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Glossary of Heraldic Terms
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When you want to know more about Heraldry then you should learn about Heraldic Terms. You can select from the glossary below.
Heraldry is the science which teaches us how to blazon or describe in proper terms armorial bearings and their accessories.
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– Heraldry
This is the Glossary of Heraldic Terms
In heraldric memoranda and sketches of arms in trick, the letter A is employed to signify the metal Argent and is often perferred over ar. Which might be mistaken for az. or for Or.
A Bouche
Refers to a shape of shield. Basically rectangular, it is distinguished by the presence of a notch (lance rest) at the dexter chief position. May also be referred to as a Jousting or Tournament Shield.
Abacot
The word Abacot is an interesting example of how an error in proof reading invented a word.
Apparently the word originated in a misprint of Edward Hall's Chronicle of 1548 and was then picked up and used by others who thought it was, in fact, a real word.
In 1882, James Murray of the Oxford English Dictionary made the case that the original word was supposed to be bycoket which was taken to originate from an Old French term for a small fort built upon a hill. The bycoket was in fact a form of headdress which was peaked both in front and behind.
Oddly enough, since other heraldry source books have included the word Abacot as a word for a cap worn by the Kings of England, the student of heraldry may have the occasion to stumble upon the word used in that context by authors who thought they were using an actual word.
Abased
The French word is abaisse and is generally used in heraldry instead of the English word abased. When the fess, or any other ordinary properly placed above the fess point of the shield, is brought below it, that ordinary is said to be abaisse.
This term is used when a chevron, fesse, or other ordinary, is borne lower than its usual situation. Charges, however, when placed low down in the shield are said to be in base.
Any figure added to coats of arms tending to lower the dignity or station of the bearer. Thus, the baton sinister, denoting illegitimacy, is an abatement. Abatements have also been called Rebatements.
This is not a good thing to have as they are marks of disgrace attached to arms on account of some dishonourable act of the bearer.
Broken chevrons, and beasts turned towards the sinister, are said by some heraldic circles to have been given as abatements.
Abbisme
In the middle fess point. Also called "Abyss" by some English armorists.
Abouttés
In heraldry, Abouttés is the position of charges joined by the ends, united in the center of the shield.
When a charge is entirely hidden by another charge or ordinary being placed upon it, the concealed item is said to be absconded. In all manners the absconded charge is considered to be present and is emblazoned as if it were.The most common source of absconded charges is likely from Augmentations received after the original coat of arms was awarded. Augmentations are awarded by the sovereign to distinguish the bearer for some exceptional service to the crown.
Any artistic element of a coat of arms which does not change the nature of those arms is referred to as an Accident.
Historically a good deal of latitude was given to heraldic artists in their depiction of a particular coat of arms. Minor differences in how a charge was drawn, its exact position or attitude all had a good deal of "wiggle room" so long as the depicted arms would still be accurately described with the same blazon.
A comprehensive term applying to marks of difference and the like, as well as any artistic interpretations of the arms in emblazon which do not substantively alter the nature or blazon of the arms. An additional mark on a coat of arms, which may be retained or eliminated without altering its essential character.
Accollee
In heraldry, accollee means placed side by side; also, entwined about the neck.
Accompanied
Between. For example, accompanied by four crescents, would mean between four crescents.
When a charge or ordinary is surrounded or placed between a number of other charges, it is said to be accompanied by those charges.
In the case of ordinaries there may be "natural" places for the accompanying charges to go, if the charges are to be placed in those "natural" positions, the position need not be mentioned in the blazon. For example, if a chevron is accompanied by two charges above and one charge below, that arrangement is deemed to be "natural" so the specific position of the charges might not be blazoned. When making your own blazons, it is always better to error on the side of too much information instead of crafting a blazon which might not properly describe your arms.
Accorne
Horned but only used when the horns are of a different tincture from the rest of the beast.
Supported on both sides by other charges and also, side by side.
Accroupi
Said of a lion or wild beat in a resting posture, the same posture as Sejant.
Full-grown. Applied to trees.
The coat of arms (helmet, crest, mantling, motto) fully emblazoned according to the rules of heraldry. The lozenge-shaped achievements that are displayed on the outside of the houses of person decreased are commonly called hatchments.
An achievement in heraldry is a complete display of arms, crest and other accessories. An achievement is made up of six items.
1. The shield -The shield is the part of the achievement most people think in heraldry. It carries the special devices or objects, called charges, which make that particular coat-of-arms distinct from any other. The shield often appears by itself without any other parts of an achievement.
2. The helmet – This appears above the shield, and its typing position indicates the rank of the owner.
3. The mantling or lambrequin – This sweeps round from the top of the helmet and drapes each side of the shield. It is said that this is a representation of the mantle worn by a knight in warm climates for protection from the sun on the metal.
4.The wreath or torse – A piece of twisted silk which covers the joint of the helmet and the crest.
5. The crest – This was originally the object which knights used to wear attached to their helmets particularly at jousts.
6. Mottos – They usually occur on a scroll normally placed beneath the shield or over the crest.
Appear not to be distinguishable from serpents and snakes, except as regards size. They are represented as notced, embowed, or erect. When not otherwise described they would be represented fesswise, but curling.
In heraldry, an addition is something added to a coat of arms, as a mark of honour the opposite of an abatement.
Addorsed
Any animals set back to back or facing away from each other. As with combatant, charges addorsed can only appear in pairs.
Adumbration
The shadow of a charge, apart from the charge itself, painted the same color as the field upon which it is placed, hut of a darker tint, or, perhaps, in outline only. The term belongs rather to the romance of heraldry than to its practice, and is imagined by the writers to have been adopted by families who, having lost their possessions, and consequently being unable to maintain their dignity, chose rather to bear their hereditary arms adumbrated than to relinquish them altogether. When figured by a black line the bearing is said to be entailed.
Affrontee
Showing full face or front.
Affrontee is said of an animal or being that is turned to face toward the viewer. This is the presumed position of a human or human-like being, but may be used among beasts.
Confronting or Respecting are phrases sometimes used in this connection.
The opposite would be Addorsed or Combatant
The Lamb of God.
Allerion
An eagle displayed, without beak or feet.
Here is an Example of Allerion
Allusive Arms
Arms based upon a pun derived from the bearer's name or occupation.
Figures or tinctures that succeed each other by turns.
Here is the best example of I can give. It is a shield using alternate vair
In the act of walking.
In the coat of Arms we show for the surname of Jones it shows a lion ambulant.
A precious stone of a violet color, the name of which was formerly used instead of purpure, to denote the purple tincture when emblazoning the arms of the English nobility.
Anche
Curved; used of a scimitar.
Normally the word means of or in time long past or dating from a remote period. It also can mean very old; aged and a person who lived in ancient times. But in Heraldry it means A small flag or ensign. The bearer of the flag was called by its name.
Annulet
A small circle borne as a charge in coats of arms.
annulet is a small ring, it is beleived that is it derived from the links composing chain armour. It is of frequent occurrence as a charge, and generally more than one appear: the two annulets are often linked in fess, or embraced; or they may be conjunct. Three may in like manner be interlaced in triangle. When three rings are interlaced the expression gimbal rings is sometimes used, and when more, they form a chain.
The single annulet is used in the mark of cadency, assigned to the fifth son.
In the Coat of Arms for Jean de Coaraze dating back to 1354 they used annulets.
This shield is described as:
Quarterly, I and IV, Gules, an Annulet Argent (Coaraze), II and III, Or, two Cows passant in pale Gules, horned, belled and hooved Azure
Annulo
The term in annulo refers the position of charges arranged in a circle or ring, like the shape of the Annulet.
May refer to either the natural antelope of the heraldic antelope, the Agacella.
Meant to imply depicted in the old style.
The blacksmith's anvil.
Apaumy
An open hand, showing the palm.
For an example I have used Sir Bagdemagus, King of Gore
Arthurian Literary Character
His Arms are: Gules, three sinister gloves apaumy argent.
This is what I picture that as being:
Heraldry does not often distinguish between Apes and Monkeys, their usual depiction is quite stylized and may be difficult to recognize.. However, a variety of later crests used monkeys as elements and a number can be found as supporters.
Archbishops
Church dignitaries of the first class. There are but two in England-the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Archbishop of York. The former is the first peer of England next to the royal family, and has the title of Grace given to him; and likewise Most Reverend Father in God. He is styled Primate of all England, and Metropolitan. The Archbishop of York has precedence of dukes and great officers of state, except the lord chancellor. He is called His Grace and Most Reverend Father in God; and styled Primate of England and Metropolitan.
The French word for silver, of which metal all white fields or charges are supposed to consist. This is also said to represent the Moon.
This is one of many tinctures. Tinctures are the colors, metals, and furs used in heraldry, though the depiction of charges in their natural colors or "proper" are also regarded as tinctures.
In heraldry, argent is the tincture of silver, and belongs to the class of light tinctures, called "metals". It is very frequently depicted as white and usually considered interchangeable with it. In engravings and line drawings, regions to be tinctured argent are either left blank. Sometimes it may be indicated with the abbreviation "ar".
This word is used to express the horns, hoofs, beak, teeth, or talons of any beast or bird of prey, when borne of a different tincture from those of their bodies. This is meaning thier natural weapons not added weapons
The application to beasts and birds of prey is because their talons are to them weapons of defence.
The romanian heraldry is a good example of this.
Armorist
A person skilled in the bearings of coats of arms, and all relating to their emblazonment. Not to be confused with the Armorer who makes the armor you wear.
A word derived from the Latin arma, which signifies in heraldry a mark of honor, serving to distinguish states, cities, families, etc.
Arms are the ensigns armorial of a family, consisting of figures and colours borne in shields and banners as marks of dignity and distinction, and descending from father to son.
My main example of this would be the Royalty of England. You can see how the shield change over time, but they keep the symbols of the family lines as well.
Arms of Enquiry
Arms which do not comply with the Rule of Tincture. This rule is followed so greatly that any breach of the rule is thought to be done on purpose, hence the term Arms of Enquiry, meaning that the viewer will automatically wish to inquire why the rule was broken. The most famous example is the Argent field and Or crosses of the Arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, where in the usage of metal on metal was to allude to exceptionally holy nature of the domain.
Short darts feathered at the ends.
Animals placed face to face in a charge are said to be aspectant. If they are about to attack each other, they are said to be combatant.
Assumptive
Arms assumed without legal authority. Arms assumed without being sanctioned by a grant from the College of Heralds.
Assurgent
A man or beast rising out of the sea is said to be assurgent.
Attired
When the horns of a stag are of a different tincture to its head, it is said to be attired of the tincture.
This word signifies in heraldry a particular mark of honour, granted by the sovereign in consideration of some noble action, of by favor and either quartered with the family arms, or borne on an escutcheon, chief, or canton.
The French word for blue: it is represented in heraldic engraving by parallel lines.
A distinctive mark, without motto or wreath, worn by servants, retainers, and follower or royalty or nobility, who, being beneath the rank of gentlemen, have no right to armorial bearings.
Anything tied with a band.
The principal flag of a knight. The great banner borne at the funeral of a nobleman contains all the quarters of his arms; it varies in size according to the rank of the deceased. The banner of the sovereign is five feet square; that of a prince or duke, four feet square; for all noblemen of inferior rank, three feet square.
Banner Roll
This is a small square flag containing a single escutcheon of the decreased. Thus, if there are twelve quartering's in the banner, the same number of banner rolls will be required to be borne in the funeral procession.
A diminutive of the fess, occupying one-fifth of the shield. It may be placed in any part of the field. It has two diminutives, the closet and barrulet.
Bar-wise
Crossing the field in the manner of a bar.
Bearded. It is also applied to the small green leaves about roses.
Bardings
Horse trapping charged with armorial bearings.
The lowest title of the peerage of Great Britain. This also denotes the arms of the husband, when used as Baron and Femme.
Baron and Femme
Terms used in Heraldry to denote the arms of a man and his wife, marshalled together.
Barrulet
The smallest diminutive of the bar. The closet is half the bar; the barrulet half the closet.
A field divided transversely into several equal parts exceeding five in number, and consisting of two different tinctures interchangeably disposed. They must always be an even number.
The lowest part of the shield.
This is a fourth part of the bend, and is couped at both ends. It is generally used in England as an abatement in coats of arms to denote illegitimacy, and is seldom used except by the natural issue of royalty and their descendants, and is then represented as a baton sinister. Also known as Batune and Baston.
An instrument used for battering down walls previous to the use of gunpowder. It is frequently borne as a charge in a coat of arms.
An ancient military weapon. It is frequently borne on arms as a mark of prowess.
Battlements
Divisions or apertures on the top of castle walls or towers.
Beaked
The beak of a bird being of a different tint from the body is said to be beaked of a tincture or metal.
That part of the helmet that defends the sight. This is a the common definition found in heraldry books, and it is wrong. The "bavier" or "beaver" in English, is actually the chin guard. After European colonization of the New World the small fur-bearing mammal known as the Beaver began to appear on Coats of Arms — symbolizing industrious adventures in the New World. Be careful of confusion of these two terms.
Belled
Having Bells.
One of the honourable ordinaries formed by two diagonal lines drawn from the dexter chief to the sinister base; it generally occupies a fifth part of the shield if uncharged, but if charged, one-third.
This is the reverse of the bend, being drawn from the sinister to the dexter side of the shield; it is seldom found in coats of arms, as it is reckoned an abatement.
Bendlet
Diminutive of the bend, of the same shape, but only half the width of the bend.
This word serves to denote a field divided diagonally into several bends, varying in metal and color.
Gold Coin of Byzantium; when they appear in a coat of arms their color is or. Bezant the color is not described. A besant is always or.
Bevilly
This charge is supposed to represent tiles or bricks or a letter or billet.
Church dignitaries: they are barons of the realm, and have precedence next to viscounts: they have the title of lords, and right reverend fathers in God.
Blazon
To describe in proper heraldic language and colors all that belongs to coats of arms. To ensure that the pictures people draw after reading the descriptions are accurate and reasonably alike, blazons follow a set of rules:
The first thing the blazon describes is the tincture of the field. In some cases of "landscape heraldry" all or part of the field is some sort of landscape.
Next the blazon describes the placement and tinctures of the different charges on the shield. The charges are described from the shield's top to the base and from dexter to sinister, defined from the shield-bearer's point of view, not the observer's.
A heraldic picture is called an emblazon. Emblazons are visual manifestations of heraldic insignia, typically displayed on shields or flags. Because emblazons are awkward to work with, heraldry uses a specialized jargon called blazon to describe shields and flags. Persons skilled in heraldry can discuss shields entirely in blazon, without ever drawing the emblazons. As a noun, the word "blazon" is also used to refer to the heraldic description of a shield or flag.
The great advantage of blazon over plain English is that blazon terms are defined more precisely than English ones. As a result, one can describe a shield more accurately and in fewer words with blazon than one can in plain English.
The distinction between blazon and emblazon is an important one, since there is not a one-to-one correspondence between blazons and emblazons. In many cases, a particular emblazon can be described in heraldic language in more than one way. And no two heraldic artists will draw a given blazon in exactly the same way. But for well-designed heraldry, the blazon captures the important features of the emblazon, and, given a blazon, a trained heraldic artist should be able to produce a reasonable facsimile of the original emblazon.
This was the most ancient difference in coats of arms, to distinguish different branches of the same family. It is a border round the edge of the shield. Its situation is always the same; but the inner edge may be varied.
This is the most ancient difference in coats of arms, to distinguish different branches of the same family. It is a border round the edge of the shield. It's situation is always the same; but the inner edge may be varied.
Boujet
Ancient water bucket, frequently borne in shields of arms.
Two figures of the same form, interlacing each other.
Brased
A word sometimes used as Brazed. And used by ancient armorists when describing interlaced or braced together.
Brisure
A mark of cadency or difference.
An ancient weapon of war, thrown by an engine. It is frequently borne as a charge in coats of arms.
Brouchant
Placed over, or overlying.
Bycoket
Caboched
Beasts' heads borne without any part of the neck, and full faced.
An iron instrument made to annoy an enemy's cavalry. They were formed of iron, being four spikes conjoined in such a manner that one was always upwards. It is found in many ancient coats of arms.
The French word for corner. It is a small square figure, generally placed at the dexter chief of the shield.
Distinguished from any other crown by the stars on the points or rays that proceed from the circlet.
A narrow piece cut off the base of a shield by a straight line
Cap of maintenance or dignity, borne only by sovereign princes. It is formed of crimson or scarlet velvet, lined with ermine. In certain crests it is used in place of the torse or crest wreath.
An ancient ornament for the head, granted to gallant knights for acts of courtesy. It is frequently borne as a charge in a shield of arms, and always tinted in its natural colors.
The figures or bearings contained in an escutcheon
Checky
The field covered with alternate squares of metal or color and fur.
This ordinary is supposed to represent the rafters of the gable of a house.
Chevron Couched
One which springs from either the dexter or sinister side of the shield.
Chevronel
The diminutive of the chevron, being one half its size.
One of the hon orable ordinaries. It is placed on the upper part of the shield and contains a third part of it. The letters show the points in the chief. 1 is the dexter chief; 2, the precise middle chief; 3, the sinister chief.
Chimerical Figures
Imaginary figures, such as griffins, dragons, harpies, etc.
Cinque Foil
Five leaves conjoined in the center .
Civic Cap
A cap of dignity borne by mayors of cities or corporate bodies: it is formed of sables garnished with ermine.
Civic Crown
A wreath of oak leaves and acorns.
A horn or trumpet borne in this shape in English and German coat-armour.
Clenched
The fingers pressed towards the palm of the hand.
Applied to a bird with its wings closed.
closegirt
A figure whose dress is fastened round the waist.
A diminutive of the bar, being only one half its width.
Coat Armour
A loose garment worn over the armour of a knight; hence the term coat of arms. On this garment were emblazoned the armorial bearings of the wearer.
A chimerical animal, a cock with a dragon's tail and wings.
Having a collar. Dogs and inferior animals are sometimes collared: the supporters and charges are generally said to be gorged.
A French word for fighting.
The Heraldic term for the full moon. When this figure is introduced as a charge in a coat of arms, it is called a moon in her complement.
Compony
A term applied to a bordure, pale, bend, or any other ordinary, made up of squares of alternate metal and color.
Joined together.
An heraldic name for a young rabbit.
A silver cord which encircles the arms of a widow.
A crown used by members of nobility.
Cotise
One of the diminutives of the bend: cotises are generally borne on each side of the bend. The cotises are frequently of a different tincture from the bend they cotise.
Couchant
The French word for lying down with the breast towards the earth, and the head raised.
A nobleman that was deputed by the king to govern a county or shire: the title is not used in the British Peerage; his rank is equal to an earl.
In Heraldry implies contrariety, as in the following examples:—
COUNTER-CHANGED. The intermixture of metal with colours opposed to each other.
COUNTER-EMBATTLED. Embattled on both sides.
COUNTER SALIENT. Two animals leaping different ways from each other.
COUNTER-COMPONY. Is applied to an ordinary of two checks in width of alternating tinctures.
COUNTER FLORY. Any ordinary ornamented with fleurs-de-luce: the points of the flowers run alternately in a contrary direction.
COUNTER PASSANT. Two animals passing the contrary way to each other.
Couped
The head or limbs of any animal cut close is called couped. From the French word couper, to cut. Part of an object being cut off, so as not to touch the edges of the shield.
Couple-Close
One of the diminutives of the chevron, half the size of the chevronel.
Signifies an animal with its tail between its legs.
Crenelle
The French heraldic term for embattled.
This was originally the object which knights used to wear attached to their helmets particularly at jousts.
The ornament on the upper part of the helmet in Heraldry placed over coats of arms, either with or without the helmet.
The English crest is a crown surmounted by a lion statant guardant crowned, or.
The Scottish crest is an imperial crown, surmounted by a lion sejant guardant, displaying two sceptres or.
The Irish crest is an ancient diadem surmounted by an embattled tower, a stag courant issuing from the portal.
The crest of Wales is a dragon passant guardant, gules.
Crests are usually displayed upon a wreath.
A cock or other bird, whose comb is of a different tincture from the body, is said to be crested.
Crined
This is said of an animal whose hair is of a different tincture from its body.
Crosier
The pastoral staff of a bishop or abbot: a very frequent charge in ecclesiastical arms.
CROSS. An honourable ordinary, more used as a charge in a coat of arms than any of the others. During the Crusades for the recovery of the Holy Land, the troops of the different nations that joined in the Crusade displayed crosses on their banners and arms: every soldier bore a cross upon his dress; this was composed of two pieces of list or riband of equal length, crossing each other at right angles. The soldiers of France attached their national emblem, the fleur-de-lis, to the ends of the members of the cross; hence the introduction of the cross flory. The Crusaders from the Papal dominions placed transverse pieces on each member of the plain cross, and by this means transformed it into four small crosses springing from a centre, forming what is now called the cross-crosslet. It would be impossible within the limits of this work to give an example of all the crosses that have been introduced as bearings in coats of arms. Berry, in his comprehensive work on Heraldry, gives nearly two hundred examples, without giving all that might be found. The following are the crosses most used in English Heraldry.
· Cross
· Cross potent
· Cross flory
· Cross crosslet
· Cross bottonny
· Cross pattee
· Cross raguly
· Cross patonce
· Cross moline
· Cross quadrate
· Cross quarter-pierced
· Cross of Calvary
· Cross fitchy
· Cross patriarchal
· Cross potent rebated
Royalty and Nobility of differing station and heritage will use different styles of coronets and coronets. The term Crown is usually properly assigned only to the sovereign of the country, all other titled persons will use the Coronet.
Curtana
The pointless sword of mercy is the principal in dignity of the three swords that are borne naked before the British monarchs at their coronation.
Dancette
A zig-zag figure with spaces between the points, much larger than in the indented.
Debruised
Any animal that has an ordinary placed upon it is said to be debruised.
Decressant
A moon in its wane, whose horns are turned to the sinister side of the escutcheon.
Applied to a cross where the arms end in steps.
This particle is always joined to a substantive, and signifies half; as, a demi-lion, i.e. half a lion.
The moon is said to be in its detriment when it is eclipsed.
A word used in Heraldry to signify the right side of anything. It is important to note that direction on the shield are from the vantage point of the bearer of the shield, so that the 'right' or 'dexter' part of the shield is in fact on the viewers left.
a circle of gold with points rising from it, worn by ancient kings as the token of royalty.
The hardest and most valuable of precious stones; it was formerly used by English heralds to denote black or sable in blazoning the arms of the nobility.
The term given to a certain figure added to coats of arms to distinguish one family from another, and to show how distant younger branches are from the elder or principal branch.
A word sometimes used instead of difference.
A bird whose wings are expanded and legs spread is said to be displayed.
The French word for sleeping, used to denote the posture of a lion, or any other beast reposing.
Double Tressure
Two Tressures, or orles, one within the other.
Doublings
The lining of robes of state, as also the rows of fur set on the mantles of peers.
A term borrowed from carpentry to show tinctures joined together by reversed wedges, which, being shaped like doves' tails, are by joiners called dovetailing.
An imaginary monster; a mixture of beast, bird, and reptile. It is frequently borne in crests and charges.
DRAGON'S HEAD. Part of a celestial constellation, used by ancient English heralds to denote tenne when emblazoning the arms of sovereigns; this style of heraldry has become obsolete.
DRAGON'S TAIL. Part of the same constellation; formerly used to denote sanguine.
The highest degree of British peerage next to the Prince of Wales. This title is derived from the Latin word dux: the title of Duke was known in other parts of Europe long before it was introduced into England. The first person that was created a duke in England country was Edward the Black Prince, who was created duke of Cornwall by his father Edward the third. The title has since that time belonged to the first born son of the monarch of England. A duke formerly possessed great authority over the province that formed his dukedom, and had large estates annexed to his title to support its dignity. At the present time dukes are created by patent, and their dukedom is merely nominal, neither power nor possessions being annexed to the title.
Aquila in Ornithology. In Heraldry the eagle is accounted one of the most noble bearings, and ought to be given only to such as greatly excel in the virtues of generosity and courage, or for having done some singular service to their sovereign.
Eaglet
is a diminutive of eagle, properly signifying a young eagle. In Heraldry, when several eagles are on the same escutcheon, they are termed eaglets.
The third degree of British peerage. Under the Danish and Saxon kings this was the highest title known in England conferred upon a subject. It was formerly the custom upon creating an earl to assign him, for the support of his state, the third penny from the fines and profits of the sheriff's court, issuing out of the pleas of the shire whence the earl took his title; as, formerly, there was no count or earl but had a county or shire for his earldom. When the number of earls was increased, they took their titles from towns and villages. An earl is now created by patent.
Earl Marshall of England
A very ancient, and formerly a very important, officer, who had several courts under his jurisdiction, as the Court of Chivalry, the Court of Honour. He still presides over the Heralds' College, and nominally over the Marshalsea Court.
Eastern Crown
A crown with rays proceeding from a circle, called by heralds an Eastern crown, is found in ancient achievements.
Embattled
A line, formed like the battlements on a wall or tower, is said to be embattled or crenelle. When the line is used to form one of the ordinaries, it is said to be embattled.
Embattled Grady
Where the battlements gradually rise one above another.
Embowed
Anything bent or curved, like a bow.
The name of a precious stone formerly substituted for vert in emblazoning the arms of the nobility of England.
En Arriere
An expression borrowed from the French, to signify any creature borne with its back to view.
The smallest diminutive of the pale.
Engrailed
Any object being edged with small semi-circles, the points turning outwards, is said to be engrailed.
A term applied to bearings placed above their usual situation.
Ensigned
This word, in heraldic description, means ornamented.
Signifies anything torn or plucked off from the part to which nature affixed it; generally applied to the head and limbs of man or beast. Erased features should have some sort of ragged edge so as to be different from Couped or Caboshed.
This is said of any animal or parts of animals, naturally horizontal, being placed in a perpendicular direction.
A white fur with black spots.
Ermines
This fur is represented by white spots on a black field.
Erminois
A fur, the field, or, the spots or tufts, sable.
Escalop
The shell of a sea-fish, used to decorate the palmers on their way to and from Palestine; frequently used as a charge in Heraldry.
This word is sometimes used to express the whole coat of arms, sometimes only the field upon which the arms are painted. It more generally denotes the painted shields used at funerals. The field, if the husband is dead and wife survives, is black on the dexter side only; if the wife is deceased, it is black on the sinister side; if both, it is black all over.
Escutcheon of Pretence
A small escutcheon, on which a man bears the coat of arms of his wife, being an heiress.
The degree below a knight and above a gentleman. Those to whom this title is due by right, are all the younger sons of noblemen and their heirs male forever, the four esquires of the king's body, the eldest sons of baronets, of all knights and of their heirs male: those who bear superior offices, as magistrates, high sheriffs, mayors, and aldermen, have it during their continuance in office and no longer.
Estoile
The French word for a star. It differs from the mullet in the number of points, and four of the points being rayant.
Term used in heraldry to denote a mans wife when marshalled together.
An honourable ordinary occupying the third part of the shield between the centre and the base.
Fess Point
The exact centre of the escutcheon.
The whole surface of the shield or escutcheon: it is the ground upon which the colours, tinctures, furs, ordinaries, and charges, are represented.
Those bearings which are depicted with a human face, are said to be figured.
The only diminutive belonging to the chief; its width is one-fourth of the chief, and is always placed at the base of it.
Fimbriated
An ordinary having a border of a different tincture is said to be fimbriated.
Fitchy
Is from the French word fiché, fixed. It is generally applied to crosses which have their lower branch pointed, so that it could be fixed in the ground.
Flanches
Are formed of two curved lines placed opposite each other.
Flank
That part of an escutcheon between the chief and the base.
A subordinate ordinary formed by curved lines placed opposite each other, but not so near as in flanches.
Fleur-De-Lis
Supposed to represent the garden-lily. It is the bearing of the Bourbons of France, but is frequently introduced in English charges.
Signifies flowered or adorned with the fleur-de-lis.
Two laths interlaced with a mascle.
Fretty
This word denotes a field covered with fretwork or laths interlacing each other.
Is longer than the lozenge: the upper and lower ends are more acute.
An ancient vessel propelled by oars; frequently used in shields of naval officers.
An obsolete French word, signifying a leg, and is still used in Heraldry, for the leg of a lion or other creature borne in coats of arms.
Garbe
The heraldic term for a sheaf of any kind of corn.
One of the diminutives of the bend, being half the size. The insignia of the most noble order of the knights of the garter. It is formed of blue velvet edged with gold wire, and lined with white satin; on the velvet is embroidered the motto of the order.
Armour for the hand.
An intent look. This is said of a deer standing still, and turning its head to look earnestly at any object.
Gemels
This word signifies double.
Golps
Roundlets of a purple tincture. The colour is not stated, as the name denotes the colour.
Gorged
Any animals, particularly birds, that have collars round the neck, are said to be gorged.
A chimerical animal, half bird, half beast.
Gueules
The word for Red in French blazons.
A small semi-oval flag used in funeral processions. It is generally charged with the paternal arms of the deceased.
Gules
Signifies red. It is represented in engraving by lines running parallel with each other, from the chief to the base.
Gutty
A term derived from the Latin word gutta, a drop. A field bearing drops is called gutty.
Gyron
A triangular figure formed by two lines from one of the angles of the shield to the centre.
Gyronny
When the field is covered with gyrons, their points uniting in the centre.
Habergeon
A coat of mail: it is also called a corslet and cuirass.
Habitied
Clothed figures, either as charges or supporters, are said to be habited.
A chimerical animal, having the head and breast of a woman, and the body and legs of a bird.
Haurient
A fish, in a perpendicular direction, with its head upwards.
This appears above the shield, and its typing position indicates the rank of the owner.
An ancient piece of defensive armour for the head; it covered the face, leaving an aperture in the front, secured by bars: this was called the visor. The helmet is now placed over a coat of arms; and by the metal from which it is made, the form, and position, denotes the rank of the person whose arms are emblazoned beneath it.
The helmets of sovereigns are formed of burnished gold; those of princes and peers, of every degree, silver figured with gold; knights, esquires, and gentlemen, polished steel.
The helmets of the king, the royal family, and peers, are open-faced and grated: the number of bars served formerly to distinguish the bearer's quality. The helmets of knights are open-faced, without bars. Esquires and gentlemen are known by the close helmet.
The position of the helmet is a mark of distinction. The direct front view of the grated helmet belongs to sovereign princes and dukes.
The grated helmet in profile is common to all degrees of peerage under a duke.
The helmet without bars, with the beaver open, standing directly fronting the spectator, denotes a knight.
The closed helmet seen in profile is appropriated to esquires and gentlemen.
An officer at arms, whose business it is to declare war, proclaim peace, marshal all the solemnities at the coronation; baptisms, marriages, and funerals of the sovereign and nobility; and to ascertain and blazon coats of arms.
Hilted
The handle of a sword tinctured.
Honour Point
That part of the shield between the precise middle chief and the fess point.
This term is used to denote that the horn of a unicorn is of a different tincture from his body.
Humet
Humet is a rare term used to describe a Fess which is couped, so as to not touch the sides of the shield.
Humetty
A term used to denote an ordinary, parts of which are couped or cut off, so that it does not touch the edges of the shield.
Blue roundlets: the colour is expressed in the name; therefore the tincture is not otherwise named in emblazoning a coat of arms.
Weapons spotted with blood are said to be imbued.
Impaled
Two coats of arms, conjoined paleways, in one shield.
In Annulo
Charges placed in a ring formation are said to be in annulo. The legendary Betsy Ross flag of the United States had thirteen stars in annulo.
In Bend
Figures placed in a slanting direction from the dexter chief to the sinister base are said to be in bend.
Increscent
The new moon, with her horns turned towards the dexter side of the shield.
Indented
A serrated figure, much smaller than the dancette.
Inescutcheon
The name given to small escutcheons forming a bearing of a coat of arms.
Invected
A line formed with small semicircles, with the points turned inward. Any ordinary drawn with this line is called invected.
Issuant
Rays or other charges proceeding from any part of the escutcheon.
The flowing drapery forming the scroll-work displayed on either side of the helmet from beneath the wreath, representing the ancient covering of the helmet, used to protect it from stains or rust. When the mantling encloses the escutcheon, supporters, &c., it represents the robe of honour worn by the party whose shield it envelopes. This mantle is always described as doubled, that is, lined throughout with one of the furs, as ermine, pean, vary.
This sweeps round from the top of the helmet and drapes each side of the shield. It is said that this is a representation of the mantle worn by a knight in warm climates for protection from the sun on the metal.
Mantling
They usually occur on a scroll normally placed beneath the shield or over the crest.
A word or short sentence inserted in a scroll, which is generally placed beneath the escutcheon; in some instances it is placed above the crest. The motto frequently alludes to the name of the bearer of the arms, as the motto of the Right Honourable Lord Fortescue-FORTE SCUTUM SALUS DUCUM, a strong shield is the safety of commanders. Sometimes the motto is the watchword or war-cry in the battle where the original bearer won the honours that are retained by his descendants. Generally the motto is founded upon the piety, loyalty, valour, fortitude, &c. of the persons to whom arms were granted.
The shield is the part of the achievement most people think in heraldry. It carries the special devices or objects, called charges, which make that particular coat-of-arms distinct from any other. The shield often appears by itself without any other parts of an achievement.
Surcoat
Torse
A chaplet of two different-coloured silks wound round each other, and placed on the top of the helmet for the crest to rest upon. A piece of twisted silk which covers the joint of the helmet and the crest.
The shadow of a charge, apart from the charge itself, painted the same colour as the field upon which it is placed, hut of a darker tint, or, perhaps, in outline only. The term belongs rather to the romance of heraldry than to its practice, and is imagined by the writers to have been adopted by families who, having lost their possessions, and consequently being unable to maintain their dignity, chose rather to bear their hereditary arms adumbrated than to relinquish them altogether. When figured by a black line the bearing is said to be entrailed.
A piece of twisted silk which covers the joint of the helmet and the crest. A chaplet of two different-colored silks wound round each other, and placed on the top of the helmet for the crest to rest upon.


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text:
cat > liquibase.properties <<-EOF
	driver: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
	classpath: /usr/share/java/mysql-connector-java.jar
	url: jdbc:mysql://$MYSQL_ADDRESS/$MYSQL_DATABASE
	username: $MYSQL_USERNAME
	password: $MYSQL_PASSWORD
EOF

exec liquibase $@

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Biografia
Rebek nacque a Beregszasz (Berehove), Ucraina, che all'epoca faceva parte dell'Ungheria, nel 1944 e visse in Austria dal 1945 al 1949. Nel 1949, con la sua famiglia, emigrò negli Stati Uniti e si stabilì a Topeka, nel Kansas, dove si diplomò alla Highland Park High School. Rebek si laureò in chimica alla University of Kansas. Rebek conseguì il titolo di Master of Arts e il suo dottorato di ricerca in chimica organica dal Massachusetts Institute of Technology nel 1970; inoltre studiò anche i peptidi sotto D.S. Kemp.

Rebek era un assistente professore all'Università della California a Los Angeles dal 1970 al 1976. Nel 1976, si trasferì all'Università di Pittsburgh, dove sviluppà strutture a forma di schisi per studi sul riconoscimento molecolare. Nel 1989 tornò al MIT, dove diventò professore di chimica e ideò delle molecole replicanti. Nel luglio 1996, trasferì il suo gruppo di ricerca al Scripps Research Institute per diventare direttore del Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, dove continua a lavorare sui sistemi di riconoscimento molecolare e autoassemblanti.

Rebek è membro della National Academy of Sciences.

Pubblicazioni

Membri dell'Academia Europaea
Membri della National Academy of Sciences

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


READING, Pa. – Today (April 17), Penske Truck Leasing announced its new fleet solutions, which connects its systems with nearly any truck and engine configuration or telematics service provider.
Penske said its connected fleet solutions offers faster roadside assistance call triage and improved vehicle maintenance through remote diagnostics, location data and big data analytics. The company believes it is the first truck leasing company to provide connected fleet solutions at the size and scale it does, with more than 20,000 vehicles in its truck rental and logistics fleets using the new solution and adding more customers daily.
Penske will showcase its new connected fleet solutions at the National Private Truck Council's annual Education Management Conference and Exposition in Cincinnati, Ohio April 30-May 2.


Morgan Robert Murphy is a native Chicagoan and Design Specialist at HOK.
As a member of HOK's Experience Design group, he strives to help clients tell powerful stories, through designing authentic, branded experiences that are seamlessly integrated into architecture.
After graduating from The Savannah College of Art & Design (SCAD) with a BFA in Architecture, Morgan Robert Murphy has acquired nine years' experience in Graphic Design, Branded Environments, Experience Design, and Creative Direction. This experience features multidisciplinary design roles for brands including; The Atlanta Braves, Milwaukee Bucks, USAA and WPP.
Prior to joining HOK, Morgan Robert Murphy worked as a Senior Designer at Selbert Perkins Design.
Connect with Morgan Robert Murphy on LinkedIn.


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Didn't you promise never to tell a lie? This politician is suspected of having connections to organized crime. I don't want to pass out. He explained his plans in detail. I can get you a deal. How many days do you plan to stay? Denis is standing right over there. Then I'll see what I can do! I still have to try it. "That's not so!" "It certainly is so."
A tiny object moved in the dark. They had to stay home for a whole day. Their words contradict their own feelings. Let's go get some food. I'll never talk to them again. Forget about them. We want to put our money to good use. Tao nearly got away with it. Raul looked through the text messages on Hamilton's mobile phone and it became clear to her that he was having an affair. They're part of us.
Maarten is the only one who knows why Cynthia doesn't want to go with us. I just wish Claudio had brought a flashlight. I'm never coming back to Boston again. They took turns driving the car. She lives in a fantasy world. Liber squeezed the juice from the orange. She saw her former employer at a conference. I'm getting married this year. I would die before I live on in shame. Mara needs to answer the question.
Do you want to get out of here? The pears of Korla are really sweet. Cherry trees are planted along the street. Well, I must be going. I was very young when that happened. Ask her when he will come back. I am delighted to meet you. We're going to see him. We are having an international trade fair this month. The rat is a rodent.
You remember Brandon and Lois, don't you? When exactly did you see Billy? He succeeded in entering the university. Tollefsen comes here every day. I think Lex really is a doctor. What time does the show start? Japan is poor in natural resources. I still have to fix the washing machine. When he arrives in Tokyo, I'll call you right away. Come drink a beer to my health.
The baby likes to splash in the tub. Did you get a beer? A long time ago, there was a young man. This happened for a reason. I bought this book for myself. The twins were so alike that it was difficult to tell them apart. We're meditating. Let them fight. The magazine is for killing time. Hienz won't be showing up at all.
I always brush my teeth before I go to bed. Heinz won't be going back to Boston after this, will he? I'm sorry, I didn't mean to offend you. He has been waiting for an hour. A soldier often has to confront danger. Regarding this project, have you seen the contract? The company was absorbed into a big business. We all sang in unison. Sangho asked if he could spend the night at his friend's house. They said they're happy.
Let's stop at the next gas station. What are you scared of? My father achieved that and more in four words, which made quoting Shakespeare as effective as any business adviser could wish. They have left here, perhaps for good. "My goodness, Caleb! You look completely tired out!" "I didn't sleep a wink. Dave snored again like a champion." I work for Sam. If you want to grow up, you have to drink a lot of milk. What do you usually do in your free time? There's been a death in his family. Don't hurt my son.
I have a thesis to write. We might die. He wrote the book. I looked after the rabbits when I was at school. Undaunted, he refused to give up. I'm pleased with my new jacket. The graveyards are full of indispensable men. The teacher gave way to the students' demand. Look how the trees sway in that wind. Please answer my question.
I told Helge we'd be in Boston by 2:30 on Monday. Donovan washes his hands all the time. There wasn't a single book in the room. Most scholars believe that the Tetragrammaton should be pronounced "Yahweh". We named the boat the Half Moon. God save Ukraine! It was very windy yesterday. They shouldn't intervene in the internal affairs of another state. Shari said he could smell something burning. There's no going back.


text:
Special Viewpoints
How Obesity Causes Diabetes: Not a Tall Tale
Mitchell A. Lazar
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and The Penn Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104–6149, USA.
E-mail: lazar{at}mail.med.upenn.edu
The epidemic of obesity-associated diabetes is a major crisis in modern societies, in which food is plentiful and exercise is optional. The biological basis of this problem has been explored from evolutionary and mechanistic perspectives. Evolutionary theories, focusing on the potential survival advantages of "thrifty" genes that are now maladaptive, are of great interest but are inherently speculative and difficult to prove. Mechanistic studies have revealed numerous fat-derived molecules and a link to inflammation that, together, are hypothesized to underlie the obesity-diabetes connection and thereby represent prospective targets for therapeutic intervention.
Type 2 diabetes stems from the failure of the body to respond normally to insulin, called "insulin resistance," coupled with the inability to produce enough insulin to overcome this resistant state. This common form of diabetes is often associated with obesity, and the current epidemics of these two conditions are seemingly related (1). This is glaringly evident in children, who are increasingly plagued by obesity and in whom the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (formerly termed "adult onset") is approaching that of type 1 diabetes (formerly termed "juvenile onset") (2). The epidemic of diabetes has a huge associated cost in terms of healthcare dollars as well as human morbidity and mortality (3). Recent studies predict that one in three Americans born in the year 2000 will develop diabetes in their lifetime (4), and a similarly ominous future confronts nearly all developed nations. Here, I discuss the relationship between obesity and diabetes, first in terms of the evolutionary forces that might explain their increased incidence in the modern world and then in terms of the pathogenic pathways that link the two conditions and inform rational strategies for prevention and therapy.
Why We Have Epidemics of Obesity and Diabetes: An Evolutionary Perspective
The evolutionary perspective has successfully guided much of modern biology, yet it is not always definitive. Take, for example, the giraffe's long neck, which would seem to provide a competitive advantage for obtaining food, thus favoring survival and reproduction of the species. However, in his essay "The Tallest Tale," Gould argued that the weight of scientific evidence favors alternative selective pressures as having led to the giraffe's long neck, including combat advantages, sighting of predators, and efficient heat loss (5).
There are no known survival advantages of morbid obesity, and increased body fat is associated with increased mortality (6). Hence, natural selection is unlikely to have favored obesity per se. On the other hand, during periods of prolonged famine that plagued early human hunter-gatherers, a survival advantage would have been conferred by genes that favor the economical use and storage of energy: so-called "thrifty" genes (7). The existence of thrifty genes was initially proposed by Neel, who focused on the efficient use of glucose as a biological fuel; he suggested that evolutionary pressure to preserve glucose for use by the brain during starvation led to a genetic propensity toward insulin resistance in peripheral tissues (8). Biological systems store energy most efficiently as fat and, hence, another function of thrifty genes is to promote an increase in adipose tissue. In the modern setting of sedentary lifestyles and unrestricted access to high-caloric foods, thrifty genes have been suggested to underlie the twin epidemics of obesity and diabetes (7).
Human obesity has a clear genetic component but is rarely monogenic (9). Thus, there are likely to be multiple thrifty genes, and the inheritance of several polymorphisms leading to small differences in expression can make populations more or less susceptible to obesity and diabetes (10). Several candidate thrifty genes have been proposed and are reviewed elsewhere (11). In principle, there could be separate sets of thrifty genes that promote body fat deposition or insulin resistance. Indeed, this concept is supported by a paradox: Insulin actually increases the production and storage of fatty acids in adipose tissue, thereby exacerbating obesity, whereas tissues such as muscle are insensitive to insulin (12). Nevertheless, Occam's Razor (the principle that plurality of causes should not be postulated unless absolutely necessary) argues for thrifty genes that both increase energy storage and cause insulin resistance.
Perhaps the best thrifty gene candidate is the gene that encodes leptin, a hormone produced by adipose tissue and the absence of which leads to obesity and insulin resistance in rodents and humans (13). Leptin functions physiologically as a signal of energy stores, inhibiting food intake and accelerating energy metabolism (13). During starvation, it is the fall in circulating leptin levels that triggers increased appetite and decreased metabolic rate. Consistent with this, rodents and humans with only one functional copy of the leptin gene have increased body fat (14), and leptin deficiency due to lipodystrophy causes insulin resistance (15, 16). Because a reduction in leptin levels appears to be the physiological signal for a thrifty metabolic response, leptin itself must have been evolutionarily selected for another function. Indeed, leptin replacement reverses amenorrhea in leptin-deficient females with low body weight (17), providing the mechanistic explanation for the link between body fat and reproductive capacity that was first proposed three decades ago by Frisch on the basis of epidemiological studies of indigenous and modern populations (18). This physiological function of leptin thus favors survival of the species by conferring a reproductive advantage to individuals who are nutritionally fit.
An alternative to thrifty genes is the "thrifty phenotype" hypothesis, first proposed by Hales and Barker on the basis of clinical observations that poor fetal and/or postnatal nutrition is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes later in life (19). This hypothesis posits that fetal malnutrition alters metabolic pathways that result in tissue adaptations favoring the thrifty use of nutrients in utero and in postnatal life, thereby leading to obesity and diabetes in the setting of subsequent adequate nutrition. The focus on an inadequate maternal-fetal nutritional environment differs from the focus on thrifty genes. Indeed, the thrifty phenotype hypothesis postulates epigenetic memory of the fetal/neonatal environment. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression involves chemical modification of chromatin by enzymes such as sirtuins, whose activities are linked to cellular energy stores and, in lower organisms, interface with insulin signaling pathways (20, 21).
If fetal adaptations to malnutrition are preserved later in life, as proposed by the thrifty phenotype hypothesis, gene sets that facilitate these epigenetic changes would favor survival and reproduction in adulthood. Thus, in the thrifty phenotype model, there would be ample selective pressure for genes that protect from early malnutrition but promote obesity and diabetes under modern conditions.
How Obesity Causes Diabetes: A Biological Perspective
Although once considered a passive fuel depot, adipose tissue is now recognized to be an endocrine organ that communicates with the brain and peripheral tissues by secreting hormones regulating appetite and metabolism (22). These functions appear to be modulated by the location of the adipose tissue (visceral versus subcutaneous) (23), by the size of the average adipocyte in the tissue (24), and by adipocyte metabolism of glucose (25) and corticosteroids (26).
Except in rare cases where the leptin gene is defective, leptin levels are elevated in obesity (13). This is due to resistance to the actions of leptin at the cellular level, which may be mechanistically related to insulin resistance, as discussed below. Several other adipocyte-derived factors have been shown to contribute to systemic insulin resistance. One such factor is the increased levels of adipocyte-derived free fatty acids that have been shown to contribute to insulin resistance in liver and muscle in obesity (27, 28). Adipose tissue also secretes a large number of proteins in addition to leptin that modulate glucose metabolism and insulin action (22, 29) (Table 1). The causal role of several of these proteins in insulin resistance and diabetes has been established through studies of mouse genetic models. Studies of humans generally suggest that circulating levels of these proteins are elevated in individuals with type 2 diabetes. One exception is adiponectin, which enhances insulin action yet circulates at reduced levels in obesity (30). Each of these proteins constitutes a potential target for therapies aimed at uncoupling insulin resistance from obesity.
Proteins secreted by adipose tissue that are also thought to play a role in obesity-associated insulin resistance and diabetes (22, 29, 51). ASP, acylation stimulatory protein; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; IL-6, interleukin 6; MCP-1, macrophage and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; PBEF, pre-B cell colony enhancing factor; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1.
Adipose-derived protein
Effect on insulin sensitivity
Other tissue sources
Leptin Improvement None
Adiponectin Improvement None
Adipsin/ASP Decline None
Resistin Decline None (rodent)
Macrophage (human)
TNF-α Decline Macrophage
IL-6 Decline Macrophage
MCP-1 Decline Macrophage
Visfatin (PBEF) Improvement Liver, lymphocytes
PAI-1 Decline Liver
Angiotensinogen Decline Liver
Serum amyloid A Not known Liver
α1-acid glycoprotein Not known Liver
A subset of these adipose-derived proteins are adipocyte-specific, whereas others are not. Intriguingly, many proteins that are adipose-derived but not adipose-specific play a role in innate immunity, a relatively primitive defense mechanism against infection (31). Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 are produced by macrophages as well as by adipocytes; they act directly on inflammatory cells and also contribute indirectly to inflammation by acting on the liver to produce acute phase proteins. These cytokines also induce suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3), an intracellular signaling molecule that impairs the signaling of both leptin and insulin. SOCS-3 levels are elevated in obesity and thus may represent a final common pathway of obesity-associated resistance to the actions of both leptin and insulin (32).
The similarity between macrophages and adipocytes extends beyond cytokine production. Both cell types express peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, a transcription factor that is the target of insulin-sensitizing therapies (33) and that has been dubbed "the ultimate thrifty gene" because of its role in lipid accumulation (34). It has also become evident that macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue is characteristic of obesity (35, 36), although the pathophysiological consequences are unknown. The anatomic blurring of the line between adipocytes and macrophages is paralleled by the tissue expression of the polypeptide hormone resistin, whose levels are increased in insulin-resistant mice and humans (37, 38). Resistin is expressed exclusively in adipocytes in mice (39) but predominantly in macrophages in humans (40). The evolutionary and functional implications of this remain to be determined. Perhaps the commonalities of adipocyte and macrophage function are remnants of an ancestral evolutionary adaptation; indeed, invertebrates concentrate endocrine and immune functions in a single cell type resembling the macrophage (41, 42).
The close relationship between inflammation and diabetes is supported by the observation that stimulation of the innate immune response [by bacterial endotoxin during sepsis, for example (43)] results in insulin resistance that contributes to the high mortality of critical illness (44). The interaction between inflammation and insulin signaling is also suggested by the ability of aspirin to improve insulin resistance, in part by preventing the antagonistic effects of fatty acids and cytokines (45).
Why is obesity an inflammatory state and why does inflammation cause diabetes? The search for answers to these questions takes us again to evolutionary considerations. Perhaps the response to infection is more effective when glucose is shunted from muscle to the inflammatory cells involved in the immune response and tissue repair (46). A potentially unifying view is that the body's ability to survive major stress, including infection and starvation, is enhanced by peripheral insulin resistance that preserves the brain's glucose supply (47). This hypothesis might explain why cortisol, the major stress hormone, causes insulin resistance and stimulates the innate immune response (31), even though chronic cortisol exposure is anti-inflammatory because of down-modulation of the acquired immune response. The stress connection may extend to individual cells, as it has recently been shown that intracellular stress induces insulin resistance in a manner that is exacerbated by obesity, potentially through adipocyte-secreted factors (48). Moreover, chronic metabolic stress impairs the ability of pancreatic beta cells to secrete sufficient insulin to overcome insulin resistance, which is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes (49).
Not a Tall Tale: How Will it End?
Humanity has been curious about the giraffe's long neck since time immemorial. Although it is very likely that this unusual phenotype contributed to the survival of that species, there is as yet no molecular or genetic explanation for it. We are now curious about the explanation for the dramatic rise in human obesity and diabetes. It is interesting to speculate about the origin of genes that make us particularly susceptible to these metabolic diseases in the setting of modern lifestyles. The theories that emerge may provide clues to the underlying mechanisms, especially if they can be supported by studies in model organisms (50). Of course, natural selection itself has the potential to solve these health crises, but only when they threaten the survival of our species. A more optimistic view is that we can turn the tide of these epidemics by focusing on mechanistic questions such as how obesity causes diabetes. It is hoped that harnessing this knowledge will allow us to successfully intervene before natural selection takes over.
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H. Xu et al., J. Clin. Invest. 112, 1821 (2003).
S. P. Weisberg et al., J. Clin. Invest. 112, 1796 (2003).
M. W. Rajala et al., Diabetes 53, 1671 (2004).
H. Osawa et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75, 678 (2004).
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L. Patel et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 300, 472 (2003).
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G. S. Hotamisligil, Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 27 (suppl. 3), S53 (2003).
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I thank R. Ahima, M. Birnbaum, M. Brown, A. Lazar, S. Mandel, and A. Rubenstein for critical comments on the manuscript and members of my laboratory for helpful discussions. I apologize that many relevant articles could not be cited because of space limitations. Supported by the National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases.
You are going to email the following How Obesity Causes Diabetes: Not a Tall Tale
By Mitchell A. Lazar

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Linda Schuring
July 20, 1942 - February 15, 2018
4:00 PM to 8:00 PM EST
Vicksburg Location
Vicksburg, MI 49097
Mattawan Area Pantry
Animal Rescue Project
219 Peekstock Dr.
Heirloom Rose
407 S. Grand St.
Schoolcraft, MI 49087
Someone who never met a stranger, Linda Schuring was a blessing in the lives of so many around her. She was a caretaker and nurturer, and she also had a special place in her heart for animals. Although Linda treasured her roles as a wife and mother, she just might have argued that nothing was better than becoming a grandmother and great-grandmother later in life. She worked hard, but she also made the time to enjoy life along the way. Although life will never be the same without Linda here, she leaves behind a timeless legacy that her loved ones will proudly carry on in her footsteps.
During the first half of the 1940s, the eyes of our nation were focused overseas as countless young servicemen and women were deeply entrenched in the fighting during WWII. Those who remained stateside became familiar with rationing on common goods and manufacturing that was focused on supporting the war effort. Amidst this eventful time was a time of great anticipation in the lives of Daniel and Ramona (Murray) Moyle as they were eagerly awaiting the birth of their new baby as July unfolded in Chelsea, Michigan, in 1942. The big day finally arrived on July 20th when the baby girl they named Linda drew her first breath. She was the oldest of five children to be raised on the family farm in Mattawan alongside her siblings, Mary Kay, Danny, David and Dick. Linda's father was a farmer and also drove a school bus, and at home they had horses, cattle, pigs, goats, dogs, cats, and all kinds of other animals as well. Linda attended local schools including Mattawan High School where she played the drums in the high school band. She went on to graduate from high school in 1960.
The majority of Linda's life was focused on her loved ones. She was blessed with three sons, Johnny, Tim, and Mike, from a previous marriage, and it was in 1971 that she met the love of her life, Jerry Schuring. They were set up on a blind date by Linda's brother, Danny, and sparks flew right from the start. That date led to more dates, and with a desire to spend the rest of their lives together Linda and Jerry were married one year later, on January 22, 1972. Jerry adopted her three children and loved them as his own, and she and Jerry were blessed with one son, J.J. They raised their family in Vicksburg, and this was the place Linda called home for the rest of her life. Jerry worked in construction for a time while Linda was raising their four boys, but in 1990 they established J L Milling Inc. together. They always loved and had animals, and they also had a large pond in the backyard where the kids camped. Linda was the one to host most of their family gatherings over the years. She was an amazing cook who specialized in making olie cookins, which are a Dutch treat. Linda was thrilled when grandchildren began arriving, and she attended all of their events and activities. She did the same thing once great-grandchildren came along, and since they were involved in 4-H Linda would buy each year and then donate to the food pantry.
Throughout her life Linda was a woman of many interests. She loved riding motorcycles and was a founding member of the "bad ass" tribe. Every year six members of the tribe would travel out West for several years. Linda enjoyed her trips to California and Hawaii as well. She was a huge Green Bay Packers fan, and it has been said that Aaron Rogers even trumped Jerry! To relax Linda enjoyed knitting and crocheting, and she also enjoyed listening to country music.
All who knew Linda Schuring would agree that she was truly beautiful on the inside and out. She had a fun-loving sense of humor and was willing to take care of everyone who was in need. Linda was deeply devoted to her family, and she was happiest when surrounded by the ones she cherished. Deeply loved, she will be forever missed.
Linda Schuring, of Vicksburg, passed away on February 15, 2018, at her home. Linda's family includes her husband, Jerry; three children: Tim (Karen Furlong), Mike (Tracey), J. J. (Tracey DeVaney); ten grandchildren: Sarah (Andy), Samantha (Adam), Timmy (Jessica), Shannon, Megan (Phil), Cassondra, Mikey, Shianne, Kody Bishop and Kaley Bishop; thirteen great grandchildren: Tatum, Cohen, Peyton, Brooke, Alaina, Bentley, Emma S., Emma H., Ella, Delaney, Tensleey, Kimber, Jayce; three brothers: Danny (Barb) Moyle, David Moyle, Dicky (Sharon) Moyle; and her brother in law Don Boven as well as several nieces and nephews. She was preceded in death by parents, Daniel and Ramona; step-father, Giles Wright; son Johnny; sister, Mary Kay Boven. Visit with her family and friends and view her life story film on Wednesday, February 21 from 4:00 - 8:00 p.m. at the Life Story Funeral Home, Vicksburg; 409 S. Main St. (269 649-1697).A funeral service will be held on Thursday, February 22 at 11:00 a.m. at the same location. Please visit Linda's memory page at www.lifestorynet.com where you can archive a memory or photo and sign her memory book online. In lieu of flowers, memorial donations can be made to Mattawan Area Pantry; P.O. Box 98, Mattawan MI 49071 or Animal Rescue Project; 219 Peekstock Dr. Kalamazoo MI 49001 (269 492–1010).


Going Reptile How Engaging Your Inner Lizard Leads to Going Reptile shows up in many different ways and intensities We can go reptile at work, at home and in social situations This affects us, and those around us The impact is often much greater than we realize When we go reptile , we enter into an automatic reactive mode. What To Expect When Going To A Reptile Show Snake Food What To Expect When Going To A Reptile Show How To Prepare For Your First Reptile Show Reptile shows are a great way to get to know local reptile enthusiasts in your community, as well as the perfect time to pick up that new python you ve been dreaming about. Going Reptile Home Facebook Going Reptile likes Going Reptile How Engaging Your Inner Lizard Leads to More Fulfilling Work and Personal Relationships, by Martha C Hamilton is LET S GET A NEW PET Daytona Reptile Breeders Expo Aug , This is my third year in a row going to the Daytona Reptile Breeders Expo, and it gets better every time The first year I just went to look, the second year I got Lucy my leopard gecko , and Preparing to go to a Reptile Expo I Got Two New Pets Mar , Expo season the best time of year is upon us Clint gives a few tips about how to approach your first reptile expo, and shows you what he got Living Fully Human Author, coach and consultant, Martha Going Reptile How engaging your inner lizard leads to fulfilling work and personal relationships You know the feeling something happens at home, at work, or in a social situation that triggers the reptile inside you Your reptilian brain takes over and you say or do something that you regret and that makes things worse. Going Reptile How Engaging Your Inner Lizard Leads to Going Reptile How Engaging Your Inner Lizard Leads to More Fulfilling Work and Personal Relationships The we engage it, the it becomes the primary operating system, and the stronger it gets, effectively side stepping the older operating system unless it s needed, for instance, if we encounter a bear. How to Stop Yourself Going Full Reptile Nicholas Foster Going Full Reptile I remember one incident when I was in my s working on the trading floor with the FX Options trading desk I used to get in early to ensure Going to a reptile show, any tips Yahoo Answers Jul , Im going to a reptile show that is coming up this weekend and i was wondering if there are any tips for buying reptiles I plan to get my first reptile and what should i look for. Reptile Events Calendar Reptiles Magazine, your source Repticon Memphis Reptile and Exotic Animal Show Repticon Memphis is a reptile event featuring vendors offering reptile pets, supplies, feeders, cages, and merchandise Participate in free raffles held for enthusiasts, animal seminars, and kid s activities Cost Adults , Children , Under Free Show Hours Saturday a.m p.m.
About "Martha C Hamilton Hattie Hyder"
Martha C Hamilton Hattie Hyder Is a well-known author, some of his books are a fascination for readers like in the Going Reptile: How Engaging Your Inner Lizard Leads to More Fulfilling Work and Personal Relationships book, this is one of the most wanted Martha C Hamilton Hattie Hyder author readers around the world.


text:
Лезгинская кордонная линия — система пограничных укреплений XIX века в восточном Закавказье у самого подножия Кавказских гор по рекам Иори и Алазани. В строительстве линии деятельное участие принял инженер, генерал-майор Аким Михайлович Эспехо.

История

Лезгинскую линию начали обустраивать с 1830 года для охраны Грузии, ставшей к этому времени частью Российской империи, от набегов горцев Дагестана. Линия состояла из укреплений, расположенных против удобнейших выходов из гор. Главными пунктами её были аулы Закаталы и Белоканы.

К весне в этих пунктах сосредотачивались российские войска, и разделившись на отряды, отправлялись в горные экспедиции на все лето до глубокой осени.

Лезгинская линия делилась на правый и левый фланги, сходившиеся у Лагодехи. На правом фланге было семь укреплений (Каратубань, Сацхениси, Кварели, Сабуя и Натлис-Мцемели), на левом — три (Белоканы, Закаталы и Нуха). Начальниками правого и левого фланга были заслуженные боевые полковники или генералы. В 1850-е гг. войска линии входили в состав Кавказской гренадерской дивизии.

Из личного состава горного лезгинского отряда войска выделялись в распоряжение начальников флангов, которые размещали эти части по кордонам линии, где служба была гарнизонной, или направляли в горные экспедиции, где часто происходили вооруженные стычки. Попасть в экспедицию считалось удачей, так как только там можно было получить боевую награду или отличие.

20 апреля 1860 г. Лезгинская линия была упразднена.

Начальники Лезгинской линии
 Шварц, Григорий Ефимович
 Чиляев, Борис Гаврилович
 Джамбакуриан-Орбелиани, Григорий Дмитриевич
 Врангель, Александр Евстафьевич
Вревский, Ипполит Александрович
Меликов, Леван Иванович

См. также
 Кавказская линия
 Российские укреплённые линии

Примечания

Литература

История аварцев
История лезгин
История Кавказа
Оборонительные линии России
Появились в 1830 году в России
Исчезли в 1860 году


text:
Railway Minister faces opposition fury in Rajya Sabha over Bihar accident
20 Aug 2013 in Category(ies): Author railPosted on 20/08/2013 Categories Derailments, Accidents, Rail Fractures, Mishaps and Casualties in Railway Areas, Politics & Railways, Railways Disaster Management, Railways in Parliament
NEW DELHI: Railway minister Mallikarjun Kharge has to face a tough time in Rajya Sabha on Monday while making a statement on the Bihar train tragedy in which he claimed 28 people were killed.
Kharge had to apologize for his remark about Trinamool Congress member Derek O'Brien who wanted to know from the minister why the train mishap was mentioned as an "incident" in his statement and not "accident".
The minister taunted O'Brien's MBA degree, but quickly took back his remark after opposition from members. He clarified that such tragedies were termed incidents under railway rules and promised compensation to the victims.
A member said the compensation for victims of 'incidents' was less than in case of 'accidents' and it would not go on record while computing total number of train accidents.
Opposition members were not happy with Kharge's announcement of Rs 5 lakh to the next of kin of those killed and demanded that it be raised to at least Rs 10 lakh. Kharge defended the decision, arguing the same amount was provided as compensation in similar cases in the past.
Kharge had to face the ire of opposition MPs after he asked the members not to politicize the incident, arguing that the state government was taking action to maintain law and order. He was responding to BJP and RJD members' query about the failure of railways and state government to manage the crowd as they were aware of the massive rush of pilgrims for 'sawan mela'.
The minister was slammed by JD (U) members who said the railways was more culpable for the incident than the state government.
While the minister said an inquiry into the incident involving Saharsa-Patna Rajyarani Express was ordered, an official pointed out that prima facie it was a case of 'trespass' as devotees were illegally trying to cross the tracks. The express train was not supposed to stop at Dhamara Ghat station and was given clearance to pass through the middle track as the two other tracks were occupied by passenger trains at the halt.
After passing the signal, which was on a curve, the driver saw some people standing on the track and applied emergency brakes, but it was too late by then.
Kharge said he had spoken to Bihar chief minister Nitish Kumar on steps to maintain law and order to facilitate normal train operations.
"On humanitarian grounds an ex-gratia amount of Rs 5 lakh for those who lost their lives and Rs 1 lakh for those grievously injured has been announced," he said.


text:
Q: Google Drive to Sheet File Data Iteration I found this very useful script on here for iteratively returning a list of file metrics by directory in GDrive. My problem is I want to add columns that exclude emails from a give domain. For example on the fileItem.getEditors I might want to return a list excluding editors in the "@mycompany.com" domain.
var childFolders = parent.getFolders();
var childFiles = parent.getFiles();
var allValues = []; // Added
while (childFiles.hasNext()){
  var fileItem = childFiles.next();
  data = [
    parentName + "/" + fileItem.getName() + "/" + fileItem.getName(),
    fileItem.getName(),
    fileItem.getMimeType(),
    fileItem.getUrl(),
    fileItem.getAccess(Session.getActiveUser()),
    fileItem.getSharingPermission(),
    fileItem.isShareableByEditors(),
    fileItem.getOwner().getEmail(),
    fileItem.getEditors().map(function(e){return [e.getEmail(), e.getName()]}).join(","),
    fileItem.getViewers().map(function(e){return [e.getEmail(), e.getName()]}).join(","),
  ];
  allValues.push(data); // Added
}
sheet.getRange(sheet.getLastRow() + 1, 1, allValues.length, allValues[0].length).setValues(allValues); // Added

A: Cooper's answer is already great but you don't need to include @ on the comparison.
Filter your data by adding filter before the map that gets the email and name:
.filter(function(e){e.getDomain() != "mycompany.com"})

Output:
fileItem.getEditors().filter(function(e){e.getDomain() != "mycompany.com"})
                     .map(function(e){return [e.getEmail(), e.getName()]}).join(","),

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


For all of your required rental traffic control equipment in Sacramento, Capitol Barricade is the company you can rely on. No matter what your project might be, we have the rental equipment you need to keep your work zone productive, efficient, and most importantly, safe.
As a licensed contractor for Construction Zone Traffic Control, you can count on our products to serve their intended purposes.
These are invaluable tools for any construction zone, and also come in handy for events such as weddings and concerts to properly control the flow of traffic. These tools can also be used to indicate areas in which traffic is forbidden, such as areas where children are playing or where roads are under construction and unfit for traffic.
Delineators: We provide temporary arrow top delineators with 12 pound bases and HIP Bands (with amber or white tape). Our delineators are available with tubes that are orange, white, or yellow in color.
Channelizer Drums: These are available with HIP or EG reflective Orange and White bands, 25 pound tire collar or 25 pound molded rubber base. Glue-Down Channelizers are also available.
We offer a wide range of signs from our Sacramento rental traffic control equipment inventory. With a Sign Shop complete with a custom CNC Router, we can get any kind of sign out to you in no time. Not only do we have a number of commonly used signs on hand, but we can also create signs with custom messages and designs.
Whether it's a standard work zone, a party that simply need signs for branding or traffic control, or an event that requires unique and eccentric messaging, you can rely on our Sign Shop to get you what you need.
Our rental traffic control equipment in Sacramento also includes portable barricades – an essential form of traffic control. Our barricades are designed for the rugged construction environment, knowing that the cost of work zone car collisions reach far beyond mere monetary and material loss. Traffic control barricades are first and foremost designed to protect human life. That's why our portable barricades are strong and resilient, made from high quality materials with the sole purpose of protecting workers, drivers, and pedestrians alike.
SLED™Crash Cushion: This barricade is MASH (Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware) Tested, Passed, and Eligible. SLED stands for Sentry Longitudinal Energy Dissipator. This barricade will shield the end of both permanent and temporary portable barrier shapes, including plastic, steel, and concrete barriers. Weighing in at 995 lbs empty and 6,505 lbs full, this barricade is 25'3" long, 22.5" wide, and 42" high. Its speed rating is 62 MPH.
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Capitol Barricade is dedicated to traffic safety by providing high quality portable barricades to our customers that work well and last.
Our rental traffic control equipment in Sacramento includes transverse rumble strips, which alert drivers when their vehicles are beginning to veer dangerously off of the road or into areas in which they should not be driving. Our portable transverse rumble strips provide visual, auditory, and physical indicators to drivers when they are entering areas where traffic is forbidden.
This form of traffic control is safe, effective, and easy to setup and tear down. Our portable transverse rumble strips will greatly enhance the safety of the work zone.
Why Choose Capitol Barricade for Rental Traffic Control Equipment in Sacramento?
Capitol Barricade has been providing quality Sacramento traffic control in Northern California for over 30 years. As a licensed California contractor for traffic control, we take what we do and the services we provide very seriously. Our top priority is the safety of any project that requires traffic control.
We can rent you anything you need for your next construction project or other big event. We will even help you create and execute the necessary plans for the highest level of traffic control.
If you need rental traffic control equipment in Sacramento, contact us today.


text:
DWACU
DWACW
China boosts slowing economy, Trump media company raises $1B, Spotify removes some comedians' work
December 6, 2021, 10:49 AM
Yahoo Finance Live's Julie Hyman runs down several of the day's leading headlines.
- China is cutting the amount of cash that banks must hold in reserve. That's in an effort to stimulate out of the economic slowdown that the country has been seeing. The People's Bank of China will cut the reserve requirement by 0.5 percentage points for most banks as of December 15. That should release $188 billion worth of liquidity, according to the PBOC statement. This is the second reduction this year as China looks to regain momentum in the manufacturing sector and fix its debt problems in the property market.
Digital World Acquisition corp want agreements to raise a billion dollars from unidentified investors following its SPAC merger with former President Donald Trump's new social media venture. Trump first announced plans for the deal in October as his new company Trump Media and Technology group looks to rival Twitter with a new social media platform called Truth Social, that aims to begin operating next year.
Meanwhile, though, Digital World just out with a regulatory filing a short while ago, that it got a request from FINRA about trading activity preceding that merger announcement, and also a request from the SEC regarding meetings of its board of directors, trading policies, and other matters. That's why as you just saw the stock, it's now trading lower after initially trading higher on the announcement of fundraising.
There have been a number of stocks now that are sort of associated with the Trump universe. One of them is Phunware, a software company that worked on the president's reelection campaign. That too is on the move downward at this point. And then there are some other stocks that are also associated. For example, a company making NFTs that are linked to President Trump, that are photos of President Trump. It's called Created, that stock also has been moving sort of in lockstep with these others.
And then Spotify, it's remove the work of hundreds of comedians from its platform as it battles over royalty payments. Tiffany Haddish, John Mulaney, other popular comedians have banded together to try to get paid a royalty on a copyright for jokes they wrote when they're played on other digital platforms like Spotify, YouTube, and Pandora. This group effort is largely led by global rights group, Spoken Giants.
Currently, comic's performances are controlled by their label. They aren't directly compensated as writers of their performances, which Spoken Giants is calling their literary rights. Spotify has taken down the content after reaching an impasse with Spoken Giants. This is kind of like publishing rights for musicians versus recording rights.
Carlyle Co-Founder David Rubenstein Says 'We're Due for a Correction'
(Bloomberg) -- U.S. equity markets are primed for a correction as the Federal Reserve prepares to boost rates and higher inflation becomes a reality for some time, Carlyle Group Inc. co-founder David Rubenstein said.Most Read from BloombergFourth Pfizer Dose Is Insufficient to Ward Off Omicron, Israeli Trial SuggestsMicrosoft Buys Scandal-Tainted Activision in Bet on MetaverseDeadly Drone Strikes on UAE Raise Gulf Tensions, Roil Oil MarketStock Selloff Gathers Pace as Bond Yields Climb: Markets


Supported by e2i, the Singapore Productivity Association will be conducting the Lean Six Sigma for Services for organisations who wished to understand the basic of six sigma and its application.
Conducted by Mr K H Wong, a business consultant, management trainer and company director with almost 2 decades in the consumer products industry. He had been working in various functions including Operations, Business Development, Project Management, Human Resource, Training, Marketing, Logistics, Budgeting and General Management.
In the last 10 years, KH has been actively working as a consultant to various projects to improve customer-centricity, enhance human resource skills and enable new business processes for better performance. He has serviced organisations in China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, Korea, Singapore and Indonesia. KH also conducts programs that include change, coaching, leadership, team-building and management, and is recognised as one of the better trainers who successfully interact with the participants to improve learning capacity.
*Original price: S$300 and S$380. e2i funding T&C apply.
Turn your Expenses Into Savings!
Let us answer your queries!


Secured details: By clause 2 of the debenture the company as primary obligor covenanted with the chargee (as security agent for the benefit of itself and the other secured parties) that it will pay on demand in writing all money and liabilities now or hereafter due,owing or incurred to the secured parties,(or any of them) by the obligors under the finance documents (or any of them) (including under the debenture) in whatsoever manner in any currency or currencies.
Particulars: All assets property goodwill and undertaking of each charging company from time to time charged pursuant to the terms of the debenture please refer to form 395 for full details.
Secured details: All monies due or to become due by the obligors (as defined) to the chargee under the finance documents (or any of them) (including under the debenture dated 27TH february 1998) (all as defined) on any account whatsoever.
Secured details: All monies due or to become due by the obligors (as defined) to the chargee under the finance documents (or any of them) (including under the debenture) (all as therein defined) on any account whatsoever.


Benatti, Francesca; Tonra, Justin (2015) 'English Bards and Unknown Reviewers: a Stylometric Analysis of Thomas Moore and the Christabel Review'. Breac: A Digital Journal of Irish Studies, 4 .
Fraught relations between authors and critics are a commonplace of literary history. The particular case that we discuss in this article, a negative review of Samuel Taylor Coleridge s Christabel (1816), has an additional point of interest beyond the usual mixture of amusement and resentment that surrounds a critical rebuke: the authorship of the review remains, to this day, uncertain. The purpose of this article is to investigate the possible candidacy of Thomas Moore as the author of the provocative review. It seeks to solve a puzzle of almost two hundred years, and in the process clear a valuable scholarly path in Irish Studies, Romanticism, and in our understanding of Moore s role in a prominent literary controversy of the age.


text:
Q: Vertically Center Last Column of tabularx How do you vertically center the last column of a tabularx table?
I tried to create a custom column, though, TBH, I don't really know what I'm doing.
Basically, I'd like the contents of the left and right columns to aligned in the same way, both vertically and horizontally. What do I need to do to they y type column? I want to use \m{} of some type, but am not sure how.
\documentclass[12pt,letterpaper]{article}

\usepackage{tabularx}
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{>{\centering\arraybackslash}m{#1}}
\newcolumntype{Y}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}

\usepackage{tikz}

\begin{document}

\begin{tabularx}{17cm}{|C{8cm}|Y|} \hline

\tikz{
\draw (0,0)--(4,0);
\foreach \x in {0,...,4}
 \draw (\x,-0.3)--(\x,0.3);
\foreach \x in {0,...,3}
 \draw[-latex] (\x+0.1,-0.15)--(\x+0.9,-0.15);
\node at (2,-0.8) {4};
} &
\tikz{
\draw (0,0)--(6,0);
\foreach \x in {0,...,6}
 \draw (\x,-0.3)--(\x,0.3);
\foreach \x in {0,...,5}
 \draw[-latex] (\x+0.1,-0.15)--(\x+0.9,-0.15);
 \node at (3,-0.8) {6};}
\\ \hline
\end{tabularx}

\end{document}

A: Package tabularx uses \tabularxcolumn for the column type of X columns. The default is p{#1}. It can be redefined to match the other m column:
\documentclass[12pt,letterpaper]{article}

\usepackage{tabularx}
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{>{\centering\arraybackslash}m{#1}}
\newcolumntype{Y}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}

\usepackage{tikz}

\begin{document}

\renewcommand*{\tabularxcolumn}[1]{m{#1}}

\begin{tabularx}{17cm}{|C{8cm}|Y|} \hline
\tikz{
\draw (0,0)--(4,0);
\foreach \x in {0,...,4}
 \draw (\x,-0.3)--(\x,0.3);
\foreach \x in {0,...,3}
 \draw[-latex] (\x+0.1,-0.15)--(\x+0.9,-0.15);
\node at (2,-0.8) {4};
} &
\tikz{
\draw (0,0)--(6,0);
\foreach \x in {0,...,6}
 \draw (\x,-0.3)--(\x,0.3);
\foreach \x in {0,...,5}
 \draw[-latex] (\x+0.1,-0.15)--(\x+0.9,-0.15);
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Welcome to BBC Earth Lab! Here we answer all your curious questions about science in the world around you. If there's a question you have that we haven't yet answered let us know in the comments on any of our videos and it could be answered by one of our Earth Lab experts.


Donald Trump's wealth began with brazen tax fraud, Brett Kavanaugh hurtles toward confirmation, Fox News wants a culture that never ever changes, and sure, we have bigger fish to fry, but paper straws are bad, OK? Neal Brennan, Amanda Seales, and Michaela Watkins are back to help break down the week's news. Plus with the help of expert Dave Fleischer, Jon and Michaela demonstrate the dos and don'ts of door-to-door canvassing. The election is one month away, people. Let's go.
Democratic presidential candidates are competing on fundraising, policymaking, and apology giving. Brexit is a MESS. And the Times reveals the secret market research on Trump and his cronies. Gabe Liedman, Tre'vell Anderson, and Patti Harrison join Jon to break down the week's news, and rant about Tabasco Sauce, vegetarian whoppers, Herman Cain, and the injustice endured by Patti when she was not cast in the film adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber's classic musical Cats.
And we're back! Mueller's report is IN and it's very good for Trump as long as we never ever read it ever. We cover the Barr Book Report, the Fox News reaction, Republican attacks on House Intelligence Chair Adam Schiff, and how much we still don't know about what is in that sweet sweet 400 page document. Plus Mayor Pete weighs in on whether a hot dog is a sandwich. Mike Pence threatens to send people to the moon against their will. And we take a loving look back on all the people Mueller indicted along the way. Returning champions Emily Heller, Jamil Smith, and Mitra Jouhari join Jon to break down a wild week of news and finally answer the burning question: is chili... soup?
Well, a LOT happened this week. Jon Favreau joins Lovett in studio to talk about the insane college admissions scandal, Trump's first veto over his fake national emergency, the Boeing 737 Max 8, Paul Manafort's sentencing, Tucker Carlson's bigoted radio interviews, Beto O'Rourke's presidential announcement, and the terror attack in New Zealand. Then we go to our live show at the Pabst Theater in Milwaukee with Move On's Ben Wikler, activist Angela Lang, and returning champion Akilah Hughes. We cover corporate consolidation in the beer industry, Foxconn's dirty deal with Republicans like Scott Walker, high top tables, and the scourge of standard time. Thanks for the curds, Wisconsin!
Trump literally hugs a flag, figuratively hugs Kim Jong Un, and speaks for two hours at a conservative conference for people who think Fox News isn't mean enough. Live from Madison, Lt. Governor Mandela Barnes, Ana Marie Cox, and Akilah Hughes join Jon to talk about Scott Walker's legacy, the NFL's fantastic team owners, Trump's love letters to dictators, and the problems with punctuation marks in text messages. Anyway, too many cheese curds. Or maybe not enough.