So back in July I wrote the introductory blog post for our upcoming short film 'Behind Closed Doors' and 9 months later here we are! A lot has happened during this time and I thought I'd write an update just to let everyone know how everything has gone, is going and will be going.
First things first, we filmed it – hurrah! It was an invaluable experience and is something that will stay with me forever and what I'm proud of the most is that we didn't lose sight of what we set out to do. So many times I've been on a set where time is running out (as always!) and suddenly corners begin to be cut and the ethos of a film just falls flat in order to 'get it in the can' so to speak. But due to the very 'bare knuckles' approach we took to the production of our film, even when the natural source light started to dim and we were all getting very tired after a long day, we were able to simply say "if it's not right we'll do additional pickups another time". This is one of the aspects which I thought really paid off by keeping our cast and crew to a minimum, we had that freedom to talk between the three of us and simply say "are you free on such-and-such a date, yes? Great!" – suddenly all the pressures of having to get everything filmed in the single day were relieved and we were able to get back to film-making.
I also cannot fault our brilliant actress Thea Knight who gave a seriously stellar performance over and over again. Even when the issue was production-based and we needed to redo a shot, she has the ability to compose herself and knock the performance out of the park once again. Moral of this story…work with good actors!
I feel for me on a personal level, the main learning curve during the day was to not take on too much. Trying to direct and be the cinematographer was a great experience giving me total control…or so I thought! By trying to control everything too much, I ended up sacrificing some of the film's quality. I'm not saying my camerawork was awful and the film is entirely out of focus and unwatchable, but had I worked with my go-to-guy Tim Watchorn for the cinematography, the entire production would have been a lot easier and actually been more about the ethos of the film. The main reason we didn't script the film (as such) was to allow the acting to be as organic as possible, not giving Thea marks to hit or timings to be here and there, taking a John Cassavetes approach allowing her to act whilst the camera follows; Not the other way around. However, since cinematography isn't my main strength (editing since you ask! 😉 ), focusing became enemy number one and the production did slightly become more traditional with us having to set markers for Thea to hit to ensure the shot was perfect. Again, Thea gives an amazing performance but I can't help thinking what it would have been like if she had that little more freedom with movement etc? Anyways, the lesson learned is that I will never again try to take on too much during a filming day!
So that's the core production day rounded up! I also have to give a big shout out to another great performance from Rob Wainwright who was our 'News Presenter' for a morning in the green screen studio, pleasure to work with and I felt pretty bad getting him down from London for what turned out to be an hour's filming! But always good to meet and work with new people.
And on a final note, you may have noticed that we decided to change the title from 'Behind Closed Doors' to 'Bring to Nothing' since we started to notice many other films with the same title and wanted something that made our film stand out. So for a few weeks we were searching high and low for synonyms or metaphorical phrases which where relevant to the core values of the film and also wanted to change the branding of the film to something which stood out more. So after much deliberation we soon came to agree upon 'Bring to Nothing' which we felt encompassed everything we were trying to accomplish with the film; The idea of being able to strip something to nothing, and be left with something unique.


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Motherwort, Lime Blossom, Hawthorn, Lily of the Valley – Herbal remedy for Heart Disease: If you suffer from angina the following mixture may be of assistance: 3 teaspoons dried hawthorn berries; 2 teaspoons dried motherwort; 2 teaspoons dried lime blossom; one teaspoon dried lily of the valley. All these herbs are available dried from health stores. Mix all the herbs. Pour a cup of boiling water onto 1-2 teaspoons of the dried herbs and leave to infuse for 10-15 minutes. This should be drunk three times per day over a long period.


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CIDRAP: "We Believe There Is Scientific Evidence Ebola Has The Potential To Be Airborne"
When CDC Director Tim Frieden first announced, just a week ago and very erroneously, that he was "confident we will stop Ebola in its tracks here in the United States", he hardly anticipated facing the double humiliation of not only having the first person-to-person transmission of Ebola on US soil taking place within a week, but that said transmission would impact a supposedly protected healthcare worker. He certainly did not anticipate the violent public reaction that would result when, instead of taking blame for another epic CDC blunder, one which made many wonder if last night's Walking Dead season premier was in fact non-fiction, he blamed health workers for "not following protocol."
And yet, while once again casting scapegoating and blame, the CDC sternly refuses to acknowledge something others, and not just tingoil blog sites, are increasingly contemplating as a distinct possibility: namely that Ebola is, contrary to CDC "protocol", in fact airborne. Or as, an article posted by CIDRAP defines it, "aerosolized."
Who is CIDRAP? "The Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP; "SID-wrap") is a global leader in addressing public health preparedness and emerging infectious disease response. Founded in 2001, CIDRAP is part of the Academic Health Center at the University of Minnesota."
The full punchline from the CIDRAP report:
We believe there is scientific and epidemiologic evidence that Ebola virus has the potential to be transmitted via infectious aerosol particles both near and at a distance from infected patients, which means that healthcare workers should be wearing respirators, not facemasks.
In other words, airborne. And now the search for the next LAKE, i.e., a public company maker of powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR), begins.
Here is the full note: we hope the CDC will take the time to read it.
Health workers need optimal respiratory protection for Ebola
Today's commentary was submitted to CIDRAP by the authors, who are national experts on respiratory protection and infectious disease transmission. In May they published a similar commentary on MERS-CoV. Dr Brosseau is a Professor and Dr Jones an Assistant Professor in the School of Public Health, Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, at the University of Illinois at Chicago.
Healthcare workers play a very important role in the successful containment of outbreaks of infectious diseases like Ebola. The correct type and level of personal protective equipment (PPE) ensures that healthcare workers remain healthy throughout an outbreak—and with the current rapidly expanding Ebola outbreak in West Africa, it's imperative to favor more conservative measures.
The precautionary principle—that any action designed to reduce risk should not await scientific certainty—compels the use of respiratory protection for a pathogen like Ebola virus that has:
No proven pre- or post-exposure treatment modalities
A high case-fatality rate
Unclear modes of transmission
We believe there is scientific and epidemiologic evidence that Ebola virus has the potential to be transmitted via infectious aerosol particles both near and at a distance from infected patients, which means that healthcare workers should be wearing respirators, not facemasks.1
The minimum level of protection in high-risk settings should be a respirator with an assigned protection factor greater than 10. A powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) with a hood or helmet offers many advantages over an N95 filtering facepiece or similar respirator, being more protective, comfortable, and cost-effective in the long run.
We strongly urge the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) to seek funds for the purchase and transport of PAPRs to all healthcare workers currently fighting the battle against Ebola throughout Africa—and beyond.
There has been a lot of on-line and published controversy about whether Ebola virus can be transmitted via aerosols. Most scientific and medical personnel, along with public health organizations, have been unequivocal in their statements that Ebola can be transmitted only by direct contact with virus-laden fluids2,3 and that the only modes of transmission we should be concerned with are those termed "droplet" and "contact."
These statements are based on two lines of reasoning. The first is that no one located at a distance from an infected individual has contracted the disease, or the converse, every person infected has had (or must have had) "direct" contact with the body fluids of an infected person.
This reflects an incorrect and outmoded understanding of infectious aerosols, which has been institutionalized in policies, language, culture, and approaches to infection control. We will address this below. Briefly, however, the important points are that virus-laden bodily fluids may be aerosolized and inhaled while a person is in proximity to an infectious person and that a wide range of particle sizes can be inhaled and deposited throughout the respiratory tract.
The second line of reasoning is that respirators or other control measures for infectious aerosols cannot be recommended in developing countries because the resources, time, and/or understanding for such measures are lacking.4
Although there are some important barriers to the use of respirators, especially PAPRs, in developing countries, healthcare workers everywhere deserve and should be afforded the same best-practice types of protection, regardless of costs and resources. Every healthcare worker is a precious commodity whose well-being ensures everyone is protected.
If we are willing to offer infected US healthcare workers expensive treatments and experimental drugs free of charge when most of the world has no access to them, we wonder why we are unwilling to find the resources to provide appropriate levels of comparatively less expensive respiratory protection to every healthcare worker around the world.
How are infectious diseases transmitted via aerosols?
Medical and infection control professionals have relied for years on a paradigm for aerosol transmission of infectious diseases based on very outmoded research and an overly simplistic interpretation of the data. In the 1940s and 50s, William F. Wells and other "aerobiologists" employed now significantly out-of-date sampling methods (eg, settling plates) and very blunt analytic approaches (eg, cell culturing) to understand the movement of bacterial aerosols in healthcare and other settings. Their work, though groundbreaking at the time, provides a very incomplete picture.
Early aerobiologists were not able to measure small particles near an infectious person and thus assumed such particles existed only far from the source. They concluded that organisms capable of aerosol transmission (termed "airborne") can only do so at around 3 feet or more from the source. Because they thought that only larger particles would be present near the source, they believed people would be exposed only via large "droplets" on their face, eyes, or nose.
Modern research, using more sensitive instruments and analytic methods, has shown that aerosols emitted from the respiratory tract contain a wide distribution of particle sizes—including many that are small enough to be inhaled.5,6 Thus, both small and large particles will be present near an infectious person.
The chance of large droplets reaching the facial mucous membranes is quite small, as the nasal openings are small and shielded by their external and internal structure. Although close contact may permit large-droplet exposure, it also maximizes the possibility of aerosol inhalation.
As noted by early aerobiologists, liquid in a spray aerosol, such as that generated during coughing or sneezing, will quickly evaporate,7 which increases the concentration of small particles in the aerosol. Because evaporation occurs in milliseconds, many of these particles are likely to be found near the infectious person.
The current paradigm also assumes that only "small" particles (less than 5 micrometers [mcm]) can be inhaled and deposited in the respiratory tract. This is not true. Particles as large as 100 mcm (and perhaps even larger) can be inhaled into the mouth and nose. Larger particles are deposited in the nasal passages, pharynx, and upper regions of the lungs, while smaller particles are more likely to deposit in the lower, alveolar regions. And for many pathogens, infection is possible regardless of the particle size or deposition site.
It's time to abandon the old paradigm of three mutually exclusive transmission routes for a new one that considers the full range of particle sizes both near and far from a source. In addition, we need to factor in other important features of infectivity, such as the ability of a pathogen to remain viable in air at room temperature and humidity and the likelihood that systemic disease can result from deposition of infectious particles in the respiratory system or their transfer to the gastrointestinal tract.
We recommend using "aerosol transmissible" rather than the outmoded terms "droplet" or "airborne" to describe pathogens that can transmit disease via infectious particles suspended in air.
Is Ebola an aerosol-transmissible disease?
We recently published a commentary on the CIDRAP site discussing whether Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) could be an aerosol-transmissible disease, especially in healthcare settings. We drew comparisons with a similar and more well-studied disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
For Ebola and other filoviruses, however, there is much less information and research on disease transmission and survival, especially in healthcare settings.
Being at first skeptical that Ebola virus could be an aerosol-transmissible disease, we are now persuaded by a review of experimental and epidemiologic data that this might be an important feature of disease transmission, particularly in healthcare settings.
What do we know about Ebola transmission?
No one knows for certain how Ebola virus is transmitted from one person to the next. The virus has been found in the saliva, stool, breast milk, semen, and blood of infected persons.8,9 Studies of transmission in Ebola virus outbreaks have identified activities like caring for an infected person, sharing a bed, funeral activities, and contact with blood or other body fluids to be key risk factors for transmission.10-12
On the basis of epidemiologic evidence, it has been presumed that Ebola viruses are transmitted by contaminated hands in contact with the mouth or eyes or broken skin or by splashes or sprays of body fluids into these areas. Ebola viruses appear to be capable of initiating infection in a variety of human cell types,13,14 but the primary portal or portals of entry into susceptible hosts have not been identified.
Some pathogens are limited in the cell type and location they infect. Influenza, for example, is generally restricted to respiratory epithelial cells, which explains why flu is primarily a respiratory infection and is most likely aerosol transmissible. HIV infects T-helper cells in the lymphoid tissues and is primarily a bloodborne pathogen with low probability for transmission via aerosols.
Ebola virus, on the other hand, is a broader-acting and more non-specific pathogen that can impede the proper functioning of macrophages and dendritic cells—immune response cells located throughout the epithelium.15,16 Epithelial tissues are found throughout the body, including in the respiratory tract. Ebola prevents these cells from carrying out their antiviral functions but does not interfere with the initial inflammatory response, which attracts additional cells to the infection site. The latter contribute to further dissemination of the virus and similar adverse consequences far beyond the initial infection site.
The potential for transmission via inhalation of aerosols, therefore, cannot be ruled out by the observed risk factors or our knowledge of the infection process. Many body fluids, such as vomit, diarrhea, blood, and saliva, are capable of creating inhalable aerosol particles in the immediate vicinity of an infected person. Cough was identified among some cases in a 1995 outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo,11 and coughs are known to emit viruses in respirable particles.17 The act of vomiting produces an aerosol and has been implicated in airborne transmission of gastrointestinal viruses.18,19 Regarding diarrhea, even when contained by toilets, toilet flushing emits a pathogen-laden aerosol that disperses in the air.20-22
Experimental work has shown that Marburg and Ebola viruses can be isolated from sera and tissue culture medium at room temperature for up to 46 days, but at room temperature no virus was recovered from glass, metal, or plastic surfaces.23 Aerosolized (1-3 mcm) Marburg, Ebola, and Reston viruses, at 50% to 55% relative humidity and 72°F, had biological decay rates of 3.04%, 3.06%. and 1.55% per minute, respectively. These rates indicate that 99% loss in aerosol infectivity would occur in 93, 104, and 162 minutes, respectively.23
In still air, 3-mcm particles can take up to an hour to settle. With air currents, these and smaller particles can be transported considerable distances before they are deposited on a surface.
There is also some experimental evidence that Ebola and other filoviruses can be transmitted by the aerosol route. Jaax et al24 reported the unexpected death of two rhesus monkeys housed approximately 3 meters from monkeys infected with Ebola virus, concluding that respiratory or eye exposure to aerosols was the only possible explanation.
Zaire Ebola viruses have also been transmitted in the absence of direct contact among pigs25 and from pigs to non-human primates,26 which experienced lung involvement in infection. Persons with no known direct contact with Ebola virus disease patients or their bodily fluids have become infected.12
Direct injection and exposure via a skin break or mucous membranes are the most efficient ways for Ebola to transmit. It may be that inhalation is a less efficient route of transmission for Ebola and other filoviruses, as lung involvement has not been reported in all non-human primate studies of Ebola aerosol infectivity.27 However, the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems are not complete barriers to Ebola virus. Experimental studies have demonstrated that it is possible to infect non-human primates and other mammals with filovirus aerosols.25-27
Altogether, these epidemiologic and experimental data offer enough evidence to suggest that Ebola and other filoviruses may be opportunistic with respect to aerosol transmission.28 That is, other routes of entry may be more important and probable, but, given the right conditions, it is possible that transmission could also occur via aerosols.
Guidance from the CDC and WHO recommends the use of facemasks for healthcare workers providing routine care to patients with Ebola virus disease and respirators when aerosol-generating procedures are performed. (Interestingly, the 1998 WHO and CDC infection-control guidance for viral hemorrhagic fevers in Africa, still available on the CDC Web site, recommends the use of respirators.)
Facemasks, however, do not offer protection against inhalation of small infectious aerosols, because they lack adequate filters and do not fit tightly against the face.1 Therefore, a higher level of protection is necessary.
Which respirator to wear?
As described in our earlier CIDRAP commentary, we can use a Canadian control-banding approach to select the most appropriate respirator for exposures to Ebola in healthcare settings.29 (See this document for a detailed description of the Canadian control banding approach and the data used to select respirators in our examples below.)
The control banding method involves the following steps:
Identify the organism's risk group (1 to 4). Risk group reflects the toxicity of an organism, including the degree and type of disease and whether treatments are available. Ebola is in risk group 4, the most toxic organisms, because it can cause serious human or animal disease, is easily transmitted, directly or indirectly, and currently has no effective treatments or preventive measures.
Identify the generation rate. The rate of aerosol generation reflects the number of particles created per time (eg, particles per second). Some processes, such as coughing, create more aerosols than others, like normal breathing. Some processes, like intubation and toilet flushing, can rapidly generate very large quantities of aerosols. The control banding approach assigns a qualitative rank ranging from low (1) to high (4) (eg, normal breathing without coughing has a rank of 1).
Identify the level of control. Removing contaminated air and replacing it with clean air, as accomplished with a ventilation system, is effective for lowering the overall concentration of infectious aerosol particles in a space, although it may not be effective at lowering concentration in the immediate vicinity of a source. The number of air changes per hour (ACH) reflects the rate of air removal and replacement. This is a useful variable, because it is relatively easy to measure and, for hospitals, reflects building code requirements for different types of rooms. Again, a qualitative ranking is used to reflect low (1) versus high (4) ACH. Even if the true ventilation rate is not known, the examples can be used to select an appropriate air exchange rate.
Identify the respirator assigned protection factor. Respirators are designated by their "class," each of which has an assigned protection factor (APF) that reflects the degree of protection. The APF represents the outside, environmental concentration divided by the inside, facepiece concentration. An APF of 10 means that the outside concentration of a particular contaminant will be 10 times greater than that inside the respirator. If the concentration outside the respirator is very high, an assigned protection factor of 10 may not prevent the wearer from inhaling an infective dose of a highly toxic organism.
Two examples follow. These assume that infectious aerosols are generated only during vomiting, diarrhea, coughing, sneezing, or similar high-energy emissions such as some medical procedures. It is possible that Ebola virus may be shed as an aerosol in other manners not considered.
Caring for a patient in the early stages of disease (no bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, coughing, sneezing, etc). In this case, the generation rate is 1. For any level of control (less than 3 to more than 12 ACH), the control banding wheel indicates a respirator protection level of 1 (APF of 10), which corresponds to an air purifying (negative pressure) half-facepiece respirator such as an N95 filtering facepiece respirator. This type of respirator requires fit testing.
Caring for a patient in the later stages of disease (bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, etc). If we assume the highest generation rate (4) and a standard patient room (control level = 2, 3-6 ACH), a respirator with an APF of at least 50 is needed. In the United States, this would be equivalent to either a full-facepiece air-purifying (negative-pressure) respirator or a half-facepiece PAPR (positive pressure), but standards differ in other countries. Fit testing is required for these types of respirators.
The control level (room ventilation) can have a big effect on respirator selection. For the same patient housed in a negative-pressure airborne infection isolation room (6-12 ACH), a respirator with an assigned protection factor of 25 is required. This would correspond in the United States to a PAPR with a loose-fitting facepiece or with a helmet or hood. This type of respirator does not need fit testing.
Implications for protecting health workers in Africa
Healthcare workers have experienced very high rates of morbidity and mortality in the past and current Ebola virus outbreaks. A facemask, or surgical mask, offers no or very minimal protection from infectious aerosol particles. As our examples illustrate, for a risk group 4 organism like Ebola, the minimum level of protection should be an N95 filtering facepiece respirator.
This type of respirator, however, would only be appropriate only when the likelihood of aerosol exposure is very low. For healthcare workers caring for many patients in an epidemic situation, this type of respirator may not provide an adequate level of protection.
For a risk group 4 organism, any activity that has the potential for aerosolizing liquid body fluids, such as medical or disinfection procedures, should be avoided, if possible. Our risk assessment indicates that a PAPR with a full facepiece (APF = 50) or a hood or helmet (APF = 25) would be a better choice for patient care during epidemic conditions.
We recognize that PAPRs present some logistical and infection-control problems. Batteries require frequent charging (which requires a reliable source of electricity), and the entire ensemble requires careful handling and disinfection between uses. A PAPR is also more expensive to buy and maintain than other types of respirators.
On the other hand, a PAPR with a loose-fitting facepiece (hood or helmet) does not require fit testing. Wearing this type of respirator minimizes the need for other types of PPE, such as head coverings and goggles. And, most important, it is much more comfortable to wear than a negative-pressure respirator like an N95, especially in hot environments.
A recent report from a Medecins Sans Frontieres healthcare worker in Sierra Leone30 notes that healthcare workers cannot tolerate the required PPE for more than 40 minutes. Exiting the workplace every 40 minutes requires removal and disinfection or disposal (burning) of all PPE. A PAPR would allow much longer work periods, use less PPE, require fewer doffing episodes, generate less infectious waste, and be more protective. In the long run, we suspect this type of protection could also be less expensive.
Adequate protection is essential
To summarize, for the following reasons we believe that Ebola could be an opportunistic aerosol-transmissible disease requiring adequate respiratory protection:
Patients and procedures generate aerosols, and Ebola virus remains viable in aerosols for up to 90 minutes.
All sizes of aerosol particles are easily inhaled both near to and far from the patient.
Crowding, limited air exchange, and close interactions with patients all contribute to the probability that healthcare workers will be exposed to high concentrations of very toxic infectious aerosols.
Ebola targets immune response cells found in all epithelial tissues, including in the respiratory and gastrointestinal system.
Experimental data support aerosols as a mode of disease transmission in non-human primates.
Risk level and working conditions suggest that a PAPR will be more protective, cost-effective, and comfortable than an N95 filtering facepiece respirator.
We thank Kathleen Harriman, PhD, MPH, RN, Chief, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Epidemiology Section, Immunization Branch, California Department of Public Health, and Nicole Vars McCullough, PhD, CIH, Manager, Global Technical Services, Personal Safety Division, 3M Company, for their input and review.
Oberg L, Brosseau LM. Surgical mask filter and fit performance. Am J Infect Control 2008 May;36(4):276-82 [Abstract]
CDC. Ebola hemorrhagic fever: transmission. 2014 Aug 13 [Full text]
ECDC. Outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa: third update, 1 August 2014. Stockholm: ECDC 2014 Aug 1 [Full text]
Martin-Moreno JM, Llinas G, Hernandez JM. Is respiratory protection appropriate in the Ebola response? Lancet 2014 Sep 6;384(9946):856 [Full text]
Papineni RS, Rosenthal FS. The size distribution of droplets in the exhaled breath of healthy human subjects. J Aerosol Med 1997;10(2):105-16 [Abstract]
Chao CYH, Wan MP, Morawska L, et al. Characterization of expiration air jets and droplet size distributions immediately at the mouth opening. J Aerosol Sci 2009 Feb;40(2):122-33 [Abstract]
Nicas M, Nazaroff WW, Hubbard A. Toward understanding the risk of secondary airborne infection: emission of respirable pathogens. J Occup Environ Hyg 2005 Mar;2(3):143-54 [Abstract]
Bauchsch DG, Towner JS, Dowell SF, et al. Assessment of the risk of Ebola virus transmission from bodily fluids and fomites. J Infect Dis 2007;196:S142-7 [Full text]
Formenty P, Leroy EM, Epelboin A, et al. Detection of Ebola virus in oral fluid specimens during outbreaks of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in the Republic of Congo. Clin Infect Dis 2006 Jun;42(11):1521-6 [Full text]
Francesconi P, Yoti Z, Declich S, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever transmission and risk factors of contacts, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Nov;9(11):1430-7 [Full text]
Dowell SF, Mukunu R, Ksiazek TG, et al. Transmission of Ebola hemorrhagic fever: a study of risk factors in family members, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1995. J Infect Dis 1999 Feb;179:S87-91 [Full text]
Roels TH, Bloom AS, Buffington J, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995: risk factors for patients without a reported exposure. J Infect Dis 1999 Feb;179:S92-7 [Full text]
Kuhl A, Hoffmann M, Muller MA, et al. Comparative analysis of Ebola virus glycoprotein interactions with human and bat cells. J Infect Dis 2011 Nov;204:S840-9 [Full text]
Hunt CL, Lennemann NJ, Maury W. Filovirus entry: a novelty in the viral fusion world. Viruses 2012 Feb;4(2):258-75 [Full text]
Bray M, Geisbert TW. Ebola virus: the role of macrophages and dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005 Aug;37(8):1560-6 [Full text]
Mohamadzadeh M, Chen L, Schmaljohn AL. How Ebola and Marburg viruses battle the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2007 Jul;7(7):556-67 [Abstract]
Lindsley WG, Blachere FM, Thewlis RE, et al. Measurements of airborne influenza virus in aerosol particles from human coughs. PLoS One 2010 Nov 30;5(11):e15100 [Full text]
Caul EO. Small round structured viruses: airborne transmission and hospital control. Lancet 1994 May 21;343(8908):1240-2 [Full text]
Chadwick PR, Walker M, Rees AE. Airborne transmission of a small round structured virus. Lancet 1994 Jan 15;343(8890):171 [Full text]
Best EL, Snadoe JA, Wilcox MH. Potential for aerosolization of Clostridium difficile after flushing toilets: the role of toilet lids in reducing environmental contamination. J Hosp Infect 2012 Jan;80(1):1-5 [Full text]
Gerba CP, Wallis C, Melnick JL. Microbiological hazards of household toilets: droplet production and the fate of residual organisms. Appl Microbiol 1975 Aug;30(2):229-37 [Full text]
Barker J, Jones MV. The potential spread of infection caused by aerosol contamination of surfaces after flushing a domestic toilet. J Appl Microbiol 2005;99(2):339-47 [Full text]
Piercy TJ, Smither SJ, Steward JA, et al. The survival of filoviruses in liquids, on solid substrates and in a dynamic aerosol. J Appl Microbiol 2010 Nov;109(5):1531-9 [Full text]
Jaax N, Jahrling P, Geisbert T, et al. Transmission of Ebola virus (Zaire strain) to uninfected control monkeys in a biocontainment laboratory. Lancet 1995 Dec 23-30;346(8991-2):1669-71 [Abstract]
Kobinger GP, Leung A, Neufeld J, et al. Replication, pathogenicity, shedding and transmission of Zaire ebolavirus in pigs. J Infect Dis 2011 Jul 15;204(2):200-8 [Full text]
Weingartl HM, Embury-Hyatt C, Nfon C, et al. Transmission of Ebola virus from pigs to non-human primates. Sci Rep 2012;2:811 [Full text]
Reed DS, Lackemeyer MG, Garza NL, et al. Aerosol exposure to Zaire Ebolavirus in three nonhuman primate species: differences in disease course and clinical pathology. Microb Infect 2011 Oct;13(11):930-6 [Abstract]
Roy CJ, Milton DK. Airborne transmission of communicable infection—the elusive pathway. N Engl J Med 2004 Apr;350(17):1710-2 [Preview]
Canadian Standards Association. Selection, use and care of respirators. CAN/CSA Z94.4-11
Wolz A. Face to face with Ebola—an emergency care center in Sierra Leone. (Perspective) N Engl J Med 2014 Aug 27 [Full text]
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Raid on Erbeyli was a raid conducted by the Kuva-yi Milliye. After invading Aydın and Nazilli, the Greek army was concerned about resistance movements raising in the area. The raid against the Malgaç bridge a few days ago was a good example for their feeling of unease.

Prelude
Turkish Lieutenant Kadri Bey of the Muğla volunteer platoon had been observing Greek troops in the area for several days. He determined their movements, barracks and guard replacement times. After precise surveillance, he concluded that the best target for a raid was the Erbeyli train station. The Erbeyli train station was located 1-2 kilometers away from the Erbeyli village. Therefore, the villagers were far away from gunfires. The train station was guarded by 20 Greek soldiers equipped with machine guns situated in a small hangar next to the station.

Raid
One Evzone company was sent to the Erbeyli village one night before the attack. The Turkish forces, unaware about this circumstance, attacked the train station in the night of 20–21 June 1919. At the beginning, the attacked looked like a success but with the Greek reinforcements arriving from the Erbeyli village the situation got worse. The Greek guards of the station fired with their machine guns from the top floor of the hangar. The clash lasted about three hours. Caught in the fire from two sides and having lost their machine gunner, Kadri Bey decided to retreat under the veil of darkness before the sun would rise. He divided the remaining men into two groups. The first group retreated to the mountainous area in the north, crossing the Büyük Menderes River with the small ship named Osmanbükü and finally arriving in the village of Çakmar. The second group retreated to the plain in the south.

Result
The attack had cost the Turks 7 killed and 12 wounded. The Greeks had suffered 30-80 killed and 40 wounded. The Greek troops angered about the attack and their casualties, brought their casualties to Aydın and showed them to the local Turkish population. Later they abducted 72 Turkish civilians from Erbeyli, Germencik and İncirliova and executed them by shooting as a warning for future raids.

References

Sources
 History of Erbeyli, Erbeyli village official website
 BATI ANADOLU'DA KUVAYI MİLLİYENİN OLUŞUMU (1919–1920), Oğuz Gülcan, Ankara Üniversitesi Türk İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü, 2007, page 253-254 (Ankara University Open Archive System).

Erbeyli
History of Aydın Province
1919 in the Ottoman Empire
1919 in Greece
Conflicts in 1919
Erbeyli
June 1919 events

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
How 'Gentleman Jack' Became Anne Lister's Nickname
Nicknames aren't always so endearing.
(Image credit: HBO/Matt Squire)
By Alexis Jones
Despite centuries of denial from people's parents, nicknames are not always endearing. Look at Anne Lister, for example. Lister is the inspiration behind the new HBO show that uses one of her well-known society nicknames, "Gentleman Jack," as its title.
The series is set in the 19th century and is based off Lister's real life, as well as details from her expansive (and coded!) diaries. Gentleman Jack (opens in new tab) follows Lister (played by Suranne Jones) on her journey to marry a well-off woman and restore her inherited home of Shibden Hall in West Yorkshire, England—neither of which the often close-minded society to which she belonged thought she could accomplish.
In 1826, Lister inherited 400 acres of land, including Shibden Hall, and got to work turning the property into a business, bringing in money from rent, wood, tolls, two collieries, and shared canals all on her own, according to the Daily Mail (opens in new tab).
Dressed in all-black at all times (often in traditionally men's clothing with a top hat on her head), Lister made a name for herself in Yorkshire collecting rent and exploring her sexuality. And never once did she apologize for who she was. In the trailer, she remarks, "I was born like this, why should I compromise myself?" Lister even married her partner, Ann Walker (opens in new tab), on Easter Sunday in 1834 at Holy Trinity Church, which was marked as the first lesbian marriage in Britain.
There was no language at the time to describe same-sex female relationships, as Jones said in an interview at the Radio Times Festival (opens in new tab). "'Lesbian' wasn't a word then—there was no community, there was no blueprint for what she was doing," the actress said. "She was just being herself, because that's what she says nature intended."
Since things like dating women, earning an income, and living unapologetically were things that 19th century society thought only a man should do, her peers began referring to her Gentleman Jack, a slur to criticize her masculine appearance and sexual preferences.
Director Sally Wainwright pointed out (opens in new tab) that in Yorkshire at the time, the nickname wasn't a nice one. "The title Gentleman Jack—Jack meant dyke, lesbian," she said. "So it was either very vulgar language like that, or sensitive posh language like 'wintering in Rome.'"
Even so, Wainwright noted that Gentleman Jack wasn't the most searing insult for a woman as smart and confidant as Lister. "Nobody could actually call her out on it, and if they'd got anywhere close to it she would have just run rings around them," Wainwright said. (opens in new tab)
Lister clearly knew a thing or two about sticks and stones.
Gentleman Jack (opens in new tab) premieres on HBO April 22.
SUBSCRIBE HERE (opens in new tab)
(Image credit: HBO/Comedy Central/Getty)
Every Great TV Show of 2019
Alexis Jones
Alexis Jones is an assistant editor at Women's Health where she writes across several verticals on WomensHealthmag.com, including life, health, sex and love, relationships and fitness, while also contributing to the print magazine. She has a master's degree in journalism from Syracuse University, lives in Brooklyn, and proudly detests avocados.
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Opem, Open East Midlands. This was the first incarnation of the new open exhibition for artists in the East Midlands and Humberside. The exhibition ran from the 5th of February to the 3rd of May 2011. Thirty six artists were selected from one hundred and fifty entrants from across the region to show their work. By bringing together artists from diverse cities and counties the exhibition aimed to showcase the region's flourishing contemporary visual arts scene. Emerging artist were shown alongside those with established reputations. The show's selectors were, Alan Parker, Chairman of Lincolnshire Artists Association, Deanna Petherbridge, writer, artist and curator and the sculptor Richard Wilson. Works were chosen for their individual qualities with consideration for the balance of the show as a whole. While the exhibition had no pre-determined theme, during the selection several common strands emerged including; response to place, play and playfulness and layering of meanings.


text:
Arnold Weber (* 27. November 1894 in Bern; † 7. Mai 1976 ebenda) war ein Schweizer Psychoanalytiker und Kinderpsychiater.

Leben
Weber war Oberarzt an der Kantonalen Psychiatrischen Klinik Waldau. Er ist neben Jakob Lutz aus Zürich einer der ersten Kinderpsychiater der Schweiz. Er baute in Bern die Kinderpsychiatrische Beobachtungsstation Neuhaus auf, wo er bis 1961 tätig war. Zusammen mit Hans Hegg begründete er die städtische Erziehungsberatung und den ambulanten Jugendpsychiatrischen Dienst.

Weber war ab 1938 Privatdozent und ab 1955 ausserordentlicher Professor an der Universität Bern, wo er die ersten Vorlesungen über Kinderpsychiatrie hielt.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Ueber die Einwirkung kurzer, intensiver Muskelarbeit auf die Harnabsonderung. Dissertation, Universität Bern, 1928.
 Über nihilistischen Wahn und Depersonalisation: Aus der psychiatrischen Universitätsklinik Waldau-Bern (= Abhandlungen aus der Neurologie, Psychiatrie, Psychologie und ihren Grenzgebieten. H. 84). Karger, Basel 1938.

Literatur
 Wo Europas Kinderpsychiatrie zur Welt kam: Anfänge und Entwicklungen in der Region Jurasüdfuss (Aargau, Solothurn, Bern, Freiburg, Neunenburg) (= Zürcher Medizingeschichtliche Abhandlungen. Nr. 273). Juris Druck + Verlag, Dietikon 1997, ISBN 3-260-05415-4.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Kinder- und Jugendpsychiater
Psychoanalytiker
Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Bern)
Schweizer
Geboren 1894
Gestorben 1976
Mann


netAQUA Irrigation Controller: web-enabled, easy to use, accessible from anywhere, automatically adjusts to weather.
114 backers pledged $25,579 to help bring this project to life.
Hello, and welcome to our project, the netAQUA networked irrigation controller, a product that addresses our "eco" concerns, both ecological and economical. Water is a limited resource that brings sustenance to our landscapes and lives, and we want to help make the best use of it. We are Mark Rosen and Bart Lewalski, the co-designers of the netAQUA, and we are presenting our product to the Kickstarter community. We see a huge benefit in getting feedback from motivated users, and we will be offering our backers the opportunity to be part of our team and directly influence the way that the netAQUA will meet their needs; more about that later.
The netAQUA without the top cover.
The netAQUA is unlike any other irrigation controller that you may have come across. It is easy to use, intelligent, accessible worldwide for remote control, and able to harness the power of environmental sensors and Internet weather stations for automation. Gone are the confusing dials and buttons, and the associated limited functionality of the traditional controller. The netAQUA replaces these with a sleek graphic interface for your computer, tablet or smartphone. Plus, for those moments when you don't have a web-enabled device, the netAQUA also has an intuitive menu-driven local LCD interface. It is environmentally hardened so that it is equally effective indoors and out. The netAQUA gives you an unprecedented level of control over your irrigation system, and a high degree of automation as well, all adding up to an environmentally conscious product that saves both water and money.
When Bart bought his first house, the traditional irrigation controller that was installed in the garage had a big round dial and a bunch of buttons, but, of course, no instruction manual. It took a lot of trial-and-error effort to figure out what to do to change the programming, once winter arrived and it made no sense to water when it was raining. A few years later, a new house and the same problem: a controller with a big round dial, several buttons, and no instruction manual. The similarity ended there, however, as the programming concept with this device was completely different from the first. And again, great frustration until the beast was conquered. This pattern repeated for two more homes, compounded by the need to re-learn the basic programming approach in the fall and again in the spring. Since Bart did not generally change the programming except at season boundaries, it was easy to forget what to do with those obscure dials and buttons.
Well, it turned out there wasn't. There were smart irrigation systems on the market, but for the most part, they were out of our price range, complicated, and designed to be used in commercial installations. Since both of us have worked in electronics and software design for years, an Internet connected solution did not seem that far-fetched. So we embarked on the exciting path to building the netAQUA.
The netAQUA 8D is a 9 zone irrigation controller with expansion capability. One of the 9 zones may be set to control a master valve or pump. The number of zones can be increased in 8 zone increments with the addition of Expansion Modules.
Now, let's focus on a number of key features.
Networked Device: This is the key to the flexibility and connectivity of the netAQUA. The device has a full HTTP server built in, so it behaves just like any other networked device that you may typically access on your home network. There are no drivers to install on any of your computers, there is no need to access any external server, or pay any monthly fees. Just connect the netAQUA to your home or business network, check the IP address on the LCD display, type that in the address bar of your favorite web browser and the netAQUA Browser Interface launches with the Status page. Once there, all watering settings, including the configuration of various overrides, become a matter of selecting options and pressing the Apply button. The additional zones provided by the Expansion Module will simply appear as added tabs in the browser interface, and as we add functionality in the future, this interface will grow to reflect the new capabilities. And, of course, a networked device with Internet access means that it's available for you from anywhere with a connected device and a web browser. Imagine being on a vacation in Europe when you find out that a heat wave hit your home city. You can open the web browser on your smart phone, access the netAQUA, and easily increase the watering times…Or, you can just let the netAQUA handle it automatically by configuring extended watering times in the event of a high local temperature.
Browser Interface and Local Interface: There are only a limited number of watering operations that can be programmed with the traditional dial/button interface. And, as mentioned earlier, since programming is usually done infrequently, the approach tends to fade in memory, and so the interface has to be re-learned every time. For a controller as feature-rich as the netAQUA, we knew that we could not rely on this type of interface to get the device programmed. The easiest way to use the netAQUA is through its browser interface. This intuitive control works in any web browser, and concentrates functions in logically arranged tabs. The netAQUA Browser Interface also contains your first level of help, with useful and descriptive information shown along the right side of all tabs. We realized, however, that there are instances when control through the browser interface could be augmented. For example, if you're in your garden and notice that a drip location in a specific zone may be leaking, you want to momentarily turn-on that zone to check for the broken drip hose. You can do that through the netAQUA Local Interface, right at the device. We chose a pushbutton/LCD interface, with a hierarchical menu structure including help pages presented on the LCD, which provides an excellent alternative way to program the device on-site.
Local Sensors and Internet Weather Data: The netAQUA can obtain weather information from local sensors as well as from Internet servers, and can use this data to automatically modify the watering plan if more or less watering is needed, or if watering should not occur at all. The local rain sensor will act to shut off watering in the event that rain is detected. The local temperature sensor will act to increase watering on very hot days, to make sure that your plants get additional water when needed. Or, in the opposite case, the local temperature information can be used to prevent watering completely on cold days. If local sensors are not used, the netAQUA can get all weather information for your geographical area from an Internet server, and can function in a similar way to optimize watering.
Made for Outdoor Environment: You can install the netAQUA wherever it's convenient. It can be installed outdoors just as easily as on a wall in the garage. A gasket kit is available to seal the front cover against rain and snow, and the electronics that are used in the device are designed to work over wide temperature extremes. This feature, combined with local temperature measurement and automatic watering override, means that you never have to worry about an unexpected freeze at your summer cabin, and what that might do to the irrigation system.
Expansion Capability: The netAQUA is designed to work with one or more expansion modules, each increasing the number of watering zones that can be controlled by eight. The netAQUA 8EM-8 Expansion Module (release Q3 2013) connects to the netAQUA through a daisy-chained communications interface, and once connected, becomes the slave to the netAQUA 8D master. All control settings exist and are affected at the netAQUA 8D, with no need to do anything at the Expansion Module. It is a plug-and-play set-up, with the additional zones covered by the Expansion Module simply added to the control interface at the netAQUA. The netAQUA then can easily control large irrigation patterns, including those found in community gardens, apartment complexes and other commercial applications. And, just like the main device, the Expansion Module is made for the outdoors.
Right now, we're launching two versions of the netAQUA, the Deluxe and the Deluxe with WiFi. We've gone through a number of prototypes, and the current version is ready for the world. It's been a long process for us, and it's exciting that we're finally at this stage. A couple of our earlier prototypes have been successfully running for over a year now. We plan to use the funds raised through Kickstarter to: 1. Transition the netAQUA 8D to manufacturing and complete the first production run, and 2. Complete the development of the netAQUA 8EM-8 Expansion Module.
The next item high on our wish list is development of remote access to the netAQUA using smart phone apps. While you can get the full benefit of the complete netAQUA Browser Interface opened in a web browser on the smart phone, a port needs to be opened in your home or business router to allow access by you from outside your premises. Opening a port, or port forwarding, is not a complicated process, and we've been using it successfully for a while now to access our test netAQUA systems. However, a smart phone app will negate the need to set-up port forwarding, making our device even simpler.
We created a range of pledge levels and rewards that cover the device ordering options, and also provide some inexpensive ways to share in our exciting project. Rewards that contain a netAQUA controller start at the $199 level. At all levels between $199 and $255, backers are Platinum eco-Team members with each subsequent level uniquely identified from +1 to +4. For the Diamond $5,000 level, one of us will travel to your destination and install the netAQUA for you. If you choose this reward, please make sure that you have an already installed irrigation zone system with all piping and valves verified. If an existing controller is in-place, we'll replace it with the netAQUA. If you have further questions about this pledge level, please feel free to contact us.
And, as we mentioned earlier, all backers that select the $199 level or above will get a chance to actively participate in refining the netAQUA. While we believe that the rich feature-set of the netAQUA makes a compelling product, we know that the ultimate test is in the hands of the end-user. That's where you come in. We would like to encourage you, the initial users of the netAQUA, to share the experiences that you have with the product, and to suggest improvements and new functionality to make the device the best that it can be. To this end, we will create special contact channels made available to the first 200 backers at the $199 and higher level, to get in-touch with us, the founders, to discuss your use stories, cases, and ideas. We expect this virtual team approach will yield great results.
The netAQUA with an integrated three foot power cord, which you can connect to a 24 VAC source.
If you chose a reward level with the 24 VAC power brick, then this will be included as well. You can plug the power brick into any standard 110 VAC outlet.
A Quick Start guide covering the basics.
A User's Manual on CD-ROM and online for a detailed treatment of the netAQUA features and operation.
A handy dual-ended screwdriver to remove and reattach the front cover, and to secure all wiring to internal connectors.
Some tie-wraps to help organize the cables and wires inside the netAQUA enclosure.
You've probably already met us on the video, but if not, it's time that we introduce ourselves. We're Mark Rosen (MIT) and Bart Lewalski (Queen's University), the co-designers of the netAQUA and co-founders of the company behind it, Roslen Eco-Networking Products. We are engineers with decades of experience in the trenches of high reliability systems development while running a contract engineering company, Nexus Applied Research, Inc. We participated firsthand in the evolution of telecommunications from telephony to the Internet, and have great hope for what can be accomplished when an eco-conscious consumer device employs the power of network connectivity.
and that you will consider giving our project your support. We're very proud of this product for all of its technical capabilities, but also because the netAQUA is good for the environment and can save you money. It's rare when a product can do both. You can save precious water resources by irrigating just enough. Not so little that the landscape is damaged, and not so much that you are wasting water. This saves money for you indirectly in utility infrastructure costs and directly in volume usage charges for those of you on a metered water delivery system. With your backing, we are hoping to have the netAQUA family of products become a huge success. Thank you!
Now let's have a more detailed look at each of the three main points above.
PCB Manufacture: We have partnered with a company in Shenzhen, China to produce the netAQUA main board Printed Circuit Boards. This manufacturer is a long-time PCB partner with a number of companies that we have worked with in the past, and they have provided excellent service to all of them. We have used them for a few prototype runs, and have discussed with them the upcoming higher volume production runs of the netAQUA board. They will completely test each unpopulated PCB to ensure that only fully functional PCBs are used for assembling the netAQUA systems.
They will ship the completed PCBs to one of our assembly partners in Poland.
Main Board Assembly: We have two partner companies in Poland that will provide the netAQUA main board assembly service. Both are located in the northern city of Gdansk in Poland. We have worked with both of these companies on numerous occasions, and used them for PCB assembly of the netAQUA prototypes, pilot run, and other projects for over a decade. Bart is a Polish national and has worked with both of these companies since the beginning of our co-operation. Once the boards are assembled, they will be fully tested for all netAQUA hardware functionality at the assembly facility. We will use both assembly facilities interchangeably or together, as required by a specific manufacturing load.
Completely assembled PCBs will be delivered to Roslen in Auburn for final system assembly and testing.
Final Assembly: System assembly and final testing will be done at Roslen in Auburn, California. The assembled netAQUA units will be fully tested to ensure that the final shipped product is fully functional.
Highly Experienced Team: The designers, Mark Rosen and Bart Lewalski, are engineers with decades of electronics product development experience. Our designs have been deployed and are working in millions of telecom circuits around the world, and we have applied our proven knowledge in the design of the netAQUA.
Established Engineering Practices: We know what it takes to design a hardware and software based system. We have followed the steps of the development process many times to a successful conclusion. We are using this proven process to design, test, and prepare the netAQUA for manufacturing.
Lab Testing: The netAQUA is being wrung out in the lab to insure reliable operation over environmental extremes.
Working Prototypes: The first netAQUA prototypes were tested over a year and a half ago, and there are prototype units that continue to run successfully for over a year. In fact, a netAQUA unit has been controlling the irrigation system at Bart's house since February 2012. This and a number of other units have served as test beds for software and new features.
Use of Proven Technologies: The netAQUA uses only standard, off-the-shelf components. To mitigate supply chain problems, most of the components have multiple sources, and those that are sole-sourced are provided by well established companies with extensive histories as suppliers.
Established Manufacturing Processes: The netAQUA does not present manufacturing challenges. The size of the components and density of the layout was managed specifically to be well within the bounds of current mainstream manufacturing capabilities.
Manufacturing plan: We know every step of how we are going to manufacture the product with already established company relationships covering all phases of the product build and test.
With all of this being said, if setbacks do arise, the final and most important factor is our commitment to our backers, to keep you "in the loop", and to make the netAQUA a success for all of us.
Bronze eco-Team backer. You'll get a thank you letter from us signed by the founders, and your name will be displayed as a Bronze eco-Team member on our website.
Silver eco-Team backer. You'll get our custom dual screwdriver that is normally included in a netAQUA package, a thank you letter from us signed by the founders, and your name will be displayed as a Silver eco-Team member on our website.
Gold eco-Team backer. You'll get our personal favorite custom thermal mug, a thank you letter from us signed by the founders, and your name will be displayed as a Silver eco-Team member on our website.
Platinum eco-Team Member. This is the highest commitment level for those supporters who believe in our effort but do not personally need a netAQUA irrigation controller. You'll get our custom dual screwdriver, custom thermal mug, a thank you letter from us signed by the founders, and your name will be displayed as a Gold eco-Team member on our website.
$45 for shipping to EU countries.
Please contact us regarding shipping to other destinations.
Platinum eco-Team Member + 2. You'll get everything included in the $199 pledge level, plus a 24 VAC power brick for powering the system and irrigation valves.
Platinum eco-Team Member + 2 with International Shipping. You'll get everything included at the $214 pledge level. Add: $40 for shipping to Canada. Please contact us regarding shipping to other destinations.
Platinum eco-Team Member + 4 Early Backer. You'll get everything included in the $239 pledge level, plus a 24 VAC power brick for powering the system and irrigation valves.
Platinum eco-Team Member + 3 with International Shipping. You'll get everything included at the $239 pledge level. Add: $30 for shipping to Canada, $45 for shipping to EU countries. Please contact us regarding shipping to other destinations.
Platinum eco-Team Member + 4. You'll get everything included in the $239 pledge level, plus a 24 VAC power brick for powering the system and irrigation valves.
Platinum eco-Team Member + 4 with International Shipping. You'll get everything included at the $254 pledge level. Add: $40 for shipping to Canada. Please contact us regarding shipping to other destinations.
Diamond eco-Team Member. Our over-the-top reward. You'll get everything at the $254 pledge level plus your new netAQUA 8D WiFi installed by one of our founders. Either Mark or Bart will fly out to install the device into your existing irrigation system, will show you how to use the netAQUA, and will host you at dinner. This reward is available only in the contiguous United States.


Here are a number of frequently asked questions. If you can't find an answer to your question don't hestitate to contact us.
Q) Where is the free money?
A) Unfortunately there isn't any. However, there are a large number of Government Programs for Business that you may be able to access. Most funding options are for existing businesses.
It's important to research all of your options. Search the government websites and surf through the Canada Business Network for more information. Remember that all sources of funding will require a completed Business Plan. Click here for more financial information.
Q) How do I register a Business Name with the Provincial Government?
A) You can register or renew your business name by following this link to the OBC Ontario Business Connects website. Be sure to read carefully, have completed your business name search, and have your credit card ready.
Q) What do I need to do to prepare before registering my Business Name in the province of Ontario?
EHT Employer Health Tax before registration. Contact the Muskoka Small Business Centre if you would like to review what you need to know and understand prior to registration.
Q) I don't want to use my credit card online to pay for the registration. Do I have another option?
A) You can register your business at any Full-service Service Ontario office. In Muskoka you can visit the Service Ontario location at 207 Main Street West Huntsville (877) 817-6636 or (705) 789-4806. They have a designated computer on which you can complete the registration. They will also accept cash, debit, money order, certified cheque or credit card.
Q) I've had a change of address or phone number. How do I update my information?
Q) How do I cancel my Master Business Licence (Business Name Registration)?
Q) What is a Business Plan?
A) Simply put, it's a written document you create which describes who you are, what you plan to achieve, where your business will be located, when you expect to get under way, and how you will overcome the risks involved and provide the returns.
Q) Why do you need a Business Plan?
A) To be successful! Planning and preparing will help you identify any pitfalls and ensure that business growth will be profitable. Additionally, if you wish to apply for funding, you will need a business plan to provide information to your potential lender, investor or supplier to show how you plan to use their money, establish credibility and show potential for repayment.