text:
Effect of alcohol and smoking on semen analysis parameters
Akshi Raj1, Banyameen Iqbal1, Anuj Sharma2, Charusheela Rajesh Gore1, Harsh Kumar1, Madhuri Singh1
1 Department of Pathology, Dr D.Y Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, DYP Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
2 Armed Forces Medical Services, Punch, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Date of Submission 19-Mar-2021
Dr. Akshi Raj
Department of Pathology, Dr D.Y Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, DYP Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune - 411 018, Maharashtra
Background: Infertility affects close to 10%–15% of all couples in reproductive age group. A myriad of life style variables including consumption of alcohol, smoking along with increased exposure to electromagnetic waves emitting from cell phones and personal computers for prolonged durations, have had a negative impact on the quality of semen in males. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 250 male patients under evaluation for infertility. Physical and macroscopic examination was carried out followed by in detail microscopic examination according to the World Health Organization 2010 guidelines. Results: Fertility scoring was done for all 250 subjects and 67.2% of cases were found to be fertile, 14.4% were subfertile, and 18.4% of cases were found to be infertile. Among the 168 fertile subjects, majority 75.6% of cases were young in the age group of 20–30 years, 85.1% of cases did not consume alcohol, and 86.3% of cases did not smoke. Among the 46 infertile subjects, majority 54.3% of cases were in the age group of 20–30 years, 84.8% of cases consumed some amount of alcohol, and 54.3% of cases had a history of tobacco smoking. Majority 64.1% of the subjects having a combination of all three lifestyle factors were found to be infertile, whereas only 2.6% of such subjects were found to be fertile. Conclusion: This study shows that the consumption of alcohol and cigarette smoking has a significant deleterious effect on the process of sperm production and male reproductive potential; therefore, counseling regarding this negative impact needs to be focused upon by all clinicians and infertility specialists while handling such cases.
Keywords: Alcohol consumption, infertility, lifestyle, sperm production, testicular function, tobacco smoking
Raj A, Iqbal B, Sharma A, Gore CR, Kumar H, Singh M. Effect of alcohol and smoking on semen analysis parameters. Med J DY Patil Vidyapeeth 2022;15:696-700
Raj A, Iqbal B, Sharma A, Gore CR, Kumar H, Singh M. Effect of alcohol and smoking on semen analysis parameters. Med J DY Patil Vidyapeeth [serial online] 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 30];15:696-700. Available from: https://www.mjdrdypv.org/text.asp?2022/15/5/696/357773
According to the International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology and World Health Organization (WHO), infertility is a disease of the reproductive system defined by a failure to achieve clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.[1] Based on scientific data, it affects close to 8%–12% of all couples in reproductive age group.[2]
There is irrefutable evidence implicating alcohol and tobacco in the deleterious impact on male fertility and reproductive health with a number of studies carried out the world over which elucidated the harmful effects of these modifiable lifestyle factors on not only sperm counts but also on their structure, morphology, vitality, and motility.[3] In addition to consumption of these addictive substances, prolonged exposure of testes to consistently raised temperatures, emotional and psychological stress, snuggly fitted clothes, and prolonged sitting and exposure to certain pesticides have all been shown to have a deleterious impact on sperm concentration as well as function.
Evidence-based research has revealed that chronic abuse of alcohol can lead to impairment in the production of testosterone which, in turn, leads to decreased fertility and secondary sexual characteristics in males. Besides, it also negatively impacts the morphology and motility of spermatozoa which results in reduced levels of semen analysis parameters.
Numerous studies have suggested that cigarette smoking negatively affects the male reproductive organs reducing their functional capabilities which, in turn, results in decreased testicular functioning which affects not just the production of sperm, but also its morphology, structure, and motility.[4],[5],[6]
In the 21st century, lifestyle factors including excessive use of cell phones and personal computers and the harmful trend of keeping the mobile phones in trouser pockets where they remain in close proximity to the male gonads have been shown to cause reduced sperm counts in males, possibly due to hyperthermia and oxidative stress. Also, and often neglected, are the electromagnetic waves emitted from these devices which have been shown to result in a progressive deterioration in morphology and motility of sperm due to their deleterious effects on the structure and function of DNA.[7] Sperm DNA fragmentation has been used to detect high levels of defective spermatozoa in infertile males proving that DNA damage is more common in subfertile/infertile men than fertile men.[8]
This study was conducted over a 2-year period at a tertiary care hospital in western Maharashtra. All patients coming to the clinical laboratory for semen evaluation were studied except those who were on long-term medications which can affect sperm parameters, those with previous history of surgery involving male genitourinary tract, those who were suffering from medical conditions affecting testicular function such as trauma, varicocele, hydrocele, undescended testes, orchitis, and mumps, those with a significant previous history of smoking/consumption of alcohol for more than 6 months who were abstinent now, those who chewed tobacco, those who were abstinent for <2 and more than 7 days, those who were over the age of 50 years, and those for whom samples were exposed to adverse temperatures or were not taken in the hospital semen collection room. A total of 250 semen samples reporting to this hospital for infertility evaluation were reviewed. A detailed history was obtained from each patient with increased emphasis on lifestyle factors under consideration, i.e., consumption of alcohol, cigarette smoking, and cell phone usage. As per the WHO 2010 criteria for semen analysis parameters, semen analysis was performed for all the subjects. Based on the results obtained from semen analysis, fertility scoring was done following which, all the cases were classified as fertile, subfertile, or infertile. Individual parameters were assessed according to the guidelines by WHO, 2010.[9] These parameters were categorized under A, B, and C and a score of 2, 1, and 0 were given, respectively.
Caution was undertaken whenever interpreting subfertile sperm measurements as these are not conclusive of infertility. The same goes for men whose sperm counts are above the reference range set by the WHO manual, as these men could have parameters in the indeterminate range where a significant portion of the group is infertile [Table 1].[10]
Table 1: Fertility scoring: According to the World Health Organization 2010
Subsequently, the lifestyle factors were superimposed on the fertility findings and a causal relationship and association was studied between reproductive potential and lifestyle factors, namely alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, and cell phone usage. Chi-square test was done to conduct statistical analysis. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, whereas P > 0.05 was taken as nonsignificant.
In our study, a majority 79.6% of subjects had normal sperm count, whereas 20.4% of subjects had oligozoospermia and no subject had azoospermia. On evaluation of the progressive motility, a large proportion of cases, i.e., 50.8% of the subjects, were found to have asthenozoospermia, while the remaining 49.2% had normal progressive motility. With respect to volume, 20.8% of cases were found to have hypospermia, while the remaining were normospermic with no cases of hyperspermia. In addition, 11 cases were found to have teratozoospermia [Table 2].
Table 2: Distribution of cases according to sperm count, motility, volume and structure
With respect to alcohol consumption, 29% out of 87 cases were found to be fertile, 26.4% of cases were subfertile, and 44.8% of cases were found to be infertile. On the other hand, 33.8% out 68 tobacco smokers were found to be fertile, 29.4% were subfertile, and 36.8% were found to be infertile. In our study, the relationship between subfertility/infertility and alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking was found to be statistically significant [Table 3].
Table 3: Association of cases having lifestyle factors with fertility score
Among the fertile group, a majority, i.e., 85.1%, were nondrinkers, whereas the proportion of mild and moderate alcohol consumers was 11.9% and 2.4%, respectively. Only 0.6% of cases from the fertile group was a severe alcohol consumer. In the subfertile group, the distribution was more even with 36.2% of cases not consuming any alcohol, whereas the proportion of mild, moderate, and severe alcohol consumers was 47.2%, 13.8%, and 2.8%, respectively. In subjects that were found to be infertile, only a small proportion, i.e., 15.2% of cases did not consume any alcohol. Among the remaining infertile cases, 39.2% of cases were mild, 23.9% were moderate, and 21.7% of cases were severe alcohol consumers [Table 3].
Among the fertile group, a majority, i.e., 86.3%, were nonsmokers, whereas the proportion of mild and moderate tobacco smokers was 9.6% and 4.1%, respectively. None of the cases from the fertile group were severe tobacco smokers. In the subfertile group, the distribution was more even with 44.5% of cases not smoking any tobacco, whereas the proportion of mild, moderate, and severe tobacco smokers was 33.3%, 19.5%, and 2.7%, respectively. In subjects that were found to be infertile, a relatively smaller proportion, i.e., 45.7% of cases, did not smoke tobacco. Among the remaining infertile cases, 23.9% of cases were mild, 21.7% were moderate, and 8.7% of cases were severe tobacco smokers [Table 3].
Among the fertile group, the proportion of subjects with mild and moderate cell phone usage was 34% and 42.8%, respectively, whereas 23.2% of cases from the fertile group were subjects with severe cell phone usage. In the subfertile group, the distribution was slightly varied with the proportion of cases with mild, moderate, and severe cell phone usage being 11.1%, 55.6%, and 33.3%, respectively. In subjects that were found to be infertile, only a small proportion, i.e., 13.1% of cases, were subjects with mild cell phone usage, whereas 52.1% of cases were subjects with moderate and 34.8% of cases were subjects with severe cell phone usage [Table 3].
In our study, a majority i.e., 64.1% of cases of infertility, were those subjects who consumed alcohol and smoked tobacco. On the contrary, only 2.6% of subjects from the fertile group had a combination of these two lifestyle factors. This clearly indicates a strong association between presence of one or more deleterious lifestyle factors on male reproductive potential [Table 4] and [Figure 1].
Figure 1: Combined lifestyle factors with fertility score
Table 4: Association of combined lifestyle factors with fertility score
In this study, out of 250 cases studied, 67.2% of subjects are fertile as per the WHO fertility scoring system. The subfertile group has 14.4% of cases and 18.4% of subjects are found to be infertile. The proportions of these groups are more or less comparable to similar studies conducted all over the world.
This study has 20.4% of cases of oligozoospermia with the majority of subjects, i.e., 79.6%, having normal sperm count. Moreover, we see 50.8% of cases of asthenozoospermia, while the remaining 49.2% of subjects with normal progressive motility of spermatozoa.
The results of this study show a clear correlation between the amount of alcohol consumption and reduction in male reproductive potential corroborating with results of a cross-sectional study on 1221 young males, aged between 18 and 28 years, from Denmark, carried out by Jensen et al.[11] They concluded that total sperm count, sperm concentration, and the percentage of spermatozoa with normal morphology were all negatively associated with an increasing amount of consumption of alcohol. They also found that even mild alcohol consumption of >5 units/week showed a deleterious effect on the quality of semen of unknown fertility.
Kumar et al.[12] conducted a similar study in which it was revealed that in subjects with oligozoospermia, there was a nonsignificant reduction in progressive motility and sperm concentration between nonsmokers and smokers. A similar study conducted by Ramlau-Hansen et al.[13] also showed deleterious effects of tobacco smoking on parameters of semen analysis.
It is evident from the findings of this study that chronic cell phone usage is negatively associated with male reproductive potential. In a similar study conducted by Agarwal et al.,[14] it was shown increasing temperature in and around testes due to continuous carrying of mobile phones in trouser pockets in close proximity to the testes. These devices have been known to emit radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation which has been shown to have a negative impact on the development and function of spermatozoa.
Despite advances in the understanding of male infertility, idiopathic sperm abnormalities still account for about 30% of male infertility.[15]
It is no mystery that lifestyle factors are often implicated in the etiology of infertility. Based on the results obtained in this study, it is clearly evident that semen analysis parameters, especially sperm concentration, viability, and progressive motility, are markedly reduced in subjects who have a positive history of alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, and excessive cell phone usage. In addition, the degree of exposure to these lifestyle factors is closely associated with the cases of subfertility and infertility. Moreover, it is also observed that the combinations of these factors are implicated in having a magnified negative impact on male reproductive potential. In view of these findings, counseling regarding the deleterious effects and modification of these lifestyle factors needs to be focused upon by all clinicians and specialists while handling couples reporting to their clinics for infertility evaluation.
Zegers-Hochschild F, Adamson GD, de Mouzon J, Ishihara O, Mansour R, Nygren K, et al. The International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) and the World Health Organization (WHO) revised glossary on ART terminology, 2009. Hum Reprod 2009;24:2683-7.
Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Definitions of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril 2008;90:S60.
Brugo-Olmedo S, Chillik C, Kopelman S. Definition and causes of infertility. Reprod Biomed Online 2001;2:41-53.
Holzki G, Gall H, Hermann J. Cigarette smoking and sperm quality. Andrologia 1991;23:141-4.
Künzle R, Mueller MD, Hänggi W, Birkhäuser MH, Drescher H, Bersinger NA. Semen quality of male smokers and nonsmokers in infertile couples. Fertil Steril 2003;79:287-91.
Goverde HJ, Dekker HS, Janssen HJ, Bastiaans BA, Rolland R, Zielhuis GA. Semen quality and frequency of smoking and alcohol consumption--an explorative study. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud 1995;40:135-8.
Dada R, Gupta NP, Kucheria K. Spermatogenic arrest in men with testicular hyperthermia. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 2003;Suppl 1:235-43.
Dissanayake DM, Keerthirathna WL, Peiris LD. Male infertility problem: A contemporary review on present status and future perspective. Gender and the Genome. 2019;3:1-7.
World Health Organization Standard Procedures. In: Cooper TG, editor. WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen. 5th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. p. 1-141.
Patel AS, Leong JY, Ramasamy R. Prediction of male infertility by the World Health Organization laboratory manual for assessment of semen analysis: A systematic review. Arab J Urol 2018;16:96-102.
Jensen TK, Gottschau M, Madsen JO, Andersson AM, Lassen TH, Skakkebæk NE, et al. Habitual alcohol consumption associated with reduced semen quality and changes in reproductive hormones; a cross-sectional study among 1221 young Danish men. BMJ Open 2014;4:e005462.
Kumar S, Murarka S, Mishra VV, Gautam AK. Environmental and lifestyle factors in deterioration of male reproductive health. Indian J Med Res 2014;140 Suppl:S29-35.
Ramlau-Hansen CH, Thulstrup AM, Aggerholm AS, Jensen MS, Toft G, Bonde JP. Is smoking a risk factor for decreased semen quality? A cross-sectional analysis. Hum Reprod 2007;22:188-96.
Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Sharma RK, Ranga G, Li J. Effect of cell phone usage on semen analysis in men attending infertility clinic: An observational study. Fertil Steril 2008;89:124-8.
Fainberg J, Kashanian JA. Recent advances in understanding and managing male infertility. F1000Res. 2019;8:F1000 Faculty Rev-670. Published 2019.
Raj A
Iqbal B
Sharma A
Gore CR
Kumar H
Singh M
sperm production
testicular function
tobacco smoking


text:
Assassin's Creed 4 shows Ubisoft is listening to fans
Preventing deep vein thrombosis
The Project pokes fun at Ten
Assassin's Creed 4 Trailer
by kbicheno
Kieran Bicheno News Editor
Kieran is a former economist and magazine editor who worked his way to Online News Editor from a three-week trial helping the original online team implement new website functions. He is now part of a team whose aim is to amplify local journalists and local communities. Kieran sees his role as being part of a megaphone strapped to the ears of parliament, making sure the regions are never forgotten by parliaments in Brisbane and Canberra.
5th Mar 2013 11:59 AM | Updated: 12:01 PM
WHILE a yearly release schedule usually means a game franchise has died and should be avoided, Assassin's Creed 4 looks absolutely amazing.
Taking the Assassin's Creed games into the West Indies and making the protagonist a pirate seems odd for Ubisoft, but if the preview videos and images are anything to go by, it should work.
In development for nearly two years, the game is being spearheaded by one of the veteran Assassin's Creed teams in Ubisoft Montreal with support from Ubisoft studios in Annecy, Bucharest, Kiev, Quebec, Singapore and Sofia.
"With the new hero and new setting we are creating the boldest and most unique Assassin's Creed game yet, while still respecting the pillars of the franchise that have made it such a fan favourite," said Yves Guillemot, chief executive officer at Ubisoft.
"Assassin's Creed IV Black Flag is based on a true, harsh and exciting part of a legendary era and will thrill longtime fans and newcomers alike."
Assassin's Creed IV Black Flag tells the story of Edward Kenway, a young British man with a thirst for danger and adventure, who falls from privateering for the Royal Navy into piracy as the war between the major Empires comes to an end.
Edward is a fierce pirate and seasoned fighter who soon finds himself embroiled in the ancient war between Assassins and Templars.
Set at the dawn of the 18th Century, the game features some of the most infamous pirates in history, such as Blackbeard and Charles Vane, and takes players on a journey throughout the West Indies during a turbulent and violent period of time later to become known as the Golden Age of Pirates.
Assassin's Creed IV Black Flag features a vast open world with more than 50 navigable locations.
Combat combines the weaponry of the Assassin's Order with armaments of the era, and rewards both daring and stealth.
The game is slated to include multiplayer.
Black Flag will be released on the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Wii U and Windows PC.
If any other Next Gen consoles come out in time, hints are that they'll get a release as well.
The planned release date is October 31, 2013.
GAME FLASH: Brutal Legend
Infinity Ward is teasing us over the Valve console
First-person Pacman: Nightmarish yet brilliant
Elder Scrolls Online needs to nail the endgame
Valve's Gabe Newell to be Honoured with BAFTA Fellowship
Major Magnet: Quit job, make game, deliver awesome
#YOLOSWAG turns Twitter into war
Sony risks PS4 backlash as gamers say: where's the box?
Game Trailer: Crisis 3
Game Trailer: March of the Eagles
Battlefield 3: End Game finally launched - for Playstation
SimCity returns - and this time its gone green
Assassin's Creed 4 gameplay and collector's edition revealed
Xbox One: Gamer anger about 'fee' for secondhand games
Playstation 4 release date leaked
Demand for PlayStation 4 is overwhelming, says Sony
Aussie director puts twist on video game for big screen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Only 25% of Russians back Ukraine war, poll says
The Kremlin's internal polling shows only 25% of Russians favor continuing the war in Ukraine and 55% support peace talks, an independent Russian media outlet says.
Meduza says it obtained access to the survey conducted last month by the Russian Federal Protective Service. The results are markedly different from a July survey that showed 57% of Russians favored the war.
Denis Volkov, director of the independent sociological institute Levada Center in Moscow, said the share of Russians favoring peace talks and rejecting the war began growing rapidly with the September "partial mobilization" draft that added 300,000 soldiers.
"This is sheer reluctance to take part in the war personally," Volkov told Meduza. "Now the risks are greater, and people want to start the talks."
The British Defense Ministry said the results of the FPS poll were consistent with one conducted in October, adding: "With Russia unlikely to achieve major battlefield successes in the next several months, maintaining even tacit approval of the war amongst the population is likely to be increasingly difficult for the Kremlin."
Other developments:
►Russian crude has already fallen to near $60 per barrel despite the international benchmark Brent that closed Friday at $85.42.
►The office of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said the cap was too high, urging the adoption of a $30 cap.
RUSSIA REJECTS $60 CAP:West could be cut off from Russian oil, but has been shrinking purchases for months
Russia calls for ban on oil price caps
A top Russian official called Sunday for a global ban on oil price caps, one day before a $60 per barrel purchase cap on Russian oil announced by the European Union and US goes into effect. Deputy Prime Minister Alexander Novak said Russia would trim production rather then sell under the cap.
"We will sell oil and oil products to those countries that will work with us on market conditions," Novak said. He said the limit being imposed by the US and much of Europe "runs counter to all the rules of the World Trade Organization."
Russia has been adding tankers to its shipping fleet in hopes of selling more oil to China, India and other nations since Europe has vastly cut back on pipeline purchases. But Western insurers are banned from insuring cargoes not being traded under the cap, adding to Russia's export woes.
Mikhail Ulyanov, Russia's representative to international organizations in Vienna, Austria, tweeted that Europe will be forced to live without Russian oil.
"Very soon the #EU will blame #Russia for using oil as a weapon," Ulyanov said.
Blinken calls Russia's war strategy 'barbaric,' says sanctions are working
Secretary of State Antony Blinken called the Russian assault on Ukraine's energy infrastructure ahead of winter "barbaric" and said the US is trying to supply the parts necessary to restore it.
In a CNN interview Sunday, Blinken also said the Biden administration is working with Congress on legislation that would label Russia a state sponsor of terrorism while avoiding some of the unintended consequences such a designation could bring.
And although the numerous sanctions the US and its allies have imposed on Russia haven't deterred the Kremlin's aggression towards Ukraine, Blinken said they're having an impact. Specifically, he said the punitive measures are curtailing Russia's ability to replace weapons and modernize its economy.
"Every single day that goes by with these sanctions in place the burden on Russia gets heavier and heavier, its ability to prosecute these kinds of wars gets weaker and weaker," Blinken said.
Kherson still being battered despite the retreat of Russian troops
Russian forces fled the southern city of Kherson last month in a much-ballyhooed victory for Ukraine, but the region continues to be hammered by Russian shelling. Power outages are frequent, and Kherson regional Gov. Yaroslav Yanushkevich said evacuations of civilians stuck in Russian-held territory outside the city would resume temporarily.
Russian forces moved to the Dnieper River's eastern bank last month. Yanushkevich said a ban on crossing the waterway would be lifted during daylight hours for Ukrainian citizens who "did not have time to leave the temporarily occupied territory." His announcement cited a "possible intensification of hostilities in this area."
Kherson is one of four regions that Russian leader Vladimir Putin illegally annexed in September and vowed to defend as Russian territory.
Contributing: The Associated Press
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Since finishing his studies in photography at Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design in two years ago, Andras Ladocsi works as a freelance photographer and cinematographer in Budapest. His photos are crafted to evoke emotion, and he is thrilled analogue mediums are coming back into the limelight.
What is the one picture you wanted to take but never did?
A portrait of my mother.
Who inspired you to pursue photography?
Peter Puklus, Jeff Wall, Jean-Michel Basquiat.
I would like to make a series about a boy school at Pannonhalma.
What is the responsibility of a photographer to their audience?


The other day on Facebook, I saw a video showcasing "palm painting portraits". It's okay…I had never heard of the terminology either.
It's when an artist paints a realistic portrait on the palm of their hand, then uses their palm as a stamp. The paint is transferred from their hand to the canvas, paper, etc., creating amazing artwork.
I can show you better than tell you, so take a look at this talented artist: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4uPv4yNvV0.
After watching that video and others, it made me wonder about your talents, gifts, hobbies, and extracurricular activities. Because there are tons of creative scholarships that you may be overlooking!
The Community Contribution Scholarship: This scholarship is open to all high school students who have recognized a need or problem in their community and have determined a way to address the issue.
July Harlequin Floors Scholarship Contest: To apply for this scholarship, all you have to do is submit a dance video! Find out more about the uploading and voting process by visiting the sponsoring committee's website.
Jamaica Travel Saver Scholarship: For this scholarship, applicants must share about their extracurricular activities, life goals, and vacationing. Current undergraduate and graduate students are eligible to apply.


text:
Baltasar Rodrigues de Melo foi um administrador colonial português.

Foi capitão-mor da capitania do Grão-Pará, de 1618 a 1619. Em 7 de janeiro de 1619 os tupinambás atacaram o Forte do Presépio, porém o governador conseguiu matar o líder, Guaiamiaba, fazendo assim com que os indígenas se dispersassem. Volta preso para Portugal.

Governadores do Pará (Colônia)

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text:
Adrienne Maloof : 'It's Interesting' Yolanda Foster Called Me 'Quite Arrogant'
Feb. 8 2013, Published 7:40 a.m. ET
Adrienne Maloof's taking the high road after Yolanda Foster, her castmate on The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills, blogged that she feels the heiress came off "quite arrogant" after passing on a Las Vegas trip with the rest of the cast.
"The reason I am never at these dinner parties is simple," Adrienne said in a new blog. "When the main topic of conversation is attacking and criticizing others, I choose to disengage."
Adrienne didn't seem too upset with Yolanda for calling her out publicly, as she sees parallels between herself and the Dutch model attitudes toward the endless drama and conflict the show provides.
"It's interesting that Yolanda criticizes me for not being there in person for these gatherings," said Adrienne, who's currently involved with Rod Stewart's 32-year-old son Sean. "Yet, she is clearly not a fan of catty dinner conversation either.
"We actually have very similar reactions to drama and how we deal: we leave the table or choose not to participate in the event."
Elsewhere in the blog, Adrienne thanked both Camille Grammer and Kyle Richards for their ongoing friendship and support.
The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills airs Mondays at 9/8c on Bravo.


text:
Q: css: sort divs/lis into two columns Suppose there are two kinds of elements, let's say words and numbers. They should be sorted into two columns. For the example I'm using listitems, but I don't mind changing to divs or something else if that helps.

foo

bar

1

2

baz

Right now I'm achieving this somewhat by using margins, with the following css:
#container {
    width: 500px;
    margin: auto;
}

li {
    float: left;
    width: 200px;
    background-color: #eee;
    margin-bottom: 2px;
    margin-right: 300px;
}

.num {
    float: right;
    margin-right: 0px;
    margin-left: 300px;
}

resulting in

http://jsfiddle.net/he13vug4/
What would be a more elegant way to achieve this?
How could I make the numbers "start" (in terms of vertical position) already besides "bar" or even "foo"? (The next word should, however, only start below the numbers). That is, I'd like

or

instead of

A:
They should be sorted into two columns, side by side

Do you need support for older browsers? If not, CSS Grid could help you
Result

#container {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
  grid-auto-flow: dense;
  gap: 10px;
  width: 500px;
  margin: auto;
  list-style: none;
}

li {
  background-color: #eee;
}

.word {
  grid-column: 1;
}

.num {
  grid-column: 2;
}

foo

bar

1

2

baz

And same code on JSFiddle

A: Use only left floating and play with clear and margin like below:

#container {
  width: 500px;
  margin: auto;
}
ul {
 list-style:none;
}

li {
  float: left;
  width: 200px;
  background-color: #eee;
  margin-bottom: 2px;
}
li + li:not(.num) {
  clear:both;
}
li + li.num {
  margin-left:10px;
}
li.num + li.num {
  margin-left:210px;
}

foo

bar

1

2

baz

baz

1

2

3

baz

baz

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"I can't stand being apart any longer. You win. Whatever your demands are, I'll meet them."
"I want you to stop thinking of everything as a negotiation and relate to me as a human being."
"Okay, maybe not that one."
See also, "Here and There" from the collection, The Girl with Curious Hair, by David Foster Wallace.


A FLIGHT attendant has been banned from the cabin after he was filmed challenging a passenger to a FIGHT as a sobbing mum was allegedly "whacked" on board.
The American Airlines steward was recorded shouting "hit me" when a passenger came to the defence of the distressed mother.
The row was allegedly sparked when her children's pushchair was allegedly snatched by crew members.
Now American Airlines say they have "grounded" the attendant as they investigate what happened after apologising.
Passenger Surain Adyanthaya, who filmed the shocking footage, claimed the flight attendant "'violently took a stroller from a lady with her baby on my flight, hitting her and just missing the baby".
Adyanthaya added: "They just involuntarily escorted the mother and her kids off the flight and let the flight attendant back on, who tried to fight other passengers.
"The mom asked for an apology and the AA official declined."
A passenger on the plane was then seen getting out of his seat to confront the cabin crew about their alleged behaviour.
Heard saying he's "not going to sit here and watch this" before demanding to speak to the steward accused of hitting the distraught mum.
When an American Airlines employee then boards the plane, the man tells him: "You do that to me and I'll knock you flat".
Suddenly the steward lurches forward and points at the passenger ordering him to "stay out of it".
The pair then square up against each other before the crew member shouts: "Hit me. You don't know what the story is".
The row broke out on Flight 591 just before it departed from San Francisco on Friday afternoon.
Adyanthaya later posted another photo on his Facebook page appearing to show the woman being escorted off the plane with her baby twins.
An American Airlines spokesman said: "What we see on this video does not reflect our values or how we care for our customers.
"We are deeply sorry for the pain we have caused this passenger and her family and to any other customers affected by the incident.
"After electing to take another flight, we are taking special care of her and her family and upgrading them to first class for the remainder of their international trip.
"The actions of our team member captured here do not appear to reflect patience or empathy, two values necessary for customer care.
In short, we are disappointed by these actions.
"In short, we are disappointed by these actions. The American team member has been removed from duty while we immediately investigate this incident."
Last week a doctor was filmed being dragged off an overbooked United Airlines flight with blood pouring from his mouth.
Dr David Dao, 69, was forced to leave the flight from Chicago to Louisville, Kentucky, so staff from a partner airline could have his seat for a connecting flight.


New York, NY, September 24, 2015 --(PR.com)-- The Knowledge Group/The Knowledge Congress Live Webcast Series, the leading producer of regulatory focused webcasts, announced today that it has scheduled a live webcast entitled: National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) Ambush Election Rules Unionizing a Workforce: What you Need to Know in 2015 and Beyond Live Webcast. This two-hour event is scheduled on September 25, 2015 at 12:00 PM - 2:00 PM ET.
In December 2014, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) implemented a final rule amending the agency's representation-case procedures. The 'ambush election' rules, which govern the procedures for union representation elections, went into effect on April 14, 2015. The rule would dramatically shorten the duration between a union's filing of a petition to represent workers and the holding of a vote. This 'ambush' election rule would constrain employers seeking to respond to union organizer arguments; among other issues.
The new rules constitute the most sweeping regulatory change ever implemented by the Board. The rules will favor unions by enabling union elections in 10 to 21 days after the union requests a vote, and almost eliminate most employer rights during the representation case process. The new rules now make it easier for unions to organize all employers in any industry. Other changes include disputes over voter eligibility and bargaining unit inclusion or exclusion will be delayed until after an election, and pre-election hearings must start eight days after the date petition filing.
Union officials understandably favor the new rule since less than 7% of the US private sector work force is unionized. Many companies see the new rule as a license to muzzle work site opponents, unnecessary, and exceeding the board's authority.
Companies and unions will come to loggerheads over the new rules. Companies need to plan carefully to address the new rules and plan for compliance and mitigation of litigation risks.
Anne Marie Lofaso, D.Phil., J.D., A.B.


text:
Q: Which features selects fit_transform? I'm selecting features using LinearSVC. All the features are binaries. This is how it looks like:
In>  X0.shape
Out> (6876299, 49)
In>  lsvc = LinearSVC(C=0.01, penalty="l1", dual=False)
In>  X_new = lsvc.fit_transform(X0, y0)
In>  X_new.shape
Out> (6876299, 41)

My problem is very simple, but I haven't found any specific solution. How am I supposed to know which features have been selected by fit_transform?
Thks!

A: You can take a look at lsvc.coef_. The features with non-zero coefficients will be the ones that have been chosen. For example the following will give you a mask of all non-zero features:
>>> from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
>>> iris = load_iris()
>>> X, y = iris.data, iris.target
>>> X.shape
(150, 4)

>>> lsvc = LinearSVC(C=0.01, penalty="l1", dual=False)
>>> X_new = lsvc.fit_transform(X, y)
>>> X_new.shape
(150, 3)

>>> lsvc.coef_
array([[ 0.        ,  0.21680351, -0.28727891,  0.        ],
       [ 0.        , -0.09186784,  0.        ,  0.        ],
       [-0.03501512, -0.17022421,  0.13485806,  0.        ]])

>>> ~np.all(lsvc.coef_==0, axis=0)
array([ True,  True,  True, False], dtype=bool)


Whether you are a young, elite athlete facing a race against time to get fit for competition or a senior citizen keen to stay fit, healthy and pain free, Newcastle Physiotherapy is confident we can help you to achieve your goals.
All physiotherapists at Newcastle Physiotherapy are vastly experienced in the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of all types of sports injury.
Sports massage is a deep tissue treatment aimed at restoring normal muscle length, tone and balance. It is used in the sporting environment both as an injury prevention tool and to aid recovery.
At Newcastle Physiotherapy we believe that what you put in to your body is as important as what you do with it.
At Newcastle Physiotherapy, we have a specialist fodmap-trained dietitian, who can give you tailor-made advice for ibs using the low fodmap diet.


If you are looking for a great price on quality Jewels By Jacob Necklaces fashion jewelry, don't look any further! Unbeatablesale.com has over 700,000 products in stock with 2 of them being Jewels By Jacob Necklaces fashion jewelry and related items.
Even better than that, our guaranteed lowest prices on Jewels By Jacob Necklaces fashion jewelry can't be beat, with products priced as low as $52.69. Your overall shopping experience is our #1 priority. Our vision is to engender and satisfy the loyal customer who know exactly what they want, when they want it and how they like it, right here on Unbeatablesale.com. Unbeatablesale.com offers around the clock online ordering and values your privacy; we will not sell or provide your information to any third parties. Shop secure and hassle-free today!


Satan Goss is the main villain of the tokusatsu series Jaspion. He is a dark being born from the negative energies of the entire universe.
The prophet Edin predicted through the Galactic Bible that Satan Goss would emerge to conquer the universe. His disciple, Jaspion, tought this was just nonsense, until Satan Goss finally emerges, fulfilling the prophecy. He immediately starts to wreak havoc by enraging monsters on every planet he set his foot. Jaspion follows him and battle the many monsters with his giant mech Daileon. Once he arrives at Earth, he decides this would the perfect place to establish his empire. He sends his son MacGaren, who have the same abilities as Jaspion, to find and kill Jaspion. He also asked for the help of many other bad guys such as the witch Kilza. Satan Goss is of gigantic proportions, wearing a black armor that resembles Darth Vader, but his true form, that of The Mighty Satan Goss which he assumes in the end of the series, is a very monstrous Cthulhu-like form.


Protestors in opposition of expansion of London airport Heathrow have created a brilliant way to bring their message to the streets. Inspired by 'wash me' messages written in the dust on dirty trucks, they invented clean graffiti. The text is created by selectively cleaning a dirty pavement surface. Slogans 'Stop Heathrow Expansion' and 'No third runway' have been appearing all over London. And the smart thing is, clean graffiti is perfectly legal.


Parker's Barkers: My BIG winnings in Cripple Creek!
My BIG winnings in Cripple Creek!
Paula & I headed to Cripple Creek on Saturday to exercise our wrists and trigger fingers. I figure I probably won over $500. The only problem is - it took me over $600 to win it!
Paula's luck was equally good - maybe even better. The ATM machine was her new, best friend. We had a great time anyway.
The "boys" (Bill and Lou) enjoyed their day without us by taking a 3 1/2 hour hike in Palmer Park and shopping at Whole Foods. We returned home to a fabulous steak dinner and some to-die-for hors d'oeuvres with the best goat cheese I've ever had.
Thanksgiving is in two days. It is also my birthday. I will be 62 years old. Bill is cooking the turkey at his daughter Laura's house - where we will gather with the rest of his family for the feast.
I wish I were closer to my kids during the holidays - but 3 of the 4 will come to visit us in Florida, Johnny (JK) in December, Pamela & husband Orlando & grandsons Gabriel and Sebastian in January and Laura & grandson, Zachary in February.
My vote was based on color!


text:
Peru will receive $750 million from the IDB for the Lima Metro
The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) announced the approval of a package of loans for $750 million for the expansion of the Lima metro. The project will include the construction of 35 kilometers of tunnels under the metropolitan area of the Peruvian capital.
In 2020, when all its phases are in operation, the underground transport system will allow passengers to cross the city from east to west in 45 minutes, as opposed to the more than two hours the trip currently takes by car. It will also significantly reduce the costs of transportation, the number of traffic accidents and emissions of greenhouse gases in the metropolitan area.
Approval of the IDB financing coincided with the gathering in Lima of COP 20, the 20th Conference of the Parties on Climate Change.
"Besides being the largest project undertaken by a public-private partnership in the history of Peru, the expansion of the Metro will raise Lima's public transportation to the level required by a modern metropolis," said Hans Schulz, interim IDB Vice President for the Private Sector and Non-Sovereign Guaranteed Operations.
The six-year project calls for the construction of 35 stations that will allow 660,000 passengers to use the new public transportation networks each day.
The total cost of the project is set at over $5.8 billion, which will be financed through a 35-year public-private partnership between the concessionaire, Metro de Lima Línea 2 S.A., and the Ministry of Transportation and Communications.
Participating in the Metro de Lima Línea 2 consortium are the Iridium/ACS Group of Spain; FCC Group of Spain; Salini Impregilo of Italy; Ansaldo STS of Italy; Ansaldo Breda of Italy; and COSAPI of Peru. The Consortium includes investors with a long track record of success in the design, construction and operation of world-class metro lines.
The partnership will operate under an innovative model based on income from the investments and certificates of progress to be issued by the Ministry of Transportation and Communication. Once the system begins operating, the concessionaire will be paid out of the tariffs for services rendered.
The financial package for the project will be made up of a $300 million loan to the Ministry of Transportation and Communications and non-sovereign guaranteed loans to Metro de Lima Línea 2 of up to $400 million and $50 million, respectively, from the Bank´s Ordinary Capital and the China Co-financing Fund for Latin America and the Caribbean, administered by the IDB.
Features and web stories
Regional press contacts
Silvia Dangond
silviad@iadb.org
John Ferriter
johnfe@iadb.org
Peru and the IDB
Structured and Corporate Finance
Line 2 and 4, Lima Metro
Lima Metro Line 2 and Line 4 PPP


Hi, this is Rachel Agana who brings you all the social media goodness for Elemental LED.
A friend and his family created these beautiful golden tree branch centerpieces for his wedding reception. During the wedding they had hung tea light candles in glass lanterns and super glued fresh violet orchids on the branches. I brought a couple of them home afterwards to keep. Without all the embellishments they still look beautiful on their own and could be used for different things - a unique Christmas tree or even a jewelry display. When we started stocking the Celebright LED holiday lights, I really wanted to use them for a project - especially the warm white. Then I thought wrapping them around the tree would be perfect because the warm white Celebright is made of copper wire which would blend in perfectly with the gold paint.
tree branches - a manzanita tree was used for this.
I was able to get the step-by-stop process of the making of the tree and then I can walk you through how I strung the lights around. Onward!
Find a manzanita tree. What you find and how long you want your finished tree to last will affect the next step.
Wash tree with pressurized water (garden hose) and let dry. Trim branches to get desired look. If the tree still has green leaves you can remove those and do a light sanding with 120 grit sandpaper to allow better paint adhesion. If the tree is more on the dead side you will need to sand it as the bark on manzanita trees crack and flake off over time. Maybe that is a look you desire so you don't sand it, but if you want a smooth surface all the time, you should. The best way is to sand blast it, or the more tedious way is to use sand paper.
Pick a base, we purchased a decorative vase from Michaels, and buy some Plaster of Paris.
Screw 3 1" - 1 1/2" screws perpendicular to tree 1" from the bottom of the main branch/trunk. This will help secure the tree in the Plaster of Paris.
Mix Plaster of Paris according to directions. You will need enough to fill your base upto 1"-1 1/2" from the top.
Hang your branch by a string from the center point of the main branch. The center point will be the point at which your tree will balance in the position you want it to be set in the plaster of paris. Suspend the tree (we did this from a ceiling hook in the garage) so that it is 1" above your work surface.
Insert the main tree branch in to the base with plaster of paris. Work the branch into the position you would like it. Once set in place let it sit until the Plaster of Paris dries.
Spray paint your tree which ever color you would like according to the paint directions. We used gold, some grey, and a little dark brown to get an antique gold finish. Gold first and then small strokes of the other colors in various areas to give it the antique look.
Add your decor. Our florist added moss to the base to cover the plaster of paris and then hot glued flowers to the branches. The moss worked well, but you can also use colored rocks or anything really. Florist shops are great for these items or even Michaels.
So now that we have the tree part done - time to light it up! I took the end of the Celebright wire and started wrapping from the top of a branch and working my way down and up. I used my best judgement so each light points were spread out evenly and that I was able to end the spool at the base. I thought 3 spools were enough but ended up needing 5. It's best to blast your favorite music and get into the zone - the probably took 3-4 hours tops. A meditative process. Then cover the cables with the moss - you could also drill a hole in whatever vase you use so it is more hidden.
Next I just connected the ends of the Celebright with the 5-way DC splitter plug and then to the adapter to plug in. It now resides in what use to be a darker corner of my office desk and now glows warmly. I am thinking of getting an in line switch to turn it off and on as I just unplug it from the power strip when I leave work.
Step 12: That's All Folks!
That is an adorable center piece! I have never heard of those lights before. They are perfect for this decoration!


Tyvärr lika sant idag som för 20 år sedan — och det säger en hel del om kvalitén på den svenska statsskuldsdebatten bland politiker och ekonomer.
Statsbankrutt för Sverige? Hur skulle det ens teoretiskt kunna vara möjligt?
Which says that the budget deficit G – T together with the borrowing of business I – SB and of the outside world X – M equals the lending of households (i.e., excess of household saving SH over investment in dwelling houses H) of households SH – H.
If the foreign account is balanced, the budget deficit has simply to fill the gap between the household financial saving and the borrowing of business. This will apply to some approximation in countries where the role of the foreign balance is small as compared with that of other sectors. It will fully apply to all countries taken together because they form a closed system. For them the budget deficit given the financial surplus of the households, will be largely settled by the amount of private investment. On the other hand, in countries where the foreign balance can take large values it will, together with private investment, dominate the size (and sign) of the budget deficit. In both cases the budget deficit is predominantly suffered rather than contrived.


text:
Decibrity Playlist: Revocation
October 9, 2014 Zach Smith
Featured, Interviews, Lists revocation.
When Revocation's David Davidson told me about his band's upcoming album Chaos of Forms back in 2011, the guitarist/vocalist was pretty excited about using his past experience with horn and big band arrangements to compose a horn section for "The Watchers". Between that and his focus on jazz while at the Berklee College of Music, it's no surprise that the genre provides the theme for his playlist. Once you're done checking out his picks, pick up a copy of Bostonians' fifth full-length (and first for Metal Blade), Deathless, here.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5rRjBIOUIc
Pat Martino's "Just Friends" (from 1967's El Hombre)
My first real introduction to jazz was as a freshman in high school. My guitar teacher at the school was very ambitious and would bring in transcriptions of full solos to learn that we would have to play in unison. I remember when he brought in "Just Friends" to the classroom, I was very intimidated but determined to not let him down. My fellow classmates and I struggled through the piece, learning it bit by bit, and when the recital finally came we actually played it pretty well for a bunch of teenagers just learning how to swing. This tune will always be special for me because it takes me back to a very inspiring time that pushed my boundaries and opened my ears up to a completely new approach to the guitar.
Pat Metheny's "Solar" (from 1989's Question and Answer)
"Question and Answer" is easily my favorite Metheny record and has a total dream team rhythm section featuring Dave Holland playing upright bass and Roy Haynes on drums. Pat's lines are incredibly fluid on "Solar" and he really goes off as his solo progresses, playing out with a keen sense of melodic sensibility and motivic development. The interaction between Holland and Haynes is also quite remarkable and their mastery of form keeps this uptempo tune flowing and on track.
Liberty Ellman's "Ophiuchus Butterfly" (from 2006's Ophiuchus Butterfly)
I got turned on to this record a couple of years ago by a buddy of mine and it's been in heavy rotation ever since. The title track begins with an off-kilter melody that still maintains a killer groove. The tune then builds as contrapuntal lines between the guitar, saxophones and tuba interact and bounce off each other. As good as the album opener is, every tune on this record has its own personality, with each track maintaining harmonic complexity and interesting melodies. Ellman's unique compositional style shines throughout the record and is only elevated by the saxophone duo of Mark Shim and Steve Lehman, who each lay down absolutely crushing performances which elevate this album to an even higher plateau.
Kurt Rosenwinkel Standards Trio's "Ask Me Now" (from 2009's Reflections)
I'm a total sucker for chord melodies–there's something about taking a jazz standard and reimagining it in different ways that is so beautiful and intriguing to me. Kurt Rosenwinkel's rendition of the quintessential Thelonious Monk ballad "Ask Me Now" is played with a level of sophistication that few but Kurt are capable of. His chords are rich and harmonically complex, but he never loses sight of the melody. Kurt has proven himself to be one of the best guitarists in modern jazz and his thoughtful interpretation of this tune is a must listen for fans of classic standards played with pure class.
Anthony Braxton's "Countdown" (from 2003's 23 Standards (Quartet))
Anthony Braxton is one of the true geniuses of our time. He's a forward thinking composer, educator and improviser who's released over 100 albums since the '60s. On 23 Standards, Braxton is on fire, playing with a burning intensity that is truly awe inspiring. His performance of the uptempo Coltrane classic "Countdown" builds in ferocity as he blazes through the lightning fast changes. Guitarist Kevin O'Neil also delivers a jaw dropping performance on this track, utilizing eyebrow raising post bop lines and abrasive chords.
*Order a copy of Revocation's Deathless here.
**For past Decibrity entries, click here
Streaming: Kyle Ball (Wake) Covers Earth A.D. Black Metal Style
Wake vocalist Kyle Ball and friends reimagine A.D: Earth from a blackened punk aesthetic.
Q&A: Dag Olav Husås (TV Haugaland) Offers Insight Into Enslaved's Docu-Series 'Heimvegen'
TV Haugaland producer Dag Olav Husås embarks homeward with Norwegian legends Enslaved in new docu-series.
If you're gonna have a hero, it might as well be Motörhead, I suppose.
- Lemmy Kilmister, Motörhead (Issue #67)


text:
[![Gitter chat](http://img.shields.io/badge/gitter-join%20chat%20%E2%86%92-brightgreen.svg)](https://gitter.im/opentracing/public) [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/opentracing/opentracing-go.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/opentracing/opentracing-go) [![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/opentracing/opentracing-go?status.svg)](http://godoc.org/github.com/opentracing/opentracing-go)

# OpenTracing API for Go

This package is a Go platform API for OpenTracing.

## Required Reading

In order to understand the Go platform API, one must first be familiar with the
[OpenTracing project](http://opentracing.io) and
[terminology](http://opentracing.io/documentation/pages/spec.html) more specifically.

## API overview for those adding instrumentation

Everyday consumers of this `opentracing` package really only need to worry
about a couple of key abstractions: the `StartSpan` function, the `Span`
interface, and binding a `Tracer` at `main()`-time. Here are code snippets
demonstrating some important use cases.

#### Singleton initialization

The simplest starting point is `./default_tracer.go`. As early as possible, call

```go
    import "github.com/opentracing/opentracing-go"
    import ".../some_tracing_impl"

    func main() {
        opentracing.InitGlobalTracer(
            // tracing impl specific:
            some_tracing_impl.New(...),
        )
        ...
    }
```

##### Non-Singleton initialization

If you prefer direct control to singletons, manage ownership of the
`opentracing.Tracer` implementation explicitly.

#### Creating a Span given an existing Go `context.Context`

If you use `context.Context` in your application, OpenTracing's Go library will
happily rely on it for `Span` propagation. To start a new (blocking child)
`Span`, you can use `StartSpanFromContext`.

```go
    func xyz(ctx context.Context, ...) {
        ...
        span, ctx := opentracing.StartSpanFromContext(ctx, "operation_name")
        defer span.Finish()
        span.LogFields(
            log.String("event", "soft error"),
            log.String("type", "cache timeout"),
            log.Int("waited.millis", 1500))
        ...
    }
```

#### Starting an empty trace by creating a "root span"

It's always possible to create a "root" `Span` with no parent or other causal
reference.

```go
    func xyz() {
        ...
        sp := opentracing.StartSpan("operation_name")
        defer sp.Finish()
        ...
    }
```

#### Creating a (child) Span given an existing (parent) Span

```go
    func xyz(parentSpan opentracing.Span, ...) {
        ...
        sp := opentracing.StartSpan(
            "operation_name",
            opentracing.ChildOf(parentSpan.Context()))
        defer sp.Finish()
        ...
    }
```

#### Serializing to the wire

```go
    func makeSomeRequest(ctx context.Context) ... {
        if span := opentracing.SpanFromContext(ctx); span != nil {
            httpClient := &http.Client{}
            httpReq, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "http://myservice/", nil)

            // Transmit the span's TraceContext as HTTP headers on our
            // outbound request.
            opentracing.GlobalTracer().Inject(
                span.Context(),
                opentracing.HTTPHeaders,
                opentracing.HTTPHeadersCarrier(httpReq.Header))

            resp, err := httpClient.Do(httpReq)
            ...
        }
        ...
    }
```

#### Deserializing from the wire

```go
    http.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
        var serverSpan opentracing.Span
        appSpecificOperationName := ...
        wireContext, err := opentracing.GlobalTracer().Extract(
            opentracing.HTTPHeaders,
            opentracing.HTTPHeadersCarrier(req.Header))
        if err != nil {
            // Optionally record something about err here
        }

        // Create the span referring to the RPC client if available.
        // If wireContext == nil, a root span will be created.
        serverSpan = opentracing.StartSpan(
            appSpecificOperationName,
            ext.RPCServerOption(wireContext))

        defer serverSpan.Finish()

        ctx := opentracing.ContextWithSpan(context.Background(), serverSpan)
        ...
    }
```

#### Goroutine-safety

The entire public API is goroutine-safe and does not require external
synchronization.

## API pointers for those implementing a tracing system

Tracing system implementors may be able to reuse or copy-paste-modify the `basictracer` package, found [here](https://github.com/opentracing/basictracer-go). In particular, see `basictracer.New(...)`.

## API compatibility

For the time being, "mild" backwards-incompatible changes may be made without changing the major version number. As OpenTracing and `opentracing-go` mature, backwards compatibility will become more of a priority.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


In his Law Day address in May, 2012, New York State Chief Judge Jonathan Lippman announced a new 50 hour pro bono requirement for attorneys seeking admission to the New York State bar. The Court of Appeals then adopted the new rule, known as Rule 520.16. Soon after, Judge Lippman unveiled the details at a news conference in New York City.
Guidance for prospective Bar applicants is available at the New York State Unified Court System Pro Bono website.
The definition of the types of pro bono work that qualify is broad: The work must involve the use of legal skills, and can be for a tax-exempt organization, a government agency, or a court. Clinical courses, externships and summer internships (paid or un-paid), and pro bono work performed at a private law firm also qualify.
Work may be performed in any U.S. state or a foreign country, so long as it otherwise complies with the pro bono requirements.
Work must be performed under the supervision of a member of the law school faculty, an attorney admitted to practice in the jurisdiction where the work is performed, or a judge or attorney employed by the court system.
For JD students, the 50 hours can be completed during law school, or any time after graduation but before applying for admission to the bar.
LL.M. students may count qualifying pro bono service completed outside of the United States during the one year before the commencement of their LL.M. course of study. LL.M. students may also perform some or all of their 50 hours of qualifying work in the United States, either during or after their LL.M. course of study but before applying for admission to the bar.
Our analysis of Cornell's J.D. class of 2012, as a typical graduating class, demonstrates that well over 90% of students would have satisfied the 50-hour requirement in the normal course of their activities, through summer public-sector work, clinics, externships, or law-related volunteer projects. Others will qualify by doing a pro bono project as a summer associate at a law firm.
Bar applicants demonstrate compliance by completing a "Form Affidavit of Compliance with the Pro Bono Requirement" available at the New York State Unified Court System Pro Bono website.
New York State's 50 hour pro bono requirement is the first of its kind in the nation. This is an important policy decision intended to improve the delivery of legal services to underserved clients and to reinforce the state bar's commitment to our profession's pro bono ethic.


The density variations and phytoplankton structure of the internal Gulf of Olbia (north-east Sardinia) from July 1992 to July 1993 are described.
The most important class was the Bacillariophyceae, because it accounted for the maximum values and because it dominated over about one-third of the study cycle. The picoplankton was present practically all the year round with the greatest development from September to March. Prymnesiophyceae, Dinophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Euglenophyceae were found more numerously in summer and autumn 1992 than in the rest of the year, while Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Chrysophyceae were mostly found in spring and summer 1993.
Among the 16 species that expressed the highest mean yearly density values (greater than 1×104 cell I-1), 10 were Bacillariophyceae, 2 Dinophyceae, 3 Chrysophyceae and 1 Chlorophycea. The Bacillariophyceae have also been the dominant class in floristic terms (49 taxa on 95 total), followed by the Dinophyceae (26), the Chlorophyceae (5), the Chrysophyceae (5), the Prymnesiophyceae (4), the Prasinophyceae (2), the Euglenophyceae (2) and the Cyanophyceae (2).


Not Your Typical 2 Story! Welcome home to this bright and spacious new construction with impressive details at the popular Palisades neighborhood. Open living and separate dining room with beautiful hardwood Oak Floors through out the main floor. Open kitchen includes Quartz countertops, island &"Sandalwood" Cherry stained cabinetry.Zero entry main floor offers a spacious bedroom/office with tons of natural lighting. On to the upper level you will find the largest bedrooms out there.


Steve Bloomfield's wide-ranging and incisive book investigates Africa's love of football, its increasing global influence, the build-up to the 2010 World Cup itself and the social and political backdrop to the greatest show on earth.
First published by Canongate in 2010.
'A very absorbing, insightful book'.


text:
  Empury est
       un village
       localisé dans le département de Nièvre en Bourgogne. Elle totalisait 103 habitants en 2008.

À coté de Empury sont situées les communes de
Chastellux-sur-Cure localisée à 6 km, 159 habitants,
Lormes à 6 km, 1 351 habitants,
Pouques-Lormes située à 4 km, 165 habitants,
Bazoches localisée à 3 km, 168 habitants,
Neuffontaines localisée à 5 km, 126 habitants,
Chalaux à 6 km, 66 habitants,
 entre autres. De plus, Empury est située à seulement 16 km de Avallon.

Si vous pensez demenager à Empury, vous pourrez facilement trouver une maison à acheter.

Le nombre d'habitations, à Empury, se décomposait en 2011 en zero appartements et 81 maisons soit
 un marché plutôt équilibré.


text:
The Pink Tongue
Home News Research finds correlation between gender norms and views towards gays and lesbians
Research finds correlation between gender norms and views towards gays and lesbians
HADLEY HORNE
New research is diving into the beliefs regarding gender norms and the general perception towards gay men and lesbian women in different countries.
As members of the LGBTQ+ community are often challenged by hatred and discrimination across societies the world over, a group of researchers have
analysed the link between gender norm beliefs and the perception towards gay men and lesbian women in both the west and the east.
As part of several reports published in Social Psychological and Personality Science focused on underrepresented populations, the study found that gay men are disliked more than lesbian women across 23 countries, with negative attitudes mostly guided by the idea that gays and lesbians violate traditional gender norms.
However, they discovered that in China, India, and South Korea, the correlation between beliefs in gender norms and attitudes towards gays and lesbians were absent or even reversed.
Noting that most research focuses on homosexuality as a broad category and doesn't separate attitudes by gender, the team – Maria Laura Bettinsoli, Alexandra Suppes, and Jamie Napier from New York University – Abu Dhabi, assessed the attitudes towards gay men and lesbian women separately.
The researchers were surprised at how consistently gay men were rated more negatively than lesbian women in a vast majority of their samples.
Bettinsoli said they were also surprised at the consistency of the relationship between gender norm endorsement and sexual prejudice.
"Even though there were some non-Western countries that did not conform to the pattern, the majority of countries did. We also found that, in line with previous research, the endorsement of gender norms was associated with anti-gay attitudes – toward both gay men and lesbian women – in every Western country in our," said Bettinsoli.
Research also indicated that that endorsement of gender norms was unrelated to attitudes toward gays and lesbians in South Korea, and in Japan, there was a small association between gender norm endorsement and attitudes toward gay men, but not towards lesbian women.
"In China and India, the reverse pattern emerged. Those who were highest on the endorsement of traditional gender roles were the most positive toward gay men and lesbian women," explained Bettinsoli.
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You've taken the pictures, received, and shared the living daylights out of your web images from your gallery. Now what? It's time to tell me what you'd like to order - printable images, prints, albums, you name it!
The first thing you'll want to do is favorite your favorite images!
After you've gotten all of those picked out, you can check them out in your favorites folder!
Once you've decided on the ones you can't live without, shoot me an email to let me know that your mind is made up and to process your order.
After you send me your email letting me know what you'd like, I send you an invoice that you can pay online. You can get to see what kind of prices you're looking at and I can make any changes you need. You can expect your products as soon as possible! I like to say two weeks, but since things are being printed out of house I'll say three weeks to be safe.


All Church of England dioceses use the National Society's framework for the Statutory Inspection of Anglican and Methodist Schools (SIAMS) under Section 48 of the Education Act 2005. SIAMS focuses on the effect that the Christian ethos of the church school has on the children that attend it. The principle objective of a SIAMS inspection is to evaluate the distinctiveness and effectiveness of the school as a church school.
Our last Section 48 inspection was in 2015. Click her to view the full report.


text:
Q: compiling cpp file with clang++ This is the code of the main file and the compiler error I get when not using -std=c++17I need to enter this command to compile the file so the program is executable: clang++ -std=c++17 main.cpp address.cpp city.cpp -o main
If I leave -std=c++17 out the compiler seems to not recognize declaration with curly brackets anymore.
I'm new to coding and would like to understand why and how to change/fix it.
Thank you!


Jeremy Gutsche delivered the health keynote at 2016 National Health Leadership Conference in Ottawa on June 7, 2016.
Jeremy Gutsche -- New York Times bestselling authors, innovation expert and CEO of Trend Hunter, delivers a Health Innovation Keynote at the 2016 National Health Leadership Conference. Focusing on actionable insight powered by custom data and specially designed frameworks for success derived from his bestselling book, 'Better and Faster: the Proven Path to Unstoppable Ideas,' Jeremy helps each attendee unlock untapped areas of potential and avoid common neurological traps that may hinder the innovation process.
Sharing his strategy for integrating innovation in the work of individuals and organizations alike, Jeremy passionately inspires attendees and guides them through a strategic process of ideation that produces results better and faster. With the help of his Six Patterns of Opportunity and 18 Megatrend matrix, Jeremy supplies attendees with the tools they need to actively prototype their future.


No major homeopathic practitioner or company has taken him up on the offer - with the exception of randis involvement with the benveniste case in 1988, which was partially funded by the french homeopathy council. The epa of course sets maximum concentration for these chemicals in water, and over time the maximum concentration has decreased considerably. Included in this are the distribution of velocities, internal vibrations and rotations.
Explanations include increased or decreased levels of hydrogen bonding macroscopic clustering of water molecules and polymerization (which is impossible unless you have the right trading card in your hand). Somos especializados em uma ampla gama de serviços de tecnologia para ajudar a manter sua emissora on-line e manter seus ouvintes satisfeitos todos os nossos pacotes de hospedagem incluem o painel de controle lder da indstria, o que significa que é muito fcil gerenciar seu prprio site sem depender de especialistas! Oferecemos um demo cpanel totalmente funcional que lhe permitir ver como é fcil us-lo antes de fazer seu pedido. These are simple and unstable any more complex structure comprising a memory would have even less thermodynamic stability.
Since these substances would normally kill the patient, the homeopath uses a series of dilution procedures, known as , to dilute the solution so much that any given sample will not contain any of the original ingredients. According to thermodynamic principles, the thermodynamic functions (such as enthalpy, , etc. One environmental watchdog group has documented over 500 chemicals in an average glass of tap water, many of which are used in homeopathic treatments.
The possible role of active oxygen in the memory of water. It is no wonder that so few people take this stuff seriously. There are clusters of water molecules as well as hydronium ions, hydroxide ions and associated hydrogen bonded species of these ions however, there is no evidence that these exist over macroscopic scales as suggested by the water memory enthusiasts.
However, many others see this as a prime opportunity to make even more money. One cogent example of this is that money to anyone that can prove water memory actually exists. Various physical properties of water can be altered by small amounts of dissolved substances these properties are called colligative properties, and have been explored in great detail by physical chemists.
The octave potencies convention a mathematical model of dilution and succussion. If water did have a memory, it would be an example of a nobel prize winning concept, as it would violate current thermodynamic concepts. Homeopaths have failed to prove the efficacy of their treatments after many experimental attempts. The completely unscientific nature of these hypotheses has been explored elsewhere, but they have a number of flaws in common. Therefore homeopaths seek out dangerous , and strychnine) to use these in their preparations.
How To Develop Hypotheses For Research 3 Developing Research Aims and Objectives - ResearchGate Developing research objectives. North Pacific Research. A recent example was published in the aforementioned water memory issue of homeopathy. ·. Furthermore, the experiments fail to provide adequate control and rigorous determinations of purity, and fail to assess error in the measurements. View details on how to contact us. The central principle of homeopathy is that like cures like. The journals editor john maddox, however, remained and allowed the results to be published accompanied by a small editorial on the subject, in which he detailed the number of laws of physics and chemistry such a result would violate, stating that there are good and particular reasons why prudent people should, for the time being, suspend judgment. Developed through three partner organizations, the course aims to develop teachers'. ·. Home Free Subscription Research. Explanations include increased or decreased levels of hydrogen bonding macroscopic clustering of water molecules and polymerization (which is impossible unless you have the right trading card in your hand). The octave potencies convention a mathematical model of dilution and succussion. Over the past two years Maven has become an vital part of our research and due diligence.
Mark chu-carroll of scienceblogs has a full refutation of the work at his site. Lacking any objective grounds on which to reject the seemingly impossible paper through the process of (so the many claims that established science merely rejects quack ideas with a are patently false), the paper was sent to press. The proponents also give possible explanations of the phenomenon without any link between their data and the proposed physical explanations. Various physical properties of water can be altered by small amounts of dissolved substances these properties are called colligative properties, and have been explored in great detail by physical chemists. Once a solute is removed from the water, the water will rapidly reach a state of equilibrium, when all evidence that the solute was ever in the water will be gone.
There are no analogous situations in the natural world, so unique lines of reasoning have been developed to explain a phenomenon that has never been proven to exist. All start with the assumption that the phenomenon in question actually exists, and moves from there to try to find a reason why it exists. The replication failed completely, with the documentary concluding homeopathy is back where it started without any credible scientific explanation. There are some forms of substances that are thermodynamically unstable or metastable (such as supersaturated solutions or allotropes of elements) in existence, which are prevented kinetically from approaching thermodynamic stability because of a lack of a pathway. Volume 96, issue 3, july 2007, pages 189-195the memory of water vladimir l.
Given the complete and utter failure of experimental evidence, many have turned to trying to create mechanistic explanations for how homeopathy work. These proof of principle ideas revolve around finding an explanation for how diluting a solute can increase its effect. Since water memory has not yet been proven to exist, the hypotheses are a bit premature. No major homeopathic practitioner or company has taken him up on the offer - with the exception of randis involvement with the benveniste case in 1988, which was partially funded by the french homeopathy council. The octave potencies convention a mathematical model of dilution and succussion. While most people realize that diluting potency, the homeopath claims the exact opposite - that the more diluted the preparation is the stronger it is. They propose this as the explanation for the homeopaths, true to form, have not really tried to prove that there even is such a thing as water memory. Explanations include increased or decreased levels of hydrogen bonding macroscopic clustering of water molecules and polymerization (which is impossible unless you have the right trading card in your hand). One cogent example of this is that money to anyone that can prove water memory actually exists. This is, frankly, terrible science, yet its the research into these extraordinary claims that anyone has to offer.


text:
Riquna Williams, Los Angeles Sparks' Point Guard Suspended Ten Games For Domestic Violence
Riquna Williams, Los Angeles Sparks' Point Guard Suspended Ten Games For Domestic Violence
Alexis Zarycki	July 19th, 2019
Los Angeles Sparks point guard Riquna Williams has been suspended without pay for ten games as a result of a domestic violence incident.
The WNBA made the announcement on Tuesday. On April 29, 2019, she was arrested and charged with two felony counts, one involving the assault of her ex-girlfriend and the other regarding threats that were made to another person with a firearm.
Williams' criminal case is ongoing. The WNBA consulted with a panel of experts in the field of domestic violence and conducted its own internal investigation regarding the incident. The league interviewed Williams and several witnesses during their investigation.
As a result of the investigation and consultation, the WNBA decided that a ten-game suspension was appropriate for Williams. The WNBA also took into consideration that a firearm was involved. Williams is also required to participate in counseling, and her suspension will begin on Thursday's (July 18) game against the Dallas Wings.
Alexis Zarycki is your average girl with the hopes of leaving an everlasting impact on the world. Follow her on Instagram @official_lexpaige
2019,Basketball,sports


How do i keep ending up with odd numbers of shards when every shard quantity i can think of is in multiples of 5??? I have a 3 star crystal at 1999 and a 4 star crystal at 1989 where does that flipping 1 odd shard that is missing come from???? It jappens so often and every time i mean to keep a closer eye on the numbers but.. ahhhhh!!!
I think that spooky crystal gave out a weird number.
Nope. Not a believer in selling my shard machines.
Early on i sold my 1 star ironman because i had gotten a two and i thought in a progression game that once i got to 2s the ones were obsolete and so on...but i got so little for him and it didn't give me enough to make a difference in raising his 2 star version so i decided never to sell a champ again. And then i discovered they aren't obsolete i use them for cat quests all the time.
Nope solo...longest continous solo playing player in the relam i would wager.
If you never play! And someone else is always playing for you...that is way different!
Just to reiterate, the new year you got 8... but you would never zero it out unless you got a weird number again. So theoretically could last months.
Yeah, the shards never lining up is a minor OCD trigger for me., but I've learned to just accept that as unavoidable.
Even worse than that, I had 0 dungeon shard thingies, never had any interest in running them ever again... and then I got 360 from one of the recent special events... so now I will never be able to get rid of them.
It also used to bother me to ever have any (1) or whatever at the top, but since AQ always gives me a (1) when it is active, I learned to ignore it. Especially once I realized holding onto crystals to avoid their contents expiring in the stash is better, now I'm currently at (779) at the top and don't bat an eye.
However, if my units don't end in a 5 or a 0, such as after adjusting masteries, oh no, I will do a partial 3* arena milestone grind to get the particular combination of 6 or 7 milestones to correct it, because I ain't having that!
The units one used to bother me the most!!
LoL it is my ocd that keeps it grating on me!


text:
Presidential Candidates' Stances on Evolution and Intelligent Design
It's a sticky subject for many people in the world: was the Earth and the animals on it created by a higher power or is evolution really behind it all? Many scientists believe that is evolution, which is considered to be "the most basic and universally accepted tenets of science." However, what would happen if the leader of our nation didn't believe in evolution? Would we stop teaching this science principle in schools? Would we fall even farther behind other countries in the STEM subject areas? Well, nobody can say for sure what would happen, but maybe we should take a look at the opinions of the 2012 Presidential Candidates on this subject.
Mitt Romney believes in both evolution and intelligent design. In 2007, he said that he believed that God created the universe, but God also "used the process of evolution to create the human body."
Rick Perry has said on several occasions that he thinks that evolution is just "a theory that's out there" with "some gaps." Recently, he even told a child in New Hampshire this belief. This makes me think that Perry would make a move to change the curriculum in schools concerning this controversial issue.
Jon Huntsman is a strong supporter of evolution being taught in public schools. In 2005, he said, "I would expect my kids in science class to be instructed in those things that are somewhat quantifiable and based on thorough and rigorous empirical research." After hearing what Perry told the New Hampshire boy, Huntsman tweeted, "To be clear. I believe in evolution and trust scientists on global warming. Call me crazy." It seems like this man knows what he believes in and really sticks to his guns.
Newt Gingrich said in 2006 that "evolution certainly seems to express the closest understanding we can now have," but earlier this year, he said that he believes "that creation as an act of faith is true and I believe that science as a mechanical process is true." Like Romney, Gingrich walks a moderate line on this subject.
Ron Paul seems less likely to believe in evolution because it is a theory with no definite evidence to support it. In 2009, he said "Quite frankly I think it's sort of irrelevant, that because we don't know the exact details and we don't have geologic support for evolutionary forms, it is a theory, even though it's a pretty logical theory."
Michele Bachmann supports teaching intelligent design and evolution in public classrooms because there is "reasonable doubt on both sides." Bachmann is another candidate that seems unwilling to step out of the middle of the road and pick a side in this debate.
Rick Santorum strongly opposes the teaching of evolution in our public schools. He claims that there are "legitimate problems and holes in the theory of evolution."
How do these Republican candidates compare to our current president? President Obama takes a moderate view in this debate, and in my opinion, he hit the nail on the head in 2008 when he said, "I believe in evolution, and I believe there's a difference between science and faith. That doesn't make faith any less important than science. It just means they're two different things. And I think it's a mistake to try to cloud the teaching of science with theories that frankly don't hold up to scientific inquiry."
What do you think about intelligent design versus evolution? What should be taught in public schools? Tell us your opinions below in the comment section.
Via New York Magazine and FreeRepublic.com
Posted on August 22nd, 2011	by Kelsey
Tags: barack obama, evolution, intelligent design, Jon Huntsman, Michele Bachmann, Mitt Romney, Newt Gingrich, Rick Perry, Rick Santorum, Ron Paul
Posted in K-12 School, News, Politics | 1 Comment »
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text:
Title: Apostolic Penitentiary
Subject: Manuel Monteiro de Castro, List of living cardinals, Fortunato Baldelli, Roman Curia, Seal of the Confessional and the Catholic Church
Collection: Apostolic Penitentiary, Canon Law (Catholic Church), Ecclesiastical Courts, Offices of the Roman Curia, Sacrament of Confession, Sacramental Law
Logo of the Apostolic Penitentiary
Secretariat of State
Section for Relations with States
Latin Letters Office
Secretariat for the Economy
Secretariat for Communications
Holy See Press Office
Vatican Publishing House
Doctrine of the Faith
Oriental Churches
Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments
Causes of Saints
Evangelization of Peoples
Apostolic Signatura
Roman Rota
Pontifical Councils
Promoting Christian Unity
Pastoral Care of Migrants and
Itinerant People
Pastoral Assistance to
Social Communications
Promoting the New Evangelisation
Apostolic Camera
Camerlengo of the H.R.C.
Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See
Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See
Prefecture of the Papal Household
Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff
Former Dicasteries
Congregation for Borders
Congregation of Ceremonies
Sacred Congregation of Rites
Apostolic Chancery
Apostolic Dataria
Secretariate of Briefs to Princes and of Latin Letters
Special Administration of the Holy See
Reform by Paul VI
Reform by John Paul II
(Pastor Bonus)
Dicastery
Acta Apostoliæ Sedis
Advocates of Roman Congregations
The Apostolic Penitentiary, formerly called the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Penitentiary, is one of the three sins in the Catholic Church.
The Apostolic Penitentiary has jurisdiction only over matters in the internal forum. Its work falls mainly into these categories:
the absolution of excommunications latæ sententiæ reserved to the Holy See,
the dispensation of sacramental impediments reserved to the Holy See, and
the issuance and governance of indulgences.
The head of the Apostolic Penitentiary, the Major Penitentiary, is one of the few Vatican officials who retain their positions sede vacante.[1] If the Major Penitentiary is a Cardinal Elector he is one of only three persons in the conclave allowed to communicate with those outside the conclave, so that he can continue to fulfill his duties (the other two being the Cardinal Vicar of Rome and the Vicar General for the Vatican City State).[2] The Major Penitentiary is a Titular Archbishop and is normally a Cardinal. Since 21 September 2013, the Major Penitentiary is Cardinal Mauro Piacenza. The second-highest-ranking official in the Apostolic Penitentiary, the Regent, is (since 26 June 2012) H.E.Msgr. Krzysztof Józef Nykiel.
When Pope Francis, with the Papal Bull "Misericordiae Vultus" (Latin: "The Face of Mercy") decreed that from the Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (a Holy Day of Obligation) on Tuesday, December 8, 2015, until the Solemnity of the Feast of Christ the King of the Universe on the last Sunday before Advent, in November 2016, the Church would observe a Special Jubilee Year of Mercy, he said he would let certain qualified priests (likely somewhat experienced ones, presumably with knowledge of canon law and confession) serve as "Missionaries of Mercy" to each Diocese, with the faculties to absolve even sins that are reserved to the Holy See through the Apostolic Penitentiary. Normally, a priest or even a bishop would not be able to do this unless the person was in danger of imminent death. The Pope has the power, as the earthly absolute sovereign of the Catholic Church, to make this special change for the year.[3][4][5][6]
Historical duties 1
Absolutions and dispensations 2
Indulgences 3
List of Major Penitentiaries 4
1899–present 4.3
Notes 6.1
Historical duties
Up until the 18th century, the Apostolic Penitentiary also considered cases of confessor-penitent disputes involving violations against what was termed the "external forum".
For particularly heinous sins (for example, rape or murder), or for serious sins committed by penitents of high political or cultural standing, it was often the practice to impose rather harsh penances. This practice was particularly true in the medieval Church, for sins referred to a bishop for absolution. If a penitent felt that the penance imposed was disproportionate to the sins committed, he could submit the dispute to the Apostolic Penitentiary. The alleged offense was said to be against the "external forum"; that is, related to public acts required of the penitent.
If the tribunal decided in favor of the penitent, they would issue a formal statement confirming that appropriate recompense had already been made, that the penitent's sins were forgiven, and that the matter was closed.
These statements were transcribed by legal clerks, who were paid by fees assessed by Apostolic Penitentiary for the transcription of their decisions. This practice prompted claims that the tribunal, and by extension the Church, accepted money for the forgiveness of sins.
Absolutions and dispensations
Normally confessions of excommunication from the Church. Once the excommunication is lifted, then absolution can be granted. A fourth type of case that comes to the tribunal involves a man who has contributed towards facilitating an abortion, such as by paying for it, or directly so by performing one, who then seeks to become a priest or deacon.
Persons who wish to receive an absolution or dispensation reserved to the Holy See write a petition to the Penitentiary. Usually, this petition is written through their initial confessor. The petition must use pseudonyms when explaining the situation to avoid revealing the identity of the persons involved (which would violate the Seal of Confession), and the tribunal itself acts in complete secrecy. The Major Penitentiary considers the matter himself, unless it is particularly important, in which case the whole of the tribunal considers the petition. The members of the tribunal only give advice regarding the petition—the Major Penitentiary has the ultimate decision on whether the dispensation or absolution should be granted. If the Major Penitentiary is uncertain as to whether he has authority in a given case, he submits the matter to the Pope. The impediment or act in question must not be public, as it would then be a matter of the external forum and cannot be absolved or dispensed by the Penitentiary.
The Apostolic Penitentiary also specifies actions for which indulgences are granted, either permanently (in the Enchiridion Indulgentiarum,[7]) or on special occasions, such as the Year for Priests (19 June 2009 to 19 June 2010), during which a plenary indulgence is granted, on 19 June 2009, on first Thursdays, on 4 August 2009 (150th anniversary of the death of Saint Jean-Marie Vianney), and on 19 June 2010, to all the faithful who attend Mass, pray for priests to Jesus Christ the Eternal High Priest, offer any other good work they do that day, and satisfy the conditions for any plenary indulgence (detachment from all sins, the Sacrament of Penance within the last or next couple of weeks, holy communion (Eucharist in the Catholic Church), and praying for the Pope's intentions).[8] There are also adaptations for those unable to go to church, and daily indulgences available only to priests.
List of Major Penitentiaries
A series of articles on
Repentance and
Penance and Reconciliation
Seal of the Confessional
Misericordia Dei
Reconciliatio et paenitentia
Repentance of Peter
Lamentabili sane exitu
Nicola de Romanis (1216–1219)
Tommaso da Capua (1219–1239)
Bishop Guglielmo di Modena, O. Cart. (1244-1251)
Hugh of Saint-Cher (ca.1256–1263)
Gui Foucault (1263–1265)
Henry of Susa (1266–1271)
Pierre de Tarentaise (1273–1276)
(1276–1279 – probably vacant)
Bentivenga de Bentivengis (1279–1289)
Matteo di Aquasparta (1289–1302)
Gentile Partino (1302–1305)
Berenger Fredoli (1306–1323)
Gauscelin de Jean (ca.1327–1348)
Etienne Aubert (1348–1352)
Egidio Albornoz (1352–1367)
Francesco degli Atti (substitute penitentiary c. 1353–1361)
Guillaume Bragose (substitute penitentiary 1361–1367, grand penitentiary 1367)
Galhardus de Boscoviridi (regent of the Apostolic Penitentiary 1367–1369)
Etienne de Poissy (1369–1373)
Jean du Cros (1373–1378[9])
Giovanni d'Amelia (regent of the Apostolic Penitentiary 1378)
Eleazario da Sabrano (1378–1379)
Augustin de Lanzano (regent of the Apostolic Penitentiary 1379–1382)
Luca Rodolfucci de Gentili (1382–1388)
Niccolo Caracciolo Moschino (1389)
Francesco Carbone Tomacelli (1389–1405)
Antonio Caetani (1405–1412)[10]
Pierre Girard (1409–1415)[10]
Giovanni Dominici (1408–1415[11])
Giordano Orsini (1415–1438)
Niccolo Albergati (1438–1443)
Giuliano Cesarini (1444)
Giovanni Berardi (1444–1449)
Domenico Capranica (1449–1458)
Filippo Calandrini (1459–1476)
Giuliano della Rovere (1476–1503)
Pedro Luis de Borja-Lanzol de Romaní (1503–1511)
Leonardo Grosso della Rovere (1511–1520)
Lorenzo Pucci (1520–1529)
Antonio Pucci (1529–1544)
Roberto Pucci (1545–1547)
Ranuccio Farnese, O. S. Io. Hieros. (1547–1565)
Carlo Borromeo (1565–1572)
Giovanni Aldobrandini (1572–1573)
Stanisław Hozjusz (1574–1579)
Filippo Boncompagni (1579–1586)
Giulio Antonio Santori (1592–1602)
Pietro Aldobrandini (1602–1605)
Cinzio Passeri Aldobrandini (1605–1610)
Scipione Borghese (1610–1633)
Antonio Marcello Barberini, O.F.M.Cap. (1633–1646)
Orazio Giustiniani, Orat. (1647–1649)
Niccolò Albergati-Ludovisi (1650–1687)
Leandro Colloredo, Orat. (1688–1709)
Fabrizio Paolucci, pro-penitentiary (1709–1710); penitentiary (1710–1721)
Bernardo Maria Conti, O.S.B.Cas. (1721–1730)
Vincenzo Petra, pro-penitentiary (1730); penitentiary (1730–1747)
Gioacchino Besozzi, O.Cist. (1747–1755)
Antonio Andrea Galli, C.R.SS.S. (1755–1767)
Giovanni Carlo Boschi (1767–1788)
Francesco Saverio Zelada (1788–1801)
Leonardo Antonelli (1801–1811)
Michele di Pietro (1811–1821)
Francesco Saverio Castiglioni (1821–1829) who was elected Pope Pius VIII
Emmanuele de Gregorio (1829–1839)
Castruccio Castracane degli Antelminelli (1839–1852)
Gabriele Ferretti (1852–1860)
Antonio Maria Cagiano de Azevedo (1860–1867)
Antonio Maria Panebianco, O.F.M.Conv. (1867–1877)
Luigi Bilio, C.R.S.P. (1877–1884)
Raffaele Monaco La Valletta (1884–1896)
Isidoro Verga (1896–1899)
Serafino Vannutelli (20 November 1899 – 19 August 1915)
Willem Marinus van Rossum, CSSR (1 October 1915 - 12 March 1918)
Oreste Giorgi (12 March 1918 – 30 December 1924)
Andreas Franz Frühwirth, O.P. (8 January 1925 – 31 July 1927)
Lorenzo Lauri (31 July 1927 – 8 October 1941)
Nicola Canali (15 October 1941 – 3 August 1961)
Arcadio Larraona Saralegui, C.M.F. (13 August 1961 – 2 February 1962)
Fernando Cento (12 February 1962 – 7 April 1967)
Giuseppe Ferretto (7 April 1967 – 1 March 1973)
Giuseppe Paupini (21 March 1973 – 8 April 1984)
Luigi Dadaglio (Pro-Major Penitentiary: 8 April 1984 – 27 May 1985; Major Penitentiary: 27 May 1985 – 6 April 1990)
William Wakefield Baum (6 April 1990 – 11 November 2001)
Luigi de Magistris (Pro-Major Penitentiary: 22 November 2001 – 4 October 2003)
James Francis Stafford (4 October 2003 – 2 June 2009)
Fortunato Baldelli (2 June 2009 – 5 January 2012)
Manuel Monteiro de Castro (5 January 2012 – 21 September 2013)
Mauro Piacenza (21 September 2013 – present)
John Paul II. , art. 117–120Pastor bonus.
William J. Kubelbeck, The Sacred Penitentiaria and Its Relations to Faculties of Ordinaries and Priests, 2004.
^ https://cnsblog.wordpress.com/2015/04/11/pope-mercy-is-the-beating-heart-of-the-gospel/
^ https://cnsblog.wordpress.com/2015/04/09/proclaiming-the-holy-year-at-the-holy-door/
^ http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-francis-now-is-the-time-for-mercy-98103/
^ http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_letters/documents/papa-francesco_bolla_20150411_misericordiae-vultus.html
^ http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/tribunals/apost_penit/documents/rc_trib_appen_doc_20020826_enchiridion-indulgentiarum_lt.html
^ http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/tribunals/apost_penit/documents/rc_trib_appen_doc_20090425_indulg-anno-sacerd_en.html
^ He retained the post in the obedience of Avignon until his death in 1383. He was then succeeded by Pierre Amiel de Sarcenas (1383–89) and Pierre Girard (1394–1408)
^ a b During the Council of Pisa penitentiaries originated from both obediences (Roman and Avignon) retained their posts and divided the duties between themselves (Kubelbeck, p. 16)
^ He was penitentiary of Pope Gregory XII of the Roman obedience.
Apostolic Penitentiary at the Vatican website.
GCatholic.org
Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference
Offices of the Roman Curia
Sacramental law
Renaissance, Middle Ages, Lazio, Roman Forum, Colosseum
Catholicism, Vatican City, Pope Francis, Pope, Pope Benedict XVI
Pope John Paul II, Catholicism, Holy See, Christianity, Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
Manuel Monteiro de Castro
Apostolic Penitentiary, Fortunato Baldelli, Mauro Piacenza, Agostino Casaroli, Style (manner of address)
List of living cardinals
Pope John Paul II, Pope Benedict XVI, Cardinal-Priest, Pope Francis, Cardinal-Deacon
Fortunato Baldelli
Apostolic Penitentiary, Pope Benedict XVI, Italy, Congregation for the Causes of Saints, Manuel Monteiro de Castro
Seal of the Confessional and the Catholic Church
Apostolic Penitentiary, England, Excommunication, Holy See, Eucharist