from Tokyo.
The train leaving for Morioka.
In the travel for one and a half hours, we took lunch with beer, and circulated some do-jin comics that were bought at Comic Market 56 in this summer. Griffin's report of MoMA and New York Film Festival were also circulated.
These are naucon'99 official(?) name plates.
We arrived at Fukushima Station on time. It was cooler and more comfortable than in Tokyo.
Then, we got on a rent-a-car and went to the venue.
Though 2 members hadn't arrived yet, we started a banquet at a dining room.
This is a menu. It was a full-course Japanese style dinner. Every dish and sake was very good.
The rest of members finally joined and made a toast again.
And the official posters also arrived.
Two types of posters were available.
The posters were also displayed.
Each member introduced himself and talked about something related with Mr. Miyazaki and the Ghibli. Here were digests of their talks.
He is a chairman of the do-jin circle `Kazetsukai-kobo'. It reaching 10th anniversary, he talked about the direction of his circle.
He said, "We have talked less and less about Mr. Miyazaki and his works after `Mononoke Hime (Princess Mononoke)' was released. But the number of visitors at the Kazetsukai-kobo's web site doesn't decrease. Over 100,000 people have visited there so far. I want to coutinue the do-jin works as long as I can."
He is a board master of Miyazaki Hayao Networker F.C. SIG (we just call `JHAY'), which is a B.B.S. style communication service on BIGLOBE. It was established in 1987 and our naucon community originated in JHAY. He talked about a present state of JHAY.
He said, "As the Internet becomes more popular, the number of B.B.S. users have decreased. Facing this situation, JHAY started ML forwarding service 2 years ago. It forwards all messages posted on B.B.S to the ML, and those posted on ML to B.B.S. It enables the Internet users to join JHAY easily. I manage to contiune its activity by getting the members from the Internet users."
He said, "I regreted that the advertisement of Yamada was the worst among all Ghibli's films. Hakuhoudo is the advertising company which took charge of the film. I thought Hakuhoudo put too much confidence in the name of the Ghibli. The newspaper `Nikkei Sangyo Shinbun' reported that Hakuhoudo spent 600-1000 million yen (6-10 milllion US$) for Yamada's ad. It was as same price as Mononoke's. But I didn't feel that so much money had been spent on it. I didn't see the ad of Yamada on magazines and on TV so much. As a result, the Yamada had been shown only for 6 weeks, and made over 1 billion yen (10 million US$) in the red. Whether the story of Yamada was good or not, I think this dificit could have been avoided if Hakuhoudo had taken more efficient way of Yamada's ad."
He talked about a model of `The Valley of Wind'.
He said, "I think that Hunza in Pakistan is the most similar to `The Valley of Wind.' I'd like to go there, but last year Pakistan did an experiment of nuclear weapons. Furthermore, coup detat was occured. So I missed a chance..."
He joined a naucon meeting for the first time. So, he talked about an encounter with naucon and his favorite films.
He said, "I like `Mimi wo Sumaseba' the best. When I heard Mr. Kondo was died, I got a great shock..."
He said, "I was disappointed with the `Yamada' though I like Hisaichi Ishii..."
We discussed whether a director should make a film as he likes. If Mr. Takahata make a film as he likes, the film is very cofused and accepted by only a part of audience. Mr. Miyazaki also tends so. We imagine it should be better to put some restriction on the director's demand.
He talked about another aspect of Mr. Miyazaki. He showed a model magazine `Scale Aviation'. It reported on the model contest of Savoia S-21, which was a red plane of Porco Rosso in `Kurenai no Buta (Porco Rosso)'.
He said, "When Mr. Miyazaki talks about his works or cartoons, I feel he is too serious. But when he talks about his interests, for example tanks, planes, etc., I think he seems more lively, and sepaks more frankly."
I'm a chairman of naucon. I talked about the Ghibli's museum which will be opened at Mitaka, west of Tokyo, in 2001.
I said, "I can't understand why Mr.Miyazaki and the Ghibli build the museum. I'm sure that they are professional animators and they have done good works on animated films. But I think their works are not suitable for a museum nor for an amusement park. So, I'm anxious about how the Ghibli's museum is going to be."
New opening song "Platinum - by Maaya Sakamoto"
No.42 "Sakura no Makkura Gakugei-kai (Sakura in the dark stage)"
No.43 "Sakura no Sayonara Meirin (Good-bye! Meirin)"
We went to bed ... zzz.
Some members went to a hot-spring. Taking a bath in the morning definitely had us refreshed.
The taste of fresh rice `Hitomebore' was very good.
Mr.Nanbu and Mr.Kataoka left for their homes earlier than others. Mr Saito took them to Fukushima station by his car.
We adopted the Takayu Declaration. The Takayu Declaration is `We are watching them from now on.' It means that we should discuss not only the past works of Miyazaki and the Ghibli but also their current works and what they will do in the future.
And We decided naucon 2000 will be held at Tokyo next summer.
We took a photograph at the entrance and all of the programme was finished.
If you have any question, please contact to webmaster@naucon.org.


Delhi is often called the " दिलों का शहर "( city of hearts). It's a bustling place getting developed at a rapid pace. From having amazing architectural beauties to a glorious past to having some of the best educational centres to being the hub of every important thing, Delhi has been a city of dreams for many.
I have visited Delhi seven to eight times prior to this but never thought that this city would become my home for the coming three years. I have always believed that a city is way more than its famous places, like Kolkata is way more than it's Howrah Bridge and Victoria Memorial( refer: Grey Town) just like that Delhi is way more than India Gate and Qutb Minar.
This is my second week in the city and I had decided to explore it's various attractions. Connaught Place( commonly known as CP) is a very famous place in Delhi which is the shopaholics paradise. There are almost all the brands available there one can think of. There are several vendors on streets selling miscellaneous items and mostly at a cheap rate( if you can bargain well). Two things that grabbed my eyes were the trademarked architecture of white buildings with symmetrical pillars and its a favorite spot for the photographers to crowd in.
Personally speaking, while travelling/touring I prefer a tight schedule. I would like to thank Roopkatha( a friend of mine staying in Delhi for more than an year now) for being my tour guide who got good photographs as her paycheck.
Agrasen ki Baoli (also known as Ugrasen ki Baoli) is a 60-meter long and 15-meter wide historical step well on Hailey Road near Connaught Place, Jantar Mantar in New Delhi, India. Although there are no known historical records to prove who built Agrasen ki Baoli, it is believed that it was originally built by the legendary king Agrasen and rebuilt in the 14th century by the Agrawal community which traces its origin to Maharaja Agrasen.
I got to know about this place from Manish Bharadwaj who hails from Delhi and is a traveller. This place is of great architectural importance. This heritage site is said to be haunted and one must not visit this place after 5PM( you can but at your own risk) and is full of pigeons and bats.
Tip: If you are visiting this place then wear a cap.
Except the bird droppings and its awful smell, this is great place for photography and has some great architecture.
Outside Agrasen Ka Baoli there are some amazing Graffittis which do speak many stories.
Personally speaking, I always avoid visiting religious places but this time it was an exception. This place also has amazing architecture and is crowded with thousands of people. Sikhs believe in " serving humanity" and people there actually do it. People stand in a queue to collect the shoe of others and some volunteer in serving water. The essence of religion and the omnipresence of divinity reverberates inside the serene structure of the gurudwara. The lilt of the holy songs that are sung by them is soothing and warms the heart. I really liked the place. Every Gurudwara has a small place that is filled with water before entering the premises and one has to cover their head with a piece of cloth to show reverence to the Almighty. I was taken aback by the beauty of this simple place and overwhelmed by the sense of peace it gifted me from my visit.
I am just a one week old fledgling who is learning to make a home in the Capital. Every week I plan to go and explore the city and let it happen to me, little by little. There is something so beautiful about discovering places, stumbling on great frames and witnessing the sun setting behind keenly visible minarets as history and magic spins it's web around me. Join me as I take you through my experience of this 'दिलों का शहर ,दिल्ली '.
Good job Aikantik. "Your pictures are beautiful; you making us see what you see as beautiful is a skill people hardly have", and that's my honest comment. Keep it up!


Note: This is a guest post by Bob Lotich of ChristianPF.com.
Almost two years ago, a larger firm purchased the company that I worked for. It turned out that when you have two fortune 500 companies merge, there is often quite a bit of overlap between departments. So it didn't come as too much of a surprise that the department I worked in was completely eliminated.
We were given some advance notice and a severance package, but in July 2008 we were still getting laid off. I had never been laid off before and it was eye-opening to see how different people responded to the same news. We had some people who were excited about the news, looking forward to the new opportunities that would present themselves, and on the other extreme we had some people who seemed to lose all hope in life.
Regardless of whether I got laid off or not, just being in that environment and watching people's response to the news was an invaluable life lesson. I saw fear strike and nearly paralyze some people, I saw people fill themselves up with anger, and I saw some people take the lemons and make lemonade.
I have to admit that it was probably a bit easier for me to stay positive in that environment. First, I didn't really like my job that much, so I was interested in the idea of finding something else. Second, I was underpaid for what I did, so taking a paycut was less of a possibility. And third, I was a "young whipper-snapper" who would have an easier time adapting – or so the older workers said.
But the truth of the matter is that while layoffs are often perceived as a negative thing, it really can be an open door of endless possibilities – if we let it! As I watched my entire office process the news and begin job searches, it was amazing the effect that a positive outlook had. Most of the people I would have classified as "optimistic" or "hopeful" quickly found jobs and many of them actually found better jobs paying more!
And I remember a few co-workers who had a terribly negative outlook and didn't even try. When they were asked how the job search was going, they responded by complaining about the company and talked about how things used to be. They fed themselves with negativity and I watched as it eliminated more and more options until they were backed into a corner with few choices.
I tried not to be "that guy" who was always looking at the bright side when everyone else wanted to complain – but secretly I was. Even if I wasn't overtly making mention of my optimism, they could tell because I didn't join in complaining. Having been a complainer before, I knew that I needed to keep my mouth shut if I was going to maintain a positive attitude.
I had always thought it was better to stay positive than to feed on negativity, but after this experience I finally understood why. It is because your outlook affects your actions! The people in the office who walked around with the confidence that they would find an even better job, often did. I don't really think it happened because they hoped more than the others, but because they had their eyes open and were taking steps to make it happen!
It really was so sad to watch a few of my co-workers, so bound up with anger and self-pity that it prevented them from taking any action. And sadly some of them got exactly what they were expecting to happen.
I don't mention Frankl's story to make light of layoffs – I do realize that they can be incredibly trying times in one's life. But I think we can learn from Frankl's experience. If a positive attitude is essential to staying alive in some of the worst conditions known to man, then it will also be important to remember in the workplace challenges that we may face.
After this layoff, Bob pursued full-time blogging and recently surpassed his day-job income with his blog earnings. He used this experience to write an extensive article about how to make money with a blog. He typically writes about getting out of debt, saving money and other personal finance topics from a Christian perspective at ChristianPF.com.
The best thing to remember is that everything happens for a reason, those reasons may not be clear at the time but that doesn't mean they don't exist. It's about faith and a belief in a higher power that is operating out of your best interest. Faith will get you through anything.
Sometimes one door closes and another open. Someone with the right attitude can find opportunities in the midst of crisis. The rewards may be even greater than staying in the job. Great article.
Cody – I completely agree!
I wholeheartedly agree with the power of approaching every single issue in life as an opportunity of one sort or another.
A couple weeks back Time magazine had a cover story titled: "End of Excess: Why the current crisis is good for America!" I won't go into detail – you can sense the theme – but I did feel compelled to write the editor. By stepping up to the plate, I got a hit and it was published in the April 20 edition.
Cody, I love your post!
I used to see so many negative people around me growing up, it was hard to get out of that "circle" but when I did, a new world opend up to me. It is all about how you perceive and see changes in your life. You can resist and be miserable or go with the flow and have a great life.
Henrik – Nice post! I've had a similar experience some years ago, rather disappointed I wasn't part of those who experienced new opportunities outside :) It was really a learning experience, a mix of anger, sorrow, relief, exhaustion. In the end, what really matters is the way you respond.
I really like about the idea to stay positive rather depressed. It is true that many people who are positive turns to have better life.
Positive-driven people are often to see everything as a opportunity and they are not someone who are not sitting and waiting for luck.
Your post is really inspiring and it also remind me to keep me positive.
As a recent graduate of business school who's struggled with the job search, I've realized this has given me a great opportunity to really grow my blog and learn more and possibly avoid ever having to work for somebody else again. Good time to take control of your own destiny.
I am currently unemployed, feeling a bit depressed at times, but on the other hand I have started my own project to someday pay for my dream life.
I love the article, great post. However My sister has children and has been laid of for a few months now. I can see that she is starting to get depressed, it is unfortunately easier said than done during the hard times.
Great post! Although I can see where Raj is coming from, I have to agree that a positive outlook is a choice, and in difficult circumstances we have to make that choice over and over. Because the alternative is to let our mood be negatively affected by circumsntaces and then that makes turning things around so much harder. A positve outlook doesn't guarantee instant and magical change, but it helps alot AND makes coping with the difficulties more manageable in the meantime.


text:
ACCEPTED

#### According to
Index Fungorum

#### Published in
Atas Inst. Micol. Univ. Recife 5: 112 (1967)

#### Original name
Parastigmatellina maranhensis Bat. & Cavalc.

### Remarks
null

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Home>Urban Growth, Environment and Security
Urban Growth, Environment and Security
Dr. Iqrar Ahmad Khan
DEMOGRAPHYPEACE & CONFLICT RESOLUTIONURBANIZATION & MIGRATION
The technical session was chaired by Dr. Iqrar Ahmad Khan Vice Chancellor University of Faisalabad. Dr. Durr-e-Nayab Senior Research Anthropologist PIDE was the discussant while Dr. Mohammad Hafeez Director Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, Punjab University acted as the moderator. Dr. Reza Ali presented his paper Urbanization and Urban Growth in Pakistan: An Overview. Dr. S. M Taha & Ms. Suraiya Khwajazada presented their paper Policy Intervention for Managing Population Proliferation for Politically and Environmentally Sustainable Urban Development in Karachi while Mr. Adeel Riaz & Mr. Romman James, both students at the Department of Economics, FC College presented on Urban Growth Environment and Security: A Case Study of Lahore.
Dr. Taha started his presentation by describing the importance of Karachi both for the province of Sindh and for Pakistan. It is the largest city with a population of 9.8 million according to the 1998 Census but today its population is estimated to be around 20 million. Until recently it was the only trading port of the country. Karachi plays a pivotal role in the country's economy; the city contributes 25% to federal revenues, 15% to the GDP, holds 50% of the country's bank deposits and 72% of all issued capital. It employs 71.6% of total employed labor force of Sindh and contains 32% of the total industrial assets of the country. Karachi manifests the multicultural and pluralist spirit of Pakistan; it is cosmopolitan and melting pot of Pakistani ethno-lingual identities. The 1998 Census catalogued that the city comprised of — Urdu Speaking – 48.52%, Punjabi – 13.94%, Sindhi – 7.22%, Pashto – 11.42%, Balochi – 4.34%, Seraiki – 2.11 and others – 12.44%. Despite serious challenges of governance and infrastructural development, Karachi remains the most dynamic and vibrant city of Pakistan.
Describing the reasons for 4.8% growth of Karachi compared to 2.9% for the country, Taha listed two factors: 1) continuous in-migration beginning with 600,000 refugees at the time of independence; 2) availability of relatively better economic opportunities compared to other parts of the country. The late 60s and 70s saw the green revolution's mechanization of farming creating excess rural labor, industrialization started apace with construction of Steel Mill and Export Promotion Zone supported by Port Qasim. The magnitude of employment opportunities could be assessed by the expansion of trade as the Karachi port handled 26 million tons of cargo in 1991 compared to just 2.8 million in 1951. Karachi continues to reinforce the linkage between migration and opportunity. Iranian Revolution and Soviet intervention in Afghanistan (1979) pushed another wave of migrants. More recently displaced people from FATA and other tribal areas of the country have also poured into Karachi.
Taha threw light on another facet of Migration—the illegal settlements which have made Karachi home to thousands of migrants since 2002. His study specifies economic hardship – 60%, forced migration -15%, natural disaster – 5%, conscious decision – 5%, social connection – 12% and seasonal migration – 3% as the migratory reasons. But these numbers underplay social connection with existing residents, a factor that encourages people in distress from all across the country to move towards Karachi. This very interplay of social connection, lack of existing housing facilities has led to the city's ethnic segregation and thus a lack of bridging social capital among communities, creating potential conditions for social conflict. This demographic dynamic, Taha observed led to unplanned illegal settlements reinforcing separation of communities and political reinforcement of ethnic based identity that eventually gave rise to conflicts in Karachi. Demographic factors also have a bearing on electoral politics; for example, until the 1977 elections, Karachi voted across ethnic lines returning nine opposition leaders to the national assembly. It was only the 1988 elections held at the heels of 1984 and 1986 conflicts between the Urdu speaking and Pathan communities that saw the rise of ethnicity based politics in Karachi. Due to paucity of quality research on the nature and number of emerging social/political conflicts in Karachi, researchers and policy analysts frame these conflicts by focusing on Mohajir and Pathan communities who interestingly are neither competitor in business; have no competing electoral constituency, no cultural conflict or a majority-minority issue. Thus, Taha asserts that the clashes were politically motivated for ulterior designs of the military-civil bureaucracy and the political leadership.
Poor urban planning is another issue that Taha raises while tracing the woes of Karachi. He explores the various city plans over the country's history. The Merz Rendall Vatten (MRV) plan of the 1950s was designed by a Swedish firm which proposed a road network and a mass transit rail system keeping in view of the future expansion of the city. It envisaged refugee settlements in high rise apartment buildings in the city centre along with the university and government buildings. But its population growth projections of 3 million by year 2000 were grossly underestimated. A major reason for its lack of implementation was the 1953 anti-government student protests which convinced the then government to keep the students and the general population away from one another and also from the center city.
It's no surprise that the next Greater Karachi Resettlement Plan (GKRP) proposed creating new townships in the outskirts of the city, in the East – Korangi and North – New Karachi Township. It envisaged accommodating 119,000 homeless in the short term and developing housing for 300,000 families over twenty years. The plan included developing large industrial areas for employment opportunities in the vicinity of new townships to make them self contained. Though the plan facilitated removal of slums from inner city, the failure to meet the target of constructing 45,000 one room houses as only 10,000 units were built until 1964, of establishing a working public transport system or even a road network to planned sites instead led to the development of squatter settlements along the road linking new townships to the city centre. Still the plan had long term influence on city's development as the direction of city growth continues towards the North-east.
The Karachi Master Plan (KMP) of 1974-85 was the first indigenous attempt to develop an integrated plan with a Land use strategy identifying areas for institutional development, recreation, environment enhancement and industrial growth. It included 590,000 new houses for 1.5 million people, improvement and regularization of Katchi Abadies (slums) and new support schemes for low to moderate income households. It planned for a city bus system,
FC College students Adeel Riaz and Romman James presenting
their paper
extension of circular railway, and bridges on the Lyari River. But again this Plan could not be fully implemented as it regularized only 18,000 of the 223,000 informal houses. Similarly lack of technical & social services and most importantly credit kept low income groups from making use of government schemes leading to further growth of the informal housing sector. The provision of land and credit at subsidized rates to large private developers instead saw the development of luxury high rise apartment buildings in the West of the city along Clifton Beach leading to a class based demographic divide of the city. During this period Taha notes that the dynamics of squatter settlement and the building mafia had become so powerful that the Karachi Master Plan 1986-2000 did not even consider the informal sector because the strength of entrenched vested interests (mafia and their links in the administration) was far greater than the institutional capacity of the Karachi Development Authority (KDA).
Analyzing the four urban development plans for Karachi, Taha argued for an efficient and effective land development control system integrating both negative (zoning, building permits, vacant land taxation and use of leases) and positive (development of urbanized land, regularization of Katchi Abadis and provision of infrastructure for new projects) control functions. Though he mentioned inadequacies of the legal framework composed of various ordinances, inequities in taxes leading to revenue shortage for city administration, more importantly it was the fragmentation of municipal laws, decision making bodies and various municipal service providers that were at the root of the problem. As KDA controlled only 29.3% of the area of Karachi, it was no surprise that Karachi presented a picture of one of the most unplanned cities of the world. Life in Karachi had become an increasingly un-regulated affair with informal housing dominating the city and the population of Katchi Abadis increasing from 2 million in 1978 to 3.4 million in 1988. Taha articulated how lack of public services provision to the informal sector including a public transport system lack of coordination among various city administration departments and service providers had only led to un-sustainability of the current services infrastructure, an outcome of rising electrical line losses and the entrenchment of building mafias. He argued that only a strong city government could create coherence in policy making by bringing together the various agencies but this required a strong political will.
Discussing Lahore, the second largest city and the provincial capital of Punjab, Riaz and James concentrated on environmental aspects of population growth; analyzing air and drinking water pollution and the decrease of tree plantations in the city. The growth of Lahore had proceeded South and Southwest because of the Indian border in the East and flood conditions in the North. The population of the district stood at 8.2 million according to Punjab Development Report 2008 increasing from 0.85 million in 1951 and 6.32 million in 1998, at the growth rate of 3.5%. The in-migration to Lahore was lower and different from Karachi as 70.5% of migrants were from the same province compared to 12.1% from the rest of the country and 17.4% from other countries (predominantly Afghans). Thus Lahore was culturally much more homogenous which encouraged minority ethnic groups to assimilate rather than assert for a separate identity.
Raising pollution as a major health and life hazard for the city, they pointed out that 1.9% of city residents die because of air pollution every year. The main source is vehicular pollution, which is directly linked to population of the city. Further more the study noted that Punjab government's water sample testing of 222 locations across the city indicated contamination in 80% samples. In another study, the Pakistan Council for Research in Water Resources found all 16 samples from Lahore to be unsafe for the last four consecutive years owing to presence of arsenic, iron and fecal coli form bacteria. The microbial contaminants cause cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis and typhoid while arsenic causes cancer, hypertension, heart and kidney diseases.
The other casualty of urban sprawl and population growth is forest covered area which allows the concrete built city to breathe. But horizontal rather than vertical expansion of Lahore has led to suburbanization with the poor living on the periphery without proper infrastructural facilities and the rich moving into gated communities at city out-skirts. Suffering from a decaying public transport system while encouraging citizens' personalized transport, the city has witnessed mushrooming of CNG gas stations and petrol pumps in addition to road widening causing further de-plantation of trees and decrease of open spaces. But city authorities have not even planted all available area as out of the total area of 9,706 acres, 5,011 are cropped while 4,695 acres still remain available.Urbanization demands urban planning to manage excessive population growth of large urban centers. However, it is equally important to understand that mega cities are an outcome of a skewed national development strategy which concentrates and limits employment creation, infrastructural and social sector development to only a select few large cities. This momentum is carried by the private sector which invests based on its infrastructural and human resource needs requiring good quality schools and hospitals for employee retention, while the media only covers and caters to large urban and political centers dictated by its advertisers' marketing needs. This leaves no option for rural migrants (elite or underprivileged) but to move to the mega city by passing the underdeveloped mid sized town.
Government Institutions in Karachi
Source: S. M. Taha