1.1 These Terms and Conditions govern your use of and access to the Platform and apply to the supply of all services by us to you.
1.2 By using the Platform, you agree to the Terms and Conditions.
1.3 If you do not agree to the Terms and Conditions, you may not use the Platform.
1.4 We may change, vary or modify all or part of these Terms and Conditions at anytime at our sole discretion.
1.5.2 they will thereupon apply to your use of and access to the Platform through your acceptance of them by subsequent or continued use of the Platform.
1.6 It is your responsibility to check these Terms and Conditions periodically for changes.
1.7 If you object to any variation to these Terms and Conditions, your only remedy is to immediately discontinue your use of the Platform.
1.8 By using the Platform, you affirm that you are 18 years or over.
1.9 As long as you comply with these Terms and Conditions, we grant you a personal, non-exclusive, non-transferable, limited right to enter and use the Platform.
1.10 These Terms and Conditions were last updated on [13 November 2017].
2.4 You acknowledge and agree that transmissions on the internet are never completely private or secure and you understand that any message or information you send to or download from the Platform (where permitted) may be read or intercepted by others.
2.5 As part of registering with us, we collect personal information about you in order for you to take full advantage of our services. To do this it will be necessary for you to provide certain personal information to us.
2.6 You may store documents as part of your profile. By deleting documents or information it will mean that those documents or information are no longer accessible to you. Deleted documents or information may still be stored by us in testing or backup systems for a certain period of time.
2.7 This information may also be disclosed to our service providers and contractors from time to time who assist us to deliver our products and services.
2.8 We will also retain this information in order to customise the service we provide to you. We do however reserve the right to disable or delete a document or information at our discretion.
2.9 We do disclose and/or make available online applications to third parties and/or their nominees. The use of your information (personal or otherwise) by these third parties is not within our control and we cannot accept responsibility for the conduct of these businesses or companies.
2.10 You must, in connection with your use of the Platform, comply with all relevant obligations relating to the use and disclosure of personal information that are outlined in the Privacy Act.
2.11 Applicants have the right to request their personal information directly from you.
2.12.3 take legal action against you.
3.1 We reserve the right to charge fees for some or all of the services available on the Platform. Information on what services attract fees and the quantum and payment terms of those fees is available on the Platform.
3.2 Where a fee for a service is required to be paid in advance of the provision of that service and full payment of the fee has not been received by us, we reserve the right to not provide or deliver the relevant service.
3.3 The payment of any fee is non-refundable, including in circumstances where you decide to cancel part or all of the service the subject of the fee. Notwithstanding the foregoing, you will be entitled to a refund of your payment for a particular service where the service is not delivered because of a failure by us to provide the service or because of any event outside of our control, including system or power outages affecting the Platform or third party platforms or the acts or omissions of any person we engage to partly or wholly deliver the service.
3.4 Where we charge a fee for a service, GST will be payable by you in addition to the specified fee (unless the amount of the fee is specified as GST inclusive). You must pay any applicable GST at the same time as the applicable fee is due. We will provide you with a tax invoice in respect of any taxable supply made by us.
3.5 We may, from time to time and in our absolute discretion, provide a discount code to you to reduce the applicable fee for a service. We reserve the right to determine the terms and conditions, including any validity period applying to the discount code, that will apply to the use of the discount code. Unless otherwise agreed by us, only one discount code may be used in respect of a single transaction.
4.1 You must ensure that all advertisements submitted by you to us will comply with all legislation, regulations, by-laws, ordinances and codes of conduct.
4.2 You must be honest and truthful in the advertisements.
4.3 You must not insert, and the Platform is designed to prevent you from inserting, links to external websites, email addresses or application forms in your advertisement.
4.4 You must not refer to brands other than those linked to your business.
4.5 You may only submit advertisements that are for a genuine employment opportunity that is current as at the time of submitting the advertisement and for which you are currently recruiting. We reserve the right to request any information from you that we deem necessary to verify that a genuine employment opportunity exists.
4.6 Advertisements must be for employment opportunities in Australia only.
4.7 You must ensure that all information entered into any data entry field, as part of the advertisement process, relates directly to the relevant data field category. We reserve the right to amend, alter or remove any information provided by you. We reserve the right re-classify advertisements or change the category of the advertisement.
4.8 Job advertisements will only appear on the Platform for a maximum of 30 days from the later of the date that they are approved by us for publication on the Platform and, in the case where a fee is charged by us in respect of a job advertisement, the date we receive payment in full of the applicable fee. We may, from time to time, offer a service that enables you to enhance your advertisement. The terms and conditions that apply to a particular enhancement will be made available to you on the Platform prior to selecting or purchasing the enhancement.
4.9 If job vacancies are not filled at the end of the 30 days you expressly consent to us providing your personal information to our Affiliated Entities or any unrelated third parties that we are associated with to contact you to assist you to fill those job vacancies.
4.10 You expressly consent to job advertisements being posted on other platforms owned or operated by us, our Affiliated Entities or third parties (including www.indeed.com) . If job advertisements are posted on other platforms, they will be governed by the terms and conditions governing those platforms.
4.11.3 depending on the nature of, and manner in which, your advertisement is published or disseminated on the third party platform, you may not be able to edit, cancel or view the advertisement on the third party platform.
5.1 While we use reasonable endeavours to ensure that the Platform is available continuously, we do not make any representations or warranties that your access will be uninterrupted, timely, secure, error free, or that any defects will be corrected, or that your use of the Platform or services (including any services for which we charge a fee) will provide specific results or benefits, including any increase in applications for an advertised job, that an advertised job will be filled or that you will find and/or successfully apply for a job.
5.2 The Platform and its Content is delivered on an as-is and as-available basis.
5.3 Your access to the Platform may be suspended without notice in the case of system failure, maintenance or repair, or any reason beyond our control. In addition, we reserve the right to refuse access to our Platform (including any of our services) to any competitor of ours or an Affiliated Entity.
5.4 Except as expressly provided otherwise in the Terms and Conditions, we reserve the right to change or discontinue any website, page, functionality, feature or service (or part thereof) on the Platform at any time.
5.5 We cannot ensure that any files or other data you download from the Platform (if you are permitted to do so) will be free of viruses or contamination or destructive features.
6.1 The Platform contains Content that is protected by our Intellectual Property Rights.
6.2 Except as expressly provided otherwise in the Terms and Conditions, you do not have any right, title or interest in or right of use of any Content on the Platform.
6.3 Except as expressly provided in these Terms and Conditions, no part of the Platform or Content (other than a temporary copy held in your computer's cache) may be copied, stored, altered, reproduced, republished, uploaded, posted, publicly displayed, encoded, translated, transmitted or distributed in any way (including mirroring) to any other computer, server, website or other medium for publication or for any commercial enterprise or use, without our express prior written consent.
6.4.3 make no modifications to any such information.
7.1 To access or use certain parts of the Platform, you may be required to register as a user and open an account (including setting up an identification name (ID) and password) and agree to certain conditions.
7.2.3 inform us of any changes to your registration information.
7.3.2 impersonate or create a user registration for any person other than yourself.
7.4.3 not permit your user details to be used by or transferred to any other person unless they are authorised on your behalf.
7.5 You are entirely responsible for all and any activities which occur under your user details as a result of your failing to keep your information secure and confidential whether authorised or unauthorised.
7.6 We reserve the right to, in our sole discretion, suspend or terminate your use or access to all or any part of the Platform, including if you have breached the Terms and Conditions or are no longer an active user of the Platform.
8.1.6 you will not misuse, sell or offer any services or products to candidates or applicants whose personal information you have obtained through your use of the Platform or from us through job applications.
8.1.8 we may store and retain all advertisements and applications submitted in response to the relevant advertisement.
8.2.18 delete any attributions or legal or proprietary notices on the Platform.
8.3.4 any act or omission by you in connection with the Platform or your use of it that is negligent, reckless, fraudulent, dishonest or in breach of law.
d) provide any Material to any third party.
9.1.6 unconditionally waive all moral rights (as defined by the Copyright Act 1968) which you may have in respect of the Material.
9.2.2 monitor use of the Platform, and store or disclose any information that we collect, including in order to investigate compliance with the Terms and Conditions or for the purposes of any police investigation or governmental request.
9.3 We are not responsible for, and accept no liability with respect to, any Material uploaded, posted, transmitted or otherwise made available on the Platform by any person other than us.
9.5 For the avoidance of doubt, we will not be taken to have uploaded, posted, transmitted or otherwise made Material available on the Platform simply by facilitating others to post, transmit or make Material available, nor do we endorse any opinion, advice or statement made by any person other than us.
10.1 The Platform features and displays third party advertising. By featuring or displaying such advertising, we do not in any way represent that we recommend or endorse the relevant advertiser.
10.2.2 of the continued availability of any job advertised.
10.3 We will not be liable to you should an advertiser have filled a job vacancy at any time prior to the removal of an advertisement from the Platform.
10.4 The Platform may feature or display links and pointers to websites operated by third parties, which are provided solely as a convenience to you. Such websites do not form part of the Platform and are not under our control. We do not accept any responsibility in connection with any such website. If you link to any such websites, you leave the Platform entirely at your own risk.
10.5 You must not link to the Platform from any other website (or otherwise authorise any other person to link from a third party website to the Platform) without our prior written consent.
10.6 If you contact a person, or receive a communication from a person, using functionality provided on the Platform, including via e-mail, we do not accept any responsibility for any communications or transactions between you and the relevant person.
11.1 You assume total responsibility for your use of the Platform and any linked independent third-party websites.
11.2 Except where expressly stated otherwise, Content on the Platform is provided as general information only. It is not intended as advice and must not be relied upon as such. You should make your own inquiries and take independent advice tailored to your specific circumstances prior to making any decisions.
11.3 We do not make any representation or warranty that any Content on the Platform will be reliable, accurate or complete, nor do we accept any responsibility arising in any way from errors or omissions.
11.4 We do not endorse or recommend any of the applicants, candidates or employers and we strongly recommend that prior to entering into any agreement with any of the aforementioned persons you obtain your own independent legal, accounting, financial or taxation advice as appropriate. It is solely your responsibility to evaluate the accuracy, completeness and usefulness of all opinions, advice, services, merchandise and other information provided through the Platform.
11.5 In no event will we be liable to you or anyone else for any decision made or action taken by you or anyone else in reliance upon any information contained on or omitted from the Platform.
11.6 We will not be liable for loss or damage suffered or incurred by you where that loss or damage results from any action or decision by you in reliance on the Content on the Platform, nor any interruption, delay in operation or transmission, virus, communications failure, Internet access difficulties, or malfunction in equipment or software.
11.7 You acknowledge that we are not responsible for, and accept no liability in relation to, any other users' use of, access to or conduct in connection with the Platform in any circumstance.
12.1 All express or implied representations, conditions, statutory guarantees, warranties and provisions (whether based on statute, common law or otherwise), relating to these Terms and Conditions, that are not contained in it, are excluded to the fullest extent permitted by law.
12.2 Any liability arising in relation to your use of the Platform, however arising and whether for direct, indirect, special, consequential loss or otherwise, including any liability arising by virtue of any representation or warranty, whether express or implied by law, is hereby excluded to the fullest extent permitted by law.
12.3 We provide no warranty to you that services generally available through the Platform will be uninterrupted or error free. Except where we are unable to exclude our liability by legislation, we, our officers, employees, agents and contractors will not be liable in any way to you or anyone else for any loss or damage, however it arises (whether in contract, tort including negligence, or otherwise) out of or in connection with your access and use of the Platform or our acts or omissions or the acts of omissions of any third party to whom we provide your advertisements or Material.
12.4 In the case of services supplied or offered via the Platform, liability for breach of an implied term which cannot be excluded by legislation, is limited at our option to either, the supply of the services (or the equivalent services) again or the payment of the cost of having the services supplied again.
12.5 Our limitation of liability under these Terms and Conditions applies to direct, indirect, consequential, special, punitive or other damages that you or others may suffer, as well as damages for loss of profit, business interruption or the loss of data or information, even if we are informed of their possibility.
12.6 We accept no responsibility or liability for any errors in your advertisements and you must check your advertisements for errors as soon as they are placed on the Platform.
12.7 We agree to use reasonable efforts to publish advertisements (including enhancements to advertisements) or, where applicable, cause the publication of advertisements on third party platforms in the shortest possible time.
12.8 We cannot and do not guarantee or warrant to you that files available for downloading through the Platform or delivered via electronic mail through the Platform, or features and products available through the Platform, will be free of infection or viruses, worms, Trojan horses or other code that manifest contaminating or destructive properties. You are responsible for implementing sufficient procedures and checkpoints to satisfy your particular requirements for accuracy of data input and output, and for maintaining a means external to the Platform for the reconstruction of any lost data.
12.9 We also act as a medium through which individuals seek employment opportunities. We do not vet, nor are we responsible for vetting, candidates or the representations made by them whether oral or in writing - including those representations appearing in candidates' resumes.
13.2 If you wish to send us a copyright infringement notification, you will need to identify the Content or Material(s) that you believe infringe(s) your copyright, identify each copyright protected work in which you own the rights and which you believe has been infringed, identify how each copyright protected work has been or is being infringed and include your contact information.
13.3 You will need to sign the notice and send it to info@skillsroad.com.au.
14.1 Lawful purpose: You shall ensure that the Platform is used only for lawful purposes and in accordance with any applicable laws.
14.2 Binding: These Terms and Conditions shall bind our successors, administrators and permitted assigns and your executors and permitted assigns, or, being a company, its successors, administrators and permitted assigns.
14.3 Assignment: We may assign, transfer and/or sub-contract our rights and/or obligations (in whole or in part) under these Terms and Conditions. You may not assign, transfer, hold on trust or otherwise delegate any of your rights or obligations under these Terms and Conditions without our prior written consent. If you are a company, any change in your effective control shall be deemed an assignment.
14.4.2 elect to extend at our discretion the period for performance of an obligation under these Terms and Conditions as is reasonable in all the circumstances.
14.5 Severability: Each clause in these Terms and Conditions is severable and if any clause is held to be illegal or unenforceable, then the remaining clauses will remain in full force and effect.
14.6 Waiver: No failure, delay, relation or indulgence on our part in exercising any power, right or remedy precludes any other or further exercise of that or any other power, right or remedy.
14.7 Governing law: These Terms and Conditions shall be governed by the laws of the State of New South Wales.
14.8 Inconsistency: To the extent that there is any inconsistency between the terms and conditions specified in this document and the Other Terms, the terms and conditions specified in this document prevail to the extent of that inconsistency.
15.1.2 the terms you or your refers to a user of the Platform being an employer, advertiser or job seeker (as applicable).
Affiliated Entities means NSW Business Chamber Limited's subsidiaries, affiliates, associated entities and relevant partners as the case may be or the context requires from time to time, including Recruitment Solutions Group Australia Pty Limited as trustee for the Recruitment Solutions Group Australia Trust.
Content means all text, graphics, user interfaces, visual interfaces, photographs, illustrations, audio, video, trademarks, logos, sounds, music, artwork and computer code including but not limited to the design, structure, selection, coordination, expression, look and feel and arrangement of such content contained on the Platform which is owned controlled or licensed by or to us and is protected by Intellectual Property Rights.
Force Majeure Event means circumstances beyond our reasonable control including, but not limited to, acts of God, acts of the public enemy, your acts or omissions, actions of governments or government bodies, civil unrest, failures in utilities, fires, floods, strikes, lockouts, embargoes, wars, labour or material shortages, riots, insurrections and defaults of our suppliers or subcontractors.
Intellectual Property Rights means all forms of intellectual property rights (whether registered or unregistered) in copyright, designs, patents, trademarks, domain names, trade secrets, know-how, confidential information, and all other similar proprietary rights and all extensions and renewals thereof anywhere in the world which currently exist and/or are recognised in the future.
Material means any material in which you have Intellectual Property Rights provided by you for use on the Platform or in the production, development and supply of the services to you including, but not limited to, text, illustrations, photographs, audio, video, any combination of these or other material.
Other Terms means any additional terms, conditions, notices and disclaimers displayed elsewhere on the Platform, as amended from time to time.
Platform means our website at skillsroad.com.au including its sub-domains and database known as the Jobs Board.
Privacy Act means the Privacy Act (Cth) 1988 as amended from time to time.
service means any service provided by us through or on the Platform.
Terms and Conditions means these terms and conditions relating to access to, or use of, the Platform or any services provided through the Platform as amended from time to time and the Other Terms.
The job title is the first thing potential candidates read and therefore this needs to make a good first impression. It should accurately describe the role and also be quite short and to the point.
Ensure you describe the type of work being performed, and list the level of work for the role where applicable e.g. Apprenticeship / traineeship.
Please note: Skillsroad is an entry-level jobs board and only allows entry-level jobs to be posted. This includes; apprenticeships, traineeships, internships, graduate programs, work experience programs, junior positions or other entry-level staff. Your job may be rejected if it is not an entry-level position. If you have any questions about this, feel free to call us on 1300 192 322.
Skillsroad will use these details to contact you with any questions regarding your job listing. Please ensure your details are correct.
Your job summary is a very short description of your job. This will appear on your job listing on the jobs board and email alerts to candidates. It should entice potential candidates to click through on your job to find out more information.
Describe your company – ensure you have a short sentence or two about your company. However, don't make this too long winded; you don't want to distract candidates from what the role is.
Also Remember that your audience may be on a mobile device when reading your job listing, so make sure you provide enough information for relevant candidates to connect with, without it being too long to scroll through.
Email address cannot be entered in this field.
Ensure you list the necessary skills a candidate requires for the job. Make sure these skills are 'must-have's, so it's clear for the candidate to determine if they're suitable for the job. The next section "preferred skills' covers the 'nice-to-haves'.
This section covers the 'nice-to-have' skills, but is not essential to the job.
Our team of digital experts will promote your job listing through targeted technology on Facebook.
* Please note, your promoted Facebook ad will not be visible on the Skillsroad Facebook page but you will receive a link to the ad via email.
Promote your job listing on key industry pages throughout the Skillsroad website to maximise exposure from relevant job seekers.
Need help writing a job ad? Buy this boost and someone from our team of experts will write the job ad for you!
We will spend 1-2 days writing the perfect job ad which will stand out from the crowd!
We will email you when we've written the job listing and let you know when it's published on Skillsroad!


text:
Microsoft planning to bring 'Halo' series on TV
Ali Moin
Microsoft is well on its way to bring their Xbox Exclusive 'Halo' series to TV. The series was announced with the Xbox One reveal and it was planned as an exclusive for the Xbox users but it seems as if Microsoft have swayed away from their original plan.
According to a report, Microsoft is in an advanced stage of negotiations with Showtime to bring the series on commercial TV. The surprising thing about this deal is that if the report is to be believed, the show would be aired on Showtime before it makes its way to the Xbox customers. This would be a major shift in Microsoft's strategy of providing exclusive entertainment to its users because if this deal is indeed true, it just becomes another TV series, which the Xbox users would get for free…. Nothing exclusive about it!
Halo would be the first (of many?) live-action series set to be published under the Xbox Entertainment Studios platform, with collaboration from 343 Industries, which aims to provide a better entertainment experience to their 40+ million Xbox users. The above mentioned series would be based on the game with the same title, which turned out to be a massive hit among the Xbox users. Steven Spielberg is the man at the helm for producing the drama.
If this turns out to be true, it is bound to make a lot of Live users disappointed. After all, Xbox Entertainment Studios had a long line-up of series, animation, series and documentaries based on some of the best games, including but not limited to "Gears of War", "Forza Motorsports", "Age of Empires".
Halo Live Microsoft Xbox Xbox entertainment Studio
"There's always a website. There's always a writer. There's always a story"
Follow him on Twitter and Google+
Xbox Boss Phil Spencer is anti-NFT and finds them 'exploitive' in current state
Xbox leadership team "disturbed" by Activision-Blizzard-Kotick investigation
Microsoft purchases ZeniMax Media; now owns Bethesda, id Software, Arkane Studios and more
Xbox Series X & Xbox Series S confirmed to have WiFi 5, not the latest WiFi 6
Xbox Series X & Xbox Series S: things included in the box
Halo 3: ODST for PC, part of the Master Chief Collection to release on September 22

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Behind the Wheel with Phil Lebeau
Supercar Life: Start Your Engines For $5,000
Published Fri, Oct 26 200712:28 PM EDT Updated Fri, Sep 13 20134:33 PM EDT
Phil LeBeau@Lebeaucarnews
Source: Supercarlife.com
One of the great things about covering the auto beat is seeing the passion people have for cars, trucks, going fast, customizing their rides, etc. I always tell people, "if you wanna see passion in motion, spend a few days tracking people who love their cars."
Take the people who sign up for Supercar Life. This is a program where average Joes with the need for speed can pay $4,990 for two days of driving the 'hell' out of super sports cars. Now before you say, "Whoa! Five grand to drive fast is a rip off", look at it from the perspective of those who are ponying up the money to do this.
Last month we sent a crew to the Fontana Speedway in Southern California to see just who is driving these super cars and whether they think it's worth it. Guess what? Every driver said they would gladly pay that money again to climb into Lamborghini's, Ferrari's, Porsche's, Aston Martins, etc.
Keep in mind, their two days at the track was not just a case of grabbing the keys and racing laps like madmen. The drivers were with driving professionals to guide them. Drivers did slalom runs, 0-60 timing, and yes plenty of laps where they pushed these cars at very high speeds.
Supercar Life is done for this year. But when it starts up again next year at various speedways around the country, don't be surprised if there's a group of speed lovers ready to spend two days on the track. Sure $5,000 is a lot of money. But in those two days, sports car fans are getting the thrill others might get spending $5,000 on a scuba diving vacation or trip to a remote part of the world.
Questions? Comments? BehindTheWheel@cnbc.com


Kostenlose Malvorlage Sommer Br Am Strand Zum AusmalenMalvorlagen Zum Thema Baren Kostenlos images that posted in this website was uploaded by freewinsoft.us. Kostenlose Malvorlage Sommer Br Am Strand Zum AusmalenMalvorlagen Zum Thema Baren Kostenlos equipped with a HD resolution 871 x 1200 Pixel.You can save Kostenlose Malvorlage Sommer Br Am Strand Zum AusmalenMalvorlagen Zum Thema Baren Kostenlos for free to your devices.
If you want to Save Kostenlose Malvorlage Sommer Br Am Strand Zum AusmalenMalvorlagen Zum Thema Baren Kostenlos with original size you can click the Download link.


text:
Pontypool & Blaenavon Railway
Crewe Heritage Centre
Keighley & Worth Valley Railway
Tyseley Locomotive Works
Bridgnorth Cliff Railway
North Yorkshire Moors Railway
Dartmouth Steam Railway
Welsh Highland Railway
Railtracks
Museums, railways, tramways and funiculars
From narrow gauge to broad gauge, cliffs to lakes, mountains to moors
The best of Britain and Ireland's railway heritage
Our Railway Heritage
Steam and heritage railways are among Britain and Ireland's most popular tourist attractions. From minature railways in parks to restored standard gauge lines, the "Great Little Trains" of Wales to historic seaside trams, railways and railway musuems have something for everybody.
Railtracks is a directory of preserved, steam and heritage railways and railway-related museums. Whether you know nothing about trains, but just fancy a ride behind a steam locomotive, or you're a railway enthusiast with years of dedication behind you, there's something in here for everybody.
Every picture tells a story, and everybody's opinion matters. On every railway and museum page, you can see photos uploaded by previous visitors, and upload your own. Tell us your own stories in the comments section, or ask other people about their experience.
We want your photos!
We want your comments!
We want your ratings!
Railtracks is a new website (launched in summer 2018), so, to begin with, we're starting out with a blank slate as far as comments and ratings are concerned. To make this a more valuable resource for everyone, we need you to tell us your opinions of the railways and museums you've visited, and share your favourite photos with us. We've made a start by using photos from Wikipedia and Flickr, so that as many railways and museums as possible do have something to illustrate them. But there are still several with no photos. And, in any case, we'd prefer to use photos submitted directly to the site rather than those borrowed from elsewhere. So, please, help us by contributing!


text:
American Civil War plant medicines inhibit growth, biofilm formation, and quorum sensing by multidrug-resistant bacteria
Micah Dettweiler ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8078-94081,2,
James T. Lyles1,
Kate Nelson2,
Brandon Dale2,
Ryan M. Reddinger3,
Daniel V. Zurawski ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7920-56013 &
Cassandra L. Quave ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9615-78861,2,4,5
Secondary metabolism
A shortage of conventional medicine during the American Civil War (1861–1865) spurred Confederate physicians to use preparations of native plants as medicines. In 1863, botanist Francis Porcher compiled a book of medicinal plants native to the southern United States, including plants used in Native American traditional medicine. In this study, we consulted Porcher's book and collected samples from three species that were indicated for the formulation of antiseptics: Liriodendron tulipifera, Aralia spinosa, and Quercus alba. Extracts of these species were tested for the ability to inhibit growth in three species of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria associated with wound infections: Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Extracts were also tested for biofilm and quorum sensing inhibition against S. aureus. Q. alba extracts inhibited growth in all three species of bacteria (IC50 64, 32, and 32 µg/mL, respectively), and inhibited biofilm formation (IC50 1 µg/mL) in S. aureus. L. tulipifera extracts inhibited biofilm formation (IC50 32 µg/mL) in S. aureus. A. spinosa extracts inhibited biofilm formation (IC50 2 µg/mL) and quorum sensing (IC50 8 µg/mL) in S. aureus. These results support that this selection of plants exhibited some antiseptic properties in the prevention and management of wound infections during the conflict.
Antibiotic resistance in pathogenic microbes poses a significant threat to human health1; antibiotics are critical not only in treating bacterial diseases but also in enabling surgery and other procedures with high risks of infection. Given the great genetic diversity and capacity for evolution present in bacteria, a rise in antibiotic resistance is an inevitable response to antibiotic use. For example, in 1940, even before penicillin was widely used, penicillin resistance was observed. Any single antibiotic, then, is not a permanent solution but another step in the struggle against infection.
Several factors complicate the relationship between antibiotics and bacteria. For example, the innate immune system plays a role in fighting infections with or without the use of antibiotics. Further, commensal members of the microbiome may compete with pathogenic bacteria or may themselves become pathogenic under certain circumstances. Relevant to this study, bacterial community effects such as biofilms and quorum sensing produce resistance and virulence phenotypes not necessarily observed in vitro2,3. Biofilms are extracellular mixtures of polysaccharides and proteins that can physically protect bacterial populations from antibiotics and immune responses2,4. Consequently, biofilms are associated with chronic infections, especially in the cases of indwelling medical devices and implants, and there is currently a lack of effective treatments for these conditions4. Quorum sensing is a system by which toxin production or other pathogenic activity is initiated when extracellular communication indicates achievement of a threshold population of bacteria. Inhibition of quorum sensing and biofilm formation, then, can be therapeutic but not bactericidal3. In the absence of new antibiotics, multidrug-resistant infections may be treatable by administering biofilm inhibitors or quorum quenchers to increase the vulnerability of bacteria to the immune system or conventional antibiotics.
The natural product compositions investigated in this study are plant extracts used during the American Civil War (1861–1865), a period of history in which infections were treated without the use of modern antibiotics and before the emergence of germ theory. The accepted definition of antiseptic was "tonic useful to prevent external or internal mortification"5. Union General Ulysses S. Grant once famously demanded that onions be sent to him before he would move his army. While soldiers certainly used onions in their cooking, we know now that antimicrobial agents such as ajoene and allicin found in garlic and onions have an impact on quorum sensing and biofilm to disrupt infections6,7. At the time, they were used to treat powder burns.
During the latter half of the war, a Union blockade8 prevented the Confederacy from importing sufficient amounts of conventional medicines such as quinine, morphine, and chloroform (Fig. 1)9. Francis Porcher, a botanist, was commissioned to find and catalogue plants native to the southeastern US that could be used as medicines in their place5. Porcher compiled a book of his findings, including 37 plant species to be used as antiseptics, treating gangrene and other infections5. From this research, Samuel Moore, the Confederate Surgeon General, published a field guide of native plant medicines to be used by battlefield physicians, including methods of collection, preparation, and administration10. Infection was a leading cause of death for soldiers in the Civil War and was often treated with amputation11. It may be hoped that Porcher's work with medicinal plants saved many lives and limbs.
Cartoon map of the Union blockade proposed by General Winfield Scott during the American Civil War. Created in 1861 by J.B. Elliott and entered in Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division.
Natural products—compounds produced by living organisms—are used directly as medicine by an estimated 4 billion people for whom traditional medicine is a primary healthcare source12. Approximately 25% of modern drugs are derived from natural products used in traditional medicine13. Plants in particular produce a large variety of secondary metabolites to interact with their environments, and some of these serve to control local microbes by encouraging or inhibiting bacterial growth and/or function.
Many of the plant species Porcher described as antiseptic have not been tested for antibiotic activity, particularly for adjuvant activity (biofilm and/or anti-virulence properties) or activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to examine the potential efficacy of the plants used to stave off infection during the Civil War. While the majority of drugs on the market today are synthetic, many are still derived from natural products; a review of new drugs from 1981–2014 found that only two new approved novel chemical entities (NCEs), sorafenib and ataluren, were created through de novo combinatorial chemistry13. Searching natural products for NCEs may be a more effective tactic, especially when systems of traditional medicine and historical pharmacopoeias are available to use as heuristics.
One benefit of natural product extracts as antibiotic agents over single-compound drugs is that due to the presence of dozens to thousands of compounds, they can exhibit multiple mechanisms of activity, potentially making it more difficult for resistance to develop. For example, English oak (Quercus robur L., Fagaceae) bark was found to exert its quorum quenching activity via two distinct mechanisms14.
In this study, samples of three species from Porcher's book were selected for investigation: white oak (Quercus alba L., Fagaceae), devil's walking stick (Aralia spinosa L., Araliaceae), and tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera L., Magnoliaceae). We hypothesized that, given the historic use of these plants as antiseptics, their extracts may inhibit growth, biofilm production, and/or quorum sensing in pathogenic bacteria that affect the skin and soft tissue structures. Multidrug-resistant bacteria were used in all experiments to examine the potential use of these plant compounds to combat emerging resistance in species commonly found in wound infections today.
Extract yield
Extraction in MeOH yielded six crude extracts, representing Q. alba bark and galls, A. spinosa leaves, and L. tulipifera leaves, root inner bark, and branch bark (Table 1). Extract yield was highest (27.1% of dry mass) in extract 620 (Q. alba galls). Other crude extracts had yields ranging from 8–11%. Masses of partitions and fractions of crude extracts varied from <0.1% to 4% relative to dry plant matter (Supplementary Table S1). Partitions were labelled B, C, D, and E for solvents hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water, respectively; non-tannin fractions were labelled F1 and tannin fractions were labelled F2. The non-tannin fraction of L. tulipifera leaves (616-F1) was more than 10 times as massive as the tannin fraction, suggesting that tannin content is not high in L. tulipifera leaves. The tannin and non-tannin fractions of Q. alba bark were similar in mass.
Table 1 Preparation of plant materials.
Growth inhibition
All 19 crude extracts, partitions, and fractions were tested for growth inhibition of S. aureus, A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa (Table 2). Reported here are minimum concentrations of extract that achieved 50% inhibition (IC50) and 90% inhibition (MIC or IC90). Extracts from L. tulipifera and Q. alba were shown to be most active in inhibition of S. aureus growth (IC50 64 μg/mL in each case). Q. alba extracts 619, 619-F2, and 620 displayed inhibition of A. baumannii (IC50 64, 32, and 32 μg/mL, respectively) and K. pneumoniae (IC50 128, 64, and 32 μg/mL).
Table 2 Growth inhibition of multidrug-resistant bacteria by Civil War samples.
Extracts which displayed strong activity against S. aureus, A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa (619, 619-F2, and 620) were tested for growth inhibition of S. epidermidis and additional strains of A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae. All three of these Q. alba extracts inhibited growth in the strains of A. baumannii (IC50 32–256 μg/mL), but not in the additional K. pneumoniae strains tested (Table 3). Q. alba extracts 619 and 619-F2 were found to inhibit growth of S. epidermidis (IC50 256 and 64 μg/mL, respectively).
Table 3 Growth inhibition of additional strains by Q. alba samples 619, 619-F2, and 620.
Biofilm inhibition
Extracts from all species inhibited S. aureus biofilm formation (IC50 1–256 µg/mL). Figure 2 shows biofilm inhibition across serial dilutions of the most active extracts. Q. alba extract 619-F2 displayed the greatest biofilm inhibition (IC50 1 µg/mL). Some extracts, such as L. tulipifera extract 616-F1 and A. spinosa extract 618B, displayed little growth inhibition activity against S. aureus but strongly inhibited biofilm formation (IC50 32 and 2 µg/mL, respectively). Full biofilm inhibition data is reported in Supplementary Table S2.
Biofilm inhibition of S. aureus by Civil War samples. Extracts tested at sub-IC50 concentration. Percent biofilm inhibition calculated as inhibition compared to vehicle control.
Quorum sensing inhibition
Transcription of S. aureus agr types I, II, and III was inhibited by several Civil War extracts (Fig. 3). L. tulipifera extract 617 C, A. spinosa extract 618 C, and Q. alba extract 619-F1 exhibited the most activity in these assays, primarily against agr III (IC50 16, 32, and 16 μg/mL, respectively). No extracts demonstrated inhibition of agr IV transcription. Full quorum sensing inhibition data is reported in Supplementary Table S3.
Quorum sensing inhibition of S. aureus by Civil War samples. (A) Screen of all samples at 64 µg/mL. OD represents S. aureus growth and FLD represents expression of the agr gene. (B) Serial dilution of active samples from 0.5 to 64 µg/mL. Only 224C-F2, the control, showed activity against agr IV at sub-inhibitory concentrations for growth.
Of the 19 extracts studied, 13 were recognized to have potential antibiotic activity and were tested with human keratinocytes (HaCaT) to counter test for cytotoxicity. L. tulipifera root bark extracts 617 and 617 C displayed high levels of cytotoxicity (IC50 16 μg/mL in each case). Q. alba extracts displayed no significant cytotoxicity at test concentrations (2–256 μg/mL). Figure 4 displays cytotoxicity across serial dilutions of samples tested; IC50 and IC90 values are reported in Supplementary Table S4.
Cytotoxicity of Civil War samples exhibiting bioactivity in antibacterial models of growth, biofilm inhibition or quorum quenching. Percent keratinocyte survival is relative to vehicle control.
Q. alba extracts 619-F2 and 620 were selected for chemical analysis because of their strong antibacterial activity both in growth inhibition and in adjuvant assays and because of their lack of toxicity towards human cells. Initial HPLC indicated a wealth of early eluting compounds, so the chromatographic conditions were adjusted for LC-FTMS to achieve greater separation in that region. LC-FTMS revealed that 619-F2 and 620 have few compounds in common (Fig. 5).
Negative ESI mass spectrum base peak chromatograms of (A) 619-F2 and (B) 620. Peaks in common are 6, 41, and 42.
Analysis of LC-FTMS revealed 22 peaks in 619-F2 and 24 peaks in 620 with ≥1% peak area. Of these peaks, 16 and 10 respectively were putatively matched with known Quercus spp. Compounds (Fig. 6). Only three compounds were found in both 619-F2 and 620, 6, 41, and 42 with m/z of 466.0306, 367.2866, and 367.2866 respectively.
Putative compounds from fraction 619-F2 and extract 620 identified from database searches (7) isomers of procyanidin: procyanidin C1, procyanidin C2, procyanidin T2, procyanidin T3, (8a) catechin-gallocatechin-4,8-dimer, (8b) catechin-gallocatechin-6′,8-dimer, (8c) gallocatechin-catechin-6′,8-dimer, (8d) potengriffioside A and tiliroside, (8e) prodelphinidin C, (8f) (2 R,2′R,3 S,3′S,4 R)-[2′-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,3′,4,4′-tetrahydro-2-(3,4,5 trihydroxyphenyl)-4,6′-Bi-2H-1-benzopyran]-3,3′,5,5′,7,7′-hexol, (15a) isomers of procyanidin B: procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B3, procyanidin B4, procyanidin B5, procyanidin B6, procyanidin B7, procyanidin B8, (15b) catechol-catechol-6′,8-dimer, (15c) echinacin, (24a) isomers of procyanidin B 3-O-gallate: procyanidin B1 3-O-gallate, procyanidin B2 3-O-gallate, procyanidin B3 3-O-gallate, (24b) procyanidin B2 3′-O-gallate, (28) epicatechin gallate, (30) isocryptomerin (2) castalin and vescalin, (12a) casuariin, (12b) pedunculagin, (14a) castacrenin A, (14b) castacrenin B, (14c) castacrenin C, (14d) leiocarposide, (29) ellagic acid, (32a) 2, 19, 23-trihydroxy-3-[(3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoyl) oxy]-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (2α, 3β, 4α)-urs-12-en-28-oic acid and 2, 19, 23-trihydroxy-3-[(3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoyl) oxy]-α-D-glucopyranosyl ester (2α, 3β, 4α)-urs-12-en-28-oic acid, (32b) quercotriterpenoside I, (32c) quercotriterpenoside II, (32d) quercotriterpenoside III, (32e) quercotriterpenoside VI, (40a) arjugenin, (40b) belleric acid, (40c) sericic acid, (40d) 2α,19,23-trihydroxyursolic acid, (40e) 2,3,23,24-tetrahydroxy-(2α,3β)-urs-12-en-28-oic acid.
Extracts of L. tulipifera, A. spinosa, and Q. alba displayed inhibitory activity against bacteria that cause skin and soft tissue infections, substantiating their use as antiseptics during the American Civil War. These medicinal plants may be useful in modern medicine as treatments for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Of particular interest are 618B and 620 as S. aureus biofilm inhibitors and 619, 619-F2, and 620 as growth inhibitors of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.
While a 1947 survey of antibacterial properties of plants found no activity in A. spinosa and L. tulipifera15, the positive results in this experiment may be explained by differences in a number of factors. The previous study used H2O extracts whereas this experiment used MeOH extracts15; L. tulipifera bark was historically prepared for treatment by dissolving in EtOH5, which produces an extraction profile similar to MeOH16. Additionally, given the role of endophytic microorganisms in the synthesis of secondary metabolites, the chemical composition of plant extracts can vary based on differences in the plant microbiome17. Other possible sources of variation include collection date and location, assay method, and extract concentration tested. Finally, given the variability in how different laboratories may perform one type of extraction, results can vary between related studies. For example, of two studies that evaluated Aralia nudicaulis root (a traditional Native American remedy ingredient) for growth inhibition of mycobacteria, only one reported moderate antibacterial effects while the other reported little activity18,19.
In his report, Porcher recommended the entire genus Quercus as a source of antiseptics5. This activity is confirmed not only by the results of the experiments reported herein, but also by multiple other studies showing antibiotic effects by Quercus spp. extracts20,21,22,23,24. A European herbal remedy referred to as Quercus cortex (originating from Q. robur, Q. petrea, and Q. pubescens bark) has shown weak antibacterial and quorum sensing inhibition effects25. Acorn extract from a variety of oaks has shown inhibition of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria26.
However, the activity of various Quercus spp. extracts is far from uniform. For example, the Q. alba gall extract (620) in this study inhibited growth of drug-resistant K. pneumoniae whereas a study of Q. infectoria galls found no significant inhibition of drug-resistant K. pneumoniae24.
Antibacterial activity in oak extracts is frequently attributed to tannins27, compounds that typically interfere with biological processes by binding to proteins28. In Quercus, tannin content is typically highest in galls, with a reported 70% tannin content in Q. infectoria galls27. In this experiment, higher activity in 620 (gall crude extract) over 619 (bark crude extract) and 619-F2 (bark tannin fraction) over 619-F1 (bark non-tannin fraction) suggests that Q. alba's growth inhibitory activity is due to tannins. However, quorum sensing inhibition by 619-F1 suggests that additional compounds could contribute to the antibacterial activity of crude oak extract, the medicine used during the Civil War.
LC-FTMS analysis of 619-F2 and 620 confirmed the existence of a variety of tannins in both extracts (Supplementary Tables S6 and S7). Of particular interest are ellagitannin isomers, 2, found in 620; as well as related ellagitannins 12a and 12b. Ellagitannins have been reported to have antibiotic activity against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus9. While only three MS peaks were found in common between 619-F2 and 620, both extracts are rich in tannins. 619-F2 is enriched in procyanidin condensed tannins and 620 contains many ellagitannins and triterpenes.
Tannins have been shown to inhibit growth in a wide range of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Suggested mechanisms of action include inactivation of microbial enzymes, inhibition of membrane transport, and sequestering essential metal ions in complexes28. Tannins may also act as biofilm inhibitors by binding to matrix proteins29. However, tannins have also been found to bind with digestive enzymes and nutrients such as proteins and starches, and as such are generally considered as anti-nutritive; a variety of animals have shown gastrointestinal distress and decreased growth when fed on high-tannin diets28. Because of this nondiscriminatory binding, external applications of Q. alba extracts would be preferable to internal or systemic applications; Porcher recommended that powdered oak bark be applied in a wash for gangrene and a poultice for wounds5.
Leaves of several Quercus species (Q. cerris, Q. ilex, Q. virginiana, Q. incana) have also shown antibacterial properties, including biofilm and quorum sensing inhibition20,22,30. One future research direction could be to compare the antibacterial properties of Q. alba leaves with the activity identified in bark and gall extracts.
While A. spinosa has several reported uses in traditional medicine31, it has not frequently been studied for medicinal properties. The most notable results of this experiment for A. spinosa are significant biofilm inhibition by 618B (leaf hexane partition) and quorum sensing inhibition by 618 C (leaf ethyl acetate partition). The presence of these adjuvant properties rather than simple growth inhibitory activity in A. spinosa leaves may explain the 1947 report of no significant antibiotic activity in A. spinosa15.
Other Aralia species have exhibited antibacterial activity in roots18 and aerial parts (flowers, leaves, and stems)32, including biofilm inhibition by A. cachemirica32. In his list, Porcher also ascribed antiseptic activity to A. racemosa5.
L. tulipifera has been widely studied and its various parts have exhibited a variety of medicinal effects including antibacterial33, anti-malarial34, and anti-cancer35,36 activity. The other species of Liriodendron, L. chinense, is used in Chinese traditional medicine and has been shown to have antibacterial effects37. Additionally, an extract from a hybrid of L. tulipifera and L. chinense has been shown to exhibit inhibition of biofilm production and quorum sensing38.
In the present study, L. tulipifera extracts demonstrated activity in the inhibition of growth, biofilm production, and quorum sensing. However, the root bark extract (617), which is generally more bioactive than the leaf extract (616) and branch bark extract (621) in our models, displayed significant mammalian cytotoxicity (IC50: 16 µg/mL). It may therefore be ill-suited for medicinal use, or at least dose-limited. A study of L. tulipifera for antiplasmodial activity also found high cytotoxicity in active fractions but it has been suggested that, given the use of L. tulipifera in traditional medicine, toxicity may not be problematic in vivo at therapeutic doses34. Porcher recommended root bark as the medicinal part of L. tulipifera to be harvested5; perhaps preparation techniques or dosage made the potency/toxicity trade-off worthwhile in a wartime context. Interestingly, Porcher also suggested L. tulipifera bark as a substitute for Cinchona bark in malaria treatment, an application supported by recent research34.
Perhaps the most notable L. tulipifera extract with low toxicity is 616-F1 (leaf non-tannin fraction), which displayed little growth inhibition but significant biofilm and quorum sensing inhibition—an adjuvant effect similar to the A. spinosa extracts tested.
Further study should focus on bioassay-guided fractionation, a recursive process of fractionation and bioassay to identify individual active compounds and synergistic relationships. Of the extracts tested, 616-F1, 618B, 618 C, 619-F2, and 620 exhibit the most promise for antibiotic NCEs and are good candidates for this process. Specifically, the HPLC methods developed for 619-F2 and 620 could be used to produce further fractions with adaptation to preparative liquid chromatography.
In vivo testing of the antibacterial properties of extracts active in vitro is also a logical next step in this research. Given the potential of some of these extracts as adjuvants rather than direct antibiotics, they may be tested as adjuvants with existing, FDA-approved antibiotics for the potentiation of antibacterial activity in wound infections.
Finally, given the activity seen in the extracts tested in this study, it may be worthwhile to investigate the antibacterial properties of other plants recorded as antiseptics in Porcher's book. In total, 37 plant species were described as having antiseptic applications5. As the global spread of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria continues, it is increasingly important to consider all possible sources of new, and perhaps old, treatments.
Samples of Liriodendron tulipifera, Aralia spinosa, and Quercus alba were identified and collected in May 2015 from Lullwater Preserve on the Emory University campus in Atlanta, Georgia. Leaves were gathered manually and a handsaw was used to cut segments of roots and branches for bark collection. Vouchers (Accession numbers 20338-20341) were deposited in the Emory University Herbarium (GEO) in Atlanta and digital copies of the specimens are accessible for viewing online via the SERNEC web portal39. Samples were dried and ground into powder by either a Wiley mill equipped with a 2 mm mesh or coffee grinder (Table 1).
Extraction, partitioning, and fractionation
All ground material (Table 1) was sonicated in MeOH (1 g/10 mL). After 20 minutes the sample was filtered sequentially with Whatman filter paper 8 and 2, and then fresh MeOH was added to the plant material for a second round of sonication. The two filtrates were combined and dried in vacuo at ≤40 °C. The resulting residue was suspended in H2O, frozen, and lyophilized. The dried extract was collected and 20 mg of each extract was dissolved in DMSO (10 mg/mL) for biological testing.
Extracts 617 and 618 were suspended in H2O (1 g/10 mL) and were sequentially partitioned in hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol, yielding 4 partitions. Extracts 616 and 619 were dissolved in 95% ethanol (1 g/2 mL and 1 g/3 mL, respectively), loaded on a Sephadex LH-20 column (25 g, 32 × 2.5 cm), and sequentially eluted with 95% ethanol (300 mL), 70% acetone (300 mL), and 100% acetone (150 mL) to yield three fractions. All partitions and fractions were dried in vacuo, resuspended in H2O, frozen and lyophilized before being dissolved in DMSO (10 mg/mL) for biological testing.
Bacterial strains and growth conditions
In this study, six strains of Staphylococcus aureus (UAMS1, UAMS929, NRS385, AH1747, AH1677, AH430, AH1872), one strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis (NRS101), three strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (NR-15410, NR-15411, NR-15412), eight strains of Acinetobacter baumannii (AB5075, NR-17786, AR-BANK#0035, AR-BANK#0037, AR-BANK#0045, AR-BANK#0300, OIFC143, H72721), and one strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (AH071) were used (Supplementary Table S5). To create liquid cultures for all assays, strains were grown overnight in tryptic soy broth (TSB) with constant shaking (230 rpm). All strains were maintained on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) and tested in Cation-Adjusted Mueller-Hinton Broth (CAMHB).
Growth inhibition assays
Assays were carried out under CLSI M100-S23 guidelines40. A working culture was created by standardizing liquid culture using a BioTek Cytation3 and inoculating into CAMHB to a concentration of 5.0 × 105 CFU/mL. Working culture was added to extracts and controls in 96-well microtiter plates (Grenier-Bio 655-185) such that each well contained a total volume of 0.2 mL. Vehicle controls and antibiotic controls (ampicillin, kanamycin, and vancomycin for Staphylococcus spp. assays, gentamicin, tetracycline, and meropenem for other species, 0.5 to 64 µg/mL) were included for each strain. Extracts and vehicle were tested at a concentration range of 2.0 to 256 µg/mL, using 2-fold serial dilution. Plates were incubated at 37 °C, with S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and P. aeruginosa for 18 hours and A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae for 22 hours. Optical density (OD600) was measured using a BioTek Cytation3 plate reader at initial and final time points, to account for extract colour. The IC50 for growth was defined as the lowest concentration at which an extract displayed ≥50% inhibition and MIC (IC90) at ≥90% inhibition.
Extracts active against multidrug-resistant A. baumannii (OIFC143) and K. pneumoniae (NR-15410) were tested for growth inhibition of S. epidermidis and additional strains of A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae.
Biofilm inhibition assays for S. aureus
Biofilm inhibition of S. aureus was performed as described previously41. Briefly, supplemented TSB with 3% NaCl, 0.5% dextrose, and 2% human plasma was used in 96-well microtiter plates (Falcon 35–1172). Working cultures of UAMS-1 (wt) and UAMS-929 (isogenic ΔsarA mutant of UAMS-1) were standardized to a concentration of 5 × 105 CFU/mL and the final well volume was 0.2 mL. Extracts were assessed at sub-IC50 concentrations for growth, ranging from 2.0 to 256 µg/mL. The vehicle and positive control, 220D-F2, were assessed from 2.0 to 256 µg/mL. All experiments were incubated statically at 37 °C for 22 hours. Optical density (OD600) was measured using a BioTek Cytation3 plate reader at initial and final time points, to account for extract colour. Biofilms were rinsed twice with 1X PBS, fixed with 100% EtOH, and stained with crystal violet. The dry stain was eluted with ethanol, diluted in PBS, and quantified at 595 nm using a BioTek Cytation 3 plate reader. The MBIC50 (minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration) was defined as the lowest concentration at which an extract displayed ≥50% inhibition and MBIC90 at ≥90% inhibition.
Quorum quenching assays for S. aureus
Examination of the quorum quenching potential of extracts against S. aureus was conducted as previously described3. Briefly, all agr fluorescent reporter strains were maintained in chloramphenicol (10 µg/mL) supplemented TSA and TSB. The assay was conducted in tissue culture-treated clear bottom, black-sided 96-well microtiter plates (Costar 3603) with a final well volume of 0.2 mL. Extracts were assessed at sub-MIC50 concentrations, ranging from 0.5 to 64 µg/mL. Vehicle and positive control, 224C-F2, were also assessed from 0.5 to 64 µg/mL. Plates were incubated at 37 °C in a humidified chamber, shaking at 1200 rpm (Stuart SI505). OD (600 nm) and fluorescence (493 nm excitation, 535 nm emission) readings were taken at initial (0 hr) and final (22 hr) time points.
Cytotoxicity assays
Human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) were maintained and used to examine the cytotoxicity of the active extracts with an LDH cytotoxicity assay (G-Biosciences, St. Louis, MO) as previously described3. Briefly, the cell culture was standardized to 4 × 104 cells/mL using a hemocytometer and 0.2 mL added per well in a tissue culture treated 96-well microtiter plate (Falcon 35–3075). Plates were incubated for 48 hours to allow for seeding, and then cells were exposed to fresh media with treatment. Extracts and vehicle were serially diluted 2-fold (2–256 μg/mL) and were processed 24 hours post-treatment following manufacturer's protocol for chemical induced cytotoxicity.
HPLC methods were adapted from Mämmelä42 and were performed on an Agilent 1260 Infinity system running OpenLab CDS ChemStation (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with an Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column with compatible guard column at 35 °C. A gradient elution consisting of mobile phases (A) 1% formic acid in H2O and (B) 1.0% formic acid in MeOH at 1.0 mL/min beginning at 95:5 A:B for 9 min, then following a linear gradient to 0:100 A:B at 69 min, which was held for 9 min, before returning to initial conditions to equilibrate the column. Extracts were prepared for HPLC at 10 mg/mL in DI H2O with an injection volume of 10 µL.
The liquid chromatography-Fourier transform mass spectrometry (LC-FTMS) analysis was performed using a Shimadzu SIL-ACHT and Dionex 3600 SD HPLC pump with a modification of the previous method. A 10 µL injection at ambient temperature with (A) 1.0% formic acid in H2O and (B) 1% formic acid in MeOH at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Initial conditions were 95:5 (A:B) and held for 9 min, changing to 38:62 (A:B) using a linear gradient at 85 min, and then 100% B at 109 min, which was held for 10 min before returning to initial conditions to equilibrate the column. The data was acquired in MS1 mode scanning from a m/z of 150–1500 on a Thermo Scientific LTQ-FT Ultra MS in negative ESI mode and processed with Thermo Scientific Xcalibur 2.2 software (San Jose, CA). The capillary temperature was 275.0 °C, nitrogen was the sheath gas at a flow of 60, source voltage and current 5.0 kV and 100.0 µA, and the capillary voltage −19.0 V.
Using SciFinder Scholar (Chemical Abstracts Service, Columbus, OH, USA) all reported compounds from the genus Quercus were searched for matches to the LC-FTMS accurate mass data for each peak. The resulting putative compounds for samples 619-F2 and 620 are listed in Supplementary Tables S6, S7.
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article and its Supplementary Information Files.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States. (Atlanta, GA, 2013).
Stewart, P. S. & William Costerton, J. Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms. Lancet 358, 135–138, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05321-1 (2001).
Quave, C. L. et al. Castanea sativa (European Chestnut) leaf extracts rich in ursene and oeanene derivatives block Staphylococcus aureus virulence and pathogenesis without detectable resistance. Plos One 10, e0136486, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136486 (2015).
Wu, H., Moser, C., Wang, H. Z., Hoiby, N. & Song, Z. J. Strategies for combating bacterial biofilm infections. Int J Oral Sci 7, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1038/ijos.2014.65 (2015).
Porcher, F. P. Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests. (Evans & Cogswell, 1863).
Sharifi-Rad, J. et al. Plants of the genus Allium as antibacterial agents: From tradition to pharmacy. Cell Mol Biol 62, 57–68 (2016).
Jakobsen, T. H. et al. Ajoene, a sulfur-rich molecule from garlic, inhibits genes controlled by quorum sensing. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56, 2314–2325, https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.05919-11 (2012).
Office of the Historian United States Department of State. The Blockade of Confederate Ports, 1861–1865, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1861-1865/blockade (2017).
Lipińska, L., Klewicka, E. & Sójka, M. The structure, occurrence and biological activity of ellagitannins: a general review. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment 13, 289–299, https://doi.org/10.17306/J.AFS.2014.3.7 (2014).
Moore, S. P. Standard Supply Table of the Indigenous Remedies for Field Service. (Richmond, 1863).
U.S. National Library of Medicine. Maimed Men- Life and Limb: The Toll of the American Civil War, https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/lifeandlimb/maimedmen.html (2011).
Ekor, M. The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Front Pharmacol 4, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2013.00177 (2014).
Newman, D. J. & Cragg, G. M. Natural products as sources of new drugs from 1981 to 2014. J Nat Prod 79, 629–661, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01055 (2016).
Tolmacheva, A. A., Rogozhin, E. A. & Deryabin, D. G. Antibacterial and quorum sensing regulatory activities of some traditional Eastern-European medicinal plants. Acta Pharm 64, 173–186, https://doi.org/10.2478/acph-2014-0019 (2014).
Hayes, L. E. Survey of Higher Plants for Presence of Antibacterial Substances. Botanical Gazette 108, 408–414 (1947).
Xu, Bj & Chang, Skc A comparative study on phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of legumes as affected by extraction solvents. J Food Sci 72, S159–S166, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00260.x (2007).
Kusari, S., Hertweck, C. & Spitellert, M. Chemical Ecology of Endophytic Fungi: Origins of Secondary Metabolites. Chem Biol 19, 792–798, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.06.004 (2012).
Li, H. et al. Antimycobacterial natural products from endophytes of the medicinal plant Aralia nudicaulis. Nat Prod Commun 10, 1641–1642 (2015).
Webster, D. et al. Antimycobacterial screening of traditional medicinal plants using the microplate resazurin assay. Can J Microbiol 56, 487, https://doi.org/10.1139/W10-035 (2010).
Karioti, A. et al. Antimicrobial properties of Quercus ilex L. proanthocyanidin dimers and simple phenolics: Evaluation of their synergistic activity with conventional antimicrobials and prediction of their pharmacokinetic profile. J Agric Food Chem 59, 6412–6422, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf2011535 (2011).
Sati, S. C., Sati, N., Sati, O. P., Biswas, D. & Chauhan, B. S. Analysis and antimicrobial activity of volatile constituents from Quercus leucotrichophora (Fagaceae) bark. Nat Prod Res 26, 869–872, https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2011.564584 (2012).
Hobby, G. H. et al. Quercus cerris extracts limit Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation. J Ethnopharmacol 144, 812–815, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.042 (2012).
Jamil, M., ul Haq, I., Mirza, B. & Qayyum, M. Isolation of antibacterial compounds from Quercus dilatata L. through bioassay guided fractionation. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 11, 11, https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-0711-11-11 (2012).
Wan Nor Amilah, Wa. W., Masrah, M., Hasmah, A. & Noor Izani, N. J. In vitro antibacterial activity of Quercus infectoria gall extracts against multidrug resistant bacteria. Trop Biomed 31, 680–688 (2014).
Deryabin, D. G. & Tolmacheva, A. A. Antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing molecular composition derived from Quercus cortex (Oak bark) extract. Molecules 20, 17093–17108, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200917093 (2015).
Mohebi, R. et al. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of acorn herbal extract against some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol 70, 149–152 (2011).
Chusri, S. & Voravuthikunchai, S. P. Detailed studies on Quercus infectoria Olivier (nutgalls) as an alternative treatment for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. J Appl Microbiol 106, 89–96, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03979.x (2009).
Chung, K. T., Wong, T. Y., Wei, C. I., Huang, Y. W. & Lin, Y. Tannins and human health: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 38, 421–464, https://doi.org/10.1080/10408699891274273 (1998).
Akiyama, H., Fujii, K., Yamasaki, O., Oono, T. & Iwatsuki, K. Antibacterial action of several tannins against Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 48, 487–491, https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/48.4.487 (2001).
Sarwar, R. et al. Evaluation of antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and antimicrobial activity of Quercus incana Roxb. Front Pharmacol 6, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2015.00277 (2015).
Brussell, D. E. Araliaceae species used for culinary and medicinal purposes in Niigata-ken, Japan. Econ Bot 58, 736–739, https://doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2004)058[0736:ASUFCA]2.0.CO;2 (2004).
Ali, F. et al. 4-epi-Pimaric acid: a phytomolecule as a potent antibacterial and anti-biofilm agent for oral cavity pathogens. Eur J Clin Microbiol 31, 149–159, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-011-1287-x (2012).
Miller, S. L., Villanueva, H. E., Palazzo, M. C., Wright, B. S. & Setzer, W. N. Seasonal variation and bioactivity in the leaf oil of Liriodendron tulipifera growing in Huntsville, Alabama. Nat Prod Commun 4, 839–843 (2009).
Graziose, R. et al. Antiplasmodial activity of aporphine alkaloids and sesquiterpene lactones from Liriodendron tulipifera L. J Ethnopharmacol 133, 26–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.059 (2011).
Moon, M. K. et al. Farnesyl protein transferase and tumor cell growth inhibitory activities of lipiferolide isolated from Liriodendron tulipifera. Arch Pharm Res 30, 299, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02977609 (2007).
Doskotch, R. W. & El-Feraly, F. S. Antitumor agents II: Tulipinolide, a new germacranolide sesquiterpene, and costunolide. Two cytotoxic substances from Liriodendron tulipifera L. JPharmSci 58, 877–880, https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600580720 (1969).
Zeng, C.-z. & Liu, Z.-x. Bacteriostatic activity and stability of extracts from Liriodendron chinense. Hubei Agric Sci, 1222–1224 (2009).
Tan, X. et al. The investigation of inhibiting quorum sensing and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation from Liriodendron hybrid. Pak J Pharm Sci 28, 903–908 (2015).
SERNEC. Southeast Regional Network of Expertise and Collections, http://sernecportal.org/portal/collections/list.php?collector=Dettweiler&eventdate1=April%202015&eventdate2=July%202015&db=279;&page=1 (2017).
Cockerill, F. R. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: twenty-third informational supplement; M100 - S23. (CLSI, 2013).
Quave, C. L. et al. Ellagic acid derivatives from Rubus ulmifolius inhibit Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and improve response to antibiotics. Plos One 7, e28737, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028737 (2012).
ADS CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mämmelä, P., Savolainen, H., Lindroos, L., Kangas, J. & Vartiainen, T. Analysis of oak tannins by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 891, 75–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00624-5 (2000).
We thank Dr. Alexander Horswill for providing the agr reporter strains. Thanks to Dr. E. Jane Bradbury for help with plant identification and collection. This work was supported in part by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Science Education Program award #52006923 to Emory University. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute or Emory University. This work was also supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01 AT007052, PI: CQ) and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (R21 AI136563, PI: CQ). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the officinal view of NCCIH, NIAID or NIH. The funding agencies had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Material has been reviewed by the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. There is no objection to its presentation and/or publication. The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the author and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting true views of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense.
Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Micah Dettweiler, James T. Lyles & Cassandra L. Quave
Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Micah Dettweiler, Kate Nelson, Brandon Dale & Cassandra L. Quave
Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
Ryan M. Reddinger & Daniel V. Zurawski
Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Cassandra L. Quave
Emory University Herbarium, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Micah Dettweiler
James T. Lyles
Kate Nelson
Brandon Dale
Ryan M. Reddinger
Daniel V. Zurawski
M.D.: Collected the material; C.Q., D.Z. and J.L.: Conceived and designed the experiments; M.D., J.L., B.D., R.D. and K.N.: Performed the experiments; M.D. and C.Q.: Analyzed the data; M.D., J.L. and C.Q.: Prepared the draft; All authors proofread the final draft and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Cassandra L. Quave.
The research herein was conducted in absence of any competing interests.
Dettweiler, M., Lyles, J.T., Nelson, K. et al. American Civil War plant medicines inhibit growth, biofilm formation, and quorum sensing by multidrug-resistant bacteria. Sci Rep 9, 7692 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44242-y
Targeting ESKAPE pathogens with anti-infective medicinal plants from the Greater Mpigi region in Uganda
Fabien Schultz
Godwin Anywar
Journal Top 100


text:
Home American News TV Albuquerque NBC KOB 4 News Albuquerque NM Live
NBC TV Network
NBC KOB 4 News Albuquerque NM Live
Watch NBC KOB 4 News Albuquerque NM TV Live Free
Watch Local breaking NBC KOB 4 News Albuquerque NM New Mexico Live Stream Weather and Eyewitness News 4 Sports Channel Online Streaming) NBC KOB 4 began functioning on November 29, 1948. Tom Pepperday, was the proprietor of KOB radio (770 AM). It is the oldest television station in New Mexico. Not only this but also the third-oldest television between the Mississippi River and the West Coast. formerly, channel 4 operated projects from all four networks which were NBC, ABC, CBS, and DuMont. Nonetheless, NBC link has always been prime-like its radio comrade's prolonged association with NBC radio. Afterward, in May 1952, the KOB head office were obtained by magazine publisher Time-Life. Prior Federal Communication Commission (FCC) chairman Wayne Coy was also one of its owners as well. It was Time-Life's first television source. Within a week in 1953, two new TV stations signed on.
NBC KOB 4 bulletins discriminate themselves as Eyewitness News 4. Typically, KOB Channel publishes 5½ hours of regional news every weekday, three hours every Saturday, and one hour each Sunday. All over the school year, KOB telecasted a weekly 15-minute sportscast. It was on aired with the name "New Mexico Game-day" and was dedicated to high school sports. On September 26, 2010, KOB started creating and telecasting its bulletins is 16:9 Widescreen Standard Definition. It launched and its latest air illustrations and a new station logo.KOB tranquil an hour-long nocturnal bulletin for Albuquerque's KASA. It started from September 2000 through September 14, 2006, and was labeled as "Fox 2 News at nine".
NBC KOB News Channel installed its "Doppler Weather Radar" which was during time set aside safe for provincial segments. In September 2006, NBC KOB-TV started telecasting "NBC Weather plus" on digital secondary channel 4.2. In December 2008, Weather-Plus was exchanged with KOB's own regional program weather station. KOB, fundamental Channel 4 is NBC correlate television station certified to Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States. The station has headquarters located on Broadcast Plaza just west of downtown which is owned by Hubbard Broadcasting.
KRQE 13 CBS News Albuquerque NM Live
FOX KRQE News 13 Albuquerque NM Live
ABC KOAT 7 News Albuquerque NM Live


The James New York – NoMad, ideally situated on the corner of 29th Street and Madison Avenue, brings a fresh, new experience to NoMad. This luxury boutique hotel is infused with local culture and intuitive touches inspired by the community it calls home.
Our 337-room luxury boutique hotel has an authentic, warm, modern feel and design that stays true to its history and architecture. Drawing inspiration from the surrounding neighborhood, the guest rooms and public spaces are modern, yet classic in design.
Explore all our luxury amenities offered at The James New York – NoMad.
The location of The James New York – NoMad makes for an easy access point to all airports, trains and subways when arriving or departing New York City.
LaGuardia (LGA) /approximately (25-30 min. from NYC).
John F. Kennedy (JFK) /approximately (45-50 min. from NYC).
Newark Liberty (EWR) /approximately (50-60 min. from NYC) .
Penn Station /approximately (11 min. to/from hotel) – Access to Amtrak, The Long Island Railroad (LIRR), New Jersey Transit (NJ Transit) & Subway lines.
Grand Central /approximately (15 min. to/from hotel) – Access to Metro North & Subway lines.


text:
MONTHLY.
OCTOBER, 1888.
THE RELATION OF THE SEXES TO GOVERNMENT.
By Prof. EDWARD D. COPE.
AS is well known, the diversity of sex is of very ancient origin. It appeared in the history of life before the rise of any but the most rudimental mentality, and has at various points in the line of development of living things displayed itself in the most pronounced manner. Great peculiarities of sex structure are witnessed in the higher forms of life, as in birds and mammalia. The greatest peculiarity of mental sex character can only be seen where mind is most developed—that is, in man.
From what we know of sexual as compared with non-sexual reproduction, the advent of the former marked an important advance in the possibilities of progress. Reproduction by gemmation in non-sexual forms, and parthenogenesis in sexual animals, have a different result from sexual reproduction. In the former the characters of the single parent are reproduced with great fidelity. The cultivator who wishes to keep his stock true, uses buds and cuttings. On the other hand, seedlings are variable; because the offspring of two sexes inherit twice as many elements of difference as those of a single sex. Another great gain was secured in the development of a male sex. Being free from the disabilities imposed by maternity, the male could acquire a greater mastery over his environment than the female. His time would be less occupied, and his opportunity for physical exertion greater, and he could and would take a more active part in the struggle for existence. Hence, of the two sexes the male became the fighter and the provider, and necessarily, from the increasing muscular strength acquired in this more active life, the master of the two. He, therefore, became more specialized in some respects, particularly in those necessary to success in his various


An Amtrak train traveling from New York to Miami collided with a CSX freight train Sunday morning and derailed in South Carolina, killing two and injuring dozens, according to local law enforcement.
The Amtrak train carrying eight crew members and an estimated 139 passengers "came into contact" with the freight train around 2:35 a.m. in Cayce, S.C., Amtrak said in a statement. The lead engine and some passenger cars derailed, the railroad said.
The Lexington County sheriff's department said on Twitter that two people were killed and more than 50 were taken to hospitals. The Associated Press said the fatalities were Amtrak passengers.Sunday's crash is the third fatal Amtrak crash within six weeks and comes less than a week after a chartered train carrying GOP lawmakers hit a trash truck in Crozet, Va., killing one of the truck's occupants. In December, an Amtrak train careened off the rails in Washington State as it headed into a curve, spilling cars onto a busy highway and killing three people.
The latest crash occurred near a rail yard where tracks split away from the main thoroughfare to an area where freight cars can be offloaded, The Associated Press reported. The outlet said authorities don't yet know whether both trains were moving or if the Amtrak train had been diverted to the side rails.
The National Transportation Safety Board has launched a team of investigators to the scene. The Federal Railroad Administration said it also has investigators on-site.


The Greek prime minister, Alexis Tsipras, has vowed to strike a deal to stay inside the eurozone after a succession of credit downgrades and spiralling bailout costs appeared to weaken his negotiating position with Brussels.
Tsipras said he was optimistic about reaching a compromise on renegotiating Greece's €240bn international bailout.
But his comments came as ratings agency Moody's downgraded five of Greece's largest banks and fears of an exit from the euro drove Greek share prices down almost 5%. Shares in several of the banks plunged 10% or more.
In London, the British prime minister, David Cameron, called a meeting of Cobra, the UK government's emergency committee, to discuss UK preparations for a possible Greek exit.
Despite Tsipras's comment the prospects for a deal appeared to worsen after sources close to the new government in Athens said the Greek finance ministry would now seek a bridging loan lasting until at least the end of August. This would be two months longer than previously anticipated.
A longer bridging loan would add to the expected €10bn cost under a new deal to fund the Greek exchequer through the summer. The need for extra time is expected to intensify opposition in Berlin, which has rebuffed Athens initial proposals to renegotiate interest payments to the troika of lenders – the European Union, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
The German chancellor, Angela Merkel, said she would wait for a sustainable proposal from Greece on repaying its debt and other reform. "I think what counts is what Greece will put on the table," she said.
Brussels, under pressure from Berlin, is withholding the final €7.2bn payment under the existing debt deal after Greece refused to comply with the troika's austerity measures.
"I cannot possibly separate the fate of Greece from the fate of Europe … We are perfectly capable as Europeans to mess things up unnecessarily. We can find the accommodation between Greece and our creditors, our partners, the EU, ECB and IMF," he told the Guardian, adding that in a depressed economy it was simply impossible for "contractionary contraction" to work.
The growing sense of confusion in European capitals over demands by Athens for an overhaul of its 2010 debt deal prompted further fears that Greece may eventually be forced out of the eurozone.
On Monday the Greek stock markets fell by almost 5%, leading Paris and Frankfurt down after a recovery last week as investors senses a more conciliatory tone coming from Athens. London's FTSE 100 headed slightly lower to finish the day at 6837.
The head of the EU's executive arm, who met the Greek leader in Brussels last week, said he did not expect a deal on the way forward with Greece at an EU summit on Thursday or at a finance ministers' meeting of the eurozone on Wednesday.
"I don't think we'll reach final conclusions so soon," Juncker said at a meeting of Germany's Social Democratic party (SPD) in Nauen, near Berlin.
Speaking from the G20 finance ministers in Istanbul, the German finance minister, Wolfgang Schäuble, a long-time critic of Greek attempts to break with the existing deal, said that if Greece wanted Berlin's help there needed to be a programme agreed with creditors, rather than the emergency assistance that Athens had called for.
"I still don't understand how they [Greece] want to do it," he added.
The one-hour Cobra meeting attended by Foreign Office, Treasury, Downing Street and banking officials examined the risk of contagion to the UK banking system if the Greeks were pushed out of the euro.
The chancellor, George Osborne, was not at the meeting because he was on his way to Turkey for a meeting of G20 finance ministers.
The UK government spokesman stressed that it was necessary to be vigilant about the developments, but added that since 2012 the European banks had taken steps to ensure that they were more resilient in the face of a further euro crisis.


text:
PLL offers to take over Dabhol?s import terminal
Petronet LNG Limited (PLL) would bid to take over Dabhol?s five-million tonne LNG import terminal at Ratnagiri in Maharashtra when the government invites bidders. The government is considering giving off the LNG import terminal of the Dabhol power project as part of its plans to check cost over-runs of switching on the generators.
The Dabhol complex is now with Ratnagiri Gas and Power Ltd, a special purpose vehicle (SPV) floated by GAIL and NTPC. The SPV had estimated an outgo of Rs 710 crore for completing 15% work on the LNG terminal left incomplete by the original promoter--the now defunct US major Enron. It is now estimated that the work will need an additional Rs 1,000 crore.
Together with transfer cost of Rs 1,790 crore, the total cost of the LNG terminal of Dabhol is likely to cost Rs 3,500 crore. PLL managing director P Dasgupta told FE that his company was interested in the LNG terminal and will bid for it once its put for sale by the government. Dasgupta clarified that PLL would do a detailed due-dilligence of the terminal before taking a final call.
Petroleum secretary MS Srinivasan on Friday said the government had chosen Petronet LNG for the project as it was a specialist in LNG. He said the government had asked ICICI to do a valuation of the project and details will be finalised by Tuesday.
Petronet LNG, a company promoted by state-owned oil companies, has emerged as the favourite for taking over the terminal, followed by gas utility GAIL. Dasgupta said that other than Petronet LNG Limited and GAIL India, some foreign institutional investors may also be interested in the powerb project.
Source: The Financial Express, New Delhi, August 28, 2006


Mason Bee House Plans: Making a bee home is a straightforward woodworking mission that takes only a few minutes to construct, and making a bee home is a superb mission for utilizing a few items of salvaged lumber and scrap wood. It seems that an artful association of fruit additionally provides you quite a lot of bang on your buck, in terms of oohs and ahs and… well… some Instagram likes This model of tart, with recent fruit atop a cheese or custard filling can be extremely adaptable to season; high the goat cheese interior with whatever fruit you have readily available, and time of the yr, and it ought to serve you well.
The birdhouses made out of pine last a number of years; the pine bluebird home within the second photograph has been outside for a minimum of five seasons (maybe extra). I learned to play House of the Rising Son on the piano and it was all the time my fall-again place. After World War II, the housing demand and the GI Bill's dwelling loan program encouraged giant scale row house building in the suburbs in locations like Loch Raven Village and Edmonson Avenue. Annual calendar of legislative session meeting dates and instances for the Michigan House of Representatives. I suppose one would insulate with the amount wanted for the world and then wall over it like in a standard house.
The firm that makes this home is licensed by the EarthCraft House which means the home follows strict environmentally-friendly tips, is vitality-efficient, and low-upkeep. An organized table listing all a hundred and ten Michigan Representatives and their contact info, including workplace telephone numbers and e-mail addresses. As an apart, it seems that every thing -doors,windows, trim has pale within the sun. Nor do settle for Portable Hot Tubs,or Guests which need to bring Bands with them which might be clearly annoying to the Locals and Me if we staying in The Coach House -sorry please do not waste your time in enquiring.
As has turn out to be our Fall custom – the beginning of this new season was greeted but again at one in all our favorite camp spots, with pals and 10 youngsters hunkered by the river for two nights below the dappled gentle of those nice previous oak bushes in Lake Arrowhead the place we attempt to come sooner or later every October. But just because it was like that within the 90s & early 2000s, I do not go telling teens anecdotal tales about what it was like once I was a teen, as occasions have modified.
The fairly coastal village of Beer has three bedroom houses on the market from round £325,000, but you may should be fast, because the cheaper houses not often come on the market right here, and consequently get snapped up. The village is situated on the picturesque cliffs of the ninety five-mile long Jurassic Coast, England's first pure World Heritage Site.


Marlborough District Council's geographic information system (GIS) team has created an application that will enable emergency command centres and field crews to pinpoint groups with injured people and damaged buildings in the aftermath of a natural disaster.
An earthquake on New Zealand's Cook Strait did not damage Telecom NZ and Vodafone networks, but precipitated a large number calls that congested both networks.
Wellington managed services provider LAN Tech has shrugged off the 6.5 earthquake that struck the city on Sunday at 5.09pm.
Vodafone, Telecom and 2degrees have confirmed that their networks are functioning after today's 5.5 and 6.0 magnitude aftershocks in Canterbury.


Batteries can make solar arrays productive even after the sun goes down (flickr).
Already a leader in wind energy, Iowa wants to expand its renewable energy portfolio even further. The Iowa Economic Development Authority granted $200,000 to Ideal Energy in Fairfield last month to study "solar plus" systems, solar arrays enhanced with energy storage capacity via batteries.
Without the addition of batteries, these solar grids would only supply power when the sun was shining. The batteries can supply power during outages and at night, and help "shave" energy bills by supplying energy at peak demand hours, when utility costs are highest.
Ideal Energy is currently building a large, 1.1 megawatt solar array with a 1.1 megawatt hour vanadium flow battery for the Maharishi University of Management in Fairfield. This is the largest solar plus project in the state of Iowa and will cover about a third of the university's annual energy needs.
Ideal is also installing a somewhat smaller array with a lithium-ion battery at the Agri-Industrial Plastics Company in Fairfield. The battery will provide nighttime power for the company's 24-hour production lines and save them an estimated $42,000 annually.
With the Iowa Economic Development Authority grant, Ideal will assess and compare the performance, efficiency and maintenance of both systems in partnership with Iowa State University's Electric Power Research Center. A statewide committee, established by the 2016 Iowa Energy Plan, will evaluate the research to inform future solar plus projects in the state.


text:
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/09/Weasel-like-fishers-prey-on-Canada-Lynx-in-Maine-news.html
Photograph by Tim Fitzharris, Minden Pictures/ Nat Geo Image Collection
Looks fierce? Not according to fishers, half their size. New researchers shows the weasels aren't daunted at taking Canada lynx out for dinner – literally preying on the cats in Maine.
AnimalsWeird & Wild
Small Weasel-Like Animals Are Taking Down Big Cats
Two elusive predators, the lynx and the fisher, battle to the death in the snowstorms of New England.
In the empty winter forests of Maine, small weasel-like animals known as fishers bet against their mortal odds when it comes to food and survival.
New research shows for the first time that these opportunistic predators—not much larger than a big house cat—can and do take down Canadian lynx, which can grow up to double their size. (Related: Fierce, Furry Fishers Are Expanding Their Range—and Bulk.)
"A fisher really doesn't have any boundaries in the size of the animal it's willing to attack," says Scott McLellan, assistant regional wildlife biologist with the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife and the lead author of a study published recently in the Journal of Wildlife Management.
"We know that fishers are very opportunistic," he says. "They are just a ball of fury." (Watch: Hear a fisher's scream.)
While researchers never witnessed an attack firsthand, McLellan's and his coauthors' "scavenger hunt" for these attacks started with putting radio collars on lynx to track the cats' movements in Maine from 1999 and 2011. When they suspected that a lynx had met its end, they would track down the location of the collar.
At this point, piecing together the evidence was a little like forensic anthropology at a crime scene. They would try to find the legs and various parts of the cat—especially the neck and head, which could show bite marks as evidence of a fisher kill and rule out the possibility that the weasel just stumbled across a lynx who had recently died.
Don't let the cute face distract you. Fishers are calculating predators, killing lynx and other animals by going straight for their necks. Photograph by Tim Fitzharris, Minden Pictures/Nat Geo Image Collection
Lucky for the researchers, many of these attacks happened during the dead of winter and evidence could be seen in the snow.
Researchers found that before the attack happened, they would often see the fisher tracks connect with those of the lynx, indicating the weasels had picked up the cats' trail.
A Ghost In A Snowstorm
Based on the appearance of the tracks, an attack by a fisher on a lynx would often happen in the middle of a quick snowstorm, which may have worked to the advantage of these vicious little predators. A fisher would attack, often when the cat was bedded down to wait out the snow flurry, going right for the lynx's neck.
"They just buckle on. They have a pretty powerful grip and they know where to attack," McLellan says, adding that the fishers would finish the cats off pretty quickly. "There was some struggle certainly, but it didn't appear to last very long. There were some broken branches, tufts of fur, and claw marks where the lynx was trying to get away."
Once the lynx were dead, the fun had just begun for the gruesome fishers. The weasels would begin to dismember the fresh lynx carcass and hide pieces in various places, likely since it couldn't eat the whole 20-to-30-pound body in a single sitting.
"It might drag a leg up into a tree. It might drag a leg into a brush pile or under the snow somewhere," he says, adding that they would also remove the heads sometimes.
Feline Revenge
There is evidence, though, that some lynx were not passive prey items, McLellan says. "In some cases we found fisher hair stuck in the mouth of the dead lynx, so there was obviously some effort on the lynx's part to defend itself," he says. But he is unsure whether lynx ever beat the fishers in these mortal battles, or whether they sometimes even prey on the weasels.
Video Shows the Bizarre Sound of a Lynx Screaming Match Two lynxes were caught shrieking at each other in Avery Lake, Michigan.
On the other hand, bobcats—close relatives of lynx—turn the tables on the feisty fishers, according to research by Greta Wengert, cofounder of the Integral Ecology Research Center, a non-profit organization dedicated to the research and conservation of wildlife and their ecosystems.
"Pretty quickly it became evident that bobcats were the main predators, at least on female fishers," she says, adding that she and other researchers are focusing a lot of attention on Western subspecies of fishers due to ongoing research by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service into possibly listing those animals as endangered or threatened.
According to her, the western subspecies of fishers are often a little smaller than their eastern counterparts, which may be enough to tip the scales in favor of the felines. Bobcats are also a little smaller than lynx.
But once again, size can be deceiving.
"Bobcat and felid researchers weren't completely surprised because [bobcats] are known to be more aggressive—more power pound for pound [than lynx]," Wengert says.
McLellan says that his team found about a dozen examples of fisher predation on lynx in their four township area of Maine over the roughly 12 years of study, and suspected a few more cases. But while these cats certainly meet a grisly end, this interaction doesn't seem to have any negative population effects on the lynx, whose population has actually been growing over the study period.
The newly discovered interaction speaks to the fact that different animals have different ecological niches, and McLellan would like to learn more about these interactions: "If I had my way, we'd be putting more collars on both fishers and lynx."
He is unsure whether fishers take on other unruly predators besides lynx in the area, but he says it's possible they might take out a creature like a coyote.
"If a fisher can get a hold of the neck of an animal, they are willing to hold on for dear life," he says.


text:
Hilldale is a civil parish in the West Lancashire district of Lancashire, England.  It contains seven listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England.  All the listed buildings are designated at Grade II, the lowest of the three grades, which is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest".  The parish contains the small communities of Hilldale and Andertons Mill, and is almost entirely rural.  Apart from a medieval cross base, the listed buildings are all houses, farmhouses, or farm buildings.

Buildings

References

Citations

Sources

Lists of listed buildings in Lancashire
Buildings and structures in the Borough of West Lancashire

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia