text:
MASSACHUSETTS PORT AUTHORITY vs. SCIABA CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION.
54 Mass. App. Ct. 509
December 7, 2001 - April 16, 2002
Present: LAURENCE, MASON, & DOERFER, JJ.
Massachusetts Port Authority. Negligence, Fire, Construction work. Damages, Repairs, Replacement or reconstruction. Practice, Civil, Instructions to jury.
Discussion of principles attending the determination of reasonable damages to be recovered for tortious injury to real property. [513-515]
In an action against a construction company for negligence arising from a fire started by its workers that caused substantial damage to a platform that was to be used in creating a waterfront park, the judge did not err in admitting evidence other than diminution of fair market value on the issue of damages, where the judge had discretion to determine that diminution of fair market value would not have been a fair and reasonable measure of the special value the property held as a place to build a park, and would not have fairly represented the actual injury suffered as a result of the fire. [515-516]
In an action against a construction company for negligence arising from a fire started by its workers that caused substantial damage to a platform owned by a port authority, which platform was to be used in creating a waterfront park, the judge reasonably allowed the jury to hear evidence of restoration and replacement costs and instructed them on the availability of those methods where, in light of circumstances presented by the unique position of the authority, as well as the distinct qualities of the property itself, the platform possessed a value to its owner that could not have been properly weighed by using the ordinary methods of damage calculations. [516-517]
At the trial of a negligence case, arising from a fire that was started by construction workers and that caused substantial damage to a platform that was to be used in creating a waterfront park, in which evidence of the platform's repair or replacement cost was relevant to damages, the amount awarded by the jury to the owner of the platform was clearly based upon evidence that reflected a reduction to account for the general obsolescence of the platform prior to the damage inflicted by the fire, and the jury was provided with appropriate instruction on the issue. [517-519]
At the trial of a negligence case, the judge did not err in submitting certain advisory questions to the jury on the issue of damages. [519]
CIVIL ACTION commenced in the Superior Court Department on October 28, 1993.
The case was tried before Paul A. Chernoff, J.
Michael R. Byrne (Robert P. Powers with him) for the defendant.
Richard d'A. Belin (Michael P. Sady with him) for the plaintiff.
DOERFER, J. While workers from Sciaba Construction Corporation (Sciaba) were working on a platform owned by the Massachusetts Port Authority (authority), a fire broke out causing substantial damage to the platform. In this action for negligence [Note 1] the authority obtained a judgment for damages in the amount of $681,934.50 [Note 2] against Sciaba. This appeal raises issues as to whether (1) evidence of replacement cost should have been considered by the jury and (2) whether the jury had adequate evidence and appropriate instructions on the issue of the obsolescence and depreciation of the platform at the time of the fire.
Evidence at trial. The legislation creating the authority charges it with, among other things, the improvement and operation of the East Boston waterfront property that is the subject of this appeal. See St. 1956, c. 465, §§ 1-6. In 1986, legislation was enacted directing the authority "to do any and all things necessary" to convert the property into public parks and a lobster terminal. See St. 1986, c. 349, § 4.
Pursuant to this legislative directive, the authority initiated the process of creating a waterfront park, now known as Piers Park, in East Boston for the recreational benefit of the public in general and the residents of East Boston in particular. The plan was to use an existing platform that was resting on wooden pilings as the base upon which to construct recreational improvements such as a walkway along the waterfront, an amphitheater, several pavilions, a playground, a wading pool, and significant landscaping. The platform needed approximately $280,000 in renovations to serve as a suitable support for such improvements. The authority hired Sciaba to perform the work.
While Sciaba was working with torches on the platform to remove some metal fittings during a heavy windstorm, hot metal fell onto the creosote-treated wood members comprising the platform and its underlying pilings and supports, igniting them and causing them severe damage. In this action the authority claimed that Sciaba was negligent in performing "hot work" on a windy day without proper permission and without adequate safety precautions.
On the question of damages caused by Sciaba's negligence, the authority put in evidence testimony tending to show that roughly sixty-one percent of the wooden members of the platform, other than the pilings, needed to be replaced after the fire. A consultant for the authority identified three options for completing the project. The first option was to completely remove the existing (and now fire damaged) structure, including the timber pilings and replace it with a new, entirely concrete, structure. The second option was to remove only the timber structure and replace it with concrete but to leave the wooden pilings on which it rested. The final option was to replace the timber members of the structure with new timber, while also leaving the existing pilings in place.
The consultant arrived at net cost estimates for each of these options after deducting the amounts that would be saved by not proceeding under the prefire schedule of work. For option 1, the cost estimate was $1,049,130, after deducting approximately $302,239, which represented the money earmarked by the authority for various aspects of the original contract, including replacing, testing, and treating the timber portions of the platform. Given that option 1 contemplated an entirely concrete structure, all costs relating to timber were avoided. [Note 3] The net cost of option 2 was $1,104,264. Option 3 had an estimated net cost of $1,158,931. Since options 2 and 3 were closer to the original plan, in that each maintained at least a portion of the timber structure and encompassed many of the same construction tasks, the reductions were significantly less: $139,381 for option 2 and $38,925 for option 3.
Sciaba objected to the introduction of evidence of the cost of repairs or replacement on the ground that the only relevant evidence on the question of damages was the difference in fair market value caused by the fire. Neither the authority nor Sciaba introduced any evidence as to fair market value of the structure as measured by comparable sales or capitalization of earnings.
Jury instructions. The case was submitted to the jury as a series of questions. After instructing the jury that ordinarily the measure of damages is the diminution of market value resulting from a wrongful act, and explaining the "alternative formulation" of replacement cost, the judge instructed the jury:
"[y]ou may consider the traditional way of assessing these kinds of damages, which means the diminution in value, the value of the pier before the injury and the value of the pier after the injury, and that differential being a measure of damages, of direct damages. Or, if you were to find that you can't reach that value, that it would be inappropriate or unfair to have that be the measure of damages, you could look for an alternative method."
On the question, "[w]hat sum of money will fairly compensate [the authority] for injury caused by the negligence of Sciaba," the jury answered $1,049,130. This figure was identical to, and undoubtedly represented, the net cost of replacing the pier as estimated by the authority's consultant under option 1.
The judge also submitted two advisory special questions to the jury applicable to damages. One asked, "What was the change in the value of the pier as a result of the fire? (value before minus value after)." It was answered, "cannot be determined because value of pier prior to fire unknown." The other question asked, "What amount would have had to be expended to restore the pier to its pre-fire state," and it was answered, "cannot be determined."
The defendant moved for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict and for a new trial. In his memorandum of decision denying these motions the judge noted that
"[t]he jury were instructed as to alternative theories of tort damages in regard to the damage to the pier. It appeared that an assessment of the difference in fair market value of
the pier pre-fire and post-fire was probably not ascertainable and, even if it were, it would not approach a just assessment of the real injury to the aggrieved party . . . . The jury scrutinized the evidence on the destruction of the pier, the options available to remediate the damage caused by Sciaba, and carefully assessed damages. The recognition by the jury that the traditional formula for tort damages would not meet the ends of justice allowed them to consider . . . alternative approaches . . . ."
Recoverable damages for tortious injury to real property. In general, a party who suffers injury that is proximately caused by the negligence of another is entitled to be fairly compensated by the tortfeasor for his or her loss; this principle underlies the rules for recovery of negligent damage to real property. See Commonwealth v. Johnson Insulation, 425 Mass. 650 , 666 (1997). Because real property is often unique, no fixed formula for measuring damages has been derived from this principle. Trinity Church in the City of Boston v. John Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co., 399 Mass. 43 , 48-49 (1987), citing Wall v. Platt, 169 Mass. 398 , 405-406 (1897).
The body of case law that has developed in this area reflects that upholding the principle of fair and reasonable compensation requires flexibility in measuring the appropriate damages so as to account for the unusual or specialized character of real property and any special value it may hold for the particular owner. See Newton Girl Scout Council, Inc. v. Massachusetts Turnpike Authy., 335 Mass. 189 , 195-196 (1956); Commonwealth v. Massachusetts Turnpike Authy., 352 Mass. 143 , 147-148 (1967); Trinity Church, supra at 49. For this reason, in awarding damages the finder of fact should take into consideration all relevant evidence bearing on the nature of the property, the extent of the injury or loss, and the amount of money that will fairly compensate its owner for its injury or loss. [Note 4]
Generally, the appropriate measure of damages in actions for
negligent injury to property is the difference between the fair market value of the property prior to the loss and its fair market value after the loss caused by the tortfeasor. [Note 5] Trinity Church, supra at 48. One predicate for the application of this principle is the existence of a relevant market in which the property can be freely exchanged or sold. Commonwealth v. Massachusetts Turnpike Authy., 352 Mass. at 147. Another predicate is that the diminution of fair market value be a fair and reasonable measure of the loss suffered by the owner. See Newton Girl Scout Council, supra at 195.
The trial judge has broad discretion to determine whether evidence other than fair market value is relevant to the question of damages. Correia v. New Bedford Redev. Authy., 375 Mass. 360 , 367 (1978). Benevolent & Protective Order of Elks, Lodge No. 65 v. Lawrence Redev. Authy., 33 Mass. App. Ct. 701 , 703 (1992). In exercising this gatekeeping function the judge should take into consideration whether the property is "of a type, not frequently bought or sold, but usually acquired by [its owner] and developed from the ground up"; whether the property is "adapted for . . . a specialized use"; and whether the property is "of a character where, within fairly wide limits, geographical location has less effect on its value than its adaptability for a particular use." Newton Girl Scout Council, supra at 194-195. It is not necessary that the plaintiff show that it is impossible to introduce evidence of fair market value. Correia v. New Bedford Redev. Authy., 375 Mass. at 365-367. Rather, the evidence must support the inference that diminution in fair market value is not a fair and adequate measure of damages. Ibid.
Certain types of property have been recognized as often requiring evidence of damages beyond the usual means: for example, if the property is used for a special purpose, or constructed or improved with special features, or located in a particular place which bestows unique value on its owner and the owner would not be fairly compensated by the diminution in what the market would pay the owner after the injury or destruction. Newton Girl Scout Council, 335 Mass. at 194-195. Commonwealth v. Massachusetts Turnpike Authy., 352 Mass. at 147. [Note 6] These "unusual problems of proof of damages 'most frequently arise in cases of service-type properties like churches, convents, hospitals, country clubs, school and college premises and buildings of religious and charitable societies and similar organizations.' " Correia v. New Bedford Redev. Authy., 375 Mass. at 363, quoting from Newton Girl Scout Council, 335 Mass. at 196. But this list is not a limit on the range of permissible applications of alternative methods of calculating damages. Correia v. New Bedford Redev. Authy., supra at 363. The same principles have been applied to "special purpose [properties] owned by the State, public agencies, or public utilities, where the evidence warrants the conclusion that the real value of a property . . . cannot be shown . . . by other usual criteria. . . . The principal usefulness of many properties owned by governmental bodies is to their respective owners for a particular purpose . . . ." Commonwealth v. Massachusetts Turnpike Authy., 352 Mass. at 147-148.
The judge did not err in admitting evidence other than diminution of fair market value on the issue of damages in this case because diminution in fair market value would not have been a fair and reasonable measure. The authority was committed by statute to using the property to construct a park. See St. 1986, c. 349, § 4. There was evidence presented at trial that the pier was well suited for this purpose. Testimony was elicited describing the pier as "in generally good condition," and needing only modest repairs to adequately support a public park for approximately twenty-five years.
Even assuming, therefore, that comparable sales of similar piers were available, or that expert testimony could have established the property's approximate fair market value before and after the fire, the judge had discretion to determine that the resulting figure would not compensate the authority for the special value the property held as a place to build a park, and would not have fairly represented the actual injury suffered by the authority as a result of the fire. Accordingly, it was reasonable for the judge to allow for alternative methods of calculating the damages in this case.
Use of repair or replacement costs. The judge allowed the jury to hear evidence regarding both the cost of restoration and replacement. [Note 7] Under the circumstances presented here, this was a reasonable approach. Where diminution in market value is unavailable or unsatisfactory as a measure of damages, courts have routinely turned to replacement or restoration costs as the appropriate measure of damages. Trinity Church, supra at 49-50. Where this method is used, "a test of reasonableness is imposed. Not only must the cost of replacement or reconstruction be reasonable, the replacement or reconstruction itself must be reasonably necessary in light of the damage inflicted by a particular defendant." Id. at 50.
Replacing or restoring the pier was certainly necessary in light of the fire. There was evidence tending to show that
roughly sixty-one percent of the wooden members of the platform, other than the pilings, needed to be replaced after the fire. Moreover, the authority was not in a position to sell the property and to find a new location on which to construct a park. Not only was this property part of a larger plan taking into account the surrounding area, but the authority was acting under legislative direction to build a park on this specific location.
Further, this case does not involve some of the typical concerns regarding the use of restoration or replacement costs, such as "where special purpose structures are very greatly out of date, are no longer well fitted to their particular use, and would not be reproduced by any prudent owner." Commonwealth v. Massachusetts Turnpike Authy., supra at 149. Benevolent & Protective Order of the Elks, supra at 703-704. Rather, prior to the fire, the pier was reasonably well adapted to the special purposes for which it was intended.
Under the circumstances presented by the unique position of the authority, as well as the distinct qualities of the property itself, the pier possessed a value to its owner that could not be properly weighed by using the ordinary methods of damage calculations. The fire had caused substantial damage to the pier. Therefore, it was reasonable to allow the jury to hear evidence of restoration and replacement costs and to instruct them on the availability of those methods. See Trinity Church, supra at 49-50.
Avoidance of overcompensation when evidence of repair or replacement cost is relevant to damages. Even if the facts justify consideration of evidence other than diminution in fair market value, care must be taken, if possible, not to permit the injured party to recover more than is fair to restore him to his position prior to his loss. He should not recover a windfall. We are well aware of the danger that evidence of repair or replacement costs "may lead to an excessive award unless [they are] . . . adequately discounted for obsolescence and inadequacy as well as for physical depreciation" (emphasis in original). Commonwealth v. Massachusetts Turnpike Authy., supra at 148 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Thus, evidence of repair or replacement cost must be adjusted, if possible, to
take into account the condition of the injured property at the time of the injury or loss. For example, if the property has deteriorated by the time of the injury, the plaintiff should not be awarded an amount that would put the property into a condition substantially better than it was at the time of the injury. Medford Hous. Authy. v. Marinucci Bros. & Co., 354 Mass. 699 , 704 (1968).
Contrary to the claim of Sciaba on appeal, the evidence in this case did reflect appropriate consideration of possible enhancements to the piers and platform even though the sums involved were for the purpose of replacing the structure. There was evidence that, prior to the fire, the pilings were serviceable as were large portions of the remainder of the structure which supported the platform. There was also evidence that the existing pier needed only modest repairs to support the planned park. The necessary improvements were estimated to cost approximately $280,000. Although the jury's award constituted the estimated cost of replacing the platform as calculated by the authority's consultant, this figure ($1,049,130) had been reduced by an amount greater than the anticipated expense of repairing the original (prefire) platform. See note 3, supra. Indeed, the cost reduction took into account the expense of replacing the rotted timber portions of the prefire platform, as well as testing and waterproofing the new components. This cost reduction could easily be viewed as representing the general obsolescence of the pier because it roughly reflected the cost of renovating the prefire platform to a state suitable for supporting the planned park. The amount awarded by the jury was clearly based upon evidence that reflected a reduction to account for the general obsolescence of the platform prior to the damage inflicted by Sciaba.
The jury's choice to award replacement costs was a reasonable determination from the evidence presented. The cost to use original portions of the pier and only restore the damaged sections was shown by the authority's consultant to be a more expensive option than replacing the entire pier. Accordingly, this was a case where "to make such a restoration would be an uneconomical and improper way of using the property." Hopkins v. American Pneumatic Serv. Co., 194 Mass. 582 , 583
(1907). See Puerto Rico v. S.S. Zoe Colocotroni, 628 F.2d 652, 675 (1st Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 912 (1981) ("There may be circumstances where direct restoration of the affected area is either physically impossible or so disproportionately expensive that it would not be reasonable to undertake such a remedy"); Maloof v. United States, 242 F. Supp. 175, 183 (D. Md. 1965) (applicable measure of damages is "the reasonable cost of restoring the property as nearly as reasonably possible to its [original] condition" [emphasis in original]).
Instructions to the jury. The judge's instructions took adequate account of the foregoing legal principles. He was not, as argued by Sciaba on appeal, required to limit the jury's consideration to the difference in fair market value of the structure prior to the fire and after the fire. Furthermore, he adequately informed the jury that in assessing damages under an alternative formulation, it is appropriate to consider "whether it is reasonable to assess the cost to restore or to replace [the pier] to pre-damage condition" (emphasis added).
Other issues. There was no error in submitting advisory questions to the jury in order to provide them with an opportunity to consider the possibility of assessing damages (1) on a diminution of fair market basis theory, and (2) on a basis of cost of restoration without any regard for adjustment for enhanced value of a reconstructed structure or obsolescence or depreciation. Their answers to these questions do not, for the reasons discussed above, require the entry of a judgment for Sciaba.
Judgment affirmed.
[Note 1] We need not recite the disposition of the contract claims brought by Sciaba or counterclaims of the authority relating to the same incident.
[Note 2] The jury awarded the authority $1,049,130 on its negligence claim. That amount was reduced to reflect the jury's determination that the authority was thirty-five percent negligent.
[Note 3] The authority's consultant estimated that the improvements necessary to convert the existing pier to a point where it could support the planned park would cost $280,000. The approximately $302,239 reduction in the postfire estimates reflected the original estimate as well as a pile load test credit.
[Note 4] In some circumstances the injured party will suffer consequential damages in addition to damages to the property itself. Consequential damages are recoverable in an action for negligent injury to property so long as they are necessary and reasonable expenses incurred as a proximate result of the tortfeasor's actions. Restatement (Second) of Torts § 927(2) (1979). In this instance, the jury awarded the authority $58,022 in consequential damages.
There was ample evidence to support this aspect of the jury's award. This amount constituted the cost to the authority to have its consultant design a new concrete platform. We discern no impropriety in this award as there was evidence that these fees were a necessary and reasonable expense resulting from the damage caused by the fire.
[Note 5] Where diminution in fair market value is the appropriate measurement of damages, fair market value may be established by a variety of methods. The following methods are often employed by real estate experts: "1. The current cost of reproducing a property less depreciation from deterioration and functional and economic obsolescence. 2. The value which the property's net earning power will support, based upon a capitalization of net income. 3. The value indicated by recent sales of comparable properties in the market." Correia v. New Bedford Redev. Authy, 375 Mass. 360 , 362 (1978), quoting from State v. Wilson, 6 Wash. App. 443, 447-448 (1972).
[Note 6] Although many of the cases involving "special purpose property" are eminent domain cases, their teachings have been applied to negligence actions. See Trinity Church, 399 Mass. at 49.
[Note 7] The jury also heard evidence from the authority's consultant that the cost of replacing the damaged sections of the pier's superstructure (leaving the existing pilings) with new timber was approximately $1,158,931. This figure reflected the cost of repairing the existing structure, as near as possible, to its original state. The consultant further testified that replacing the entire structure would cost approximately $1,049,030. This figure, quite obviously, reflected the replacement cost.
The judge subsequently instructed the jury that it could consider alternative formulations to the usual diminution in value method. The judge noted that
"one alternative formulation, which is appropriate in some situations, is consideration as to whether it is reasonable to assess the cost to restore or to replace to pre-damage condition. Courts have approved, as a measure of damages, the reasonable cost of restoring the property as nearly as reasonably possible to its original condition. [The authority], here, seeks an alternative formulation in the form of reasonable replacement cost of the platform."


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Home - Backup and Recovery - The Rise Of Helium Drives In Data Storage
The Rise Of Helium Drives In Data Storage
byPaul Rubens
Helium is cheap and harmless, and you've probably come in contact with it in the form of helium-filled party balloons that you can buy at any florist. But helium also has the potential to revolutionize the economics of data storage, and the revolution may be just about to start.
The reason that helium-filled party balloons float is because helium is much less dense than air – a mere 14% of the density. It's this simple fact that also makes helium a good filler for hard disk drives in high density data centers, massive scale out data centers and any location where space and power are limited.
That's because disk drive platters spinning in the air in a hard drive case experience a high level of turbulence and vibration, in the same way that your hand would be buffeted around in the air if you stuck it out of the window of a car speeding down a highway.
This movement makes it hard for a drive head to locate itself correctly on a particular track, and it's the reason that current disk drives are restricted to a maximum of five spinning platters. Any more and the turbulence becomes too much, given the current levels of areal density.
And it's the battling against these air movements that is also one of the causes of heat generation in disk drives, and heat generation ultimately means wasted energy.
But if you fill hard drives with helium instead of air, and seal them so that the helium can't escape, things change dramatically. Since helium is far less dense than air, there is less "stuff" for the spinning platters to interact with. That means that there is less turbulence, less vibration, less heat generation, and less energy wasted.
That in turn means that disk drives can be packed with more spinning platters in a standard form-factor drive case, and that means that the data storage capacity of the drive can be increased at a stroke. That's the theory, anyway.
This theory has now been put in to practice by HGST, a hard drive maker owned by Western Digital. The company has been working on helium technology for the better part of a decade, and in early November it launched the first fruits of this work: 6TB helium-filled enterprise class disk SAS and SATA drives.
These Ultrastar He6 drives feature seven platters, and a rise from five platters to seven is a 40% increase in surface area, and thus a 40% increase in storage capacity over 4TB five platter drives. In fact the Ultrastar He6 drives offer a 50% increase in storage capacity over 4TB five platter disks by bumping up the areal density of the platters.
"This helium technology is actually a pretty big deal," says John Rydning, a hard drive expert at IDC. "With traditional air filled drives, manufacturers have been approaching the upper plateau of the s-curve in terms of data density. Helium technology – if it works – puts you on a whole new s-curve."
Brendan Collins, HGST's vice president of product marketing, says that the technology to seal the disks so that the helium doesn't escape has been a long time in development. "Helium is very difficult to contain because of its low density – in fact people use it in leak detection systems. The way we treat the components and hermetically seal the disks has taken more than eight years to perfect."
He claims that the drives run 4-5 degrees cooler than air filled drives, and because there is less drag in helium than in air they consume 23% less power, resulting in a 49% improvement in power consumption per terabyte of storage. And since the drives are hermetically sealed, they can even be immersed in liquid coolant – something that can't be done with conventional drives because they are not sealed and thus the coolant would get inside the drive case.
"A lot of companies are excited about this," says Rydning."But the question is: will they leak helium? There is definitely a need to test them in the field."
This has been done to an extent by customers such as CERN that have been able to evaluate the technology already. "We have tested the helium drive and it looks very promising: it surpassed our expectations on power, cooling and storage density requirements," says Olof Bärring, a member of CERN's IT department.
Rydning also cautions about how the cost savings are interpreted: the cost savings that are achievable depend on the workloads that the disks are used for and the activity of the storage system or servers the disks are attached to.
"The more you push the storage, the bigger the savings. These won't be nearly as big when the disk is at rest," he says. "But for data centers running massive SAN or NAS arrays or large numbers of servers with direct attached storage (like Facebook or Google) then the number of spinning disks is a major cost factor."
In these scenarios, higher density helium disks could significantly reduce power consumption, cooling requirements and even the data center rack space that is required. But Rydning points out that – initially at least – helium drives will command a premium price in the storage disk market.
Perhaps what's most interesting about helium drive technology is that it should be complementary to any new technologies that enable rises in areal density. Essentially it allows more platters in a single disk drive case, and if gains in areal density allow more data to be packed on to each platter then this will have a greater effect because there are more platters to benefit from the gains.
Over the next few years, disk technologies like shingled magnetic recording (SMR) and heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) that allow higher areal densities are likely to come online, and combined with helium technology these could produce drives offering densities far higher than 6TB per drive, using less power and generating less heat than today's 4TB drives.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Overseas Voting in UK General Elections
Everything the expatriate British citizen needs to know about voting from abroad in the General Elections - the key facts and contact details needed to register for a postal vote or to vote by proxy...
UK citizens resident outside the country may vote in national elections and European Parliamentary elections provided they have:
Registered to vote
Applied for postal or proxy voting
A British Citizen wishing to apply for registration as an overseas elector has to have been registered on an electoral register at an address in the UK within the 15 years prior to their application. A person too young to have been registered 15 years prior may supply the name of a parent or guardian registered to vote. Any British Citizen resident overseas can apply for registration at any time during the year.
Comprehensive information is available from:
The Electoral Commission and its websites:
Postal Votes and
The easiest way to register to vote is online. This is available for both local and overseas voters and takes around five minutes.
Register as an Overseas Voter online.
How to Vote from Abroad
Registered electors can apply to vote by post or by proxy.
Postal voting
The law allows anyone included in a register of electors to apply for a postal vote from in or outside of the UK. The postal vote application form must be completed, signed and returned at least 11 working days before the election.
A ballot paper and "declaration of identity" form will be sent to the home address about one week before the election.
All postal votes must arrive at the Returning Officer before the end of voting on the day of the election. They may be delivered either by post or in person (it can be handed in to the Returning Officer or to a polling station in the electoral area on Election Day).
Note: If the postal vote is to be sent to an overseas address, ensure that the postal services can deliver it and return it to the relevant election office in the UK within five working days. If it's not certain that this can be achieved, it is strongly recommended to appoint a proxy in the UK to vote by post or in person.
Download the Application to Vote by Post form from the Your Vote Matters website.
Voting by proxy
A voter unable to vote in person at their polling station may apply to appoint a "proxy" who will vote on their behalf provided they are eligible to vote. A proxy must be at least 18-years-old and not disqualified to vote in their own right. For a General Election the proxy must be a British, Commonwealth or Irish citizen. No person may act as a proxy for more than two people at the same election, unless those two people are closely related.
A voter wishing to use a proxy will need to find someone who is willing to vote for them. The relevant form must be completed, signed and sent to the ERO. The proxy will then be able to vote at the polling station or by post.
If a proxy has been appointed but the voter finds they are able to attend the polling station in person, they may vote providing they (or their proxy) have not been sent a postal ballot paper.
A separate application form should be completed for each member of a household who wishes to arrange a postal or proxy vote.
Download the Application to Vote by Proxy form from the Your Vote Matters website


Located on the outskirts of town, this affordable family home resides in the popular parish of St. Saviour, close to primary schools and secondary schools. The property sits away from the busy round and offers good size living space and has double patio doors leading out onto the front South facing garden. With a modest sized kitchen and a separate dining room, this property is perfect for family time meals together. There are 4 good sized bedrooms, 1 house bathroom, bathroom ensuite and a downstairs cloakroom. There are 2 allocated parking spaces at the front of the property. SHARE TRANSFER.
Radiator, hard wood flooring, storage cupboard, under stairs storage storage cupboard.
Fitted with a two piece suite in brief offers a low level WC, corner wall mounted wash hand basin, hard wood flooring, radiator.
Feature fireplace, hard wood flooring, dado rail, TV point, double doors to the garden, radiator.
Fitted with base and eye levee units with work top over and breakfast bar, fitted gas hob and electric cooker, space for dishwasher, washing machine and fridge, tiled flooring, radiator, double glazed window, double doors to the dining room.
Two double glazed windows, door to the garden, port hole window, tiled floor, radiator.
Double glazed window, radiator, stairs to second floor landing, dado rail.
Double glazed window, laminate flooring, fitted bedroom furniture which includes wardrobes, over the bed storage and dressing table, TV point, radiator.
Fitted with a three piece suite which in brief overs a tiled shower, sink in vanity unit with cupboard under, low level WC, tiled flooring, shaver point, radiator, fully tiled walls, electric wall heater.
Double glazed window, fitted wardrobe, TV point.
Fitted with a 3 piece suite which in brief offers a bath with shower over, pedestal wash hand basin, low level WC, fully tiled flooring, shaver point and light, airing cupboard, blow heater.
There is a South facing garden which is laid to lawn with a patio seating area.
Large room with 4 velux windows, ease storage, recessed lights, radiator.


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Game Winning Turnover
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Author Archives: Jakegoldman
Contributor to GameWinningTurnover. I am a 2nd year Communications student at DeSales University in Center Valley, PA.
2021 Midwest Region Breakdown
The Bloodbath Region
Ayo Dosunmu vs. Cade Cunningham Sweet 16 matchup? Hold your horses Oklahoma St. fans, there is a log jam in the first round of this region. There are so many games to look at in the Midwest, but let's look at two games with particular spoiler potential. Loyola-Chicago (8) vs. Georgia Tech (9) and then, let's go with some Cinderella dreams with Liberty (13) vs. Oklahoma St. (4).
Deeper Dive into Loyola-Chicago (8) vs. Georgia Tech (9):
Sister Jean is happy to be dancing again, but the ACC tournament champion Yellow Jackets are magma hot at the end of their season. Tech has won 8 straight, including topping a talented Florida St. team to win the ACC tournament. Led by two Seniors, Forward Moses Wright, and Guard Jose Alvarado. Isolations from their backcourt and above average 3pt shooting make them a dangerous matchup. Alvarado himself averaging 4.5 3PA a game and hitting them at a 39% clip, while playing with energy on the defensive side of the floor. The average height on this team is 6-4. So, they like to run and gun, and the stats show with 75.5 PPG to 70.0 Opponent PPG. The Yellow Jackets will need to be red hot to top possibly the best 8 seed in the nation.
Loyola-Chicago also won their conference tournament, but they are looking to find the magic slipper they had in 2017-2018 when they danced their way into the Final Four. They play a tough pack-line defense, that gives up an astounding 55.5 PPG, making them the best in the Nation. That stat will meet some skepticism as it is inflated by their weak conference, but do not incorrectly assume this team can't defend. Plus, this is a matchup nightmare for Tech, as the Ramblers love to dump the ball inside to their Senior big man Cameron Krutwig. Krutwig leads the team in PPG with 15. If Loyola-Chicago wants to win they need the same production from Krutwig. This should be a great game, and I am going with the Loyola-Chicago here because of that superior defense and their ability to get points in the frontcourt against this undersized Georgia Tech team. Hopefully for Sister Jean, Loyola will keep dancing.
Oklahoma St. (4) vs. Liberty (13):
The popular 13 seed over 4 seed is strong in this one. The Liberty Flames have the recipe for a team that can bust brackets. The Flames could not be more appropriately named. As they are one of the best 3-point shooting teams in the country. 4 out of the 5 starters on the Flames shoot at least 37% from downtown. If these shooters can get hot the Cowboys will be in deep trouble. The Flames match their deep 3-point shooters, with stifling defense. They only allow 59.6 PPG and are cruising as of late winning their last 12 straight. Calling this game an easy Cowboys win would be a mistake.
On the other side, this is a talented Oklahoma St. team, boasting the player with the potential to takeover this tournament. Cade Cunningham might be the most valuable player to any singular team this March. His 20.2 PPG on 45% FG% leads the team. This an Oklahoma St. team that will hope to get their backcourt going early and often to stave off the hot shooting from the Flames. I am leaning towards the Flames here, but this can truly come down to the last possession. Oklahoma St. could run out of options if the Flames play their tight defense and shoot the rock like they have all season.
Other Interesting Matchups:
Syracuse (11) vs. San Diego St. (6)- Always be wary of the sneaky Syracuse 2-3 zone in March. Without the capable players, San Diego St. could be in for a tough matchup.
Clemson (7) vs. Rutgers (10)- Rutgers has some solid players in the backcourt with Ron Harper Jr., and Jakob Young. Plus, some solid wins in the Big 10 this year. This is a tough game to call because of both teams' inconsistencies throughout the season. I think Rutgers has a more talented roster and Clemson must be reeling a bit after a loss to a bad Miami team in the ACC tournament.
Thursday Night Football Preview Eagles (1-2) @ Packers (3-0)
By: Jake Goldman
Image via wearegreenbay.com
Packers Offense: The 2019 Packers look completely revamped. This is not your normal Aaron Rodgers led Packers though. The Packers are only 24th in the league in points per game. Rodgers is throwing for 197 yards per game and the rushing attack is a mediocre 89.3 yards per game. This version of the Packers offense is struggling to explode, but that does not mean they do not have the capabilities to do so. Davante Adams, Marquez Valdes-Scantling, and Jimmy Graham are more than decent options for Rodgers. One would expect the Packers offense will get going eventually and soon.
Eagles Defense: On the other side of this game, the 2019 Eagles defense has been up and down. Another year, another year of struggle for the Eagles defensive backfield. They are ranked 29th in the league in total yards allowed, making the match-up against Rodgers that much more scary. The Eagles continue to stuff the run well, but with that being said it is more so due to lack of need to rush against the Eagles. The defensive backs have been left out to dry by a bad pass rush that has seen a total of 2 sacks this season. Going into Lambeau against Rodgers seems like a bad combo for this Eagles defense.
Packers Defense: The 2019 Packers defense has been the star of the show for their team. The Packers invested in a bunch of stout defensive free agents across the board and it has paid dividends. They rank 2nd in points allowed this season. They have only allowed 1 passing touchdown thus far this season. This defense headlined by Adrian Amos, seems to be a force to be reckoned within the NFC. Second year player Jaire Alexander has stepped into the role of a lock-down corner in this league. The additions of Za'Darius Smith and Preston Smith have fortified the defensive front. If there is one weakness of this defense it is in the run defense. The Packers have given up 3 rushing touchdowns and 4.9 yards per carry thru 3 weeks.
Eagles Offense: In week 1, the Eagles looked like a legit offense in the NFC. After injuries to top targets though, the team has struggled to move the ball consistently. The stats for the Eagles are not bad. They rank 9th in total points. The problem for the Eagles this year has been execution and consistency. The Eagles rank 20th in turnovers with 5 of them in 3 games. Though this has not been Carson Wentz's mistakes, the playmakers around him have lost 3 fumbles this year. The Eagles lack of execution may be due to the injuries they sustained to WRs Alshon Jeffery and Desean Jackson. Alshon Jeffery is expected to be in action for Thursday, but Desean Jackson will not be available. For the Eagles sake, they would hope the addition of Jeffery will help their execution holding onto the football and keeping the chains moving.
Prediction: The Eagles are a desperate team, and desperate teams fair well generally. Especially when the opposition is nursing a (3-0) head start. Rodgers will play well, but the Packers defense has faced questionable competition so far. I expect Thursday night to be a high scoring affair.
Packers 34 – Eagles 37
Why the Ramsey Situation is Puzzling
Declining to negotiate with Ramsey and forcing him to play on the 5th year of his rookie scale contract was the beginning of the end for the Jaguars. In 2016, the Jaguars began to build the defense they have today when they drafted Ramsey 5th overall. Taking anyone 5th overall, let alone a Cornerback, is a huge investment that cannot be overlooked. Now, the Jaguars will never be able to recoup on that investment, why wouldn't you lock up one of the best corners in the game? The move just screams bad management and emotional overreaction when dealing with a 24 year old guy.
*Taken from ProFootballReference
Let's set aside the contract situation, and talk in terms of play. Over the last four years, few have been as stout as Ramsey on the outside. He shadows the other teams best receiver and does well with that assignment. His stats above do not lie. He does not miss games, he plays the role of top corner on his team, and plays in a scheme that doesn't hide him on the field. He plays the best of the best and has shown he is among them. How about we put it this way. How much would you pay someone to hold DeAndre Hopkins to 5 catches 48 yards on 13 targets? Personally, I'd back up the Brinks trucks 100 times over. Elite talent at a premiere position, at a young age.
Let's talk the supposed character concerns that Ramsey is diagnosed with. Since being drafted in 2016, he has not missed a game. He has not been arrested or suspended by the league. Essentially, people dislike him because he talks the talk all day, but does that matter when he plays the way he does? Name a top cornerback in this league that does not have an edge to them. Richard Sherman, Josh Norman, and Marcus Peters all have varying levels of edginess to their game, and simply stated it's what makes them great. Letting go of one of the best corners in the game, who you drafted 5th overall just 3 years ago for a middling first round pick and some other assets will not help the Jaguars move forward. The Jaguars seem to be a team that reached their peak in the 2017 AFC Championship game and their demise has been just as quick.
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text:
Q: g++ returning errors when i try to use an alias of a pointer i'm trying to create a variable that is an alias of a Node pointer.
so far i have tried the following syntaxes:
node* _p = &p;

&
node* &_p = p;

whenever i attempt to call a class function (i.e. _p->getdata()) or even reference use the alias at all (if (_p==NULL)) i get an error that states:
error: expected primary-expression before ';' token
             node* newnode = _p;

i have also tried putting * or & before _p when i call it, but it doesn't help.
note: i'm compiling using g++
a Minimal, Complete, and Verifiable example (i think):
the errors occur inside the insert function of the list class...
class node{
private:
    int data;
    node* next;
    int mark;
public:
    node(int d = 0, node* n = NULL){
        data = d;
        next = n;
        mark = 0;
    }
    int getdata(){return data;}
    node* getnext(){return next;}
    int getmark(){return mark;}
    void setdata(int x){data = x;}
    void setnext(node* x){next = x;}
    void setmark(int x){mark = x;}
};
class list{
private:
    node* L1; //head pointers to list1, list2, and freelist.
    node* L2;
    node* free;
    node* front;
public:
    list(){
        front = new node();  //generate free list (empty)
        free = front;
        L1 = NULL;
        L2 = NULL;
        node* p = free;
        for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++){
            p -> setnext(new node());
            p = p -> getnext();
        }
        delete p;
    }

    void insert(int a, int x){
        if (free == NULL) {
            cout << a << " is full. can't insert " << x << " into the list." << endl;
            return;
        }
        if (a == 1) node* &list = L1;
        else if (a == 2) node* &list = L2;
        else {
            cout << "not a valid list";
            return;
        }
        if (list == NULL){
            list = free;
            free = free -> getnext();
            list -> setdata(x);
            list -> setnext(NULL);
        }
        else {
            node* p = list;
            while (p -> getnext() != NULL) {p = p -> getnext();}
            p -> setnext(free);
            free = free -> getnext();
            p -> getnext() -> setnext(NULL);
            p -> getnext() -> setdata(x);
        }
    }
};

A: In
if (a == 1) node* &list = L1;
else if (a == 2) node* &list = L2;

list is scoped within the if and the else if. It does not exist anywhere else. Here is the code with braces to make the problem more obvious:
if (a == 1)
{
    node* &list = L1;
}
else if (a == 2)
{
    node* &list = L2;
}

Since a reference can only be seated at initialization, you will have to move the logic somewhere else. The structure of your code does not make this easy.
Fortunately it does not appear that you need this to be a reference. Use a regular pointer here.
    node* list;
    if (a == 1) list = L1;
    else if (a == 2) list = L2;

Edit
As pointed out by Retired Ninja in the comments, list does need to be a reference. In this case we have to take care of the problem of only being able to seat a reference once by using a function to select the correct list:
node* & getList(int a)
{
    if (a == 1)
    {
        return L1;
    }
    else if (a == 2)
    {
        return L2;
    }
    else
    {
        throw std::runtime_error("not a valid list");
    }
}

Note the exception thrown on failure. This is best handled somewhere below insert because insert is in no position to deal with it properly.
The revised initialization looks like
node* &list = getList(a);

now list is scoped by the function, seated only once and still a reference.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I couldn't be happier anywhere else. It's not the perfect school for everyone, since no school can be that, and applicants shouldn't idealize it as the be-all end-all of education. I think it's a difficult place for people who can flourish beautifully given nurturing conditions, but are sensitive to anything that falls short of that. Harvard's better for cactuses than orchids. However, as I said, it's as close to perfect for me as a school could get. I'm extremely happy that I've made close friends with some of the brightest and most interesting people I've ever met, which was always a problem for me in high school. (I didn't make a lot of lasting friendships in high school.) I'm also really happy with the quality of the education and the attention I've seen from professors. My best friend and I are both on let's-go-get-coffee terms (although hers prefers Burdick's for hot chocolate) with two of the most famous professors in our respective fields, and we're only first-semester sophomores. The extracurriculars are beyond amazing, as well. I think that's what happens when you stuff this many former national champions into one campus. The number and professionalism of the events hosted by the charity clubs is beyond belief. I myself belong to a publication which owns its own building, which is ridiculous and wonderful.
I'll never forget it when President Obama won on Election Night 2008. I was at an election party at the Institute of Politics watching the results come in on the big screen at the John F. Kennedy Jr. Forum, and after noshing on delicious political party-themed food all night, the results were announced that the man for whom so many of us at campaigned for had won! The craziness soon progressed to Mass Ave - the central street at Harvard - where hundreds of students gathered. We brought traffic to a standstill as we celebrated, cheered, sang, and hugged - this historic and inspiring president had walked these very streets just a few years ago! The electricity in the air was palpable. We all migrated back to our dorms to watch his speech, then streamed back into Harvard Yard where we celebrated some more (and sang! A video I took ended up on CNN here: http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-138436) on this night that I'll truly never forget.
Academics at Harvard are incredibly rigorous in that you're challenged to a much higher degree than you were in high school. At the same time, there are so many different classes and concentrations ("Majors") so you can form your own path in academics. One thing to be aware of is that Harvard is a liberal arts institution and NOT pre-professional. Therefore, while you'll have groups and resources for pre-law, pre-med, finance, accounting, and consulting, you'll never find that here in official academic courses.
Harvard is a place for the independent student. No one will hold your hand through the process and you are responsible for seeking things out yourself. That being said, while this may be intimidating at first, I have absolutely grown as an individual because of it. I have more confidence in myself. In addition to building this go-getter attitude, there are incredible opportunities here to connect with the most influential people in the world. It truly is a place like no other.
There are so many types that it is difficult to characterize. You will find every type of person here.
Great. I have no complaints at all. I will preface by saying that there are only 60 people in my major so my experience might be atypical. However, I love most of my courses and find that they are incredibly stimulating. I also do not really find myself doing busy work and can see the merit in most of my assignments.
I wish I had known how hard and different sciences are taught here from everywhere else. There is some rote memorization, but much of it is application, which I was unused to, coming from a poor public school in Arizona.
Don't be afraid to try new things. You might be afraid of wasting time with something, but you must be proactive about your future to figure out the best path for you. You will be happy no matter where you go to college if you keep this in mind. Take advantage of the opportunities in your life, and don't be afraid to ask questions or ask for help. Take advantage of office hours for professors and don't be afraid to major in something your parents would not choose or to admit when something is too hard to do by yourself. It might sound kitschy, but the more your believe in your own success, the more doors will become open to you.
I don't brag about Harvard, as it would be seen as being too proud. Mostly, I tell others that there is an amazing collection of people at this school that they will find nowhere else.
Harvard is amazing because of the opportunities each student has the chance to take. I do think, however, that every applying student has a right to know what Harvard is really like. If you think that getting accepted was the challenge, you are sorely mistaken. There are so many opportunities at Harvard, but not one comes easily. You have to work hard to be noticed among the student body, and your success in high school is probably nothing special here. It can be exhilarating going to school with some of the brightest minds in the world, but more often than not I find myself drowning in this heaving, colorful student body of intelligence and talent. The competition is nothing you have ever encountered - it is blood red, quick, and painful, and I advise you to be very cautious about not getting too caught in it. I'm glad I chose Harvard, really, for only one reason: I'm going into business and the only way to get noticed in that career is the more prestigious the university. However, if you're looking into a different kind of career, where the name of your university doesn't make or break you, choose your second or third choice. I sometimes seriously consider transferring to my other choices, Dartmouth and Northwestern, but I can't. The competition has sucked me in too far. Good luck at Harvard.
I like to brag about the friends and people I meet there! There are so many amazing professors, teaching fellows, tutors, and students from all over the world. And, of course, they all have done/do amazing things.
Be yourself. Yes, at first being surrounded by peers who seemingly save the world on the weekends is intimidating, but they will love you for who you are. Make sure you keep a good sleeping and exercising schedule - it will help you more than you can imagine. But, most importantly, do not stress about your grades. Although there will be a ton of pressure from competitive classmates to worry endlessly over your grades, don't. This does not mean "don't study hard" or "don't worry about homework" - you will have to put in a lot of effort to get good grades, more than high school. But once you pass in your paper or finish the exam, let it go. When you study, don't panic. If you need help, get help, and don't be afraid to admit you don't understand something. There are so many things in this world that can go wrong, but grades are one thing you have control over. So, take a deep breath, do what you got to do, and get on with life. Because college may be the best four years of your life, you need to enjoy them, too.
The social scene is dominated by "Finals Clubs" - they are like Fraternities but predate them and are much more exclusive - you must be invited in. There are female Finals Clubs but they usually don't have buildings. There is only one Fraternity that has a house and it's far away from campus, so these Finals Clubs are the only places to go sometimes on weekends. What is bad about them is that they don't allow male non-members in, so it's hard to hang out with your male friends if you plan to go out dancing.
My classmates are driven and intelligent, although sometimes a little too caught up in their ambitions for personal success.
As someone who has been very satisfied with their college experience thus far, there are only two pieces of advice I would give to myself if I could go back in time to when I was a senior in high school. Firstly, I would advise myself to focus on career opportunities, even if I am unsure about my potential major and career path. Experience in any field is better than no experience at all, and it would have been extremely beneficial to dive headfirst into an internship and develop a strong work ethic in the summer before I went off to Harvard. Secondly, I would stress the importance of trying new things in terms of extra curricular activities. While I am proud of the immense impact I've had on one major student organization on campus, it would have been even more gratifying (and educational) to take on smaller roles in other different types of organizations. Not only would I meet new people with different interests and talents, but I also would gain essential knowledge in fields I am not as skilled in.
The career opportunities it provides, as well as the reputable professors that teach courses there. The diversity of the student body and its worldwide reputation are notable as well.
It is not a s bad as you would think the most important part is to save as much money as possible and not to stress out to much because if you have determination it will all work out in the end.


text:
Jim Kindrachuk
Jim is a Strategic, Visionary, and Results Driven Executive Leader with a 25 + year proven track record in the Agriculture, and Conventional and Unconventional Oil & Gas Industries - Exploration, Production, and Mid-Stream. Jim has a proven track record and is known for collaboratively building, leading, transforming and advancing organizations in achieving sustainable top-quartile performance.
Jim has guided and assisted organizations with various and diverse business models from Private, to Private Equity, to Independent, to publicly traded Global Multi-National organizations. The main focus of his portfolio has included Finance, Sales & Marketing, Engineering, Construction, Projects, Operations, and Technology & Innovation.
Recognized for the unique ability to work with leaders to design, clearly articulate, and execute Strategic Plans, that embrace an unified common purpose, which is foundationally based on a culture of Accountability, delivering Results with Pride & Ownership.
Jim has a reputation for developing and fostering integrated high performance, multi-discipline teams and organizations that pursue excellence and generate extraordinary Business Results and Profitability in a challenging, complex, and competitive business environment.
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Data Killers receives 2013 Maryland Excellence Award amongst all its peers and competitors by the Small Business Institute for Excellence in Commerce (SBIEC). As a nationwide company with headquarters in Maryland, Data Killers is honored to achieve this award.
Each year the SBIEC conducts business surveys and industry research to identify companies that have achieved demonstrable success in their local business environment and industry category. The SBIEC is a leading authority on researching, evaluating and recognizing companies across a wide spectrum of industries that meet its stringent standards of excellence. It has spearheaded the idea of independent enterprise and entrepreneurial growth allowing businesses of all sizes to be recognized locally and encouraged globally. As part of the industry research and business surveys, various sources of information were gathered and analyzed to choose the selected companies in each category. This research is part of an exhaustive process that encapsulates a year long immersion in the business climate of Maryland.
Data Killers has consistently demonstrated a high regard for upholding business ethics and company values, which is displayed in our numerous certifications and compliance standards. We go above and beyond to assure compliant data destruction that exceeds all local, state and federal regulations. This recognition by the SBIEC marks a significant achievement for Data Killers as an emerging leader in nationwide hard drive shredding and data destruction which consistently sets benchmarks that the industry should follow. Data Killers receives 2013 Maryland Excellence Award for our outstanding ethics, values, commitment and professionalism.


So what's changed, well the scar has all but disappeared. It looked very Frankenstein like on the picture that appeared on Manbag#1 but as I said at the time I was never really bothered by it – I had other things on my mind. A year ago I wanted a reversal as soon as possible and then 9 weeks later decided that actually all things considered I'd keep it – see manbag#9 for the thought process involved in that decision.
I used to be a bath bloke but I've become a shower bloke. A bath wasn't quite the same with my bag floating on the surface, it was the only time that I was really conscious of it as an addition to my body. Also, and this is just a psychological thing, a shower felt cleaner, the idea of water washing over my body and down the plughole. This was even more relevant post leak. Another psychological cleaning thing is that when you've had a leak Molton & Brown just doesn't cut it. Black pepper with a cedar top note can't beat the almost disinfectant like cleaning power of good old fashioned Wrights coal tar soap! That does make me sound like one of those rabid, generally male, Tory Brexiteers, who hark back to the days when Britannia ruled the waves – but I just feel cleaner.
Feeling clean is an important thing, again it's psychological. It's just the position that has changed, what comes out is the same as before and it's easier to clean your bum when it's up front and centre on your abdomen, strictly speaking up front and slightly off to the left.
In terms of bag handling I have moved from unconscious incompetence to unconscious competence. I used to quite literally carry the kitchen sink with me in my bag when I went out but after a year it has been stripped back to the bare essentials. The main danger, as I've said before is over confidence. You think everything's fine, you forget to take spare stuff out when you pop to the shops, then every so often you spring a leak and it brings you back down to earth.
I was lucky, I found the adjustment quite easy once we'd sorted out the correct bag and the pre Christmas leaks. I had some advantages, working in Adult Social Care and dealing with other peoples crap helps you when dealing with your own. I was able to recognise that the surgery was life saving. In the internet age you can tap in to a whole raft of support groups and services, nearly all are run by ostomates, so they really do know what they are talking about. I had some great Stoma nurses, they can deal with the practical stuff but they readily admit that they can't deal with the psychological stuff and point you in the right direction. Friends, family and of course Gill were hugely supportive and understanding.
I was fortunate in the placement of my stoma, not that I had any say in the matter. It is quite high up my abdomen, so I didn't have any issues with clothes, trousers sit naturally just under it. I do have a couple of issues, if I bend down to tie up my shoes then I compress my bag and stomafart. I have a similar issue when cycling, my position on the bike compresses the seal, causing me to leak, so I just put extra tape all the way round to keep things in. But other than that it's OK. OK is a good place to be. Nowt wrong with OK.
I think the hardest part was dealing with the idea of losing control, with no sphincter at the end it just pumps stuff out and that takes some getting used to. Sometimes you are aware that it is active, other times you just realise that your bag is filling up. I guess the control thing goes right back to when we were kids. The three main things that we learn as children is to walk, talk and control our bowels and all of a sudden I lost that control. Factor in the shame factor of losing control when you begin to make that transition as a child and you can begin to understand why for me I found it one of the hardest things to get my head round.
So what next. I want to continue running and give something back to the ostomy community that have supported me so I will do some form of fundraising for a charity called Colostomy UK, they provide support around becoming active, including sponsoring a Rugby League team of ostomates, support around living with a colostomy and creative workshops. So it seems like a good fit. I just need to find an event and then I'll let you know more.
I'm off to a party!
Pragmatic, honest, informative, entertaining. Congrats on a well documented 12 months.
Though not an ostomate, I am a Dettol/Wrights Coal Tar man myself and a staunch remainer !


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Pharmacovigilance in India p. 123
Shiv Prakash
DOI:10.4103/0253-7613.33430
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INVITED ARTICLE
Setting standards for proactive pharmacovigilance in India: The way forward p. 124
Pipasha Biswas, Arun K Biswas
An increase in drug safety concerns in recent years with some high profile drug withdrawals have led to raising the bar by various stakeholders more importantly by the regulatory authorities. The number of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) reported have also resulted in an increase in the volume of data handled and to understand pharmacovigilance a high level of expertise is required to rapidly detect drug risks as well as to defend the product against an inappropriate removal. Proactive pharmacovigilance throughout the product life cycle is the way forward and the future direction for drug safety. It is a challenge to codify and standardize the act of signal detection and risk management in the context of clinical trials and post-marketing pharmacovigilance. While major advancements of the discipline of oharmacovigilance have taken place in the West, not much has been achieved in India. However, with more clinical trials and clinical research activity being conducted in India, there is an immense need to understand and implement pharmacovigilance. For this to happen in India, the mind set of people working in regulatory agency (DCGI Office) and the Indian Pharmaceutical companies need to change. This article describes and discusses the various strategies and proposals to build, maintain and implement a robust pharmacovigilance system for various stakeholders and eventually make it happen in India!
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EDUCATIONAL FORUM
Herb-drug interactions: A review and study based on assessment of clinical case reports in literature p. 129
KJ Gohil, JA Patel
Objective : To conduct a systematic review of literature on interactions between conventional drugs and various herbs. Materials and Methods : We carried out a literature survey to assess published herb-drug interaction information in clinical case reports and case series to check the report reliabilities. Results : From 133 cases of suspected interactions, 67% cases were classified as possible interactions, 27% cases were unable to be evaluated and only 6% of the cases were well-documented. St. John's wort was the most common herb involved (37 cases) in drug interactions. Warfarin was the most common drug (34 cases) interacting with various herbs. Conclusion : Herb-drug interactions are a stark reality today. Hence, proper reporting of cases, careful vigilance, evidence-based appraisal and constantly updated reviews of such herb-drug interactions are very important to promote systematic research.
Lantadene A-induced apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells p. 140
M Sharma, PD Sharma, MP Bansal, J Singh
Objectives : Lantadene A (LA, 22β -angeloyloxy-3-oxoolean-12-en-28-oic acid) a pentacyclic, triterpenoid isolated from the leaves of the obnoxious weed, Lantana camara L. was evaluated for apoptosis induction in the human leukemia HL-60 cell line. Materials and Methods : The effect of LA on cell proliferation of HL-60 cancer cells was determined by using the MTT assay. The morphological effects of LA-treated HL-60 cancer cells were observed under a fluorescence microscope. DNA fragmentation was observed using gel electrophoresis. Flow cytometry was carried out to observe changes in the cell cycle distribution of the cells. The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins in HL-60 cells was visualized by means of an immunohistochemical assay and cell viability was determined upon treatment with DEVD-CHO (inhibitor of caspase-3) and LA. Results : Typical morphological changes including cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation and characteristic DNA ladder formation in agarose gel electrophoresis were observed. LA-induced marked concentration- and time-dependent inhibition of cancer cell proliferation with an IC 50 value of 19.8 ± 0.10 µg/ml following 48 h incubation. Flow cytometric analysis showed suppressed cell proliferation associated with cell cycle arrest in the G 0 /G 1 phase. LA significantly inhibited cell proliferation of HL-60 cells and induced cell apoptosis by downregulating Bcl-2 and upregulating Bax expression. The peptidic caspase-3 inhibitor, DEVD-CHO (NH 2 -Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-CHO, 2 µM), increased the viability of HL-60 cells, which had been previously treated with LA. Conclusions : The results indicated that LA induces efficient cell apoptosis by activating the caspase-3 pathway and through down- and upregulation of Bcl-2 and Bax expression respectively.
Chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress and tissue damage in the liver, kidney, brain and fetus in pregnant rats: The protective role of the butanolic extract of Paronychia argentea L. p. 145
D Zama, Z Meraihi, S Tebibel, W Benayssa, F Benayache, S Benayache, AJ Vlietinck
Objective : Toxicity of pesticides is thought to be due to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Due to their antioxidant property, polyphenols in plant extracts may afford protection from pesticide toxicity. In the present study, we evaluated the protective effect of a butanolic extract of Paronychia argentea L. against toxicity caused by the organophosphorus pesticide, chloropyriphos ethyl (CE). Materials and Methods : Pregnant albino Wistar rats were used. Pesticide and plant extract were administered daily by oral gavage from the 6 th to the 15 th day of gestation. Plasma and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), blood reduced glutathione (GSH) and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were estimated. MDA levels were estimated in plasma and different organs (liver, kidney, brain, placenta and in the fetuses and their livers) as an indicator of lipid peroxydation (LPO). Results : The data showed a significant increase in plasma and tissue LPO levels in animals treated with the pesticide while the effect was attenuated by the plant extract (CE-ex). Also, CE caused a significant decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity and this effect was partially reversed in groups treated with the plant extract. The pesticide induced embryotoxicity and resulted in resorption, fetal death and a reduced implant number. Conclusion : It can be concluded that CE can lead to an increase in LPO production in adult and fetal tissues, while treatment with the plant extract leads to protection against CE toxicity. The decrease in LPO levels and the increase in GSH and SOD enzyme activities after treatment with the plant extract revealed its antioxidant property.
Evaluation of the antioxidant potential of NR-ANX-C (a polyherbal formulation) and its individual constituents in reversing haloperidol-induced catalepsy in mice p. 151
Albina Arjuman, Vinod Nair, HN Gopalakrishna, M Nandini
Objective : To evaluate the possible role of the antioxidant activity of the polyherbal formulation, NR-ANX-C and its individual components in reversing haloperidol-induced catalepsy in Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods : Catalepsy was induced with haloperidol (1 mg/kg i.p) in 13 groups of male albino mice (n = 6 / group). Three groups received NR-ANX-C (10, 25, 50 mg/kg), three groups received Withania somnifera (1.7, 4.25, 8.5 mg/kg), another three groups Ocimum sanctum (1.7, 4.25, 8.5 mg/kg), three other groups Camellia sinensis (3.4, 8.5, 17 mg/kg) and one group received the vehicle (1% Gum acacia) orally, 30 minutes prior to haloperidol administration, for a duration of seven days. Animals were sacrificed on the seventh day and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was estimated in the brain. Results : A significant (P < 0.01) reduction in the cataleptic scores was observed in all the drug-treated groups as compared to the control, with maximum reduction in the NR-ANX-C 25 mg/kg group. Similarly, a reduction in SOD activity was observed in the NR-ANX-C-, O. sanctum- and the W. somnifera-treated groups. An increase in SOD activity was observed in the C. sinensis-treated groups. Conclusion : With the exception of C. sinensis, the antioxidant potential of NR-ANX-C and its individual constituents has contributed to the reduction in the oxidative stress and the catalepsy induced by haloperidol administration.
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In vitro hemolysis and lipid peroxidation-inducing activity of the tentacle extract of the sea anemone (Paracondylactis indicus Dave) in rat erythrocytes p. 155
Dipan Adhikari, Samir K Samanta, Arnab Dutta, Anirudha Roy, JR Vedasiromoni, Tuhinadri Sen
Objective : In vitro hemolytic activity of the tentacle extract of Paracondylactis indicus (Dave), a sea anemone found in the eastern coastal region of West Bengal (India), was determined in rat erythrocytes. Materials and Methods : Acute toxicity study was carried out with the tentacle extract followed by detailed biochemical studies to evaluate the direct and indirect hemolytic activities of the extract. The effects of pH, temperature, divalent cations and chelating agents on hemolysis were also evaluated. Efforts were also made to elucidate the mechanism of the hemolytic activity of the extract. Results : The tentacle extract of P. indicus (Dave) produced significant hemolysis (both direct and indirect) in washed rat erythrocytes. The direct hemolytic activity of the tentacle extract was found to be both temperature- and pH-dependent. Divalent cations (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ ) produced significant enhancement of direct hemolytic activity. Hemolysis (both direct and indirect) was significantly diminished in the presence of Zn 2+ , EDTA and p-bromophenacyl bromide. The tentacle extract was found to induce lipid peroxidation in washed erythrocytes, which was inhibited by chlorpromazine. The tentacle extract demonstrated significant proteolytic activity, which was found to decrease in the presence of protease inhibitors (EDTA, EGTA and PMSF). Conclusion : P. indica tentacle extract (and in particular, the 60% cut fraction) probably contains enzymatic components like phospholipase(s) along with proteases, which may be the contributing factors for its observed hemolytic activity.
Analysis of glucocorticosteroids by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (APCI-C/MS/MS) p. 160
Madhusudhana I Reddy, Alka Beotra, Ranjith B Lal, R Khanduja, S Jain, T Kaur
Objective : To develop a rapid liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry / mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for testing of glucocorticosteroids, which are banned in sports by the World Anti-doping Agency from January 1 st 2004. Materials and Methods : A total of 14 glucocorticosteroids were analyzed on LC/MS/MS using an Inertsil® ODS-3 (3.0 µm, 50 mm ´ 4.6 mm i.d.) C-18 column in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mode (positive ionization) with a mobile phase consisting of ammonium acetate and acetonitrile. The analytical equipment used was Aglient 1100 HPLC and API-3200 Triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Results : All glucocorticosteroids could be detected within 8 minutes. The limit of detection of all glucocorticosteroids by this screening method was 1 ng/ml. The recovery percentage at 25 and 50 ng/ml concentrations ranged from 54% (Prednisone) to 144% (Methylprednisolone).The validated method has been used successfully for testing of 500 in-competition samples. Excretion study samples of budesonide, methyl prednisolone and prednisone were analyzed by this method and the parent drugs as well as metabolites could be detected. However, further work is in progress to combine this procedure with another LC/MS/MS procedure in the ESI mode (positive ionization) being used for few anabolic steroids and heat-labile stimulants. This would help in screening of all corticosteroids, few anabolic agents and stimulants with just one injection, thus saving time and effort.
The concept of personal drugs in the undergraduate pharmacology practical curriculum p. 165
DM Parmar, SP Jadav
Comparison of two β2 adrenoceptor agonists by different routes of administration to assess human endothelial function p. 168
Madireddy Umamaheshwar Rao Naidu, Yashmaina Sridhar, Pingali Usha Rani, AA Mateen
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Controversy in organophosphate poisoning management p. 170
AR Kurundkar, SR Jaiswal, VR Thawani
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February 2013 - Volume 37 No. 1
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Exploring Big Data: Two new calls under Discovery Frontiers
Upcoming NSERC deadlines
Preferred Option for the Future of the Research Tools and Instruments (RTI) Grants Program
Discovery Grants Five-Year Review
Launch of the Long Range Plan for Mathematical and Statistical Sciences Research in Canada
Launch of the Collaborative and Thematic Resources Support in Mathematics and Statistics (CTRMS) Program
Brazil and CREATE
Renewal of the NSERC Chair for Women in Science and Engineering - Quebec Region
* March 7 Update: Update on NSERC's Research Portal and the Canadian Common CV *
* April 24 Update: NSERC Common CV Template Now Available *
Earlier this month, NSERC launched two new calls for proposals under its Discovery Frontiers (DF) Program. Both linked to the theme of "exploring big data", these calls offer teams of multi-disciplinary researchers an opportunity to help push Canada to the forefront of research that will focus on the development of tools and techniques to better understand big data leveraged by a wide range of disciplines.
To learn more about these calls, please review our program news item.
Nominations for the Gerhard Herzberg Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering, the Brockhouse Canada Prize for Interdisciplinary Research in Science and Engineering and the NSERC John C. Polanyi Award
Strategic Project Grants
Synergy Awards for Innovation
Discovery Frontiers
Collaborative and Thematic Resources Support in Mathematics and Statistics (CTRMS) Program
Digging into Data Challenge
As you know, NSERC recently conducted extensive consultations with the research community on the future of the Research Tools and Instruments (RTI) Grants Program, given its reduced funding envelope. Feedback received through these consultations highlighted a preference for Option 2 - a smaller scale competition where universities will be provided with a quota of applications that they can submit to national competitions conducted by NSERC. These quotas to universities will be based on the number of NSERC funded researchers in the natural sciences and engineering supported at each institution, with a minimum quota of two applications.
We again thank the community for its help and feedback as we move to implement a new future for the RTI Grants Program. The program description and instructions on our Web site will be updated with further details in the coming months. In the meantime, for more information on the next RTI Grants competition, please contact us via connect@nserc-crsng.gc.ca or review the program news item.
NSERC has begun to conduct an evaluation of the Discovery Grant Program. Part of NSERC's regular program evaluation cycle, this review will assess the extent to which the program is achieving its intended outcomes in light of the changes to the peer review process introduced in 2009 and 2010. The evaluation will use multiple lines of evidence and entail a review of the results by an international panel of experts.
A key element of this evaluation is a survey of researchers currently receiving Discovery Grant funding or who have applied for a Discovery Grant since competition year 2009.
In 2010, NSERC requested the Canadian mathematical and statistical sciences communities undertake a comprehensive long range planning exercise, with the aim of establishing a unified vision of priorities and directions for the development of research in the mathematical and statistical sciences in Canada. A Long Range Plan Steering Committee of leading mathematical and statistical scientists, chaired by Dr. Nancy Reid, was established to guide the process.
The plan follows more than two years of work and extensive consultations, and reflects the dynamism, strength and diversity of aspirations of the different segments of the mathematical and statistical sciences research communities in Canada. One of the key recommendations in the plan is the establishment of a Long Range Plan Implementation Committee. NSERC welcomes this recommendation and will soon be inviting the mathematical and statistical sciences research communities to propose potential members for this initiative.
Solutions for a Complex Age: Long Range Plan for Mathematical and Statistical Sciences Research in Canada 2013–2018 was released on December 8, 2012, at the Winter Meeting of the Canadian Mathematical Society. The plan sets out a vision for global excellence in research, building on three pillars: People, Research and Discovery, Innovation and Connections.
NSERC recently launched a new opportunity in support of thematic institutes in mathematics and statistics. The newly established Collaborative and Thematic Resources Support in Mathematics and Statistics (CTRMS) Program reflects recommendations made in the Long Range Plan for Mathematical and Statistical Sciences Research in Canada, which was developed by a committee of leading researchers from the mathematics and statistics research communities.
For more information about this funding opportunity, please refer to the program description.
NSERC recently established an agreement with the Research Foundation for the State of São Paulo, la Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Brazil. Researchers in the State of São Paulo will be able to access funding from FAPESP to collaborate with existing or potential Collaborative Research and Training Experience (CREATE) Program grantees in Canada.
This new opportunity will benefit both existing or potential CREATE Program grantees, allowing them to leverage the resources of counterparts in the State of São Paulo to develop international joint training activities.
For more information, please review the detailed instructions.
The Chair for Women in Science and Engineering for the Quebec Region, held by Dr. Nadia Ghazzali, has recently been renewed. The Chair's second term will be held at the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières where Dr. Ghazzali holds the position of University President as well as professor in the Département de mathématiques et d'informatique.
The goal of the Chairs for Women in Science and Engineering Program is to increase the participation of women in science and engineering and to provide role models for women considering careers in these fields. The program offers one Chair for each of the Atlantic, Québec, Ontario, Prairie, and British Columbia and Yukon regions.
For more information, please refer to the program description.
March 7 Update: Update on NSERC's Research Portal and the Canadian Common CV
NSERC will launch its Research Portal and begin using the Canadian Common CV (CCV) in spring 2013. The Research Portal will be used to manage application and peer review processes, acceptance of awards, notification of results and reporting.
The transition to the Research Portal and the CCV will be phased in gradually (i.e., program by program) starting with the Notification of Intent for Discovery Grants (Individual and Team) and all the program elements for the Subatomic Physics Grants suite, followed by Collaborative Research and Development Grants. Details and dates will be communicated as we get closer to launching the Research Portal.
The NSERC CCV will be available in spring 2013. We strongly encourage the research community to start entering their data once the template is available as it can be time consuming to populate the fields the first time. Once data is entered, only updating is required, and it can be re-used for future applications to NSERC and/or other participating organizations. For these reasons, the CCV will lighten the load on the research community in the long run. For more information, including timelines and frequently asked questions on the CCV, please visit the Research Portal.
All other funding opportunities will continue to use the current on-line system and the NSERC Personal Data Form (Form 100) until they are migrated to the Research Portal. All NSERC programs are expected to be integrated by late 2015. In the meantime, applicants to multiple programs will need to maintain and update both their NSERC Personal Data Form (Form 100) and NSERC CCV, given the gradual migration of programs to the Research Portal.
The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), with whom NSERC shares all of its administrative services, including Information Technology services, recently completed its first competition using the Research Portal and the CCV with Insight Development Grants.
April 24 Update: NSERC Common CV Template Now Available
In preparation for the launch of the Research Portal in early May 2013, NSERC is gradually phasing in the new Canadian Common CV (CCV) to replace the Personal Data Form (Form 100), starting with:
The Notification of Intent for Discovery Grants (Individual and Team);
The full application for Discovery Grants; and
All the program elements for the Subatomic Physics Grants suite.
The NSERC CCV template is now available and applies only to these programs for the time being. Instructions for completing the NSERC CCV are also on-line.
We are confident that together, the Research Portal and the CCV will improve the application and peer review processes, and provide students, researchers and partners a better way to manage their interactions with NSERC.
The CCV will lighten the load on the research community in the long term. Once data is entered, only updating is required, and it can be re-used for future applications to NSERC and/or other participating organizations, including the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and the Canada Foundation for Innovation.
Over the past year, NSERC has been working with the Canadian Association of University Research Administrators (CAURA) and a panel of prospective users from the research community to adapt the CCV to the needs of NSERC stakeholders, which has resulted in a simplified template and reduced number of mandatory fields.
We encourage the research community, particularly those who plan on applying to the programs listed above, to start entering their data into the NSERC CCV now as it can be time consuming to populate the fields the first time.
Other NSERC Programs
Other funding opportunities will continue to use the current On-line System and Form 100 until they are migrated to the Research Portal.
Applicants will be notified in advance of the dates when others will migrate; all NSERC funding opportunities are expected to be integrated by late 2015.
In the meantime, applicants to multiple NSERC programs will need to maintain and update both their Form 100 and NSERC CCV given the gradual implementation.
For support with the NSERC CCV, please contact the On-line Services Helpdesk by e-mail at webapp@nserc-crsng.gc.ca or by telephone at 613-995-4273.
The CCV is continuously improving based on feedback received from the research community. The next release of the CCV, with enhancements to search functionality and reference table data requirements, will be available in the coming weeks. The release will not impact information already entered in the system, including the NSERC CCV. Details will be communicated in a separate message.
We are committed to providing quality service and thank you for your collaboration as we work to modernize our systems. For more information, including frequently asked questions, visit the Resource Centre.
Stay tuned for further updates on the launch of NSERC's Research Portal.
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